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PALEONTOLOGY:
VOLUME VIII._
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY
OP THE
GBNER A
Pal^^ozoic Brachiopoda.
Part II.
JAMES HALL,
STATE GEOLOGIST AJfl) PAL^ONTOI.DOIST.
ASSISTED BT
JOHN M. CLARKE. ,
"^-
ALBANY, N. Y. :
CHARLES VAN BENTHUYSEN & SONS,
1894.
QH
105
M
>-'
DEDICATION.
To His Excellency,
ROSWELL P. FLOWER,
Governor of the State of New York:
Sir : I have the honor to present to your Excellency a volume of the Natural
History of the State, entitled Volume VIII, Part II, Paleontology of New
York.
This volume, published by authority of the Legislature, is the final one of
"thirteen in this department of Natural Science, and relates especially to the
Class Brachiopoda. Any further investigations which may be made in this
science will be published as separate papers or memoirs.
The volume is a continuation of Volume VIII, Part I, entitled an Introduc-
tion to the Study of the Palajozoic Brachiopoda ; Part I having been commu-
nicated to your Excellency in 1892. The long delay in the publication of the
second part is a matter of extreme regret to the author.
The objects of this work, as stated in the first part of the volume, were to
bring together under one title a summary and revision of the genera of Palaeo-
zoic Brachiopoda, including in this revision all the genera which had been pub-
lished in the preceding volumes of the Palaeontology of the State, as well as in
collateral works. This work has now been accomplished, so far as collections
and means of publication have been afforded.
In concluding this work I wish to express my most sincere thanks to your
Excellency for the liberal and kindly disposition manifested towards this
undertaking ; also my grateful acknowledgments to the Legislatures of the
State of New York which, in the past, have so liberally responded to the needs
of scientific investigation.
I have the honor to remain,
With great respect,
Your obedient servant,
JAMES HALL,
Albany, N. Y., November 29, 1894. State Geologist and Palceontologist.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
DEDICATION ............. [[[
TABLE OF CONTENTS ----..-.... v-vii
PREFACE ix_xvi
II. BRACniOPODA ARTICULATA (continued) ...... i
8pirifer -----........1
Ctrtia ..--.....-... 40
Cyrtina .---..--.-...43
Syringothtris .---..---.-- 47
Spiriperina -.-.-......--51
Amboccelia ------------ 54
Metaplasia -....-.-....- 56
Whitfieldella .-.-.---.--- 58
Hyattella ---------.-..61
Dayia .--.....---.. (52
HiNDELLA .--.....-.-..63
Meristina ............ 65
Merista ............. 70
Meristella ..--..----.. 73
Charionella .-...-----..78
Pentagonia .--.......-. 80
Camarospira .--.--.-.---82
Athyris ..---- 83
Cliothyris ----- 90
actinoconchus .-.....----- 92
Seminula ..-...----.-.93
Spirigbrella ------...--. 98
Kayseria - - - - - - - - - - -- -101
Retzia --..........- 103
Rhynchospira -- 108
Ptychospira ............ 112
• Uncites - - - - - - - - - - - - -113
Edmetria -..--- 115
acambona - - - - - - -119
HlISTEDIA -.-.--------- 120
Uncinella - 123
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS.
BRACHIOPODA ARTICULATA (continued).
Paije.
Trematospira ------------ l-^**
197
Parazyga ..----------- i-i
Anoplotheca ------------ l-^y
CCELOSPIRA ------------- 1^4
Leptoc'celia ------------ lo6
VlTULINA ------ -- 138
Anabaia ------------- 141
nucleospira ------------- 142
Cyclospira ------------ 146
Glassia- ------- 152
Ztgospira ------------- 154
Catazyga ----- -- 157
Clintonella ------------ 159
Atrypina ------------- 161
Atrypa ------------- 163
Gruenewaldtia ------------ 175
Karpinskia -- - - - - - - - - - - 176
Rhynchonella ----------- 177, 178
Protorhyncha ------------ 180
Orthokhynchula ------------ 181
Rhynchotrema ------------ 182
Rhynchotreta ---------.-. 185
Stenoschisma ------------ 187
Camarotcechia ---------_.. 189
LlORHYNCHUS ------------ 193
WiLSONiA, Uncinulos, Uncindlina, Hypothyris ------ 195
PUQNAX ------------- 202
Eatonia ---. - 204
Cyclorhina ------------ 206
Terebkatuloidea -- -..- 208
Rhynciiopora --- -- 210
Camarophoria ---..-- 212
Stntrophia --- --- 216
Camarella ------------- 219
Parastrophia ------------ 221
Anastrophia ----..----.- 224
Porambonites ------------ 225
Lycophoria ------------- 230
conchidium ------------ 231
Pentamerus -- ..- 236
Barrandella, Pentamerella, Sieberella, Gypidula - - - . 241
Capellinia ------- 248
TABLE OF CONTENTS. vii
BRACIIIOPODA ARTICULA.TA (contintted).
Page.
Stricklandinia ----------- 249
Amphigenia ------------- 252
Renssell^bia ------------ 255
Newberria ------------- 261
Centronella, Oriskania, Selenella, Ri imingerina, Trigeria, Notothyris - 265
ScAPHIOCCELIA ------------ 275
Megalanteris ------------ 277
Stringocephalds ------------ 282
Crtptonella ------------ 286
DiELASMA --------..---- 293
DiELASMINA -------- .--- 298
Hemiptychina ------------ 299
Crtptacanthia ------------ 300
Tropidoleptus ------------ 302
ElCHWALDIA ------------ 307
aulacorhynchus - - - - - - - - - - - -311
Lyttonia ------------- 313
Oldhamina ------------- 314
Richthofenia ------------ 315
Supplementary Note on Vitdxina --------- 317
Evolution op the Genera of the PALiEOzoic Brachiopoda - - - - 319
Table op Classification ----- 351
Descriptions of New Species --------- 359
INDEX -------- 371
PLATES AND EXPLANATIONS - - xxi-lxxxiv
ERR^T^.
Page 1, under Spirifbk, add Plates xxvii and xlvi.
Page 43, under Cyktina, add Plate xxv ; change xxvii to xxviii.
Page 47, under Striugothyris, add Plates xxv and xxxix.
Page 51, under Spiriferixa, add Plate xxix.
Page 54, under Amboocelia, add Plate xxix.
Page 5S, under Whitfieldella, change Plate xlviii to xl.
Page 61, under Hyattella, change Plate xlviii to xl.
Page 63, under Hindella, adil Plate xlix.
Page 65, under Meristina, change Plate xlvii to xli.
Page 70, under Merista, change Plate xlvi to xlii.
Page 73, under Meristella, change Plates xliv and xlv to xliii and xliv.
Page" 8*?, under Camarospira, change Plate xlii to 1.
Page S3, under Atuyris, add Plate Ixxxiii.
Page 108, under Ruyncuospira, add Plate xlix.
Page 112, under Ptychospira, add Plate Ixxxiii.
Page 115, under Edmetria, add Plate Ixxxiii.
Page 124, under Trem.vtospira, add Plate Ixxxiii.
Page 134, under Ccelospira, add Plates lii and Ixxxii.
Page 138, under Vitdlixa, change Supplementary Plate to Plate Ixxxii.
Page 141, under Anabai.a, insei-t Plate Ixxxii.
Page 142, under Nucleospira, add Plate Ixxxiv.
Page 152, under Glassia, insert Plate Ixxxiii.
Page 154, under Zygospira, change Plate Iv to liv, and add Plate Ixxxiii.
Page 157, under Catazyga, change Plate Ivi to Iv.
Page 161. undei- Atry'pixa, add Plate Ixxxii.
Page 163, under Atrypa, change Plate liv to Iv.
Page 182, under Rhynchotrema, add Plate Ixxxiii.
Page 189, under CAMAROTOiCHTA, add Plate Ivi.
Page 202, under Pugnax, add Plate Ixii.
Page 230, under Lycopiioria, change Plate Ixiii to Ixii.
Page 249, under Stricklandinia, add Plate Ixxxiii.
Page 252, under Ampiiigesia, add Plate Ixxvi.
Page 286, under Cryptonella, add Plates Ixxix and Ixxxi.
Page 293, under Dielasma, add Plate Ixxx.
PREFACE
The present volume brings to a close the publication of the
-PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK:
AS A PAKT OF TUE
''Natural i)i6tcivii of tl)c State of New flovk,"
according to the plan proposed and inaugurated by Governor William H. Seward
during his administration, 1839-1842.
At the time of the organization of the survey the question of publication had
not been seriously considered ; the annual reports made to the Governor and
communicated to the Legislature were necessarily published in the ordinary
octavo document form.
Hon. John A. Dix, in his report preceding the organization of the Geological
Survey, had stated that " it is supposed that the entire account of the survey
may be contained In three octavo volumes of 700 pages each," together with
an atlas, which should contain the maps, " with the necessary drawings of fossil
remains." This was the only suggestion regarding the final publication of the
results of the survey. In November, 1839, the Board of Geologists made a
special communication to the Governor, calling his attention to several matters
of interest to the Geological Survey, and concluding as follows:
" The board would also suggest to the Governor, as matters which will soon
require attention, the mode and manner in which the final reports are to be
published, and the number and style of maps, geological sections and
diagrams."*
At a later period it was decided that the entire work should be published in
quarto form.
* Assembly Document 50, January, 1840.
X PREFACE.
The order of the several departments, as set forth in the first published
volume of the Natural History, was as follows :
Central Jntroliuction :
[By William H. Seward.]
PART I.
By James E. De Kay.
PART 11.
Botanij:
By John Torrey.
PART III.
Blincialcigii :
By Lewis C. Beck.
PARTS IV and v.*
(^cologn mib Ipalccontologn:
By William W. Mather, Ebenezer Emmons, Lardner Vanuxem
and James Hall.
Agriculture was not prominent in the original plan of the survey, and repre-
sentations coming from the State Agricultural Society, in 1842, led Governor
Seward to recognize its importance in this relation. He decided that Agricul-
ture and PalsBontology should be considered as departments to be continued
and completed as a part of the Natural History of the State of New York.
The Department of Agriculture was placed in charge of Dr. Ebenezer
Emmons, who retained his position as State Geologist, and was also the custo-
* After 1842 the Department of Geology was designated as Pai-t IV, Apiculture as Part V, and
Palaeontotog-y as Part VI.
PREFACE. xi
dian of the entire collections of the Geological Survey, which constituted the
State Cabinet of Natural History ; to the latter position he had been appointed
by Governor Seward.
Mr. Timothy A. Conrad, who occupied the position of Palaeontologist to the
Geological Survey from 1837 to 1842, had published only such preliminary
annual reports as were required of each department. At the latter date (1842)
so little progress had been made in the work that only a small proportion of
the characteristic fossils had been named or described. The Geologists there-
fore found it necessary to give names to most of the fossils used in illustrating
their reports, these species being the more common and characteristic forms of
each group of the New York geological series.
In the spring of 1843 the writer was placed in charge of the Palaeontology
of the State, while still retaining his position as State Geologist.* At that
time there were practically no collections of fossils available for use in the
work, nor appropriations of money for making such collections. There were
no artists, either for original drawings or for lithography, and there was very
little in the way of books on Geology and Palaeontology.
Mr. Conrad had estimated that a volume of one hundred quarto plates would
be required to properly illustrate the fossils of all the formations in the State
of New York. After the first year of exploration by myself and personal
assistants, covering the entire series, from the Potsdam sandstones to the Che-
mung group inclusive, it was found that no satisfactory a-ccount of the fossils
of the whole series could be given in a single volume, and that it would be
necessary to confine attention to those coming from the lower rocks.f From
that time forward efforts were directed to the preparation of descriptions and
illustrations of fossils characterizing the lower division of the " New York
system," which appeared in the first volume, published in 1847, containing 362
pages and ninety-nine plates of illustration.
In that volume due recognition was made of the sources from which
material had been obtained for illustrating the work. Since that time
* See Preface to vohune I, Palaeontology of New York.
t At the end of the first year (in 1844) the question of continuing' the Departments of Agi-iculture and
Pal.-Eontology wa-s bi-ought before the Legislature, and ;in extension of time allowed for the completion of
the work, but no appropriation beyond the salaries of the officials was granted.
xii PREFACE.
acknowledgments have been duly expressed, not only to amateur collectors of
fossils, but also to professors in colleges and scientific gentlemen generally, both
within the State and beyond its borders, for their willing aid in the progress of
the work. Without such aid some portions could not have been properly illus-
trated (as I was compelled to depend solely on my own purse for collections
made in the field during the preparation of the earlier volumes). These volumes
(I, II, III), therefore, present a less complete illustration of the faunas of the
geological formations to which they refer, than do the later volumes, which were
published after the State had furnished means for making field collections.
Volumes I and II should be revised and republished with all the added
knowledge of these faunas obtained during the past third of a century.
This work, from its commencement in 1843, has been prosecuted amid many
difficulties, and often under conditions which would have justified its final
abandonment. These hindrances have been overcome, and a series of volumes
has been published, and accepted as a contribution to the scientific literature
of the world.
The work in the agricultural and palaeontological departments was carried
on in the old State Hall (State Cabinet of Natural History) on State street,
until 1845, when the authors were compelled to remove themselves and their
work from the building. This requirement proved seriously burdensome to the
Palaeontologist, necessitating at once the erection of a building of moderate size
with ordinary working rooms ; and afterwards (when the Legislature began to
make appropriations for collections of fossils), two extensive buildings were
found necessary ; these were erected at my own cost and fitted up with about
four thousand drawers, for the proper disposition of the immense collections
brought in from the field, together with rooms and conveniences for the prepara-
tion, study and arrangement of fossils, and offices for draughtsman and
lithographer ; and they were occupied as a museum and laboratory till the end
of 1886. Prior to 1871 the Legislature made no provision for the expenses of
these or any other working rooms, nor for clerk hire and incidental outlay.
From 1850 onward for several years no appropriations were made for carry-
ing on the work, and even the author's small salary was discontinued. From
PREFACE. xiii
1850 to 1855 the work, except the printing and lithography, was carried on
entirely at the author's personal expense, and it was abandoned early in the latter
year* Afterwards, in the same year, Hon. E. W. Leavenworth, Secretary of
State, undertook to reestablish the work upon a proper basis, and the author was
induced, by an appeal to his patriotism, to take it again in charge. To do this,
he declined a position which would have insured him security of place and a
life of quiet investigation in geological science. Under the new arrangement,
for the first time in the history of the work, means were provided for the
collection of fossils to illustrate the volumes still to be published. Because of
these collections the work was necessarily much extended, and Volume V,
originally planned as a single volume, including text and plates, has been
expanded to four volumes. Volumes VI and VII, and all subsequent work,
* The following exti-ant tVom Ihe Pref;ic:e ol' Voluiiie III will give :i more clt-ar idea of the then existing
conditions :
" This department of the Geological Survey of the State was committed to my charge in 1843 ; Volume
I was completed and inililished in 1847 j and Volume II, so far as regarded my own Labors, was completed
in ]8.")0, and the work of the third volume wan at that time in progress. In the spiing of that year, legis-
lative enactment removed the direction of this woi'k from the Govei-nor of Ihe State, and jilaced it in the
hands of Ite Secretary of State, who was ' authorized and directed to t.ike charge of all matters appertain-
ing to the prosecution and publication of the Geological Survey of the State ; ' and in Ihe third section of the
the same law, it was made 'the duty of the Secretary of State and the Se<^retary of the Regents of the
University, to report to the next Legislature a plan for the final completion of the said survey, and to submit
the estimate of the cost of such completion/
" lu the Reiioi't fi-om this Commission to the Legislature a pi-oposition was made to pay the Paljeontol-
ogist ' two thousand five hundred dollars ' on the ' presentation of each successive volume, commencing
with the third, to the Secretary of State ;' which volume was to 'contain the manuscript letter-press ready
for printing, and be .accompanied with the very fossils described.'
" This 'proposition' was 'deemed ajii.st and liberal one,' and it seems to have been anticipated that the
work would go on under such conditions. The sum of money here proposed to be paid to ilcfi'ay the entire
expense of collecting the fossils and Ihe study and description of the same, together with the labor of super-
intending Ihe drawings and engraving, was in fact entirely inadequate to pay for the collection of the fo.ssils
neces.sai'y for a single volume, and left, besides this, more than four yeai's of labor to l)e performed by the
Palteontologist without any remuneration whatever. Under these circumstances the work could not go on,
and it became by this act virtually susj)ended in the early piii't of 1850.
" From the commencement of the wcu'k, the expenses of making the collections had been borne by
myself. These collections, made up to that time, not only embraced most of those of the fii'st ami second
volumes, but the greater part of the third volume, as well as extensive collections in the higher rocks of the
New York series for the succeeding volumes. Besides these, I had made large collections of fossils in the
same series of strata in the west, for the purpose of comi>arison with the New York species. In this way,
as well as in examinations of the rock formations in situ, over a lai-ge part of the Western States, for the
purpose of determining the parallelism of the formations, I had already made great [lecuniary saci-ifices in
carrying on the work. Under these circumstances, therefoi'e, and with the new aspect presented by the
law of IS.W, and the action of the Commission relative thei-eto, I could no longer devote myself to its prose-
cution, and consequently made other arrangements for the occupation of my time, which, however, left me
still some opportunity to continue ray investigations in this work. As the contracts between the State and
the engravers continued in force, the engi'aving, after 1851, was carried on somewhat slowly ; my frequent
a,nd protiacted absence rendering it impossible for me to give that personal attention to it which a work of
this kind so fully demands. In order to jirevent its entire cessation, I employed a person as an assistant
(who afterwards became my draughtsman) ; the lithographer volunteering to contribute to i).ay a portion of
the expense of such assistant, that his own work might not cease entirely. In this way the work was con-
tinued till 1855, no compensation whjitever being paid to the author during this jieriod."
xiv PREFACE.
have profited by the collections of fossils made from 1856 to 1865 inclusive,
when appropriations for such collections ceased.
This final volume (VIII, Part II), after being held back for one year through
want of an appropriation, was printed to page 317 in the autumn of 1893.
At that point the printing was again suspended. In order to have a record of
the date of the completed work, there was issued, in July, 1893, a fascicle
containing the text, from page 1-176; embracing descriptions of the spire-
bearing genera; and a second fascicle in December, 1893, carrying the text to
page 317, including descriptions of the rhynchonelloids, pentameroids and
terebratuloids. At that time the concluding chapter or summary was in type,
but the appropriation having been exhausted the printer was compelled to sus-
pend all work upon the volume ; so that this chapter, bringing the text up to
350 pages, together with accompanying and concluding matter, was laid over
to the present year.
In the original scheme of the work on the Brachiopoda the generic descrip-
tions were to be accompanied with illustrations of the microscopic structure of
the shell, but it was found inconvenient to accomplish this plan during its
progress ; though a large number of sections were prepared for microscopic
study. This part of the work is postponed for the present, and probably will
not be taken up again by the writer.
The great length of time since these studies were resumed in 1888, has
enabled those assistants who were with me in the earlier preparation of the
work to advance their investigations in the same line of concept, and to anti-
cipate some of the results which have been reached in these volumes. While
the final result in this direction is still distant, it is encouraging to see the work
advancing in what the writer believes to be the only true method of studying
every class of organisms.
In the Preface to Part I of Volume VIII, the author made acknowledgments
to many personal friends, to collectors of fossils, to museums and geological
surveys ; he wishes to repeat these acknowledgments in the Preface to Part II,
since this will probably be his last opportunity of connecting their names with
the progress of the " Palaeontology of New York."
PREFACE.
XV
During the fifty-one years which have elapsed since the commencement of
this work, I have had many assistants who directly or indirectly have aided
in, or have contributed to its progress. Among the earliest of these was Mr.
Fielding B. Meek (afterwards Palaeontologist to the United States Geological
Survey of the Territories), whose services were largely given to the drawings
for the plates of Volume III, which were lithographed by Mr. Frederick J.
SwiNTON, the latter continuing his connection with the work till 1872, enriching
the volumes by his excellent artistic work. During the early part of the same
period, Mr. Ferdinand V. Havden, who subsequently became Director of the
U. S. Geological Survey, was my assistant, and, together with Mr. Meek, made
a survey of the Mauvaises Terres of Nebrasl^a, at my personal expense. Dr.
Charles A. White, now of the National Museum at Washington, who had been
my assistant in the Iowa Survey, was, for one year, engaged in the service of
the Palaeontology of New York, in making field collections and obtaining
geological data. Mr. Robert P. Whitfield, now Curator of Geology in the
American Museum of Natural History, was associated with me as preparateur,
draughtsman and genei*al assistant in the work for twenty years (1856 to 1876).
After this date Mr. Charles 1). AValcott, now Director of the U. S. Geological
Survey, became my assistant for two years. In the final revision and publication
of the four volumes, which constitute Volume V, I had the assistance of Mr.
Charles E. Beecher, now Professor in Yale University, from the commence-
ment of the Cephalopoda to the completion of the Lamellibranchiata, from
1878 to 1885. Mr. George B. Simpson, who has served the work for many
years as draughtsman, has made himself very familiar with the Bryozoa and
Corals of our geological formations, and has given very essential aid in the
preparation and publication of Volume VI, as well as in other work connected
with the Palaeontology. He has also contributed to tlie State Museum re-
ports a study on the Anatomy and Physiology of the Anodonta Jluviaiilis. In
the capacity of my private assistant, the services of Mr. Charles Schuchert,
now of the U. S. National Museum, were given to the forwarding of Volume
VIII, as already stated in the Preface to Part I. Professor J. M. Clarke, who
came into the work in 1886, has given essential aid in the preparation of
xvi PREFACE.
Volumes VII and VIII, as already related in the former volume, and also in
Part I of the present volume, and has remained with me to its conclusion.
From the beginning of the work it has been the ambition of the author to
secure accurate and artistic illustrations of the subjects under discussion. In
the earlier part of the work these conditions could not be obtained, but in later
years the style and accuracy of the representations has left little to be desired.
In the Preface to Part I of this volume, I made acknowledgments to the
draughtsmen and lithographers who have been engaged upon this work. The
original drawings have been continued by Mr. Ebenezer Emmons and Mr. George
B. Simpson, and the lithography by Mr. Philip Ast, who have attained a degree
of perfection in their work of which it is my duty as well as my pleasure to
speak in praise. My thanks are due to the printers, Messrs. Charles Van
Benthdysen & Sons, now the veteran printing house of the country, with an
uninterrupted intercourse to the fourth generation ; covering a period of more
than fifty years.
To the many successive Legislatures of the State of New York, as well as to
the Chief Executives, the scientific public is indebted for the volumes which
have been published under the title of Paleontology of New York. In every
Legislature the author has found gentlemen who were interested in science,
and who were in sympathy with this work. Not only among members of the
Legislature but among those who had previously held legislative and executive
offices, as well as other prominent citizens of the State, the work has found
encouragement and support. The people of the State may have the satisfac-
tion of knowing that no other State legislature has sustained, through so many
years, a scientific investigation carried on for the sake of science itself, and
without anticipating direct economic results. For all this good-will and liber-
ality to science, the writer desires to express, for himself and his scientific
co-laborers, the most profound acknowledgments.
JAMES HALL,
State Geologist and Pal&ontologist.
Albany, N. Y., December 5, 1894.
INTRODUCTION
STUDY OF THE GENERA OF THE PALAEOZOIC BRACHIOPODA.
II.
BRACHIOPODA ARTICULATA
(CONTINUED).
Genus SPIRIFER, Sowerby. J815.
PLATES XXI— XXV, XXIX— XXXIX.
1815. iSpirifer, Sowebby. Mineral Conchology, vol. ii, p. 42.
1818. Spirifer, Sowerbt. Trans. Linnean Society, vol. xii, p. 514.
1820. Terehratula, Atwater. American Journal of Science, vol. ii, p. 244, pi. i, fig-s. 2, 3.
1836. Spirifer, Morton. American Journal of Science, vol. xxix, pp. 1.^0, l.')2, pi. ii, figs. 1. 3 ;
pi. xiv, figs. 34, 35.
1839. Delthyris, Conrad. Geol. Survey N. Y. ; Thii-d Ann. Rept. Pateont. Dept., p. 65.
1840. Delthyris, Conrad. Geol. Survey N. Y. ; Fourth Ann. Rept. Pala;ont. Dept., p. 207.
1841. Delthyris, Conrad. Geol. Survey N. Y. ; Fifth Ann. Rept. Palfeont. Dept., p. 54.
1842. Delthyris, Conrad. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. viii, pp. 261-265, pi. xiv, figs. 16-18.
1842. Spirifer, D'AntmiAC and de VBBNEniL. Fossils of the older deposits of the Rhenish Provinces,
p. 394.
1842. Delthyris, Orthis, Vanuxem. Geology of N. Y. ; Rexiort Third Dist., pp. 91, 94, 105, figs. 1,
2 ; p. 112, fig. 1 ; p. 123, fig. 1 ; p. 124, fig. 5 ; p. 132, fig. 3 ; p. 150, fig. 3 ; p. 179,
fig. 3 ; p. 269, fig. 1.
1842. (Spiiv/er, d'Orbigny. Voyage dans I'Amei'ique Meridionale, Pal., pp. 41, 48, pi. v, fig. 15;
pi. xii, figs. 1, 2.
1843. Delthyris, Mather. Geology of N. Y. ; Rept. First Dist., p. 342, fig. 1.
1843. Delthyris, Hall. Geology of N. Y. ; Rept. Fourth Dist., p. 105, figs. 3, 4 ; p. 142, fig. 1 ; p. 148,
tig. 1 ; p. 171, fig. 5 ; p. 198, figs. 2, 3 ; p. 200, fig. 5 ; pp. 202, 205, fig. 3 ; pp. 206. 207,
figs. 1, 2, 5; p. 208, figs. 8, 10; p. 245, fig. 1; p. 269, figs. 3. 9 ; p. 270, figs. 1-5.
1843. Spirifer, Castelnad. Essai sur le Systfeme Silurien de I'Am^rique Septentrionale, pp. 40^3,
pi. xii, figs. 3-6 ; pi. xiii, figs. 1, 4, 5 ; pi. xiv, figs. (1) 7, 16.
1844. Delthyris, Owen. Rept. Geol. Expl. of Iowa, Wisconsin and Illinois, p. 69, pi. xii, fig. 9.
1846. Spirifer, Morris and Sharps. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. ii, p. 276, pi. ii, figs. 1-3.
1847. Spirifer, Yandell and Shumard. Contribution to the Geol. of Kentucky, pp. 10, 14, 20, 33.
1849. Spirifer, Hall. American Journal of Science, vol. xx, p. 228.
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
1852. iSpirifer, Hall. Paleontology of N. Y., vol. ii, pp. 66, 261-265, 327, 328, pi. xxii, figs. 2d, 2r, 3 ;
pi. liv, figs. 2-6 ; pi. Ixxiv, figs. 7-9.
1852. Spirifer, F. Roemek. Kreidebildung von Texas, p. 88, pi. xi, fig. 7.
1S53. Spirifer, Hall. Stansbury'a Expl. and Survey of the Valley of the Gi-eat Salt Lake of Utah,
p. 410, pi. iv, fig. 5.
1852. Spirifer, Owen. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota, pp. 585, 586, pi. iii, figs. 1-6, S;
pi. V, figs. 4, 6.
1854. Spirifer, Nokwood and Pratten. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. iii, jip. 72, 73, pi. ix,
figs. 2, 3.
1855. Spirifer, Shdmard. Geol. Survey of Missouri, pp. 202, 203, 216, pi. c, figs. 7, 8.
1856. Spirifer, Hall. Pacific Railroad Reports, vol. iii, pp. 101, 102, pi. ii, figs. 6-9, 12.
1856. Spirifer, Billings. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. ii, p)). 134, 135, 137, 474, pi. ii,
figs. 2, 3, 7, 8, pi. vii, figs. 9, 10.
1857. Spirifer, Haughton. Journal of the Royal Society of Dublin, vol. i, p. 183.
1857. Spirifer, Orthis, Hall. Tenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 57, 58, 60-03, 127-135,
154-164.
1857. Spirifer, Hall. Transactions of the Albany Institute, vol. iv, p. 8.
1858. Spirifer. Hall. Geology of Iowa. vol. 1, part ii, pp. 501-511, 519-521, 600-604, 641-645, 647,
660-663, 676, 705, 706-708, 709-711 ; pi. iv, figs. 1-8 ; pi. v, fig. i; pi. vi, fig. 1 ;
pi. vii, figs. 5, 7, 8 ; pi. xiii, figs. 1-3 ; pi. xiv, figs. 1-5 ; pi. xx, figs. 1-5, 7 ; pi. xxi,
fig. 1 ; pi. xxiii, figs. 6-9; pi. xxiv, fig. 4 ; pi. xxvii, figs. 4, 6 ; pi. xxviii, figs. 1, 2,
1858. Spirifer, Mahcou. Geology of North Amei ica, pp. '49, 50, pi. vii, figs. 2, 4, 5.
1858. Spirifer, DtWiyris, Rogeks. Geology of Pennsylvania, vol. ii, part ii, p. 825, fig. 643 ; p. 826.
fig. 650 J p. 828, figs. 668-670, 673 ; p. 829, fig. 683 ; p. 833, fig. 694.
1858. Spirifer, Shumard. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. i, pp. 292, 293, 390 ; pi. xi, figs. 3, 4.
1859. Spirifer, Hall. Palffiontology of N. Y., vol. iii, pp. 198-205, 419-428, plates xxv, xxvi, xxvii,
xxviii, xcvi, figs. 7-9 ; pi. xcvii, xcviii, figs. 1-8 ; pis. xcix, c.
1859. Spirifer, Mbek and Hatdbn. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. iii, second ser., p. 27.
1859. Spirifer, Shumard. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. i, p. 391.
1860. Spirifer, Hall. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. v, p. 145.
1800. Spirifer, Meek. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. iv, second ser., pp. 308-310.
1860. Spirifer, Hall. Thii'teenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 71, 82, 94, 111.
1860. Spirifer, Ambocalia, McChb.snby. New Paljeozoic Fossils, pp. 41-43.
1860. Spirifer, Swallow. Ti'ans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. i, pp. 641-646.
1860. Spirifer, F. Roemer. Die silurische Fauna des westlichen Tennessee, p. 68, pi. v, fig. 8.
1860. Spirifer, Emmons. Manual of Geology, p. 151.
1860. Athyris, Billings. Canadian Joui'., vol. v, new ser., p. 276, figs. 33, 34.
1861. Spirifer, Newberry. Ives' Rept. Colorado river of the West, p. 127.
1861. Spirifer, McChesnet. New Palteozoic Fossils, p. 84.
1861. Spirifer, Hall. Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey of Wisconsin, pp. 25, 26.
1861. Spirifer, Billings. Canadian Jour., vol. vi, new ser., pp. 253, 254, figs. 59-62; p. 255, figs. 63,
64 ; p. 256, figs. 6.5-67 ; p. 257, figs. 68-70 ; p. 258, figs. 71-73 ; p. 260, figs. 74-76 ;
p. 261, figs. 77, 78.
1861. Spirifer, Meek and Wortuen. Proc. Acid. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. v, second ser., p. 143.
1862. Spirifer, White. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. ix, p. 24.
1862. Spirifer, White and Whitfield. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. viii, p. 293.
1862. Spirifer, Winchell. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. vi, second ser., pp. 405, 406.
1862. Spirifer, Hall. Geology of Wisconsin, vol. i, p. 69, figs. 5, 6, p. 436.
1862. DeltUyris (Conrad) Hall. Fifteenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pi. xi, fig. 18.
1863. Spirifera, Davidson. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. xix, pp. 170, 171, pi. ix, figs. 7-10.
1863. Spirifer, Athyris, Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 317, figs. 328, 329 ; p. 372, figs. 391-394 ;
p. 373, fig. 398 ; p. 386, figs. 422-424 ; p. 957, figs. 455-457 ; p. 960, figs. 465-467.
BRACHIOPODA. 3
1863. iSpirifei; Swallow. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. ii, pp. 85, 86, 108.
180a. iSplrifer, Hall. Transactions of the Albany Institute, vol. iv, pp. 211, 212.
1863. ^pirifei; Billings. Pi-oc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, pp. 116, 117, pi. iii, tig-s. 15-17.
1864. tSinrifera (Maiihiia), Meek and Hayuen. Pal. Upper Missouri, pp. 17, li>. 20.
1864. Spirifera, Meek. Palseontolog-y of California, vol. i, p. 13, pi. ii, fig-. 6.
1865. Spirifera, Winchell. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadeliihia, vol. ix, second ser., pp. 118, 119.
1865. Spirifera, Sualer. Bull. Mus. Comparative Zoology, No. iv, p. 70.
1866. Spirifera, Geinitz. Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, pp. 42, 44, 45, pi. iii, figs. 10, 18.
1866. Spirifera. Murtinia, Winchell. Geological Report of the Lowei- Peninsula of Michigan,
pp. 93, 94.
IStJO. Spirifera, Swallow. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. ii, pp. 408-410.
1866. Spirifera, Billings. Catalogue Silui-ian Fossils of Anticosti, p. 48.
1866. Spirifera, Meek and Wokthen. Geol. Survey of Illinois, pp. 155, 298, pi. xiv, fig. 5 ; pi. xxiii,
tig. 5.
1866. Spirifera, Hall. Proc. American Philosophical Society, vol. x, p. 246.
1867. Spirifera. Hall. Palteontology of N. Y., vol. iv, pp. 186-247, 250-257, 416, 417, plates xxvii,
figs. 13-34, xxviii, xxix, xxx, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxiv, xxxv, xxxvi. xxxvii, xxxviii,
xxxviii A, xxxix *, xxxix, xl, xli, xlii, Ixiii, figs. 6-13, 14.
1867. Spirifera, Swallow. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. ii.
1867. Spirifera, Hall. Twentieth Report N. Y. State Cab. N;it. History, [ip. 251, 370, 371, i)l. xiii,
figs. 5-11, 14, 15.
1868. Spii-ifera (Martinia), Meek. Ti-ans. Chicago Acail. Sci., vol. i, pp. 101-107, pi. xiv, figs. 1-3,
9, 12.
1868. Spirifa-a {Martinia), McChesney. Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., vol. i, pp. 34-36, pi. i, figs. 3, 4 ;
pi. vi, fig-. 5 i pi. viii, fig. 3.
1868. Spirifera, Meek and Wokthen. Geol. Sui-vey of Illinois, vol. iii, pp. 298, 384, 391), 414, 415, 434,
443, pi. vii, tig. 9 ; pi. viii, figs. 5-7 ; pi. x, figs. 1, 2, 5 ; pi. xiii, fig. 8.
1869. Spirifera, Toula. Sitznngsl). d. k. k. Akad. Wissen. zu Wien, vol. lix, p. 3, pi. i, tigs. 2-4.
1870. Spirifei-a, Winchell. Proc. American Philosophical Soc, vol. xii, pp. 245, 251, 252.
1870. Spirifera, Meek and Worthen. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. xiv, sec. ser., p. 36.
1870. Spirifera (Trigonotreta), Meek. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. xiv, sec. ser., p. 60.
1871. Spirifera {Trigonotreta). Meek. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. xv, sec. ser., p. 179.
1872. Spirifera {Martinia), Meek. Hayden's Rept. U. S. Geological Suivey of Nebraska, pp. 183, 184,
pi. ii, fig. 3 ; pi. iv, fig. 4 ; pi. vi, fig. 12 ; pi. viii, tigs. 2, 15.
1872. Spirifera, Hall and Whitfield. Twenty-fourth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 182.
1873. Spirifera, Hall and Whitfield. Twenty-third Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 237, 238,
pi. xi, tigs. 12-24.
1873. Spirifera, Meek. Sixth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey of the Terr., pp. 466, 470.
1873. Spirifera, Meek and Wortuen. Geological Survey of Illinois, vol. v, pp. 572, 573, pi. xxv,
figs. 5, 7.
1874. Spirifera, Rathbun. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., vol. i, pp. 237, 239, 241, pi. viii, figs. 1-9, 11,
13-21 ; pi. ix., fig. 22.
1874. Spirifera {Martinia), Derby. Bull. Cornell University, vol. i, pp. 13, 15, 16, 19, plates i-v,
viii, ix.
1874. Atliyrisf, Spiriferina, Nicholson. Paheontology of Province of Ontario, pp. 82, 88.
1874. Spirifera, Billings. Palajozoic Fossils, vol. il, pp. 44, 45. 47, jil. iii, fig. 8 ; pi. iii a, figs. 3, 5.
1875. Spirifera, Meek. PaK-eontology of Ohio, vol. ii, pp. 280, 290, 329, pi. xiv, tigs. 5, 8 ; pi. xix, tig. 14.
1875. Spirifera, White. Wheeler's Expl. and Survey West of the 100th Meridian, vol. iv, pp. 86, 88,
90, 132-136, pi. v, tigs. 7, 8, 10; pi. x, figs. 1-3; pi. xi, fig. 9.
1875. Spirifera, Meek and Worthen. Geol. Survey of Illinois, vol. vi, pp. 521, 523, pi. xxx, tigs. 1-3.
1875. Spirifera, Hall and Whitfield. Twenty-seventh Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hisloi-y, pi. ix,
tigs. 11-13, 17, 18.
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
1876. iSpirifera, Meek. Simpson's Rept. Expl. Great Basin of the Terr, of Utah, pp. 345-347, 351, 353,
pi. i, fig-s. 1, 4, 5 ; pi. ii, figs. 3, 5.
1876. Spirifera, Derby. Bull. Mus. Comparative Zoologry, vol. iii, p. 279.
1876. Spirifera, Meek. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey of the Terr., vol. ii, p. 355, pi. i, fig. 3.
1877. Spirifera, Hall and Whitfield. King's U. S. Geol. Expl. Fortieth Parallel, vol. iv, pp. 254,
255, 269, 270, pi. iv, figs. 5-8 ; pi. v, figs. 13-15, 17, 18.
1877. Spirifera {TrigortotrHa), Meek. King's U. S. Geol. Expl. Fortieth Parallel, vol. iv, pp. 39-4.'),
88, 90, 91, pi. i, fig. 9 ; pi. iii, figs. 1, 3, 5 ; pi. iv, fig. 4 ; pi. ix, figs. 1, 2, 6.
1878. Spirifera, -Dkyi&OTi. Acadian Geology, third ed., p. 292, fig. 91 ; p. 291, tig. 89; pp. 301, 499,
fig. 176 i pp. 596, 597.
1878. Spirifera, Ethekidge. Quart. Journal Geol. Society London, vol. xxxiv, pp. 628, 629, 633, 634,
pi. XXV, fig. 5 ; pi. xxix, figs. 1, 2.
1878. Spirifera, Miller. Proc. Davenjiort Acad. Sci., p. 222.
1879. Spirifera. Hall. Twenty-eighth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. History, pp. 156, 157, pi. xxiv,
figs. 1-30.
1879. Spirifera, Rathbcn. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xx, pp. 25-30.
1879. Spirifira, Dawson. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. ix, second ser., p. 3.
1880. Spirifera, yfaiTB. Second Ann. Rept. Indiana Bui-eau of Statistics and Geol., pp. 497, 503, 504,
517, plate iii, tigs. 5, 6 ; pi. iv, tigs. 1-5, 10, 11 ; pi. viii. fig. 3.
1880. Spirifera, Williams. American Journal of Science, vol. xx, p. 456.
1881. Spirifera (Martinia), Williams. Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. ii.
1881. Spirifera, Miller. Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, pp. 2, 314, pi. vii, figs. 9, 10.
1881. Spirifera, White. Tenth Rept. State Geol. of Indiana, pp. 129, 135, 136, 149, pi. iii, figs. 5, 6 ;
pi. iv, figs. 1-5 ; pi. viii, tig. 3.
1881. Spirifera (Martinia), White. Wheeler's Expl. Survey west of the 100 Meridian, vol. iii. Appen-
dix, p. xii.
1882. Spirifera, Whitfield. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 47, pi. vi, figs. 13-15.
1882. Spirifera, ? Spiriferina, Whitfield. Geol. Wisconsin, vol. iv, pp. 287, 328-331, pi. xvii, figs. 1, 2 ;
pi. XXV, figs. 22-28 ; pi. xxvi, tigs. 1-4.
1882. Spirifera, Hall. Eleventh Rept. State Geologist Indiana, pp. 294-297, pi, xxiv, tigs. 1-20, 30 ;
pi. xxvii, figs. 8, 9.
1882. Spirifera (JShutinia), White. Eleventh Rept. Slate Geol. Indiana, p. 372, pi. xlii, figs. 4-6.
1883. Spirifera, Hall. Twelfth Rept. State Geol. Indiana, p. 326, pi. xxix, figs. 13-15.
1883. Spirifera, White. Twelfth Rept. U. S. Geological Survey Terr., pp. 135, 165, pi. xxxiv, tig. 10 ;
pi. xli, fig. 2.
1883. Spirifera, Hall. Second Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Geol., plates li-lx, figs. 1-18 ; pi. Ixi.
1883. Spirifera, Hall. Transactions of the Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 71.
1883. Spirifera, Calvin. American Journal of Science, vol. xxv, p. 433.
1884. Spirifera (Martinia), White. Thirteenth Repc. State Geologist of Indiana, pp. 132-134, pi. xvii,
figs. 4-6 ; pi. xxxii, tigs. 23, 24 j pi. xxxv, figs. 3-5.
1884. Spirifera {Martinia), Walcott. Monogr. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. viii, pp. 134-139, 143-145, 215-
217, pi. iii, figs. 1, 3, 5, 6 ; pi. iv, tigs. 1, 2 ; pi. vii, fig. 8 ; pi. xiv, figs. 3, 10-12, 14 ;
pi. xviii, figs. 4, 7, 10, 11.
1885. Spirifera, Clarke. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 16, pp. 30, 31, pi. iii, tigs. 12, 13.
1886. Spirifera, Ringueberg. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., vol. v, p. 16, pi. ii, fig. 5.
1887. Spirife)'a {Martinia), Hbkrick. Bull. Denison University, vol. ii, pp. 45, 46, pi. i, figs, 12, 13 ;
pi. ii, tigs. 22, 23.
1888. Spirifera, Hkrrick. Bull. Denison University, vol. iii, pp. 43-46, pi. ii, fig. 16 ; pi. iii, fig. 26 ;
pi. V, figs. 2, 3 ; pi. vi, figs. 2-4, 6, 7 ; pi. vii, fig. 11 ; vol. iv, pp. 14, 25-27, pi. ii,
figs. 2, 4, 7, 8.
1888. Spirifera, Keyes. Pioc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 9.
1888. Spirifera, Calvin. The Ameiican Geologist, vol. i, p. 82.
BRACHIOPODA. 5
1888. Spirifera, Calvin. Bull. Laboratory Stale University of Iowa, pp. 19, 28,
1889. Spirifera, Nbttelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, pp. 105-184, pi. vi, vii, viii, ix, x, xi, xii, xiii,
tigs. 3ti-38 ; pi. xvii, figs. 36-42; pi. xxvi, figs. 2-5; pi. xxi.\, tigs. 13-16, 2'i ;
pi. xxxi, figs. 10, 11, 13; pi. xxxii, fi.'rs. 28-31 ; pi. xxxiii, fig.-^. 2:'„ 24.
1889. Spirifer, Beechbr and Clarke. Memoirs N. Y State Museum, pp. 75, 77, pi. vi, tigs. 1-7, 9-11.
1889. Spirifera, Whiteaves. Contributions to Canadian PalEeontology, vol. i, p, 114, pi. xv, fig. 3.
1890. Spirifera, Wohthen. Geol. Survey of Illinois, vol. viii, p. 105, pi. xi, fig. 5.
1890. Spirifera, Foekstb. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xxiv, p. 313, pi. v, figs. 5, 6.
1890. Spirifera, Williams. Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. i, p. 491, pi. xii, figs. 12, 13.
1890. Spirifera, Hall. Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. 1, p. 567.
1890. Spirifera, Hall. Ninth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Geologist, p. 9.
1891. Spirifei-a, Hebrick. Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. ii, p. 45, pi. 1, fig. 18.
Shells transversely elongate, rarely produced axially ; with or without me-
dian fold and sinus. Hinge-line straight, usually forming the greatest diameter
of the shell, but in some of the subdivisions of the genus, short and inconspicu-
ous. Cardinal extremities alate, acuminate or rounded.
Surface covered with granulations, striae, plications or costse, variously
grouped and which may be present or absent on the median fold and sinus ;
these are crossed by concentric growth-lines which may take the form of
varices or expanded lamellag, or be modified into fimbriaj of simple or compound
spines. In the subgenera Martinia and Martiniopsis the surface is smooth
except for the concentric striae. Shell substance fibrous, impunctate except as
below described ; in the smooth species the epidermal layer is minutely pitted.
The pedicle-valve has the umbo more or less elevated over the hinge-line,
the apex acute, erect or incurved. The cardinal slopes show a slight tendency
to concavity or excavation, and the median portion of the valve is more or less
strongly depressed by a sinus. The cardinal area is broad, flat or incurved and
its surface is transversely striated ; the inner shell-layers bear a series of longi-
tudinal or vertical canals at whose marginal extremities the fibrous tissue is
produced into a row of denticles, corresponding to a row of pits on the opposite
valve ; thus forming an accessory articulation of the valves. The essential
articulation is effected by means of stout, simple teeth lying at the marginal
extremities of the triangular deltidium and supported by dental plates which
are usually short, but, in rare types, may be produced even to the anterior mar-
gin of the valve The pedicle-passage or delthyrium is usually open. Nor-
mally it is closed by a pair of deltidial plates having the form of scalene tri-
6 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
angles, which develop from the sides of the delthyrium and meeting, enclose
wholly or partially a circular or oval pedicle foramen. At normal maturity
these plates become anchylosed along the median suture and form a single con-
vex plate (the so-called pseudodeltidium).
The usual absence of the deltidium may be due either to accidental removal
or to resorption with advancing growth. In the adult and senile stages of de-
velopment many species, especially in the line of development to Syringothyris,
form a testaceous callosity in the pedicle-cavity, thickening the umbo and ex-
tending across the delthyrium, reaching in extreme cases, nearly to the cardinal
margin.
The muscular area consists of a subtriangular pedicle-impression occupying
the pedicle-cavity, and continuous with a deeply impressed oval or obcordate
area, which is posteriorly situated and divisible into a narrow median adductor
and broad lateral diductors, the surface of the latter being marked by radiating
or racemose furrows. The posterior and anterior members of the diductors
may frequently be distinguished, the former being of less extent and their sur-
face markings somewhat different from those of the latter.
A median septum in this valve is usually absent ; occasionally it is in a con-
dition of incipient development, and in certain species having the aspect of
Spiriferina and belonging to the line of descent of which this genus may be
regarded as the final or accessory product, it forms a most conspicuous feature
of the interior.
In the brachial valve the umbo is inconspicuous, the apex only being in-
curved over the cardinal area ; a median fold corresponds to the sinus of the
opposite valve. The cardinal area is narrow and divided by a broadly triangu-
lar delthyrium. The dental sockets are narrow, moderately deep and bounded
interiorly by highly developed socket walls, the extremities of which support
the crural bases.
The cardinal process is a low, transverse, sessile apophysis, having its surface
vertically striated; occasionally it is bipartite or it may be wholly resorbed.
The crura are long, straight and slightly divergent ; their union with the
primary lamellae of the spiral ribbon is at a broadly obtuse angle. The brachial
BRACHIOPODA. 7
coils are directed outward and upward toward the cardinal angles of the valves
and their variation in size and direction is in l^eeping with the differences in
the marginal outline of the shell. The number of revolutions of the ribbon
exceeds that in any other genus of brachiopods. There is no loop ; its position,
however, is indicated by a pair of short spinous processes originating on the
primary lamellae soon after their junction with the crura, and which are
directed inward with a slight convergence.
The muscular area has about the same extent as that of the pedicle-valve,
though less distinctly impressed and generally more elongated. It is consti-
tuted of two pairs of adductor impressions with their surfaces radiately or pal-
mately striated. The anterior pair are central, narrow at their posterior ex-
tremities which are embraced by the broader posterior scars.
A faint median septum is sometimes present. In some instances of import-
ance the socket walls are supported by septa which may be considerably pro-
duced over the bottom of the valve.
In both valves the genital region is distinctly punctated, but vascular mark-
ings are rarely observed.
Type, Anomites striatus, Martin (1809). Carboniferous limestone.
Obsebvations. — Historical. This most prolific genus received its designation
first in 1814, when its distinguished author, Mr. James Sowerby, read a com-
munication before the Linnean Society entitled : " Some account of the spiral
tubes or ligaments in the genus Terebratula, Lam., as observed in several species
of fossil shells." The name was based upon the discovery of the spiral brachial
supports in the species Anomites striatus, Martin. This contribution was not
published until 1818 (Transactions of the Linnean Society, vol. xii, p. 514).
Meanwhile, in the second volume of the Mineral Conchology (p. 42, 1815), Sow-
erby published and described the genus, citing as the only example the Anomites
cuspidatus, Martin. Davidson has shown* that the author's intention was still
to regard A. striatus as the type, for appended to his paper in the Linnean
Society's Transactions is the remark : " I suspect A. cuspidatus figured since the
* Introduction to British Fossil Brachiopoda, p. 81, foot note.
8 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
reading of this paper as Sp. cuspidatus, 'Min. Con.' tab. 120, * * * may
have a siraihir construction within."
A few writers have, with excellent reason, argued the application of the term
to species congeneric with A. cuspidatus. Among these were Professor King
(Monograph of the Permian Fossils of England, pp. 81, 126), and Mr. Meek
(Palseontology of the Upper Missouri, p. 19), both of whom would have applied
Koenig's term Trignotreta (1825) to spiriferoids of the type of A. striatus. It
is, however, too late now to enforce the prior rights of A. cuspidatus to recogni-
tion as the type of Spirifer. Winchell, in 1863, founded his genus Syringo-
THYRis on a species (S. typa, Winchell) very similar to, if not identical with A.
cuspidatus (according to King and Davidson),* and an inversion of the terms
could only induce lamentable disorder in nomenclature.!
It is a most surprising fact that a group of brachiopods with so remarkable
a representation in species as this, should afford so unsatisfactory a basis for
generic subdivision. Of the various names which have been proposed by dif-
ferent authors but few can be advantageously applied.
Trigonotreta was inti'oduced by Koenig, in 1825,J for a heterogenous assem-
blage of species, consisting mainly of Spirifer and Orthis. King, in emending
and adopting the term, selected the species Terebratula Stokesi, Koenig, as the
type ; this appears to have been a form with plicated fold and sinus, and is,
hence, a member of the typical division of the genus, the Aperturati. What-
ever significance the term may have is derived from King's determinations, and
Trigonotreta, King, is a precise equivalent for Spirifer striatus, Martin.
Choristites, Fischer de Waldheim, 1825.§ This name was proposed by the
Russian author to replace Sowerby's designation on the ground that the inter-
nal organization described by the latter was common to all " the Terebratulas."
The first species of the genus cited both in this place and in his later work,
* Mr. Charles Schdchert regards W™chell's species as not equivalent to the Eng-lish form, but a
synonym for Spirifer (Symigothyris) Carten, Hall. See Forty-third Kept. N. Y. State Museum, p. 232, 1890.
t Professor King subsequently abandoned his position in this matter (Davidson, op. cit, p. 81), and it
would appear from Mr. Meek's use of the term Spirifer in writings subsequent to 1864, that he also con-
ceded the necessity for its adojition.
t Icones Fossilium sectiles, p. 3.
§ Sur la Choriatite, p. 7.
BRACHIOPODA. 9
" Oryctographie du Gouvernement de Moscou " (1830), is Choristites Mosquensis,
Fischer {= Spirife.r Mosquensis, de Verneuil). The generic term was based upon
the existence in the jjedicle-valve of highly developed dental plates extending
almost or quite to the anterior margin ; a character which has a less prominent
development in a few other species, some of which, as for example, Spirifer
plicatellus, cannot be satisfactorily grouped with S. Mosquensis on the basis of
external characters. The greater or less prolongation of these septa or dental
lamellae will be found a feature of comparatively little taxonomic value among
these fossils.
Delthyris, Dalman, 1828.* Dalman divided the genus Spirifek into Del-
THYRis and Cyrtia, citing as his first example of the former, Delthyris elevata,
Dalman, a species now well known in the European Silurian, and one of the
plicate-fimbriate members of the genus. The name Delthyris may, with a
restricted interpretation, have a value equivalent to that of Reticularia, McCoy,
under which the nonplicate-fimbriate species may be included.
McCoy, in his " Synop.sis of the Characters of the Carboniferous Fossils of
Ireland " (1844), proposed a number of new names to subdivisions of the family
DeltbyridjE :
Fusella {op. cit., p. 132); type, Spirifer fusif or mis, Vh.\\\vps; a small, transverse
shell with smooth, rounded ribs, some of which are stated to occur on the me-
dian fold. The species is but little known, Davidson statingf that he had seen
only the imperfect original in the collections of the British Museum.
Martinia (op. cit., pp. 128, 139). " Gen. Ch.- — Hinge-line shorter than the
width of the shell ; dorsal edges of the cardinal area obtusely rounded ; surface
smooth ; spiral appendages small."
This group is excellently characterized, though McCoy was in error, as shown
by Mr. Davidson and the Rev. Mr. Glass, in considering the spirals as having
a less development in proportion to the dimensions of the shell than in other
Spirifers. De Koninck, Davidson, Waagen and others have observed that the
epidermal layer of the shell is minutely punctured. The first species which
* Kongl. Vetenskaps Akad. Handlingar, pp. 93, 99.
t British Carboniferous Brachiopoda, p. .57.
10 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
was cited by McCoy among examples of Martinia, is Spirifer decorus, Phillips, a
form closely allied to, and in the opinion of Mr. Davidson, identical with Mar-
tin's Anomites (= Spirifer) glaber.
Reticularia {op. cit., pp. 128, 142). First species cited, Terebratula imbricata,
Sowerby = A?iomites lineatus, Martin = Spirifer lineatus of authors. Shells of
this type have the short hinge and the smooth or gently plicated surface char-
acterizing Martinia, and like the latter have neither dental plates nor septa on
the interior. The name is based upon a species whose surface is covered with
concentric fimbriae of doubled-barreled spines bearing single rows of lateral
spinules,* and must probably be restricted to this type of exterior as in the
more strongly plicated of the fimbriated Spirifers the surface spines are simple.
Brachythyris {op. cit., pp. 128, 144). Proposed for short-hinged plicated
species, the first cited being Spirifer duplicicosta, Phillips, a very close ally ex-
ternally and internally of Spirifer striatus.
Considering the great possibilities of variation among the Spirifers in the
length of the hinge, it seems that this term must be considered a synonym for
Spirifer in its strictest meaning.
Martiniopsis, Waagen, 1883. f Type, Martiniopsis iiiflata, Waagen. Produc-
tus limestone. These are non-plicated shells with smooth exterior and punc-
tured epidermal layer, as in Martinia. The distinction from Martinia is based
upon the existence of well developed dental plates in the pedicle-valve and
septa supporting the crura in the brachial valve.
Taxonomic. Whatever value any of the foregoing terms may possess, lies in
the fact that it designates an extreme of accessory or lateral develojiment from
a typical normal Spirifer stock. With a large amount of material affording
the successive steps in these variations this value is, to the student, so palpably
diminished that he hesitates to make use of any designation which excludes the
term Spirifer.
At the same time there are certain lines of development leading to definite
resultants which it is necessary to regard as generically distinct from Spirifer
* See figures Spirifer lineatus given by Mr. Davidson and Mr. John Todng, Supplement to British Car-
boniferous Bi-achiopoda, pi. xxxiv, fig-. 9, and expl. of plate, foot note. 1880.
t Salt-Range Fossils ; Brachiopoda, p. 524.
BRACHIOPODA. 11
though losing none of its external characters. We may cite the apparent out-
come of Spiriferina from the septate lamellose Spirifers ; and Syringothyris as
the final product of changes along the line of those plicate Spirifers with smooth
fold and sinus. Such changes, then, which we recognize as having induced
actual generic differences are confined to the interior and the intimate structure
of the valves ; external variations, as far as now known, when unaccompanied
by internal changes, must be regarded as of altogether subordinate value.
These external differences, however, make an excellent basis for a grouping
of the members of this protean genus, and one not merely conventional and
arbitrary, since it serves to indicate, within the integrity of the genus, lines of
progress leading to resultants which are no longer congeneric.
Several authors have proposed a classification of the Spirifers on the basis of
their external ornamentation, and earlier writers were especially fond of
attempts in this direction. Frequently the proposed arrangements have been
vitiated by the inclusion within this genus of distinctly heterogeneous species.
Thus with VON Buch's classification in 1836 and 1837,* and to some extent
with that given by Phillips in 1836.t The latter writer proposed six subdivi-
sions of his Spirifers: a. Cuspidate; h, Angustatcz ; c, Radiata; d, Glabrata ;
e, Terehratuliformes; f, Filosce,. The list of species referred to the last two divi-
sions contained no Spirifers, but Athyris (e) and Schizophoria, Orthothetes
and Chonetes (f). The Cuspidate were typified by S. cuspidatus, and this group
is equivalent, in a restricted sense, to the genus Syringothyris, though it was
also made to include species of Cyrtia, Derbya and Orthothetes. The Angus-
tat(B and Radiate were separated on the basis of the length of the hinge, which,
in the former, equaled or exceeded the width of the shell. Both included
species with smooth and plaited fold and sinus. The Glabrate included both
Spirifer glober and S lineatus, that is, both Martinia and Reticularia.
De Verneuil J divided the Spirifers as follows: \. Anormaux, mc\\\(\.mg the
equirostres (== Porambonites) and bifores (= Platystrophia) ; II. Lisses, equiva-
lent to Reticularia and Martinia, but embracing a species of Tkiplecia ; III.
* Ueber das Genus Delthyris ; and Uebei- Deltliyris, oder Spirifer iind Orthis.
t Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire.
I Geologie de la Russie de I'Europe, p. 127. 1845,
12 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Costes, subdivided into the costes (= Spirifer ?, Pentamerus ?) and costato-stries,
the latter including a radiate species and Enteletes Lamarcki ; IV. Plisses, sub-
divided into the aperturati, with sinus plicate, and ostiolati, with sinus smooth;
terms which had already been proposed by von Buch, and were derived from
Schlotheim's species, S. aperturatus and S. ostiolatus.
QuENSTEDT, in 1871, adopted these last-named divisions and added the
division Rostrati, for species in which the hinge-line is short; this chaotic
assemblage was made to include the smooth species of the Palaeozoic (Martinia
and Reticularia) as well as the Spiriferinas of the Carboniferous and
Mesozoic.
In the American Palaeozoic there are probably not less than two hundred
species of the genus Spirifer. Representatives of the greater number of these
have passed under our examination, and they, with the aid of not a few species
unknown in American faunas, have furnished the evidence upon which the
following proposed arrangement is based :
I. Radiati. Typical example, Spirifer radiatus, Sowerby (including S. plicat-
ellus, Sowerby).
(I)* 1840. Delthyris, Conrad. Geol. Suvv. N. Y., Pal. Dept. ; Fourth Ann. Kept., p. 207.
(1) 1842. Delthyris, Conrad. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. viii, p. 261, pi. xiv, fig. 17.
(2) 1842. Delthyris, Conrad. Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. viii, p. 261.
(1) 1842. DeWiyr'is, Vandxem. Geology of N. Y. ; Kept. Third Dist, p. 120, tig. 1.
(1) 1843. Spirifer, Ca.stelnad. Essai sur le Systfeme Silur. de I'Amer. Septen., p. 41, pi. xiii, fig. 5;
p. 42, pi. xiii, fig. 4.
(1) 1843. Delthyris, Mather. Geology of N. Y. ; Kept. First Dist., p. 343, fig. 1.
(1) 1843. Delthyris, Hall. Geology of N. Y. ; Kept. Fourth Dist.. p. 105, fig. 2 a, b.
(2) 1843. Delthyris, Hali.. Geology of N. Y. ; Rept. Fourth Dist., p. 105, fig. 1 ; p. 269, fig. 1.
(3) 1847. Spirifer, Barrandb. Ueber die Brachiopoden der Silnr. Schicht. Bohmens.
(1) 1852. Spirifer, Hall. Palajontology of N. Y., vol. ii, p. 66, pi. xxii, 2 d-s (not figs. 2 a-c, 2/) j
p. 265, pi. liv, figs. 6 a-/.
(2) 1852. Spirifer, Hall. Palaeontology of N. Y., vol. ii, p. 264, pi. liv, figs. 5a-f.
(1) 1856. Spirifer, Billings. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. i, p. 135, pi. ii, figs. 2, 3.
(2) 1856. Spirifer, Billings. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. i, p. 137, pi. ii, fig. 8.
(1) 1859. Spirifer, Hall. Paleontology of N. Y., vol. iii, p. 202, pi. xxvii, figs. 1 a-f; pi. xxviii,
figs. 8 a-d.
(2) 1860. Spirifera, Emmons. Manual of Geology, p. 151.
(1) 1861. Spinfei-a, Hall. Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey of Wisconsin, p. 25.
'S'j'm/era, Hall. Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey of 'Wisconsin, p. 26.
Spirifera, McChesnet;. Palaeozoic Fossils, p. 84.
Spirifera, Hall. Geol. Rept. Wisconsin, vol. i, p. 69, fig. 5 ; p. 436.
Spirifera, Hall. Geol. Rept. Wisconsin, vol. i, p. 69, fig. 6 ; p. 436.
•.The.parenthetical uumbers before the citations refer to the eabdivisions of the group.
(3)
1861.
(3)
1861.
(1)
1862.
(3)
1862.
BRACHIOPODA. 13
(1) 1863. Spirifera, Halt.. Ti-ansactions of the Albany Institute, vol. iv, p. 211.
(1) IStiS. Spirifer, Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 317, fig.s. 328 a, h ; p. 957, fig. 4m; and Proc.
Portland Soc. Nat. Hist, p, 117, pi. iii, fig. 16.
(2) 1863. Spirifer, Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 317, fig. 329.
(1) 1866. Spirifer, Billings. Catalogue Silurian Fossils Aiiticosti, p. 48.
(1) 1867. Spirifera, Hall. Twentielh Annual Report N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Ilistoi-y, p. 370. pi. xiii,
tigs. 5, 7; p. 371, pi. xiii, figs. 9-11.
(3) 1867. Spirifera, Hall. Twentieth Annual Report N. Y. State Cab. Nat. History, p. 372, pi. xiii,
figs. 14-16.
(2) 1867. Spirifera, Hall. PaliBontology of N. Y., vol. iv, p. 218, pi. xxxv, figs. 1-9; p. 242, pi. x1,
fitjs. 14-22.
(3) 1868. Spirifera, McChesney. Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., vol. i, p. 35, pi. viii, fig. 3.
(1) 1872. Spirifera, Hall. Twenty-fourth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 182.
(1) 1875. Spirifera, Hall and Whitfield. Twenty-seventh Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hiat.,
pi. ix, figs. 11, 13, 17, 18.
(1) 1879. Spirifera. Hall. Twenty-eighth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 156, pi. xxiv,
figs. 13-18 ; p. 157, pi. xxiv, figs. 20-30.
(1) 1880. Spirifera. White. Second Ann. Rept. Indiana Bureau of Statistics and Geol., p. 497, pi. iii,
figs. 5, 6.
(1) 1881. Splrifei-a, White. Tenth Ann. Rep., Slate Geologist Indiana, p. 129, pi. iii, figs. 5, 6.
(1) 1882. Spirifera, Hall. Eleventh Ann. Rept. State Geologist Indiana, p. 294, pi. xxiv, figs. 13-18 ;
p. 296, pi. xxiv, figs. 20-30.
(1) 1882. Spirifera, Whitfield. Geology of Wisconsin, vol. iv, p. 287, pi. xvii, figs. 1, 2.
(2) 1885. Spirifera, Clakkb. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 16, p. 30, pi. iii, fig. 13.
(2) 1886. Spirifera, Ringuebbrq. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. v, p. 16, pi. ii, fig. 5.
(1) 1889. /Spiri/er, Beecher and Clarke. Mem. N. Y. State Museum, p. 78, pi. vi, tigs. 9-11.
(1) 1889. Spirifera, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, p. 117, pi. xxxii, figs. 28-31 ; p. 129,
pi. xxiv, fig. 25 ; pi. xxvii, figs. 17-19 ; p. 130, pi. xxix, figs. 13-16.
(1) 1890. Spirifera, Foerste. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xxiv, p. 313, pi. v, tig.s, 5, 6.
(2) 1891. Spirifer, Whiteaves. Contributions to Canadian Palseontology, vol. i, p. 224, pi. xxxii, tig. 1.
Smooth, radially undulated or plicated; fold and sinus smooth; entire
surface covered with fine, filiform, radiating striae, which may be minutely
crenulated or granulose.
This group includes shells which may vary considerably in the length of the
hinge and the degree of plication. Spirifer radiatus is frequently, and in
American faunas usually devoid of plications, but the assumption of these
characters is so gradual a process that there is no satisfactory distinction, in a
large number of examples, between the smooth form and the typical plicated
form of S. plicatellus. The plications are, however, never numerous or sharply
defined.
These radiate shells may be conveniently subdivided as follows :
1. Pauciplicati, or those with few low plications; as Spirifer radiatus, Sowerby,
S. Eudora, Hall, from the Clinton and Niagara faunas, and S. macropleura, Con-
14 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
rad, from the Lower Helderberg group. Though this type is not abundantly
developed in American faunas it embraces a very considerable number of the
many forms described by Barrande* from the Bohemian etages E and F.
Among these species the cardinal area has but an incipient development or may
be altogether absent, while the dental plates are frequently quite pronounced.
2. Multiplicati, or those with numerous plications ; as Spirifer Niagarensis,
Conrad, & asperatus, Ringueberg, of the Niagara group ; S. TulUa, Hall, of the
Hamilton fauna ; S. Belphe.gor, Clarke, of the Genesee shales ; S. mesastrialis,
Hall, of the Chemung group. In this group, with the more extended hinge
and more abundant plications characterizing the Devonian and Carboniferous
Spirifers generally, the radiate type of superficial structure has been maintained
the longest. It is evident from material before us, that the type was continued
into the faunas of the Lower Carboniferous.
3. Dupliciplicati. A few upper Silurian species have strong dichotomous
plications and the filamentous surface striae covered with asperities. Such are
Spirifer nobilis, Barrande, from the etage E^, and the Niagara limestone of
Illinois and Wisconsin, and S. Schmidti, Lindstrom, from the Gotland lime-
stone.
The Radiati generally may be said to have prevailed at an early period in
the history of the genus. The combination was one that was but little modi-
fied during its existence and was involved in no progressive development of
generic characters.
II. Lamellosi. Typical examples, Spirifer perlatnellosus, Hall, S. mucronatus,
Conrad.
(2a) 1820. Ta-ebratula, Atwater. Amei-. Joui-. Sci. and Arts, vol. ii, p. 224, pi. i, figs. 2, 3.
(2a) 1841. Delthyns, Conkad. Geol. Survey N. Y., Pal. Dept. ; Fifth Ann. Kept., p. 54.
(1) 1842. DeUhyris, Conrad. Joui-. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. viii, pp. 261, 262, pi. xiv, fig. 18.
(1) 1842. DeUhyris, Vanuxem. Geology of N. Y. ; Kept. Third Dist., p. 132, fig. 3.
(2a) 1842. DeWiyris. Vanuxem. Geology of N. Y. ; Kept. Third Dist., p. 150, fig. 3.
(1) 1843. Ddthyns, Hall. Geology of N. Y. ; Kept. Fourth Dist., p. 105, fig. 4 ; p. 2U0, fig. 5 ;
pp. 202, 269, tig. 9 ; p. 270, fig. 5.
(2a) 1843. DeUhyris, Hall. Geology of N. Y. ; Kept. Fourth Dist., p. 198, figs. 2, 3 ; p. 205, fig. 32;
p. 270, fig. 3.
(2a) 1843. Spirifer, Castelnau. Essai sur le Systeme Silur. de I'Amer. .Septentr., pi. xiii, fig. 1.
' Sysleme Silurien du Centre de la Boheme, vol. v, i)Is. i-viii.
BRACHIOPODA. 15
(1) 1849. S^nfifer, Hall. American Journal of Science, vol. xx, p. 2:iS.
(1) 1852. Spinfei; Hall. Palaeontology of N. Y., vol. ii, p. 261, pi. liv, fig-. 2.
(1) 1856. Spirifer, Billings. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. i, p. 137, pi. ii, fig. 7.
(2a) 1856. Spirifera, Billings. Canadian Nalui-alist and Geologist, vol. i, ]). 474, pi. vii, tigs. 9, 10.
(1) 1857. Spirifer, Hall. Tenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 57, tigs. l-.").
(2a) 1857. Spirifer, Hall. Tenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 130, 131.
(26) 1857. Spirifei; Hall. Tenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist , pp. 62, 63, 134.
(1) 1858. Delthyris, Rogers. Geology of Pennsylvania, vol. ii, p. 825, tig. 643.
(2a) 1858. Spirifer, Hall. Geol. Survey of Iowa, p. 507, pi. iv, figs. 6 b, c, d; p. 501, pi. iv, ligs. 3a-c.
(1) 1859. Spirifer, Hall. Palaeontology of N. Y., vol. iii, p. 201, pi. xxvi, figs. 1, 2.
(26) 1859. Spirifei; Hall. Palieontology of N. Y., vol. iii, p. 419, [)1. xcvi, fig.s. 7 a-/; p. 421, pi. xcvi,
tigs. 9 a-g.
(1) 1860. Spirifer, Hall. Thirteenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 94.
(26) 1860. Spirifer. Meek. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. iv, j). 308.
(1) 1860. Spirifer, Hall. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. v, p. 145.
(1) 1861. Spirifera, Billings. Canadian Journal, vol. vi, p. 258, figs. 71-73.
(2a) 1861. Spirifera, Billings. Canadian Journal, vol. vi, pp. 254, 255, figs. 59-64.
(2a) 1862. Spirifer, A. Winchell. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. xiv, p. 405.
(1) 1863. Spirifera, Billings. Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 117, pi. iii, fig. 17.
(1) 1863. (Spirjfera,, Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 372, fig. 392 ; p. 386, fig. 423; p. 957, fig. 455.
(2a) 1863. Spirifera, Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 960, fig. 467; p. 386, fig. 424 «-d.
(2a) 1866. Spirifera, A. Winchell. Rept. Lower Peninsula of Michigan, p. 93.
(1) 1867. Spirifera, Hall. Pah-eontology of N. Y., vol. iv, pp. 192, 221, 222, 240, pi. xxvii, figs. 30-34 ;
pi. XXX, figs. 1-9 ; pi. XXXV. figs. 10-23 ; pi. xl, figs. 1-13.
(2a) 1867. Sinrifem, Hall. Palaeontology of N. Y., vol. iv, p. 205, pi. xxxi, figs. 1-4 ; p. 207, pi. xxxi,
figs. 14-19; p. 208, pi. xxxi, figs. 9, 10; p. 216, pi. xxxiv, figs. 1-32.
(26) 1867. Spirifera, Hall. Pateontology of N. Y., vol. iv, p. 190, pi. xxvii, figs. 18-28.
(1) 1868. Spirifera, Meek and Worthen. Geological Survey of Illinois, vol. iii, p. 384, pi. vii, fig. 9.
(1) 1871. Spirifera, Nicholson. Palaeontology of Province of Ont.ario, p. 82.
(16) 1874. Spirifera, Nicholson. Palaeontology of Pi-ovince of Ontario, p. 80.
(1) 1874. Spirifera, Billings. Palajozoic Fossils, vol. ii, p. 47, pi. iii a, fig. 5.
(26) 1876. Spirifer, Mf.ek. Simjison's Rept. Expl. Great Basin Utah, p. 346, pi. i, fig. 1.
(26) 1877. Spirifer, Meek. King's Rept. Expl. Fortieth Parallel, vol. iv, p. 41, pi. iii, fig. 3.
(1) 1878. Spirifera, Dawson. Acadian Geology, third ed., p. 576.
(1) 1882. Spirifera?, Whitfield. Geology of Wisconsin, vol. iv, p. 333, pi. xxv, figs. 23, 24.
(2a) 1882. Spirifera, Whitfield. Geology of Wisconsin, vol. iv, p 328, pi. xxv, figs. 27, 28.
(1) 1883. Spiriftra, Hall. Second Report N. Y. State Geologist, pi. lix, figs. 9, 27-34 ; pi. Ix,
figs. 1-18.
(1) 1884. Spirifera, Walcott. Monogr. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. viii, p. 135, pi. iv. fig. 2 ; pi. xiv,
fig. 12.
(2a) 1884. Spirifera, yifALCOTT. Palaeontology Eureka Dist., pp. 136, 217, pi. vn, fig. 8.
(1) 1889. Spirifera, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, pp. 128, 132, pi. xvii, figs. 38-42 ; pi xxxi,
fig. 13.
(26) 1889. Spirifera, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, p. 112, pi. xii, figs. 1-4.
(2a) 1889. Spirifera, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, p. 134, pi. x, .figs. 11-20, 23-25 ; p. 109,
pi. X, figs. 1-5, 31-34, 36-39 ; p. 121, pi. x, figs. 21, 22, 26-30, 35, 40 ; p. 108,
pi. xii, figs. 14, 15; p. 132, pi. xiii, figs. 36, 38; p. 126, pi. xxxi, figs. 10, 11.
(2a) 1891. Spirifera, Whiteavbs. Contribulions to Canadian Palfeontology, vol. i, p. 223.
Rcadically plicated ; surface covered with numerous concentric lamellae. In
Silurian species the fold and sinus are non-plicate ; the later forms usually
16 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
bear a low median depression on the fold accompanied by a corresponding
median ridge in the sinus.
In this division we meet with considerable diversity in exterior form, the
hinge being at times short, and again extremely extended ; always, however,
making the greatest diameter of the shell. The cardinal area is usually low,
but may be considerably elevated. The species all have a fine, very faintly
developed median ridge in the interior of the brachial valve and the cardinal
process developed as a low, single, multistriate apophysis, with sometimes a
tendency to bilobation.
The lamellose species are conveniently subdivided into two groups :
1. Septati; those having a median septum in the pedicle-valve. The septum
lies between the bases of the teeth but does not come into contact with them
as in the genus Cyrtina, where the latter are supported by dental lamellae rest-
ing on the bottom of the valve.
This character is found in an incipient condition of development in the
Niagara species Spirifer sulcatus, Hisinger, and is a more conspicuous feature in
subsequent forms, S. perlamellosus, of the Lower Helderberg, S. raricosta, of the
Upper Helderbex'g, S. consohrinus* of the Hamilton group and S. mesacostalis, of
the Chemung group. Up to the period of the upper Devonian, at least in Amer-
ican faunas, the existence of this septum in the pedicle-valve is not accompanied
by a punctation of the shell-tissue, nor by the union of the processes on the pri-
mary lamellae of the spiral arms; features which characterize the genus Spirifek-
INA, and, indeed, form the only basis of distinction between some of the paljBOzoic
members of this genus and these septate Spirifers. At present we are without
evidence of the gradual assumption of punctation by shells in this line of
development, but there can be no reason to doubt that its appearance here was
of the same nature as along the line leading from Spirifer to Syringothyris,!
gradual or sporadic.
* This is the species desci-ibed as Spirifer zie-zac, Hall, in 1843. The same specific name was, curiously
enough, used by F. Roemer, in the same year, for a quite distinct Devonian Spiripeb, and D'Orbignt, in
1850, proposed for the Ameiican species the name above used.
t See observations on the genera Syringothtri.s, Cyrtina and Spiripbrina.
BRACHIOPODA. 17
Mr. Davidson has referred two Devonian species to Spiriferina, 8. cristata
Schlotheini, var. odoplicata, and S. insculpta, Phillips ( ? ), both of Avhich are
described as having a punctate structure. It is not known, however, whether
in these early forms the loop has attained its ultimate development; Ave might
expect to find it with its lateral branches discrete as in the true Spirifers.
The species of this septate section have, so fiir as known, the surface of the
concentric lamellae covered with fine radiating striae which were evidently not
continued into spines or fimbriae. Among the forms which are referred to
the genus Spiriferina nearly every variation of surface ornament is to be found
except this. The Carboniferous species, like S. Kentuckiensis and S. solidirostris,
which resemble very closely in other respects these septate lamellose Spirifers,
are fimbriated.
•J
2. Aseptati. Those without a median septum in the pedicle-valve. These
species are more abundantly plicated, often much more extended on the hinge
than in the septate group. The lamellae are without radial striations. The
Aseptati group themselves naturally about two type-forms, the first, (a), Spirifer
mucronatus, Conrad, an alate, maltijjlicate shell with a single low plication in
the sinus and a corresponding depression on the median fold ; the other, (b),
Spirifer submucronatus, Hall, in which the fold and sinus are not plicate.
Of these subdivisions the latter was the first to appear in the American
Palaeozoic, and is represented by S. submucronatus, and S. Cumberlandicz, Hall, of
the Oriskany sandstone of Maryland, S. macrus, Hall, S. gregarius, Clapp, and
an undescribed species from the Upper Helderberg group. Spirifer gregarius
is of interest in having a high area, a rather short hinge, and in assuming some of
the characters of the group of the Ostiolati in its internal umbonal callosities.
The Mucronatus-type does not appear earlier than the Hamilton fauna, where
it is represented by S. mucronatus, S. segrnentus. Hall, S. bimesialis. Hall, S. subat-
tenuatus. Hall, S. varicosus, Conrad.
III. FiMBRiATi. Typical examples, Spirifer fimbriatus, Conrad, S. lineatus,
Martin, S. arrectus, Hall.
(la) 1842. Orthls, Vanoxem. Geology of N. Y. ; Rej>t. Third Dist., ]i. 112, figr. 1.
(16) 1842. 0)77hs, Vanuxem. Geolog-y of N. Y. ; Kept. Third Dist., i>p. 91, 94.
(16)
1859.
(2)
1860.
(lo)
1861.
(2)
1861.
(2)
1862.
(It)
1863.
(In)
1863.
(In)
1863,
18 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
(2) 1842. DeWiyris, Conrad. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. viii, p. 263.
(la) 1843. Orthis ? {Delthyris}, Ui^hh. Geology of N. Y. ; Rept. Fourth Dist., p. 142, fig. 1.
(la) 1843. DeUhyris, Hall. Geology of N Y. ; Kept. Fourth Dist., p. 105, fig. 3; p. 171, fig. 5.
(16) 1843. DeUhyris, Hall. Geology of N. Y. ; Rept. Fourth Dist., p. 208, fig. 10 ; ]>. 345, fig. 1.
(la) 1843. Spirifer, Castelnau. Essai surle SystemeSilur. de I'Amer. Septentr., p. 41, pi. xii. figs. 1, 2.
(In) 1849. >'ipirifer. Hall. American Journal of Science, vol. xx, p. 228.
(In) 1852. fSpirifm; Hall. Pal.-pontology of N. Y., vol. ii, p. 262, pi. liv, figs. 3rt-t; ].. 328, pi. Ixxiv,
figs. 9 a-?i..
(16) 1852. Spirifer, Hall. Paleontology of N. Y., vol. ii, p. 263, pi. liv. fig. 4.
(2) 1853. Spirifer, Swallow. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Science, vol. ii, p. 86.
(la) 1857. Spinfer, Hall. Tenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 58, 62.
(2) 1858. Spirifer, Hall. Geol. Survey Iowa, vol. i, pt. ii, p. 505, pi. iv, figs. 5a-e; p. 645, pi. xx,
fig. 4 ; p. 705, pi. xxvii, fig. 4.
(In) 1859. Sjnrlfn: Hall. Paleontology of N. Y., vol. iii, p. 420, pi. xcvi, figs. 8 a-e ; p. 422, pi. xcvii,
figs. la-A, 2o-J; p. 205, pi. xxviii, figs. 4 a-e; p. 199, pi. xxv, figs, lo-z;
p. 203, pi. xxviii, figs. 2 a-/; p. 198, pi. viii, figs. 17-23.
Spirifer, Hall. Paljeontology of N. Y., vol. iii, p. 203, pi. xxviii, fig. 1.
Sjnrifer, McChesney. New Paleozoic Fossils, p. 43.
S2}lrifera, Billincs. Canadian Journal, vol. v, p. 256, figs. 65-67.
Spirifera, Billings. Canadian Journal, vol. v., p. 257, figs. 68-70.
Spirifera, White and Whitfield. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. viii, p. 116, pi. iii, fig. 15.
Spirifera, Billings. Pi-oc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., vol i, p. 116, pi. iii, fig. 15.
Spirifera, Hall. Ti-ansactions of the Albany Institute, vol. iv, p. 212.
Spirifera. Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 372, figs. 394 a, 6, <•; p. 960, fig. 466 ; p. 957,
fig. 457.
(la) 1867. Spiiif era. Hall. PaliEontoIogy of N. Y, vol. iv, p. 189, pi xxvii, figs. 13-16; pi. xxviii,
figs. 24-33.
Spirifera, Hall. Paleontology of N. Y., vol. iv, p. 239, pi. xxxix, figs. 1-12.
*S'pj)-i/ern, Hall. Paleontology of N. Y., vol. iv, p. ;214, pi. xxxiii, figs. 1-21; p. 250,
jil. xxxiii, figs. 31-35.
Spirifer, Meek and Worthen. Geol. Sui'vey Illinois, vol. iii, p. 434, pi. x, figs. 5 a-e.
Spirifera, Meek and Worthen. Geol. Survey Illinois, vol. iii, p. 399, pi. viii, figs. 6a-rf,
figs. 7 a, h.
Spirifera, Billings. Paleozoic Fossils, vol. ii, p. 48, pi. iii A, figs. 4, 4 c.
Spirifera, Hall. Twenty-eighth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus., p. 157, pi. xxiv, figs. 6-12, 19.
Spirifera, Rathbun. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xx, p. 25.
Spirifera, Hall. Eleventh Ann. Rept. State Geologist Indiana, p. 295, pi. xxiv, figs. 6-12, 19.
Spirifera, Hall. Eleventh Ann. Rept. State Geologist Indiana, p. 297, pi. xxvii, figs. 8, 9.
Spirifera (Martinia), White, Thirteenth Annual Report State Geologist of Indiana, p. 133,
^il. xxvii, figs. 4-6.
(2) 1884. Spirifera [Martinia), ViALCOTT. Paleontology Eureka Dist., jip 143-145, pi. iii, figs. 3, 6 ;
pi. xiv, fig. 11.
(16) 1888. Spirifera, Calvin. Bull. Laboratories University of Iowa, p. 28.
(la) 1889. >Spiri/eca, Nkttelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, p. 114, pi. xii, figs. 12, 13, 16; p. Ill,
pi. xvii, figs. 36, 37.
(la) 1889. Spirifer, Beechbr and Clarke. Mem. N. Y. State Mus., vol. i, No. 1, p. 75, pi. vi,
figs. 4-7.
(la) 1891. Spirifera, Whitfield. Annals N. Y. Acad. Science, vol. v, p. 509, pi. v, figs. 4, 5.
Shells with few low plications or none ; hinge line not greatly extended,
often shorter than the greatest diameter of the shell ; dental lamellae moderately,
(16)
1867.
(2)
1867.
(2)
1868.
(la)
1868.
(la)
1874.
(la)
1879.
(la)
1879.
(la)
1881.
(16)
1882.
(2)
1884.
BRACHIOPODA. 19
sometimes notably developed ; a low median septum may exist in the pedicle-
valve. Surface covered with concentric rows or fringes of fine spines.
This group is susceptible of the following subdivision :
1. f/m'dspwu'/ = Delthyris, Dalman, 1828, sensu striclo ; those species in
which the concentric fimbriae are made up of short, simple, hollow spines.
Those are the early fimbriate species, the type of structure not extending, so
far as now known, beyond the Devonian. The shells are distinguished from
the other fimbriate Spirifers by their more extended and more distinctly pli-
cated surface and the prominent, often sharply developed fold and sinus. Their
more characteristic representatives in the American Palaeozoic are Spirifer
crispus, Hisinger, and v;i,r. simplex, Hall, of the Niagara fiiunas; tS. Vmiuxemi,
Hall, of the Tentaculite limestone, S. Safordi, S. odocostatus, Hall, of the Lower
Helderberg group, S. arredus, S. tribulis, Hall, of the Oriskany sandstone and
S. duodenarius. Hall, of the Corniferous limestone.
This may be termed the (a) S. crispus-type.
An interesting series of forms which has had a parallel development with the
iS. crispus-type begins with the S. bicostatus, Vanuxem, and var. peiilus, Hall, in
the Niagara group, is represented by S. modestus. Hall, in the Lower Helderberg
group, by a new species, S. Canandaigua* from the Hamilton group of New
York, and possibly, S. urbanus, Calvin, from a corresponding horizon in Iowa,
the line terminating in (b) S. laevis. Hall, from the lower Portage shales at
Ithaca, N. Y. These are all unicispinate, but have the short hinge, subcircular
outline and obsolescent plications characterizing the duplicispinate group of the
FiMBRiATi. It is important to observe that this little series has, with reference
to the main line of development of these forms, an expression of immaturity,
the low plications and short hinge being features indicative of such a condition
among those species.f With the exception of S. laevis, all the members of this
subordinate group (the S. Zams-type) are quite small ; the Portage species, how-
ever, is one of the largest of fimbriate Spirifers, while its development, though
abundant in individuals, is sharply localized. It stands out prominently as a
* Kor description of this species see Supplement to this volume.
t See observations on, and illustrations of Spirifer bicosiatas and var. peliliui, and young of S. crispus
and var. simplex, in Memoirs New York State Museum, vol. i, No. 1, pp. 75-77, pi. vi, figs. 1-7. 1889.
20 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
strong senile development of a disappearing type. It has already been re-
marked that the term Delthyris, Dalman, may properly be restricted to the
unicispinate Fimbriati. The name was applied to species of which S. elevatus,
Dalman, was the first and typical member, a form not unlike S. crispus, Hisinger,
and from faunas of the same age.
2. Duplicispinei = RETKVLAniA, McCoy, 1844; those species in which the
fimbriae are composed of large, compound, hollow spines, often or always with
lateral branches. Each spine is divided medially by a vertical septum, and
along this line the spine is depressed exteriorly, giving it a double-barreled
appearance ; from each lateral margin are given off at regular intervals short
spinules at right angles to the main spine.
This peculiar structure was first described by Mr. Davidson, in 188U, from
its discovery by Mr. John Young in the Carboniferous species, S. Uneatus,
Martin. It had been observed by us some years earlier than this in the species
S. fimbriatus, Conrad, of the Hamilton group, and upon the accompanying
plates are illustrations of this species showing it. The scar left by the removal
of the spines is elongate-oval or lachrymiform, divided medially by the base
of the vertical lamella. In addition to this surface ornament the members of
this subdivision are well characterized by their shortness of hinge, which does
not equal the greatest transverse diameter of the shell, the low cardinal area,
the usual obsolesence or absence of radial plications and even of median fold
and sinus, and the presence of concentric striations or ridges serving as bases
for the fimbriae.
Of this group Spirifer fimbriatus, Conrad, is the earliest representative, a
form quite remarkable in its vertical range, appearing in the Oriskany sand-
stone and in the succeeding faunas of the Schoharie grit, Corniferous limestone,
Hamilton shales and Chemung sandstones. This species and S. subundiferus.
Meek and Worthen, of Hamilton age, have more of the typical spiriferoid
aspect in their well developed fold and sinus and low plications ; in these
respects they afford a variation from the later members of the group, which is
naturally to be expected in the earliest representatives of a type of structure.
The group is, on the whole, possessed of very persistent and stable characters,
BRACHIOPODA. 21
and its Carboniferous members have an expression so distinct from that of the
normal Spirifer that many authors, among them Davidson and Waagen, have
admitted McCoy's term Reticularia with the vakie of a genus. With the
evidence before us we are unable to accord this group a higher value than that
assigned to the divisions of the Radiati, the Ostiolati and the Glabrati ; a line
of development which to all appearances terminated with palaeozoic time.
To this second division of the Fimbriati belong the following American
species : S. fimbriatus, Conrad, S. subundiferus, Meek and Worthen, of the
Hamilton group, S. hirtus, White and Whitfield, of the Choteau limestone,
S. pseudolineatus. Hall, of the Kinderhook and Keokuk groups, .S. seiigerus, Hall,
of the St. Louis and Chester groups, S. clarus, Swallow, of the Chester group,
S. lineatus, Martin, and S. perplexus, McChesney, of the Coal Measures.
IV. Aperturati. Typical examples, S. aperturatus, Schlotheim, S. disjundus,
Sowerby, S. striatus, Martin.
(6) 183(n. Spirifer, Morton. Amei-ii-an Journal of Science and Arts, vol. xxix, p. 150, jjl. ii, fig-. 3.
(a) 1839. Deini/ris, Conkad. Geol. Survey N. Y. ; Pal. Dept. ; 'i'hiid Aiui. Rept., p. 65.
(a) 1841. Delthyvis, Conrad. Geol. Survey N. Y. , Pal. Dept. ; Fifth Ann. Kept., p. 54.
(o) 1842. Delthyris, Conkad. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. viii, p. 263.
(a) 1842. Delthyris, Vanuxem. Geology of N. Y. ; Rept. Third Dist., p. 179, fig-. 3 ; p. 123, Hg. 1 ;
p. 12-1, fig. 5.
(a) 1843. DeltJiyns,Hki.h. Geology of N. Y. ; Rept. Fourth Dist., pi). 269, .270, figs. 1-4 ; p. 148,
fig. 1.
(a) 1843. Delthyris, Mather. Geology of N. Y. ; Rept. Fir.st Dist., p. 342, fig. 1.
(h) 1852. Spirifer, Owen. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota, p. 586, pi. v, tig. 6.
(6) 1852. Spirifer, F. Roemer. KreidebiMung von Texas, p. 88, pi. xi, fig. 7.
(6) 18.52. Spirifer, Hall. Stansbnry's Expl. Great Salt Lake, p. 410, pi. iv, fig. 5.
((■) 1854. Spirifer, Norwood and Pratten. Jour. Acad. Nat. Si-i. Philadelphia, second ser., vol. iii,
p. 73, pi. ix, fig.s. 3a-e.
{e) 1854. Spirifer, Norwood and Pratten. Joui-. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, second ser., vol. iii,
p. 72, pi. ix, figs. 2 a-c.
(6) 1855. Spirifer, Shumard. Rept. Geol. Survey Missouri, p. 203, jil. c, tig. 8.
(b) 1856. Spirifer, Hall. Expl. and Survey for R. R. Route from Missouri to the Pacific, vol. iii,-
p. 102, pi. ii, figs. 9, 12.
(e) 1857. Spirifer, Hall. Ti-ansactions of the Albany Institute, vol. iv, p. 8.
(c) 1857. Spirifer, Hall. Tenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 127.
{/) 1857. Spirifer, Hall. Tenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., ]>. 133.
(o) 1858. Spirifei; Hall. Geol. Survey Iowa, p. 502, pi. iv, fig. 2.
(la) 1858. Spirifei; Hall. Geol. Survey Iowa, p. 501, pi. iv, figs. 1 a-k.
(6) 1858. Spirifer, Hall. Geol. Snrvey Iowa, vol. 1, pt. ii, p. 647, pi. xx, fig. 7 ; pi. xxi, figs. 1, 2 ;
p. 604, pi. xiv, figs. 1-5 ; p. 641, pi. xx, fig. 1 ; p. 501, pi. vi, fig. 1 ; p. 709,
pi. xxviii, tig. 2.
(6) 1858. Spirifer, Marcou. Geology of North America, p. 49, jil. vii, fig. 2.
22 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
(r) 1858. Spirifer, Hall. Geol. Survey Iowa, vol. i, pt. ii, p. .')19, pi. vii, fig. 5 ; p. 600, pi. xiii. fig. I ;
p. 601, pi. xiii, fig-. 2; p. 602, pi. xiii, fig. 3; p. 661, pi. xxiii, fig-. 1 ; p. 662,
pi. xxiii, fig. 8 ; p. 663, pi. xxiii, fig. 9.
(d) 1858. Spinfer, Hall. Geol. Survey Iowa, vol. i, pt. ii, p. 521, pi. vii, fig. 8 ; p. 644, pi. xx, fig. 3 ;
p. 660, pi. xxiii, fig, 6 ; p. 676, pi. xxiv, fig. 4 ; pp. 706-708, pi. xxvii, fig. 6.
(e) 1858. Spir'ifer. Hall. Geol. Survey Iowa, vol. i, pt. ii, p. 711.
(e) 1858. Spirifer, Mabcod. Geology of North America, p. 50, pi. vii, fig. 4.
(a) 1859. Spirifer, Hall. Palaeontology of N. Y., vol. iii, p. 425, pi. xcviii, figs. 1-8 ; pi. xdx,
figs. 1-10 ; pi. c, figs. 1-8.
(a) 1859. DeWiyris, Rogers. Geology of Pennsylvania, vol. ii. pt. ii, p. 829, fig. 683 ; p. 826, fig. 650.
(b) 1860. Spirifer, Swallow. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Science, vol. i, p. 643.
(e) 1860. Spirifera, McChesney. New Palaeozoic Fossils, p. 44.
(/) 1860. Spirifer, Hall. Thirteenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 82.
(6) 1861. Spirifer, Newberry. Ives' Rept. Colorado River of the West, p. 127.
(a) 1863. Splrifera, Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 960, fig. 465.
(e) 1863. Splrifera, Davidson. Quarterly Journal Geol. Soc. London, vol. xix, p. 171, jil. ix, figs. 7, 8.
(e) 1865. Splrifera, A. Winchell. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 118.
(b) 1866. Spirifer, Geinitz. Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 44.
(e) 1866. Spirifer, Swallow. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Science, vol. ii, pp. 409, 410.
(a) 1S67. Splrifera, Hall. Palieontology of N. Y., .vol. iv, p. 243, pi. xli, figs. 1-19 ; pi. xiii,
figs. 1-20 ; p. 203, pi. xxx, fig. 21.
(e) 1867. Splrifera, Hall. PaltEontology of N. Y., vol. iv, p. 194, pi. xxvii, fig. 29 ; pi. xxviii. figs. 7-23.
(/) 1867. Splrifera, Hall. Palaiontology of N. Y., vol. iv, p. 213, pi. xxxii, figs. 1-6.
(e) 1868. Splrifera, McChksnby. Ti-ans. Chicago Acad. Science, vol. i, p. 35, pi. i, fig. 4.
(b) 1870. Spirlfeiu, Meek and Worthen. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. xvii, p. 36.
Spirifer, A. Winchell. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, vol. xii, p. 252.
Spirifer (Trlgonolreta?), Meek. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol, xviii, p. 179.
Spirifer, Meek. Palaeontology Eastern Nebraska, p. 183, pi. vi, fig. 12; pi. viii, fig. 15.
Spirifer, Meek and Worthen. Geol. Survey Illinois, vol. iii, p. 573, pi. xxv, fig. 7.
Splrifera. Hall and Whitfield. Twenty-third Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. History,
p. 237, pi. xi, figs. 16-20.
Splrifera, Billings. Palfeozoic Fossils, vol. ii, p. 45, pi. iii a, fig. 3.
Spirifii-a, Derby. Bull. Cornell University, vol. i, No. 2, p. 12, pis. i, ii, iv, v.
(e) 1874. Splrifera, Derby. Bull. Cornell University, vol. i. No. 2, p. 15, pis. i, ii, iv.
(6) 1875. Splrifera, White. Rept. Geogr. Surveys West 100th Meridian, p. 88, pi. v, fig. 10 ; p. 132,
pi. X, fig. 1.
(6) 1875. Splrifera (Trlgonot.reta), Meek. Paleontology of Ohio, vol. ii, p. 280, pi. xiv, fig. 8.
(h) 1875. Splrifera, Meek and Worthen. Geol. Survey Illinois, vol. vi, p. 521, pi. xxx, fig. 3.
(c) 1875. Splrifera (Trlgonolreta), Meek. Palaeontology of Ohio, vol. ii, p. 290, pi. xiv, fig. 5.
(c) 1875. Splrifera, White. Rept. Geogr. Surveys West 100th Meridian, p. 86, pi. v, fig. 8.
(d) 1875. Splrifera, Meek and Worthen. Geol. Survey Illinois, vol. vi, p. 523, pi. xxx, fig. 1.
(e) 1875. Splrifera (Trigonotreta), Meek. Palaeontology of Ohio, vol. ii, p. 329, pi. xix, fig. 14.
(e) 1875. (Spin/era, White. Rept. Geogr. Surveys West 100th Meridian, p. 134, pi. xi, fig. 9.
(b) 1876. Spirifer, Meek. Simpson's Rept. Exi>l. Great Basin of Utah, p. 353, pi. ii, fig. 3.
(b) 1876. Spirifer (Trigonotreta), Meek. Macomb's Rept. Expl. from Sante Fe to the Colorado,
p. 139, pi. iii, fig. 5.
(e) 1876. Splrifera, Meek. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. ii. No. 4, p. 355, pi. i, fig. 3.
(b) 1877. Splrifera, Hall and Whitfield. Geol. Expl. Fortieth P.arallel, vol. iv, p. 269, pi. v,
figs. 13-15.
(/)) 1877. Spirifer (Trigonotreta), Meek. Geol. Expl. Foi-tieth Parallel, vol. iv, p. 91, pi. ix, fig. 2.
(v) 1877. Splrifera, Hall and Whitfield. Geol. Expl. Foi-tieth Parallel, vol. iv, p. 254, pi. iv, figs.
5, 6 ; p. 255, pi. iv, figs. 7, 8.
(&)
1870.
(h)
1871.
(!>)
1872.
H>)
1873.
(«)
1873.
(a)
1874.
(/)
1874.
BRACHIOPODA. 23
(e) 1877. Spirifer (Trlgonotreta), Mekk. Geol. Expl. Fortieth Parallel, vol. iv, j>. 88, pi. ix, fig. 6.
(fc) 1878. Spirifera, Haktt. Dawson's Acadian Geology, 3d ed., p. 300.
(e) 1878. Spirifer, Dawson. Acadian Geology, 3d ed., p. 292, tig. 91.
(6) 1881. Spirifera, Miller. Joui'nal Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 2.
(e) 1882. Spirifera, Whitfield. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. i, No. 3, p. 47, pi. vi, figs. 13-15.
(d) 1883. Spirifera, yfaiTK. Twelfth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, p. 165, pi. xl, fig. 2.
(e) 1883. Spirifera, Hall. Twelfth Rept. State Geologist Indiana, ]). 32G, pi. xxix, figs. 13-15.
(a) 1884. Spirifera, Walcott. PaUBontology of the Eureka District, p. 134.
(b) 1884. Spirifera, White. Thirteenth Rept. State Geologist Indiana, p. 132, pi. xxxv, Hgs. 3-5.
(f) 1884. Spiriftra, Walcott. Pal:eontology of the Eureka District, p. 21(5, pi. xviii, figs. 4,7.
(h) 1887. Spirifera. Herrick. Bull. Denison University, vol. ii, p. 45, pi. ii, fig. 22.
(e) 1887. Spirifera, Herrick. Bull. Denison University, vol. i, p. 44, pi. ii, fig. 23.
(6) 188!<. Spirifer, Herrick. Bull. Denison University, vol. iii, p. 44, pi. iii, fig. 26 ; pi. vi, tigs. 6-7 j
vol. iv, pi. vii, fig. 2.
(c) 1888. Spirifer, Herrick. Bull. Denison University, vol. Iv, p. 25, pi. ii, fig. 8.
(b) 1889. Spirifera, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, p. 124.
(/) 1889. Spirifera, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, p. 113, pi. xi, figs. 6-11 ; pi. xii, figs. 5-11.
(e) 1889. Spirifera, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fo.'sil Shells, p. 120, pi. ix, figs. S-14.
(b) 1890. Spirifera. Wdrthen. Geol. Survey Illinois, vol. viii, p. 105, pi. xl, tig. 5.
{a) 1891. Spirifera, Whiteaves. Contributions to Canadian PaU-eontology, vol. i, p. 221, pi. xxix,
tigs. 4, 5.
Forms with plications on the fold and sinus.
This may be regarded as the typical group of Spirifers as it includes the
type-species S. striaius, Martin. Furthermore it is the most richly represented
in species and at the same time is a most compact association, not presenting
any substantial variations. Its members are strongly impressed with the
typical spiriferoid characters which are maintained throughout its existence, the
group terminating abruptly at the close of palaeozoic time. In internal structure
variations are slight and unimportant. The dental lamellaB are, as a rule, in-
considerably developed, and there is no median septum in either valve.
Spirifer {= Choristiies) Mosquensis, Fischer, is an example of a very few medio-
plicate species which have the dental plates highly developed; but in its
closest ally in exterior characters, N. Grimesi, Hall, these are comparatively
inconspicuous.
The external ornamentation, the arrangement of the plications and the
nature of their superficial sculpture, aflbrd a key to the subordinate grouping
of these numerous species and indicates several important subsidiary lines of
development. These species seem to have appeared as early as the Niagara
fauna, in which occurs a suborbicular form ( S. pramonens, sp. nov.) with low
fold and sinus, similar to S. Hungerfordi, Hall, of the upper Devonian. In the
24 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Lowei- Helderberg fauna we have but the single species, S. concinnus. Hall ; in
the Oriskany sandstone, S. arenosus, Conrad ; in the Corniferous limestone,
S. unicus, Hall (= S. arenosus), S. Grieri, Hall, and S. divaricatus, Hall. The last
named species is the only representative of this type of structure in the
Hamilton faunas, l)ut from the upper Devonian onward the species multiply
rapidly, becoming most abundant and varied in the diflferent faunas of the lower
Carboniferous and continuing until the close of palasozoic time. The key-note
to the time value of the Apertukati was suggested by De V^erneuil, who
divided them into two subsections, " the first including species with fine, not
dichotomous plications, all of which belong to the Devonian system ; the second
including those with broad [simple] plications or those which have the plica-
tions fine and always dichotomous. Spirifers of the last division are all
Carboniferous or Permian."* With some reservation this statement is emi-
nently true of the American Aperturati, with which alone in the following
classification we have to deal.
(a) Disjunctus-type. Forms with well developed fold and sinus, elongate
hinge and elevated cardinal area ; lateral plications simple, median plications
dichotomous or intercalary.
Spirifer arenosus, Conrad, Oriskany sandstone.
Spirifer unicus. Hall, Corniferous limestone.
Spirifer Whitneiji, Hall, Lower upper Devonian.
Spirifer disjundus, Sowerby,! Chemung group.
In the higher Chemung sandstone of Alleghany and Cattaraugus counties,
N. Y., there is a well defined variety of this species which is of not uncommon
occurrence. It is distinguished by a conspicuous median sulcus on the fold
and has been well figured in Palaeontology of New York, Volume IV, pi. xli,
figs. 10-16. We propose to distinguish it by the varietal term sulcifer.
*Geolog-ie de la Russie de I'Europe, p. 126, 1845.
t A prefereiK-e is frequently expressed by the Continental writers for the term S. Verneuili, applied to
this species by Murchison in 1840. In regard to the priority of these name.s both introduced in the same
year, Murchison has said in the 3d edition of his " Siluria" (p. 422, 1859) : " Von Dechen and his associates
have used the name given by myself in honor of my friend De Vbrneuil to the Spirifer which abounds in
the same stratum [Verneuili-shales] in the Boulonnais. It is, however, the Spirifer disjunctus, having beeu
previously named by Sowehby."
BRACHIOPODA. 25
A subordinate division of this section is the
(1) Hungerfordi-type, in which the fold and sinus are low, often obso-
lescent, the outline suborbicular and the cardinal area compressed laterally
and incurved; dental lamellae prominently developed. This type is repre-
sented by
S. pramonens, sp. nov., Niagara group.
S. Hungerfordi, Hall, Lower upper Devonian.
To the same division belongs the Russian species, S. Anossofi, de Verneuil,
which TscHERNYSCHEW Considers as probably identical with S. Hungerfordi and
an important index fossil of his uppermost middle Devonian fauna on the west
slope of the Urals.*
Here must also be placed the Spirifer Mosquensis, Fischer, from the Carbonif-
erous limestone of Miaschkowa, Russia, and the type of the genus Choristites,
Fischer. Spirifer Grimesi, Hall, of the Burlington limestone resembles this
Russian species in external form, but lacks the prominent development of the
dental lamellae and the simple lateral plications possessed by S. Hungerfordi
and S. Mosquensis. In our opinion, if the term Choristites is to be admitted
with subgeneric significance, it should be restricted to this small group of
species beginning in the upper Silurian and ending in the Carboniferous.
(b) Striatus-type. Forms having a great number of duplicate lateral plica-
tions, well developed, rarely acuminate fold and sinus, and narrow, usually
extended cardinal area. Species following closely the type of S. striatus are
not common in American faunas though they abound elsewhere. We have :
S. striatiformis, Meek, Waverly sandstone.
S. Logani, Hall, Keokuk group.
S. striatus, Martin, Coal measures.
S. Marcoui, Waagen, Coal measures.
An important subsection of this group is composed of a series of forms
representing successive stages in a line of development, which diverged early
from the Striatus-stock and eventuated in some extravagant expressions of
this type.
* Die Fauna des mittlei-eii und obei-en Devon am West-Abhange des Urals, pp. 174, 175.
26 PALMONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
In Spirifcr fastigatus. Meek and Worthen * of the Keokuk group, the fascic-
ulation of the plications is very pronounced, the duplication of these plications
beginning at an early stage in the development of the animal. In S. Missouri-
ensis, Swallow, of the Choteau limestone, a similar fasciculation is apparent In
S. cameratus, Morton, of the Coal measures, this character becomes very conspic-
uous, while the extreme of development is attained in S. Texanus, Meek, where
the plications are sharply fasciculate, while the hinge is short, the fold and sinus
prominent and acute and the surface granulose. Spir if er fastigatus, S. cameratus
and jS. Texanus might each well be taken as a type of structure of subordinate
value to that of S. striaius, but in American faunas there are but these single
I'epresentatives of each variation.!
(c) Imbrex-type. Alate, mucronate shells, with narrow cardinal area, fine,
simple ( very rarely duplicate ) lateral plications, the plications on fold and sinus
being of about the same size as the rest. The surface is frequently lamellose.
This group is restricted to the earlier faunas of the Carboniferous and is
represented by
S. Newberryi, Hall, Waverly group.
H. Marionensis, Shumard, Waverly and Choteau groups.
S. hiplicatus, Hall, Kinderhook group.
S. imbrex, Hall, Burlington limestone.
S. incertus. Hall, Burlington limestone.
S. Forbesi, Hall, Burlington limestone.
»S rosiellatus, Hall, Keokuk group.
S. tenuicostatus. Hall, Keokuk group.
»S'. subcequalis, Hall, Keokuk and St. Louis groups.
S. lateralis. Hall, Keokuk and St. Louis groups.
(d) Suborbicularis-type. Forms with suborbicular outline, broad, low and
usually simple lateral plications ; the median plications are few and indistinct.
S^. suborbicular is. Hall, Kinderhook-Keokuk groups.
S. subcardiiformis. Hall, St. Louis group.
* As this name was preoccupied by Morton, Mr. S. A. Miller has introduced in its place S. Mortonanus.
t Waagen has inchided in his "Group of Spirifer teaulatun, Trautschold," 8. Miisakheylerms, Davidson,
and (S. AmUensis, Waagen, all Carboniferous species of the Cameratus-type.
BRACHIOPODA. 27
These species suggest the short-winged, rounded forms of <S. arenosus occur-
ring in the Oriskany sandstone of Cumberland, Maryland, and the type of
structure is not dissimilar to that of S. disjundus and its allies except in the
general suppression of the external characters, the persistently shorter hinge
and the occasional manifestation of dicliotomous ribs.
(e) Orestes-type. Shells of small size, moderately extended on the hinge;
lateral plications simple and usually few in number ; fold and sinus angular and
with few plications, of which the median members are much the strongest.
Surface usually ornamented by fine, hair-like, often granulous radiating lines.
This group makes its appearance as early as the fauna of the Lower Helder-
berg group, in the species S. concinnus, Hall, which Ijears a few faint median
plications, usually observable only near the anterior margins of the valves. In
the Corniferous limetone, S. Grieri, Hall, is a similar form. With the appear-
ance of the early Carboniferous faunas the type became abundantly exemplified,
but disappeared in the Coal measures. It is represented by the following
species :
S. concinnus, Hall, Lower Helderberg group.
S. Grieri, Hall, Corniferous limestone.
jS. Orestes, Hall, Lower Upper Devonian.
S. Williamsi, sp. nov., Chemung group.
iS. Keokuk, Hall, Keokuk group.
S. Littoni, Swallow, St. Louis group.
S. bifurcatus, Hall, St. Louis group.
iS. Leidyi, Norwood and Pratten, St. Louis and Chester groups.
S. increbescens. Hall, Chester group.
S. opimus. Hall, Coal measures.
(f ) Divaricatus-type. Species with hinge not extended, low fold and sinus ;
numerous fine dichotomous lateral plications not differing in size from the
median plications, all of which are crossed by fine, closely set concentric lines
each bearing a fimbria of short, simple spines.
This peculiar type of structure is represented, as lar a known, only by the
species, S. divaricatus, Hall, of the Upper Helderberg and Hamilton faunas. It
is remarkable in all its characters and perhaps should be regarded as an isolated
28 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
example of aberrancy rather as the representative of a distinct section of the
Aperturati. Its short hinge and fimbriate surface indicate its relations to the
Firabriati, while the pronounced dichotomization of its plications is without
precedent among other Devonian Spirifers. The fasciculate effect produced by
the duplication of the plications is suggestive of the Striatus-cameratus group.
The species is, in fact, an early representative of that type of structure, upon
it being superinduced the characters of the fimbriate type (Delthyris).
V. OsTiOLATi. Typical examples: Spirifer ostiolatus, Schlotheim, S. Oweni,
Hall.
1839. Delthyris, Conead. Geol. Survey N. Y. ; Pal. Dept., Third Ann. Kept., p. 65.
1842. Delthyris, Conrad. Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. viii, pp. 262, 263.
1843. Delthyris. Hai.l. Geology of N. Y. ; Rept. Fourth Dist., pp. 206, 207, figs. 1, 2 ; p. 208. fig. S.
1843. Spirifer, Castelnatj. Essai sur le Systeme Silurien de I'Aui^rique Septenti-., ji. 40, |il. xiv,
fig. 16; p. 41, pi. xii, fig. 6.
1844. Delthyris, Owen. Rept. Geol. Expl. Iowa, Wifconsiii and lllinoip, p. 69, pi. ,\ii, fig. 9.
1847. jSjnrifer, Y'andell and Suumard. Contributions to Geology of Kentucky, pji. 10, 14.
1852. Spirifer, Owen. Geol. Survey "Wisconsin, Iowa .and Minnesota, p. ,').'^6, pi. iii, figs. 2, 6 ; p. 585,
pi. iii, tigs. 3, 4, 8.
1857. Spiriftr, Hall. Tenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist , pi>. 128, 129, 132, 135, 154, 155,
156, ]58, 161, 163, 164.
1858. Delthyris, Rogers. Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, vol. ii, p. 828; figs. 669, 670.
1858. Spirifer, H k\.h. Geol. Survey Iowa, vol. i, pt. ii, p. 508. pi. iv, fig. 7; p. 509, jil. iv, fig. 8;
p. 510, pi. v, tig. 1 ; p. 520, pi. vii, fig. 7.
1863. Spirifera, Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 386, tigs. 422a, b.
1867. Spirifn-a,Y{k-Lh. Palaeontology of N. Y., vol. iv, p. 197, pi. xxix, tigs. 1-8 ; p. 198, jil. xxiv,
figs. 9-18; p. 209, pi. xxxi, figs 14-19; ji. 211, pi. xxxi, tigs. 11-13, 20-30; p. 220,
pi. xxviii, figs. 12-16 ; p. 223, pi. xxxvi, figs. 1-13 ; p. 226, pi. xxxvii, tigs. 10-20;
p. 227, pi xxxviii, figs. 1-25; pi. xxxviii*, figs. 12-18; p. 230, pi. xxxviii«,
tigs. 23-32 ; p. 234, pi. xxxv, fig. 24 ; p. 292, pi. xxx, tigs. 16-20.
I8GS. Spirifera, Meek and Worthen. Geol. Survey Illinois, vol. iii, p 433, ]il. xiii, fig. 8.
1868. Spirifer, Meek and Worthen. Geol. Survey Illinois, vol. iii, p. 414, plate x, fig. 1.
1878. Spirifera, Miller. Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 222.
1880. Spirifera, White. Second Ann. Rept. Bureau Stat, and Geol. Indiana, p. 503, pi. iv, figs. 1-3 ;
]). 504, pi. iv, figs. 4, 5
1881. Spirifera, White. Tenth Ann. Rept. State Geologist Indiana, p. 135, pi. iv, figs. 1-3 ; p. 136,
pi. iv, figs. 4. 5.
1882. Spirifera (Oyrtina), VfuiTi'mhi). Geol. Wisconsin, vol. iv, p. 329, pi. xxv, figs. 25, 26 ; p. 329,
pi. xxvi, fig. 3; p. 330, pi. xxvi, tig. 4 ; p. 331, pi. xxvi, figs. 1, 2.
1883. Spirifera, Calvin. American Journal of Science, vol. xxv, p. 433.
1884. Spirifera, Walcott. Pateontology of the Eureka District, p. 137, pi. xiv, tig. 10.
1885. Spirifera, Clarke. Bull. No. 16, U. S. Geol. Survey, p. 31, pi. iii, fig. 12.
1888. Spirifera, Calvin. Bull. Laboratories State University Iowa, p. 19.
1889. Sinrifffra, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, p. 105, pi. viii, figs. 1-8 ; p. 107, pi. ix, figs. 1-7 ;
p. 11.5, pi. vi, figs. 1-7, 9, 11-17; p. 117, pi. vi, figs. 8, 10, 18-20; p. 123, pi. xi,
figs. 1-5 ; p. 125, pi. xxvi, figs. 2-5 ; p. 126, pi. vii, figs. 1-10.
BRACHIOPODA. 29
Forms with the median fold and sinus without plications.
These species, in the degree of plication of the sides and the development
of the muscular scars, closely resemble the members of the foregoing group.
As a rule, the Ostiolati are stouter shells, shorter on the hinge and more ventri-
cose than the Aperturati ; their surface is frequently ornamented with fine
granules or interrupted radiating striae, and in some instances this linear
sculpture is so pronounced (e. g. i'. Parryanus, Hall, 8. Macbridii, Calvin) as to
suggest a derivation from the multiplicate members of Radiati. The cardinal
process is developed as a broad, thin, spreading plate, crossed longitudinally by
numerous linear depressions ; a feature which is progressively developed from
the earlier members of the group toward the syringothyroids. Thei'e appears
to be no substantial basis for a subordinate grouping of these species ; they
were evidently but slightly susceptible to variations in exterior characters.
While the cardinal area is sometimes erect and broad, and at others more or
less arched, these differences occur within specific limits. Many of the middle
Devonian representatives bear a low median sulcus on the fold, which may be
accompanied by a broad, very faint, indistinct plication apparent only near the
anterior margin of the sinus. Such are S. Oweni, Hall, S. granulosus, Conrad
{= S. granuliferus, Hall), S. audaculus, Conrad (= S. medialis, Hall), S. Marcyi,
Hall, S. asper, Hall, S. Macbridii, Calvin, S. eurytines, Owen.
The differences of exterior are quite subordinate ; the majority of the species,
exemplified by /S. audaculus, have smooth or laraellose plications, which are
often marked by a linear depression on the summit of each ; while others have
the plications covered with elongate pustules (S. granulosus, S. Marcyi) or erect
granules (S. asper). In S. Parryanus the minute elongate pustules are arranged
upon the summits of distinct fine radial strias.
A character which appears at times in other groups, but which here possesses
the highest significance, is the gradual development of the callosity or trans-
verse plate in the apex of the delthyrium. Originally, and always in the
earlier species (S. perextensus. Meek and Worthen, S. macroihyris. Hall, etc.) an
accompaniment of adult or senile growth, it eventually becomes a permanent
character existing throughout all the later immature growth-phases of the
30 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
shell. In its simpler inauifestatioiis it is a testaceous deposit extemliiig across
the delthyriuin from its inner margins ; as its size increases it unites the
dental lamellse, fills the rostral cavity of the valve and extends forward along
the bottom of the shell between the posterior extremities of the diductor
muscular bands. This is its condition as usually seen in the middle Devonian
species, (S. granulosus and H. audaculus.
Not infrequently this plate is less thickened and extends downward with a
convex outer surface for two-thirds the length of the delthyrium, but this
particular form of development occurs less often in the early species.
In all its phases it may be coexistent with the true deltidium, though the
latter is rarely retained in growth-stages where the apical callosity is well de-
veloped. From the last mentioned condition to the fully developed, adherent
split tube of Syringothyris,* it is but a few short steps, but these are still
wanting among the American Spirifers, as flir as our observations have gone.
An important intermediate stage is furnished by the peculiar species which we
have provisionally placed in the so-called Cyrtia, namely, Spirifer alius, Hall,
an extravagant representative of the European S. simplex. Here the transverse
plate is thickened on its inner surface by the development of a vertical median
ridge. In Syringothyris it is evident that the tube has been formed by the
lateral expansion of this ridge, its margins becoming free and developing a
tendency to incurve or curl toward each other over the median line, actually
uniting at times while adherent to the plate, but remaining disconnected after
the tube becomes free.
It is very probable that the thin epidermal layer of the shell in the gran-
ulous species of the Ostiolati was punctated ; indeed the tuberculated surface
itself, may be construed as evidence of such slight punctation.f In Syringo-
thyris the shell is decidedly but variably punctated, the tubules sometimes
penetrating the entire thickness of the shell, sometimes traversing only a
* For a more detailed account of the structure of this org-an see the discussion of the genus Sybingo-
THYnis.
t Mi-. John Yodng. of Glasgow, has shown that the epidermal shell layer is minutely punctate in
Spirifo- Hneatus (see Davidson, Supplement, to Carboniferous Briichiopoda, p. 275, pi. xxxiv, fig. 9), and it
ia not unlikely that the existence of a very tenuous external punctated layer will be found more generally
prevalent among Spirifers than is now genei'ally supposed.
BRACHIOPODA. 31
portion of the inner layers ; and on different portions of the valves the feature
is differently developed. In Spirifer plenus, Hall, of the Burlington limestone,
we have an example of a true Spirifer with the apical callosity in about the
condition of development exhibited by the Devonian species, S granulosus; that
is, with the syringothyroid tube incipient, but in which the shell is punctated
for its entire thickness.
Of the Ostiolati, or syringothyroid Spirifers, the American faunas possess
a considerable representation. The type was not specialized until the opening
of the Devonian, and with the exception of the species just cited, S. plenus,
and 8. negledus, Hall, of the Keokuk group, it passt-d into Syringothvris at the
close of the Devonian period. It is, therefore, a Devonian spiriferoid type of
preeminent importance.
A member of this group which represents a form of exterior somewhat un-
like that of a'll the other species here associated with it, is Spirifer acuminntus,
Conrad ; characterized by its broad duplicate lateral plications, a feature of the
rarest occurrence among the Ostiolati. This specific type, however, is wide-
spread, being represented in the Devonian faunas of the continent of Europe
by the shell known as S. cuUrijugatus, F. Roemer.*
In the Upper Helderberg limestone are the following species of Ostiolati :
S. perextensus, Meek and Worthen. S. Manni, Hall.
S. macrothyris, Hall. S. acuminatus, Conrad.
S. angustus, Hall.
In the Hamilton group :
S. angustus. Hall. S. granulosus, Conrad.
S. Marcyi, Hall. S.fornax, Hall.
& acuminatus, Conrad. S. eurytines, Owen.
S. audaculus, Conrad. S. Parryanus, Hall.
S. ligus =pennatus, Owen. S. asper. Hall.
S. Wortheni, Hall. S. Macbridii, Calvin.
*See RoBMKR, Das rhein. Uebergangsgebii-ge, pi. Iv, fig. 4; Schuh., Beschr. Eifel. Brach., pi. xxxiii,
tig. 1. Most instructive figures are given by QiiENSTEDT, Brac-hiopoilen, p!. lii, figs. 19-21. There is little
doubt of tlie specific identity of the shells passing under these two names, and Roemer's designation must
eventually give way to the earlier one of Conrad.
32 ■ PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
With the increase of the Aperturati, the OstioLati diminish rapidly and in
the upper Devonian fiiunas we know but a single species, S. asper, from the
Chemung group of New York.*
VI. Glabrati. Typical examples, Spirifer glaber, Martin, Martiniopsis inflata,
Waagen.
Forms with the surface smooth and glabrous ; fold and sinus faintly devel-
oped except at the anterior margins of the valves.
The species embraced in this division have stronger differential characters
than are found among the preceding groups. The shells have a very short
hinge and low cardinal area, and the subcircular marginal outline causes a
noticeable alteration in the form of the spiral arms. These have their bases
well forward and are extended obliquely to the rounded cardinal extremities,
in their position thus approximating the form assumed by these organs in
Cyrtia and Cyrtina ; the crura, also, and the primary lamellae become very
long. This difi'erence is not, however, one of great significance and is to be
expected in any Spirifer having such an outline.
The character of the muscular impressions is of greater importance ; the
broad scars of the diductors in the pedicle-valve are here reduced to very
narrow dimensions, are scarcely depressed and frequently not defined, but
represented only by a radiate marking of the shell. In the brachial valve the
adductor scars are two narrow impressions which widen anteriorly but are not
divided ti-ansversely. The surface of the shell was covered with very fine
concentric lines and the epidermal layer which is usually effaced, was minutely
punctate. Faint lateral plications are sometimes visible.
These differences from the normal type of Spirifer have led many writers
to adopt McCoy's term Martinia for S. glaber and its allies. It is evident,
however, that this division of the smooth-shelled species embraces more than
one subordinate type of structure ; they may divided into
1. Aseptati (= Martinia, McCoy, 1844). Shells in which dental lamellae and
septa are wanting.
* There is a large ami hitherto uinlescrihed representative of this f,n-oiip in the limestone at Littleton,
Iowa, which is regarded by Piofessor Calvin as of upper Devonian ag-e.
BRACHIOPODA. 33
McCoy's first species of his genus was »S'. decorus, Phillips, which Davidson
has regarded equivalent to Martin's earlier name Anomites glaber, a well known
and widely distributed Carboniferous species.
American representatives of this type of structure are of exceedingly rare
occurrence. Dr. Davidson has identified S. glaber in the Carboniferous lime-
stone of Nova Scotia,* and Meek and Worthen have described S. glaber, var.
contractus, from the Chester limestone of Illinois.
It has also been stated that the species S. glaber occurs in the Devonian, but
it would seem that such identifications should be carefully reviewed. Davidson,
in his description of the Carboniferous brachiopods (p. 62), mentioned the fact
that he had certain forms from the English Devonian which he considered in-
distinguishable from this Carboniferous species but he did not describe them
at greater length, nor illustrate them. The shell called S. glaber by Kayser
(Zeitschrift der deutsch. geolog. Gesellsch., Bnd. xxiii, p. 581, pi. xii, fig. 1, 187 1),
from the middle Devonian of the Rhine, is evidently quite distinct from .this
species. Mr. Walcott has described under the name S. {Martinia) glaber, var.
Nevadensis, a shell from the Eureka District of Nevada, which is stated to possess
a surface bearing " obscure radiating plications, concentric striee about 1 mm.
distant [from each other], also fine radiating interrupted strite " (Monographs
U. S. Geological Survey, viii, p. 139, 1884). Both the description and the illus-
trations given of this fossil suggest the Devonian species »S'. euryglossus, Schnur,
which, like H. curvatus, Schlotheim, is a fimbriate species belonging to the
pauciplicate or .S'. /^m-group of the unicispinous section. Prof H. S. Williams
(The Life-History of Spirifer lavis; Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. ii. No. 6, pp. 16
et seq., 1881) has endeavored to demonstrate a lineal relationship between
S. glaber and S. Icevis of the lower Portage group, the latter a fimbriate species,
the former non-fimbriate. In Mr. Walcott's work, referred to, this idea is
carried to its logical extreme, the author referring the fimbriate species, S.
undiferus, F. Roemer, S. fimbriatus, Conrad, S. subundiferus, Meek and Worthen,
etc., to tlie genus Martinia together with S. glaber (pp. 144-146), and taking
no note of the highly important difference between the fimbriate Spirifers
with simple and with compound spines.
* Quarterly Journal Geological Society, 1863, p. 170.
34 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
The Devonian form, S. Mala, Hall ( = Athyris Maia, Billings), from the Cor-
niferous limestone, is an excellent representative of this type of structure both
externally and internally ; and the list is completed, so far as our knowledge
goes, by the addition of -S. subumbona, Hall, of the Hamilton group.
2. Septati. Shells in which dental plates or septa are well developed.
We are compelled to recognize two groups of the septate Glabrati :
(a) Martiniopsis, Waagen, 1883. Species with the lamellae developed in
both valves.
Waagen has described two species of this genus, M. inflata and M. subpentago-
nalis, from the Productus limestone of India,* and suggests that this type of
structure appeared in the Devonian. Beyond the account given by Dr. Waagen
we know nothing of these fossils.
(b) (" Gen. nov.," Tschernyschew), Type of Martinia semiplana, Waagen.
Shells with dental lamellse scarcely developed, but with a prominent median
septum in the pedicle-valve.
Dr. Tschernyschew has called attention to the peculiar structure of this shell,f
suggesting the desirability of separating it from its usual association by a distinct
designation. The species was embraced in the genus Martinia by Waagen,
who did not observe the presence of the internal septum. Waagen and
Tschernyschew call attention to the generic similarity of Kutorga's Spirifer
corculum with this species, both of which are from the Artinsk-beds, or Permo-
carboniferous of Russia.
It seems very doubtful if these forms should be separated from Quenstedt's
genus Mentzelia J established upon the Spirifer medianus from the Muschelkalk
of Silesia (Tarnowitz) ; though Dr. Tschernyschew finds the essential differ-
ence in the presence of dental lamellae in the latter and their absence in the
Carboniferous species. Quenstedt compares these characters in S. mediaiius to
those of S. glaber, saying that they " bios an der Wand ankleben, und sich nur
an der Spitze des Loches auf die zierliche dreieckige Querlamelle stiitzen."
* Memoirs Geological Sui-vey of India ; Productus-limeslone Fossils, p. 524.
t AUgemeine geologische Karte von Russland, Blatt 139 ; Beschreibung des Central-Urals und Westab-
hanges, p. 369, pi. v, figs. 1, 3, 1889.
I Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands ; Brachiopoden, p. 522, 1871.
BRACHIOPODA.
35
The presence of the median septum establishes another line of connection
with the post-palaeozoic members of the genus Spiriferina, while the punctation
of the epidermal layer only, retains these fossils in close association with the
glabrate Spirifers.
The following table will afford a summary of the foregoing classification as
far as it relates to the North American Spirifers. The names of species of
which specimens have been examined stand in Roman text ; those which have
been placed in the grouping from a study of descriptions and illustrations only,
are in italics ; others, in regard to whose relations it has seemed unwise to ex-
press an opinion on account of the insufficiency of our knowledge, are omitted.
Any names of extra-liinital species stand in brackets.
I. Radiati :
1 . Pauciplicati :
S. radiatus, Sowerby,
S. Eudora, Hall,
S. Meta, Hall,
S. Foggi, Nettelroth,
S. rostellum. Hall and Whitfield,
S. macropleura, Conrad,
2. Multiplicati :
S. Niagarensis, Conrad,
S. asperatus, Ringueberg,
S. Tullius, Hall,
S. Belphegor, Clarke,
S. mesastrialis. Hall,
S. sp. indes.,
3. Dupliciplicati :
S. nobilis, Barrande,
[S. Schmidti, Lindstrum,
II. Lamellosi:
1. Septati:
S. sulcatus, Hisinger,
S. perlamellosus. Hall,
Clinton and Niagara groups.
Niagara group.
Niagara group.
Niagara group.
Niagara group.
Lower Helderberg group.
Niagara group.
Niagara group.
Hamilton group.
Genesee shale.
Chemung group.
Lower Carboniferous.
Niagara group.
Wenlock limestone.]
Niagara group.
Lower Helderberg group.
36
PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
S. raricostus, Conrad,
(?) S. Knappianus, Nettelroth,
(?) S. disparilis, Hall,
S. zic-zac. Hall = S. consobrinus,
D'Orbigny,
S. mesacostalis, Hall,
2. Aseptati :
a. Mucronatus-type :
S. segmentus. Hall,
S. arctisegnientus, Hall,
S. mucronatus, Conrad,
(S. bidorsalis, Winchell,
S. sculptilis, Hall,
S. Hobbsi, Nettelroth,
S. Byrnesi, Nettelroth,
S. varicosus, Hall,
S. subattenuatus, Hall,
S. bimesialis, Hall,
S. desideratus, Walcott,
h. Submucronatus-tjpe :
S. Engelmanni, Meek and Worthen=
S. Worthenanus, Schuchert,
S. submucronatus, Hall,
S. CumberlanditB, Hall,
S. macrus, Hall,
S. Davisi, Nettelroth,
(?) S. gregarius, Clapp,
Upper Helderberg group.
Upper Helderberg group.
Upper Helderberg group.
Hamilton group.
Chemung group.
Upper Helderberg group.
Upper Helderberg group.
Hamilton group.
Hamilton group.
Hamilton group.
Hamilton group.
Hamilton group.
Hamilton group.
Hamilton and Chemung groups.
Hamilton and Chemung groups.
Lower Carboniferous.
Oriskany sandstone.
Oriskany sandstone.
Oriskany sandstone.
Corniferous limestone.
Corniferous limestone.
Corniferous limestone.
III. FlMBRIATi:
1. Unicispinei =Delthyris, Dalman, 1828
a. Crispus-type :
S. crispus, Hisinger,
S. crispus, var. simplex. Hall,
S. Vanuxemi, Hall,
S. Saffordi, Hall,
S. cyclopterus, Hall,
Niagara group.
Niagara group.
Lower Helderberg group.
Lower Helderberg group.
Lower Helderberg group.
BRACHIOPODA.
37
S. octocostatus, Hall, Lower Helderberg group.
S. arrectus, Hall, Oriskany sandstone.
S..tribulis, Hall, Oriskany sandstone.
S. hemicydus. Meek and Worthen, Oriskany sandstone.
S. duodenarius, Hall,
b. Laevis-type.
S. bicostatus, Vanuxem,
S. bicostatus, var. petilus, Hall,
S. modestus. Hall,
(?) S. nyvipha, Billings,
S. Canandaiguse, sp. nov.,
(?) S. urbanus, Calvin,
S. Isevis, Hall,
Duplicispinei ^Reticularia, McCoy, 1844:
S. fimbriatus, Conrad, Oriskany, Corniferous and Hamil-
ton groups.
S. subundiferus. Meek and Worthen, Hamilton Group.
Corniferous limestone.
Niagara group.
Niagara group.
Lower Helderberg group.
Lower Helderberg group.
Hamilton group.
Hamilton group.
Portage group.
IV.
(?) S. praematurus, Hall,
S. hirtus, White and Whitfield,
S. pseudolineatus. Hall,
S; setigerus. Hall,
S. clarus, Swallow,
S. lineatus, Martin,
S. perplexus, McChesney,
Aperturati :
a. Disjunctus-type :
S. arenosus, Hall,
S. unicus. Hall,
S. Whitneyi, Hall,
S. disjunctus, Sowerby,
Chemung group.
Choteau limestone.
Kinderhook-Keokuk groups.
St. Louis-Chester groups.
Chester limestone.
Coal Measures.
Coal Measures.
Oriskany sandstone.
Corniferous limestone.
Upper Devonian.
Chemung grouj).
S. disjunctus, var sulcifer, var. nov. Chemung group.
S. BilUngsanus, Miller, Devonian.
L Hungerfordi-type. = Choristites, Fisher, 1825:
S. prsemonens, sp. nov., Niagara group.
S. Hungerfordi, Hall, Upper Devonian.
38
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
b. Striatus-type :
S. striatiformis, Meek,
S. Grimesi, Hall,
S. Logani, Hall,
S. striatus, Martin,
*S. Marcoui, Waagen,
1. Texan US-line:
S. Missouriensis, Swallow,
S. tenuimarginatus. Hall,
S. Mortonanus, Miller,
S. cameratus, Morton,
S. Texanus, Meek,
c. Imbrex-type :
S. Newberryi, Hall,
S. centronatus, Winchell,
S. Marionensis, Shumard,
/S. albapimnsis. Hall and Whitfield,
S. biplicatus, Hall and Whitfield,
S. imbrex, Hall,
S. Forbesi, Hall,
S. incertus, Hall,
S. tenuicostatus. Hall,
S. lateralis. Hall,
S. subsequalis, Hall,
d. Suborbicularis-type :
S. subrotundatus, Hall,
S. suborbicularis. Hall,
S. subcardiiformis, Hall,
e. Orestes-type :
S. concinnus. Hall,
S. Grieri, Hall,
S. Orestes, Hall and Whitfield,
S. Williamsi, sp. nov.,
S. Keokuk, Hall,
S. Littoni, Hall,
S. bifurcatus, Hall,
Waverly group.
Burlington limestone.
Burlington limestone.
Coal Measures.
Coal Measures.
Choteau group.
Keokuk group.
Keokuk group.
Coal Measures.
Coal Measures.
Waverly group.
Waverly group.
Choteau and Waverly groups.
Kinderhook group.
Kinderhook group.
Burlington limestone.
Burlington limestone.
Burlington limestone.
Keokuk group.
Warsaw limestone.
Warsaw limestone.
Kinderhook group.
Keokuk group.
Warsaw limestone.
Lower Helderberg group.
Upper Helderberg group.
Upper Devonian.
Chemung group.
Keokuk group.
St. Louis group.
St. Louis group.
BRACHIOPODA.
39
S. Leidyi, Norwood and Pratten, St. Louis group.
S. Leidyi, var. Meramecensis,
Swallow, Warsaw Ihnestoue.
/S Leidyi,\9x. Chesterensis, Swallow, Chester limestone.
S. increbescens, Hall,
S. increbescens, var. Americanus,
Swallow,
S. increbescens, var. transversalis.
Hall,
S. opimus. Hall,
<S'. acuticostatm, De Koninck,
iS. annectans, Walcott.
/. Divaricatus-type :
S. divaricatus. Hall,
Chester limestone.
Chester limestone.
Chester limestone.
Coal Measures.
Coal Measures.
Carboniferous.
Corniferous and Hamilton groups.
V. OSTIOLATI:
S. perextensus, Meek and Worthen, Corniferous limestone
S. macrothyris. Hall,
S. Manni, Hall,
S. angustus, Hall,
S. Marcyi, Hall,
S. audaculus, Conrad.
S. Macconathi, Nettelroth,
S. formosus. Hall,
S. ligus, Owen,
S. Wortheni, Hall,
S. granulosus, Conrad,
S. fornax. Hall,
S. eurytines, Owen,
S. eurytines, var. fornaculus. Hall, Hamilton group.
S. Parryanus, Hall, Hamilton group.
S. asper. Hall, Hamilton group.
S. Macbridii, Calvin, Hamilton group.
S. Pluto, Clarke, Genesee shales.
S. neglectus. Hall, Keokuk group.
S. plenus, Hall, Burlington limestone.
a. S. acuminatus. Hall, Corniferous and Hamilton groups
Corniferous limestone.
Corniferous limestone.
Corniferous and Hamilton groups.
Hamilton group.
Hamilton group.
Hamilton group.
Hamilton group.
Hamilton group.
Hamilton group.
Hamilton group.
Hamilton group.
Hamilton group.
40 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
VI. Glabrati:
1. AseiDtati = Martinia, McCoy, 1844:
S. Maia, Billings, Corniferous limestone.
S. subumbona. Hall, Hamilton group.
S. contractus. Meek and Worthen, Chester limestone.
S. glaber, Martin, Coal Measures.
2. Septati :
a. Martiniopsis, Waagen, 1883 :
[M. inflata, Waagen, Carboniferous.]
[M subpentagonalis, Waagen, Carboniferous.]
b. (Mentzelia, Quenstedt, 1871):
[S. corculum, Kutorga, Permo-carboniferous.]
[M. semiplana, Waagen, Permo-carboniferous.]
Genus ( ?) C Y R T I A , Dalman. 1828.
PLATES XXV, XXVI, XXVUI, XXXIX.
1821. Anomife.i, Wahi.bnbero. Nova Acta Regis Soc. Scientifica, vol. viii, No. 3.
1828. Cyrtia, Dalman. Kong-1. Vetenskaps Acad. HandUngar, ji. 118, pi. 3, fig. 1.
1828. Cyrtia, Hisinger. Bidrag Sven. Geogn. Anteckn., vol. iv, p. 220, pi. iv, fig. 1.
1837. Spirifer, von Buch. Uebei- Delthyris, oder Spiiifer und Orthis, p. 41.
1837. Cyrtia, Hisinger. Lethrea Suecica, p. 73, pi. xxi, figs. 1, 2.
1841. iSpirifera, Phillips. Palfeozoic Fossils Cornwall, Devon and West Somerset, p. 71, pi. xxix,
fig. 124.
1848. Spirifer, A. Roemer. Versteinerungen des Harzgebirges, p. 12, pi. iv, fig. 11.
1852. Spirifer, Hall. Paljeontology of New York, vol. ii, p. 66, pi. xxii, figs. 2 a-c, f.
18.03. Spirifer, Schncr. Besclireib. Eifel. Brachiopoden, p. 207, pi. 36, figs. 1, 2.
1855. Spirifer, The Sandbergers. Verstein. des rhein. Scbicht.-Syst. in N.assau, p. 324, pi. xxxii, fig. 10.
1861. Cyrtia, Billings. Canadian Journal, vol. vi, new ser., p. 262.
1862. Cyrtia, Billings. Palspozoic Fossils, vol. i, p. 165, fig. 149.
1864. Spirifera, Davidson. Monogr. Devon. Brach., p. 46, pi. vi, figs. 18-22.
1867. Spirifei-a, Hall. Twentieth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 372, pi. xiii, figs. 12, 13.
1867. Spirifera, Hall. Palfeontology of New York, vol. iv, pp. 248, 263, pi. xliii, figs. 1-7.
1871. Spirifer, Kayser. Zeitschr. der deutsch. geolng. Gesellsch., vol. xxiii, p. 579.
1871. Spirifer, Qden.stedt. Brachiopoden, p. 492, pi. liii, fig. 8.
1872. Spirlfera\(Cyrtia), Hall and Whitfield. Twenty-fourth Rept. N.Y. State Mus. N.it. Hist., p. 183.
1875. Cyrtia, Hall and Whitfield. Twenty-seventh Rept. N. Y. State Mns. Nat. History, pi. ix,
figs. 22, 23.
1879. Cyrtia, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, pp. 93, 94, pi. xxvii, fig. 21 ; pi. xxxiv, fig. 35;
pi. xxxvi, figs. 60, 61.
When this name was introduced it was designed to embrace such spiriferoids
as have a high, vertical cardinal area and a semi-pyramidal contour. In
BRACHIOPODA. 41
the original diagnosis no consideration was given to internal characters, and
Davidson subsequently demonstrated that these semipyramidal Spirifers repre-
sent at least two different types of interior. He therefore restricted Cyrtia to
Dalman's first two examples, C. exporreda, Wahlenberg, and C. irapezoidalis,
Dalman ; considering the latter as but a variety of the former, and separated
from this association shells of the type of the Calceola heteroclita, Defrance,
which have a punctate shell structure and the dental plates conjoined with a
median septum. To the latter he applied the term Cyrtina, and in so doing
by far the larger number of the semipyramidal spiriferoids were removed from
Dalman's genus. Cyrtia now stands as the designation of a group with a very
meager representation and of very slight morphological value.
The general habit of tliese shells is the coexistence of the vertical cardinal
area with a convex deltidium perforated by a circular, oblique foramen ; at the
same time the cardinal area may be incurved to a considerable degree, as is
apparent in the species C exporreda itself,* and is a more constant character
in the larger Devonian species C. Murchisoniana, de Koninck.
At the time Davidson established the genus Cyrtina, he expressed the
opinion that Cyrtia " presents no other feature by which it can be separated
from Spirifer proper, than that of its deltidium and foramen, which are charac-
ters of hardly sufficient importance to warrant the creation of a separate
genus. "f Though more than thirty years have elapsed since this judgment
was expressed, it is fully supported by the evidence of to-day. Neither in the
development of the dental lamellae, the form of the brachial attachments, nor
in the muscular impressions can be found any other basis for distinction from
Spirifer than that indicated, namely, the structure of the deltidium ; and it is
quite clear that in both Spirifer, Cyrtia and Cyrtina, this character has had
the same mode of development.
Notwithstanding these considerations which demonstrate the inferior generic
value of this term, there is a certain external expression in these fossils, both
in contour and ornamentation, which will not permit their association with
* See Davidson's figures given upon plate ix of his Silurian Brachiopoda.
t British Carboniferous Brachiopoda, p. 68.
42 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Spirifer without the introduction into th.at genus of an inconvenient and
refractory element. The fact of their variation in ornamentation while re-
taining the same contour, prevents the assimilation of the group into any of
the subdivisions of Spirifer proposed above, and for such a reason it will be
well to recognize the term, since it has been so long in use.
Cyrtia is, in effect, a group of cyrtiniform Spirifers, and its specific repre-
sentation is quite small. The type species C exporreda, Wahlenberg, occurs in
the Wenlock limestone, and in the fauna of the Niagara group the same form
is associated with the variety arreda, Hall and Whitfield. Mr. Billings's species
C. Mydea, from Division 4 of the Anticosti series, appears to be identical with
C. exporreda. These, and a larger form from the Niagara dolomites of Wiscon-
sin, which we shall term C. radians, sp. nov., all have the filamentous surface
markings which characterize the Silurian Spirifers of the S. radiatus-type,
though they show no tendency to become plicated. In the Devonian faunas
the external ornament changes ; thus in C. Murchisoniana, the shell is finely
plicated on the sides and over fold and sinus, as in the Spirifer disjundus-group
of the Ostiolati ; in C. cyrtiniformis. Hall and Whitfield, of the upper Devonian
of Iowa, the plications are coarser and more nearly equal over the lateral and
median regions; in C. simplex {Spirifer simplex, Phillips), of the middle Devonian
of Great Britain and Europe, the surface, as usually preserved, is apparently
smooth, with sometimes traces of a few coarse lateral plications near the mar-
gins. Finely preserved examples of this species from the vicinity of Bredelar,
Westphalia, show that the surface is covered with closely crowded concentric
rows of very fine and short, simple spinules, as in the unicispinate group of the
fimbriate Spirifers. The Spirifer alius, Hall, of the Chemung group, is another
form which may be referred to Cyrtia. It has the lateral slopes more strongly
plicated than C. simplex, and traces of plications are also visible upon the fold
and sinus. It is remarkable for its great size and also for its agreement with
C. simplex in the peculiar retrorse slope of the cardinal area which throws the
apex of the pedicle-valve over, or in front of the center of the shell. In the
Devonian Cyrtias the foramen in the deltidium is frequently obscured or absent
at maturity. It may have existed at earlier stages of development and have
BRACHIOPODA. 43
become obliterated by subsequent overgrowth, but this assumption has yet to
be verified. That maturity induces a modification of the deltidium is evinced
by the internal median thickening of this plate in C. alta.
Genus CYRTINA, Davidson. 1858.
PLATES XXVU, XXXIX.
1852. /SpirJfer, Hall. Palteontolog-y of N. Y., vol. ii, p. 266, pi. liv, Hg-. 7.
185.'). Cyrtia, Shdmard. Geology of Missouri, p. 204, pi. c, fig'. 3.
1857. Cyrtum, Hall. Tenth Kept. N. T. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 64, 160, 166.
1858. Cyrtia, Hall. Geology of Iowa, vol. i, pt. ii, p. 512, pi. v. fig. 2.
1858. Cyrtina, Davidson. Monogr. British Carboniferous Brachiopoda, p. 66.
1859. Cyrtia, Hall. PaliEOntology of N. Y., vol. iii, pp. 206, 429, pi. xxiv, fig. 1 ; pi. xcvi, figs. 1-6;
pi. xcviii, fig. 8.
1860. Cyrtia, Swallow. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. i, i^p. 647, 648.
1861. Cyrtia, Billings. Canadian Journal, vol. vi, new ser., p. 262, figs. 80-82 ; p. 263.
1862. Cyrtia, White. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. ix, p. 25.
1863. Cyrtia, Billings. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. viii, p. 37.
1863. Cyrtia, Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 384, fig. 415.
1867. Cyrtina, Hall. Twentieth Rejit. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 251.
1867. CyrtiiM, Hall. P.alreontology of N. Y., vol. iv, pp. 263-270, pi. xliv, figs. 26-55.
1868. Cyrtina, Meek and Worthen. Geol. Survey of Illinois, vol. iii, pp. 383, 436, pi. vii, fig. 3 ;
pi. xiii, tig. 4.
1868. Cyrtina, Meek. Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., vol. i, pp. 97, 99, 100, pi. xiv, figs. 5-7, 8, 10.
1873. Cyrtina, Nicholson. Palaeontology Province of Ontario, p. S3.
1874. Cyrtina, Billings. Palaeozoic Fossils, vol. ii, p. 49, pi. 3a, fig. 6.
1874. Cyrtina (?), Rathbdn. Bull. Butfalo Soc. Nat. Science, vol. i, p. 242.
1875. Cyrtina, Hall and Whitfield. Twenty-seventh Rept. N. Y. State Mua. Nat. History, pi. ix,
figs. 14-16.
1884. Cyrtina, Walcott. Monogi-. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. viii, pp. 146. 147, pi. iii, fig. 2.
1888. Cyrtina, Hbrkick. Bulletin Denison University, vol. iv, p. 14.
1889. Cyrtina, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, pp. 95, 96, pi. xiii, figs. 4-16, 21-24.
1889. Cyrtina, Simpson. Trans. American Philosophical Society, p. 439. fig. 4.
Diagnosis. Shells usually of small size and semipyramidal contour. Pedicle-
valve with a high, vertical or arched cardinal area, which may be unsymmetrical
from distortion or unequal lateral growth ; this area is divided medially by an
elongate-convex deltidium, which may be perforated at any point below the
apex, by a circular, direct or oblique foramen, or be without any evidence of
such foramen. When present the foramen is accompanied by a sinus on the
deltidium, extending from it to the apex of the valve ; even when this foramen
has been closed from senile deposition of testaceous matter this foraminal
groove may^remain.
44 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
The exterior surface bears a median sinus and more or less distinct lateral
plications. On the interior the dental lamellae are strongly developed and
converge rapidly, meeting a median septum from the bottom of the valve.
The union consists of a lateral junction of the dental lamellae with the septum,
the latter continuing for a short distance beyond the point of confluence as a
vertical ridge, always apparent in the bottom of the spondylium thus formed.
At the point of union these three plates constitute a tubular chamber which
has no external opening in older shells, and may be filled by organic deposit.*
The dental plates are shorter than the septum, the latter, at its base, extending
beyond the center of the valve, its anterior margin being concave and its inner
extremity acute and produced.
Brachial valve very shallow, with narrow, inconspicuous cardinal area Sur-
face plicated as in the opposite valve. Cardinal process consisting of a double
apophysis on the sides of which are strong, divergent crural plates The spiral
cones are elongate-fusiform, each coil attaining its greatest diameter just below
the center. They are directed obliquely upward and backward towards the
middle of each lateral slope of the pedicle-valve. The loop is continuous, its
branches being directed upward and forward, uniting at their extremities. The
muscular impressions comprise two oval anterior, and fainter posterior scars.
The surface ornamentation consists of radial plications which may cover both
fold and sinus ; in rare instances the lateral plications are absent. The con-
centric growth-lines are sometimes fine and crowded, at others distant and
lamellose; occasionally the surface is coarsely papillose. Shell substance
strongly punctate.
Type, Calceola heterodita, Defrance. Middle Devonian.
Observations. With the appearance of this genus in the faunas of the
Niagara group, comes the earliest indication of shell punctation in the spiriferoid
brachiopods. It has been observed that when punctation appears among the
Spirifers themselves, as in Martinia, Martiniopsis, etc., it is late in the history
* In the species C. rostrata. Hall, the median septum appears to traverse the tubular chamber, some-
times in an; irregular way, dividing it into two lateral compartments. This structure may prove to be
the homologue of the unsupported tube in Syringothybis.
BRACHIOPODA. 45
of the group, and is a feature whose manifestation is confined to the epidermal
layer of the shell. In Cyrtina, on the other hand, even in the earliest species,
punctation appears to have permeated all the shell layers except the outer.
The impiinctate outer layer seems to become thinner in tlie later species, and
there are indications that it is at times quite wanting. As far as investiga-
tions show, all the palaeozoic forms now placed with Cyrtina agree in full with
the type of structure described in the foregoing diagnosis. No important
variations have been found in the arrangement of the internal lamellae, the
structure of the cardinal process, or brachidium.
After the close of the palaeozoic period the representatives of this line of de-
velopment appear to have undergone some modification. Zugmayer has shown
that certain so-called Spiriferinas of the Rhaetic beds, of which he has consti-
tuted his group Dimidiata* have the same septal structure as Cyrtina, the dental
lamellae uniting to form a spondylium which is supported by the median septum ;
e. g., Spiriferina undnata, Schlotheim, S. austriaca, Suess, .S. Suessi, Winkler.
Such forms, with all the outward expression of Cyrtina, and its principal
internal peculiarity, are assuredly not Spiriferinas. They naturally evince
some variations from the palceozoic type of Cyrtina, as seen in the figures of
S. Koessenensis (pi. iii, fig. 5) and S. Suessi (fig. 18) given by this author, where
the cardinal process is not bilobed but finely multilobed as in most of the later
Spirifers, the brachial valve with a row of crenulations just within the hinge-
line, and the spirals united by a transverse jugal band rather than by an erect
anteriorly directed loop. As yet we have no satisfactory evidence that the
palaeozoic Cyrtinas were attached in early stages of growth by the calcareous
cementation of the pedicle-valve. The frequent distortion of the umbo may
be regarded as presumptive evidence of this fact, as in the genus Derbya
where early fixation did occur, though evidently not a necessary condition in
all species or individuals. An attached Cyrtina has been described by Bittnerj
from the St. Cassian beds under a new generic designation, Cyrtotheca (C. Ampez-
zana), a minute shell whose size alone is indicative of an immature condition.
*Beitrage zur Palaontologie OestHi-reich-Ung-arns, Bnd. 1, 1SS2 : Unlersiu-hungen uelier i-hatische
Brachiopoden, p. 25.
t Brachiopoden der Alpinen Trias, p. 116, pi. xxxviii, fig-. 19, 1890.
46 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Ill its superficial ornamentation, species of Cyrtina, like those of Cyrtia,
conform to a marked degree with that of the associated Spirifers. In the genus
Spirifer it has been shown that the various modes of surface ornament have
a more or less definite time-value, and the same fact is, to a certain degree, true
of Cyrtina. In the fauna of the Niagara group the species C. pyramidalis. Hall,
has an exterior probably fimbriate like that of Spirifer sulcatus. The greatest
individual and specific development of these forms is in the Devonian where
the representatives are mostly coarsely plicate shells with smooth fold and
sinus, like the prevailing type of Spirifer of the same fauna. Among these are
C. Dalmani, Hall, of the Lower Helderberg, C. crassa, Hall, of the Corniferous
limestone, C. Hamiltonensis, Hall, of the Corniferous, Hamilton and Chemung
groups, C. triquetra, Hall, and C. umbonata, Hall, of the middle Devonian, and
C. acutirostris, Shumard, of the Choteau limestone. In the Oriskany sandstone
occurs C. rostrata, Hall, a large species with the exterior coarsely lamellose and
finely striated radially as in the associated Spirifer raricosta. C. biplicata, Hall,
of the Schoharie grit and Corniferous limestone is a somewhat variable form
with smooth exterior, low fold and sinus and obsolete lateral plications. Species
with plicated fold and sinus are, like the Spirifers, rare in the Devonian, but
become more frequent in the Carboniferous where the Aperturati predominate.
Ill the American Devonian, C. curvilineata. White, is the only form of this
character, and while this type is wanting in our Carboniferous faunas so far
as known, it is represented in the European Carboniferous by C. c.arbmaria,
McCoy, C. dorsata, McCoy, and C. septosa, Phillips, the last a large, broad-
winged species with the external expression of Syringothyris. In the Waverly
group of Ohio occurs the C. lachry?nosa, sp. nov., a form with faint plications
and strongly pustulose surface covered, near the beak, by fine concentric lines.
The cherty beds of the Burlington series in Iowa contain an undescribed
species which in external aspect is extremely like the Spiriferinas of the
Keokuk and Chester groups, (e. g., S. subelliptica and S. transversa, McChes-
ney), having the surface covered with closely crowded, concentric and fimbriated
lamellae.
BRACHIOPODA. 47
Genus SYRINGOTHYRIS, Winchell. 1863.
PLATES XXVI, XXVII.
1796. Arunnites, Martin. Ti-ans. Liiinean Society, vol. iv, p. 44, pi. iii, tig-a. 1-6.
1809. ConchyUolithus anondtes, Martin. Peti-efaota Derbiensia, pi. xlvi, fig. 34 ; pi. xlvii, Wg. 5.
1816. Spirifei; Sowerby. Mineral Cnncholoffy, pi. cxx, figs. 1-3.
1840. ^pirifer, Troost. Fifth Geol. Rei>t. of Tennessee, pp. 17, 48.
1841. Cyrtia, Troost. Sixth Geol. Rept. of Tennessee, pp. 11. 12.
1847. Spirife); Yandell and Shum.ard. Contribution to the Geology of Kentucky, pp. 19, 21.
1855. Cyrtia, McCoy. British Palaeozoic Fossils, p. 426.
1857. Spirifer, Hall. Tenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 169, 170.
1858. Spirifer, Hall. GeoIOfry of Iowa, vol. i, part ii, pp. 520, 603, 646, 647, pi. vii, fig. 6 ; pi. xiii,
fig. 4 ; pi. XX, fig. 5.
1860. Spirifer (Cyrtial), Swallow. Trans. St. Louis Acail. Sci., vol. i, ji. 647.
1863. Syringothyris, A. Winchell. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadeliihia, vol. vii, sec. ser., pp. 6-S.
1865. Syringothyris, Meek. Pi-oc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. ix, sec. ser., p. 275.
1866. Spirifera, Hall. Proc. American Philosophical Society, vol. x, p. 241.
1867. Spirifer, Meek. American Journal Science, vol. xliii, p. 407.
1868. Spirifer, Meek and Wouthen. Geol. Survey of Illinois, vol. iii, p. h'iO. \A. xix, fig. 8.
1870. Syrlngothyris, A. Winchell. Proc. American Philo.sophical Society, vol. xii, p. 252.
1875. Syringothyris, Meek. Palreontology of Ohio, vol. ii, pp. 285, 288, pi. xiv, fig. 7.
1875. Syringothyris, White. Wheeler's Geogr. Surveys West of the lOOIh Meridian, vol. iv, jiji. 88,
90, pi. V, tig. 9.
1877. Spirifer, Meek. King's U. S. Geol. Kxpl. of the 40th Parallel, vol. iv, p. 87, pi. iii. fig. 11.
1880. Spirifer, White. Second Annual Rept. Indiana Bureau of Statistics and Geology, |>. 512, pi. vii,
figs. 1, 2.
1881. Spii-ifer, White. Tenth Rejit. State Geol. of Indiana, p. 144, \i\. vii, figs. 1, 2.
1884. Syringothyris, Walcoti'. Monogr. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. viii, p. 219.
1888. Syringothyris, Herrick. Bulletin Denison University, vol. iii, p. 41, pi, i, fig. 7; jil. ii. fig. 17 ;
pi. V, figs. 4-7 ; vol. iv, p. 14.
1889. Syringothyris, Simpson. Trans. American Philosophical Society, p. 440, fig. 5 ; p. .441, tig. 6.
1890. Syringothyris. Schdchert. Ninth Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, pp. 28-37.
Shells spiriferoid, usually large, with erect cardinal area and broad, multipli-
cate lateral slopes. Fold and sinus generally non-plicate. In the pedicle-valve
the delthyrium is covered by a convex, imperforate plate, which is frequently
absent. The dental lamellae, more or less strongly developed, rest on the bot-
tom of the valve, and at their anterior extremities are produced about the
broad diductor impressions. They are united beneath the deltidium by a
transverse plate arising from a testaceous callosity in the apex of the delthy-
rium. This plate is formed by the deposition of accretions to the margins of
the delthyrium, which unite in the median line, the union being marked by a
raised line less distinct on the upper than on the under side of the plate. From
just within the lateral margins and on the inner side of the plate two lamellar
48 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
processes are given off, which are curled toward each other with some irregu-
larity, not meeting except where coalesced with the apical callosity, forming a
tube which is split along its inner surface. This tube is adherent to the trans-
verse plate as far as the latter extends, and is frequently produced beyond its
termination.
Muscular scars as in Spirifer, their anterior portion being divided by a short
median septum which is an extension from the apical calcareous deposit.
The brachial valve is spiriferoid in all internal details. The cardinal process
is broad, multistriate and supported by a short median thickening. The spirals
are large, the primary lamellae bearing a pair of short,
discrete spinous processes which represent the loop. y^ l).
The shell structure is more or less distinctly and
abundantly punctate. It is probable that these
punctge perforate the epidermal layer and extend to
the inner laminae of the shell. The exterior is usually ^'" ^^ '^''^ pnmaiy lameiLo^ of
•^ Syringothyris typa-
covered with a finely textile ornament which has
been compared, in appearance, to " twilled cloth."
Type, Syringothyris typa, Winchell. Burlington limestone.
The relations of this genus to the Spirifers with smooth fold and sinus {Osti-
olati) have already been adverted to at some length. In view of the existence
of at least one punctated species of Spirifer {S. plenus, Hall) in which the trans-
verse plate and split tube of Syringothyris are not present, aiid of gradational
conditions in respect to other points of structure, which have been noticed, it
is quite safe to assume that this peculiar group of forms is an outcome from
normal development with variation along that spiriferoid line. The extrava-
gant structure within the delthyrium, termed the split tube, may be regarded
as the extreme manifestation of a tendency in all the later spiriferoids with
plicated exterior to excessive secretion of testaceous matter in this region.
Dr. King, in 1868,* claimed to have found traces of this tube or canaliferous
plate in a rudimentary condition in several species of Spirifer, e. g., S. striatus,
* Annals and Magazine of Natural Histoiy, Fourth series, vol. ii, p. 18.
BRACHIOPODA. 49
S. disjundus. These observations have not yet been verified, but it would be
reasonable to expect such phenomena even among Spirifers not belonging to
the group of Ostiolati. Yet here, as in so many other generic groups of the
brachiopods, it is the extreme development of a given peculiarity which serves
as a basis of generic distinction from forms possessing the same character in a
state of incipiency.
What may have been the function of this organ in the physiology of the
animal is still a subject for speculation. King suggested that it might have
been a base of attachment for the pedicle-muscles. The pedicle, however, was
probably atrophied in the mature condition of these shells ; at least all means
of egress were obstructed, except beneath the deltidium. There is no reason
from analogy for assuming that the pedicle ever passed through this aperture
but in case it was thus extruded, Dr. King's supposition seems a plausible one.
If, however, the pedicle was atrophied from the closure of its normal channel
nearer the beak, this calcareous tube may have been an exudation encysting
this functionless organ. In one interesting species from the earliest of the
Carboniferous faunas, S. Herricki, Schuchert, there is a solid process in place
of a tube beneath the transverse plate, which is extended to the bottom
of the valve, thus forming a septum supporting the transverse plate, and
exhibiting in a striking manner an inclination toward the internal structure of
Spiriferina.
The divergent views of King and Carpenter in regard to the punctation of
the shell in S. cmpidatus are well known, and the discussions may be found
principally in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, and the Geological
Magazine for the years 1867 and 1868.*
The late F B. Meek was the first to demonstratef that the shell substance
in S. cuspidatus is punctate, and probably all the species possessed of a transverse
plate and split tube have this shell structure. This punctation has been de-
scribed as " patchy ; " it is better developed or better retained in some parts of
* The student may also be referred to Dr. Carpenter's earlier observations in his report to the British
Association, 1844, " On the Microscojiic Structure of Shells," and to his treatise in Davidson's Introduction,
" On the Intimate Structure of the Shells of the Brachiopoda," 1852.
t Proc. Academy of Ntitural Sciences, Phila., vol. ix, second ser., p. 275. 1865.
50 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
the shell than in others, a variation wliich may be due to the easy destruction
of the delicate pores which are exceedingly small and much .finer than in
Spiriferina, Cyrtina, and the terebratuloids.
Attention, however, may be directed to an interesting species from the Cho-
teau limestone of Cooper county, Missouri, small in size, cyrtiniform in figure,
with a highly and coarsely punctate shell.*
While regarding Syringothyris as an outcome from Spirifer along the line of
the Ostiolati, the genus contains an occasional species which is isomorphic with
the Aperturati. Such, for example, are the S. Randalli, Simpson, from the
Waverly faunas of eastern Pennsylvania, and the S. distans, McCoy, of the Coal
Measures of Great Britain and Belgium.
The type species of Syringothyris was named by Professor Winchell,
Syringothyris typa, and was derived from the Burlington limestone. Drs. King
and Davidson both regarded this fossil identical with Spirifer cuspidatus, Martin,
and they have been followed by Meek, Walcott and Herriok, but Schuchert f
has pointed out differences which may serve to keep the European and Amer-
ican forms distinct.
The fact that the species Spirifer Carteri, Hall, from the Waverly sandstones
of Ohio, is a Syringothyris has been long known. Swallow's Spirifer {Cyrlia ?)
Hannibalensis, from the Choteau limestone, is a smaller form of the same specific
type as S. typa.
In the Waverly fauna of Pennsylvania occur the species described by Mr. G.
B. Simpson as S. Randalli and S. angulata.X In the development of the same
fauna in Ohio, and in the Keokuk group of Indiana, Illinois and Iowa, S. texta.
Hall, and its allies are not uncommon species {Spirifer textus. Hall, S. subcuspi-
datus, Hall, S. propinquus, Hall).
*This is evidently an undescribed shell, ami as it is an important one for our purposes the name
/Syringotliyris Missottri is proposed. Its highly punctate shell, its size and form, all indicate a deviation
toward Cyrtina, while the canalifoi-ra transverse plate is developed as a vei-y delicate structui'e. For a
fuller description of the species see the supplement to this volume.
t On Syringothyris, Winchell, and its American species ; Report of the N. Y. State Geologist for 1889,
p. 230. 1890.
I Proc. American Philosophical Society, vol, xvi, 1889, p. 435. These wei-e described as jS'. Randalli
and var anguUtta, \mi as the former possesses a plicate fold and sinus and in the lattei- the fold and sinus
are smooth, it will be better to i-egard them as distinct species.
BRACHIOPODA. 51
Mr. ScHUCHERT has also referred to Syringothyris the species Spirifer extenua-
tus, Hall, of the Kinderhook group, for which he regards the Sijringothijris Halli,
Winchell, a synonym ; and to the same genus, the Cyrtia gigas, Troost, from the
lower Carboniferous of Tennessee, though we are without conclusive evidence
of the nature of the interior in this fossil.
Genus SPIRIFERINA, u'Crbigny. 1847.
PLATES XXXV, XXXVI, XXXIX.
1847. Spinferina, d'Ohbigny. Comptes rendiis, vol. xxv, ji. 268.
1850. /Spiriferina, d'Orbigny. Annales des Sciences Natiii-elles, vol. xiii, ji. 334.
1852. Sjnrifer, Hall. .Slaiisbui'y's Expl. and Survey of the Valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah,
p. 409, pi. iv, tig. 4.
1S54. Spiriferina, Davidson. Bi-itish Fos.sil Brachiopoda, p. 82, pi. vi, tig-. 60.
1855. Spirifer, Shdmard. Geology of Missouri, vol. i, p. 203.
1856. Spirifer, Norwood and Prattbn. Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. iii, p. 71, ]il. ix,
fig. 1.
1856. Spirifer, Hall. Pacific Raili-oail Reports, vol. iii, p. 102, pi. ii, figs. ]0, 11.
1858. Spiriferina, Shumard. Ti-ans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. i, pp. 294, 391.
1858. Spirifer, Hall. Transactions of the Albany Institute, vol. iv, p. 7.
1858. Spirifer, Hall. Geology of Iowa, vol. i, part ii, p. 706, pi. xxvii, fig. 5.
1859. Spirifer, Meek and Hayden. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. iii, sec. ser., p. 27.
1860. Spirifera, Mekk. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. iv, sec. ser., p. 310.
I860. Spirifera, White. Journal Boston Society Nat. Hist., vol. vii, p. 232.
1860. Spirifera, McChesney. New Palaeozoic Fossils, pp. 42, 43.
1862. Spiriferina, White. Proc. Boston Society Nat. Hist., vol. ix, pp. 24, 25.
1863. Spiriferina, Davidson. Quart. Journal Geol. Society London, vol. xix, p. 170, jil. ix, fig. 6.
1S64. Spiriferitm, Meek. Palaeontology Upper Missoui-i, p. 19.
1865. Spiriferina, A. Winchell. Pi-oc. Acad. Nat. Sci , Philadelphia, vol. ix, sec. ser., pp. 119, 120.
1866. Spirifer, Swallow. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. ii, p. 489.
1866. Spirifer, Geinitz. C;irbon und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 45, pi. iii, fig. 19.
186S. Spirifera, McChesney. Ti-ans. Chicago Acad. Sci., vol. i, p. 34, pi. vi, fig. 3.
1872. Spiriferina. Meek. Hayden's U. S. Geol. Survey of Nebraska, p. 185, pi. vi, tig. 3 ; pi. viii,
fig. 11.
1874. Spiriferina, Derby*. Bull. Cornell University, vol. i, p. 23, pi. ii, figs. 4-G, 13 ; pi. iii, figs. 12-14,
17; pi. V, fig. 4 ; pi. vi, figs. 8, 13, 14.
1875. Spiriferiiia, White. Wheeler's Geogr. Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, vol. iv, pp. 138,
139, pi. X, figs. 4, 8.
1876. Spirifera, Meek. Simpson's Rept. Expl. Gieat Basin of the Terr, of Utah, p. 352, pi. ii, fig. 1.
1877. Spiriferina, Meek. King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parallel, vol. iv, pp. 84, 85, pi. viii, fig. 1,5;
pi. xii, fig. 12.
1877. Spirifei-a (Spiriferiiia ?), Hall and Whitfield. King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parallel, vol. iv,
p. 281, pi. vi, fig. 17.
1878. Spiriferina, Dawson. Acadian Geology, third ed., p. 291, tig. 90.
1878. Spiriferina, Etheridge. Quart. Journal Geol. Society London, vol. xxxiv, p. 269.
1882. Spiriferina, Whitfield. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 48, pi. vi, tigs. 1^', 17.
1883. Spirifei-ina. Hall. Twelfth Rept. State Geol. Indiana, p. 327, pi. xxix, figs. 16, 17.
52 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
1883. Spirifera (S-pirlftrina), Hall. Second Ann. Rfjit. State Upologist of N. Y., pi. Ix, (ig.s. 19-32,
26-29 ; jil. Ixi, tigs. 14-16.
18S4. tSpiriferina, White. Thirteenth Rept, State Geologist Indiana, p. 135, pi. xxxv, figs. 13, 14.
1884. Spiriferina, Walcott. Monogiaph U. S. Geological Survey, vol. viii, pp. 218, 219, pi. xviii,
figs. 12, 13.
1888. Spinferina, Herrice. Bull. Denison University, vol. iii, p. 47, pi. ii, figs. 9-11 ; pi. v, fig. 13;
pi. x, fig. 3.
1891. Spiriferina, Hbrrick. Bull. Geol. Soc, America, vol. ii, p. 46, pi. i, tig. 19.
Shells resembling Spirifer in external aspect; interiorly
the pedicle-valve bears a median septum resting upon the
bottom of the valve, its posterior portion lying between,
but not united with the strong dental lamellae. The pro-
cesses on the primary lamellae are continuous, forming a
simple transverse or subacute loop, p,,, 4,
(-,,,, I , . 1 A i. ii 1 i_ Tiie \oo\} of Spiriferina Ken-
bhell substance strongly punctate throughout. tucuensis, suumara. (o
Type, Terebratulites rostralus, Schlotheim. Lias.
This name is currently allowed to cover a large number of species presenting
the most extreme variations in exterior characters and some important inter-
nal ditferences. The type of the genus is a form upon whose surface the
plications are obsolescent and whose epidermis is covered with closely matted
spinules ; the median septum is discrete from the dental lamellse, and the loop
is a transverse band with a slight upward curve. Recent writers on the
Triassic brachiopods, however, still strain the genus to include species in which
the septum unites with and supports the convergent dental lamellae, forming
the structure characterizing the interior of Cyrtina.*
Among the palaeozoic species referred to Spiriferina, the prevailing expres-
sion is a strongly plicated exterior with well marked fold and sinus. The
shells are usually of small size, and though occasionally with a spiniferous
exterior, as in S. spinosa, the usual ornamentation consists of concentric lam-
ellae of growth, the surface of which is radially striated and probably minutely
fimbriate. The development of the median septum in these species is never
so extreme as in S. rostrata and the Liassic forms.
* See page 45 of this volume.
BRACHIOPODA.
53
The accompanying figure of S. Walcotti, Sow-
erby, shows the great elevation of this wall, and
the broad scars of the adductor muscles upon its
lateral fiices. This specimen indicates how im-
portant are the changes in the anatomy of the
animal, resulting from, or productive of this
median septum. The older species have furnished
no direct evidence of similar muscular attach- fig. 42.
Spiriferina Walcotti, ^osvathy; showingmus-
ment, but there is no reason for doubting its cuiarscarsouwaiis of median septum of
" pedicle-valve, (c.)
existence wherever such a septum is found.
As far as observed, the loop of the palaeozoic species is slightly different from
that of the later members of the genus, and resembles that of Cyrtina, the
lateral portions converging upward, between the spiral coils, and uniting in a
slight anterior extension. The spiral ribbon is spiniferous in S. rostrata, but
usually smooth in the Carboniferous species. In S. spinosa, and probably in
other species, there is a solid calcareous deposition in the umbonal cavity of
the pedicle-valve, filling the interspaces between the dental lamellae and the
median septum, not constituting a union of the three plates as in Cyrtina, but
forming a secretion analogous to that found in the syringothyroid Spirifers,
and to the transverse plate in Syrinqothyris itself. Both the palaeozoic and
Liassic species have broad crura, a faint elevated median ridge in the brachial
valve, and a pair of divergent ridges lying on the surface of the first
internal plications, extending fully, or more than one-half the length of the
valve, and ending abruptly ; probably the external fulcra of the adductor
muscles.
It has already been observed that the derivation of the generic characters of
this genus has been from the lamellose-septate Spirifers whose inception dates
from the faunas of the Upper Silurian. Though none of these Silurian and
Devonian species, in the American faunas, developed a punctate shell structure,
they usually bear the lamellose, often radially striated exterior, prevailing
among the Spiriferinas of the Carboniferous. Mr. Davidson has described two
of these lamellose species from the Devonian, which have a strongly punctated
54 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
shell, Spiriferina cristata, Schlotheim, var. odoplicata and S. insculpta* in which
it has not been conclusively shown that the median septum exists, though this
is a legitimate inference. The gradual assumption of the punctated structure
is not so clearly defined among these forms as in the syringothyroid line of
development, although one species, the Spirifer transversus, McChesney, from
the Chester limestone, is a septate shell in which punctation is but feebly and
sparsely developed.
The American species which may be referred to Spiriferina are few. The
Spirifer solidirostris. White, of the Kinderhook group, is a septate- lam ellose shell,
but the specimens we have examined do not evince punctation. Spiriferina
spinosa, Norwood and Pratten, and iS. transversa, McChesney, of the Chester
(Kaskaskia) limestone, S. subelliptica, McChesney, of the Keokuk group ; S. Ken-
tuckiensis, Shumard, and var. propatula, Swallow, and S. spinosa, var. campestris,
White, of the Coal Measures, are characteristic representatives. The forms which
have been described as S. Billingsi, Shumard, S. hinacuta and S. Clarksvillensis,
Winchell, and S. suhtexta, White, have not come under our observation. It
should be remarked that Walcott has regarded f /S Kentuckensis and var. propa-
tula, and S. spinosa as synonyms of Spiriferina cristata (Schlotheim), Davidson.
Genus AMBOCCELIA, Hall. 1860.
PLATE XXXrx.
1842. Ortlds, Conrad. Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. viii, p. 264.
1843. OHMs, Hall. Geology of N. Y. ; Kept. Fourth Dist., p. 180, fig. 8 ; p. 267, fig. 5.
1846. Orthis, Rouaclt. Bull. Soc. Geul. de France, sec. sev., vol. iv, p. 322, pi. iii, tig. 8.
1857. OHMs, Hall. Tenth Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 167, figs. 1-3.
1860. Amboccelia.llAhh. Thirteenth Rept. N.Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 71, figs. l-3;p. 72, figs. 4-6; p. 81.
1862. Ambocmlia (Spirifer f). White. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. ix, p. 26.
1864. Amboccelia, Meek and Hattden. Palaeontology of the Upper Missouri, p. 20,
1867. Amhoccelia, Hall. Pala;ontology of N. Y., vol. iv, pp. 258-262, pi. xliv, figs. 1-25.
1883. Amhoccelia, Claypole. Proc American Philosophical Society, vol. xxi, p. 232.
1887. Amboccelia, (Ehlbrt. Bull, de la Soc. d'Etudes Scientif. d'Angers, p. 6, pi. v. figs. 11-16.
1889. Amboccelia, Nettelhoth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, pp. 85, 86, pi. xvii, fige. 25, 26.
Diagnosis. Shells small, concavo-, or plano-convex. Marginal outline nearly
semicircular. Hinge-line long and straight, its length nearly or quite equaling
the greatest transverse diameter of the shell.
* Devonian Brachiopoda, pp. 46, 48, pi. iv, figs. 11-17.
t Paleontology of the Eureka District, p. 218. 1884.
BRACHIOPODA. 55
Pedicle-valve greatly elevated ; umbo arched and incurved; with a narrow
median groove which becomes fainter or disappears towards the anterior mar-
gin. Cardinal area well defined and arched ; divided medially by an open
delthyrium whose lateral margins bear incomplete deltidial plates. Teeth prom-
inent, erect, strongly recurved at the tips ; not supported by dental plates.
Muscular area quite restricted, consisting of narrow, elongate diductors, enclosing
an almost linear adductor. The entire area is sometimes divided by a faint
median ridge. The interior surface about the muscular area is strongly pitted.
Brachial valve convex at the beak, becoming depressed over the pallial re-
gion and reflexed near the margin. Cardinal area comparatively broad and
standing at nearly right angles to the area of the opposite valve. Delthyrium
open, the deltidial covering* attaining the same degree of development as in the
pedicle-valve. Cardinal process narrow and much elongated, resting on the
bottom of the valve except at its posterior extremity which is simply bifurcated.
Crural plates erect, parallel ; taking their origin in the deltidial plates and ex-
tending about one-fourth the distance across the valve. The spirals are
attached by long crura, the ribbon making a few volutions only, thus forming
loose coils, directed laterally. The loop has apparently the same incipient
condition of development as in Spirifer. According to CEhlert,! the spiral
ribbon bears spinules on its outer margins. Muscular impressions anterior and
composed of four well defined adductor scars.
Surface smooth or with fine concentric striae crossed by indistinct radiating
lines ; rarely spinous. Shell substance fibrous, impunctate.
Type, Orthis umbonata, Conrad. Hamilton group.
Observations. — The external chai-acters of the Devonian forms of Amboccelia
ally it to Martinia, and there is little doubt that the finely punctured epidermal
layer is common to both. The structure of the interior, however, is so unlike
that of Spirifer, in its elongate and simple cardinal process, long, parallel, erect
crural plates and anterior muscular scars in the In-achial valve, that the generic
value of the group is beyond question. The type of structure is essentially
* Chilidlum, Beecher.
t Bulletin de la Societe d'Etiides Scienlitiques d'Angeis, 1887 s Brachiopodes du Devonien de I'Oueat de
(a France, p. 6, pi. v, fig. 12.
56 PALjEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Devonian. In America, Ambocalia uvibonata appears in the Corniferous lime-
stone, and its existence is continued under more favorable conditions for devel-
opment in the various faunas of the Hamilton group. In the latter faunas is
also a larger form which has been described as A. praumbona. Hall, and in the
Chemung group A. umhnnata var. gregaria, Hall, is a very abundant shell. The
Orthis umbonata was identified in the Devonian of western France (Gahard) by
M.ARiE RouAULT as early as 1851,* and has been redescribed and figured by
CEhlert in the work already cited.
There also occurs in the Hamilton shales of western New York a species
with spinous exterior {A. spinosa, sp. nov.) ; and in the final appearance of
Amboccelia in the Coal Measures, where it is i-epresented by the Spirifer plano-
convexus, Shumard, the same condition of exterior occurs. In the latter, how-
ever, the surface spines are usually lost, the exterior appearing as in the
Devonian species though showing the fine punctation or reticulation of the
epidermal shell layer.
Genus METAPLASIA, nov. gen.
PLATE XXXIX.
This name is proposed for the little shell described in 1859 as Spirifer pyxi-
datns, Hall.f While it possesses a general spiriferoid aspect in outline, the
structure of the hinge and deltidium, the pedicle-valve is the more convex and
bears a broad fold, while the brachial valve is fiat or slightly convex over the
lateral extremities and depressed medially by a broad sinus. This reversal of
the relative position of the fold and sinus is accompanied by some other
peculiarities.
The teeth are stout and unsupported by lamellae ; the posterior extremities
of the diductor impressions in the pedicle-valve are deeply impressed and sepa-
rated by a short, thick septum. Anteriorly the muscular area is less clearly
defined; from its distal margin diverge two ridges which were probably of
vascular origin, and a few radiating furrows of similar character are seen on
the lateral portions of the valve.
* Bull. Soc. G6ol. fie France, 2nd ser., t. viii, p. 322.
t Palaeontology of New York, vol. iii, p. 428, pi. c, figs. 9-12.
BRACHIOPODA. 57
In the brachial valve the cardinal process is quite prominently developed
and is distinctly bilobed. The socket walls are elevated and recurved ; ante-
riorly they are produced into sliort crural bases which are not free, but rest
upon the bottom of the valve. The muscular area is narrow and elongate, and
consists of a pair of central adductor scars embraced posteriorly by a broader
pair. From the anterior margin of this area arise two vascular trunks which
diverge outwardly and recurve, following the margins of the valve. These give
off a series of branches externally and probably a shorter series toward the
center of the valve. The ovarian markings are very distinct about the bases
of the dental sockets.
The external surface of tlie shell is smooth or covered with very fine con-
centric lines. The shell substance is fibrous and apparently impunctate.
Whether this species was spiriferous has not been determined, none of the
specimens examined having shown evidence of brachial supports. In some
respects the characters of the species are suggestive of Orthis ; for example,
the well developed, bilobed, recurved cardinal process, filling the delthyrium
of the brachial valve and extending beyond the plane of the cardinal area;
the vascular sinuses, and to some extent, the arrangement of the muscular
impressions. These features, taken in connection with the delthyrium of the
pedicle-valve, which does not appear to have been covered, though sometimes
partially filled with an apical accretion, may perhaps be interpreted as confirm-
atory evidence of the non-spiriferous character of the species.
Metaplasia pyxidata was described from the Oriskany fauna of Cumberland,
Maryland. It is known to occur also in the Oriskany of New York and Canada,
as well as in the decomposed chert of the Corniferous limestone in the Province
of Ontario.
It may be here observed that the very peculiar species Spirifer cheiroptijx,
described by d'Archiac and de Verneuil,* from the middle Devonian at Paflfrath,
and its ally in the Carboniferous limestones of Vis.-, N Oceani, d'Orbigny,t have
*0n the Fossils of the Older Deposits of the Rhenish Provinces: Trans. Geol. Soc. London, vol. vi,
p. 370, pi. XXXV, figs. 6, a, b, 1842.
t Prodrome de Pal^ontologie stratigrapbique, pi. i, p. 149, 1850. See, also, Db Koninck, Faune du Cal-
caire earbonifSre de la Belgique, 6e partie; Brachiopodes, p. 132, pi. xxviii, figs. 11-16, 1887.
58 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
a deep sinus on the brachial valve, and also a corresponding sinus on the
opposite valve. Each valve is divided externally by two strong divergent
ridges, into three depressed areas, one central and two lateral. Quensteut,
considering both species identical, erected for their reception* a special sub-
division of his Aperturati, viz., Cinda. The hinge is long and the cardinal areas
on both valves well developed ; the surface is smooth or covered with fine con-
centric lines. Little is known of the interior, l)ut it appears from Quenstedt's
description that a cardinal process is well developed and that the shell con-
tains spirals similar to those of Spirifer.
It is very evident that, in association with this most peculiar exterior which
of itself necessitates a separation of these species from Spirifer, will be found
other peculiarities not pertaining to any of the subdivisions of that genus here
adopted. To render the classification of the spiriferoids more homogeneous we
propose for this aberrant group the designation Verneuilia (see plate xxxix).
Genus WHITFIELDELLA, nom. nov.
PLATE XLVni.
1828. Terebmtula, Dalman. Kong. Vetenskaps-Akad. Handlingar. pi. vi, fig. 7.
1842. Atrijpa, Vanuxem. Geology of N. Y. ; Kept. Third Dist., p. 112, fi^. 5.
1843. Atrypa, Hall. Geology of N. Y. ; Kept. Fourth Dist., p. 71, fig. 3; p. 142, fig. 5 ; Tables of
Oi'ganic Remains, No. 13, fig. 5.
18.'52. Atrypa, Hall. Palaeontology of N. Y., vol. ii, pp. 9, 76, 77, 260, 268, 269, 328, pi. iv, figs. 4, 5 ;
pi. xxiv, figs. 1-4, 6 ; pi. Iv, figs. 1, 2, 4 ; p\. Ixxiv, fig. 10.
18.56. Ati-ypa, Billings. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. i, p. 137, pi. ii, fig. 9.
1858. Atrypa, Roger.s. Geology of Pennsylvania, vol. ii, part ii, p. 823, fig.''634.
1859. Merista, Hall. Palaeontology of N. Y., vol. iii, p. 253.
1859. Merista. Hall. Twelfth Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 77, 78.
1862. Athyrls, Charhmellai, Billings. Palaeozoic Fossils, vol. i, p. 146, fig. 124; p. 166, fig. 150.
1863. Athyri.1. Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 317, figs. 320, 332-334.
1863. MeristoUa, Hall. Transactions of the Albany Institute, vol. iv, p. 226.
1867. Meristina, Hall. Palaeontology of N. Y., vol. iv, p. 299.
1867. Meristella, Davidson. British Silurian Brachiopoda, p. 112, pi. xxi, figs. 1-10.
1868. Athyris?, McChesney. Ti-ans. Chicago Acad. Science, vol. i, p. 33, pi. viii, fig. 2.
1873. Meristella {? Meristina), Meek. Palaeontology of Ohio, vol. i, p. 180, pi. xv, fig. 2.
1873. Athyrls. Nicholson and Hinde. Canadian Journal, vol. xiv, new ser., pp. 144, 157.
1875. Athyris, Nicholson. Palaeontology of the Province of Ontario, p. 61, fig. 32a ; p. 62, fig. 32e.
1879. Meristina, Hall. Twenty-eighth Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 160, pi. xxv, figs. 1-7.
1882. Mei-istina, Davidson. British Silurian Bi-achiopoda, Supplement, p. 94, pi. iv, figs. 20-23.
Me)'istina, Hall. Eleventh Rept. State Geologist of Indiana, pp. 300, 301 ; pi. xxv, figs. 1-7.
1882.
* Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands; Brachiopoden, p. 510, pi. liii, figs. 70-72. 1871.
BRACHIOPODA. 59
1882. Meristella. Whitfield. Geology of Wisconsin, vol. iv, p. 321, pi. xxv, fig-. 5.
1883. Meristella, Hall. Transactions of the Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 71.
1889. Merisi'ma, Nettblkoth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, p. 102, pi. xxxiii, iigst. U), II.
1889. Meristina, Beecher and Clarke. Memoire N. Y. State Mus., ]>p. 67-70, p]. vii, figs. 4-13.
Di.iGNosis. Shells usually of small size ; valves subequally convex, ovate
or elongate in outline. Umbo of the pedicle-valve not high or greatly incurved,
usually exposing the circular apical foramen, beneath which the deltidi.al plates
are frequently retained. Cardinal slopes of both valves broad and not distinctly
defined ; anterior margin subtruncate and gently sinuate. In the typical forms
there is a faint sinus on both valves near the anterior margin, otherwise the
surface is smooth. On the interior the muscular impressions of the pedicle-
valve are similar to those of Meristella. In the brachial valve the hinge-
plate is concave, divided by a deep central concavity which is supported by a
median septum. On either side are the lobes bearing the bases of the crura.
The brachidium* consists of two spiral cones arranged as in Merista, but as
a rule the ribbon makes fewer (from six to twelve) volutions at maturity.
FIG. 43. Fig. 44.
The loop of Whiifieldella nitida. Hall, (c.)
The loop is simple, the branches being more nearly erect than in Merista,
Meristella, etc., and beyond their junction continued into a short, acute, gener-
ally slightly curved process, which makes a large angle with the direction of the
lateral branches. The muscular impres.sions, which are very fiiint, are divided,
longitudinally, by the median septum, and, transversely, into anterior and pos-
terior scars. From the ante-lateral margins of the muscular area in both valves,
radiates a series of vascular sinuses, the principal trunks of which are very con-
spicuous ; this feature, however, is rarely retained. External surface of the
valves smooth or concentrically striate. Shell-substance fibrous, impunctate.
Type, Atrypa nitida, Hall. Niagara group.
* The term bracMcUum may be applied to the calcified brachial supports of all Brachiopoda.
60 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Observations. This name is proposed as a substitute for the term Meristina
in its current application to species not congeneric with M. Maria. The num-
ber of these species is, probably, comparatively large, and their features subject
to considerable variation, though, with few exceptions, there are none having
the structure of the brachidium as described above, which present diflfer-
ences in other respects sufficient to justify a separation from the type form.
Heretofore the structure of the loop in this group has not been correctly dem-
onstrated. Mr. Davidson figured and described preparations of Atrypa nitida
and Terebratula didyma, Dalman* (which he regarded as equivalent terms),
showing a loop erect and slightly inclined backward at its tip, but without the
simple posterior prolongation ; he applies to these species the generic term
Meristina. The reasons are given elsewhere for restricting the genus Meristina
to species similar to M. Maria, Hall ; and though the second species mentioned
in the original description of that genus, Atrypa nitida, agrees rather more
closely in the form of the loop with the figure given at that time, both
species vary from the structure as there represented, which is a condition
not yet known to occur among the brachiopods. It is not unlikely, how-
ever, that this phase of development may be found among some early athyroid
species.
We may with reasonable security refer to this genus the following American
species : Atrypa cylindrica, Hall, A. intermedia, Hall, A. naviformis, Hall, of the
Clinton group; A. nitida, Hall,f A. crassirostra. Hall (^ A. cylindrica. Hall), of
the Niagara group, and Charionella? Hyale, Billings, of the Guelph limestone.
With these are probably to be associated Atrypa oblata. Hall, of the Medina
sandstone, and Athyris Harpalyce, Billings, of the Lower-upper Helderberg
* Silurian Brachiopoda, Supplement, pi. iv, figs. 20-23a.
t In the original description of this species the appellation nitida was applied to a small form, elongate-
subtriangular in outline and subtruncate on the anterior margin. At the same time a larger foi'm with a
more gi'adual anterior slope was designated as var. oblata. It is the latter which agrees more closely with
the very abundant shell in the Niagai-a fauna of Waldron, Indiana, subsequently identified as Meristella
nitida (Twenty-eighth Annual Report of the New York State Museum, p. ItiO. 1879), while the typical
form of the species is found in the extension of the Niagara fauna to the southward, in the vicinity of
Louisville, Kentucky. The similarity of the Waldron variation to the Meristina didyma, as identified by
Davidson from the English Sihu-ian, is very close, while the typical Atrypa nitida seems to maintain per-
manent differences. The Gotland forms of Atrypa didyma have a higher umbo than any of the American
shells, constantly exposing the deltidial plates and the entire length of the pedicle-opening.
BRACHIOPODA. 61
fauna of Square Lake, Maine. Of the foregoing species we know the character
of the loop in Whitjiddella cylindrica, W. nitida and W. intermedia.
The forms of Whitfieldella cylindrica occurring in the Niagara limestone at
Hillsboro, Ohio, have a remarkably elongate shape, broad and abrupt cardinal
slopes on the pedicle-valve, subnasute anterior extremity. In these respects
the species differs from other members of the group, but the character of its
loop as developed from a solid internal cast in silica, requires, for the present,
its retention in this association.
A very similar species in all external characters is Dalman's Alrypn prunum,
from an equivalent horizon in Gotland
Genus HYATTELLA, gen. nov.
PLATE XLVni.
This term is introduced for a group represented by the peculiar species,
Atrypa congesta, Conrad, of the fauna of the Clinton group.
This species has been found to po.ssess a loop like
that of Whitfieldella, but presents some significant
points of variation from tliat genus in other re-
spects, viz. :
"^ Fig. 45. The loop of Byattella
The form is compactly subpentahedral ; the umbo cmgesta.iuM. {<■.)
of the pedicle-valve acute, concealing most of the deltidium. The pedicle-
valve bears a strong median sinus and two faint lateral sinuses, the opposite
valve having corresponding folds. The surfoce of the shell and the ante-lateral
margins are strikingly sinuate. Fine, sharp, closely crowded concentric strioe
cover the exterior. The interior of the pedicle-valve has a deep and strongly
striate pedicle-cavity, Ijounded by strong dental lamelte ; the diductor scars
are distinctly defined, enclosing a linear adductor. In the brachial valve the
hinge-plate is triangular and divided medially by a deep cleft. The lateral
portions are broad and elevated, supporting short, straight crura. The spiral
ribbon makes not more than six volutions, forming very loose coils. There
is no median septum.
62 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
The diflferences from other meristelloids are sufficient to justify the separa-
tion of this species, with which we are at present able to associate only the
form described by Mr. Billings as Athyris Junta, from the Anticosti group,
Divisions 2-4*
Genus DAYIA, Davidson. 1881.
PLATE LV.
1S39. Te)-ebi-atida, J. de C. Sowerby. Murchison's Silurian System, jil. v, Hg. 1.
1846. Atri/pa, McCoy. Synopsis Silurian Fossils of Ireland, p. 40.
1847. Terebratula, Barrande. Silnr. Brachiopoden aus Bohmen, pi. xv, fig. 4.
1848. Terebratula, Davidson. Bull. Soc. Geol. de ['""ranee, sec. ser., vol. v, pi. 328.
184S. Hypothyris, Phillips. Mem. Geol. Survey Great Britain, p. 281.
1852. HemiHiijris, McCoy. British Palajo/.oic Fossils, p. 204.
1859. RhynchcmeUa, Salter. Murchison'a Siluria, second ed., p. 545, pi. xxii, tig. 12.
1860. Rhynchonella, Lindstrom. Gotlands Brachiopoder, p. 381.
1869. Rhynchonella f, Davidson. British Silurian Brachiopoda, p. 190, pi. xxii, tigs. 20-23.
1881. Bayia, Davidson. Geological Magazine, new ser., vol. viii, p. 291.
1882. Bayia, Davidson. Britisli Silurian Brachiopoda, Supplement, p. 96, pi. v, figs. 1-4.
Mr. Davidson has established this genus upon the little species, Terebratula
navicula, J. de C. Sowerby, from the Wenlock and Ludlow formations of Great
Britain and the Island of Gotland. In his earliest description he referred the
species with doubt to Rhynchonella,! and at that time gave an elaborately
illustrated account of the peculiar interior surface characters of the valves.
Subsequently, f ascertaining from the preparations of the brachidium made by
the Rev. Mr. Glass, the distinctive structure of the loop, he proposed it as the
type of a new generic division.
The shells of this species are small, subtrihedral in contour, with a very
convex pedicle-valve which may be obscurely keeled along the middle and de-
pressed laterally ; and a brachial valve which is convex posteriorly, but
becomes concave over the anterior region, and bears a well developed median
sinus. The hinge-line is short ; the cardinal area absent. The umbo of the
pedicle-valve is gibbous and its apex closely incurved, concealing the foramen.
Deltidial plates were probably developed but they appear to be invariably lost
in separated valves. The delthyrium is wide, the teeth divergent, moderately
conspicuous and unsupported by lamellas. In the bottom of the valve are two
* Catalogues Silurian Fossils of Anlicoati, p. 46. 1866.
t British Silurian Brachiopoda, p. 190, pi. xxii, tigs. 20-23.
I 1881 and 1882, as cited.
BRACHIOPODA. 63
narrow, divergent muscular grooves, bordered on their anterior edges by thick-
ened ridges, both having the shape of a broad inverted V.
In the brachial valve the character of the hinge-plate has not been ascer-
tained, but was probably simple, and it was supported by a median septum
traversing about one-half the length of the valve; on either side of this septum
are the latei*al members of the adductor impression. The crura are short and
straight ; the primary lamellae are attached to them by a subrectangular curve
and pass outward just within the margin of the valve. The spirals are but
slightly elevated and have their apices directed outward toward the lateral
slopes of the opposite valve. The ribbon makes but three or four turns, and
its outer anterior edges are quite coarsely fimbriated. Tlie loop is situated
anteriorly, taking its origin near the upward turn of the primary lamellae ; it
is directed upward and backward, the lateral processes meeting at or just behind
the center of the interior cavity. From the point of union proceeds a short,
simple process, which does not make an angle with the rest of the loop.
We have had the opportunity of verifying most of these characters by
cuttings of specimens obtaineil from the Gotland limestone. No congeneric
species was known to Mr. Davidson, and, as far as our knowledge goes, there
is no representative of this structure in the American palajozoic faunas.
The external resemblance of Dayia navicula to the Atrypa bisuicata of the
Trenton limestone, is worthy of remark, and the differences between the two
in the structure of the brachidium are actually slight, though in one the spirals
are everted and in the other they are inverted. Further notice is taken of
these differences in the discussion of the genus Cyclgspira.
Genus H IN DEL LA, Davidson. 1882.
PLATE XLI.
1862. Athyrls, Billings. PaliBozoio Fossils, vol. i, p. 144, fig-. 121 ; p. H.'), tiff. 122.
1863. Athyris, Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 317, fig. 331.
1882. Hindella, Davidson. British Silurian Brachiopoda, Supplement, p. 130.
1885. Meristella, Foerste. Bull. Denison University, vol. i, p. 88, pi. xiii, tig. 2.
Mr. Davidson has found that the meristelloid species described by Billings,
from Junction Cliff, Anticosti (Division 1 of the Anticosti group), as Athyris
04
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
umhonuia, possesses a peculiar loop connecting the spirals, and has, therefore,
upon this character based a distinct genus. The situation of this organ, the
Fio. 46. Fig. 47.
The primary lamellie and loop of Hindella umbondta, Billings, (c.)
loop, is very far forward, and its inclination to the primary lamellae is extremely
oblique, the lateral processes or branches being directed backward in a low up-
ward curve, uniting to form a short, straight, undivided stem. The posterior
extremity of the entire process rarely extends back of the middle of the first
lamellae and does not rise to the center of the bases of the spirals.
The form of this loop is somewhat similar to that occurring in the genera,
Whitfieldella, Hyattella, Nucleospira, etc., but its anterior position on the
primary lamellae and its very depressed form are without parallel among these
brachiopods with everted spirals.
Congeneric with Hindella umbonata is Billings' Athyris Prinstana, from the same
locality ; a shorter and more rotund form than H. umbonala, but probably no
more than a variation of that species.
Q ISS
Fig. 48. Fig. 49. FiG. 60. Fig. 51.
Consecutive transverse sections of tlie umbonal region of Hindella umbonata, Billings.
Fig. 48. Section just below apex of peiliole-valve, showing the grooved pedicle-passage.
Fig. 49. Section at ape.x of brachial valve, showing the dental lamellae.
Fig. 60. A deeper section, e-thibiting the teeth, and the remnants of the dental lamella; bounding the muscular area.
Fig. 61. Section showing the lateral elements of the hinge-plate. (c.)
Some additional characters of these shells may be added :
The outline is subcircular or elongate-ovate ; the valves convex ; the pedicle-
valve being gibbous in the umbonal region. The hinge-line is very short but
the cardinal slopes are frequently long and transverse, which, with the fulness of
BRACHIOPODA. 65
the beaks of both valves, produces a " shouldered " appearance. There is a low-
sinus on the pedicle-valve which is apparent only over the pallial region ; this
is accompanied by a sliglit fold on the opposite valve. The apex of the pedicle-
valve is closely incurved, concealing both deltidiuni and foramen. On the
interior the teeth are moderately prominent and are supported by strong dental
plates, which not only extend to the bottom of the valve, but are continued
forward for about one-third the length of the shell, and inclose a narrow,
elongate muscular area.* In the brachial valve the hinge-plate appears to be
short and constructed on the same plan as that of Meristina and Whitfield-
ELLA, with two diverging crural bases divided by a median groove, or a sub-
triangular pit, and is supported by a median septum extending for about one-
half the length of the valve. The spirals have their apices directed laterally
and consist of nine or ten volutions of the ribbon. External surface smooth.
Shell-structure fibrous, impunctate.
The external expression of the shells of Hindella is rendered peculiar by
the fulness and close incurvation of the beaks, and these are distinguishing
features. While the character of the loop is unique, the deep muscular scar
of the pedicle-valve, the structure of the hinge-plate, and the smooth external
surface, are features which demonstrate the close relationship of the genus to
Meristina and Whitfieldella.
Genus MERISTINA, Hall. 1867.
PLATE XLVII.
1828. Atrypa, Dalman. Kongl. Veteiiskaps Akail. Handling-., p. 134, pL v, fig. 3.
1860. Athyris, Roemer. Die Silurische Fauna der westlichen Tennessee, p. 70, pL v, fig. 12.
18fi3. MeriMella, Hall. Transactions of the Albany Institute, vol. iv, ]>. 212.
1866. Meristella, Davidson. British Silui-ian Braohiopoda, p. 109, pi. xi, figs. 1-13.
1867. MtT'isUna, Hall. Twentieth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 157.
1867. Meristina, Hall. Palaeontology of N. Y., vol. iv, p. 299.
1872. Meristella, Hall and Whitfield. Twenty-fourth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hi.'it., p. 196.
1875. Meyistina, Hall and Whitfield. Palseontology of Ohio, vol. ii, p. 132, pi. vii, figs. 5, 6.
1878. Meristella, Etheridge. Quarterly Journal Geological Society London, p. 597.
* All the internal characters of the valves here described have been derived fi-om transveree sections of
the fhell. The material examined, most of which lias been placed at our service by the kindness of its col-
lector, Pi-ol'e.=sor Alpheus Hyatt, has aftbided no interiors or single v.alves. The figures given above, of
sections across the umboiial region, show some of the features mentioned.
66 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK. .
1879. Meristim, Hall. Twenty-eighth Reiit. N. Y. State Miis. Nat. Hist., p. 159, pi. xxv, fig-s. 8-12.
1881. Whitfieldia, David.son. Geological Magaziiie, new ser., vol. viii, p. l.'J6.
1882. Meristina, Hall. Eleventh Ann. Kept. State Geologist Indiana, p. 299, pi. xxv, figs. 8-12.
1882. Hliitjieldia, Davidson. British Silurian Braohiopoda, Supplement, p. 107.
1889. Meristina, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, p. 101, pi. xxix, tigs. 7-10.
1889. Whitfieldia, Beecher and Clarke. Memoirs N. Y. State Museum, p. 73, pi. vii, tigs. 1-3.
Diagnosis. Shell biconvex, the greatest depths of the valves being subequal.
General expression meristoid. The beak of the pedicle-valve is erect in youth,
but so greatly incurved at maturity as to totally conceal the foramen and
deltidiuni. Cardinal slopes narrow but distinct, forming prominent slioul-
ders which may be traced nearly to the middle of the lateral margins.
A low, often indistinct median ridge extends from the apex forward ; at
about the middle of the shell it is divided by a faint groove, becoming
broader toward the margin and continued into a subnasute extension.
Lateral slopes scarcely depressed.
The brachial valve also bears a low median ridge, wliich manifests itself
most conspicuously over the anterior portion of the sliell.
On the interior of the pedicle-valve the teeth are conspicuous and are sup-
ported by thin plates, which extend to the bottom of the valve and are produced
forward to form the lateral boundaries of the muscular area. Between the
posterior portion of these plates lies the deep scar of the pedicle muscle, which
is separated from the elongate and radially striate diductor impression by a
prominent callosity.
In the brachial valve the hinge-plate is deeply divided in the middle by a
narrow sulcus, the two lateral lobes being elevated, and supporting the crural
bases. The plate is thickened on the under side and supported by a median
septum, which extends for one-half the length of the valve. The crura are
short and straight, and the primary lamellae of the spiral ribbon originate from
them at a sharp angle, diverge laterally as they turn downward, passing over a
portion of the secondary volutions, approach each other toward the middle
of their length, nearly meeting at the anterior edge of the median septum,
thence again diverging to their anterior recurvaiure. The secondary volu-
tions do not follow precisely the curvature of the primary lamellse and the
resultant cones at maturity have a gracefully undulated surface. The loop
BRACHIOPODA. 67
consists of two lateral branches, broad at their origin, inclined backward, and
uniting to form a stem which bears a short bifurcation at its extremity.
The muscular area is elongate-ovate and more or less distinctly separated
into anterior and jjosterior scars. Surface of the valves smooth or with fine
concentric growth-striae. Shell-substance fibrous, impunctate.
Type, Merisiella Maria, Hall. Niagara group.
Observations. The name Meristina, proposed in Volume IV of the Palaeon-
tology of New York (p. 'j!99), was introduced for the purpose of distinguishing
from Mekistella a species, M. Maria, Hall, which possesses strong meristelloid
characters but lacks the peculiar loop of that genus. Though the loop was im-
perfectly represented in the figure accompanying the first use of the name, it
nevertheless constituted then, as it still does, the single important difference of
the species from Meristella. The precise character of this loop was fully
determined subsequently (as described and illustrated in the present work), by
the Rev. Norman Glass, Irom specimens obtained at the celebrated locality,
Waldron, Indiana,* and described by Dr. Davidson in 188'2.f Mr. Glass found
a loop of like structure in the English ( Wenlock) examples of the Atrypa tumida,
Dalman. In the place cited Dr. Davidson expresses his conviction of the
identity of the American species M. Maria with Atrypa tumida, and as the form
of the loop then determined was new, he proposed to distinguish these fossils
by the generic name Whitfieldia.
It is to be regretted that the laws of nomenclature do not permit the
admission of this name. Whether or not Dalman's species and the American
M. Maria be conspecific, :]: they are at all events congeneric, and belong to the
much earlier genus, Meristina. That this genus was imperfectly described
* Though this species is a rare fossil in the Niagara fauna of New York, it is very abundant at Waldron
and far fi'om infi-equent in the Niagara dolomites of northern Illinois and southei-n Wisconsin.
t Silurian Supplement, p. 108, pi. v, fig'. 6.
I We do not follow Mr. Davidson in reg.irding these forms identical. They jiresent differences which
though slight, are positive and permanent variations of the same type of structure. A series of Gotland
specimens of Atrypa tumida, obtained from, and identified by Dr. Lindstro.m, and submitted for our exami-
nation by Mr. Charles ScHncHERT, shows that there are two readily apparent variations in the foi-ms refer-
red to the Swedish species, and it is an interesting fact that these are from different localities. One of these
forms (fi'om Westeigarn) is of small size, strikingly subpentagonal outline, with high, strongly arched and
nari'ow umbo on the pedicle-valve, the greatest diameter of the shell being ^in front of the middle ; while
68
PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
will not justify its overthrow, as long as the type-species is a well known form
whose structure is now thoroughly understood ; and as Meristina is a term
which has come into quite general use, it may not be cast aside for a later
term.
Accepting the foregoing interpretation of the characters of Meristina, we
find but very few species which may be classed with those already discussed.
The form described by Billings as Athyris Blancha, from the peculiar fauna of
Square Lake, Maine (which contains, as far as known, a commingling of fossils
elsewhere characterizing the Lower and Upper Helderberg horizons), seems to
be a species closely allied to Meristina tumida, more so than to M. Maria. Its
expression is unlike that of Meristella, though the character of the loop is
undetermined. To the representatives of Meristina must be added the little
Fio. 62. Fig. 53.
The primary lamellsa and loop of Meristina rectirostra. Hall. IC.)
species Meristella rectirostra, Hall, from the Niagara fauna, a form which has the
bifurcated loop, but is peculiar in the immature expression of its adult charac-
ters, namely, very small size, high, erect beak and unclosed delthyrium.
the other (from Frojel) is of larger size, transversely subelliptical in outline, with low, broad, and slightly
incurved be.ak.
It appeai-s from Mr. Davidson's figures (Silurian Brachiopoda, pi. xi), that both forms occur in the
English faunas. The characters of the American species differ from those which the Swedish and English
specimens possess in common, in the following respects; (a) the abruptness of the cardinal slopes; (b) the
obsolescence or absence of a median groove ovei' the anterior portion of the brachial valve and its lesser
development in the sinus of the pedicle-valve ; (c) the general habit of the American species is uniform and
its expression that of neither of the variations of the Swedish species just described, but of an intermediate
character. The American form thus varies to such a degree that, while recognizing it as the representative
of Atrypa tumida, it will serve a useful purpose to retain the original specific name.
BRACHIOPODA. 69
Some interesting observations have been made upon the development of the
brachidium in Meristina Maria, which may be introduced in thi.s phice ; it is
probable that the facts observed are equally true of all the athyroids *
In the youngest condition of growth at which the spirals have been demon-
strated (a shell with a length of 7 mm.) the ribbon makes six volutions (see
Plate XLI, figure 9). The primary lamellse are far stronger than the remain-
der of the ribbon, indeed it is often only these that can be detected, the rest of
the coil being exceedingly delicate and leaving but a linear trace in the calcare-
ous preparations. The cones are very depressed, in fact are coiled almost in
the plane of the first volution, and their apices are far back of the transverse
axis of the shell, which is not the case in the adult, where they lie in, or slightly
in front of this axis. The second volution of the ribbon is scarcely more than
one-half as long as the first, and the third stands in the same relation to the
second. In these early stages of growth it has been impossible to determine
fully the condition of the loop ; it appears to be without the terminal bifurca-
tion, and it is possible that this character was still undeveloped, though its
absence may be accidental. In a later growth-stage (see Plate XLI, figure 10)
the ribbon has greatly increased the number of its volutions, and the apices of
the cones are more nearly central, but the cones themselves are still greatly
depressed. The process of change from the primary condition of the spirals to
their adult character was undoubtedly a complicated one, involving the con-
stant resorption of the calcareous depositions made during the earlier stages.
Attention may be directed to the effects of an accidental lesion or obstruction
to the normal growth of this shell and its effect upon one of the spirals ; the
ribbon has adjusted itself with nicety, and probably without the disturbance of
function to the contracted and irregular cavity of the valves.
* Observations of similar impoi-t liave been maiie upon the development of the spirals in Bhynchospira
evax. Hall ; see Beechbr and Clarke, Memoirs of the INew York State Museum, vol. i, No. 1, p. 60.
1889.
70 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
MERISTA, SuEss. 1851.
PIRATE XLVI.
1851. Merista, Suess. Branhiopoden der Koessener Schichten, p. 17, pi. i.
1851. Merista, Suess. Jahrb. der k. k. g-eolog-. Reichsanst, vol, iv, p. 150.
1856. Merista, Suess. Classification der Brachiopoden von Th. Davidson, \>. 85, pi. iii, figs. 18-20.
1859. Camarium, Hall. PaliEontology of N. Y., vol. iii, pp. 486-488, pi. xcv, fig-.". 2-6.
1859. Camarium, Hall. Twelfth Rept. N Y. State Call. Nat. Hist., p. 42.
1860. Merista, Hall. Thirteenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 73, 93, figs. 10-13.
1862. Camarium, Hall. Fifieenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 176, 181, figs. 10-13.
1867. Merista, Hall. Twentieth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. N.-it. Hist., p. 258.
1881. Merista, D.avidson. Geological Magazine, new series, vol. viii, p. 289.
1882. Merista, Davidson. British Silurian Brachiopoda, Supplement, p. 103, pi. v, figs. 10-13.
Diagnosis. Shells transverse or elongate, l)oth valves generally inflated ;
anterior margin sinuate, producing a fold and sinus on the marginal portion of
the brachial and pedicle-valves respectively.
In the pedicle-valve the apex is perforated by a circular foramen, which,
however, is usually concealed at maturity, by the incurvature of the beak ;
deltidial plates rarely retained. On the interior the teeth are prominent and
are supported by dental plates which extend either for a short distance into
the interior cavity or are considerably produced at their bases as thickened
ridges. Between the dental plates is an arched free plate (the " shoe-lifter "
process) attached by its posterior and lateral margins, but at its anterior mar-
gin extending beyond the dental lamellae and rising in a low, broad curve. In
rare instances this process, from its origin, bears a sharp median carina which
makes the anterior margin highly angulate. The muscular area appears to be
limited to the space between the dental lamellae and to the surface of the
" shoe-lifter."
In the brachial valve a median septum is more or less strongly developed,* and
divides a simple ovate adductor impression. The hinge-plate is short and deeply
divided by a median groove. The brachial supports consist of spiral cones
with their bases in apposition and parallel to the axial plane of the shell, and
* In the figures of Merista hertiilea, Barrande, the type-species, given by Mr. DAvrosoN (Supplement
British Silurian Brachiopoda, pi. v, figs. 10, 13), no evidence is seen of this dorsal septum ; it appears, bow-
ever, in Babbande's figures, lioth of this species and of M. passer, Barrande (Systeme Silurien, vol. v,
pis. X, xiii, xiv), and in A.merican species of this genus.
BRACHIOPODA.
71
their apices directed toward the lateral margins. The loop has been shown by
the Rev. Norman Glass to have the following structure : the lateral branches
approach and unite near the middle of the
interior cavity, forming a very short stem,
from the posterior extremity of which is
given off a pair of arras. These curve down-
ward to the primary lamellae of the coil and
returning, meet the lateral branches below
their point of union ; the whole forming a
scissors-shaped arrangement essentially like
that of Meristella, differing only in minor
respects indicated under the discussion of
that genus.
External surface of the valves smooth or with concentric growth-lines.
Shell-substance fibrous.
Fig. 61. The spirals and loop of Merista herculea,
Barrande. (After Davidson, from a prepara-
tion by Glass.)
Type, Terebratula herculea, Barrande.
Etage E.
Observations. Merista is a genus rather sparingly represented in species,
though .some of the species, like M. scalprum, Roemer ( = M. pkbeia, Sowerby),
of the European middle Devonian, are very abundant in individuals. In
American faunas there are but three forms which may at present be refer-
red to the genus, M. typa. Hall, M. elongata, Hall, a probable variety
of the former, from the Lower Helderberg fauna at Cumberland, Maryland,
and a new species, M. Tennesseensis, from a similar horizon in Perry county,
Tennessee.
It appears from the description of the genus above given, that the essential
difference between Merista and Meristella lies in the existence, in the former,
of the plate termed by King the " shoe-lifter process " ; the variations in the
structure of the loop and hinge-plate being of minor importance. This internal
plate, free at its inner edge, must have induced some important modification
in the functions and internal arrangements of the animal. It is evident that
its upper surface was one of muscular insertion, and whatever may have been
72 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
the causes producing it, the cavity beneath it unquestionably enclosed and pro-
tected delicate portions of the viscera.*
The term Camarium, Hall, was proposed for Merista ti/pa {= Camarium typum).
Hall, before the structure of M. herculea, Barrande, was well understood ; sub-
sequently the name was withdrawn. Camarium typum is, however, a shell with
some interesting peculiarities and susceptible of great variation in the form
and size of its " shoe-lifter." This is sometimes very narrow, as in the other
species of the genus, but is oftener very wide on the margin and may extend
for fully two-thirds the diameter of the valve. Usually it is evenly and highly
arched, but often is sharply angled and abruptly elevated. The dental lamellae
may extend for a short distance over the surface of the plate, ending abruptly,
or they may be produced along its margins as two greatly thickened, callous
ridges. In these features, however, there does not appear to be any good basis
for a separation of this species from its allies.
The genus Merista has usually been regarded as ranging from the faunas
of the upper Silurian (Wenlock, Etage E, etc.) into the middle Devonian.
In European faunas it appeared before the age of the genus Meristella,
but in America the appearance of the two genera was contemporaneous. It
would be altogether natural to presume that species occurring so late as the
middle Devonian and after so great an interval from the disappearance of the
typical forms of the genus, must have undergone some more or less substantial
modification. This is the case with the Devonian Merista scalprum, F. Roemer
( = M. plebeia, Sowerby), from the Eifel and Devonshire. A careful examina-
tion of a considerable number of individuals from Pelm shows that a " shoe-
lifter " is quite as conspicuously developed in the brachial as in the pedicle-
valve, while the cavity beneath it is divided into two compartments by the
median septum which extends beyond the anterior edge of the platform thus
* There can be no doubt that this plate in Merista is quite analogous to the supported spondylium of
Pentamerus, Camarophoria, etc., as well as to the platform of the Trimerelli<is, to which attention has
been directed in the preceding volume of this work. Of all these forms Merista is the only one in which this
plate or platform is not supported by a median septum, thcnigh, as noticed below, such a supporting- septum
exists in certain Devonian meristoids. For the unsupported triangular plate, occurring in the pedicle- valve
of the genera Adlacokhynchus and Eichwaldia, it may be necessary to find a different interpretation, as
suggested in a subsequent chapter.
BRACHIOPODA. 73
formed. The figures of Merista prunulum, Schnur, from the Eifel, given by
QuENSTEDT,* indicate that the same feature is also present in this species. It
will be conceded that the taxonomic value of this feature is as important as
the present basis of distinction between Merista and Meristella, and it is very
probable that these Devonian species will afford differences in the structure of
the loop.f It will doubtless serve a useful purpose to separate such Devonian
species from typical Merista, and the nanie Dicamara is therefore proposed.
Genus MERISTELLA, Hall. 1859.
I'LATKS XLIV, XLV.
1842. Atrypa, Conrad." .Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Philailelphia, vol. viii, p. 26.^.
1842. Atrypa, Vanuxbm. Geology of N. Y. ; Kept. Third Di.st.. p. 120, tig:. 2.
1843. Terebi-atula, Castelnau. Essai siir le Sjsteme Silurien de rAmer. Septeii., p. 39, pi. xiii, fig-. 6.
1843. Atrypa, Hall. Geology of N. Y. ; Kept. Fourth Dist., p. 202, fig. 2.
1857. Merista, Hall. Tenth Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 92, figs. 1-7 ; p. 94, figs. l-« ; p. 95,
figs. 1-4 ; p. 97.
1858. Atrypa, Rogers. Geology of Pennsylvania, vol. ii, part ii, p. 825, fig. G42.
1859. Merista, Hall. Palseontology of N. Y., vol. iii, pp. 247-252, 431, pis. xxxix, xl, xli, xliv, ci,
fig. 3.
1860. Meristella, Hall. Thirteenth Rei>t. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 74, 84, 93, tigs. 5-9; p. 95,
tigs. 1-5.
1860. ^Mv/ri.? .', Billings. Canadian Journal, [vol. v, new ser., p. 279, p. 274, tigs. 29-32; p. 281,
tigs. 43, 44.
1S61. Meristella, Hall. Fourteenth Kept. N. Y. Slate Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 100.
1862. Meristella, Hall. Fifteenth Rept N.Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. ItiO, figs. 17-22, pi. iii, figs. 21, 22.
1863. Meristella, Hall. Sixteenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 50, figs. 27-34.
1863. Meristella, Hall. Amei-iean Journal of Science, vol. xxxv, p. 396; vol. xxxvi, p. 11.
1863. Meristella, Hall. Transactions of the Albany Institute, vol. iv, pp. 139, 140.
1863. Atliyris, Billings. Pj-oc. Portlan<l Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, pp. 115, 116, pi. iii, tigs. 13, 14.
1863. Charionella, Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 373, fig. 397; p. 374, figs. 400«, 401; p. 3S5, tig. 420.
18B6. Merista,' A. Winchell. Geol. Rept. of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, p. 94.
1867. Meristella, Hall. Paleontology of N. Y., vol. iv, pp. 295-299, 303-308, 420, plates xlviii, xlix, 1,
figs. 1-17; Ixiii, figs. 15-22.
1868. Merista, Meek and Wortuen. Geological Survey of Illinois, vol. iii, p. 376, pi. vii, tig. 8.
1874. Athyris, Nicholson. Palfeonfology of the Province of Ontario, p. 86.
1874. Athyris, Billings. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. vii, new ser., p. 240.
1884. Meristella { Whitfieldia), Walcott. Monogr. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. viii, p. 148, i)l. iii, fig. 8.
1889. Meristella, Nettblrotu. Kentucky Fossil Shells, pp. 97, 98, pi. xv, tigs. 2-8.
1889. Merintella, Simpson. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. xvi, p. 442, tig. 7.
* Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands ; Brachiopoden, pi. Ii, tigs. 69-75. 1871.
t Dr. Davidson refers to jireparations of Merista prunulum by Zogmayer, and implies that there are
some minor dift'ei-ences in the loop, etc., from these structui-es in M. Jieratlea. Dr. Zugmayer's observations
have not been published, and therefore we can venture no opinion as to how fai- such ditferences as he may
have discovered will fortify the distinction above indicated between the Silurian and Devonian species cur-
rently referred to Merista.
74 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Diagnosis. Shells having the same general external characters as Merista.
Valves convex, often inflated, cardinal areas obscure. The umbo of the pedicle-
valve is incurved at maturity, concealing most, if not all of the foramen ; in
early stages of growth, however, the beak is more erect and exposes the delti-
dial plates in an elementary condition of development. The anterior margin
of the shell is sinuate, and usually there is a sinus on the pedicle-valve, with a
less conspicuous fold on the brachial valve ; sometimes both valves bear a low
sinus, or the sinus on the pedicle-valve may be absent, while the fold on the
brachial valve is present, thus giving the shell a nasute anterior extension ;
again, fold and sinus may be absent on both valves.
In the interior of the pedicle-valve the delthyrium is wide, its margins being
thickened into dental ridges. The teeth are conspicuous, often much thickened
and curved backward at their tips, interlocking with the opposite valve in such a
manner as to make a very firm articulation. The teeth are supported by lamellae
which rest upon the bottom of the valve, and are continued for a short distance
about the posterior margin of the muscular impression. In old shells this por-
tion of the valve becomes greatly thickened, the muscular impression corres-
pondingly deepened, and the identity of the dental lamellae is obscured by
their becoming merged with the substance of the valve. The pedicle-cavity
is deep and frequently shows a strong muscular scar. The impression of the
diductor muscles is subquadrate-ovate or subtriangular in outline, very strongly
impressed and usually clearly divisible into its two lateral components. The
central adductor scar is faint, but linear when retained. The lateral scars are
deeply striated longitudinally. The anterior margin of the muscular area is
frequently obscure but is not infrequently a ridge from which radiate fine,
anastomosing pallial sinuses. In the post-lateral regions the ovarian sinuses
are sometimes retained.
In the brachial valve the beak is depressed and sometimes obscured by the
incurvature of the umbo of the opposite valve. The dental sockets are nar-
row and divergent. The hinge-plate is subject to some unessential variation
in form. Usually it is triangular, concave on the upper surface, and divided
into two lobes by a median groove. The crura take their origin from just
BRACHIOPODA. 75
within the anterior margins of the lobes thus former!. In some species the
hinge-plate is more subquadrate in outline, the variation being produced by the
development of post-lateral expansions. This plate is supported by a median
septum, which extends for somewhat more than one-third the length of the
valve. The crura are short and straight, and the primary lamelte of the
brachidium originate from them at an acute angle, and come into closest appois-
tion at the anterior extremity of the median septum. In the mature individ-
ual, the spiral ribbon makes about fifteen volutions, the bases of the cones being
subparallel to the longitudinal axis of the shell and their apices directed toward
its lateral margins. In their general shape the cones conform to the character
of the interior cavity, and in the less convex species {M. WalcotM, M. lento), they
are appressed on the side of the flatter or brachial valve. The structure of the
loop is the same as described for the genus Merista, with this difference, how-
ever: the circular arms of the loop curve first outward in the horizontal plane,
then backward and abruptly downward to the inner edges of the primary
lamellge ; in their return the same curvature is reversed and they therefore meet
the stem of the loop in the horizontal plane, their point of union being invari-
ably above the point of coalescence of the lateral branches of the loop.
The muscular area is elongate-ovate, and extends for the entire length of the
median septum ; the four adductor scars are sometimes distinctly seen, the
posterior pair being broader and embracing the posterior extremities of the
anterior scars.
External surface of the valves smooth or with concentric strife. Shell-
structure fibrous, impunctate.
Type, Merista lavis, Hall. Lower Helderberg group.
Observations. The term Meristella was introduced in 1859,* in connection
with a revised list of the fossils which had been described in Volumes I and
II of the Palaeontology of New York. The species which had been designated
as Atrypa naviformis, from the Clinton group, is there referred to as Merista ?
naviformis, and in a footnote therefrom it is said : " This species and some others
of the Clinton and Niagara groups differ somewhat from the true Merista; and
* Twelfth Annual Report of the New York State Cabinet of Natural History, p. 78,
76 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
should these differences prove of generic importance, I propose for them the
name Meristella." In the report for the following year (pp. 74, 75, published
in 1860), the name was formally defined, and the distinction of the group from
Merista was based upon the absence of the shoe-lifter process. Much of the
discussion in this place involved comparisons with the Atrypa tumida of Dalman,
and as no type-species was definitely cited, some authors have regarded the
Swedish species as the type of Meristella. Such, however, was not the inten-
tion of the argument, and it was definitely so stated in a subsequent paper.*
Athrijpa tumida had been placed by Mr. Davidson, first in a list of the typical
representatives of the genus Merista,! and opportunity was taken in this place
of demonstrating its similarity to Suess's type, M. herculea, Barrande, but with-
out the expression of an opinion as to its homogeneity with the species there
cited in the list of examples of Meristella, viz.: "Meristella lavis, M. bella and
M. arcuata, of the Lower Helderberg group ; M. cylindrica and M. oblata, of the
Niagara and Clinton groups."
In the printing of the Thirteenth Report some changes were made in the
matter relating to this genus after a very few of the pages had been struck oflF.
As some of these first impressions fell into the hands of certain authors and
elicited some degree of criticism, it seemed desirable to reproduce these pages
in their original condition. This was done in the Fifteenth Annual Report of
the New York State Cabinet of Natural History (pp. 178-181). In this place
Meristella was erroneously made synonymous with Liorhynchus, the types
quoted being Atrypa quadricosta, and A. multicosta, of the Hamilton group. This
publication is void, and is referred to here only because of its having unfortu-
nately introduced an element of confusion into the literature of this genus.
In the fourth volume of the Paleontology of New York (1867, pp. 295-299),
Meristella was more elaborately described and the complicated structure of
the loop demonstrated and illustrated from silicified specimens of M. arcuata.
The statement is there made, and has been subsequently confirmed, that the
structure of this organ in Meristella lavis, which was the type-speciea in the
description of 1860, is the same as that in M. arcuata.
* Twentieth Rejit. State Cabinet (1867) : On the Genera Athyris, Merista and Meristella, p. 264.
t Introduction to British Fossil Brachiopoda, p. 87.
BRACHIOPODA. 77
It may be argued, and, indeed, has been assumed by some writers, that the
proper type of this genus is that specified in tlie first use of the term Meris-
TELLA, Atrypa iiaviformis, of the Clinton group. No definition, however, of the
genus was given in that connection, and though we are still in ignorance of
the precise character of the loop in A. naviformis, it almost certainly differs
from that of M. lavis, and all species belonging to Meristella as this term is
currently applied. To adopt this species as the type would be to ignore the
elaborate diagnosis of the genus afterwards given as founded on M. l&vis,
and to cause an altogether indefensible confusion of nomenclature by giving
Meristella an uncertain value and requiring a new name for the extensive
group of species now most properly referred to the genus.
To the genus Meristella, then, may be referred such species as differ from
Merista in having no shoe-lifter process, but, in its place, a very deep muscular
impression. In both genera, the brachial supports, which were first demon-
strated for Meristella, by Mr. R. P. Whitfield (Palaeontology of New York,
vol. iv), and subsequently for Merista, by the Rev. Norman Glass, afford no
satisfactory basis of distinction, although there is a slight difference in them,
Fig. 65. no. 56.
The loop of Meristella Walcotti. (o.)
as indicated above. Tlie drawings of the loop here given are the first to rep-
resent with precision the character of the curvature of the circular branches.
There is also, probably, a considerable and, perhaps, a significant difference in
the structure of the hinge-plate of the two genera. This plate in Merista has
been described from the small American species, Merista Tenmsseensis, sp. nov.,
in defiiult of any evidence of its character in M. hercuka, and from this form
78 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
that of Meristella varies in its greater size, shallower median groove and more
expanded surface.
The loop has been demonstrated in the following members of the genus : M. lavis,
M. arcuata, M. princeps, M. bella, Hall, of the Lower Helderberg group ; M. lenta,
Hall, M. Doris, Hall, M. Wakotti, sp. nov., of the Oriskany sandstone; M. nasuta,
Conrad, of the Upper Helderberg ; M. Barrisi, Hall, and M. Haskinsi, Hall, of the
Hamilton group. Besides these species the following may with security be re-
garded as congeneric: M. Meeki, M. subquadrata, Hall, of the Lower Helderberg;
M. lata, Hall, of the Oriskany sandstone ; M. meta, M. rostrata, Hall, M. lens,
Winchell, of the Hamilton group, and perhaps M. Houghtoni, Winchell, of the
upper Devonian.
From this list it appears that the genus was introduced, and attained its
greatest development in species and numbers in the Lower Helderberg group,
rapidly declining to its disappearance in the middle or upper Devonian. The
genus has not been positively demonstrated in European faunas. In his earlier
work on the Silurian Brachiopoda, Davidson referred several forms to this genus,
and Barranue has used the name in connection with certain species from the
Etages E and F ; some of these English and Bohemian species may prove true
Meristellas, while others evidently belong to Meristina and Whitfieluella.
TscHERNYCHEW, also, has figured a form from the Goniatite-beds of the western
slope of the Urals, as Meristella Barrisi, Hall ;* the fossil, however, is in many
respects unlike the typical form of this species from the Marcellus limestone,
and the accuracy of the generic reference of the Russian species is not apparent
from an inspection of the figures.
Subgenus CHAR ION ELLA, Billings. 1861.
PLATE XLII.
1843. Atrypa. Hall. Geology of N. Y. ; Rept. Fourth Distiict, p. 171, fig. 1.
1860. Athyris?, Billings. Canadian Journal, vol. v, new ser., p. 278, figs. 35-38.
1861. Charionella, Billings. Canadian Journal, vol. vi, new ser., pp. 148, 273, 274, figs. 100-102.
1863. Cfiarionella, Hall. Amei-ican Journal Science, vol. xxxv, second ser., p. 396.
1863. Charionella, Hall. Sixteenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 40.
1863. Charionella, Billing.s. Geology of Canada, p. 374, fig. 400.
1867. Meristella, Hall. Palajontology of New York, vol. iv, p. 302, pi. xlvii, figs. 34-38.
* Fauna des mittleren und oberen Devon am West-Abhange des Urals,;.1887, pi. xiii, figs. 1, 2.
BRACHIOPODA. 79
Mr. Billings proposed this term for species of meristelloids in which the
hinge-plate is so greatly modified as to be apparently absent. Upon examina-
tion of specimens of his typical species, Atnjpa scitula, Hall (which is also
probably identical with his second species, Charionella Circe), this structure is
found to be of the following character : The general appearance is that of a
pedicle-valve ; two ridges, strongly recurved at their edges, pass along the mar-
gins of the delthyrium, enclosing the dental sockets ; they are supported by
thin lamellae which converge toward the bottom of the valve ; the crura arising
from the extremities of the lateral ridges, are short and curved outward ; the
central portion of the plate must be considered as absent, or as very concave
and merged in the substance of the valve.
This is a wide departure from the structure of the hinge-plate in the other
spire-bearing brachiopoda. In other respects, however, except the almost total
obsolescence of the median septum of the brachial valve, Charionella scitula is
a near ally of Meristella. Tlie muscular scars in the pedicle-valve are
essentially similar, though in the brachial valve they are considerably more
pronounced than in Meristella, occupying an elongate-oval space and being
divisible into an anterior and posterior pair. Our preparations indicate that
the loop has the same structure as in Meristella.
Assuming the identity of Atrypa scitula. Hall, with Charionella Circe, Billings,
there is no other species known to us which can safely be referred to this genus.
Mr. Billings subsequently* applied this generic term to his Charionella ? Hyale,
from the Guelph limestone, and to tlie Meristella rostrata, Hall, of the Hamilton
group (Tully limestone) ; specimens of the former from Elora, Ontario, indi-
cate that the species is a Whitfieldella. Of the latter we have seen no speci-
mens showing the structure of the hinge.
* See PalKozoic Fossils, vol. i, p. 166, fig. 150. 1862.
80 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Genus (or Subgenus) PENTAGONIA, Cozzens. 1846.
PLATE XLIl.
1841. Atrypa, Conrad. Fifth Ann. Rejit. Geol. Survey of N. Y., p. 56.
1846. Pentagonia, Cozzen.s. Annala of the Lyceum of Nat. Hist, of N. Y., vol. iv, p. 1!)8, pi. x,fig. 3.
1857. Rhynchonella, H.all. Tenth Kept. N. Y. State Cab. IVat. Hist., p. 125.
1860. Athyris f, Billings. Canadian Journal, vol. v, p. 279, tig's. 39-42.
1861. GoHiocoelia, Hall. Fourteenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 101.
1862. Meristella, Hall. Fifteenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pi. ii, tig-s. 17-25 ; pi. xi, fig. 10.
1863. Athyrix, Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 373, fig. 396.
1864. Pentagonia, Meek and Hatdbn. Palaeontolog-y of the Upper Missouri, p. Hi.
1867. MerUtella (Pentagonia), Hall. Palaeontology of N. Y., vol. iv, pp. 309-311, pi. 1, figs. 18-35.
1889. Meristella, Ne-itelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, p. 99, pi. xv, tigs. 9-16.
Among the species of raeristelloid structure, an interesting variation in the
form of the shell is presented by the little M. lenta, Hall, of the Oriskany sand-
stone. Here the pedicle-valve is very shallow and so deeply sinuate as often
to appear concave ; the brachial valve is quite convex, especially along the
median line. A more extreme development of this form is seen in the Atrypa
unisulcata, Conrad, of the Corniferous limestone and the Hamilton group, and
it was to this species that the name Pentagonia was early applied by Isaachar
Cozzens.* The description of the genus was brief, but the accompanying
figures clear and unmistakable. This species is characterized by a very broad
sinus on the pedicle-valve, which is limited by divergent carinse, outside of
which the cardinal or lateral slopes are very abrupt. On the brachial valve is
a rounded median fold, which may be divided on its summit by a narrow sinus
and in the umbo-lateral region are two short folds or flanges, beginning at the
hinge-line, having a slightly sinuous curve and terminating before traversing
much more than one-third the length of the valve; occasionally there is a
second of these ridges on each side.
The muscular impres.sions of the valves are essentially as in Meristella.
The hinge-plate has a peculiar structure ; it arises vertically from the bottom
of the valve, presenting an erect, concave anterior face, which is traversed by
a laint median ridge continuous with the septum of the valve. The posterior
* Description of Three New Fossils from the Falls of the Ohio ; Annals of the New York Lyceum of
Natural History, vol. iv (1846), p. 158, pi. x, figs. 3«, b (Pmtagmiia Peevsi = Atrypa unisulcata, Conrad).
BRACHIOPODA. 81
portion of tlie upper surface of tliis^plate^bears a deep (nrcular or crescentic
concavity, most sharply defined on its anterior edge where it is bounded by the
somewhat recurved vertical wall. On the lateral portions of the upper face of
the anterior wall lie the elongate crural bases which are continued into short,
straight crura, standing at an angle of about 45° to the plane of the horizontal
face of the plate. The spiral cones are as in Meristella, their curvature con-
forming to the peculiarly contracted interior cavity of the shell. Of the pre-
cise nature of the loop we are still in doubt. The shells are not common and
are rarely in a condition suitable for the successful development of their struc-
ture. Figure 29, on Plate XLII, shows the extent of our knowledge in this
direction, the specimen having a simple loop terminating in an undivided
stem, not unlike that of Hini>ella. We are not, however, satisfied that the
entire process is here retained, but enough is preserved to indicate that it
may have been unlike that of Merista and Meristella.
In tlie form of the shell itself there is an excellent ground for upholding
the name Pentagonia, and as this is enforced by the character of the hinge-
plate and probably, also, by that of the loop, the term may safely be adopted,
though the genus has but a single known representative. For this two varietal
names have been used ; (a) uniplicata, for the form with one pair of flanges on the
brachial valve, (b) biplicata, for that in which these tianges are duplicate.* The
specimens from the Corniferous limestone of New York and the Falls of the
Ohio, appear to be always of the uniplicate form, while in the Hamilton group,
though the species is of much less fi*equent occurrence, both vai-ieties are
present. The characters of Pentagonia, so far as known, ally it most nearly
with MERISTELLA.f
* It is obvious that the tirst of these names, as it ajiplies only to the typical form of the species, may be
rejected ; the laUer it will prove useful to retain.
t The name Gonioccelia, Hall, which was sugrgested in 1861 for the Alry^ta anlsulcata (Fourteenth Re-
poi't New York State Cabinet of Natural History, p. 101), is an exact synonym for Pkntagonia, and may,
therefore, be stricken from the list of gener.a.
82 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Genus CAMAROSPIRA, gen. nov.
PLATE XLir.
1867. Camarophoiia, Hall. Palseontology of New York, vol. iv, p. 368, p), Ivii, figs. 40-45.
Shells essentially meristelloid in external and internal characters. The
important difference from allied genera lies in the fact that the dental plates of
the pedicle-valve, instead of resting upon the bottom of the valve, are more
strongly convergent than in Merista, Meristella, etc., uniting before they
reach the internal surface of the valve, thus restricting the impression of the
pedicle-muscle to a distinct chamber or .spondylium, which is supported
by a low median septum. In the typical species (C. eucharis, Hall) this
chamber has the same extent as the deep pedicle-cavity in Meristella,
that is, about one-fourth the length of the valve, while the septum ex-
tends for a short distance beyond its anterior margin, dividing the scars
of the adductor and diductor impressions. In this respect the internal
structure of this valve is similar to that of the corresponding valve of
Pentamerus.
In the brachial valve the hinge-plate is supported by a median septum
slightly longer than that of the opposite valve, and the narrow, cordate mus-
cular impression, which it divides medially, is considerably thickened. The
valve bears everted spirals similar to those of other members of this group,
but the specimens studied were not in a condition of preservation adapted to
the determination of the structure of the loop.
The only species known to possess the peculiarities described is the Camaro-
phoria eucharis, Hall, from the Corniferous limestone of Indiana and the Province
of Ontario.
BRACHIOPODA. 83
Genus ATHYR IS, McCov. 1844.
PLATliS XLV, XLVI, XLVII.
1S31. Terehratida, Eaton. American Journal of Science, vol. xxi, p. 137.
1S3'2. Tcrebratula, Eaton. Geological Text Book, p. 46.
1S38. Airypa, Conrad. Second Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey of N. Y., p. 111.
1842. Terehratula, d'Ohbig.my. Voyage dan.s I'Anierique Meriilionale, Pal. i>. 46, pi. iii, fig.s. 17-19.
1813. Atrypa. Hall. Geology of N. Y. ; Rept. Fourth Dist., p. 198, tig. 5; Table."! of Organic Remains,
No. 65, tig. 5.
1S44. Atliijris, Aiiiinouonclms, Seminnla, McCoy. Synopsis Cai-bon. Foss. Ireland, pp. 128, 146, 149,
l.i8.
1847. Spirigera, d'Orbiuny. Comptes i'endu.s, vol. xxv, p. 268.
1850 Athyris, Cleiuthyris, King. Permian Fossils of England, pp. 136-140, pi. x, tig.s. 1-10.
1850. Spirigei'a, d'Orbiony. Annates des Sciences Nat., vol. xiii, p. 337.
1852. Terehratula, Hall. Stansbury's Expl. and Survey of the Valley of the Great Salt Lake, Utah,
p. 409, pi. iv, figs. 1, 2.
1853. Terehratula, Shumakd. Mai-cy's U. S. Expl. of the Red River of Louisiana, p. 202, pi. iv, tig. 8.
1855. Terehratida, Schikl. Pacific Raili-oad Reports, vol. ii, p. 108, pi. i, fig. 2.
1856. Terehratula, Hall. Pacific Railroad Repoi-ts, vol. iii, p. 101, pi. ii, figs. 3-5.
1857. Spirigera. Hall. Tenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 153, figs. 1, 2.
1857. Athyris, David.son. Monogr. Brit. Permian Brach., pp. 20-23, pis. i, ii.
1858. Athyris, Davidson. Monogj-. Bi-if. Carljon. Bracli., pp. 77-87, pis. xv. xvi, xvii, xviii.
1858. Terehratida, Spirigera {Athyrin), Hall. Tran.sactions of the Albany Institute, vol. iv, pp. 7, 8.
1858. Terehratida, Marcou. Geology of North America, pp. 51, 52, pi. vi, figs. 9, 10.
1858. Spirifera, Rogers. Geology of Pennsylvania, vol. ii, jiart ii, p. 828, fig. 667.
1858. Athyris, Hall. Geol. Survey of Iowa, vol. i, part ii, pp. 600, 659, 702, 703, 714 ; pi. xii, fig. 6 ;
pi. xxiii, figs. 4, 5 ; pi. xxvii, figs. 1, 2.
1859. S]nrigera, Meek and Hayden. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. iii, sec. ser., p. 20.
1860. Athyris, Meek and Worthen. Pi-oc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. iv, sec. ser., p. 451.
1>G0. Athyris, White. Journal Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vii, p. 229.
1860. Athyris, Hall. Thirteenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 73, 89, 93, figs. 1-47, i>. 94.
1860. Athyris, McChksnby. New Paleozoic Fossils, pp. 46, 47, 80, 81.
1860. Athyris, Billungs. Canadian Journal, vol. v, p. 273.
1860. Spirigera, Swallow. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. i, pp. 649-652.
1861. Athyris, Newberry. Ive's Rept. on the Colorado River of the West, p. 126.
1861. Athyris, Saltek. Quai-t. Journal Geol. Soc. London, vol. xvii, \>. 64, pi. iv, fig. 4.
1861. Athyris, Billings. Canadian Journal, vol. vi, pp. 138, 145, figs. 54-57.
1861. Athyris, McChesney. New Palaeozoic Fossils, pp, 78, 79, 81.
1861. Athyris, Hall. Fourteenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 99.
1862. Athyris, Hall. Fifteenth Rept. N. Y. Stale Cab. Nat. Hist., p. ISO, figs. 1-4 ; pi. iii, figs. 10-13,
15, 16, 24.
1862. Athyris, Billings. Palseozoic Fosssils, vol. i, p. 144.
1863. Athyris, Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 373, fig. 399 ; p. 385, fig. 421.
1863. Spirigera, Swallow. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. ii, pp. 83-91.
1863. Spirigera, A. Winchell. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. vii, sec. ser., p. 6.
1863. Athyris, Davidson. Quart. Journal Geol. Soc. London, vol. xix, p. 170, pi. ix, figs. 4, 5,
1864. Athyrii, Davidson. Monogr. Brit. Devon. Brach., p. 13-19,pls. iii, iv.
? 1865. Athyris, Shaler. Bull. Mus. Comparative Zoology, No. 4, p. 69.
1865. Spirigera, A. Winchell. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. ix, i)p. 117, 118.
1866. Spirigera, A. Winchell. Geol. Rept. of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, p. 94.
84 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
1866. Afhyris, Meek and Worthen. Geol. Survey of Illinois, vol. ii, p. 2.')4, pi. xviii, fig. 8.
1866. Athyrls, Gbinitz. Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, pp. 40, 42, pi. iii, 6^s. 7-9.
? 1866. Athyris, Billings. Catalogue Silurian Fossils of Antioosti, pp. 47, 48.
1867. Athyris, Hall. Twentieth Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 152, 2.^8.
1867. Athyris, Hall. Paleontology of N. Y., vol. iv, pp. 282-293, pis. xlvi, xlvii, figs. 1-33.
1867. Athyris, Hall. American Journal Science, vol. xliv, p. 48.
1868. Athyris ? McChesney. Trans. Chicago Acad. Science, vol. i, p. 33, pi. vi, tig. 4.
1869. Spirigera (Athyris), Toula. Sitzungsb. dei- kais. Akad. der Wissensch., vol. Hx, p. 6, pi. i,
fig. .-;.
1871. Athyris, Meek. Haydens U. S. Geol. Survey of Nebraska, p. 180, pi. i, fig. 12; pi. v, fig. 8 ;
pi. viii, fig. 4.
1873. Athyris, Meek and Wouthen. Geol. Survey of Illinois, vol. v, p. 570, pi. xxv, tig. 14.
1874. Athyris, Derby. Bulletin Cornell University, vol. i, pp. 7, 10, pi. i, fig. 6, 8; pi. ii, figs. 9-12 ;
pi. iii, figs. 8, 15-21, 29 ; pi. vi, figs. 2, 16 ; pi. ix, figs. 4-6.
1875. AUiyris, Mekk. Palajontology of Ohio, vol. ii, p. 283, pi. xiv, fig. 6.
1875. Spirigera, '^MYrs. Wheeler's Expl. and Survey "West of the 100th Meridian, vol. iv, pp. 91, 92,
141 ; pi. V, figs. 11, II ; pi. x, figs. 5, 6.
1S76. Athyris, Meek. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey of the Ten-., vol. ii, pi. i, fig. 2.
1876. Athyris, Derby. Bull. Mus. Comparative Geology, vol. iii, p. 279.
1876. Athyris, Meek. Simpson's Rei>t. Expl. Great Basin of the Terr, of Utah, y. 350, pi. ii,
fig. 4.
1877. Athyris. Hall and Whitfield. King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parallel, vol. iv, pp. 256, 257. 271,
pi. iv, figs. 10, 11, 15-17; pi. v, figs. 19, 20.
1877. Athyris, Meek. King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parallel, vol. iv, pp. 81-83, pi. viii, fig. 6 ; pi. ix,
figs. 3, 4.
1878. Athyris, Dawson. Acadian Geology, third ed., p. 290, fig. 88.
1880. Athyr'cs, White. Second Ann. Rept. Indiana Bureau of Statistics and Geology, p. 502, pi. iv,
figs. 8, 9.
1881. Athyris, White. Tenth Rept. State Geologist Indiana, p, 134, pi. iv, figs. 8, 9.
1882. Athyris, Whitfielp. Bulletin Ameiican Museum of Natural History, vol. i, pp. 49, 50, pi. vi,
figs. 18-27.
1883. Athyris, Hall. Twelfth Report of the State Geologist of Indiana, pp. 328, 329, pi. xxix,
figs. 18-27.
1884. Athyris, White. Thirteenth Rept State Geologist Indiana, p. 136, pi. xxxv, figs. 6-9.
1884. Athyris, Walcott. Moiiogr. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. viii, pp. 148, 222, pi. xviii. fig. 5.
1884. Athyris, Worthen. Bull. Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 24.
1887. Athyris, Herrick. Bull. Denison University, vol. ii, p. 44, pi. ii, fig. 23.
1888. Athyris, Kbyes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 10.
1888. Athyris, Herrick. Bull. Denison University, vol. iii, p. 49, pi. ii, figs. 1, 7; vol. iv, pp. 14, 24,
pi. iii, fig. 6.
1889. Athyris Nettelrotu. Kentucky Fossil Shells, p. 87, pi. xvi, figs. 25-32.
1890. Athyris, Worthen. Geol. Survey of Illinois, vol. viii, p. 103, pi. xi, tig. 2.
" General Characteristics. — Nearly orbicular, small; no cardinal area or hinge-
line; spiral appendages very large, filling the greater part of the shell." — McCoy,
op. cit., p. 146.
Diagnosis. Shells subequally biconvex ; outline transversely elliptical, sub-
circular or elongate-subovate ; surface medially sinuate.
BRACHIOPODA. 85
In the pedicle-valve the beak is inconspicuous and incurved, usually con-
cealing the foramen and deltidial plates ; frequently, however, the former is
exposed. Cardinal slopes not well defined in the typical group. The convexity
of the valve is greatest in the umbonal region, the surface sloping evenly
to the sides, and becoming depressed on the median line into a sinus, which is
most conspicuous on the anterior margin. Beak of the brachial valve not promi-
nent; a median fold corresponds in strength to the sinus of the opposite valve.
In the interior of the pedicle-valve the deltidial plates are usually absent ;
the teeth are prominent, recurved at the tips, and supported by stout dental
lamellae, which are not produced anteriorly about the muscular area. Between
them lies a deep, transversely striated pedicle-cavity, and in front of this an
ovate muscular scar extending about one-half the length of the valve and
divided into flabellate diductors (wliich are frequently very indistinct) and nar-
row, cordate adductors. The pallial i-egion is covered with ovarian pittings
and branching sinuses.
In the brachial valve the dental sockets are broad and deep. The hinge-
plate varies considerably in form ; in the typical division of the genus it is
subtriangular in outline, and supported by stout crural plates. The median
portion is flat or concave, the lateral margins thickened and elevated. At the
apex of the plate and just within the beak of the valve is a circular perforation
(visceral foramen), which is continued beneath the plate into the cavity of the
valve. The anterior margin of the plate is straight or slightly concave, occa-
sionally trilobate, and the crura are attached at the extremities of the lateral
ridges. Sometimes the outline of the hinge-plate is rendei'ed subquadrate by
the development of two post-lateral expansions.
The brachidium consists of spiral cones lying base to base, with their apices
directed laterally. The form of these cones varies with that of the internal
cavity, but as a rule they are much compressed vertically, the posterior curva-
ture being short and convex, while the anterior curve is long and sometimes
depressed. The crura originate from the hinge-plate at a large angle, are long
and convergent ; the primary lamellaB arising from their extremities, make
an angular curve at their origin, thence, in the typical species, curving deeply
86
PALMONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
upward and backward, to form the first volution. The spirals are connected
by a loop, which takes its origin on the first hall' of the primary lamellae, the
FIO. 57.
Diagram of the structure of the brachidium in Athyris.
X. Spiral coil. s. Saddle.
a. Primary lanielliB of spiral coil. m. Fimbriated extensions of saddle.
a^. Secondary Ianiell<e. t. Stem of loop.
a". Umbonal blades. f. Arms of loop.
c. Crura. 6. Accessory lamellae.
I, Loop. n. Fimbria on outer margins of lamellae,
c. Latf^ral branches nf loop.
two lateral lamellae converging, and uniting at about half the distance across
the base of the cones, to form a broad saddle with a convex upper surface ; the
anterior extremity of this saddle may be simple or divided ; its posterior por-
tion is narrowed, inclined downward or toward the beak of the brachial valve
for a short distance, thence it rises abruptly toward the umbo of the pedicle-
valve, and bifurcates near the extremities of the crura, each branch following
the curvature of the primary lamellae and continuing for only a part of the dis-
tance between the ends of the crura and the origin of the loop. These acces-
sory lamellae vary somewhat in form, are narrower than the ribbon of the coil,
and lie between the primary, and the first band of the secondary lamellae.
>
'/ v^
0
o
sy''
Fig. 68. yiQ 59
Fig. 5S. Vertical section of Athyris mbUlita, Hall, just back of the loop ; showing the crura (c) and the accessory
Fig. 59. Vertical section of Athyris subtilita, Hall, through the stem of the loop. This view shows the great width
01 the primary lamella), the inclination of the accessory lamella (a, a) to them, and the thickened inner
edges of the secondary lamellaj. (Cj
BRACHIOPODA. 87
The muscular area consists of a long, ovate scar, which is divided into a
subquadrate posterior pair, and a subcordate anterior pair of adductor impres-
sions. These are separated longitudinally by a very faint median ridge. On
casts of the interior the filling of the visceral foramen in the hinge-plate fre-
quently shows a cross-striation like that of the pedicle-cavity of the opposite
valve, and also indicates that the median ridge is continued throughout the
extent of this passage.
The surface of the valves is variously ornamented ; in the typical group, at
each concentric growth-line, there is a broad lamellar expansion ; in some cases
this expansion is striated longitudinally; or it may be divided into flat spines,
which merge into the lamella at their bases; again the spines may be long and
tubular, but connected by the laminar expansions. The surface frequently
appears to be smooth, or covered only with concentric strias, and in one of the
largest subdivisions of the genus (Seminula) this is a normal condition, while in
other divisions it is often altogether casual.
Shell-substance fibrous, impunctate.
Type, Terebratula concentrica, von Buch. Middle Devonian.
Observations. The number of species which, in common usage, are referred
to Athyris, is very great. This name, like those of some other genera,
Orthis, Strophomena, Atrypa, etc., has been a convenient receptacle for forms
whose intimate relations were not thoroughly known; but the investigations of
King, Davidson, Glass, Zugmayer, Bittner, and other careful students of the
spiriferous brachiopods, have done much to eliminate from this association
some of the more positively heterogeneous material. The diagnosis above
given is restricted pretty closely to the essential characters of the well known
species, Terebratula concentrica, von Buch, which, in the absence of any specified
type, is usually, and quite properly regarded as the typical species, being
it is the first in the list of descriptions accompanying the original account of
the genus. McCoy applied the term Athyris to shells, which in his belief,
possessed no apical foramen or deltidium, but more careful observation soon
.showed that the concealment of the cardinal area was but a condition of
88 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
o-rowth, developed earlier in some species than in others, and hence the term
was essentially a misnomer. On this account some authors, particularly the
French and German writers, have preferred to use the term Spirigera, pro-
posed by d'Orbignv in 1847* to replace Athyris, and founded on the same
species. The term Euthvris, also, was proposed by the late Professor Quen-
STEDTjf but it has not come into general use. Among generic appellations
there are too many misnomers which have an established and positive value,
to permit the rejection of the term Athyris without great inconvenience,
attended by no equivalent advantage. The term is therefore used in a re-
stricted application and substantial reasons will be given for a subdivision of
the genus.|
The essential feature which forms the basis of union of all the variations of
the genus here discussed, is the nature of the loop. This complicated struc-
ture was first demonstrated by Davidson in 1857 § for the species Athyris
pecti?iifera, Sowerby. Since that date our knowledge of this organ has become
more extended and more exact, and we now know its peculiarities in several
species from the Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian faunas.
Athyris concentrica, representing a combination of characters which expresses
the typical phase of athyroid structure, is distinguished from the subordinate
divisions of the genus by the following differences :
(a) The usually transverse form ; this is a feature subject to variation, but
throughout the group this outline is striking, simply from the frequency
of its occurrence.
(h) The lamellar expansions or varices at the concentric growth-lines are
simple, that is, are not split up into spinules, nor do they embrace
such spinules, but are usually transversely striated. They are often
highly developed toward the margins of the valves, but are generally
* Comptes rendus, vol. xxv, p. 268.
t Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands, p. 442. 1871.
J Students who may wish to follow the vai'iation of opinion in regard to the value of the genus Atutris,
are referi-ed to a paper by the late Mr. Billings, Palaeontologist of the Geological Survey of Canada, " On
the Classification of the Subdivisions of McCoy's .Genus Athyris, as determined by the Laws of Zoological
Nomenclature ; " American .Tournal of Science, vol. xliv (1867), p. 48. See, also, vol. xxxiii of the same
Journal, pp. 127, et seq.
§ British Permian Biachiopoda, p. 21.
BRACHIOPODA.
89
absent, probably from abrasion, on the earlier portions of the shell, and,
as already observed, are frequently entirely lost.
{c) The hinge-plate is triangular, flat rather than concave in the middle, and
without post-lateral expansions; it is, moreover, not elevated above
the plane of the margins of the valve.
{(l) The union of the primary lamellae with the crura is more or less obtuse,
the former making a curve upward, away from the crura, passing them
again near the hinge-plate ; thus appearing to make a noose on each
side at their origin.*
(e) The loop is very long, its origin from the primary lamellae being at or in
front of the middle of their length.
Fig. 60. Fig. 61.
The crura and loop of Athyris spiriferoides, Eaton.
(C.)
(/) The saddle of the loop is broad and undivided at its anterior extremity.
(g) The arms, or accessory lamella of the loop, are narrow.
{h) The saddle, accessory lamellse and spiral bands are without spinules or
fimbria.
Fig. 63.
The crura and loop of Athyris vittata, Hall.
Fig. 63.
(c.)
Of American species which are referable to this typical division of Athvris,
may be cited: A. spiriferoides, Eaton, of the Corniferous limestone and Hamilton
* This peculiar structure was first shown by Mr. R. P. Whitfield, for the species of A. vittata, Hall,
and A. spiriferoides, Eaton, in Volume IV of the Palsontology of New York.
90 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
group ; A. Cora, Hall, of the Hamilton group ; A. vi'tata* Hall, of the Cornifer-
ous limestone and Hamilton group; A. Angelica, Hall, of the Chemung group;
A. lumellosa, Leveille, of the Waverly and Keokuk groups ; A. incrassata, Hall,
of the Burlington limestone, and A. Hannibalensis, Swallow, of the Choteau
limestone.
Subgenus CLIOTHYRIS, King. 1850.
This name was introduced by Professor Phillips, in 1841,f as a substitute for
Dalman's term Atrypa, which this author did not regard as appropriate. The
term was not subsequently used by him, nor was any typical species mentioned,
so that in its original application the term has no meaning. Subsequently, and
perhaps unfortunately, Professor William King revived the name, J giving a
careful diagnosis and specifying as his type of the genus, Atrypa pedinifera, J.
de C. Sowerby.
His description was : " Generally lenticular in form ; minutely punctured ;
with variously characterised projecting laminae of growth ; Spirals pectinated ;
Dental plates large and separated ; Crural base perforated ; Foramen situated at
the point of the umbone, and open inferiorly by the fissure."
At this date the genus Athyris was not closely restricted or well understood.
King followed McCoy in regarding Terebratula concentrica, von Buch, as its type,
and demonstrated, though imperfectly, the existence of a process connecting
the spiral coils of the shell.
Atrypa pedinifera is a Permian species which varies from the structure in the
typical division of Athyris in the following respects : The surface ornamenta-
tion consists of broad, thin, lamellar expansions which are divided almost,
and sometimes quite to their bases, into long, flat spinules; hinge-plate nar-
row and rather acutely triangular ; the primary lamellae are attached to the
* These three species are pretty constant in their differences, the first being transverse, squamous forms,
the others more orbiculai- and retaining- but traces of the laminffi. The species present variations which
are included by European palaeontologists within the limits of Athyris coiictntrica, von Buch.
t Paleozoic Fossils of Cornwall, Devon and West Somerset, p. 55.
X The Permian Fossils of Eng-land, p. 137.
BRACHIOPODA.
91
crura not only at their apices but for a short dis-
tance along their inner faces, not making the
nooses peculiar to Athyris proper ; they are broad
and blade-like, narrowing beyond the insertion of
the loop ; the loop is situated posteriorly ; the
accessory lamellae are narrow near their origin,
broaden and then taper again, having the shape of
a sickle. The spiral ribbon, from the figures given
by Davidson and King, appears to be pectinated on
all its outer edges, but it has not been shown that
the anterior extremity of the loop is similarly
ornamented.
FIG. 64.
The fimbriated spirals ot Athyris pectin-
t/"«-<», Sowerby. (DAVIDSON.)
These features are of sufficient significance to distinguish this group of
species from the typical division of the genus. It must be granted, that as the
really essential differences are in the structure of the spirals and loop, it
will be impossible to make a final arrangement of these species until their
internal structure has been fully elucidated. Temporarily, however, the char-
acter of the external ornament may be relied upon, inasmuch as we know
the internal arrangements with which it is associated in the type-species,
Cliothyris pedinifera.
This subgenus is equivalent to Waagen's section Ornat.e, typified by the
Athyris Roysii, Leveille,* under which he includes, besides A. Roysii and A.
pedinifera, five new species {A. subexpansa, A. capillata, A. semiconcava, A. acuto-
marginalis, A. globulina), all from the upper and lower divisions of the Productus
limestone of the Salt-Range of India. In American faunas Cliothyris is rep-
resented by the species usually identified as A. Roysii, in the Waverly and
Keokuk divisions of the lower Carboniferous, A. hirsuta. Hall (= A. americana,
Swallow), from the St. Louis and Chester limestones, and A. sublamellosa, Hall,
from the Burlington limestone.
* Pi-oductus limestone Fossils, p. 473. 1883.
92 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Subgenus ACTINOCONCHUS, McCoy. 1844.
In the same work that contained the original description of Athyris, McCoy
proposed the above term for a shell which he described as Actinoconchus
paradoxus.
" General Characteristics. — Shell globose ; the margin of both valves greatly
extended, forming a flat, circular, striated disc ; spiral appendages as in Athy-
ris."—{Op. cil, p. 149.)
Its affinities with Athyris were evident to the author, and later writers have
regarded it simply as a synonym for that term. The Actinoconchus paradoxus
was subsequently shown by Davidson to be the same shell as Phillips' Spirifera
(^Athyris) planosulcata (1836), which McCoy had himself identified among the
Carboniferous fossils of Ireland from desquamated specimens (p. 148 ).*
There seem to be excellent reasons for reinstating this term in its original
application, as Athyris planosulcata is a strongly individualized species which
may well serve as the type of a group.
It is characterized by the extravagant development of the concentric lamel-
lar expansionsf which are striated radially by distant sulci " about half a line
apart" (Davidson). These expansions appear to be actually fine, tubular spines
connected by, or imbedded in a tenuous calcareous plate. The interior of the
pedicle-valve bears a median septum which traverses the pedicle-cavity and
half the length of the shell; also two strong dental plates which are continued
forward, slightly diverging, for more than one-half the length of the septum.
Mr. Davidson has given elaborate illustrations of the spirals and loop of this
species, from preparations by the Rev. Norman Glass,| and from them it appears
that the latter organ, the loop, has essentially the same conformation as in
Cliothyris pectinifera, though it is placed further forward (see Silurian Supple-
ment, p. 98, fig. 1.). The saddle of the loop is neither divided nor pectinated,
while the spiral ribbon bears short spinules " on the edge and face of the lamellae
fronting the sides of the shell " (Davidson). Athyris planosulcata is a species
* McCoy afterwards referred the species to the grenus Athyris : British PaL-eozoic Fossils, p. 436. 1855.
t See Davidson's superb figures in Carboniferous Brachiopoda, pi. xvi., figs. 7, 8.
i Supplement to British Silurian Brachiopoda, p. 98, figs. 1, 2, pi. iv, figs. 14-19.
BRACHIOPODA. 93
which has a wide distribution through the lower and upper Carboniferous of
England, Ireland and Belgium.
Subgenus SEMINULA, McCoy. 1844.
This is another term proposed in the " Synopsis of the Carlwniferous Fossils
of Ireland," which has been absorbed into the genus Athyris by later writers.
On page 150 of his work, McCoy mentions Seminula as " a genus formed for
the reception of those little species which have a minute perforation but want
the deltidium," and further, on page 158, describes the genus as follows:
" General Characteristics. — Shell small, subpentagonal ; smooth or slightly
plaited at the margin ; beak of the dorsal valve small, with a minute perfora-
tion; no deltidium.
" The species of this genus are all small ; the margin frequently indented,
but no distinct plaits on the surface ; the outline is usually more or less pent-
agonal ; the beak has a very minute foramen for the passage of the muscle of
attachment, but there is no deltidium separating the foramen from the hinge.
" The genus is peculiar to the Palaeozoic rocks."
In this place the author described three species, the first of which, Seminula
pentahedra, Phillips (sp.), may be taken as the type in absence of any specified
typical species. Phillips' species has been shown to be synonymous with Spir-
ifer ambiguus, Sowerby, and is antedated by it. The other forms referred, in
the work cited and subsequently, to Seminula by McCoy, have been shown by
Davidson to be not congeneric with .S. {Athyris) ambigua. No generic import-
ance can now be given to the apparent absence of the deltidium in this shell ;
it is simply concealed as in many other Athyres by the incurvature of the
beak. Mr. Davidson has described and elaborately figured the Athyris am-
bigua* and from his work, with the aid of a series of specimens from the Car-
boniferous limestone of Great Britain, f it appears that the shell has certain
characters which do not permit its easy association with the other subdivisions
of Athyris. The smooth exterior of the species, its subpentahedral form and
* Carboniferous Brachiopoda, p. 77, pi. xv, figs. 16-22 ; pi. xvii, figs. 11-14. 1858.
t For some of which we have been indebted to Prof. John Young, of the Hunteriaii Museum, Glasgow.
94 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
sinuate valves are distinctive features and to these must be added the peculiar
character of the muscular scars. This subtype is largely represented in the
American Carboniferous faunas and from an examination of its various species
we deduce the following characterization :
Shells transverse, often elongate or ficiform ; valves biconvex, the pedicle-
valve with a median sinus over the pallial region, and the brachial valve with a
corresponding ridge ; both sinus and fold may be divided by a sharp median
sulcus extending from the umbones to the margins. There is frequently evi-
dence of a single obscure lateral fold on each side of both valves. The umbo
of the pedicle-valve is incurved and the deltidial area is usually concealed; the
foramen, however, is exposed as a circular or ovate aperture which encroaches
on the substance of the valve. In the pedicle-valve the diductor muscular im-
pressions are very faintly defined ; the adductor and pedicle impressions are as
in the typical forms of Athyris. In the brachial valve the hinge-plate is highly
developed, its upper face being subquadrate in outline, concave on the surface,
the concavity deepening toward the visceral foramen which lies just beneath
the beak ; not infrequently the foramen is closed by secretions of testaceous
matter. The posterior flanges of the plate pass beyond the hinge-line and into
the umbonal cavity of the opposite valve. The anterior face of the plate is
erect and the anterior edge somewhat trilobed, the lateral lobes bearing the
crural bases. The crura are straight and their attachment to the primary
lamellae is of the same character as in Cliothyris, etc.
The primary lamellae, on the umbonal curve, are broad,
the loop usually situated posteriorly. The saddle of the
loop is often bilobed on its anterior margin, and frequently fig. ss.
, . . Loop of Athyris trinuclea,
both it and the outer margins of the ribbon of the sec- naii. m- i-ouis ime-
-, . r, • Stone. (c.)
ondary volutions are fimbriated.
The muscular impressions of this valve are very narrow, and subdivided into
two pairs of elongate scars. The members of the posterior pair are divided
by a median septum or ridge, which begins beneath, though it does not support
the hinge-plate. Branching vascular sinuses are sometimes retained over the
pallial region of both valves.
BRACHIOPODA.
95
Surface of the valves smooth, that is, with sharp, concentric striae which
were never produced into lamellag.
The shells which constitute this group were apparently confined to the faunas
of the Carboniferous age. The number of species in American faunas is not
great, but we have now a pretty thorough understanding of four, Alhyris sub-
quadrafa. Hall; A. trinuclea. Hall, of the St. Louis limestone; A. Daivsoni, sp.
nov.,* of the lower Carboniferous beds of Windsor, Nova Scotia; and A. sub-
tilita, Hall,f of the upper Carboniferous.
Tn all these species we now know the structure of the loop, and though in
each it has a characteristic form, its variations are not of great significance.
FIG. 67.
The loop of Seminula subtilita, Hali.
(C.)
In A. subtilita its position is more posterior than in the other species, the
umbonal blades of the primary and accessory lamellae are broader, the saddle
* Identified by Davidson as A. subtilita. See Quarterly Journal Geolog-ical Society, vol. xix.
t Athyris subtilita is a protean species, some of whose variations in g-eneral form are illustrated en the
accompanying- plates. One feels at tirst disinclined to include under the same sjiecific designation the
broadly ticiform, the narrow elongate, the sinuate, non-sinuate, and trilobed shells which are customarily
thus referred ; but very abundant mateiial shows the difficulty of separating them. The typical form of the
species is the elongate shell, broad over the pallial region, and the extreme variations from this type of ex-
terior m.ay have a more or less important faunal or geological value. For example, the most abundant
representative of the species occurring in the upper Coal Measures about Kansas City, is a narrow, elongate,
slightly sinuate shell, one extreme of variation ; again, we have been supplied by Professor S. Calvin with
a series of specimens from Winterset, Iowa, some of which are as deeply trilobate on the anterior margins as
extreme forms of A. siibquadiata ; in both instances these variations are found to pass into the typical form
of the species by insensible gradations, and as far as known there is little variability in the structure of the
interior. In the St. Louis limestone at Pella, Iowa, there occurs a form which it is impossible to sejiarale
from A. svhtillta ; the occurrence of the species at so low an horizon is exceptional, while throughout the
Coal Measures it is wide and characteristic.
96
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
deeply bilobed, its anterior margin and the edges of the secondary volutions
fimbriate. The precise value of this pectination of the ,;;.;--.
saddle and coils it is difficult to determine ; it appears
to be developed differently in different individuals. We
are not satisfied as to the existence of this character in
A. trinuclea and A. subquadrata, but in A. Dawsoni it is
absent. Some individuals give indication of the pectina-
tion of the stem and the accessory lamellae of the loop,
and it has been shown by Zugmayer that in Athyris
{Spirigera) oxycolpus, Emmrich, of the Rhaetic beds, the
accessory lamellse are deeply serrated, a feature coexist-
ing with a bilobed saddle.*
In A. subquadrata the lateral branches of the loop are long and projected for-
ward at a sharp angle. In A. trinuclea, the origin of the loop is more anterior,
the lateral br.anches erect and high, the surface of the bilobed saddle being
close under the opposite side of the coils. Athyris Dawsoni is a very interesting
Fig. 68.
Pectinated loop of Athyris
oxycolpits, Emmrich.
(ZlTGMATEB.)
Fig. 69. Fig. 70. Fig. 71.
The loop of Athyris (Seminula) Dawsoni, sp. nov.; showing the variation in devclopniont of the saddle in different
individuals. Fig. 70 is a view from the umhonal region of the specimen represented in Fig. 69, indicating the
marginal position of the accessory lamellse upon the umbonal blades. (C.)
form occurring with most beautiful and exceptional preservation, the brachi-
dium being retained with the slightest incrustation of calcareous matter upon
it; all the rest of the shell and the filling of its interior cavity being removed.
In this species the loop is normally almost without a saddle; at the union of
the lateral branches there is a slight forward protuberance on each side, the
stem arising therefrom almost without angulation ; the accessory lamellse, as
shown in the accompanying figures, lie upon the inner edges of the primary
* Zugmayer, Untersuchungen ueber rhaetische Brachiopoden ; Beitiaege zur PalEeontologie ffisterreich-
Ungai-ns und des Orients, pi. iii, figs. 21-23, and p. 353, figs. 1-3. 1SS2.
BRACHIOPODA.
97
lamellae, and not between the primary and secondary lamellge as usual ; further-
more, these accessory lamellaB are very narrow.*
While from our present knowledge the group of Seminui.a nuist be regarded as
confined to the Carboniferous (and Permian?) formations, there is a little species
in the white sandstone of Pendleton, Indiana, in a fauna having much similar-
ity to that of the Schoharie grit of New York, which has many of the internal
shell-characters of A. suhtilita. This species, Athyris Rogem,f sp. nov., occurs
in the condition of internal casts which show tlie form of the shell and the
muscular impressions as described for Seminula, the subquadrate and perforate
hinge-plate and the faint median septum in the brachial valve. The brachidium
has not been developed. No other Devonian species showing similar affinities
is known.
From our present knowledge, the athyroids, of the American palaeozoic
faunas appeared with this form, at the opening of the Devonian age. Mr.
Davidson has illustrated the spirals of a Wenlock species, Terebratula laviuscula,
Sowerby,J which seemed to show the existence of accessory lamellae. This
little shell has recently been closely investigated by the Pvev. Norman Glass,§
who finds that the loop forms no saddle, and that the intercalary lamellae are
* 111 the progress of this work some shells were received from a colleclion formei-ly belonging to the Rev.
H, Herzbr, of Berea, Ohio, bearing the label "Athyris
aiiibigua, Cork, Irelaml." The specimens possess a
rather more transvei-se form than usual in A. ambigua,
and the faint cancellation of the exfoliated sui-face
would indicate that it was originally spinous oi- lamel-
lose. It is evident that the species is not A. ambigua,
but its specific identity is still uncertain. There is,
however, no species of Athyris of which the loop is
known, where this organ (as shown in the accompany-
ing figure) is so short and so closely confined to the
umbonal region. The lateral branches originate from
the pi imary lamellae with a very slight anterior curve,
being almost horizontal for a short distance ; the um-
bonal blades of the primary lamelliE are very broad,
beginning in an abrupt angle with the crura and hav-
ing a slight curvature. The saddle is entire on the
anterior margin and not fimbriate.
t Named for Di-. Benjamin Rogers, of Pendleton, in recognition of his intei-est in the development of
the fauna of this locality.
I British Silurian Brachiopoda, Supplement, p. 101, pi. iv, figs. 24-2().
§ Geological Magazine, Dec. Ill, vol. viii, p. 495. 1891.
FIG. 72.
Loop of Athyris, sp. ?, Carbonilerous limestone, Cork (?).
(C.)
98 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
short compared with those of a typical Athyris and make but a short curve within
the primary lamellte. A very peculiar feature of this structure is the absence
of an upright athyroid stem, the bifurcation of the intercalary lamellai taking
place at the point of union of the lateral supports of the loop, tlie whole
apparatus having thus, the form of an inclined X, with its upper tips curved
outward. The demonstration of this structure justifies the conclusion of Mr.
Glass that the species is not an Athyris, but another of such incipient stages
of athyroid structure as are represented by Meristina, Whitfieldella, etc.,
though lacking the upright jugal stem which all those possess. Mr. Glass has
proposed to place the species under Davidson's genus Bifida, where it might
perhaps rest, were we confident of the accuracy of the determination of the
loop in B. lepida as given by Mr. Davidson (see discussion of the genus
Bifida), but as the shell certainly represents a distinct variation of structure
from any heretofore observed, it will be far more satisfactory to recognize this
fact l)y giving the species some distinctive term, as Glassina.
Subgenus SPIRIGERELLA, Waagen. 1883.
1862. Athyris, Davidson. Qiiai'tei-Iy Journal Geol. Soc. London, voL xviii, p. 28, pi. i, fig'. 8.
1863. Athyris, De Koninck. Foss. Paleoz. de ITnde., p. 33, pi. ix, fig'. 8.
1867. Athyris, Vekchkre. Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxxvi, pt. ii, p. 210, pi. ii, tigs. I, 1 a.
1874. Athyris, Derby. Bull. Cornell University, vol. i, No. 2, p. 7, pi. i, fig. 7.
1883. fSpirigerella, Waagen. Palfeontologia Indica, p. 450.
Dr. Waagen has proposed to separate from Athyris a considerable group of
species, under the term Spirigerella. Adhering pretty strictly to the broader
characters of the type-species, S. Derbyi, Waagen, it would seem that his asso-
ciation of species* under this term is to a certain degree heterogeneous ; at all
events, the group conforming in exterior characters to Spirigerella Derbyi, has
a peculiar expression not shared by such forms as S. grandis, S. media, S. ovoid-
alis, and S. fusiformis, Waagen.
The distinctive features of Spirigerella are as follows: Exteriorly the
shells are elongate, but may be transverse; their contour shows a decided tend-
* Ten in number, from the Carboniferous rocks of the Salt-Range.
BRACHIOPODA. 99
ency to piano-convexity, the pedicle-valve being de- /\
pressed by a broad, flat sinus, and the brachial valve ^KJ/^ ^
considerably elevated ; the cardinal slopes are more \^br^=^^^***'
or less pronounced ; the surface is smooth or with ^^^ .^
sharp, concentric growth-lines, which were not pro- ''""'' "' ^'""^"''"'' "^\\y'^^l'^l^"''
duced into lamellae or spines. On the interior the hinge-plate is high, the
anterior face being erect, the upper fixce subquadrate in outline and concave,
the posterior face extending considerably beyond the hinge ; perforated by
a visceral foramen. The loop is situated pretty well back and its structure
is essentially like that in Athyris planosulcata ; in S. Derbyi, however, the
saddle of the loop, which is entire on its anterior margin, bears a median
septum on its summit, extending from its anterior edge to the bifurcation of
the stem ; a feature not elsewhere observed among the athyroids, except in
Kayseria.
In several respects these characters do not permit the assimilation of forms
following the type of Spirigerella Derbiji, with any of the foregoing subdivisions.
This subgenus and Seminula include only species with smooth shells ; in
Spirigerella the hinge-plate attained a larger size than in any other group,
though its structure does not differ from that of Athyris subtilita.
It will accomplish an excellent purpose to restrict the term Spirigerella to
forms having the subplano-convex contour, strongly developed cardinal slopes,
and the septiferous loop. As far as the first two of these features are concerned,
such a restriction would include all the forms embraced by Waagen in the typical
division of the genus (S. Derbyi, S. pralonga, S. hybrida, S. minuta, Waagen), and
also those referred to the group of S. numismalis {S. numismalis and S. alata,
Waagen) ; while it eliminates the group of S. grandis {S. grandis, S. media, S.
ovoidalis, S. fusiformix, Waagen). How far the structure of the loop in the re-
stricted group agrees with that of S Derbyi, has yet to be demonstrated ; but
S. grandis, the only species besides S. Derbyi of which the loop is described, has
not this vertical septum on the saddle, nor has it, or the group it represents,
the contour of the closer allies of S. Derbyi, but is a more regular, elongate and
biconvex shell. It seems probable that this group of Indian species will
100
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
more naturally rest in association with Seminula subtilita than with the group
of Spirigerella Derbyi.
We have no satisfactory evidence of the occurrence of Spirigerella in
North American faunas.
The type of structure characterizing Athyris is continued beyond the
Palaeozoic, being abundantly represented in the Alpine Trias faunas. These
later fossils have been studied by various authors, and most recently de-
scribed by BiTTNER,* who has subdivided them into a number of groups all of
which he holds subordinate in generic value to Spirigkra ( = Athyris). Of
these, two principal divisions are made :
(I) Forms with simple spirals ;
(II) Forms with double spiral bands.
Of the former are :
1. The "genuine Spirigeras"; under which are included:
a. Smooth forms.
b. Species with sloping shoulders', retzioid rather than athyroid in out-
line, and bearing on the surface a few sharp plications, which, at
the margin, are opposite, not alternate ; Plicigera.
74. Fig. 7S.
Fijf. 74. Tetractinella trigonella, Schlotheim.
Fig. 75. Loop 01" Dioristella indistincta, Beyricli.
Fig. 76. Amphitomella hemisphtBroidica, Klipstein.
(UlTTNER.)
* Brachiopoden der Alpinen Trias: Abhaiidl. der k. k. geolog. Reichsanst., Bnd. xiv. 1890.
BRACHIOPODA. 101
ij. Tetractinella includes forms with four ribs on each valve.
6.,. Pentactinella includes those with five ribs on each valve.
6.5. Anomactinella includes those with a number of ribs sharply de-
veloped toward the margin.
2. Amphitomella ; smooth shells with a very strong cardinal plate, and a
median septum in each valve extending the entire length of the shell
and dividing the cavity into two chambers.
3. Dioristella; smooth shells having a loop whose lateral branches return
upon themselves, somewhat as in Meristella.
Genus KAYSERIA, Davidson. 1882.
PLATE XLI.
1841. Orthis, Phillips. Palaeozoic Fossils Cornwall, Devon and West Somerset, p. 65, pi. xxvi, tig-. 110.
1842. Orthis, d'Archiac and de Vekneuil. Descr. Older Deposits Rhenisii Provinces ; Trans. Geo!.
Society, London, sec. ser., vol. vi, p. 396.
1853. Orthis, Steininger. Geog-n. Beschreibung- der Eifel, p. 80, pi. v, tig. 5.
1864. Atrypa, Davidson. British Devonian Brachiopoda, p. 51, pi. x, fig. 1.
1871. Retzia, Quenstedt. Petret'actenkunde Deutschlands ; Brachiopoden, pi. li, tigs. 21-25.
1871. Retzia, Katser. Zeit.sch. der deutsch. geolog. Gesellsch., vol. xxiii, p. 161.
1882. Kayseria, Davidson. Devonian Brachiopoda, Supplement, p.'21, pi. ii, figs. 11, 12.
Orthis lens, Phillips, the type-species of this genus, is a small middle Devonian
shell, with depressed-conve.x or lenticular valves, radially plicated exterior,
and a median plicated sinus on both valves. Its external expression is not unlike
that of some of the retziiform species which belong to the genus Rhynchospira,
though it possesses an impunctate shell. The complicated internal organiza-
tion has been elaborated by the Rev. Norman Glass and described at length by
Mr. Davidson. The pedicle-valve bears a low, thickened median ridge, but is
otherwise devoid of pronounced peculiarities. In the brachial valve there is a
high median septum which arises from beneath the divided hinge-plate and
reaches its greatest elevation at a point behind the center of the valve, whence
it descends rather abruptly, traversing altogether about two-thirds the length
of the valve.
The spiral cones form sharp angles with the crura, and are directed laterally ;
the loop is very stout, taking its origin at about one-third the length of the
102
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
primary ribbon ; it is directed somewhat posteriorly, its lateral elements unit-
ing to form a short saddle which rests upon, and is supported by the most
elevated part of the median septum. According to Davidson's preparations
the loop is continued into an upright simple stem, from the summit of which
diverge the accessory lamellae. At this point our own preparations do not
fully corroborate this account, but indicate rather that this upright stem is
continued completely across the umbonal cavity and comes into contact with
the opposite valve, resting upon the median ridge of that valve, or with its
extremity inserted into a groove upon that ridge.
We further find that the accessory lamelliB originate from a posterior eleva-
tion or process arising from the saddle of the
loop and are given off at points just in front of
the crural angles. The ribbon of the principal
spiral cones is comparatively broad, thickened
on the inner margins, making six or seven
volutions in a full-grown shell. The accessory
lamellae are also produced into spirals which though more delicate are composed
of as many volutions as the principal spirals. At their outset the branches of
the accessory lamelli^ pass between the first and second volutions of the princi-
pal ribbon, and the two are intercoiled in this manner for their entire extent.
Katseria is thus an athyroid with double spirals and the only species known
FIG. 77.
Approximate deteiminalion of the loop in
Kfiyseria lens, Phillips.
(c.l
FIG. 78. FIG. 79.
Fig. 78. PexideUa Strokmayeri, .Suess.
"Fip. 79. IHplospirella Wissmanni, Miinster.
(BiTTNER.)
BRACHIOPODA. 103
in palasozoic faunas in wliich tlie accessory lamellae attain so high a develop-
ment. As already observed, Bittner has detected a number of such
double-spired forms in the Alpine Trias, over all of which he extends the
generic term Athvris (or Spirigera), though he has introduced for them a
number of subordinate names based upon slight differences of structure, as
follows :
Pexidella ; smooth forms with thickened shells, and loop of inconspicuous
size.
DiPLOSPiRELLA ; smooth forms without shell-thickening and with prominent
loop.
EuRACTiNELLA ; ciuctured forms with slightly developed area and broad ribs
separated by deep, narrow furrows.
Anisactinella ; forms with alternating ribs, area and elevated deltidium.
The duplication of the spirals has also been observed in other Triassic genera,
notably Koninckina, Suess, and Amphiclina, Laube ;* shells differing from
Kayseria and its Triassic allies in so many other points of structure that a close
phyletic connection between them seems highly improbable.
Genus RETZIA, King. 1850.
PLATE L.
1845. Terebmiida, de Vernecil. Ball, ile la Soc. g-eol. de France, second sei-., vol. xi, p. 471, pi. xiv,
figs. 10 ad.
18S0. Retz'm, King. Monogr. Permian Foss. England, p. 137.
1854. Retzia, Davidson. Inti'od. British Fossil Brachiopoda, p. S8, jil. vi, tig. 77.
1886. Retzia. (Ehlurt. Annates Sci. Geol., vol xix. No. 1, p. 24, pi. xi, tigs. 11 -19.
" A Spiriferidia ; in general oval longitudinally ; ribbed or striated ; with
long punctures. Large valve foraminated at or near the apex of the umbone;
with a triangular area, and a closed fissure. Type Terebratula Adrieni, De Ver-
neuil." (King, Monogr. of the Permian Fossils of England, p. 137.)
The term Retzia has come into general use as a designation for palaeozoic
brachiopods which have an elongate-ovate form and radially plicated exterior.
*See Ladbb, Die Fauna der Schichten von St. Cassian, Zweit. Abtheil., p. 28. 1865.
Bbechbr, American Journal of Science, vol. xl, p. 211, pi. ii. 1890.
104 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Many of the species originally included under this designation have been re-
moved by the establishment of such generic divisions as Rhynchospira, Trema-
TospiRA, EuMETRiA ; but, as the determination of generic values in all these
fossils is usually attended with difficulties, it is highly probable, and indeed cer-
tain that there are several distinct types of generic structure represented among
the commoner species referi'ed to Retzia. It will be necessary to determine
the value of this genus from the characters of the species Terebratula Adrieni,
designated by Professor King as its type ; and our observations upon it lead
to the belief that, strictly regarded, it presents a type of structure of rare
occurrence, and with present knowledge no other species can be placed in the
same association.
Terebratula Adrieni was described by de Verneuil in 1845* from the lower
Devonian of Spain, but our fuller knowledge of the species is due to the de-
scriptions and figures given by Dr. CEhlert, who has identified it from the
lower Devonian of the Departement de la Sarthe, Sable, Brulon, etc.,
France, f
With the help of Dr. (Ehlert's published work and with his most consider-
ate personal assistance, | we have made an earnest endeavor to develop the
structure of the brachidium in this species. Unfortunately the specimens
accessible were filled with a hard, opaque calcareous material, and such details
as have been made out were obtained by the process of serial transverse section-
ing. The nature of the interior of the brachial valve and the structure of the
hinge-plate had already been demonstrated by (Ehlert, and the results obtained
in regard to the structure of the loop are so peculiar as to require corroboration,
which the material at hand does not permit. The following account of the
characters of the species represents the sum of our present knowledge of the
genus.
* Bulletin de la Socifite geol. de Fiance. 2d Ser., torn. 11, p. 471, pi. xiv, figs. 10, a-d.
t See CEhlbrt; Etudes sur quelques Fosailes devoniens de I'Ouest de Fiance; Annales Sci. G6ol.,
t. six. No. 1, p. 24, pi. xi, figs. 11-19. 1886.
X Appreciating the necessity of making a thorough study of this rare species, we twice applied to Ur.
CEhlkrt for specimens, and he has most generously met tliese requests, not only with a number of examples
from the Departement de la Sarthe, but with copies of unpublished sketches of sections. This generosity
and spirit of helpfulness is most cordially acknowledged.
BRACHIOPODA. 105
Shell elongate-oval, rather broad over the pallial region. Surface covered
with rather coarse, angular, usually simple plications. There is a trace of an
indistinct median sinus on the pedicle-valve in which the plications are slightly
smaller than those adjoining. The umbo of the pedicle-valve is incurved and
its apex truncated by a circular foramen. The deltidiuni is triangular, flat, or
arched by the incurvature of the beak ; the deltidial plates are tirmly anchyl-
osed into a single piece and the original line of symphysis is represented by a
thickened ridge. The edges of the cardinal area are well defined, but not alate
on either valve, the beak and area of the brachial valve being entirely concealed
by incurvature. The cardinal slopes are broad and smooth. On the interior of
the pedicle-valve the teeth are rather small, and are supported by thin lamellae
which traverse the umbonal cavity and rest on the bottom of the shell. These
lamellae are produced forward for a short distance, limiting, posteriorly, the
muscular area. The apical portion of the umbonal cavity contains a longitud-
inal tube attached by one side to the inner surface of the deltidiura. Just
within the outer opening of the foramen this tube appears to have been closed
on all sides, but further toward the cardinal margin it becomes split along the
back or outer surface, diminishing in size downward and disappearing entirely'
before reaching the hinge-line. (In the accompanying figures of transverse
sections, 80-83 are from a single specimen, 84, 85 from another, and 86-98
from a third.) In sections made across the vertical foramen it is seen that
the tube extends within the deltidium and forms a subcircular enfolding of
testaceous matter from the margins of the foramen. This organ is similar to
that elsewhere described in the genera Hustedia and Acambona, but it appears
to be more highly developed and longer in Retzia than in either of these.
106
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
FIG. 81. FIG. 83
Jietzia Adrieni, de Verneuil.
FIG. 83. Fig. 84. Fig. 85.
Consecutive sections to show internal structnie of the umbonal regions.
Fig. 80.
Figs. 80-85.
Fig. 80. Outline of the shell, showing location of next three sections.
Fipr. 81. Section across opening of foramen, with umbonal tube open on the back.
Fig. 83. Section fm-tber down, showing attachment of the remnants of the tube to tbeilelticlial plates.
Fig. 83. Section near the liinge, showing last traces of tube adherent to the thickened deltidial plates.
Figs. 84, 85. Sections from another individual, one across the foramen, the other beneath it ; showing the continuity
of the tube. (c.)
V^
Fig. 86.
FI0.'87.
FIG. 89.
Fig. 90.
FiG. 91.
Fig. 93.
Fig. 93.
Fig. 94.
Fig. 96.
Figs. 86-91
Fig. 97.
Retzia Adrieni, de Verneuil.
Fig. 98.
Fig. 86. Section just below the foramen; showing the entire umbonal tube.
Fig. 87. Showing the adherence of the tube to the still divided and discrete deltidial plates.
Figs. 88, 89. Sections at the umbo of the brachial valve; showing the internal coalescence of the deltidial plates,
and the open tube.
Fig. 90. Showing the dental lamelbe, and the median septum in the brachial valve.
Fig. 91. Section just above the ape.\ of the brachial valve; showing the Last traces of the deltidial plates, which are
here free.
Fig. 93. Section at the ajjcx of the brachial valve. '
Fig. 93. Section cutting the posterior extension of the median and lateral lobes of the binge-plate.
Fig. 94. The same features further down; showing also the appearance of the teeth, and the remnantsof the dental
lamellae bordering the muscular area of the pedicle-valve.
Fig. 95. Section through the center of the hinge-plate; showing also the development of the dental sockets.
Fig. 96. Section showing the ante-median crest of the hinge-plate.
Fig. 97. The anterior edge of the hinge-plate .and its supporting septum.
Fig. 98. Section in front of the hinge-plate; showing the crura and median septum. (c.)
BRACHIOPODA. 107
In the brachial valve the hinge-plate is subquadrate on its upper surface, its
posterior margin somewhat crescentic, the horns of the crescent extending into
the umbonal cavity of the opposite valve ; this character, however, is not so
highly developed as in Eumetria. The structure of this plate appears to be
essentially similar to that of Husteuia ; at all events, the tent-shaped crural
supports of Eumetria are absent ; there is, however, no trace here of the lig-
ulate, curved process which occurs in Hustedia, but the median portion of the
uppor face is convex and the later.al portions deeply grooved and bounded on
the outside by the elevated crural bases. The hinge-plate is supported by a
strong median septum which extends for nearly two-thirds the length of the
valve. It is most highly elevated near the middle of its length, where it ex-
tends vertically about one-fifth of the distance across the internal cavity; thence
it tapers rapidly to its anterior extremity.
The brachidium has been reconstructed from serial transverse sections
of the shell in several directions, and the following description may be
relied upon as approximately accurate. The umbonal blades of the primary
lamellfB are comparatively narrow and considerably incurved at their apices,
where attached to the long crura, as in Edmetria. The loop is situated
well forward, just behind the center of the lamellae ;* its lateral branches are
erect and long; they narrow with a slight twist just above their origin, as in
the genera Rhynchospira and Trematospira, then broaden, curving outward and
Fig. 99. Fi<i- IW-
The loop of Reteia Adrieni, rte Verneuil, as reconstructed from consecutive sccUous. (c.)
* It will be ob.served that in the athyroici anJ retzioi<l g-eiiera, with the exception of Nt'fi.EospiRA, broad
umbonal blades and a posterior position of the loop chai-acterize the Cai-bonit'ei-ous forms, while in the earlier
faunas the species have narrow piirnary lanielht and a medially situated loop.
108 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK. .
thence inward to their point of union. The stem is short, making an angle
with the lateral branches, and is directed backward. It reaches the level of the
crura at a considerable distance in front of them and is there bifurcated, each
arm making a slight double or sigmoid curve. These arms are, however, too
short to reach the umbonal blades. The stem itself is continued for a short
distance above the point of bifurcation. The spiral ribbons make ten or eleven
volutions in full-grown individuals. Fimbriae are absent from both the spirals
and loop.
Accepting this reconstruction of the loop as correct, this organ proves to be
precisely what might be anticipated in this Devonian genus ; it resembles that
of the preexisting genera Rhynchospira and Trematospira in its position on the
primary lamellte, its erect attitude, as well as in the slight twist in the ribbon
near its origin, while the length of the lateral branches and the terminal bifur-
cation are like Eumetria. From Rhynchospira the genus further differs in the
presence of the split tube in the umbonal cavity, which feature seems to attain
its highest development among these retzioid genera. There are also some
additional differences of secondary importance in the structure of the hinge-
plate in these two genera.
Retzia Adrieni is, therefore, a type of distinct generic structure, of which, as
already remarked, no other representative is at present known It is quite
certain that the genus is not a member of the palaeozoic faunas of America,
so far as known, the so-called Retzias of our Devonian being mostly referable to
Rhynchospira.
Genus RHYNCHOSPIRA, Hall. 1859.
PLATE L,
1852. Atrypa, Hall. Paleontology of N. Y., vol. ii, p. 280, pi. Ivii, fig-. 7.
1857. Waldheimia, Hall. Tenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 87-89.
1859. Rhynchospira, Hall. Twelfth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 29, 30, figs. 1-6.
1859. Rhynchospira, Hall. Palseontology of N. Y., vol. iii, pp. 213-217, 484, 485, pi. xxxvi, figs. 1, 2;
pi. xxxvi A, iig. 1 ; pi. xcv A, figs. 1, 7-11.
1861. Retzia, Billings. Canadian Journal, vol. vi, new ser., ji. 147, fig. 58.
(1) 1862. Retzia, A. Winchell. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. vi, second ser., p. 406.
1863. Rhynchospira, Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 58, figs. 12-17.
1863. Rhynchospira, Hall. Ti-ansactions of the Albany Institute, vol. iv, p. 213.
1863. Retzia, Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 373, fig. 395.
BRACHIOPODA. 109
1863. Retzia, Billings. Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 114, pi. iii, tig. 11.
1867. Rhynchospira, Hall. PalfEoiitolog-y of N. Y., vol. iv, p. 278, tigs. 1-6.
1879. Retzia, Hall. Twenty-eighth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mas. Nat. Hist., p. ItjO, pi. xxv, tigs. 13-21.
1882. Retzia, Hall. Eleventh Ann. Rept. State Geologist Indiana, p. 302, pi. xxv, tigs. 1:5-21.
1888. Rhynchospira f, Hekhick. Bull. Denison University, vol. iv, p. 25, pi. iii, fig. If!.
1889. Trematospira, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, )ip. 135, 137, pi. xxxii, tigs. 40-43.
1889. Retzia, Beecher and Clarke. Mem. N. Y. State Mus., vol. i, No. 1, pp. SS, (Jl, pi. v, tigs. 1-lG.
Diagnosis. Shells elongate, retziiform ; hinge-line short and curved. Umbo
of the pedicle-valve incurved, usually concealing the deltidium ; apex truncated
by a circular foramen. Cardinal slopes gradual, scarcely excavated, not form-
ing a false area. Deltidium triangular and flat or incurved ; its lateral margins
are sharply defined, and its surface traversed by ti longitudinal median ridge,
which is the line of solid coalescence of the constituent plates. The umbonal
cavity does not contain the split deltidial tube which is present in the genera
Retzia, Hustedia, etc. The teeth are small and well defined, and are not sup-
ported by dental plates. Muscular impressions very obscure.
In the brachial valve the hinge-plate has the general form of that in
Trematospira, but is much less elevated. Its posterior extension is slight, ex-
tending but a short distance beyond the hinge ; it consists of two parts, a
lower, which is closely appressed against the umbo, and deeply divided by a
median cleft ; and an upper, which is larger, conspicuously elevated and divided
medially only at its margin, though the groove extends forward to the middle
of the plate. The anterior portion is deeply concave and produced into two
flat lobes which form the crural bases. The entire plate rests on stout
supports which diverge at the bottom, leaving a triangular cavity beneath,
in which there is a short, sometimes obscure median septum. The
spirals make from six to nine volutions, the primary lamellae being nar-
row and not greatly incurved. The loop is situated behind the middle of
these lamellas and is simple in its structure ; its lateral branches narrow just
above their origin, with a gentle posterior inclination,
then broaden and meet at a little more than one-half
the distance across the base of the coils, forming a
broad, short, roof-shaped process, which is directed
Fig. 101. Thi: \oop ot lihynchospira
posteriorly and terminates in an oblique edge /ormo«o, Haii. [o
110 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
The external surface is radially plicate, the plications being simple. In young
shells there is a median sinus on both valves, but as growth advances, that of
the brachial valve develops into a low fold. Both fold and sinus bear a num-
ber of small, intercalary plications, much finer than those adjoining on each
side. Shell-substance rather sparsely punctate.
Type, Waldheimia formosa. Hall. Lower Helderberg group.
Observations. This generic division was separated from Retzia at a time when
certain Carboniferous species with subalate cardinal extremities were regarded
as typical of that genus. Subsequently these later species were found to differ
from the strict Devonian type of Retzia, and a distinctive name, Eumetria,
was proposed for them in 1864. In consequence of this, and while the typical
Retzia, R. Adrieni, was less accurately understood than now, the term Rhyn-
CHOSPiRA fell into quite general disuse, its species being commonly referred to
the old genus, Retzia. Evidence has already been given demonstrating the
peculiar distinctive value of Retzia as based on its typical species, and though
there is close external resemblance between the Devonian species, R. Adrieni,
and the earlier typical forms of the genus Rhynchospira, there is no longer
any justification for associating the two in one division.
There are some important features which these two groups possess in com-
mon, and which, indeed, may be shared to a greater or less degree by all retzioid
genera. In exterior structure, the finer division of the median plications, the
smooth, gradually sloping umbo-lateral areas, occur in both Retzia and Rhyncho-
spira. The coalescence of the deltidial plates is a feature occurring throughout
the retzioid genera, though the union is perhaps more completely effected and
subject to less variation in the Carboniferous forms. Retzia and Rhynchospira
have a similar structure in tlie hinge-plates ; and a character which occurs
persistently in these genera and also in Trematospira and Parazyga, is the
narrowing of the lateral branches of the loop just above their points of origin
on the primary lamellae. Retzia, however, possesses a split deltidial tube in
the umbonal cavity, which is wanting in Rhynchospira, and also a bifurcate
termination of the stem of the loop.
BRACHIOPODA. Ill
To Rhynchospira are to be referred, primarily the Lower Helderberg species,
IValdheimif/ forfnosa, W. globosa, and W. recUrostra, Hall. It is also probable that
the Relzia Eledra, Billings, of the Square Lake, Maine, fauna, and the Rdzia
Eugenia, Billings, of the Hamilton group, belong to the same genus. Whether
the species of the Waverly fauna here described as Rhynchospira scansa,Hi). no v.,
is a true Rhynchospira, cannot be determined from the material at hand.
A very considerable number of species from the American palajozoic faunas
have l)een referred to Retzia, and of several of these it has been impossible to
obtain repx'esentatives for examination Some of the specific names current
are unquestionably synonyms for earlier terms, but after the elimination from
the list, of species which may confidently be referred to some of the various
genera of retzioids here discussed, there will still remain some whose internal
structui'e is too imperfectly known to permit a discriminating reference. With
regard to the so-called Retzias of the British and European Devonian and
Silurian, it is hardly proper in this place to e.xpress more than the opinion
that farther careful investigation of these shells is necessary to their correct
generic classification.
In the development of the fauna of the Niagara group, at Waldron, Indiana, and
southward, there is a very abundant species, Rhynchospira evax, Hall, 1863, which,
in specific features, is closely related to the Atrypa aprinis, (de Verneuil) Hall
(:^Retzia apriniformis. Hall, 1859), of the Niagara fauna of New York, and gener-
ically to the later typical forms of Rhynchospira, though presenting some
differences worthy of note. The hinge-plate has no posterior extension,
but its anterior lobes are greatly developed into long, divergent crural bases.
They are separated to the apex of the beak as in Parazyga hirsuta, and between
them lies a small linear cardinal process. There is also a stout median septum
in this valve, whose height is equal to nearly one-half the depth cf the valve.
The loop has a more acute stem and its lateral branches are of the same width
from their origin to the point of union. It is also frequently the case in this
species that the deltidial plates remain distinct and uncoalesced at maturity.
These differences from the typical Rhynchospira are perhaps such as belong to
an inceptive stage in the development of the genus, but it will serve a good
112 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
purpose to distinguish the earlier forms possessing such characters by a sep-
arate name.
The term Homojospira is suggested, and the division will at present include
Retzia evax, Hall, Retzia apriniformis, Hall, and Retzia sobrina, Beecher and Clarke;
all of the Niagara fauna.
"o"
Genus PTYCHOSPIRA, gen. nov.
PLATE L.
1834. Terehratitla, vns Buck. Ueber Tei-ebrateln, p. 76, pi. ii, tig. 37.
1841. Terebratula, Phillips. Pal. Foss. Cornwall, Devon and West Somerset, p. 89, pi. xxxv, fig-. 163.
1841. Terebratula, d'Archiac and de Veknecil. Trans. Geol. Soc. London, second ser., vol. vi, p. 368,
pi. xxxv, fig. 3.
1849. Spirigerhia, d'Orbigny. Prodrome de Paleontologie, vol. i, p. 100.
1853. Terebratula, Schniir Pala?ontographica, vol. iii, p. 184, pi. xxv, fig. 4.
1855. Retzia, The S.\ndbergers. Verstein. der rhein. Schicht. Syst. in Nassau, p. 330, pi. xxxii, fig. 13.
1862. Metzia, White and Whitfield. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. viii, p. 294.
1863. Retzia, Hall. Sixteenth Ann Kept. N. Y. Slate Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 56, 57, figs. 4-6.
1864. Retzia, Davidson. British Devonian Brachiopoda, p. 21, pi. iv, figs. 8-10.
1871. Retzia, Qdenstedt. Petrefacktenkunde Deutschl. ; Brachiopoden, pp. 433, 434, pi. li, figs. 10-14.
1871. Retzia, Kaysbr. Zeitschr. der dentsch. geolog. Gesellsch., vol. xxiii, pp. 557, 558, pi. x, fig. 5.
1882. Retzia, Davidson. British Devonian Brachiopoda, Supplement, p. 29, pi. i, figs. 30, 31.
Among the species currently referred to the genus Retzia are a few which
possess a very different exterior from the typical forms of all the retzioid
genera here discussed. Certain of these fall into a natural group on the basis
of a very coarsely and sparsely plicated surface, and to this group it is pro-
posed to apply the above designation; it will include the Terebratula ferita,
von Buch, Retzia longirostris, Kayser, both of the Eifel middle Devonian, and
the R. sexplicata, White and Whitfield, of the Kinderhook group.
In Terebratula ferita, which is taken as the typical representative of this division,
the surface of each valve bears seven radial plications, which are sharply angular
and greatly elevated at the margins of the shell. The median plication on the
brachial valve is usually divided by a fine sulcus, there being a corresponding'
ridge in the sinus of the opposite valve. The beak of the pedicle-valve is erect,
and truncated obliquely by a circular foramen, beneath which lies a flat deltidium,
the plates of which are, as in allied genera, more or less completely coalesced.
The epidermal layer of the shell is finely pitted, the punctations apparently not
BRACHIOPODA. 113
continuing into the layers beneath, but producing a superficial ornamentation not
unlike that occurring in Eichwaldia. This ornamented layer extends even over
the surface of the deltidium. The inner lamince of the shell are fibrous and
more sparsely punctated. There is no deltidial tube in the umbonal cavity of
the pedicle-valve. The hinge-plate has not been completely demonstrated, but
it appears to be similar to that of Rhynchospira, with no prominent posterior
extension, but with conspicuous crural bases which are curved upward. The
whole process is supported by a well defined median septum. The spiral rib-
bon makes but few (four or five) volutions ; the loop takes its origin behind
the middle of the primary lamellae, its lateral branches being slightly constricted
near their bases ; it is inclined backward in a broad curve, the union of the
lateral branches taking place at a point just within
the opposite side of the base of the cones. From
this point the stem of the loop is continued as a
simple process, outward between the coils and
T iiji- o pii ^• ^ 1 Fig. lOi T\\c \oov oi Ptijchospira ferita,
almost to the inner suriace ot the pedicle-valve. vou Bach. (o
Genus UN CITES, Defrance. 1827.
PLATE LII.
1776. Terehratula, Bedth. JuliiE et Montium Subterranea, etc., p. 134.
1822. Terebratulites, Schlotheim. Petrefacktenkumle, pi. xix, H^. 1.
1827. Uncites, Dkfrance. Bull, des Sciences, vol. xii, p. 152.
1834. Terebratula, von Bdch. Ueber Terebrateln, p. 69.
18.t1. Uncites, Qcenstedt. Handbuch der Petrefacktenkuiide.'p. 459, pi. xxxvi, Hg. 40.
185H. Uncites, Davidson. Introd. British Fossil Bi-achiopoda. p. 89, pi. vii, figs. 79-80.
1855. Uncites, The Sandbergers. Verstein. der rhein. Schicht. Syat. Nassau, p. 333, pi. xxxi, ti{,'. 5.
1804. Uncites, Davidson. Biitish Devonian Brachiopoda, p. 22, pi. iv, tig.s. 11, 12.
1871. Uncites, Quen.stbdt. Petvefacktenkunde Deutsclil.; Bi-achiopoden, p. 231, pi. xliii, fig.=. 46-55.
1881. Uncites, Davidson. Geolog'ical Mag-azine, new ser., vol. viii, p. 145.
1882. Uncites, Davidson. British Devonian Bi-achiopoda, Supple., \i. 30, ligs. 1, 2.
Diagnosis. Shells usually of large size, elongate-oval or subtriangular in
marginal outline; valves convex. The pedicle-valve has a long and acuminate
beak which is always arched or incurved and frequently distorted. There is
no cardinal area and tlie hinge-line is greatly curved. There is no foramen in
mature individuals though it may be retained in young forms. The deltidium
is concave and consists of a single piece, all trace of the original components
114
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK. .
being lost. The teeth are supported by dental plates and between them lies a
broad median ridge which narrows as it approaches the hinge. The brachial
valve has a broad, full beak, which is closely incurved and concealed beneath
the deltidium of the opposite valve. The cardinal process is large, erect and
slightly bilobed on its posterior margin ; it rests upon a short plate bearing two
ridtres which are continued into the bases of the crura. On either side of these
ridges and just within the margins of the valve, is a strong, oval, concave,
pouch-like plate. The crura are very long, passing into the primary lamella3
without interruption. The spirals are relatively small, situated anteriorly, and
consist of seven or eight volutions. These are connected by a simple erect loop,
which is situated medially, and terminates at the junction of the lateral branches
in a short, horizontal process.
External surface of the valves covered with numerous radiating plications ;
occasionally smooth. Shell-substance fibrous, impunctate.
Type, Terebratulites gryphm, Schlotheim. Stringocephalus limestone (Middle
Devonian).
Observations. Our knowledge of this old genus is still imperfect in many
important respects, especially in regard to the
muscular and other markings on the internal sur-
faces of the shells. Mr. Davidson has elucidated
the character of the spirals, loop, hinge-plate and
cardinal process,* and his restoration of the
brachial apparatus and its attachments is here in-
troduced.
Qdensted, in 1871, describedf a shell from the
Carboniferous limestone of Ratingen, as Uncites car-
bonarius, a striated species, having the biconvex ex-
terior of Uncites ; the form is, however, little known
audits internal structure has not been demonstrated.
* Geological Mag-azine, New Series, vol. viii, p. 145, 1881 ; and Devonian Biat-hiopoda, Supplen}erit,
p. 30, 111. iii, figs. 5-10, 1882.
t Op. cit., p. 520, pi. liv, tigs. 47, 48.
Fig. 103.
Iiiteiior of brachial valve of Uncites gry-
phus, Schlotheim ; showing cardinal
process, marginal pourlies, spii'al and
loop. (Davidson.)
BRACHIOPODA. 116
The Uncites Iczvis, McCoy,* has been generally i-egarded by the best authori-
ties as an imperfect or exceptional form of Stringocephalus. In 1879, Dr.
CEhlert described! a species, U. Galloisi, with a smooth exterior, from the Mid-
dle Devonian of Maine-et-Loire, France.
Uncites is allied in its form, external ornament, coalesced deltidial plates,
position of the spirals and the form of the loop, to the retzioid genera, but it
differs widely in some important particulars. McCoy placed the genus in a
family by itself; Zittel and ffinLERT have included it with many other dis-
tantly related genera under the family Spiiuferu)^. Davidson, in his " General
Summary " (p. 354), placed it by itself in a doubtful subdivision of this
family, while Waagen has included it in his Uncitincz, a subfamily of the hetero-
geneous group, NucLEosi'iRiD.E^ of Davidson.
The genus Uncites has not been recognized in North America.
Genus EUMETRIA, Hall. 18G3.
PLATE LI.
1S58. Ritzia, Hall. Transactions of the Albany Institute, vol. iv, p. 9.
1858. Retzia, Hall. Geology of Iowa, vol. i, pt. 2, pp. 657, 704, pi. xxiii, fig. 1 ; pi. xxvii, fig-. 3.
1863. Emaetria, Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 55, Hgs. 1-3; p. 59.
1882. Eumetria, Whitfield. Bull. American Museum Nat. Hist., vol i, p. 50, pi. vi, figs. 28-30.
1883. Eiimetiia, Hall. Twelfth Ann. Rept. State Geologist Indiana, p. 335, pi. xxix, figs 28-30.
Diagnosis. Shells elongate-terebratuliform ; outline ovate. Valves sub-
equally convex. Hinge-line short ; cardinal area of the pedicle-valve some-
what elevated, primarily composed of symmetrical deltidial plates. In the
adult condition the line of symphysis between these plates is lost, or repre-
sented by a faint line, giving the deltidium the appearance of a single vertical,
or slightly incurved plate, sharply defined on its lateral margins. The foramen
is apical, only its lower side encroaching on the deltidium. The cardinal ex-
tremities are slightly alate, a feature more noticeable on the brachial valve and
which gives this valve a somewhat pectenoid appearance. On the interior of
the pedicle-valve the teeth are of moderate size, but otherwise the shell is
* British Palajozoic Fossils, p. 380, pi. iia, fig. 6, 1852.
t Comptes rendus See. g6ol. ; more fully discussed and illustrated in Annales de Sciences gcologiiiues,
1880 ; author's copy, p. 5, pi. iv, figs. 1-4.
116 PALjEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK. •
nearly devoid of markings of any kind. There is no apical foraminal tube as
in Retzia, no dental lamellae, or muscular ridges, and only in extremely rare
instances is there any trace of the muscular impressions.
In the brachial valve the structure of the hinge-plate is very complicated.
It may be described as composed of two parts, a posterior and an anterior.
The posterior portion is rather broadly crescentic in form, having the curvature
of the umbonal margin of the valve ; its lateral extensions form the socket-
vi^alls, which are moderately broad, deep and well defined. On the central por-
tion of this part of the plate rests a second crescent, having its horns, which
make nearly a semicircle, directed backward and into the umbonal cavity of the
opposite valve. The curvature of the plate at this point is such that the
base of the crescent lies upon the inner surface of the deltidium of the pedicle-
valve, its horns crossing the deltidium, extending for fully half the length of the
umbonal cavity, and being elevated at their tips, above the inner surface of the
shell. The posterior part of the hinge-plate is connected with the anterior
part only by a narrow, thickened median band, which is constricted transversely
at the point of union, the transverse groove being crossed only by a very fine
axial ridge. The anterior portion of this plate consists of a long, narrow, tri-
angular, concave or spoon-shaped central process, the edges of which are sharply
elevated, and the extremities of these marginal ridges are produced into two long,
slender and nearly vertical crura. The hinge-plate is not connected with the
lateral portions of the shell, but is supported by two slightly divergent, upright
laminae which extend to the bottom of the valve ; and since the valve is deep in
this region, these laminae are very conspicuous. The crura widen as they ap-
proach the apices of the primary lamellae, and form their union with these by a
short, abrupt lateral curve. The spiral cones are approximate, their apices lateral,
the ribbon making eight or nine volutions in the adult individual. The umbonal
blades are broad for one-third their length, narrowing abruptly in front of the
loop. The loop is situated posteriorly, and is constructed as follows : two slen-
der lateral processes are given off from the primary lamellae, which are directed
forward in low, downward curves, and near their extremities turn inward
and upward, meeting at a point just behind the center of the shell-cavity.
BRACHIOPODA.
117
From their point of union a single process is extended backward at an
abrupt angle and with a very gentle downward curve, terminating just in front
FIG. 104. FIG. 105.
Two views of the.loop of fiimetrta Verneuiliana,ila.\\. (c.)
of the apices of the primary lamellaB and above the bases of the spiral cones ;
its extremity is broadened and bifurcated, these secondary processes, however,
extending but a very short distance. The posterior edges of the lateral branches
of the loop and of the primary lamellae may be finely fimbriated.
There is usually no trace of a median septum in this valve, but occasionally
an obscure ridge is preserved. No muscular markings have been observed.
The external surface is covered with numerous fine radiating striae, which
are rarely crossed by concentric lines. Shell-substance abundantly punctate.
Type, Retzia vera. Hall. Kaskaskia limestone.
Observations. The term Eumetria was proposed as a designation for shells
which were believed to differ in the structure of the deltidium from forms at
that time regarded as typical of the genera Retzia and Rhynchospira. In treat-
ins: of the genus Rhynchospira it has been shown that the coalescence of the
deltidial plates may occur in the early forms of that genus, as it does also in
Retzia and Nucleospira, but nowhere does it become so well marked and not-
able a character as in the group of fossils under discussion. It was also shown
in the original description of the genus Eumetria, that the umbonal cavity of
118 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
the brachial valve contained a pair of diverging lamellae which supported a con-
cave plate, and that the continuation of the plate probably supported the spiral
cones. The differentiation of the parts of the hinge-plate in Ecmetria is not
reproduced in any other genus, and the description here given is derived from
excellent preparations of the interior of the valve, the element of possible error,
which may exist in determinations where the nature of the material has ren-
dered necessary reconstructions from serial sections, being here eliminated.*
The species Retzia vera, Hall, from the Kaskasia limestone of the lower Car-
boniferous series, was figured in illustration of the various distinctive features
of the shells for which the term Eumetria was proposed, and it may be regarded
as the typical form of the genus ; the Retzia serpentina, de Koninck, from the
Carboniferous limestone of Belgium, was also, at that time, regarded as a
typical representative of the same group, but we have not a sufficiently
critical knowledge of its interior characters to feel assured that the species is
congeneric with R. vera.
The loop in Eumetria shows an interesting variation in form ; in its posterior
position, anterior direction, long, reflected stem and slight terminal bifurcation,
it suggests the structure found in the Carboniferous species, Athyris Dawsoni ;
at the same time the absence of a saddle and the mere inception of the acces-
sory lamellae, occurring in association with the elongate-ovate shell, indicate
the structural relationship to Meristina, Merista and Meristella. Its nearest
allies, however, in this and other respects, are the genera Hustedia of the Coal
Measures, Acambona of the Burlington limestone, Retzia of the Devonian and
Rhynchospira of the Silurian ; forms which represent different stadia in the
line of development of these plicated shells.
*The determination of the critical features in Retzia, Eumetria, Hustedia, etc., has been attended with
peculiar embarrassments, which patient and careful work alone have been able to successfully surmount.
Representatives of all these g-enei-a are of infrequent occun-ence and rarely well presei'ved for the study of
their complicated interiors. To the student, who choo.ses to follow the methods hei'e adopted for investigat-
ing; these fossils, it may be advantageous to know that in our first determination we fell into the very natural
error of identifying the testaceous crescent, or split tube, which appears in sections of the umbonal cavity
of Retzia, Hu.stedia and Acambona, with the crescentic arms of the hinge-plale in Eumetria. It is cer-
tainly a curious fact that two parts so distinct and capable of producinij similar eflecis in transverse sections,
should occur in the umbon.al cavity of these fossils, but we are now satisfied that they do not coexist in any
of the genera, or at least that where the crescent of the hinge-plate is at its maximum, the foraminal tube
has a minimum development.
BRACHIOPODA. 119
At present we can safely refer to Edmetria only the American forms, E. vera
and var. costata. Hall, and E. Verneuiliana, Hall, from the Kaskaskia and Warsaw
limestones of the lower Carboniferous series, which are, perhaps, all repre-
sentatives of the same species. Of other finely striated species which may
prove congeneric, is the Retzia serpentina, de Koninck,* but all the Carboniferous
species with RETziA-like exterior will need most careful scrutiny before their
generic values can be determined.
Genus ACAMBONA, White. 1862.
PLATE LI.
i860. Retzia, Swallow. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. i, p. 653.
1862. Acamhona, White. Proc. Boston Society Nat. Hist., vol. ix, p. 27, figs. 1, 2.
This name was proposed for a large species described as Acambona prima, and
its generic characters were given in the following language :
" Shell of the general appearance and surface characters of Retzia ; furnished
with internal spires, pointing outward and downward ( ? ). Beak of ventral
valve prominent, incurved, pointed ; area emarginate in front, or V-shaped,
reaching to the point of the beak, and extending forward of the beak of the
dorsal valve on each side of it. Beak of the dorsal valve closely incurved, fill-
ing, or nearly filling the forked space or emargination in the front part of the
area, being itself without angular, hinged extensions, or area, to meet that of
the opposite valve." (White, loc. cit.)
Specimens of this species are quite rare, and we have seen none in which
the beak is perfectly retained. The structure of the beak and the absence of
a foramen, as given by White, seem unnatural for a member of these retziiform
shells, and in view of the author's statement (p. 28) that his figures are to some
degree restorations, this point will require careful re-examination. Nevertheless
the species A. prima bears an internal pedicle-tube, as in Retzia and Hustedia, a
character absent in Eumetria, while the exterior characters of the shell are
* This species is referred to the g-enus Acambona in DE Kontnck's last work on the Faune du Calcaire
Carbonifere de Belgique ; Bi-achiopodes, Explic, pi. xxii, figs. 25-31, 18S9. Most of the figures given in
this work, however, show a very cle.arly developed foramen, on the ab.sence of which the genus Acamboxa
was based. Waagen, on the other hand, has more recently suggested that this rare species may prove con-
generic with his Uncinella indica.
120 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
more like those ofEumetria Verneuiliana, Hall. The hinge-plate bears two short
processes on its posterior edge, which extend only for a short distance into the
umbonal cavity ; this organ is very imperfectly known, but as far as under-
stood it seems to be nearer in structure to that of Hustedia than of Eumetria.
Acambona prima was described from the lower beds of the Burlington
limestone, and it is quite probably identical with the species described by
Professor Swallow, at an earlier date, as Retzia Osagensis, from the Choteau
limestone.
Genus HUSTEDIA,* gen. nov.
PLATE LI.
1858. Terehratula, Makcod. Geolog-y of North America, p. 51, pi. vi, fig. 11.
1859. Retzia, Meek and Haydbn. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. iii, second ser., .p. 27.
1860. Retzia, McChe.sney. New Palfeozoic Fossils, p. 45.
1866. Retzia, Geinitz. Carbon iind Dyas in Nebraska, p. 39, pi. iii, fig. 6.
1868. Retzia, McChesnev. Trans. Chicag-o Acad. Science.s, vol. i, p. 32, }>!. i, fig-. 1.
1872. Retzia, Meek. Hayden's U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, p. 181, pi. i, fig. 13 ; pi. v, fig. 7.
1874. Eumetria, Derby. Bull. Cornell University, vol. i, p. 4, pi. viii, figs. 4, 5, 7, 8, 10 ; pi. ix, fig 3.
1875. Terehratula, Marcod. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. iii, p. 252.
1875. Retzia, White. Wheeler's Geogr. Surveys West of 100th Meridian, vol. iv, pp. 141, pi. x, fig. 7.
1883. Eumetria, Waauex. Pala?ontologia Indica, ser. xiii, vol. iv, p. 487.
1884. Retzia. Walcott. Monogr. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. viii, p. 220, pi. vii, fig. 5.
1884. Retzia, White. Thirteenth Ann. Kept. State Geologist Indiana, ji. 136, pi. xxxv, figs. 10-12.
In external characters the shells constituting this genus are indistin-
guishable from those of Eumetria, except in their much coarser plication.
For this reason they have been classed under the latter genus by several
writers, though the internal structure in the two groups is curiously distinct.
While the complicated structure of the interior in Eumetria was not under-
stood such an association of the species was altogether natural. The type of this
new genus the Terehratula Mormoni, Marcou (= Retzia pundulifera, Shumard), —
a characteristic species of the upper Coal Measures in both North and South
America. The essential difference of this species from Eumetria vera lies in the
* To the memory of the Honorable James William Husted, this interesting and widely distributed genus
of Brachiopods is dedicated. A j)atron and promoter of science, who, during a period of more than twenty
years, as Representative in the Assembly of the Legislature of New Yoi-k, zealously e.spoused the interests
of the PaliEontology, and of every other department of the N.atural History of the State of New York.
A wise legislator and educalo)-, a faithful and unswerving friend and counselloi- of many years, his name
deserves to be spoken with respect and reverence wherever geologic science shall be taught or studied,
throughout the civilized world.
BRACHIOPODA. 121
structure of the hinge-plate and of the umbonal cavity of the pedicle-valve.
The latter contains an internal tube attached by one side to the deltidium, and
split along the opposite side, a precisely similar structure to that observed in
Retzia Adrieni and Acambona Osagensis, though not so highly developed as in the
first of these. This structure is of so frail a nature
that it is difficult to preserve it in prepared inte-
riors of the valve, l^ut it always reveals itself in ,^=5^
transverse sections of the beak near its apex. The Mj^
structure of the hinge-plate has been quite accu- outline pronie ofmisledia Mormoni. Mar-
■ 11 MiiT^ 3ifex» ii 'j.* /» cou, with enlarged transverse sections
rately described by Derby* trom the interiors of „t the umbo beneaii, the foramen ;
7-, ,. J Tj- I TT i T Tl/T ■\ 1 i • 1 showing the internal tube adherent to
Lumetna punctuLijera {= nusteaia Mormom) obtained iho coalesced iieituiiaipiates. (o
from the limestone of the Coal Measures at Bomjardim, on the Amazonas. Dr.
Waagen has also given a very accurate account both of the hinge-plate
and the brachidium in species which he has referred to Eumetria-I The
hinge-plate, as it appears in the preparations of Terebratula Mormoni, is con-
stituted as follows : It is erect and recurved into the umbonal cavity of the
pedicle-valve, projecting considerably beyond the hinge-line ; the upper face is
convex and elevated medially, the posterior margin sinuate and crescentic,
though the horns of the crescent are very short; two deep converging grooves
pass over the upper face, and outside of these, on the lateral margin of the
plate are strong lobes which bear the erect, slightly recurved crura ; from the
crural bases the lateral margins curve downward to the bottom of the valve
and form the socket walls. At the base of the cardinal process and in the
median line arises a free, slender, ligulate process which curves upward and
backward with a somewhat less curvature than the plate, and rises to the high-
est point attained by the latter ; the inner surface of this process is deeply
grooved, and at its base it is supported by a median septum which extends for
one-third the length of the valve. There is no tent-shaped structure for the
support of the crura as in Eumetria.
Dr. Waagen has suggested the similarity of this peculiar ligulate process to
the visceral tube occurring in many forms of Athyris, but it is evident from its
* Bulletin Cornell University, vol. i. No. 2, pp. 5, 6. 1874.
t Salt-Range Fossils ; Brachiopofla, p. 486. 1883.
122 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
form and acute apex that it could not have been tubular, and, besides, there is
no evidence of a perforation in the plate.
The spirals have the same structure as in Eu-
METRiA, and Derbv has shown that the posterior
margins of the coils are fimbriated. The loop, also,
is quite similar to that of Eumetria Verneuiliana.
Waagen has represented it in Eumetria (Hustedia)
grandicosta, Davidson, as terminating in a short, Loopor iJusMJjiLmom.Marcou. lo
sharp, retrally directed stem, but in the American specimens this stem appears
to be much longer and the posterior edges of the lamellae both of the stem and
the lateral branches are furnished with divergent spinules. In all our prepara-
tions the extremity of the stem appears to be simple.
The exterior of the shell is coarsely plicated and the structure strongly
punctate.
The representation of this genus of shells in American faunas is restricted,
so far as known, to the species H. Mormoni*, which occurs in the upper Car-
boniferous of Missouri and Kansas, and has been identified by Derby in the
Coal Measures both of Brazil and Peru. The two species described by Waagen
from the Salt-Range of India as Eumetria grandicosta, Davidson, and E. indica,
Waagen, belong to Hustedia, and probably also Retzia (Terebratula) radialis,
Phillips, Retzia carbonaria, Davidson, and R. (Terebratula) ulothrix, de Koninck
from the British Coal Measures. Retzia ulothrix, R. radialis, R. Davidsoni, R. in-
termedia, de Koninck, occur in equivalent faunasin Belgium.f
It is probably true that the various species from the St. Cassian beds, which
have been referred by BittnerJ to the genus Retzia, have their closest
relations with Hustedia. These are, for the most part, coarsely ribbed forms,
some of them with extravagantly high areas. Their internal structure has
not been satisfactorily demonstrated.
* Whether the other American Carboniferous species, Retzia compressa. Meek; R. Woosteri, White;
R. Meekana, Shumard, and R. papWata, Shumard, are congeneric with H. Monnoni, is not yet deteimined.
t See Davidson, Cartioniferous Brachiopoda, pp. 87, 88, 219, pi. xvii, figs. 19-21 ; pi. xviii, tigs. 14, 15;
pi. 1, figs. 3, 4-9 ; and de Koninck, Faune du Calcaire Carboniffere de la Belgique ; Brachiopodep, Explic,
pi. xxii, figs. 1-4, 10-19.
t Brachiopoden der alpinen Trias, 1890.
BRACHIOPODA. 123
Genus UNCINELLA, Waagen. 1883.
PLATE LI.
1883. ?77jd7ieZZo, Waaobn. Memoii-s Geolofjical Survey of India; Palseontologia Iiidica, Siw. xiii ;
Salt-Range Fos.sils, vol. i, p. 494.
This name has been proposed for a single rare species, Uncinella indica, occur-
ring in the middle division of the Productus limestone beds of India.
Dr. Waagen has described the genus as follows :
" In external shape the genus bears resemblance in a general way to Rdzia.
The valves are niox'e or less finely plicated ; no sinus or median fold is devel-
oped ; the hinge-line is curved ; the beak thick and strongly bent over, mostly
appressed to the cardinal part of the dorsal valve ; not provided with an area
on its dorsal side, but bearing a distinct deltidium. It is pierced behind the
apex by a large oval foramen. The apex of the dorsal valve is very strongly
bent over, and partly concealed under the apical part of the ventral valve."
" * * * The shell bears spirals of the same general disposition as in
Retzia or Uncites, but neither the loop nor the mode of junction of the primary
lamellae with the crura could be made out definitely. In the ventral valve
below the apex of the beak, there is an excavated, small but very distinct del-
tidium ; its composition of two pieces cannot, however, be made out. It does
not reach down to the hinge-line, but is cut out below for the reception of the
apex of the small valve. On both sides of the deltidium extend along the
curved hinge-margin two long ridge-like hinge-teeth. They are not supported
by dental plates, and there is also not a trace of other partitions.
Fig. 108. Fig. io9.
Interior cardinal region of pedicle and brachiivl valves of Uncinella indica, Waagen.
(Waagen.)
" In the dorsal valve the apex is flattened, as if ground down, and bears a
flat triangular space, as if for the insertion of muscles ; a cardinal process is
not present. At the ape.x two sharp ridges take their origin, limiting the
dental sockets on the other side. These latter are elongated, deep triangular
124 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
grooves. There is no hinge-plate spread out between the sockets. The crura
take their origin immediately at the apex, as thin, shelly plates sloping strongly
toward the middle line, and thus very nearly reach the bottom of the valve.
As far as the dental sockets extend, tliese crural plates are fastened to them.
Lower down they become free, and then form rather broad, shelly blades, which
always retain their sloping position towards the middle line of the valve.
They are sunk deeply into the interior of the valve, extending not very far
from the bottom of it."
Shells of this structure are not as yet known in American faunas.
Genus TREMATOSPIRA, Hall. 1859.
PLATE XLIX.
1852. Atrypa, Hall. PaliEontoIogy of N. Y., vol. ii, p. 273, pi. Ivi, fig. 3.
1857. Spirifti; Hall. Tenth Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 59, figs. 1-6 ; pp. BO, 168.
1859. Trematospira, Hall. Twelfth Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 27, 77.
1859. Trematospira, Hall. Palieontology of N. Y., vol. iii, pp. 207-212.
1860. Trematospira, Hall. Thirteenth Rapt. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 82, pi. xxiv, fig. 3 ;
pi. xxviiiA, figs. 1, 5.
1860. Athyriif, Billings. Canadian Journal, vol. v, p. 282, figs. 45-47.
1863. Trematospira, Hall. Sixteenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 54.
1863. RhynchoneUa, Billing.s. Geology of Canada, p. 315, fig. 322 ; p. 958, fig. 458.
1863. Mel.zia, Billlngs. Proc. Portland Society Nat. Hist., pp. 112, 113, figs. 8-10.
(?) 1866. Trematospira, A. Winchell. Geol. Kept, of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, p. 94.
1867. Trematospira. ll\hL. Palaeontology of N. Y., vol. iv, pp. 271, 272, 276, figs. 1-6; pi. xlv,
figs. 7-15.
1884. Trematospira, Walcott. Monogr. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. viii, p. 151, pi. iv, fig. 3.
1889. Trematospira, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, pp. 135, 136, pi. xvi, figs. 15-19.
Diagnosis. Shells transverse, subequally convex, with median fold and sinus
on brachial and pedicle-valves respectively. Surface covered with radial,
coarse or fine, simple or duplicate plications. Hinge-line straight, often long ;
cardinal extremities abruptly rounded ; anterior margin sinuate. Umbo of the
pedicle-valve incurved, its apex truncated by a circular foramen. Beneath it
lies the delthyrium, which is covered by two short incurved plates, more or
less closely anchylosed along the median suture, and so greatly thickened on
their interior surface as to appear continuous with the substance of the valve.
This deltldial plate does not extend downward much more than one-half the
distance from the apex to the cardinal margin, leaving beneath it a crescentic
opening which is occupied by the beak of the opposite valve. On either side
BRACHIOPODA. 125
of the deltidial plate is a narrow and rather abrupt flattening of the shell,
suggestive of a cardinal area. The umbonal cavity is short and usually
much contracted, leaving only a simple passage for the pedicle. The
teeth are approximate and j^rominent, arising from the bottom of the
valve, and above the hinge-line curved backward and toward each other,
making a very close and firm articulation with the other valve. The
dental lamellce are not continued along the interior of the valve. The
muscular area is well defined and consists of a deep posterior area, in front
of which lies a flabelliform scar, extending for fully one-half the length of the
shell.
In the brachial valve the beak is not prominent and the false area is
absent. A small chilidium is present and lies against the vertical pos-
terior wall of the hinge-plate. The hinge-plate is greatly elevated, rest-
ing upon two stout supports which are placed very closely together,
leaving no opening between them at the bottom of the valve. The
upper face of the plate is quadrate, but very deeply divided by a median longi-
tudinal groove, and less conspicuously, by a transverse groove ; the surface is
thus divided into four parts, two posterior portions which extend backward into
the umbonal cavity of the opposite valve, as short, stout horns, and two ante-
rior processes which are broader but equally elevated, the crura arising from
the ante-lateral margins of the latter. In the deep longitudinal cleft or groove
of the plate is a short, convex lobe, terminating posteriorly in a simple or
double extremity; sometimes this part is absent. The whole process is ren-
dered more prominent by being slightly constricted about its base. It is sup-
ported interiorly by a short median septum, which is frequently obsolete. The
dental sockets are small and deep. The crura are broad, thin and compara-
tively short, uniting with the primary lamellae in a sharp lateral curve
without diminution or increase in size. The umbonal blades are not greatly
incurved and are quite as narrow as any portion of the primary ribbon. The
loop takes its origin well forward near the middle of the spiral cones ; the lat-
eral branches are somewhat broadened at their origin, but become slightly
constricted and twisted just above their bases, and then widen again, attaining
126 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
their greatest width where they unite. From their
line of union there is a short, acute and simple
process extended horizontally backward. The
attitude of the loop is erect, extending slightly back-
ward at its base and then curving broadly forward
Fig. 110. Loop ol' Trematospira mitlHstruita^
and upward ; in height, it reaches rather more than iiaii. ic )
half-way across the bases of the spiral cones. The cones are situated as in
allied genera, and the ribbon in mature shells, makes nine or ten volutions.
Muscular impressions indistinct. Shell substance punctate.
Type, Spirifer multistriatus, Hall. Lower Helderberg group.
Observations. Trematospira is well characterized in external features by its
peculiar transverse form and general spiriferoid aspect ; none of the allied
genera can be confounded with it in these respects. Internally the structure
of the hinge-plate and loop, the character of the muscular area and the nature
of the articulation are all peculiar. The name Trematospira was proposed
for a series of species occurring in the Lower Helderberg fauna, some of which
had been previously referred to the genus Spirifer. At the time of the
description of the genus no particular form was specified as the type, but
among the typical species the first mentioned was T. multistriata, Hall, although
the first in the descriptive list is T. perforata, Hall.* The former is taken as
the typical species, as it is better known and of more frequent occurrence ;
T. perforata appears to be congeneric in all respects.
The development of the Trematospiras in the Lower Helderberg fauna is
remarkable ; we have in the New York launa, T. multistriata, T. perforata,
T. costata, T. simplex, Hall, and from the Lower-upper Helderberg fauna at
Square Lake, Maine, T. dubia, T. Hippolyte and T. Maria, Billings. In other
faunas the genus is of rare occurrence. The Atrijpa camura. Hall, of the
Niagara group {Trematospira camura, Hall, 1859), is a small species which is
probably the earliest representative of the genus, as it is doubtful if the still
earlier form, described as Retzia {Trematospira) granulifera, Meek,f of the
* Palaeontolog'y of New Yoi-k, vol. iii, p. 208.
t Palteontolof^y of Ohio, vol. i, p. 128, pi. xi, fig. 6.
BRACHIOPODA. I'll
Hudson River group of Cincinnati, should be thus referred. Mr. C. D. Wal-
COTT has described a species, T. infrequens, from a lower Devonian horizon at
Lone Mountain, Nevada;* and the latest representative of the group appears
to be the T. gibbosa, Hall, of the Hamilton group, a form which is very
strongly plicated, but presents no substantial generic differences from T. mul-
tistriata so fixr as its interior is known. Several other American species
have been referred to this genus, some of which are now known not to be
congeneric (T. hirsuta and T. nobilis, Hall, of the Hamilton group); and others
which can not now be placed with precision (T. Acadiai, Hall, Upper Silurian;
T. Matthewsoni, McChesney, Niagara group ; T. liniuscula, Winchell, Hamilton
group). European investigators have not satisfactorily identified the genus
among their faunas.
Genus PARAZYGA, gen. nov.
PLATE XLIX.
1857. TVaWieimia, Atrypa, Hall. Tenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. S9, 168.
1859. Treviatospira, Hall. Palseontolog-y of New York, vol. iii, p. 216, pi. xxxvi, fig'. 3.
1861. Trematospim, Hall. Fourteenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist , p. 101.
1562. Trematospira, Hall. Fifteenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pi. ii, figs. 11-16.
1563. Jietzia, Billinos. Geology of Canada, p. 385, fig. 419.
1867. Trematospira, Hall. Paleontology of New York, vol. iv, p. 274, pi. xlv, figs. 16-32.
The well known species of the Hamilton fauna of New York, Airi/pa,j or
TrematosphaX hirsuta, Hall, agrees with typical forms of Trematospira in the
general transverse and medially sinuate character of the exterior, but differs in
certain details of structure sufficiently to necessitate its removal from that
genus. The surf\ice markings of the exterior consist of numerous fine, rounded,
simple ribs, extending alike over median fold and sinus, and these are covered
with exceedingly fine, short, hair-like spines, not so closely set nor so long as
in NucLEOSPiRA. Usually these delicate spines are broken off", leaving only their
bases, which indicate that the spines are hollow.
The umbo of the pedicle-valve is closely incurved and the deltidium ( or coa-
lesced deltidial plates) which is entirely concealed by the uniljo of the opposite
valve, is usually lost. The apical portion of the umbonal cavity bears an
* Paljeoutology of the Eureka District, p. 151, pi. iv, fig. 3.
t Tenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 168. 1857.
\ Palaeontology of New York, vol. iv, p. 274.
128 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
introverted lamella which forms an incomplete tube like that in Retzia,
HusTEDiA, etc., but of no great extent. The teeth are as in Trematospira and
are supported by stout plates. The muscular area is short, rather well de-
fined, and is divided into a broad central adductor impression, along the lateral
margins of which lie two flabellate diductor scars.
The hinge-plate is very narrow, and is composed of two vertical supports
which have their origin on the downward umbonal slope of the interior. These
supports are widely separated at their bases and inclose the marginal dental
sockets ; their anterior faces are vertical and their upper surfjices small and
sub-triangular. They do not unite with each other at any point, but each is
curved slightly back of the cardinal line, and on its ante-lateral angle supports
a crus. The loop is situated at about the center of the primary lamellae, bending
backward for a short distance and then forward at
an abrupt angle. Above this angulation its length
is about twice that below it. It terminates as in
Trematospira, in a short, sharp and simple hori-
zontal process, directed posteriorly. Fi... m. Uoeof I'arazygahirsuta.U-M.
The interesting combination of characters is best represented in the species
cited, Trematospira hirsuta, Hall, of the Hamilton group,* and with the exception
of the structure of the loop, the distinctive features were well illustrated on
Plate XLIII of Volume IV of the Palseontology of New York. There is but
one other species which can properly be placed in the same association, namely,
the Waldhei?nia or Trernatospira Deweyi,^ Hall, of the Lower Helderberg fauna.
This form is very similar to Parazyga hirsuta in external characters, its surface
being finely plicated and with a median fold and sinus. Whether it was orig-
inally hirsute can not be decisively determined on account of the usual silicified
condition of the shells. The beak of the pedicle-valve is so closely incurved
that the foramen is almost or wholly obscured, and the deltidium has the
appearance of a concave excavation in the solid substance of the shell, having
thus almost precisely the structure occurring in Nucleospira. The hinge-plate
* The species has also beea identified in the Corniferous limestone of Louisville, Ky., and elsewhere.
t Named foi- the late Prof. Chester Dewey, of Rochester, N. Y.
BRACHIOPODA. 129
differs from that of Parazijga hirsuia in having the lateral portions united hy a
central lobe, and the entire process supported by a short, septiform median
buttress. These dijBferences in the hinge-plate are of inconsiderable import-
ance and the loop is essentially like that of P. hir-
suta ; its posterior geniculation being more nearly
at the middle of its length, the anterior bend
shorter, the entire upper portion of the loop above
the geniculation of the lateral branches being '"'"•"'•'•'""' ""''"■"^^^" ■^^■^;',"""-
expanded laterally and the lamellas much broadened.
Genus ANOPLOTHECA, Sandberger. 1855.
PI.ATE LII.
1853. Terebratiila, Schnur. Besclir. der Eifel. Bracliiopoiien, p. 180, pi. xxiv, fig. 3.
1855. AnoplotTieca, F. Sandberger. Sitzung'sber. der k. k. Akad. der Wissensch. math, naturw. Clas?.
pt. xvi, p. 5 ; pt. xviii, p. 102, pi. i, tigs- 1-6.
1856. Productiis, Anoplotheca, The Sandbergers. Vei'slein. des rhein. Schicht. syst. Nassau, p. ,351,
pi. xxxiv, fig. 18.
1856. Anoplotheca, Suess. Classification der Brachiopoden von Th. Davidson, p. 94, pi. iii, fig. 26.
This name was introduced by Dr. Fridolin Sandberger, who described, first
in April, 1855, the general external and internal characters of the genus, and
in November of the same year, gave a partial account of the brachial apparatus.
The following description is a translation of that given by Suess in his German
edition of Davidson's " Classification of the Brachiopoda," and is derived from
the two accounts published by Sandberger.
" Shell oval in outline, concavo-convex, without pedicle-opening, cardinal
area or deltidium. The hinge-line is arched, the inner margins somewhat ele-
vated and radially grooved by the impressions of the cilia of the mantle. The
convex ventral valve is the larger. On its interior, near the hinge, lie two
stout teeth ; along the median line from the beak, for one-half the length of the
valve, extends a narrow ridge, which is divided at its lower extremity ; on
either side of this may be seen the impressions of the cardinal muscle, and at
its lower end the little ovate scar of the adductor. Near the upper end of the
cardinal scar originates, on each side, the main trunk of the vascular sinuses,
which passes rather obliquely toward the margins, but before reaching them
sends off a trifurcate lateral branch toward the center, and is itself divided.
130 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK. .
" The dorsal valve is not very concave ; its little cardinal process is divided,
and is bordered on each side by a stout lamella, outside of these lying the deeply
excavated dental sockets ; to these lamellae the two depressed spiral cones,
with their many volutions, appear to be united ; both cones having the same
position as in Koninckina [ ? J. Beneath the cardinal process, and on either side
of a thick median septum, lies a broad, oval impression of the adductor muscle,
which is divided by a more or less prominently developed oblique ridge ; from
the upper and lower margins of this impression originate the vascular sinuses
which are directed toward the edges of the valve. A small, round, deep im-
pression beneath the cardinal process is, at present, not understood ; it lies at
the spot where presumably the curvature of the alimentary canal occurred.
Shell-structure fibrous, irapunctate."
The type of this genus is the little Produdus lamellosus, Sandberger,* which is
conceded to be synonymous with Schnur's Terehratula venustaf from the middle
Devonian of the Eifel. From Schnor's description of the species we derive a
more detailed account of the external sculpture of the shell than that given by
Sandberger and Suess.
The shell is small, concavo-, or plano-convex, with incurved umbo, open, or
but partially closed delthyrium and no cardinal area.
" On the pedicle-valve is a narrow median groove separating two broadly
rounded plications which bifurcate near their origin at the beak, and disappear
near the middle of the valve ; on each lateral slope are three additional and
smaller plications which also disappear before reaching the anterior half of the
shell. There is a faint plication in the median sinus. Both plications and
sinuses are crossed by closely set, imbricating concentric growth-lines, which
make the surface quite rough, more so than in T. lepida, which the shell very
closely resembles."
This species has not received the careful study it requires in order to eluci-
date some of its critical features. Sandberger's description and figures are,
nevertheless, excellent, and the more important of these have been here intro-
duced. The structure of the loop is still unknown. The spirals were coiled
* Die Veisteinerungen des rheinischen Schichtensystems in Nassau, pi. xxxiv. fig. 18. 1850-1856.
t Zusammenstellung' und Beschreibung- sammtlicher im Uebergangegebii-ge der Eifel vorkommenden
Brachioiioden, p. 180, pi. xxiv, fig. 3, a. b. 1853.
BRACHIOPODA. 131
obliquely outward, toward the lateral slopes of the pedicle-valve, similar to
those of Atrypa, though more divergent.
In 1882, Mr. Davidson introduced* the term Bifida as a generic designation
for the species above referred to by Schnur as a very close ally of Terebratula
venusta, viz.: T. lepida, Goldfuss, as quoted by d'Archiac and de Verneuil,!
the Atrypa lepida, Davidson,^ and the Retzia lepida, Kayser, § a form occurring
in association with T. venusta in the Devonian of the Eifel, and known also
in the middle Devonian of Torquay.
Mr. Davidson has shown, from preparations made by the Rev. Mr. Glass,
tliat the spiral coil is loosely arranged, the ribbon making but four or five
volutions ; the apices of the cones are directed obliquely outward toward
the lateral slopes of the pedicle-valve. The loop
is described as simple, "like that in Meristina
[ Whitfieldella], with the exception that it is
placed nearer to the attachments of the hinge-
plate, and that, at the point where the two lamellae
composing the loop join, there is a short bifur-
cation directed upwards" (p. 28). It was this
alleged bifurcation of the loop that suggested the fig. m.
T, T , 1 1 • r- ,1 • 1 ii i Bifida lepida, Goklluas.
name Bifida, and on the basis of this also that ^,^^ b,acuiaium as represented by
Mr. Davidson compared and classified the shell Davidson ivom preparations by glass.
with the genus Whitfieldia (^Meristina.) The accompanying figure shows
the structure of this organ as described by him. A careful study of this
shell II has led to a quite diflferent result in regard to the structure of the
loop. These observations have been made not only from translucent prepara-
tions, but also by consecutive sectioning of opaque specimens, and the
conclusions verified by frequent repetition of the process.
The accompanying figures are of sections made from opaque specimens
cut in a plane vertical to the longitudinal axis of the shell, the series
* Supplement to British Devonian Brachiopoda, p. 21.
t Transactions of the Geological Society of London, second sei'., vol. vi, p. 386. 1840.
I British Devonian Brachiopoda, p. 52. 1864.
§ Zeitschr. der deutschen geolog. GesellschafI, vol. xxiii, p. 559. 187).
I From specimens from Gerolsteiu in the Eifel, furnished by Dr. E. Holzapfel, of Aachen.
132
PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
beginning at the beak. Figures 114, 115 show the cross-section of the
broad, stout hinge-plate, its convex central area and its elevated crural
bases; in figure 115 is a faint indication of the median ridge in the upper
or pedicle-valve. In figure 116 the crural bases are apparently merged
with the socket walls, the hinge-plate has become depressed, and its median
Fig. 111.
Fio. llfi.
Fig. n7.
Fio. 118. Fig. 119.
Figs. n*-n9. Consecutive transverse sections of Anoplotheca [Bifida) lepida, Goldfuss. (c.)
Pig. lU. Section just below apex of pedicle-valve ; sUowing the teeth and the form of the hinge-plate or cardinal
process.
Fig. 115. Section a little further forward; showing the elevation of the socket walls and the beginning of the
median septum in both valves.
Fig. 116. Section at anterior edge of hinge-plate.
Fig. 117. Section cutting the posterior volutions of the spirals; showing the height of the septum in the brachial
valve and the thickened median ridge in tlie pedicle-valve.
Fig. 118. Section through the loop ; showing its lateral branches and a portion of its erect, simple stem, and also the
grooved surface of the median ridge in the pedicle-valve.
Fig llil. Section along the stem of the loop and slightly back of the junction of the lateral branches ; .showing
the articniatiou of the stem with the grooved ridge of the upi)er valve, .and the height of the medi.an
septum supporting the loop. Figs. 111-118 are from the same specimen ; lig. 119 from another ex-
amjile.
elevation has taken the form of a low septum; in fig. 117 the median septum
of the brachial valve is very prominent, the median ridge of the opposite
valve undivided, and the lamellae of the first volution of the coils and the
stem of the loop are shown. This figure shows the manner in which the
loop is supported by the median septum ; also a portion of the vertical
stem of the loop, and the grooving of the median ridge in the pedicle-valve ;
and in fig. 119 the stem of the loop is seen to be produced to the inner
surface of the pedicle-valve and its apex fitted into the groove of the median
BRACHIOPODA. 133
ridge. The mutual relations of the different parts of the internal apparatus
Fig. IJO. Fig. 121.
Figs. 120, 121. The brachidium of Anoptotkeca [Bifida) lepida.
Fig. 120. A lateral view, showing the relations of the loop to the median septum and ridge.
Fig. 121. A posterior view from behind.
(c)
are better seen in the accompanying constructive figures (120, 121), one
representing a view of the interior from the side, the other from the umbonal
region.
This structure shows an admirable adaptation in the loop for resistance
to strains ; the slotted median ridge of the pedicle-valve is short and thick,
extending for about one-half the length of the shell, and is most deeply
excavated at the point where the stem of the loop is inserted. (See figure
of the interior of this valve given on Plate LII, fig. 19.) The cardinal
process in this species has not, so far as we are aware, been described or
figured, but our sections show that it is quite similar to that of Anoplotheca
venusta, as described by Sandberger and Soess. The latter species also has
the median septum in each valve, and though the character of its loop is
not known, it will be shown that in similar forms from American faunas this
organ possesses the same structure as in Terebratula lepida. It is highly
improbable that two species, so closely similar in external and internal
characters as Anoplotheca venusta and Bifida lepida, and coexisting in the same
fauna, are not congeneric. Therefore, with our present knowledge, it seems
necessary to conclude that the term Bifida is altogether synonymous with
AlNOPLOTHECA.
134 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Subgenus CCELOSPIRA, Hall. 186:1
PLATE LIII.
1839. Atrypa, Sowerby. Murchison's Silurian System, p. 637, pi. xx, fig. 7.
1841. Atrypa, Conrad. Geol. Siirv. N. Y.; Ann. Rept. Palaeont. Dept., p. M.
1813. Atrypa, Hall. Geolog-y of N. Y. ; Rept. Fourth Disl., p. 71, fig. 4.
1852. Atrypa, Hall. Paleontology of N. Y., vol. ii, pp. 74, 75, pi. xxiii, figs. 9-11.
1855. Hemithyris, McCoy. British Pal.'eozoic F"ossils, p. 201.
1857. Ltptoccelia, Hall. Tenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 107.
1859. LeptocceUa, Hall. Paljeontology of N. Y., vol. iii, p. 24.'5, pi. xxxviii, figs. 1-7.
1863. Ccclospira, Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. N.it. Hist., p. 60.
186(5. LeptocceUa, Billings. Catalogue of Silurian Fossils of Anticosti, p. 48.
1866. Atrypa, Davidson. British Silurian Brachiopoda, p. 136, pi. xiii, figs. 23-30.
1867. Ccelospira, LeptocceUa, Hall. Palaeontology of N. Y., vol. iv, pp. 328-330 (fig. 1), 365, pi. Hi,
tigs. 13-19 ; pi. Ivii, figs. 30-39.
1884. LeptoccBlia, Davidson. General Summary, p. 424.
The term Ccelospira was proposed in the Sixteenth Annual Report of the
New York State Cabinet of Natural History (p. 60) for the Lower Helderberg
species C. concava, Hall, which originally had been referred* to the genus Lep-
TOCCELiA. The reason for the separation was expressed in a figure of the bra-
chial apparatus accompanying the first use of this name. The spirals were
represented as loosely coiled and almost in the same plane, the apices being
very slightly elevated and directed outward ; the loop posteriorly situated,
broad and continuous, very similar to that of Zygospira. The I^eptocalia concava
is a small piano-, or subconcavo-convex shell, covered with rather numerous
simple or bifurcating plications. The pedicle-valve has distant teeth arising
from the lateral cardinal slopes, and in front of the umbonal cavity are a pair
of rather deep oval diductor scars, which embrace the anterior extremities of
two narrow, less excavated adductors. These are separated by a narrow, more
or less conspicuously developed median ridge as in Terebraiula venusta and
T. lepida.
The cardinal process has the same structure as in Anoplotheca, consisting of
a central portion curved backward to, or slightly beyond the hinge, and faintly
bilobed on its posterior extremity. The crural bases are consolidated with the
central process and are continuous with the socket walls. There is a stout
* Paleontology of New York, vol. iii, p. 245, 1859 ; and Tenth Rept. N. Y. State Cabinet, p. 107, 1857.
BRACHIOPODA.
135
median ridge dividing the muscular impressions and supporting the cardinal
process.
The structure of the brachial apparatus has been carefully re-examined, and
it is found that the crura are slender and rather long, slightly converging toward
their apices, forming an acute angle where they meet the primary lamellae; the
latter turn outward and backward, remaining widely separated throughout their
extent. The coil is lax, the ribbon making but about three volutions, and the
cones, though very slightly elevated, have their apices directed outward, toward
the lateral slopes of the pedicle- valve. These shells vary considerably in convex-
ity both naturally and from accidental compression, and where the internal
cavity is shallow the spirals may appear to be coiled almost in oblique planes.
The umbonal curves of the primary lamellae are very broad and stout; the
loop arises on their posterior limb, broad and strong, its lateral proces.ses curv-
ing gently forward and thence upward, not as in Zygospira, nor as represented
in the original figure of these organs in Calospira concava, but elevated and
acutely angulated at the apex.
Beyond the junction of the lateral processes the loop is continued as a simple
stem which is inclined backward and may have been extended to the surface of
the internal ridge on the pedicle-valve, as in Terebratula lepida.
FIG. 123. FIG. 123.
Fig. 122. The brachidiiim of Ccelospira concava, Il.ill.
Fig. 123. Profile, showing the elevation of the loop. The stem of the loop is probably broken and therefore shorter
than is natural. ic.)
In front of the base of the loop the primary lamelliB become at once narrow
and delicate, and it not infrequently happens, in preparations of the interior.
136 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK. .
that the more fragile portions of the ribbon are lost, leaving only the umbonal
blades and the loop.
The same details both of exterior and interior structure have been observed
in the species Ccelospira Camilla, Hall, of the Corniferous limestone of New York
and Canada, and, with the exception of the brachial apparatus, in the Atrypa
acutiplicata, Conrad, of the same fauna. It is clearly evident that the structure
in the species of Ccelospira here mentioned, is essentially the same as in
Anoplotheca venusta and A. {Bifida) lepida. The only material difference, that can
now be indicated between these forms, is one of greater geological than
biological significance ; the later, or middle Devonian forms (Anoplotheca)
being more convex, more coarsely and sparsely plicated and more strongly
striated concentrically. Upon this basis of distinction the name Ccelospira
may be retained with a subgeneric value.
There are a few species in the Clinton fauna which have the outward expres-
sion of Ccelospira, and agree with it in the structure of the articulating appa-
ratus. These species are Atrypa plicaiula, Hall, A. planoconvexa, Hall, and
A. hemispharica (Sowerby), Hall (= Leptocalia hemispherica, Davidson). The
brachidium in these forms is not yet known, and their reference to Ccelospira
is therefore provisional.
Genus LEPTOCCELIA, Hall. 1859.
PLATE LIII.
1841. Atrypa. Conkad. Geol. Survey N. Y. ; Rept. Palsont. Dept., p. 55.
1846. Atri/pa, Morris and Sharpe. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, vol. ii, p. 27ti, pi. x, tig. 3.
1856. Orthi/t, Sh.vrpe and Salter. Trans. Geol. Society London, second ser., vol. vii, p. 203.
1857. LeptocaHa, Hall. Tenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. History, p. 108.
1859. Leptoadia, Hall. Palseont. of N. Y., vol. iii, pp. 449-452, pi. ciii b, fig-s. 1 a-g ; pi. cvi, figs. 1 a-/.
1861. Orthis, Salter. CJuart. Jour. Geol. Society, vol. xvii, p. 68, pi. iv, fig. 14.
1868. Leptocodia, Meek and Wokthbn. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. iii, p. 397, pi. viii, tigs. 3 a-c.
1892. Leptocodia, Ulrich. Pal^ozoische Verstein. aus Bolivien; Neues Jabrb. fiir Mineral., etc.,
Beilagebnd. viii, p. 60, pi. iv, figs. 9 a, b, 10-13.
The typical species of this group is L. flabellites, Conrad, of the Oriskany
sandstone; a shell which differs, as far as its structure is known, from Calospira
concava, only in its greater size and coarser, simple plication of the surface. In
general contour, structure of hinge, cardinal process, muscular scars and inter-
BRACHIOPODA. 137
nal septa, it agrees throughout with Anoplotheca and Ccelospira. In the
original diagnosis of Leptoc(elia, L. flabellites was described and figured as pos-
sessing a terebratuloid loop. It was, however, distinctly stated that the evi-
dence of this structure was confined to a single specimen containing cavities in
its filling of quartz, which corresponded to the restoration given. Subsequent
investigations have not corroborated this observation.
The specimens of this species are not favorably preserved for the retention
of the brachial apparatus, those from Cumberland, Maryland, being replaced
by silica and often filled with coarsely crystallized quartz, while those from
New York, Gaspe and the South American localities are usually in the form
of casts in an arenaceous sediment. Later observations have not shown any
trace of the organ described, and it is highly improbable that a species agreeing
in all known points of structure with the spirigerous groups just discussed, and
having also a fibrous shell structure, should possess a terebratuloid loop. Ref-
erence has been made to the fact that in Calospira concava the stout umbonal
blades of the primary lamellae and the loop are frequently all that is retained
of the brachial apparatus, the rest of the brachidium being very delicate ;
the parts thus retained are by themselves certainly suggestive of terebratuloid
structure, and not unlike the loop ascribed to L. flabellites. With our present
knowledge it would be unwise to separate Leptoc(Elia too widely from
Anoplotheca and Ccelospira.
There are but two other species which can safely be refen-ed to the group
of L. flabellites, namely, L. dichotoma and L. fimbriata, Hall, also ■ from the
Oriskany fauna at Cumberland. The latter shell possesses a peculiarity in the
extension, from between the cardinal extremities of the valves, of the inner
lamina of the shell substance in the form of a row of spinules having the
appearance of matted cilia. (See Plate LIII, figs. 47, 50.)
Leptoccelia flabellites, the type species, is remarkable for its wide distribution.
Like Tropidoleptus carinatus and Vitulina pustulosa, it abounds in the lower
Devonian strata of South America. Morris and Sharpe described the species
under the name Atrypa palmata, from material collected by Darwin in the
Falkland Islands ; Salter described it as Orthis Aymara, from various localities
138 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK. .
in the Cordilleras of Bolivia ; and Ulrich has cited a large list of additional
localities which indicate its general and abundant occurrence in that country.
It has not been reported in the rich lower and middle Devonian faunas of the
Amazonas, but occurs at Ponta Gi'ossa, Brazil. Salter identified it as Orthis
palmata among some palaeozoic fossils from South Africa, and Ulrich suggests
that a similar shell fi'om the Cape, referred to by Murchison* and subsequently
by DE VerneuilI as Orihis calladis, is probably this species.
Of the three species so intimately associated in the Bolivian Devonian,
Leptocoslia jiabellites, VituUna pustulosa, and Tropidoleptus carinatus, the last is
the only one which occurs in European or Asian faunas; all occur in South
Africa in faunas which are probably of lower Devonian age. In North
America, this association is broken, and Leptoccelia disappears with the early
Devonian ; Tropidoleptus and Vitulina appearing only with the introduction
of the Hamilton fauna.
Genus VITULINA, J Hall. 1860.
.SUI'l'LEMENTARY PLATE.
1860. VituUna, Hall Thirteenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 72, figs. 1, 2; p. 82.
1862. VUidina, Hall. Fifteenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 187.
1867. VituUna, Hall. Paleontology of New Yorli, vol. iv, pp. 409-411, pi. Ixii, tigs. ], a-i.
1874. VituUna, Rathbun. Bull. Buffalo Society of Niitural Sciences, vol. i, p. 255, pU ix.
1876. VituUua, Derby. Bull. Museum Harvard College, vol. iii. No. 12, p. 282.
1881. VituUna, Rathedn. Proc. Boston Society of Natural Histoi-y, vol. xx, p. 36.
1890. VituUna, Derby. Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, vol. ix, p. 76.
1891. VituU7ia, Ulrich. Neues Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie, etc., p. 273.
1892. Vituli7ia, Ulrich. Neues Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie, etc., Beilageband iii, p. 71, pi. iv, figs.
26-29.
The nature of the widely distributed little species VituUna pustulosa, Hall,
has never been fully understood. When the generic characters were first
described their similarities to both Leptoccelia and Tropidoleptus were sug-
gested, but these were not reiterated with the more detailed description and
* Silurian System, p. 701.
t Bull. Societ<5 G^ol. France, vol xi, p. 166. 1840.
I This name is said by Dall to have been employed by Swainson in 1840 for a genus of Gastropoda,
but it does not appear in the later conchological manuals. See Dall, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 8, p. 75.
This is possibly in error for Vitularia, Swainson. 1840.
BRACHIOPODA. 139
illustration of V. pustulosa in 1867* Its general external resemblance to
Tropidoleptus and its almost universal association with that genus in
Devonian faunas have led to a tacit concession, on the part of some authors,
of structural relations in the two genera. All observations upon Vitulina
have heretofore been based upon separated valves or casts of their interiors.
Specimens in which the valves are retained in their normal position are of
extreme rarity, and it is from such an example, obtained in the Hamilton
shales of Alden, New York, that we have succeeded in demonstrating the
species to be spiriferous, and that its structural characters ally it closely
to the genera which have just been discussed. The distinctive features of the
genus may be summarized as follows :
Shell of rather small size ; plano-convex in contour, transverse, the hinge-
line making the greatest diameter of the valves. The pedicle-valve is convex,
its umbo scarcely elevated and its apex not prominent or incurved. A cardinal
area is highly developed, and is divided medially by an open, triangular
delthyrium, which bears no traces of deltidial plates in any condition that has
been observed. The delthyrium is vex'y wide, its base covering more than
one-third the extent of the hinge-line. The teeth are blunt, thickened, and
not supported by dental plates. The scar of the pedicle-muscle is distinctly
defined, but those of the other muscles are obscure in their limitation. Under
the most favorable preservation, there appears a posterior flabelliform pair,
situated just in front of the pedicle-scar, and in advance of these a median
scar enclosed by two anterior diductor impressions. There is, at times, a low
median ridge, which is purely muscular in its origin.
The brachial valve is depressed-convex or flat ; it bears a narrow cardinal
area coextensive with that on the opposite valve. The delthyrium is wide and
open, and when the conjoined valves are viewed from behind, the cardinal pro-
cess and socket walls are clearly seen through the wide pedicle-passage. The
former of these, the cardinal process, is a straight, simple apophysis, like that
in Anoplotheca and Ccelospira ; and the socket walls, which are also the bases
of the crura, are short, but prominent and elevated, bordering deep and narrow
* Palseontology of New York, vol. iv, jip. 409-411, pi. Ixii.
140 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK. .
dental sockets. The brachidium consists of loosely coiled spirals of about four
volutions, the cones having their apices directed toward tlie lateral margins of
the valves. On the dorsal side the primary lamellas are close together, but on
the ventral side they are wide apart, this fact indicating that the bases of the
spirals do not lie in parallel planes but converge toward the brachial valve, so
that the slope of the cones, which are somewhat appressed laterally, is essen-
tially that of the lateral slopes of the pedicle- valve. The character of the loop
has not been ascertained. The muscular impressions consist of four distinct
adductor scars which are separated medially hy a low, thin ridge.
Surface of both valves covered by a few coarse plications, continuous from
the umbones to the margins. Of these there are four or five on the lateral
slopes. On the pedicle-valve the median pair is the strongest, and forms a sort
of double fold with a low sinus between them. On the brachial valve there is
a corresponding low median sinus, which contains a simple or double plication.
The exterior is covered with fine elevated radiating lines which are usually
interrupted to form radiating rows of elongate, lachrymiform pustules.
Shell substance fibrous, impunctate.
ViTULiNA now takes its place quite naturally in close association with C«lo-
SPiRA and Leptoc(elia. Yet the remarkable development of the cardinal area
on both valves and the great open delthyrium are features which suggest an
alliance with the orthoids. In so late a representative of this group of
spiriferous genera the occurrence of these characters may probably be inter-
preted as a single recurrence of an early phase of development.
Like the genus Tropidoleptus, with which Vitulina is closely associated
wherever it occurs, the latter appeared suddenly, attained a very prolific develop-
ment, and as abruptly disappeared. In South America it appears with Tropido-
leptus carinatus wherever Devonian faunas have been recognized, and perhaps
more abundantly in the lower Devonian, in association with Leptocalia palmata,
Salter, or L.fiabelUtes, Conrad, than in those faunas considered equivalent to the
Hamilton shales of New York. Dr. 0. A. Derby, in reporting the species from
the Province of Matto Grosso, Brazil, says : " This generic form would seem to be
peculiarly a South American one, since, while it is rare and only very locally dis-
BRACHIOPODA.
141
tributed in North America, and has apparently not yet been recognized in Europe,
it appears in every South American collection of Devonian fossils that has
come under my notice. On the Amazonas it is one of the most abundant
and characteristic shells in both the lower (Maecuri'i) and upper (Eren'-)
divisions. It occurs also in the collections made by Prof Alex. Agassiz at
Lake Titicaca, in Bolivia, and by myself at Ponta Grossa, in the Brazilian
province of Parand, although in both these cases, as in that of Matto Grosso,
only a mere handful of fossils was obtained." * A. Ulrich reports that the
species was also found in Bolivia by Steinmann, near Tarabuco, and by
STf'BEL in the valley of the Rio Sicasica.f The same author has identified this
shell in close association with Lepiocalia Jiabellites, among fossils collected by
ScHENCK in the Bokkeveld Mountains, in South Africa.
In North America, Vitulina pustulosa is restricted to the middle Devonian,
occurring only, so far as known, in the soft shales of the Hamilton group in
western New York. Even here it is not generally diffused, but its gregarious
habit is evinced by its abundance in the few localities from which it has
been reported.
Genus A N A B A I A , Clarke.
This name has been introduced in an unpublished account of the " Upper
Silurian Fauna of the Rio Trombetas, Province of Pani, Brazil,"! for a Silurian
Fig. 121. nu. 123. Fig. 126. Fig. 127.
Figs. 1J4-1'27. Anahaia Paraia, Clarke.
Fig. 121. Exterior, showing the br.achial valve.
Fig. ri.!. Profile of a somewhat compressed s|pecimen.
Fig. 12«. Interior of the brachial valve; showing the cardinal process, crura, dental .-.ockels and septum.
Fig. 127. Internal cast of portion of the pedicle-valve; showing the muscular scars. (c.)
* Nota sobre a Geologia e Paleontologia de Matto Grosso, pp. 76, 77. 189(1.
t Neues Jahrbiioh fiir Mineralogie, etc., Beilageband vii), pp. 71-73, pi. iv, figs. 26-29. 1892.
t Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de .Janeiro, vol. x
142 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK. .
shell allied to Leptocalia flabellites in the structure of its cardinal process and
articulating apparatus, having, however, a highly convex brachial valve with a
median septum extending one-half its length, two short, abruptly ending
plications on the low median fold, upturned anterior margins, and explanate
cardinal extremities. As far as the structure of its type species, Anabaia Paraia,
Clarke, is known, it appears to be the precursor of the Devonian shells referred
to Anoplotheca and Leptocoelia.
Genus NUCLEOSPIRA, Hall. 1859.
PLATE XLVIII.
1843. Atrypa, Hall. Geology of N. Y.; Rept. Fourth Dist., p. 200, fig. 3.
1852. Ort'his, Hall. Palaeontology of N. Y., vol. ii, p. 250, pi. Hi, tig. 1.
1857. Spirifer, Hall. Tenth Rept. N Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. hi.
1859. Nudeospira, Hall. Twelfth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pj). 24-26.
1859. Nudeospira, Hall. Palaeontology of N. Y,, vol. iii, pj). 219-223, pi. xiv, fig. 1 ; ]il. xxviii, b,
figs. 2-19.
1860. Nudeospira, White. Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. viii, p. 227.
1863. Nudeospira, Hall. Transactions of the Albany Institute, vol. iv, p. 226.
1867. Nudeospira, Hall. Palaeontology of N. Y., vol. iv, pp. 278, 279, pi xlv, tigs. 33-57.
1879. Nudeospira, Hall. Twenty-eighth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 160, pi. xxv, tigs. 22-28.
1882. Nudeospira, Hall. Eleventh Rejit. State Geologist of Indiana, p. 301, pi. xxv, tigs. 22-28.
1882. Nudeospira, Whitfield. Annals N. Y. Acad. Sciences, vol. ii, p. 194.
1884. Nudeospira, Walcott. Monogr. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. viii, p. 147.
1889. Nudeospira, Nbttblroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, pp 103, 104, pi. xxxii, figs. 1-4 ; pi. xxxiii,
figs. 7-9.
Diagnosis. Shells usually small, subcircular in outline. Valves subequally
convex, often gibbous or ventricose. Hinge-line very short, cardinal ex-
tremities rounded. On the pedicle-valve the cardinal area is low and
obscured by the incurvature of the beak. Only in very young specimens
is the deltidium exposed, and it then consists of two plates attached to
the lateral margins of the delthyrium; in mature individuals these plates
are coalesced and incurved, the median suture is lost and the foramen
covered ; the appearance of the deltidium is that of a triangular concave plate,
limited by rather sharp dental ridges and covering the delthyrium for about half
its length. The teeth are prominent, approximate, recurved at their tips, sup-
ported by thickened bases but not by lamellte. Dental sockets very narrow.
The muscular area is flabellate and extends for nearly one-half the length of
BRACHIOPODA. 143
the shell ; it is composed of two elongate-ovate adductor scars enclosed by
broad and radially striated diductors. A conspicuous median septum begins in
the umbonal region and extends to within a very short distance of tlie anterior
edge of the valve.
In the brachial valve the hinge-plate arises with a vertical anterior face
from the bottom of the shell; but just above the plane of the margins of the
valve it is reflected in a curve so abrupt that its upper face becomes horizontal.
The anterior face is concave and quadrate in outline ; the posterior face is
subtriangular, flat or concave, and is frequently bilobed at its extremit3\ In
profile the plate has a hook-shaped appearance; its posterior extremity being
elevated considerably above the beak of the valve, and when the valves are
in articulation, extending quite to the bottom of the umbonal cavity of the
pedicle-valve. The crural bases are situated on the vertical face of the plate,
just at the point of recurvature. The crura are slender, straight, long and
rod-like, having a length equal to fully one-fourth that of the shell. They
are attached at their tips to the inner surfaces of the primary lamellas. The
primary lamellae of the spiral coils are greatly incurved and their apices close
together ; their umbonal blades are very broad. The loop originates at about
one-fourth the length of the lamellge, is inclined slightly backward, the
lateral branches uniting directly in front of the apices of the lamellae, and
forming a simple straight stem, which is continued beyond the opposite edge
of the coil and almost to the inner surface of the pedicle-valve. The spiral
ribbon makes from six to ten volutions, and the cones have their altitude in
the transverse diameter of the shell.
The muscular area is very narrow and elongate, the posterior adductor scars
enveloping the extremities of the anterior adductors. They are divided into
pairs by a median septum of the same extent as that of the pedicle-valve.
Fine racemose vascular sinuses are sometimes retained over the pallial region
of both valves.
The external surface usually bears a low median sinus and fold on the
pedicle and brachial valves respectively. The epidermal layer of the shell is
usually, probably always, covered with numerous fine, short spinules; these,
144 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
when removed, leave the surface with only regularly concentric growth-lines
marked by papillse which are the bases of the spinules.
Type, Spirifera ventricosa, Hall. Lower Helderberg group.
Observations. Nucleospira is a well defined and very compact genus.
Though not largely represented in species, it has a considerable vertical range,
appearing in the middle Silurian and disappearing probably in the middle or
upper Devonian. • The genus is allied in some general respects to the genera
which Mr. Davidson associated with it, under his sub-family NucLEospiniDjs,
viz. : Retzia, Mekistina, Eumetria and Trematospira, but the distinctive
features of the brachidium bring it into closer association with Anoplotheca
and CcELOSPiRA, notwithstanding the great differences in exterior. The spinul-
ous surface, which appears to be common to all the species, is suggestive of
Parazyga and some forms of Athyris. The peculiar structure of the delthy-
rial covering, resulting from a coalescence of the deltidial plates, is not unlike
that of Eumetria and Trematospira, and the same extreme of modification is
reached in Parazyga Deweyi. The imperforate hinge-plate is extravagant in its
elevation and peculiar in form. Hitherto the character of the loop has not
been accurately determined, and yet this structure is very simple ; a union of
the lateral branches at a low angle and the continuation of an undivided
straight stem across the interior cavity. The explanation of the various
imperfect determinations of this part which have been given by different au-
thors, is to be found in the fact that the long, slender crura, the broad umbonal
blades of the primary lamellae and the lateral branches of the loop almost, and
sometimes actually meet. Any detachment of the interior part of the shell,
either intentional or accidental, is very likely to pass through this point of
convergence and remove from the seven processes there approximating the
simple continuation of the loop. This stem of the loop is continued beyond
the bases of the spiral cones, and may reach the surface of the pedicle-valve,
but it does not articulate in a slotted ridge in the similarly constructed loop
of the genus Bifida oi' Anoplotheca, nor is its extremity bifurcated to em-
brace the low median septum of the valve. The stem usually makes a large
BRACHIOPODA.
145
angle with the lateral branches of the loop, and is deflected posteriorly ; its
surface is generally cylindrical, but in Nudeospira concentrica it is considerably
flattened.
Fig. iw.
Fig. 129.
Fig. ISO. Fig. 131.
Fiff. 12*f. A iireparation of Nudeospira ventricosa. Hall; showing the umbonal blades, the loop and the form of the
first volution of the spirals.
Figs. 129, 130. The primary lamell.-e and loop of Nudeospira i-eniricosa. Hall.
Fig. 131. A preparation of A'ucZeos^fra ct»?icinrta, Hall; showing one-hall of the hi-achitlium, the mode of attach-
ment of the crura to the umbonal blades and the flattened stem of the loop- (0.)
The structure of the hinge-plate and brachial apparatus is now known in
the following species of this genus : N. pisuni, Sowerby, of the Wenlock lime-
stone; N. pisiformis, Hall, of the Clinton and Niagara group; N. ventricosa.
Hall ; N. elegans, Hall, of the Lower Helderberg, and N. concinna, Hall, of the
Corniferous and Hamilton groups. Besides these, the following American
species have been described: N. concentrica and N. rotundata, Whitfield, of the
Lower Helderberg group, and N. Barrisi, White, of the Kinderhook.
A single individual of what appeared, from external characters, to be the
species Nudeospira concinna. Hall, from the Corniferous limestone of the Falls of
the Ohio, affords a surprising variation in the structure of the loop. The
internal parts have the same development and mutual relations as in specimens
of the species from the Hamilton shales, except that the stem makes a slightly
146 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
anterior instead of posterior bend at its junction with the lateral branches, and
each of these branches bears a single row of irregular, somewhat ramose pro-
cesses directed toward the inner edges of the umbonal blades. What the sig-
nificance of these processes may be is not evident from a study of the specimen.
They do not appear to be of mechanical origin or due to crystallization of silica
upon the lamellse, but may possibly indicate a pathological or excresential
condition.
Fig. 13.'.
Loop of Nucleoxpira, sp. ?, from the Cornilerous limestone at the Falls of the Ohio. (c )
Genus CYCLOSPIRA, gen. nov.
PLATE LV.
1842. Orthis, Emmons. Geology of New York; Rejjt. Second Dist., p. 395, fig. 4.
1847. Atrypa, Hall. Palseontulogy of New York, vol. i, p. 139, pi. xxxiii, figs. 3 a-e.
This proposed division is founded on the species, Orthis bisulcata, Emmons
{Atrypa bisulcata. Hall), of the Trenton limestone, which in external characters
is very similar to the Dayia navicula, Sowerby, of the Wenlock fauna. It is
indeed surprising to find that two species so nearly alike externally, should
differ so essentially in internal features as to require their separation into
groups which appear but remotely related.
Atrypa bisulcata is a subtrihedral shell with a very convex pedicle-valve and
a depressed brachial valve. The larger valve has a prominent umbo, the
beak being closely incurved over the hinge, concealing both foramen and
deltidium. The umbo is longitudinally keeled, but at about one-third the
BRACHIOPODA. 147
length of the valve a median furrow begins on this ridge, widening ante-
riorly, and thus making a double keel over the forward parts of the shell.
The lateral slopes are broad and smooth, interrupted only in the umbo-lateral
regions by a short fold on each side, originating at the beak and lying
just within the margins.
Fio. 133. Fig. 134.
Front and proflle views of Cyclospira bisulcata, Emmons. X 2.
The brachial valve is slightly convex posteriorly, becoming concave medi-
ally over the pallial region. The median sinus bears a low fold corresponding
to the central groove of the opposite valve. On the interior of the pedicle-
valve the shell in the umbonal region is very thick, and in this thickened
portion the scar of the pedicle-muscle, and in front of it, the adductor scar
is excavated. At the anterior edge of the muscular area the shell becomes
suddenly and abruptly thinner, and thus that area lies on a well-developed,
solid platform. In the brachial valve the hinge-plate is small and sup-
ported by a low median septum which extends about two-thirds the length
of the valve.
The crura diverge slightly as they pass downward, making a very low curve
or slight angulation at their union with the primary lamellae. The spiral
ribbon is very delicate and quite short, making but two and one-half or three
volutions, which are almost circular. The interesting feature of these spirals is
that they are coiled in planes nearly parallel to the vertical axial plane of the
shell. The best of our preparations, which are transparencies, show quite
clearly that the apices of the spirals are very slightly introverted, and the
primary whorls are so close together that this slight introversion brings the
apices into approximation. This deviation from the vertical is apparently
quite normal, and is fully corroborated by the ZvGOSPiRA-like contour of the
shell ; and yet it would require but slight mechanical or casual disturbance of
148 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
the spirals to produce an equal inclination outwardly. As to the loop, there
is as yet no satisfactory proof of its existence ; indeed, the evidence derived
Fig. 135. Fig. 136.
The biachiiiiam'of Cyclospira bimlcata, Emmons. (C.)
from a number of transparent preparations is decidedly negative upon this point.
Where the crura are attached to the primary lamellae, the ribbon is broadened,
and just in front of these points there appear to have been two short convergent
apophyses which may be construed as discrete elements of a loop. Though an
unprecedented occurrence, it would not be surprising or unnatural to find this
early spirigerous shell actually ajugate. Subsequent investigations of the
brachidium nmst be relied upon to determine whether or not the loop was ever
a continuous lamella, but hitherto, repeated preparations of the brachial appa-
ratus have given no satisfactory evidence of such a structure.*
The peculiarities of the internal supports combined with the nature of the
hinge-plate and the contour and smooth exterior of the shell, make an associa-
tion which removes Alrypa bisulcata from any intimate connexion with Zygos-
PiRA, Catazyga and Glassia, in which the spirals are also introverted, and
* Specimens of Airypa bisulcata in a suitable condition for the determination of the internal characters
are rare. When the matrix is opaque, it usually consists of a mass of organic debris which has broken
down the delicate brachidium. Through the kindness of Mr. W. R Billings, of Ottawa, we have been
permitted to examine an extended series of specimens from his collection and to select for cutting such
as possessed a translucent filling, and upon these the determinations have been based.
BRACHIOPODA. 149
from Dayia, which, as already suggested, has only an external resemblance to
this species.
It is not known with certainty whether other representatives of this type of
structure exist among the species of the earlier faunas. Mr. E. Billings de-
scribed a species, Athyris Lara, from his Division 2 of the Anticosti group,*
which has somewhat the form of Cyclospira bisulcata, and Mr. Davidson statesf
that it contains introverted spirals.
In another species, or series of species, we find abundant and convincing
evidence of the existence of a slight modification of this type contemporaneous
with Cyclospira bisulcata. The Atrypa exigua, Hall,j: a diminutive shell described
from the Trenton limestone of New York, has a similar contour to C. bisulcata,
though the pedicle-valve is less convex and the ante-lateral margins of the
valves bear evidence of coarse plication. In this little shell the brachial valve
has a simply divided hinge-plate, and upon these divisions rest the two short
convergent crura ; joining the latter at a low angle, the primary lamellae diverge
laterally, converge slightly toward their anterior margins, thence curve verti-
cally upward, nearly touching the inner surface of the pedicle-valve and very
Fig. 137. Fig. 138.
The brachidium of Atrypa I.Protozijgci'i exigua. Hall. (n.)
gradually approaching each other. The ribbon is continued with a decided
internal inclination, until it completes slightly more than one entire volution.
Toward the anterior margins of the primary lamellae a strong loop is given off,
its lateral branches projected very obliquely backward, sometimes scarcely
rising between the coils, the union forming a broad angle on the anterior mar-
gin with a subacute process on the outer margin. In the accompanying figures
* Catalogues of the Silurian Fossils of the Island of Anticosti, p. 47. 1866.
t British Silurian Brachiojioda, Suiipl., p. 121. 1862.
I PalsBontology of New York, vol. i, p. 141, pi. xxxiii, fig's. 6a-d. 1847.
150 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
the structure of the brachidium has been represented from silicified specimens.
It may be remarked that in some of the preparations of this fossil the loop is
situated somewhat nearer the middle of the primary coils.
Many preparations have been made of the brachidium in shells of this species
not only from New York, but also from the Trenton horizon of Rochester, Minn.,
Beloit, Wis., and Auburn, Mo. They have been found in various conditions of
incrustation and replacement, but with a constancy of the characters described.
Atrypa exigua has been playing a somewhat varied role in recent American
literature. Sakdeson has described it as a new species,* under the name
Zr/gospira? aquila from the Trenton limestone at Minneapolis and other local-
ities in Minnesota. Winchell and Schuchert have included it in a supposed
primitive impunctate terebratuloid genus, Hallina, and have termed it Hallina
Nicollett.^ Mr. Sakdeson has been the first to give a figure of the internal
structure of the shell (op. cit., fig. 18), the specimen represented having been
cut in such a manner as to expose only the loop and that portion of primary
lamellae lying behind its bases. The appearance of the brachidium is thus
quite suggestive of some MAGELLANiA-like brachiopod. This writer, however,
recognized the similarity of the brachidium to that of Zygospira, suggesting
that in " other sections there appear to be spiral coils anterior to the part shown
in the figure, situated in the dorsal valve mainly, and with the apices together."
Messrs. Winchell and Schuchert have, from similar incomplete preparations,
unfortunately misapprehended the shell.
The value of the proposed genus Hallina can not, however, be estab-
lished from the characters of this species only, as the type form specified by
the authors is Hallina Saffordi, W. and S., from the Trenton or Glade limestone
at Lebanon, Tenn. This is a small shell, oval in outline, and with biconvex
valves which bear from fifteen to twenty subangular surface plications, begin-
ning in the umbonal regions ; it has, therefore, an altogether different exterior
from Atrypa exigua, and is indeed not unlike an immature condition of the well
known species, common in the Glade limestone and elsewhere at the Trenton
* Bull. Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. iii, No. 3, p. 335, pi. Iv, tig's. 15-18. 1892.
t American Geologist, vol. ix, p. 292. 1892. Geological Survey of Minnesota, vol. iii, pp. 471, 474,
pL xxxiv, tigs. 59-62. 1893.
BRACHIOPODA. 151
horizon, the Atrypa, Zygospira or Anazyga recurvirostra. Hall. The value of
the genus Hallina must be derived from this species, and, after examination
Fio. 139. ria. UO. Fig. 141.
Preparations showing the structure of the brachidium in Hallina Saffordi, Winchcll and Schuclicrt.
Fig. 139. The peilicle-valve cut so as to show the tips of the ascending lamellae.
Fig. 140. The opposite side, showing Uie form of the primarj' lamellae as far as the base of the loop, and the char-
acter of the latter.
Fig, 141. View showing the form of the brachidium in profile. (C.)
of specimens from the original locality, we have been unable to find evidence
that it is any more terebratuloid in its characters than the Hallina Nicolleti ;
indeed, it possesses a brachidium of precisely the same structure as the latter.*
The Atnjpa exigiia and Hallina Saffordi present the minimum development of
the spiral cones; the inward inclination of their apices, though but slight, and
the highly developed loop, show that they are actually inceptive forms of
Zygospira, while the difference in external surface of the two, smooth in the
former except for the low folds about the margins, finely and completely plicated
in the latter, the nearly vertical plane of the spirals, as well as their brevity,
afford again evidence of the great variability in early types of structure. For
the Airypa exigua the term Protozyga is proposed; its relations to Cyclospira
are evident, the differences between the two lying in the longer, more nearly
vertical and parallel spirals of the latter, and (with the present evidence) in
its incomplete loop, indications only of jugal processes being present near the
posterior part of the primary lamellae, f
* Hallina Saffoi-di has a simple hing-e-plate composed of two discrete processes, upon which the crura
are based, a low median septum in the brachial valve, and well defined though small dental plates. For
further illustration of this shell, see Supplementary plate.
t The internal structure oi Airypa Usulc.ata had been demonstrated and described in manuscript under
the name Cyclospira, some time before the treatise on the Silurian Brachiopoda of Minnesota, by Winchell
and ScnucHERT (Geological Survey of Minnesota, vol. iii) was undertaken. As it proved desirable to refer
to this type of structure in that work, and as the determinations_above given, were known to one of the
authors, the name Cyclospira was there used with our knowledge and consent. '
152
PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Genus GLASSIA, Davidson. 1881.
1849. Atryjja, SoyiKHBY. Silurian System, pi. viii, fig. 9.
1859. AtJiyris? Salter. Siluria, second ed., p. 542, pi. xxii, fig. 16.
1867. Athyris, Davidson. British Silurian Brachiopoda, p. 121, pi. xii, fig. 19 ; pi. xiii, figs. 5, a.
18S1. Olassia, Davidson. Geological Magazine, new sei-ies, vol. viii.
1882. Olassia, Davidson. British Devonian and Silurian Brachiopoda Supplement, p. 38, pi. i, figp.
10-14; pp. 116-120, pi. vii, tigs. 9-20.
Shells small, biconvex; elongate-ovate in outline; surface smooth. Umbo
of the pedicle-valve not conspicuous; beak depressed. Structure of the
deltidium and hinge as in Ndcleospira. Muscular impression consisting of
two widely divergent, oval diductor scars, between which lies a broad ad-
ductor scar.
Fig. U2. Fig. 143.
Figs. H2-144. Glassia obovata, Sowerby.
Fig. U2. Interior 01' the petiicle-valve.
Fisrs. U3, 144. Views of the exterior. Natural size.
FIG. 114.
(Davidson.)
Brachial valve with an internal septum. The spiral cones have their bases
toward the lateral margins of the shell and their apices at the center of the
internal cavity ; their position with reference to each other is therefore just
the reverse of that in Meristella, Retzia, etc. The cones are laterally com-
pressed, and the ribbon makes but few volutions. The loop originates as
in Atrypa, is continuous, bending downward into the space between the
cones and making a sharp angle at the point of union, which may be directed
upward.
Type, Atrypa obovata, Sowerby. Wenlock and Ludlow formations.
In this genus and Cyclospira the spirals are at the extreme of introversion,
and the structure of the brachidium in its entirety is quite similar to that
BRACHIOPODA. 153
observed in Atrypina, though the introversion of the spirals is less complete
in the latter. Glassia stands in the same relation to Atrypina as Protozyga
Fig. 145.
lirachidiuni of Glassia oborata, Sowerby. (Davidson.)
to Hallina ; Glassia and Protozyga having essentially smooth exteriors and
the others a plicated surface. Other differences will probably be found in
Glassia and Atrypina, and these are indicated by the peculiar structure of the
deltidial plates in the former, as described above. Davidson recognizes three
species of Glassia, G. obovata, Sowerby, G. elongata, Davidson, from the Wen-
lock shales, and G. Whidbornii, Davidson, from the middle Devonian of Torquay.
The continuation of this type of structure into the Devonian is of interest as
being the only instance of the passage of the primitive zygospiroid structure
beyond the limits of the Silurian. Glassia is represented in the lower Silurian
of North America by an undescribed species found by Dr. C. Rominger in a
drifted boulder of Trenton limestone, near Ann Arbor, Michigan, in association
with Cyclospira bisulcata. This species, Glassia Romingeri, has the smooth, con-
vex valves and the introverted spirals of G. obovata, but is a more elongate
shell. (See Supplement for description.)
154 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Genus ZYGOSPIRA, Hall. 1862.
PLATE LV.
1847. Atrypa. OrtUs ?, Slmocisma, Hall. Paleontology of N.Y., vol. i, vp. 140-142, 288, pi. xv, fig. 15 ;
pL xxxiii, figs. 4, 5 ; pi. Ixxix, fig. 5.
1859. RhyncJionellah Hall. Twelfth Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 66.
1860. Atrypa, Hall. Thirteenth Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 69.
1862. Zygospira, Hall. Fifteenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 154, figs. 1, 2.
1862. Zygospira, Billings. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. vii, p. 393.
1862. Athyris, Billings. Palieozoic Fossils, vol. i, p. 147, tigs. 125-127.
1S63. Athyris, RhyncfKmella ?, Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 168, fig. I.'>2; p. 211, fig. 211 ; p. 212,
fig.s. 214-216.
1864. Sfenocixma, Meek and Haydbn. Paleontology of the Upper Missouri, p. 16.
1866. RhynchoneUa, Zygospira, Billings. Catalogue Silurian Fossils of Anticosti, pp. 44, 46.
1867. Zygospira, Hall. Twentieth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 267.
1868. Zygospira, Mekk. Geological Survey of Illinois, vol. iii, p. 377.
1872. Zygospira, Hall. Twenty-third Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pi. xiii, figs. 23-25.
1873. Zygospira, Meek. Paleontology of Ohio, vol. i, pp. 125, 126, pi. xi, figs. 4, 5.
1875. Zygospira. Millkk. Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science, vol. ii, pp. 58, 59.
1878. Zygospira, U. P. Jambs. The Palfeontologist, No. i, p. 7.
1879. Zygospira, Uliuch. Journal Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 14, pi. vii, fig. 10.
1882. Zygospira, Hall. Eleventh Rept. State Geologist of Indiana, j). 305, pi. xxvii, fig. 7.
1882. Zygospira, Anazyga, Davidson. British Silurian Brachiopoda, Supplement, pp. 122, 128.
1883. Zygospira, Hall. Transactions of the Alb.iny Institute, vol. x, p. 70.
1889. Zygospira, Nettblroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, p. 138, pi. xxxiv, figs. 21-25.
1893. Zygospira, Winchell and Schcchekt. Geological Survey of Minnesota, vol. iii, pp. 465-469,
pi. xxxiv, figs. 42-48.
Diagnosis. Shells usually small. Outline subcircular or transversely oval.
Contour subplano-convex. Surface sharply plicate. Pedicle-valve with a
median plicated ridge. Umbo narrow and prominent; beak acute and in-
curved. Foramen elongate, rarely apical, enclosed by the deltidial plates.
Hinge-line long and straight ; cardinal extremities rounded. A distinct false
area is formed by a pair of ridges diverging from the beak toward the cardinal
extremities. On the interior the teeth are moderately well developed and
unsupported by dental lamellae.
The brachial valve is depressed convex in the umbonal region and bears a
more or less conspicuous median sinus. The hinge-plate consists of two broad,
stout processes, diverging outwardly, grooved on their summits, and separated
from each other by a narrow, sharp cleft. They form both the socket walls
and crural bases, and are supported by a low median ridge. Muscular impres-
sions obscure in the typical species.
BRACHIOPODA.
155
The crura are short and straight at their imion with the primary lamellae,
making a rectangular curve. The first half-volution of the ribbon lies just
within the margins of the valves, and the number of volutions is small. The
spirals have their bases parallel to the lateral slopes of the pedicle-valve and
their apices directed obliquely toward the center of the opposite valve. The
loop is a continuous band, variable in position and shape. It may originate on
the posterior or anterior limb of the primary lamellae, or be placed medially ;
its apex is always angular and directed anteriorly and the lateral curves vary
in length and degree according to their position with reference to the spirals.
Type, Produda modesta, (Say) Hall. Hudson River group.
Observations. The existence of atrypiform spirals in Produda modesta {Atrypa
modesta, Palaeontology of New York, Vol. I, p. 141), was recorded in the Thir-
teenth Annual Report on the State Cabinet of Natural History, p. 69, and
subsequently in the Fifteenth Report of that institution ; the structure of the
spirals and their connection was described and figured, and the new genus
Zygospira, erected on the basis of these characters.
Fig. 146.
FIG. 147.
Fig. lU. FIG. 149.
Piep.arations of Zygospiramodesta, (Say) Hall; showing the variation in position of tlie loop.
(C.)
156 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
A most remarkable feature of this genus is the variability in the position of
the looi5. This is not a specific character, but a matter of variation among
individuals of a given species. For example, in the type-species, Z. modesta,
the loop may be found in any of the four positions represented in the accom-
panying figures, which have been made from actual preparations. The same
peculiarity is shown in Z. Cincinnatiensis, Meek, Z Kentuckiensis, James, and
Z. recurvirostra, Hall.
It is, nevertheless, true that, of a given number of individuals, say of
Z. modesta, the larger fraction will have the loop near the posterior limb of the
primary lamelliB ; at the same time, examples thoroughly typical in all other
respects, will have this organ placed as far forward as it ever occurs in the
species Z. recurvirostra, while in the latter species the larger percentage of a
given number of individuals will have the loop anterior, and a few have it
situated medially. These two species, Z. modesta and Z. recurvirostra, represent
the extreme possibilities of variation in this respect, and while it may be said
that the normal position of the loop in the former is posterior, and in the latter
anterior, yet the variations of the one anteriorly, pass the limit reached by the
variation of the other posteriorly. This mobility in the loop of Zygospira is
without parallel among other genera, and it has led to some erroneous observa-
tions and determinations, based upon insufficient data.*
The term Anazyga, therefore, which was proposed by Davidson in 1882f
for the species Atrypa recurvirostra, Hall, on the basis of its anterior and
recurved loop, must be rejected. In the illustration which this author has
given, the position of the loop is, perhaps, more extremely anterior than in
any of the numerous preparations we have studied, but there can be no
question that characteristic examples of the species have a condition of
the brachial apparatus which is indistinguishable from that of Z. modesta.
Zygospira has a very considerable representation in species. It seems to
have made its appearance in the fauna of the Trenton limestone, in Producta
* Reference is made to the observations and criticisms by Dr. Davidson in the Supplement to the
British Silurian Brachiopoda (p. 122), upon the orig-inal determination and illustrations of the position of
the loop in Z. modesta. The latter are correct, though they may not represent the extreme posterior
position assumed at times by the loop of^this species.])
t Op. cit., p. 128.,
BRACHIOPODA. 157
modesta, (Say) Hall, Atrypa recurvirostra* and A. dejleda, Hall. In the Hudson
River group are the species Z. modesta, (Say) Hall, Z. Kentuckiensis, James,
Z. Cindnnatiensis, Meek, Z. concentrica, Ulrich, Z. pau-
pcra, Billings, and probably the Rhynchonella mica,
Billings. There is still another species in this fauna
as it is developed in Pike county, Missouri, Zygospira
putilla, sp. nov. (see Plate LV, figs. 35-37), which
possesses an unusually elongate form, but retains
the coarsely plicate surface of Z. modesta ; its loop
appears to be persistently posterior in its posi-
tion. ,10 i>.
T r> pi.ii ±^ ' 1*1 Preparation showing tlie brachidium
In faunas 01 later date occurs the species which or zygosptra putaia. (c)
has been described as Z. minima, Hall, in the Niagara group at Waldron, Indiana,
but it is exceedingly rare, and its internal structure is not known. The genus
has not been satisfactorily identified in European faunas.
Subgenus CATAZYGA, s.-gen. nov.
PLATE LVI.
Mr. E. Billings described,! in 1862, the species Athyris Headi, from the Hud-
son River formation on the " south shore of the St. Lawrence, opposite Three
Rivers." It is a rather large, subcircular or ovoid shell, with valves more con-
vex than in Zygospira, the rotundity of the pedicle-valve obscuring the usual
prominence of the umbo in that genus. Both valves bear a low median sinus,
while the external surface, instead of being coarsely plicated as in Zygospira, is
covered with a great number of fine radiating striae. The typical external expres-
sion of Zygospira is thus to a large degree lost. On the interior of the pedicle-
valve the muscular impressions are well defined and similar to those seen on the
internal casts of the Orthis? or Zygospira erratica, from the sandy Hudson River
* Messrs. Winchell and Schuchert have recently separated fi'om the shells usually _i-eferred to this
species certain lai-ger and more finely striated shells from the Trenton and Galena horizons. These are
\.nYmeCL Zygospira Uphami. See American Geologist, vol. ix, p. 291 (1892), and Geological Survey of Min-
nesota, vol. iii, p. 468. pi. xxxiv, figs. 45-48 (1893). By the favor of Prof. N. H. Wincuell we have been
permitted to refer to advanced pages of the latter work.
+ PaliEozoic Fossils, vol. 1, p. 147, fig. 125.
158 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
(Lorraine) shales of central New York, that is, the pedicle-cavity is deep, and in
front of it lies a more deeply excavated, short, sharply defined and longitudinally
striated impression. In the brachial valve is a broad anterior and a narrow, elon-
gate posterior pair of scars. The spirals are of essentially the same character as
in Z. modesta, though the form of the cones is such that their apices converge
toward the median line in a plane just below the surface of the brachial valve.
The loop, however, differs ; in the first place, it is
persistently posterior in its position, originating as
in Atbypa, the lateral lamellae bending downward
toward the bottom of the brachial valve and
directed forward in lines which are parallel for a
^ Fig. 151.
short distance. Thence they bend inward and P'-epanaion of catey^^a ffe«d.;, Bniings;
-' showing the form ol the fpiral cones
upward, meeting in a sharp angle in the space just ^"fj""''' •"' "'""' ''""' '"" '';•','"""
behind the apices of the spirals.
These external and internal peculiarities afford a sufficient basis for the sep-
aration of shells of this type from Z. modesta and its allies. Mr. Billings de-
scribed two varieties of A. Headi, viz., A. borealis, from Lake St. John and the
Saguenay River ; and A. Anticostiensis, from Anticosti, both from the Hudson River
formation. The former " differs from the typical form in being more elongate-
oval and in having a more tumid umbo" (op. cit., p. 147). This elongate variety
prevails in the Hudson River fauna of Ohio, though in association with shells
agreeing with the typical A. Headi. The variety Anticostiensis retains more of
the contour of a Zygospira, the pedicle-valve being more prominently keeled,
the convexity more unequal, and, furthermore, there is a broad sinus on the
brachial valve, while there is no trace of one on the other valve. This fossil is
like Z. erratica, both in contour and in the fine striation of the exterior. If
there is a specific difference in the two forms it is extremely slight, too slight,
indeed, with our present knowledge, to indicate either in words or illustration.
These forms are interesting as being intermediary between the typical Zygospira
and the representatives of the proposed subgenus Catazyga.*
* Our specimens of 4(Aj/>'is fieadj and its variety j4. Anticostiensis &ve (vom the original localities, and
from the investigation of these we are compelled to disagree with Mr. Davidson's determinations given
upon pages 126-128 of his Supplement to the British Brachiopoda. On page 127 he states that
BRACHIOPODA. 159
It ought, perhaps, to be observed that in a postscript note circuhited with
some copies of the Twelfth Report on the New York State Museum of Natural
History, the name Orthonom^a was proposed as a generic designation for
Orthis ? erratica. Should it become desirable to distinguish these finely striated
species from the more typical coarsely plicated Zygospira and the biconvex
Catazyga, this term would be entitled to consideration.
Genus CLINTONELLA. gen. nov.
PLATE Lll.
Diagnosis. Shells usually small, suboval in outline ; valves subequally
biconvex, the axis of greatest convexity being oblique, making an angle of
about 55° with the vertical axis of the shell. Pedicle-valve with a small
umbo, which is compressed laterally, the apex being slightly incurved. The
cardinal area is replaced by a wide triangular delthyrium, which is unaccom-
panied by any trace of deltidial plates. The medially elevated umbo merges
anteriorly into a sinus which makes a deep flexure at the margin ; it bears two
plications, both of which reach the beak ; sometimes a trace of a third plication
may be seen. The lateral slopes bear from four to eight radial plications of
smaller size.
On the interior the teeth are prominent, strongly recurved at their tips and
supported by lamellaB which terminate abruptly. The lower and inner mar-
gins of these lamellse are thickened, contracting the pedicle cavity, which is,
consequently, narrow and deep. The diductor scars are of moderate size,
tiabellate in outline and deeply impressed at their posterior extremity. They
Anticostiensis and horealis "are only variations in shape of the same species, but specifically distinct
from the Zygospira (Athyris ?) Headi of Billings." Further, in indicatin<f the differences between A. Headi
and A. Anticostimsis, he says : " the most marked external characters consist in Headihaying in the dorsal
valve a somewhat deep longitudinal depression or sinus, while, on the contrary, Anticostiensis has the sinus
on the ve'itral valve." On the preceding page, in treating of Z. erratica, the author says : •' Z. erratica also
bears some resemblance to Z. Headi in its external form, especially as in both species there is a somewhat
deep sinus in the dorsal valve." It seems probable from these statements that Mr. Davidso.v has confounded
the typical A. Headi with the variety A. Anticostiensis, and this supposition is apparently borne out by the
assertion that the Rev. Mr. Glass succeeded in developing the brachial apparatus in Z. erratica. This
species, as far as we know, is invariably preserved as sandstone casts or in a matrix of sandstone, and to
develop its internal apparatus has proven an impossibility. The specimens of Z. Anticostimsis are, how-
ever, usually in limestone, and are very favorable subjects for such treatment.
160 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
are crossed by traces of the radial surface plications. Between them lie the
narrow obovate adductor scars.
In the brachial valve the beak is inconspicuous; the umbonal region de-
pressed for about one-third the length of the shell, thence anteriorly becoming
developed into a median fold. The greatest convexity of the valve is attained
in front of the center. The cardinal margin is scarcely thickened ; the dental
sockets quite narrow. The hinge-plate consists of two Hattened processes, in-
clined toward each other and closely approximate along their inner bases,
though not meeting. Each process is divided into an anterior and posterior
lobe, the latter being the smaller and resting upon the former. These an-
terior lobes are narrow and slender, and constitute the crural bases. Spirals
are present, but their direction and the nature of the loop are undetermined.
A stout median ridge supports the hinge-plate and divides the scars of the
adductor muscles. In both valves the lateral portions of the umbonal region
is pitted. The plications of the surface are covered by fine, sharp and ele-
vated concentric strite. Shell substance, fibrous, impunctate.
Type, Clintonella vagabunda, sp. nov. Clinton group.
Observations. This interesting shell possesses a hinge-plate of similar struc-
ture to that prevailing among the spire-bearing genera of the Clinton fauna,
Whitfieldella {W. intermedia, W. naviformis), Hyattella (H. congesta, H. junia),
CoELOSPiRA {C. planoconvexa), and occurring also in the genus Zygospira.
Though the structure of its brachial supports is unknown, the association of
the hinge-plate and the peculiar muscular impressions, with the strongly plicated
rhynchonelloid exterior, would effect an incongruity if introduced into any of
the generic divisions now recognized. The evidence now attainable indicates
an intimate relation to Zygospira, and from these indications it seems probable
that this shell will be found to possess introverted spirals.
Clintonella vagabunda was obtained from a drifted and decomposed block ol
sandstone found without label among the collections presented to the New
York State Museum by the Albany Institute. This specimen had been collected
by the late Governor De Witt Clinton, in remembrance of whose intelligent.
BRACHIOPODA. 161
cordial and influential interest in the study of the fossils of the State of New
York this generic name is proposed. This small block was virtually com-
posed of the shells of this fossil with a few specimens of an undescribed
Atrypina {A. Clinioni, sp. nov.) and fragments of the trilobite Encrinurus
ornatus. It was probably derived from the outcrops of the sandstone of the
Clinton group in Orleans county, or vicinity, New York.
Gends atrypina, gen. nov.
PLATE Llir.
1845. Tei-ebratula, de Vernbdil. Geol. de la. Riis.s. d'Europe et \les Mont, de I'Oural, p. 96, pi. x,
tigs. 14 a-e.
1848. Terebratula, Davidson. Bull. Soc. Geol. de France, vol. v, second ser. , p. 332. pi. iii, fig-. 32.
1852. Atrypa, Hall. Paleontology of New York, vol. ii, p. 277, pi. Ivii, figs. 6 a-m.
1857. Leptocodia, Hall. Tenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 108.
1859. Leptocmlia, Hall. Palaeontology of New York. vol. iii, p. 246, pi. xxxviii, tigs. 8-12.
1859. Mliynchonella, Retzia, Salter. Mui-chison's Siluria, second ed., p. 2."iO, fig. 6 ; p. 544.
1860. Retzia, Lindsthoji. Gotland's Brachiojioda, p. 337.
1867. Retzia. ' Davidson. Brit. Silurian Brachiopoda, p. 128, pi. xiii, figs. 10-13.
1868. Trematospira ^ Meek and Worthen. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. iii, y. 381, pi. vii, fig 2.
1879. Codosplra, Hall. Twenty-eighth Ann. Rept. N. Y. Slate Mus. Nat. Hist., p. ■162,*pl. xxv,
figs. 89-43.
1882. Cmlospira, Hall. Eleventh Ann. Rept. State Geologist Indiana, p. 303, pi. xxv, figs. 39-43.
1882. Atrypa, Davidson. Brit. Silur. Brach., Suppl. p. 114, p. vii, figs. 7 a, b.
1889. Cwlospira, Beecher and Clarke. Mem. N. Y. State Mus., vol. 1, No. 1. p. 64, pi. v, figs. 17-23.
Diagnosis. Shells small, subovate or subcircular in marginal outline,
piano-, or subconcavo-convex in contour ; surface coarsely and sparsely
plicated.
Pedicle-valve with the umbo prominent, the beak abruptly acute and more
or less incurved. Foramen apical, and deltidial plates normally developed.
The cardinal margins of the valve are somewhat extended in the typical
species, though the hinge itself is quite short. Teeth divergent and unsup-
ported, taking their origin on the lateral cardinal slopes, and very slightly
recurved. Muscular scars exceedingly faint; no internal septa observ-
able.
Brachial valve with the cardinal process small, consisting of two short
lobes, which meet at their apices, not extending back of the hinge-line,
and diverging anteriorly. The surface of each lobe may be longitudinally
162
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Fig. \wi.
The brachulium otAtrypina
disparilis,U&\\. (c.)
grooved, but the inner and outer divisions thus formed, are confluent at tlieir
outer extremities. The anterior face of the process is
abrupt and vertical, its lower portion being continuous
with the socket walls. In front of the cardinal process,
but not supporting it, is a low median ridge, on either
side of which are obscure muscular imprints. The
brachial apparatus consists of introverted spirals whose
bases lie against the lateral slopes of the pedicle-valve
and whose apices are directed toward the center of the
brachial valve. The ribbon is loosely coiled and makes
but three or four volutions. The loop is situated posteriorly and constructed
as in Atrypa, except that its lateral lamellsB appear to be always united in an
acute angle, which is directed inward.
Muscular impression composed of large flabellate diductors, enclosing distinct
adductor scars.
Type, Leptocalia imbricata, Hall. Lower Helderberg group.
Observations. It has become necessary to establish a division for a number
of little species whose structural characters have not heretofore been well known
and which have, on that account, been referred indifferently to various genera,
as Atrypa, Leptocoelia, Ccelospira, Trematospira, etc. Among these which
are evidently congeneric on the basis described, are Atrypa (jCculospira)
disparilis, Hall, of the Niagara group, Atrypina Clintoni, sp. nov., of the Clinton
fauna, Leptocalia imbricata, Hall, of the Lower Helderberg group, and Atrypa
Barrandii, Davidson, of the Wenlock limestone. This type of external and
internal structure is continued upward into the lower Devonian where it is
represented by the Terebratula suhlepida, de Verneuil.*
While atrypoid in external expression the shells differ from Atrypa, even in
its broadest significance, in their uniformly small size, preponderating convexity
of the pedicle-valve, few and very coarse plications usually crossed by fine
* Preparations made from specimens of this species fioin the lower Devonian of the Northei'n Urals,
liiniily furnished liy Prof. F. Schmidt, of St. Petersburg, show all the internal characters of Atrypina
imbricata.
BRACHIOPODA. 163
imbricating concentric lines. The structure of the cardinal process differs in
some respects from that of Atrypa reticularis, being much more like that of
Zygospira modesta ; while, in regard to the brachial apparatus, the coiling of
the spirals is lax, the cones themselves introverted more as in Zygospira
than in Atrypa, and the loop, though posterior in position, is apparently con-
tinuous and acutely angled as in Catazy'ga.
To this group may be applied the foregoing term, Atrypina, a name suggest-
ing the affinities of the fossils.
Genus ATRYPA, Dalman. 1828.
PLATE LIV.
1767. Anmnia, Linne. Systema Naturae, ed. xii, p. 1152.
1820 TerebratuUtes, Sohlotheim. Petrefactenkuntle, p. 2G2, Naohti-., pi. xvii, tig. 2 ; pi. xviii, fig-. 2 ;
pi. XX, fig. 4.
1821. Anomites, Wahlenberg. Nov. Act. Reg-. Soc. Scientif. Upsal., vol. viii, p. 65.
1822. Terebrattda, Sowkrby. Mineral Coiicholog-y, vol. iv, p. 324, fig-. 2.
1828. Atrypa, Terebratiila, Dalman. Kongl. Vetenskaps. Akad. Handliugar, pp. 127, 128, 143, pi. iv,
figs. 2, 3 ; pi. vi, fig. 6.
1837. Atrypa, Terebratula, Hisingeb. Lethsa Suecica, pp. 75, 81, pi. xxi, figs. lla-e;pl. xxiii,
figs. 8 a~c.
1842. Atrypa, Conrad. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. viii, p. 265.
1842. Atrypa, Hipparionyx, Vanuxem. Geology of N. Y.; Rept. Third Dist., p. 88, fig. 12; p. 132,
fig. 2 ; p. 139, fig. 5; p. 163, fig. 3; pp. 164, 182, fig. 4.
1843. Teribratula, Castelnau. Essai sur le Systeme Silurien, p. 40, pi. xiii, fig. 8.
1S43. Atrypa, Hall. Geology of N. Y'.; Rept. Foui-th Dist., p. 73, fig. 8 ; p. 108, fig. 37 ; p. 175, fig. 5;
p. 198, tig. 4; p. 200, figs. 1, 2; p. 215, fig. 3; p. 271, figs. 1-3; Tab. of Org.
Rem., No. 13, fig. 1.
1844. Atrypa, Q-wen. Geol. Expl. of Iowa, 'Wisconsin and Illinois, pi. xii, figs. 2, 10.
1847. Spirigerina, d'Orbigny. Comptes rendus, vol. xxv, p. 268.
1847. Terebratula, Y'andell and Shdmard. Contribution to the Geol. of Kentucky, p. 10.
1849. Terebratula, Hall. American Journ.al of Science, vol. xx, p. 227.
1852. Atrypa, Hall. Palaeontology of N. Y., vol. ii, pp. 72, 79, 270-272, pi. xx, fig. 10 ; pi. xxiii, fig. 8;
pi. Iv, fig. 5 ; pi. Ivi, figs. 1, 2.
1852. Rhynckonena, Salter. Sutherland's Jour, of a Voyage in BaSin's Bay, etc., vol. ii, p. 221, pi. v,
figs. 1-3, 5.
1S54. Atrypa, Davidson. Introd. British Fossil Brachiopoda, p. 90, pi. vii, figs. 87-94.
1856. Atrypa, Billings. Canadian Nat. Geol., vol. i, pp. 134, 137, 474, pi. ii, fig. 10 ; pi. vii, fig. 11.
1857. Atrypa, Hall. Tenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 122, figs. 1-7 ; p. 168.
1S58. AtryjM, Rogers. Geology of Pennsylvania, vol. ii, part ii, p. 828, fig. 671 ; p. 829, fig. 681.
1858. Atrypa, Hall. Geol. of Iowa, vol. i, part ii, p. 515, pi. vi, fig. 3.
1859. Atrypa, Hall. Paleontology of N. Y., vol. iii, p. 253. pi. xlii, fig. 1.
1860. Atrypa, Hall. Thirteenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 84.
1860. Atrypa, Roemer. Die Silurische Fauna der westlichen Tennessee, p. 69, pi. v, figs. 9, 10.
1860. Trematospira, McChesney. New Pal.-eozoic Fossils, p. 71.
1861. Atrypa, Billings. Canadian Journal, vol. vi, p. 264, figs. 84-87.
164 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
1863. Atrypa. Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 31.'J, fig. 321 ; p. 318, fig. 335 ; p. 384, fig-. 416.
1865. Aii'ypa, Davidson. British Devonian Brachiopoda, pp. 53-59, pi. x, figs. 3-13; pi. xi, tigs. 1-12.
1865. Atrypa, Shaler. Bull. Mus. Comparative Zoology, No. 4, p. 68.
1867. Atrypa. David.son, British Silurian Brachiopoda, pp. 130-136, pi. xiv, figs. 1-22; pi. xv,
figs. 1-8.
1867. Ati-ypa, Whitfield. Twentieth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 141.
1867. Atrypa, Hall. PaL-eontology of N. Y., vol. iv, pp. 312-327, plates li, lii, figs. 1-12 ; pis. liii, liiiA.
1868. Atrypa, Meek and Wouthen. Geol. Survey of Illinois, vol. iii, p. 430, pi. xiii, fig. 7.
1868. Tnitiatospira, McCiiesney. Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., vol. i, p. 32, pi. vii, fig. 3.
1868. Atrypa, Meek. Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., vol. i, pp. 96, 97, pi. xiii, figs. 12, 13.
1868. Atrypa, Meek and Worthen. Geol Survey of lUinoi.s, vol. iii, p. 432, jil. xiii, fig. 11.
1872. Atrypa, Hall and Whitfield. Twenty-fourth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 197-199.
1875. Atrypa, Hall and Whitfield. Palaeontology of Ohio, vol. ii, p. 133, pi. vii, figs. 12-14.
1877. Atrypa, Meek. King's U. S. Geol. Expl. Fortieth Parallel, vol. iv, p. 38, pi. i, fig. 7; pi. iii. fig. 6.
1878. Atrypa, Ethekidge. Quart. Jonr. Geol. Society London, vol. xxxiv, p. 596.
1879. Atrypa, Hall. Twenty-eighth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 162, pi. xxv, figs. 44-47.
1880. Atrypa, White. Second Ann. Rept. Indiana Bureau of Statistics and Geol., p 502, pi. v, figs. 7-9.
1881. Atrypa, White. Tenth Rept. State Geologi.st of Indiana, p. 134, pi. v, figs. 7-9.
1882. Atrypa, Hall. Eleventh Rept. State Geologist of Indiana, p. 304, pi. xxv, figs. 44-47.
1882. Atrypa, Whitfield. Geology of Wisconsin, vol iv, p. 333, pi. xxvi, figs. 5-8.
1884. Atrypa, Walcott. Monogr. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. viii, p. 150, pi. xiv, figs. 4, 6.
1885. Atrypa, Foerste. Bull. Denison University, vol. i, p. 90, pi. xiii, fig. 9.
1889, Atrypa, Beecher and Clarke. Memoirs N. Y. State Museum, vol. i, p. 51, pi. iv, figs. 12-20.
1889. Atrypa, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, pp. 88-92, pi. xiv, figs. 1-23 ; pi. xv, fig. 1 ;
pi. xxxii, figs. 5-8, 44-47, 64-66.
1890. Atrypa, Foerste. Proc. Boston Society Nat. Hist., vol. xxiv, pp. 314-316, pi. vi, figs. 8, 9.
Diagnosis. Shells subcircular or longitudinally suboval in outline. Gibbous,
strongly inequivalve. Hinge-line short, straight; cardinal extremities rounded.
Beaks not prominent.
Pedicle-valve the smaller ; convex in the umbonal region, but depressed and
often deeply sinuate anteriorly. Beak small, usually incurved in advanced
growth-stages, concealing the foramen and deltidium. The foramen is triangu-
lar in young shells, extending to the hinge-line, but becoming gradually closed
by the growth of deltidial plates, and at maturity is circular and apical, en-
croaching slightly on the substance of the valve. The plates of the deltidium
are not coalesced along the median suture. On the interior the umbonal cavity
is short but very broad. The teeth are large, widely separated and doubly
grooved, first by an oblique furrow at the base, into which is fitted a crenulated
ridge of the other valve, then by a short longitudinal depression on the summit ;
the tooth is doubly curved and reflected, making the articulation of the valves
very firm. These teeth arise from the inner surface of the lateral slopes of the
BRACHIOPODA. 165
valve, and are hence unsupported by lamellae. The muscular impressions are
sharply defined ; the triangular pedicle-scar is followed in front, by a median
elongate double scar of the adductors, outside of which are strong, radiately
striate, flabellate diductors, which frequently extend beyond the middle of the
valve.
Brachial valve convex or rotund in the middle, with a median fold which is
rarely developed except toward the anterior margin. Beak incurved and con-
cealed. No cardinal area. The hinge-plate is composed of two diverging pro-
cesses which may or may not meet at the apex. Each of these processes is
obliquely grooved, forming an inner and outer lobe. The latter forms the
upper portion of the socket wall which is curved downward and unites with
the lateral surface of the valve, forming a broad dental socket which is trav-
ersed by an oblique crenulated ridge. The inner lobes of the hinge-plate are
short, their extremities free, bearing the crura.*
These crura are long and narrow, diverge laterally and are attached to the
primary lamellae near their ante-lateral curvature. The mode of attachment
FIG. 153.
Dmgyavii oi Airypa reticularis ; showing the form and structure of the loop and the mode of attachment of the
crura to the hinge-plate and the primary lamella?. (C.)
is peculiar, the crural lamellae bending upward and then abruptly downward,
greatly widening at the line of contact and touching the spiral ribbon only at
its outer margin. The demarkation between the crura and the ribbon of the
coils is therefore very distinct. The spirals have, in a general sense, their
bases parallel to the inner surface of the pedicle-valve and the apices directed
toward the deepest point of the opposite valve. Their axes are more or less
* In the mofie of attachment of the crura, as heretofore represented, they have been made to appeal- as
if derived from the outer lobes of the hinge-plate. See Paljeontology of New York, vol. iv, pi. liiiA,
tigs. 22, 2.0.
166 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
convergent, so that the approximate surfaces of the cones are flattened. The
basal section of these cones is hemicordate, the anterior extremity being much
the narrower, but the upper volutions are more nearly elliptical. The ribbon
is broad, being conspicuously so on the anterior curves of the first few volu-
tions, each one extending considerably beyond the next following. These
anterior curves may be more or less distinctly fimbriated. The loop is com-
posed of two processes which are continuations of the primary lamellae without
angulation. These processes are situated posteriorly, directed toward the center
of the shell, and are, in effect, the starting points of the spirals. They have
the following structure : the ribbon maintains its usual width for a consider-
able distance within the point of attachment to the crura, then narrows rather
abrubtly, the processes ascending as they approach each other. Their termina-
tions in mature shells are broadened, thickened, erect and recurved at the tips,
having a clavate appearance. In immature growth-stages or undeveloped adult
conditions this thickening is absent, the extremities of the processes are in
close apposition, or may form a continuous lamella. The muscular impressions
consist of four large adductor scars divided by a low median ridge.
Ovarian pittings and vascular sinuses occur over the inner surfaces of both
valves. The latter consist of two main trunks, sending two branches poste-
riorly, and two longer, converging branches anteriorly.
External surface covered with radial plications crossed by concentric growth-
lines ; at the crossing of the two series of lines the external layers of the shell
may be produced into broad lamellar expansions or hollow spines.
Shell-substance fibrous, impunctate.
Type, Anomia reticularis, Linne. From the Clinton to the Waverly groups
inclusive.
Observations. A great number of brachiopods, whose generic relations were
of the most uncertain character, have, in the past, been referred to this genus
since the date of its establishment.
Following closely the foregoing diagnosis will result in eliminating from this
group the great majority of species passing under the name of Atrypa, and in
BRACHIOPODA. 167
retaining only those which conform to the well-known A. reticularis, primarily
in the structure of the brachidium, and secondarily, in tlie expression of the
exterior. Such forms are comparatively few in number, and most authors
have been disposed to regard them as representing unessential variations from
the specific type of A. reticularis. There is, however, a multitude of designations
which have been applied to contemporaneous variations or consecutive muta-
tions of this specific type, some of them unnecessary, but many very useful both
to the geologist and the systematist.*
Atrypa reticularis is a shell characterized by its fine plications, which duplicate
rapidly at or between the concentric growth-lines. This duplication or bifur-
cation of the plications occurs at irregular intervals in the growth of the shell.
It is a secondary condition of growth and if it manifests itself at an early stage,
a finer plication results than when its appearance is delayed until later growth.
This variability in appearance and rapidity of recurrence produces individual
differences of expression in the plication of the shell, which, however, lead to
no varietal modifications.
The concentric growth-lines are bases of free squamae or lamellte, which under
favorable conditions may be retained, but are usually abraded, so that the com-
mon expression of the exterior is that of an entire absence of sucli growths.
This is the condition where the valves have been replaced by silica (a very
common mode of retention), or in specimens which have been gathered from
compact limestone. Under better preservation, as in soft shales or shaly lime-
* The time-values of oscillations of, oi- from the specific type, manifest themselves so clearly in this genus,
that it is here necessary to express such variations with caution and precision. Barrandk introduced a dis-
tinction between primary and secondary moditicalions of a specific type, by propo-sing to restrict the term
var'itty to the former, that is, "to forms which possess the principal characters of an admitted species, but
which differ from it in one or more important modifications, manifesting themselves in a considerable number
of individuals ; " and to designate as variants, secondary modifications of form and surface ornamentation.
It would be granted by most investigators that modifications of a specific type more essential than changes
in foi-m and surface cliaracters, would be a sufficient basis for a complete separation from such species ;
hence this distinction between varuty and '):aria7it, holding the latter suVjordinafe to the former, becomes
largely arbitrary ; and it is only in rare instances that any practical use can be made of it. Variant becomes
a useful term applied to the different phases of expression within the limit of the specific type, but in this
meaning it is neither subordinate to the term variety, nor does it necessarily indicate an incejitive condition
in the dex>arture of a variety from the specific type. The time-value of variations from the species has been
expressed by Waagen, who proposed to restrict the teim variety to oscillations of the type contemiioraneous
with tlie type itself, and applied the term mutation to variations appearing after the extinction of the type.
168 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
stones, the shells show the fact that the squamae of earlier growth, or those
upon the urabonal and median surfaces of the valves, have been worn oft' during
the life, or before the fossilization of the shell; the later squamae, which are
stronger, broader, and more closely crowded about the margins, are those usually
retained, and these are sometimes of great width, not infrequently equaling
and sometimes exceeding the diameter of the valves.*
This form first appears in the Clinton group of the State of New York, and
in rocks of corresponding age elsewhere in the United States. It continues its
existence through the Niagara group, the Lower and Upper Helderberg groups,
the Hamilton and Chemung groups, and into the fauna of the Lower Carbonif-
erous, carrying the same features through all these periods, and presenting no
variety of form or surfiice-markings which can be considered as more than
variations of expression depending upon the surrounding physical conditions or
similar influences. Nevertheless, in most of these successive faunas this type-
form has, for each one, an expression so distinct and peculiar that these varia-
tions, without accessory evidence, are often sufficient for the determination of
geological horizons.
The shells occurring in the Clinton group of New York and Ontario are
characterized by their suborbicular form and the generally small size of the
adult, t
In the fauna of the Niagara group this form is continued, though its habit
of growth is larger, and the concentric lamellse of the surface more closely set,
as it prevails in the Niagara shales of New York. In the soft shales and
limestone at Waldron, Indiana, it presents itself with greater rotundity or con-
vexity of valves ; at Louisville, Kentucky, a common form is a small, elongate
rather than orbicular, shell, with characteristically obsolescent plication. Shells
of the same character as the last also occur sparingly at Waldron and in New
York. In the Lower Helderberg fauna the elongate variant prevails in the
Shaly limestone, attaining a greater size than in the preceding fauna; while in
* See Davidson, Silurian Brachiojioda, pi. xiv, tigs. 1, 2.
Barrande, Systeme Silui-ien, vol. v, pi. xix, fig. 7.
Whiteaves, Contrib. to Canadian Palaeontology, vol. i, pi. xxxvii, fig. 8.
f It is hardly necessary, were it possible, to determine with precision which of the many expressions of
Atnjpa re.ticidaris was borne by the specimens which served the Swedish savant as the type of the species.
BRACHIOPODA. 169
the upper and lower Pentamerus limestones the shell is rotund and the elongate
form not represented.
The absence of the specific type from the Oriskany fauna has yet to be
accounted for. The normal Oriskany fauna of eastern New York is local, and
the immigration of this species was probably excluded by the coarse, sandy
character of the sediments, and their accompanying physical conditions. Where
the fauna of the Oriskany is commingled with that of the Upper Helderberg,
as in the arenaceous limestones of the Province of Ontario, Atnjpa reticularis
reappears with its Devonian aspect.
In the Schoharie grit the expression of this shell is rendered peculiar by a
flattening or sharp definition of the usually undefined fold upon the gibbous
brachial valve. This peculiarity of the brachial valve is lost in the succeed-
ing fauna (Corniferous limestone). Here we meet two distinct variants ; (a) a
small, elongate shell, like that common in the Lower Helderberg fauna, but
invariably of less size (the A. elUpsoidea, Nettelroth) ; these are locally found in
great numbers, indicating a gregarious habit ; {h) a much larger, highly convex
shell, having an outline intermediate between the others, and without the
highly developed sinus of the pedicle-valve. This shell abounds throughout
New York, though its occurrences are mostly in scattered or isolated areas.
Passing to the Hamilton fauna, the prevailing forms are of medium size, with
straight, somewhat extended cardinal line, moderately gibbous brachial valve
and highly lamellose surface about the margins. These are accompanied rather
sparingly by shells of great size, which do not, however, materially modify their
external expression. In the calcareous beds of the upper Devonian, as in Iowa,
these large shells become predominant, retaining the outline of their predeces-
sors in the Hamilton group, but farther characterized by the lateral compression
of the brachial valve. The smaller form, which occurs sparingly in the Che-
mung sandstones of New York, is still similar to that prevailing in the Hamilton
shales. The figures given by Professor Herrick,* of the shell occurring in a
Devonian facies of the Waverly, or earliest Carboniferous fauna of Ohio, indi-
* Herrick, Bulletin Scientific Laboratories of Denison Univei-sity, vol. iii, p. 98, pi. lii, fig-. 11, 1887 ;
vol. iv, pi. ix, fig. 7, 1888 The expression of this Waverly shell, juiiging- from the figures cited, is more that
of the medium sized individuals of the Hamilton group than of the large forms of the later Devonian.
170 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
cate that the species at its latest appearance had undergone no variation in
form or surface-characters. The range through time, of Atrijpa reticularis, is
unequaled by any other organism except that of the brachiopod Leptana rhom-
boidalis, Wilckens, and it far outranks that species in geographic distribution
and prolific individual development.
Almost coincident in time with the appearance of Atri/pa reticularis, in its
typical aspect, we find in the shales of the Niagara group shells which are per-
sistently small, with few and coarse plications, more or less distinct median
fold and sinus, and strong concentric lamellae. These shells have been desig-
nated as Atrypa rugosa and A. nodostriata. Hall. The former is the smaller and
more extreme in the simplicity of its exterior.
During the periods of the Lower Helderberg and Oriskany in New York, and
throughout the known extent of these faunas, such coarsely plicated shells
entirely disappeared from view, but returned in a depauperated condition in
the Corniferous limestone. In the Hamilton group they acquire a mucli larger
size and very gibbous form, the concentric lamellae being distant and strongly
developed. This is the shell known as Atnjpa aspera, Schlotheim. At this
horizon the form mentioned is intimately associated with the typical, inore
finely plicated A. reticularis, but abundant material affords no evidence of the
passage from one to the other. The coarsely plicated shell is continued into
the Chemung group, where, in New York, it presents a peculiar expression in
the much reduced number of its plications, and in the strong median elevation
of the brachial valve, which is not infrequently concave in the middle and
angular on the margins, these angulations becoming nodose from the elevation
of the strong concentric lamellae. In the calcareous sediments of the Chemung
group in the State of Iowa and other northwestern localities, the coarse-ribbed
shells also abound, though they possess a different expression than those of the
eastern Chemung fauna, having a very gibbous brachial valve without median
fold, and more conspicuous plications. They do not, however, approach even
remotely, the appearance of the typical A. reticularis, with which they are
associated. These shells have been designated by the term A. aspera, var. occi-
dentalis, Hall.
BRACHIOPODA. 171
There are certain coarse-ribbed variations of the typical A. reticularis occur-
ring in the Upper Silurian faunas of Great Britain, Sweden and Bohemia,
which appear to be unrepresented in North America. These have sometimes
received the designations of var. aspera or Murchisoniana, but writers who have
dealt with them agree that they are connected by insensible gradations with
the typical form of the species. These seem to us to be simply instances of
individual variation due to a deficiency in the usual bifurcation of the plica-
tions, and leading to no such distinct specific expression as that borne by
Atrijpa rugosa, of the Niagara group. Yet to fully apprehend the fundamental
relations of the species Atrypa reticularis to the species A. rugosa, it is necessary
to have recourse to extremely young conditions of the species. Figure 1, on
Plate LIV, represents the earliest growth-stage of A. reticularis observed, the
shell having a length of 2.2") mm. This is still a secondary condition of
growth, as shown by the two concentric varices and the well-developed plica-
tions, but the simplicity of the latter and their relatively great size is a char-
acter continued to much later growth (see, for example figs. 21, 22, on plate xiv,
of Davidson's Silurian Brachiopoda). When duplication begins, it is carried on
with great rapidity in the development of the typical form. It is thus evident
that coarse and sparsely duplicated ribs accompanying normal adult size imply
a continuance of immature conditions, or an early deficiency of development ;
and this genetic modification is the more forcibly expressed when the size of
the adult is small, as in A. rugosa*
However strong the presumptive evidence may be, that the typical or finely
plicated Atrypa reticularis, and the coarse-ribbed forms known as A. rugosa,
A. aspera, etc., have originated from a common source, we can not yet indicate
the form to which they are both united by an uninterrupted transition. At all
events, from the opening of the Upper Silurian to the close of the Devonian
period, the two types of external structure have led an independent existence.
Though in American faunas, the line of descent of A. reticularis is interrupted
* The simple exteiior of this fossil suggests its relation to the still smaller, coarsely plicated shells which
have been placed under the genus Atrtpina (A. dispwilis. Niagar.i group ; A. hnbHcata, Lowei' Helder-
berg group). In the structure of its bi-achidium and the direction of the spiral cones, A. rugosa is a true
Atrtpa, although its loop is continuous.
172 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
during the epoch of the Oriskany sandstone, and that of the coarse-ribbed type
broken by an hiatus extending from the close of the Niagara to the opening of
Corniferous epoch, this is a purely local or American peculiarity. There is
abundant evidence in the works of European writers, of the presence of both
forms in faunas of Russia and Germany which are essentially homotaxic with
the Lower Helderberg and Oriskany of this country*
In the variant of Atrijpa reticularis, occurring in the Niagara fauna at
Waldron, Indiana, the free concentric lamellte frequently show a tendency
to fold inward at the summit of the principal plications. The infolded
edges fail to unite, and this tendency to the formation of tubules is apparently
carried no further at this period. More extreme results were attained by the
Atrypa aspera of the Hamilton shales, or possibly by its migrated ancestor, dur-
ing the period of time represented by the deposition of the Lower Helderberg,
Oriskany and Upper Helderberg sediments. At all events, the Atrypa spinosa of
the Hamilton shales is but an A. aspera with the lamellae enfolded into tubular
spines. Intermediate stages connecting these different phases are not present
in this fauna ; it is furthermore evident that these spines are an early genetic
condition, being found on the youngest portions of the adult shell ; both of
these facts pointing to the attainment of this condition at an earlier period.
This spinose form is continued into the Chemung faunas (A. hystrix), with
some modification of expression, the spines being few and long, and the
plication of the surface very coarse and quite simple ; the shell in its
decline thus representing a decided return to the primitive type of
structure.
Contemporaneously with the form of A. reticularis in American faunas,
appears another, the Atrypa marginalis, Dalman, which, according to Salter and
Davidson, actually antedates A. reticularis in Great Britain, where it is stated to
occur as low down as the Caradoc.
* See d'Archiac and de Vebnbdil. Geologie de la Russie, etc., p. 93, pi. xi, tig-. 13. 1845.
ScHNDR. PalsEoiitographica, vol. ili, p. 181, pi. xxiv, fig. 4. 1854.
Kayskr. Abhanill. fJeol. Specialkarte von Pi'euss. u. den Thiir. Staat., pp. 184, ISfi, pi. xxviii,
figs. 4-6. 1878.
TscHERNYSCHKW. Fauna des unt. Devon am West-Abhange des Urals, p. 42. 1885.
BRACHIOPODA, 173
This shell is characterized by its sharp median fold and sinus, numerous
fine fasciculate plications and freedom from concentric lamellae. The expres-
sion of the species is thus quite different from that of A. reticularis, but after
the introduction of the Wenlock fauna the connection between the two is
indicated by the Atrypa imbricata, Sowerby, which is a similar but highly im-
bricated shell, whose resemblance to Atrypa rugosa of the Niagara group at once
suggests itself. The type of A. marginalis was not highly variable nor, in
America, long-lived. A small variety is the A. Calvini, Nettelroth, of the
Niagara formation at Louisville. After the disappearance of the Niagara
fauna, however, this group does not return, unless the imperfectly known
A. pseudomarginalis, Hall, of the Upper Helderberg group, be considered a remote
descendant.
All the forms considered above are true Atrypas in the structure of the
brachidium, so far as that feature is known. No successful attempt has been
made to demonstrate this structure in the Lower Silurian representatives of
A. marginalis, but should they prove to possess slightly convergent spiral
cones, directed toward the middle point of the brachial valve, and a simple
continuous loop, as in later examples of the species, and most of the early
forms of A. reticularis, we may seek the source of Atrypa in early Silurian
times. It seems not to have been a derivative of Zygospira or Catazyga, but
to have developed in a line essentially parallel with those genera and to have
had its origin in common with them.
The variations in exterior form are accompanied by some degree of differ-
ence in the structure of the brachial supports. How far this apparent
difference is due to the stage of development of the individual has yet
to be determined. The normal form of the spirals in the mature A. reti-
cularis, is that of laterally compressed cones, the first two or three coils
of the ribbon being extended beyond the rest along their anterior cur-
vature. In A nodostriafa the mature form of the spiral is a cone, which
narrows quite rapidly above its base, is round and slender, tapering to an
acute apex which is inclined inward to meet that of its companion ; while in
174 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
A. marginalis* the cone is bi'oad, obtuse at the apex and the anterior curves of
the ribbon are not materially extended-
In young individuals the cones appear to be broad, low and obtuse, and the
ribbon makes but few volutions. The form and structure of the brachidium
was represented in a series of beautiful figures, by Mr. R. P. Whitfield, in 1868,f
and some of these were reproduced in the Fourth Volume of the Paloeontology
of New York. The peculiar structure of the loop as a pair of separate pro-
cesses, was first accurately figured by Quenstedt,J and afterwards described
and illustrated by Mr. William Gurley. § The character of these lamellae
has been given in the diagnosis of the genus, but it is highly probable that
these lateral processes of the loop were not discrete in all stages of growth.
Mature specimens frequently have the extremities of the process in so
close apposition that to all appearances they are united ; young individuals
rarely show any trace of disunion at the center of the loop and often no
evidence of unusual thickening at this point. Mr. Davidson, who has called
attention to the interrupted loop in A. reticularis, also figured in the same
work II a preparation of A. marginalis in which the loop is continuous. A
specimen of A. marginalis in which the lateral processes of the loop are distinct
is figured on Plate LIV, fig. 24.
After examination of a considerable number of preparations of the loop
made from immature specimens, it seems highly probable that this process was
disrupted as the age of the individual and the strain upon the loop from the
rapid growth of the spiral coils increased. Should this proposition be sup-
ported by more detailed investigation, it will help to an explanation of the
uninterrupted condition of the loop in all stages of growth in the atrypoid
genera, Zygospira, Glassia, Atrypina, etc. They are forms which virtually
antedated the appearance of Atrypa, and the more elementary condition of
* Davidson has shown that the spii-al ribbon in this form is fimbriated, and this character wp also find
well preserved in natni-al preparations of the spirals of A. reticularis from the Hamilton formation of Clarke
county, Indiana.
t Twentieth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 141-144, pi. i, figs. 1-S. 1S07.
I Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands, Brachiopoden, pi. xlii, figs. 87o, 9U. 1871.
§ Proceedings American Philosophical Society, vol. xvii, p. 337, pi. xiv. 1S78.
1 British Silui-ian Brachiopoda, Suppl. p. 113. 1882.
BRACHIOPODA. 175
their structure is indicated, among other things, by their possessing, through-
out the existence of the individual, a condition of the loop which was but an
immature phase in Atrypa.
The mode of attachment of the crura to the primary lamellae has not
before been fully described, though the figures given by Whitfield and
QuENSTEDT approach the truth most nearly. Among tlie illustrations of the
genus is one (Plate LIV, fig. 17) showing a malformation or hypertrophy of
one of the crura, which had become detached from the hinge-plate durin"-
the life of the animal. The effort to renew the connection was not success-
ful, but resulted in an extravasation of testaceous matter about the broken
extremity; such, in fact, as has taken place about the disconnected extremities
of the loop.
Subgenus GRUENEWALDTIA, Tschernyschew. 1885.
PLATE Lll.
This name has been proposed* for the species Terebratula latilinguis, Schnur,f
originally described from the middle Devonian at Gerolstein. This species was
Fig. 154. no. 165.
^inraU oY GruenewaldtialatiHnguU,^c\u\m\ In lig. 155, the pedicle valve is the lower ami llie two mediuii dots
represent sections of llie primary lamella;. (Tscheenyschew.)
considered by Kayser as a variety of Atri/pa reticular is. '^ The Russian speci-
mens have the pedicle-valve very convex, the relative convexity of the valve
in A. reticularis being reversed in this species. From the description and
figures given by Tschernyschew, the spiral cones have their bases lying against
* Die Fauna iles Untei en Devon am West-alihan^e lies Urals, jip. 46, 89, pi. vi, figs. 75-77.
t Ziisanimenstellung' and Beschreibung ssammtlicher im Ueberg'ung.egebirge iler Eifel vorkoramenden
Bi'achiopoden, p. 183, pi. xxv, fig 1, 1853.
I Zeitschr. der deutsch. geol. Gesellsch., vol. xxiii, p. 545. 1871.
176 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
the lateral slopes of the pedicle-valve, and thus the outer face of the cones is
parallel to, and just within the surface of the brachial valve. It is such a
modification of the brachial apparatus as must necessarily ensue from the
variation in the contour of the shell. The character of the loop has not been
determined.
Genus KARPINSKIA, Tschernyschew. 1885.
PLATE LI I.
This designation has been applied* to a species, Karpinskia conjugula, Tscher-
nyschew, from the lower Devonian of the Ural Mountains, which is character-
ized by an elongate form, radially plicated and subequally convex valves. The
spirals have the same position as in Atrypa, though the character of the loop
is still unknown. In the pedicle-valve are diverging dental plates, and in the
brachial valve a median septum. The vascular trunks are simple and direct,
extending to the anterior margin of the valves without branching.
* Die Fauna des Unteren Devon am Wesf-abhange des Urals, pp. 48, 90, pi. vii, tigs. 80, 86.
BRACHIOPODA. 177
Genus RHYNC HON ELLA, Fischer de Waldhrim. 1809.
The number of palaeozoic species which are currently referred to this genus,
and consequently regarded as congeneric with the Russian upper Jurassic
R. loxia, Fischer, the type-species, is very great. To the most conservative
student such an assemblage, presenting every variety of external configura-
tion, must seem more like a hap-hazard and conventional association than a
natural group. But we are, nevertheless, here confronted by the fact that
teatures of internal structure, upon the variations of which we are wont to base
taxonomy, are most persistent. The crura, hinge apparatus and deltidial
structure of R. loxia are features which were attained and became fixed in the
Silurian period; the extreme pyramidal contour of that species, its smooth
surface with few and faint marginal plications, is not, however, except in rare
instances, reproduced among the palaeozoic forms. What is thus true of the
predecessors of R. loxia is also, to a large degree at least, true of its living
descendants.
From a careful study of the structure of the ancient Rhynchonellas it has
become apparent that slight variations from the type of interior possessed by
R. loxia are frequently of marked continuance, and we must, therefore, be pre-
pared for closer discriminations in this great group of species than have else-
where been necessary or advisable, and to emphasize such of these deviations
from this stable line of development, as are justified by their persistence and
the convenience of classification.
The earlier names introduced among this group of fossils, such as Cyclothyris,
McCoy, Hypothyris and Epithyris, Phillips, were based upon the relations of
the foramen to the deltidium. It has now become evident that these varying
relations are essentially developmental phases. A triangular pedicle-aperture
is an immature condition ; it may continue as such even to maturity, or through-
out the existence of the individual; it may become closed by normal growth
of the deltidial plates, which remain discrete or become united, at first enclos-
ing, and perhaps finally obliterating, a subapical foramen ; in mature and senile
conditions, the aperture if extant, may, by resorption of the shell, encroach
178 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
upon the apical substance of the valve. Persistence of any of these conditions
at maturity may be of collateral value in determining the subdivisions of these
fossils, but it is impossible to base important values upon them. It is indeed
uncertain whether the authors of the names above mentioned had before them
species of Rhynchonella, and those terms must necessarily be rejected.
The first inquiries before us are : What is Rhynchonella in its strict signi-
fication ? and, How far is it represented in palaeozoic faunas ?
Genus RHYNCHONELLA, sensu stricto.
PLATE LVI.
* 1809. Rhynchonella, Fischer de 'Waldheim. Notice des Fossiles du Gmiv. <le Moscou, p. 35, pi. ii,
figs. 5, 6.
1827. Rhynclionella, de Blainville. Diet. de3 Sciences Naturelles, vol. xlv, p. 426.
1837. Rhynchonella, Fischer de Waldheim. Oi'yctogr. du Gouv. de Moscou, pi. xxiv.
1853. Rhynchonella, Davidson. Introd. British Fossil Biachiopoda, pi. vii, fig. 99.
1856. Rhynclionella, Suess. Classif. dei- Bi'achiopoden vou Th. Davidson, pi. iv, tig. 1.
1871. Rhynchonella, Quenstedt. Petrefactenkunde Deutschland.s ; Brachiopoden, pi. xxxviii, tig. 108.
ISSO. Rhynchonella, Zittel. Handb. dei- Paliiontologie, \i. 689, figs. 529 a-d.
Subpyramidal shells having the margins of the valves sinuous or angulated.
Pedicle-valve with a median sinus beginning in front of the convex umbo, and
in the type-species, becoming broad and deep, producing a prominent lingui-
form extension at the anterior margin. Brachial valve convex in the umbonal
region and developing anteriorly a prominent median fold. Surface of both
valves more or less plicated, often accompanied (as in the type) by fine con-
centric lines of ornament. Tlie apex of the pedicle-valve is but slightly
incurved and exposes a circular or elongate-oval foramen enclosed by deltidial
plates beneath, and above by the substance of the valve. There is a narro-w
pseudo-area defined by oblique cardinal ridges diverging from the beak. On
the interior the teeth are well developed and are supported by lamellae which
rest on the bottom of the valve near the beak, but are free anteriorly. The
muscular area consists of a moderately deep oval scar extending one-third the
length of the valve, and composed of two large diductors completely enclosing
*Tlie citations here given refer only to Rhynchonella loxia. Accounts of congeneric Jurassic species
will lie found in the works of Davidson, Fischer db Waldheim, Sowerby, d'Archiac and db Vernedil.
BRACHIOPODA. 179
small central adductors. The posterior surface about the muscular area is pit-
ted with ovarian markings.
In the brachial valve there is no cardinal process; the crural plates are
simple divergent, somewhat expanded on the upper surface but not conjoined
except where they converge beneath the beak and meet the median septum,
which extends for about one-half the length of the valve. The crura are long
and curved upward toward the opposite valve. Muscular area elongate-sub-
quadrate, with small posterior and large anterior adductor scars.
Shell-structure fibrous.
Type, Rhynchonella loxia, Fischer de Waldheim.* Upper Jurassic.
Observations. It may be doubted whether precisely this combination of
internal characters exists among the palaeozoic faunas. To the expression
of so extreme a view we have been led by the fact that of all the
preparations, natural and mechanical, of the interior structure of these shells
that have been examined, none show a strict conformity therewith, each
possessing some variation of considerable significance; a linear or a clavate
cardinal process ; absence of dental lamellae or brachial septum ; coalesced crural
plates or an inter-crural pit. These differentials permit groupings of the
palaeozoic species among themselves, which do not include the typical Rhyn-
chonellas. The interior of many of the American palajozoic species is still
unknown ; the foregoing statement is based upon the representatives of the
various faunas that we do know, which, indeed, taken together make a major
percentage of described species. As to exterior characters, the peculiar modi-
fication of form possessed by R. loxia is most rarely met with in palteozoic
species, perhaps only in the R. acuminata, Martin, of the upper Devonian and
the Carboniferous, and, naturally enough, this species fails to conform in
internal structure with R. loxia. The modifications of external form, while
manifestly of subordinate significance, accompany with some persistence the
variations of the interior.
* This diagnosis has been derived from excellent exteriors and internal casta of R. loxia, from Charas-
chowa, Russia.
180 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
The evidence leaves little room for doubt that the combination of characters
forming the rhynchonelloid type of structure deviated at an early age from
the same stock whence Orthis has been derived. The earliest " Rhynchonel-
las " of which we know the interior, are not Rhynchonellas in any true sense,
but properly connecting morphological phases between Orthis and Rhyncho-
NELLA, inceptive stages of the fuller development attained in later faunas.
In this aspect of the subject it seems preferable to consider the palaeozoic
Rhynchonellas essentially in a chronological order, thereby leading up to the
later types of structure, and thus following the natural course of development
and variation so far as the material in hand permits.
At the outset it will be necessary to indicate the very primitive structure
obtaining in some of the earliest species, and in order to distinguish these in-
ceptive forms it will be necessary to introduce, as a new division, the
Genus PROTORHYNCHA, gen. nov.
PLATE LVI.
1847. Atrypa, Hall. Palaeontology of New York, vol. i, p. 21, jil. iv (bis), fig-. 5.
1862. Porainhonites, Billi.ngs. Pal.Tozoic Fossils, vol. i, p. 140, tigs. 117 a-^.
Shells biconvex, with a low, ill-defined fold and sinus on brachial and pedicle-
valves respectively. Pedicle-valve with a false cardinal area defined by ridges
diverging from the beak. Pedicle-passage triangular, rarely showing any trace
of deltidial plates. Teeth very small, supported by thin lamellae which rest
upon the bottom of the valve and are not adnascent to the lateral walls of the
shell. In the brachial valve the dental sockets are small; the hinge-plate con-
sists of two minute discrete processes, the surfaces of which are slightly inclined
toward each other. These were the bases of the brachial supports but show
no points of attachment to the crura ; they are separated by a triangular inci-
sion extending to the bottom of the valve. There is no cardinal process nor
median septum in the brachial valve, and no trace of muscular scars in either
valve.
Type, Atrypa dubia, Hall. Chazy limestone.*
* It should be observed that these details of structure have been derived from specimens obtained fi'om
the gorge of the Kentucky river, at High Bridge, Kentucky.
BRACHIOPODA. 181
Observations. These characters, it will at once be remarked, are rhyncho-
nelloid, but are essentially primitive in all respects. The type of structure, if
strictly interpreted, does not appear to have been a prolific one. The
associates of Atrypa dubia in the Chazy fauna, namely, A. plena. Hall, and A.
altilis, Hall, are larger, more coarsely plicated shells, with a short median sep-
tum in the brachial valve, and a stronger development of the crural bases.
They evince a higher development of rhynchonelloid characters and perhaps
may be regarded with more propriety as early representatives of the large
division here termed Camarot<echia, than as congeneric with Protorhyncha dubia.
The Poramboniles Ottawaensis, of Billings, from the Black River limestone
of the Pauquette Rapids, appears to be a representative of this structure.
The relations of Protorhyncha with the genus Orthis are evinced in the
tendency to the formation of a cardinal area, the usually open delthyrium at
maturity, and in the short, blunt hinge-processes.
Genus ORTHOR H YN C HUL A, gen. nov.
PLATE LVI.
1889. Orthis, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, p. 41, pi. xxxiv, fij^s. 7-13.
Shells rhynchonelloid in contour ; hinge-line short, straight, extending for
about one-third the transverse diameter of the valves. A true cardinal area is
present on both valves, that of the pedicle-valve being considerably the broader,
erect, often incurved. Each valve also possesses a distinct triangular delthy-
rium, that of the pedicle-valve, according to the evidence at hand, never being
in any degree closed by deltidial plates. External surface strongly and simply
plicated, the median fold and sinus being well developed. On the interior, the
pedicle-valve possesses blunt teeth which rest upon the laterally thickened
walls of the valve and are not supported by lamelloB. Between, and slightly
in front of these lies a short, subquadrate muscular scar. The brachial valve
possesses a linear cardinal process, on either side of which are two discrete
crural plates, sharply concave on the upper surface and diverging anteriorly
for a considerable distance.
Shell-substance fibrous, impunctate.
Type, Orthis Linmyi, Nettelroth. Hudson River group.
182 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Observations. No more decisive evidence of the close generic relations of
Orthis and Rhynchonella than is furnished by this species, can be desired or
expected. The shell is, in effect, a Platystrophia with shortened hinge, nar-
rowed and acuminate beak, and well-developed crural processes ; or the propo-
sition is convertible ; it is a Rhynchonella, with cardinal areas and uncovered
delthyria on both valves. There is a singular anachronism in the sole appear-
ance of this type of structure at a period so long after the distinctive ingredient
stocks were well established, a fact which may, to some degree at least, be
ascribed to our incomplete knowledge ; at the same time there is an eminent
fitness in the concurrence of this PLATYSTROPHiA-like Rhynchonella in a fauna
with Platystrophia itself, at its highest and most varied development.
Orthorhynchula Linneyi is rather widely distributed in the Hudson River fauna
of Kentucky, but is not known to the eastward.
Genus RH YN C HOTRE M A, Hall. 1860.
PLATE LVI.
1842. Atrypa, Conkad. Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. viii, p. 2(j4.
1847. Atrypa, Hall. Paljeontology of N. Y., vol. i, pp. 146-148, 289, pi. xxxiii, tigs. Via-y, \ia-c;
pi. Ixxix, tig. B.
1859. Rhynchonella, Hall. Twelfth Ann. Rept. N. Y. Slate Cah. Nat. Hist., pp. 65, 66.
1860. Rhyiichotrema, Hall. Thirteenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 66-68, figs. 8-13.
1873. Rhynchonella, Mehk. Palaeontology of Ohio, vol. i, p. 123, pi. xi, tigs. 6 a-f.
187.5. Trematospira, Miller. Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science, vol. li, p. 60.
1889. Rhynchonella, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, p. S3, pi. xxxiv, figs. 26-29.
This name, introduced more than thirty years ago, was designed to indicate
a peculiar variation in structure, which is not often retained even in the type-
species itself, though its absence is unquestionably due to accidental causes. On
this account, perhaps, the term Rhynchotrema has failed of general adoption,
and it is only quite recently that some writers* have indicated a disposition to
employ it.
* See Waagen, Salt-Range Fossils, p. 410. Dr. Waagen, taking as of prime importance the alisence of
dental lamellse in the typical species, has suggested the occurrence of the group among the American De-
vonian Rhynchonellas. Probably, however, the type of structure, of which the lack of dental lamellie is
but a single element, was more n.arrowly restricted in its vertical range. CEhlert, in Fischer'.s Manuel de
Conchyliologie (1887), has also used the term, and accompanies it with some original figures, used in a pre-
vious publication (Bull. Soc. G6ul. de France, 3" Ser., t. xii, p. 426, pi. 10, a, h), but which fail to show the
critical characters of the genus.
BRACHIOPODA. 183
In the Thirteenth Annual Report of the New York State Cabinet of Natural
History (1860) some specimens of RhyncJinnella increbescens* Hall {==R. capax,
Conrad), from the Hudson River group of Iron Ridge, Wisconsin, which pre-
served the details of internal structure most admirably, were described and
illustrated.
The essential part of this description (p. 67) was as follows :
" This species, like some others of the genus, becomes extremely gibbous or
ventricose with age, and the apex of the ventral valve is closely incurved over
the beak of the opposite valve. Nor is this all, for the beak is perforate, and
in many specimens we are able to discover a distinct foramen in the substance
of the shell ; indeed, sometimes this foramen is above or exterior to the apex
of the beak, but it is rarely possible to distinguish the continuity of the sub-
stance of the shell between this foramen and the beak of the opposite valve.
Externally, therefore, this feature might not be considered incompatible with
Rhynchonella, where the base of the foramen is often formed by the beak of
the dorsal valve ; and it might be supposed that as the shell increased and the
incurvation became too great to permit the protrusion of the pedicle at the
ordinary foramen, the notch in the beak might be deepened until it would reach
beyond the apex. Sometimes, however, this foramen is seen to be surrounded
by the substance of the shell ; thus becoming a simple perforation, without the
appearance of deltidial plates.
" The real condition and relations of this foramen I have recently been able
to determine satisfactorily, from an examination of some separated valves and
imperfect specimens collected by Mr. Woolson, of Iron Ridge, Wisconsin, from
the green shales beneath the iron ore. The interior of the dorsal valve has
the usual aspect of this valve of other Rhynchonella, except that in the center
of the apophysary process, at the base of the crura, there is a narrow central
process which is more distinct than usual. In the ventral valve there are two
strong teeth which fit into deep sockets in the opposite valve and above these,
the triangular space is partially or entirely occupied by a concave solid area ; beneath
which, extending from the interior of the shell, there is a distinct foramen
* It seems necessary to consider as the Hfiynchonella capax of Conrad, the ventricose shells which, in
the work cited, were referi-ed to R. increbescens. The latter term was introduced in 1S47 for shells from
the Trenton limestone of New York, which never attain the gi-eat gibbosity common in R. capax, but are
not unlike the immature individuals of that species. It seems therefore R. increbescens has no higher value
than a designation for an earlier and somewhat moditied type of R. capax.
184 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
which passes out at the apex or above the apex of the valve, a groove on the
lower side always extending thence to the apex. This area [deltidium] some-
times shows a longitudinal suture line, but this feature is not always visible."
The original specimens from which this account was derived are now before
us, and enlarged drawings have been made from them which will show more
clearly than did the original wood cuts, the accuracy of the description. The
solid process in the umbonal cavity of the pedicle-valve is the deltidial plates,
which are of great size, and are cemented lirmly to the bottom of the valve.
The concavity of their surface must be due, in a large degree, to the obese
growth of the valves which forced the apex of the brachial valve against the
deltidial wall. In younger shells, therefore, we should expect to find this
cavity less strongly developed. Frequently these deltidial plates are wholly
detached, and where retained, as in specimens from Richmond, Indiana, and
elsewhere, they are narrower, not meeting and enclosing the foramen beneath, as
in the shells described above. The encroachment of the pedicle-passage upon
the substance of the valve, is thus due somewhat to the individual conditions
of the shell, and is analogous to the complete enclosure of this channel in old
examples of Leptana rhomboidalis, Wilckens, to which reference has been pre-
viously made. The teeth rest upon the thickened lateral walls of the valve,
and there appears to have been no development of dental lamellae unless it was
at a very early period in the life of the individual.
In the brachial valve there is a thickened median septum which may extend
for more than one-half the length of the shell, and it is upon the posterior
extremity of this that the slender median cardinal process rests. This delicate
apophysis is frequently distorted to one side or the other. The bases support-
ing the crura are divided by a very narrow median cleft, and are remarkably
broad and stout, abruptly deflected to the deep dental sockets. The crura take
their origin from the central portion of this comparatively broad hinge-plate,
instead of from the margins of the dental sockets, as is usually the case in the
palaeozoic rhynchonelloids. The structure of the hinge apophyses in both
valves is a persistent character, while the peculiarities of the deltidium, as has
been observed, are variable with age and external conditions. The muscular
BRACHIOPODA. 185
impressions are usually strongly developed, there being beneath the deltidial
plates a deep scar of the pedicle-muscle, while the adductor impression on the
pedicle-valve is often very marked. The adductors of the brachial valve and
the diductors of the pedicle-valve are more or less distinctly defined.
Shells possessing the features indicated became prevalent in the fauna of the
Hudson River group {R. capax, Conrad, R. increbescens, Hall, R. dentata. Hall),
but probably made their earliest appearance in tliat of the Trenton limestone
{R. increbescens, Hall, Trematospira quadriplicata, Miller). There is thus far no
satisfactory evidence of its existence in later faunas.
Genus RHYNCHOTRETA, Hall. 1879.
PLATE LVI.
1828. Terebratula, Dalman. Kong. Vetenskaps-Akad. Handlingar. p. 141, pi. vi, fig. 3.
1828. Terebratula, Hisinger. Bidrag till Sveriges Geognosi, pt. iv, p. 239, pi. vi, fig. 3.
1839. Terebratula, J. de C. Sowerby. Silurian System, p. 625, pi. xii, fig. 13.
1846. Atrypa, McCoy. Synopsis Silurian Fossils Ireland, p. 39.
1848. Hyyothyris, Phillips and Salter. Mem. Geol. Survey of Great Bi-itain, vol. ii, {it. I, p. 280.
1852. Atrypa, Hall. Pal.neontology of New York, vol. ii, p. 276, pi. Ivii, figs. 4 a-r.
1859. Rhynchonella, Hall. Twelfth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 77.
1859. Metzia, Salter. Murchison's Siluria, second edition, pi. xxii, fig. 8.
18C0. Rhynchonella, Lind.strhm. Ofvers. Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akad. Foi'handl., p. 365.
1867. Rhynchonella, Davidson. British Silurian Bi-achiopoda, p. 164, pi. xxi, tigs. 7-11.
1879. Rhynchotrefa, Hall. Twenty-eighth Ann. Rept. N.Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 166-168, figs.1-4,
pi. XXV, figs. 29-3S.
1882. Rhynchotreia, Hall. Eleventh Ann. Rept. State Geologist of Indiana, pp. 309-311, figs. 1-4,
pi. XXV, figs. 29-38.
1883. Rhynchonella, Davidson. British Silurian Bracbiopoda, Suppl., p. 154, pi. x, figs. 9, 10.
1889. Rhynchotreia, Beecher and Clarke. Mem. N. Y. State Mus., vol. i. No. 1, pp. 47-51, pi. iv,
figs. 12-22.
1889. Rhyiichotreta, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, pp. 84, 85, jil. xxxii, figs. 58, 59, 62, 63.
Elongate-triangular, strongly plicated shells with fold and sinus normal, in
adolescent and mature stages ; long and broad cardinal slopes ; beak erect, acu-
minate and produced on the pedicle-valve. Foramen at maturity apical, its upper
margin encroaching on the substance of the valve. Deltidium very conspicuous,
convex, the component plates, in their later development, being anchylosed along
the median suture. Dental lamellse vertical, resting on the bottom of the
valve and enclosing a deeply impressed muscular scar; diductor scars elongate-
flabelliform, divided by oblique ridges into anterior and posterior members ;
186 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
adductor impression central, elongate and very small. The brachial valve
bears a median septum which extends for one-half the length of the shell ;
being divided toward its posterior extremity, each branch supporting one
process of the divided hinge-plate. The crura are long, slightly curved and
somewhat expanded at their tips; between these there is a small, simple,
cardinal process.
External surface covei-ed with exceedingly line, filiform, papillose, concentric
lines. Shell-substance fibrous, impunctate.
Type, Terebratula cuneata, Dalman. Wenlock and Niagara groups.
Observations. The elongate-triangular outline and the surface-ornamenta-
tion of the only species that can now be referred to this group afford external
peculiarities which at present appear to be of considerable importance. Many
rhynchonelloids show slight evidence of a reversal of the relative convexity of
the two valves in the process of growth ; here, however, this reversal is a
feature which is conspicuously apparent in the mature shell, on account of its
accomplishment only at a late stage in its development; hence the umbonal
region of the sinus-bearing valve is convex, and that of the fold-bearing valve
concave, for nearly one-half the length of the shell.*
The great size and elevation of the deltidial plates and their unusual con-
vexity are also peculiarities which characterize the mature condition of the
shell. In the interior the brachial valve has somewhat the same construction
as in Rhvnchotrema, that is, shows coexistence of a median septum, slender
and simple cardinal process and discrete hinge-processes. Their relative de-
gree of development, however, is different, and in the structure of the pedicle-
valve, its dental lamellae and muscular scars, the diversity is notable. We are
inclined to regard these differential characters as forming a good basis for the
generic (or subgeneric) distinction of the species, f The American representa-
* For a full ciiscuseion and illustration of the nature of this reversal in contour and also of the develop-
ment of the deltidial plates, see Memoirs New York State Museum, vol. i, No. 1, pp. 47-51, pi. iv, figs. 12-
22. 1889.
t It is necessary to correct here certain errors in the orig-inal description of the genus Rhyxchotkkta.
One is an error of assumption, that the crura united to fonn a terebratuloid loop ; subsequent examinations
prove them disciete, somewhat curved and explanate at their extremities. Another, that the substance of
the shell is tinely punctate.
BRACHIOPODA. 187
tive of R. cuneata has been regarded as a variety of the specific type, var.
Americana, Hall. It occurs sparingly in the Niagara fauna of New York, but
abounds at Waldron, Indiana, and is not uncommon in the dolomites of Illinois
and Wisconsin. In Great Britain, however, the species appeared earlier, being
found, according to Davidson, in the Lower Llandovery if not even in the
Upper Caradoc.
Genus S T E N 0 S C H I S M A, Conrad. 1839.
PLATE LVI.
1839. jS'tejcsciswa. Conrad. Second Ann. Rept. Palseont. Dept., p. f>9,
1859. Rhynchonella, Hall. Palaeontology of New Yoi-k, vol. iii, p. 23t), jil. xxxv, figs, tin-.i/-
1867. i^tenocisma, Hall. Palaeontology of New York, vol. iv, pp. 334, 335.
Mr. Conrad, in speaking of the rocks and fossils of the State of New York,
in his Second Annual Report (p. 59), makes use of this term for shells, the
only representative of which specified by him, is "the common Silurian bivalve
Terehratula Schlotheimii, Von Buch." The T. Schlolheimi is a well-known Per-
mian, not Silurian species, and some writers, notably Dr. CEhlert in Fischer's
Manuel de Conchyliologie, have considered it necessary to apply tlie term
Stenoschisma (Stenoscisma as written by Conrad) in accordance with the
characters of von Buch's species, which renders it equivalent to King's genus,
Camarophoria (1845). It is important in such a matter to get as near as
possible to Mr. Conrad's intentions ; that he was at a disadvantage in draw-
ing comparisons or making identifications of American with European
species is evident from his characterization of T. Schlotheimi ;is a " common
Silurian bivalve."
Unquestionably he had before him at the time, and intended by this designa-
tion some New York species, and in Volume IV of the Palaeontology of New
York (p. 334) the author states that Mr. Conrad had used this name on a lith-
ographed but unpublished plate of the fossils of the Lower Helderberg group,
to designate a species subsequently described* as Rhynchonella formosa, Hall.
This is as close an approximation to Mr. Conrad's conception as is now possible
* Palaeontology of New York, vol. iii, p. 236.
188 PALjEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
and we should feel justified in assuming Rhynchmella formosa to be the type of
the genus rather than to reject the well-established term Camarophoria and
substitute Stenoschisma for it.
Upon reviewing the Devonian shells which were referred to Stenoschisma
in Volume IV of the Palteontology of New York, it has become evident that
some modification may be necessary in the application of that term. The in-
ternal structure of the type-species R. formosa was not at that time demon-
strated, nor, so far as we are aware, has it since been determined with the
accuracy now required. The Stenoschismas of Volume IV are characterized
by a strong septum in the brachial valve, cleft posteriorly, each lateral branch
supporting one of the crural bases ; the latter are thus separated medially by
the triangular cleft whose base is the divided median septum. An elongate
umbonal cavity is thus formed beneath the hinge-plate, and this must be re-
garded of some morphological significance in the relation of these shells to
Camarophoria and its allies. The species possess no cardinal process, and the
teeth are supported by parallel vertical dental lamellae.
These characters are not shared by Rhynchonella formosa. In this species all
our preparations show that the septum of the brachial valve is represented only
by an exceedingly obscure median thickening, being in fact virtually wanting;
there is no such median subcardinal cavity as above described, but the hinge-
plate is divided by a fissure which extends to the bottom of the shell, and
contains a slender longitudinal cardinal process; the divisions of the hinge-
plate are not large, have concave upper surfaces, and the crura, which are long,
recurved and expanded at their extremities, are produced from the inner angles
of these divisions without interruption. The dental lamella3 of the pedicle-
valve are short and convergent. The surfaces of the dental sockets, which in
the Devonian species are sometimes crenulated, are here smooth. It is neces-
sary to recognize the importance of these palpable differences in R. formosa and
the group of shells ascribed to Stenoschisma in the work referred to, and it
seems necessary to render to this genus a stricter construction than it has here-
tofore received. In so doing jR. formosa will stand as the only known repre-
sentative of the type of structure described, and we are inclined to recognize
BRACHIOPODA. 189
in it a nearer relationship to Rhynchotrema, than to the Silurian and Devonian
representatives of Camarotcechia ; in other words, the existence or absence of
the median brachial septum should be regarded as of less significance than the
co-existence of a similar type of hinge-structure.
In exterior characters Stenoschisma formosa is a trihedral, strongly plicated
shell with well-developed fold and sinus, of an expression not unconiinon
throughout the Devonian rhynchonellids.
Genus CAMAR0T(ECH1A, nom. nov.
• PLATE LVII.
1841. Atrypa, Conrad. Ann. Rept. PaL-eont. Dept. N. Y., p. .55.
1843. Atrypa, Hall. Geology of New York ; Rept. Fourth Dist. ; Tables of Organic Remains, No. 6(j,
figs. 3, 4 ; No. U7, fig. 2.
1847. Atrypa, Hall. Palaeontology of New York, vol. i, pp. iil, 23, pi. iv (liis), figs. 7, 9.
1852. Atrypa, Hall. Paleontology of New York, vol. ii, p. 70, pi. xxiii, figs. 4, 5 ; p. 274, i)I. Ivii,
fig. 1 ; p. 279, pi. Iviii, figs. 3, 4.
1857. Rhynchonella, Hall. Tenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 78, figs. 1-7 ; p. 82,
figs. 1-3 ; pp. 81, 86.
1860. Rhynchonella, Billings. Canadian Journal, vol. v, pp. 271, 272.
1860. RliyndioneUa, Hall. Thirteenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat Hist., pp. 87, 88.
1862. Rhynchonella, A. Winchell. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 407, 408.
1862. RhyiicJwTiella, BihUUGS. Pala'ozoic Fossils, vol. i, pp. 141-143, figs 118-120.
]S63. Rhynchonella, Hall. Transactions of the Albany Institute, vol. iv, ]>p. 215, 216.
1867. Rhynchonella {Stenvcisina), Hall. Palojontology of New York, vol. iv, pp. 335-345, 348-353,
pi. liv, figs. 1-59 ; pi. liv a, figs. 1-23, 44-49 ; jil. Iv, figs. 1-52.
1879. Rhynchonella, Hall. Twenty-eighth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 163, 164, pi. xxvi,
figs. 12-33.
1882. Rhynchonella, Hall. Eleventh Ann. Rept. State Geologist of Indiana, pj). 305-307, pi. xxvi,
figs. 12-33.
1884. Rhynchmiella, Walcott. Monogr. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. viii, p. 152, pi. xiv, fig. 3; j)l. xv,
fig. 6 ; p. 155, pi. xiv, fig. 8.
1887. Rhynchonella, Gosselbt. Annates de la Soci6le Geologique du Nord, vol. xiv, p. 188,
l>ls. i-iii.
1888. Rhynchonella, Herhick. Bulletin Labor. Denison University, vol. iii, pp. 39, 40, \A. v, fig. 1 ;
pi. vii, fig. 25 ; pi. x, fig. 9.
By restricting the application of the term Stenoschisma to shells agreeing in
hinge-structure with Rhynchonella formosa, the necessity is created for ;i new
designation for the large group of shells to which that term was applied in
1867.* While these shells are susceptible to considerable variation in exterior,
* Paleontology of New York, vol. iv.
190 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
they usually maintain a full trihedral contour with shallow pedicle-, and con-
vex brachial valves, evincing little, if any evidence at maturity, of a reversal
of the relative convexity of early growth, a feature so apparent in some of the
other groups of the rhynchonelloids. Their distinctive characters, however,
are internal ; the median septum of the brachial valve is divided posteriorly in
such a manner as to form an elongate cavity, which does not extend to the
bottom of the valve. Each branch of the septum supports one of the lateral
divisions of the hinge-plate, to which are attached the curved crural processes.
In normal conditions of development the median interspace of the hinge-plate
is not closed. The dental sockets, bordering the hinge-plate, are crenulated in
the species which are assumed as representing the typical characters of the
group. There is no cardinal process.
In the pedicle- valve slender vertical lamellae support the rather small teeth
and extend well into the cavity of the valve, enclosing a deep and narrow
pedicle-scar.
This is a group of shells highly developed in species, and eminently charac-
teristic of the Devonian faunas, and hence the Rhynchonella congregata, Conrad, is
designated as the type of the genus. This species is abundant in the condition
of excellently preserved internal casts, in the sandy shales of the Hamilton group
of central and eastern New York. The type of structure is, however, much older,
probably as ancient as the early Trenton faunas of the Lower Silurian, where
it seems to be represented by the species Rhynchonella altilis and R. plena, Hall,
of the Chazy limestone.* In the succeeding faunas of the Silurian are
R. fringilla and R. glacialis, Billings, from Division I, of the Anticosti series ;
R. aequiradiata, Hall, of the Clinton group ; R. obtusiplicata, Hall, of the Niagara
group, and it may prove that R. Indianensis, R. negleda, R. Whitii and R. acinus,
Hall, from the same faunas of New York and Indiana, also belong here, though
their external habit, i. e., small size, compressed or elongated valves, is not
usual in this group. At the appearance of the Lower Helderberg faunas, with
their multiplicity of rhynchonellids, this type of structure appears to have
*Thi8 opinion is based upon serial transverse sections of the shells ; since no separated valves or satis-
factory internal casts of these species have been obtainable.
BRACHIOPODA. 191
yielded somewhat to the robust forms possessing a cardinal process, which are
referred to the genus Uncinulus. We have not been able to obtain exhibitions
of the hinge-structure in all these numerous forms and consequently reserve an
opinion with regard to the proper association of some of those of less common
occurrence. It is, however, interesting to find the structure of Camarokkchia
possessed by the extravagantly gibbous species R. ventricosa, as precisely the
same combination of external and internal characters reappears in the later
faunas of the Waverly group.
In the Oriskany sandstone we meet with a number of large and ponderous
rhynchonellids which furnish some important evidence as to the values of the
characters upon which the classification here adopted is based. In Rhynchonella
Barrandii, Hall, which probably attained the greatest size of any of these
species, the median division of the hinge-plate and the septal cavity appear to
have been always present, a cardinal process absent. In R. speciosa, Hall, and
R. pliopleura, Conrad, the younger shells have the same cardinal structure, but
with increased age, probably for the most part after maturity, the median pit
becomes obscured by the deposition of testaceous matter about the bases of the
crura until no evidence of it remains but a linear median depression. This
extreme is attained only in old shells, and the groove indicating the line of
union of the lateral parts of the hinge-plate is never obliterated. Thus the
hinge-plate takes on the appearance of a single solid lobe. In the pedicle-valve
of young shells of all these species there is, close to the apex, evidence of very
thin dental lamellae cemented to the lateral walls of the shell. The teeth,
however, do not rest upon these, as their extremities are not free, but both in
this stage of growth and always afterwards they are continuous with, and rest
upon the lateral walls of the valve, as in the genus Rhynchotre.ma. The grada-
tional variation indicated by these shells, in characters which in other groups
are of indicial value according to their degree of development, leads to the con-
viction that the homogenity of Camarotcechia as a zoological association will
be better assured by removing these and similar species therefrom and applying
to them a distinctive term of subordinate value, e. g., Plethorhyncha. Among
the species of the Upper Ilelderberg, Hamilton and Chemung faunas, few will
192
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
be found which present any material variation from the type of Camarotuochia.
Therefore, with our present Itnowledge, all the species definitely referred to
Stenoschisma in Volume IV of the Palaeontology of New York, may tentatively
be embraced under this new term, that is :
In the Corniferous limestone :
Rhynchonella Tethys, Billings.
Rhynchonella? Billingsi, Hall.
In the Hamilton group :
Rhynchonella Sappho, Hall.
Rhynchonella Horsfordi, Hall.
Rhynchonella congregata, Conrad.
In the Chemung group :
Rhynchonella eximia, Hall.
Rhynchonella Stephani (or
Stevensi), Hall.
Rhynchonella Carolina, Hall.
Rhynchonella Sappho, Hall.
Rhynchonella prolifica, Hall.
Rhynchonella Dotis, Hall.
Rhynchonella carica. Hall.
Rhynchonella duplicata, Hali.
Rhynchonella contracta, Hall.
Rhynchonella orbicularis, Hall.
The type was continued further upward into the early faunas of the Lower
Carboniferous, where it is represented in the Waverly group by some of the
species already named, R. Sappho, R. contracta,* and R. Sageriana and R. Marshall-
ensis, A. Winchell.
* According to the identifications by Prof. C. L. Herrick, Bull. Laboratories Denison University, vol. iii,
pp. 39, 40. 1888.
BRACHTOPODA. 193
LIORHYNCHUS, Hall. 1860.
PLATE LIX.
1842. 0)-ms, AtryjM, Vanuxem. Geology of N. Y. ; Rept. Third Dist., p. 14fi, fig. S; p. 168, tig. 2;
p. 182, fig. 2.
1843. Atrypa, Hall. Geology of N. Y. ; Rept. Fourth Diwt., j). 182, tig. 11 ; p. 223, fig. 2, Tiiblea of
Organic Remains, No. 67, fig. 1.
1855. Rhyncliondla, Shomakd. Rept. Geol. Surv. Missouri, p. 205.
1860. Leiorhynchus, Hall. Thirteenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 75, 85, 80,
figa. la, 6.
1860. Mliynckonellaf Billings. Canadian Journal, vol. v, p. 273, figs. 26-28.
1863. Rhynchonella? Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 384, fig.s. 418a-c.
1866. Leiorhynchus. A. Winchell. Rept. Lower Peninsula of Michigan, p. 95.
1867. Leiorhynchus, Hall. Palseontology of N. Y., vol. iv, pp. 855-364, pi. Ivi, figs. 1-49 ; pi. Ivii,
figs. 1-29.
1868. Rhynchonella, Meek. Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., vol. i, p. 93, pi. xiii, figs. 9a-c.
1873. Leiorhynchus, Hall and Wiutfield. Twenty-third Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist.,
p. 240, pi. xi, figs. 25-27.
1874. Leiorhynchus, Nicholson. Geological Magazine, new ser., vol. i, p. 120.
1884. Rhynchonella, Leiorhynchus, Walcott. Monogr. U. S. Geolog. Survey, vol. viii, p. 153, pi. xv,
figs. 1-4 ; pp. 157-159, pi. xix, figs. 5, 9.
1885. Leiorhynchus, Clarke. Bull. U. S. Geolog. Sui'v., No. 16, pp. 24, 31, 33, OS, pi. iii, tig. 14.
1886. Rhynchonella, Ulkich. Contributions to American Palseontology, p. 26.
1887. Liorhynclms, ffiHLERT. Fischer's Manuel de Conchyliologie, p. 1308.
During the period of the predominance of the foregoing species of Camarotce-
CHiA in the middle Devonian, certain shells, not essentially varying from them
in internal structure, assumed a peculiar exterior expression, the fold and sinus
becoming strongly plicated, while the lateral slopes are covered with low, faint
or obsolescent duplicating ribs ; umbones smooth ; substance of the shell very
thin. To this group the term Liorhynchus* was applied in 1860, and the typical
species is the Orthis quadricostata, Vanuxem, of the Hamilton fsiunas.
These shells constitute an interesting lateral line of development which was
continued from the later Devonian into the early faunas of the Carboniferous,
where it probably outlived its parental type. The species of the middle Devo-
nian seem to have flourished most abundantly in the bituminous sediments of
the Hamilton series. Thus in the Marcellus shales and limestones, shells of
* Thirteenth Report New York State Cabinet of Natural History, p. 75. The original spelling of this
term was Leiokhynchlls ; as above given its orthography is probably less open to objection. The term is
retained for these fossils, although the word was earlier in use for a recent genus of Vermes {according to
Agassiz), or Coleoptera (according to Dall). What its value may be in this latter use we are not informed,
but at all events there is little danger of any confusion of intent in its application to groups so remotely
connected.
194 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
the Liorhynchus Umitaris, Vanuxem, frequently constitute entire strata of some
inches in thiclcness; and also, in the more bituminous layers of the Hamilton
group proper, L. muUicostus, Hall, and at times, L. quadricoslatus, Hall, become
very abundant, and are correspondingly rare as the shales lose their organic
matter and become more calcareous. In the black Genesee shales, L. quadri-
costatus, Hall, is often abundant. Where the succession of the sediments was
more persistently calcareous or ai'enaceous the shells adapted themselves to
their surroundings, though under such circumstances not attaining so great
development in individuals. In the calcareous layers of the Hamilton group
at Thedford, Ontario, L. Laura, Billings,* is not of infrequent occurrence. L.
Kelloggi, Hall, occurs in the upper Devonian calcareous sandstones of northern
Ohio ; L. mesacostalis, L. sinuatus, Hall, and L. globuUformis, Vanuxem,f in the
sandstones of the Chemung group ; the L. Newberryi, Hall and Whitfield, from
the Erie shales, of Devonian age ; the L. Greenianus, Ulrich, from the Knobstone
formatiou of Keokuiv age, and the L. Boonensis, Shumard, in the Burlington
limestone.
In the later representatives of this subgenus there is a tendency to obsoles-
cence of the plications over the entire surface ; and in all specimens where the
interior is well preserved, the muscular impressions of the brachial valve form
narrow, elongate-oval scars alongside the median septum. Frequently, also,
the narrow pit beneath the hinge-plate supported by the median septum, is
of conspicuous size, as in L. globuUformis. The significance of the group of
fossils embraced by the foregoing divisions, Camarotcechia, Plethorhynchus
and Liorhynchus cannot be gainsaid. The existence of an incipient spondyl-
ium between the divisions of the hinge-plate, supported by the median septum,
at once indicates a relationship, not so much to the pentameroids, which have
for the most part preceded these in time, but to the spondylium-bearing shells
of the later palaeozoic periods, Camarophoria and its allies.
* Some of the moi-e oblate forms of this species seem indistinguishable from L. muHicosLus, Hall, but
L. Laura noi-mally has an elongale-oval outline which is not possessed by typical examples of the former.
t Before us is a specimen of the Rhynchonella castaiita. Meek, fi-om the Eureka District of Nevada,
agreeing with Mr Walcott's identification of this species as described in volume viii, Monographs of the
U. S. Geological Survey, p. 153. This specimen demonstrates a very close specitic similarity to Liorliynchns
givhulifonnis, Vanuxem, and serves to fix its geneiic relations beyond doubt.
(1)
1828.
(I)
1834.
(4)
1834.
(1)
1839.
(4)
1840.
BRACHIOPODA. 195
Genera (l)WILSONIA (Quenstedt), Kayser, 1871; (2)UNCINULUS,
Bayle, 1878; (3) U N C IN U L I N A, Bayle, 1878; (4) HYPOTHY-
RIS (McCoy), King, 1850.
PLATES LVIII, LX.
(1)* 1S1«. Terehratida, J. Sowerbt. Mineral Conchology, vol. ii, p. 38, pi. cxviii, fig. 'J.
(1) 1821. Anomiles, Wahle.vberg. Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Upsal, p. 67.
Terebratula, Dalman. Kongl. Vetenskaps. Akad. Handling., p. 139, pi. iv, fig. 1.
Tenbtatula, von Buch. Ueber Terebrateln, p. 47.
Terebratnla, vo.v Buch. Ueber Terebi-atein, p. 68, pi. xi, figs. 29, a, b.
Terebrattda, J. ub C. Sowerby. Silui-ian System, p. 615, pi. v, fig. 21 ; \i\. vi, fig. 7.
Atrypa, J. de C. Sowerby. Trans. Geol. Soc. London, 2nd ser., vol. v, ))1. Ivi, fig. 24 ;
pi. Ivii, figs. 5, 6.
(4) 1841. Atrypa, Phillips. Palaeoz. Foss. Cornwall, Devon and West Somerset, p. 84, pi. xxxiv,
fig. 150.
Atrypa, Vandxbm. Geology of N. Y. ; Rept. Tiiird Dist., p. 163, tig. 1.
Atrypa, Hall. Geology of N. Y. ; Rept. Fourth Dist., p. 215, fig. 1.
Terebi-atula, F. Roemer. Verstein. rhein. Uebergangsgeb., p. 65.
Terebratula, ue Ver.nedil. Geol. de la Russ. et des Mont, de I'Oural, p. 87, pi. x, fig. 8.
Hypothyris, King. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vol. xviii, p. 28.
Atrypa, McCoy. Synopsis Silurian Fossils of Ireland, p. 42.
Hypothyris, Phillips and Salter. Mem. Geol. Surv. Great Britain, vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 282.
Hemithyris, d'Orbigjiy. Prodrome de Paleontologie, p. 92.
Hypothyris, King. Permian Fossils of England, p. 111.
Rhynchonella, Davidson. Annals and Magazine of Natui-al History, 2nd ser., vol. Ix, pi. xiii.
Rhynchonella, The Sandbergbrs. Verstein. des rhein. Schicht. Syst. Nassau, p. 43, pi. xxxiii,
fig. 12.
(4) 1853. Rhynchonella, Schncr. Beschr. der Eifel. Brach., p. 185, pi. xxv, fig. 5; p. 187, pi. xxvi,
fig. 3 ; p. 239, pi. xlv, fig. 4.
(2) 1857. Rhynchmella, Hall. Tenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 66, figs. 1-7 ; p. 68,
figs. 1-3.
(1) 1858. Rhynchonella, F. Schmidt. Archiv fiir- Naturk. Liv., Esth., und Kni-lands, vol. ii. p. 210.
(2) 1859. Rhynchonella, Hall. Paleontology of New Y'ork, vol. iii, pp. 25-28, 30, pi. xxix, fig. 4 ;
pi. XXX, figs. 1, 2 ; pi. xxxi, figs. 1-3 ; pi. xxxiii, figs. la-p.
Rhynchonella, F. Roembr. Silur. Fauna des Westl. Tennessee, p. 72, pi. v, fig. 14.
Rhynchonella, Hall. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. v. No. 2, p. 146.
Rhynchonella, Davidso.n. Bri). Silurian Brachiopoda, pp. 167-173, j)l. xxiii, figs. 1-14.
Rhynchonella, Hall. Palseontology of New York, vol. iv, p. 346, pi. livo, figs. 24-43.
RhyuvhoneUa, Davidson. Brit. Silurian Brachiopoda, p. 166, pi. xxi, figs. 1-6, 28.
Rhynchonella, de Verneuil. Tchihatcheff"s Asie Mineure, Paleontologie, pp. 9, 468.
Terebratula, Quenstedt. Petrefactenk. Deulsch.; Brachiopoden, j). 193, pi. xlii, figs. 19^8.
Terebratula, Quenstedt. Petrefactenk. Deulsch.; Brachiopoden, pi. xlii, tigs. 15-18.
Rhynchonella, Kayser. Zeit.schr. der deutsch. geolog. Gesellsch., vol. xxiii, p. 502.
Rhynchonella, Kayser. Zeitschi-. der deutsch. geolog. Gesellsch., vol. xxiii, pp. 507-515,
jil. ix, figs. 3, 4.
(4) 1877. Rhynchonella, Hall and Whitfield. Geolog. Expl. Fortieth Parallel, vol. iv, p. 247, pi. iii,
tigs. 4-8.
•The citations .ire numbered to conuspond with Uie generic titles.
(4)
1842.
(4)
1843.
(4)
1844.
(1)
1845.
(4)
1846.
(1)
1846.
(1)
1848.
(2)
1850.
(4)
1850.
(1)
1852.
(4)
1852.
(2)
1860.
(1)
1860.
(1)
1867.
(4)
1867.
(2)
1867.
(2)
1869.
(1)
1871.
(4)
1871.
(1)
1871.
(4)
1871.
(2)
1878.
(3)
1878.
(4)
1878.
(2)
1879.
(2)
1883.
0)
1883.
(2)
1884.
196 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Unci7udu.<!, Bayle. Explic. <le la Carte gi'olog. France, vol. iv, Atlas, pi. xi, figs. 17-20.
Unclnulhia, Baylk. Explic. de la Carte geolog. Finance, vol. iv, Atlas, pi. xiii, tigs. 13-16.
JRkynclionella, Bahri.s. Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., vol ii, p. 285. pi. xi, tigs. 5, 6.
Rhynchonella, Hall. Twenty-eighth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 165, pi. xxvi,
tigs. 34-40.
Uncinulus, Waac.en. Salt-Range Fossils, Braihiopoda, p. 424.
Rhynt-honella, Davidson. Brit. Silur. Brachiopoda ; Suppl., p. 156.
Uncimdits, CEhlekt. Bull, de la Soc. g6ol. <le France, 3d ser., vol. xii, pp. 426-432, jil. xxi,
figs, las ; pi. xxii, figs. 2 a-n.
(4) 1884. Rhynchonella, Walcott. Monogr. U. S. Geol. Snrv.. vol. viii, p. 157.
(3) 1884. Rhynchonella, CEiilert. Bull, de la Soc. geol. de Fi-ance, 3d ser., vol. xii, p. 420, pi. xviii,
fig. 5a-o.
(4) 1884. Rhynchonella, Clarke. Neues Jahrb. fiir Mineral., Beilagebnd. iii, p. 385.
(4) 1890. Rhynchonella, Williams. Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. i, pp. 481-500, pis. xi, xiii.
(4) 1891. Rhynchonella, Clarke. Ainei-ican Geologist, August, p. 100.
There are large numbers of palaeozoic rhynchonellas which are characterized
by a full subcuboidal or subpentahedral contour, a fold and sinus not sharply
developed except at the anterior margin, an abrupt anterior slope, sharply ser-
rated lateral margins of contact, and low .surface plications, each of which, on
the front of both valves, is marked by a fine median line.
Shells with sucli external features appeared in the middle or upper Silurian,
midtiplied in the early Devonian, and continued their existence into the faunas
of the Carboniferous. They were early distinguished as the group of Rhyncho-
nella Wilsoni, Sowerby, taking their name from the common species of the
Wenlock fauna, which was quite fully described and illustrated by Davidson in
the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1852,* and still more elaborately
in his Silurian Brachiopoda, 1869.f In 1871, QoenstedtJ termed the shells
"die Wilsonier" or "the Wilsoni's," introducing for them a trinomial nomen-
clature, as, for example, R. Wilsoni Bohemica, R. Wilsoni pila, etc., etc.
That this term was not intended as a generic or subgeneric designation is
evident from its mode of use, but in the same year Professor E. Kayser, § in
referring to Quenstedt's recently expressed opinion, says that " the characters
[mentioned] seemed to him [Quenstedt] sufficient for the establishment of
a separate subgenus " Wilsonia," Thus the name Wilsonia was introduced,
* p. 249, pi. xiii, figs. 12-14.
t P. 168, pi. xxiii, figs. 1-18.
I Petrefactenkunde Deutschlamls ; Brachiopoden, p. 193.
5 Zeitschrift der deutsch. geolog. Gesellsch., vol. xxiii, p. 502.
BRACHIOPODA. l'J7
and by many European authors has been applied to shells of this character.
Mr. Davidson did not adopt it; Drs. Waagen and (Ehlekt* have objected to its
admission on account of its morganatic introduction and have preferred to use
the term Uncinulus, proposed by Bayle in 1878.
A critical study of this group of subcuboidal shells has compelled the adoption
of somewhat different conclusions than those expressed by other investigators in
regard to their generic values and appropriate designation. Thus far the broader
application of the term Wilsonia (a name which should be accredited to Kayser
rather than to Quenstedt, the former being not only the first to use the term,
but accompanying it with a careful account of the characters of the group), has
rested mainly upon external features. Davidson did, indeed, as early as 1852,
describe the muscular scars and interior apophyses both of R. W/lsoni, Sowerby,
and also of i?. sub-Wilsoni, D'Orbigny, the latter a lower Devonian shell from Nor-
mandy (Nc'hou), and the type of Bayle's genus Uncinulus ;t and to CEhlert j; we
owe a most careful delineation of the internal characters of the latter. Both
of these species are characterized by the great size and depth of the diductor
scars of the pedicle-valve, the thickened teeth unsupported by vertical lamellae,
and both have a well developed median septum in the brachial valve. But
they differ most conspicuously, and most importantly, in the structure of the
hinge-plate. In R. Wilsoni (Wilsonia) the plate is very small, is divided medi-
ally by a shallow incision into distinct crural bases, and has no cardinal process.
In fiict the structure is not unlike that of Camauotcechia, though never so highly
developed as in the Devonian species of that genus. So far as we are aware,
among the many figures of R. Wilsoni to be found in literature, none have been
given which show the construction of this part; those upon Plate LVIII have
been made from a clean internal cast of the American shell identified by
DE Verneuil with R. Wilsoni, but subsequently termed R. Saffordi, Hall, and
which occurs in the Niagara fauna of Perry county, Tennessee, at Louisville,
Kentucky, and in the upper members of the Arisaig series, in Nova Scotia.
* Dr. CEiiLERT, in some of his later papers, has withdrawn his objections and adopts Wilsonia (Quen-
stedt), Kayser, in preference to llNCrNrLus, Bayle.
t Explication de la carte geolog'. France. 1S78.
X Bull. Societe geolog France, 3d ser., vol. xii, pi. xxi, fig's. 1, a-s. 1884.
198 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
On the other hand, the Devonian species, R. sub-Wilsoni, d'Orbigny, possesses a
solid, undivided hinge-plate and a highly developed cardinal process, as was
shown by Davidson, in 1852, and by OEhlert, in 1884; and though having ex-
ternal contour, median septum and unsupported teeth, as in R. Wilsoni, should
not be placed in too intimate association with the latter. The generic charac-
ters of R. suhwilsoni are positive, those of R. Wilsoni are unsubstantial. If
WiLSONiA has any value as a distinctive designation it is subordinate to Cama-
ROTCECHiA, and as such may serve to characterize the subcuboidal shells of this
group which, like R. Barrandii, Hall, and the species constituting the proposed
subgenus Plethorhynchus, have the teeth unsupported by dental lamellae. To
adopt the name Wilsonia for all the shells possessing the internal characters of
R. Wilsoni, without regard to external form, and thus make it the equivalent of
the group Camarotoechia, would be to deviate widely from the intent of the
authors of the term ; hence, per contra, it becomes necessary to restrict the
application of the name to very narrow limits.
In American founas the typical Wilsonia is but sparsely represented. With
it may be placed the species R. Saffordi, Hall, to which reference has been made.
Perhaps the R. ventricosa. Hall, of the Lower Helderberg fauna (Shaly lime-
stone), a shell referred to in the discussion of Camarotcechia, should be associ-
ated with it. Rhynchonella Wilsoni is a species of wide distribution in the
European Upper Silurian, and has been described in Great Britain, Sweden,
Russia and Spain ; Davidson gave its vertical range as from the Llandovery to
the Ludlow periods. It is probably true that the very few other species ot
similar type of exterior, which have been described from the Wenlock and
equivalent faunas, are congeneric, but this statement can be made only with
reservation.
Bayle, in 1878, proposed* to use the term Uncinulina for a species described
by him as Uncinulina fallaciosa, from the lower Devonian of Nehou and else-
where. To Dr. QilHLERT, again, we owe the elaboration of this shell, f The
species is subcuboidal in form, less globose than R. Wilsoni, but with the abrupt
* Explication Carte geolog. France, Atlas, pi. xiii, figs. 13-16.
t Op. cit, p. 420, pi. xviii, figs. 5a-o. 1884.
BRACHIOPODA. 199
anterior slope characterizing the entire group. The internal casts figured Ijy
OChlert show less highly developed muscular scars and testaceous thickenings,
a somewhat irregularly divided hinge-plate supported by a median septum and
slightly developed dental plates. The structure is, in short, very similar to
that of WiLSONiA, and there appears to be no good reason for dissociating the
shell from R. Wilsoni, inasmuch as the relative depth and size of muscular scars
are features of but inferior importance. At all events, the type of structure
seems to be the same as that which prevails among the earlier representatives
of Camarotcechia. Bayle's species, however, bears no little resemblance to
Sowerby's Terebratula Stricklandi* of the Wenlock fauna, a species finely devel-
oped in the Niagara faunas of Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. We have been
supplied with beautiful internal casts of this species by T. A. Greene, Esq., of
Milwaukee, obtained from the dolomites in that vicinity, and these show a
peculiar conformation of the hinge-plate, the lateral components of which are
divided medially for a portion of their length only, toward the apex the plates
being curved upward and uniting, thus forming an arched and hollow process
which is, of course, the representative of the cardinal apophysis in Uncinulus.
This is a very simple condition of development of this process, and it is inter-
esting to find it so early in the history of the group. The figure of the hinge-
plate of R. fallaciosa given by CEhlert (5/), is similar to the impression usually
obtained from internal casts of R. Stricklandi, and it may be found that the
French species possesses the incipient cardinal process of that shell ; in this
event the term Uncinulina may have a certain value as a distinctive designa-
tion for shells in this condition of development, but for the present it seems
wiser to include R. Stricklandi within the limits of the genus Uncinulus.
It is in the fauna of the Lower Helderberg group that the subcuboidal Rhyn-
chonellas with a highly developed process, attain their characteristic and most
extreme development. Dr. GEhlert's figures of this process in Uncinulus sub-
loilsoni show it to be a simple crescentic apophysis striated longitudinall3% but
in RhyncJwnella mutabilis, R. abrupta, R. vellicata, and R. nudeolata. Hall, of the
Lower Helderberg group, there is usually some evidence of a median division ;
* Not Rhynchonella StricMandi (Sow.), Schnur, which is a Devonian shell.
200 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
frequently this is obscured to such a degree as to be observable only at the
summit of the stout, erect process, as in R. vellicata, but in the other species its
duplicate character is usually retained. Figures are given in this volume,
showing the various forms of this process from a bidentate condition very sug-
gestive of its appearance in the leptaenoid shells, to a condition in which the
parts are firmly coalesced into a simple process. These various conditions are,
in a certain sense, developmental, but are also leatures of specific value, though
it should be observed that in old shells, where there is a tendency to extrava-
gant secretion, the process is thickened, as are also the median septum and in-
ternal walls of the valves. The term Uncinulus, embracing these shells, forms
a very compact association, which, in American faunas, seems to leave its last
trace in the R. speciosa, Hall, of the Oriskany sandstone, of which mention has
already been made in the discussion of Plethorhyncha ; a shell which, in a
senile condition, shows a tendency to the formation of a cardinal process.
There is good reason to believe that this peculiar combination of characters
was derived from the Rhynchotrema of the Lower Silurian, the shells having
somewhat the same external aspect, while on the interior the unsupported teeth
and linear cardinal process of Rhynchotrema point to this conclusion. At the
same time it is worthy of remark that in the latter genus the cardinal process
lying between the parts of the divided hinge-plate, seems to be a remnant of
the median septum, while this apophysis in Uncinulus has evidently been
formed by the subapical coalescence of the lateral components of that plate.
The last of the strongly subcuboidal species to appear in the American
Palaeozoic faunas are variants of the well-known horizon-marker, Rhynchonella
(Atri/pa) cuboides, Sowerby ; namely, R. venusiula, Hall, of the TuUy limestone,
R. Emmonsi, Hall and Whitfield, from the upper Devonian of the White Pine
District of Nevada, and R. intermedia, Barris, from the upper Devonian of Iowa.*
Rhynchonella cuboides, in European faunas, is indicial of upper Devonian age.
Its representative in the Tully limestone, R. venusiula, is associated with a fauna
composed almost exclusively of the species of the Hamilton shales.
* Mr. C. D. Walcott regards the last named a synonym for H. Emmonsi. See Palseontology of the
Eureka District, p. 157.
BRACHIOPODA. 201
The internal structure of these species has never been carefully elucidated,
and it is a matter of great difficulty to obtain material suitably preserved Ibr
the elaboration of the critical features of the hinge. Clean internal casts are
seldom found, and no instance of the silicification of the valves has come to
our notice. By careful serial sectioning, however, it has been possible to ascer-
tain with reasonable accuracy the character of the hinge. The teeth are
usually supported by short vertical lamellse ; the hinge-plate is quite small and
is composed of two broad, short lateral processes, which are divided, for a por-
tion of their length only, by a median incision extending to the bottom of the
valve but not forming an inceptive spondylium as in Camarotcechia. The
dental plates are large. There is but the barest indication of a median septum
in the brachial valve. The muscular impressions are small and not deep ;
those of the pedicle-valve making an oval scar continued from the narrow ped-
icle-cavity ; those of the brachial valve being narrow, elongate and extremely
obscure.* The interior of the pedicle-valve frequently preserves the ovarian
pittings and vascular sinuses while the characters are but faintly retained on
the brachial valve. The development of these features seems to be of specific
or varietal value only, as they are more rarely shown in the European examples
of R. cuboides and are absent in R. Emmonsi, which is a more finely plicated
shell, possessing other internal structure here described.
The characters described are distinctive, but that they also occur in such
allied species of the middle Devonian as R. procuboides, Kayser, R. primipilaris,
von Buch, and R. parallelepipeda, Bronn, we can only surmise from a similarity
of exterior. They are I'eproduced with a very slight development of the median
septum, in R. Grosvenori, Hall, of the St. Louis limestone.
To shells of this nature may appropriately be applied the designation Hy-
POTHYRis, King, 1846. There may seem to be some objection to the adoption
of this term, which was introduced at an earlier date by Phillips f for certain
* Pavidson has given, on plate ii, of his Supplement to the Devonian Brachiopoda, figures (19, 19a) of
an internal cast which is referred to R. cuboides, but it would seem to I.e an erroneous reference. There is
nothing in the figures which suggests this species, but it appeai-s to represent a concavo-convex shell with
an extended beak and strong tlabellate muscular scars on both valves ; in maoy i-espects suggestive of a
species of Eatonia.
+ Palffiozoic Fossils of Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset, p. 35. 1841.
202 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
shells perhaps rhynchonelloid in character, but it has not been, nor will it ever
be possible to determine the author's conception of the term from his very brief
diagnosis: "Beak acute, perforation below it." No species was cited and the
name was never used in such a manner as to lead to any notion of its intended
significance.
Recognizing the obstacles to the adoption of the term, Professor King re-
defined it in volume xviii (p. 28) of the Annals and Magazine of Natural History
(1846), deriving his diagnosis from the Atrypa cuboides, Sowerby, which he
specified as the type of the group. It is evident from King's observations,
both in the work cited and in his Permian Fossils (pp. 110-112, 1850), that
he intended the term Hypothyris to replace Fischer de Waldheim's name
Rhynchonella as an appellation for those shells, previously classed with the
Terebratulid^, which had a plicated exterior and an acute beak. Now that
the state of our knowledge requires a narrower and more precise delimitation
of these fossils, we are bi'ought back to the original species, A. cuboides, as ex-
pressing the restricted value of the genus Hypothyris, King, and that term will
be adopted for this group of Rhynchonellas in preference to introducing a new
one.
Subgenus PUGNAX, s.-gen. nov.
PLATE LX.
1809. Conchyliolithns anomites, Martin. Petrefacta Derbiensia, pi. xxii, fig-s. 4, 5; pl.xxxii, fig-s. 7,8;
pi. xxxiii, figs. 5, 6.
1822. Terebratida, Sowerby. Mineral Conchology, pi. cccxv, fig. 3 ; pi. cccxvi, figs. 5, 6 ; pi. cccxxiv j
pi. cccxxv, figs. 1-6.
1834. Terebratula, von Bdch. Ueber Terebi-ateln, p. 33.
1836. Terebi-atula, Phillips. Geology of Yorkshire, vol. ii, p. 222, pi. xii, figs. 4-12, 16, 17, 25-30.
1840. Atrypa, Soweruy. Trans. Geol. Soc. London, 2n(i ser., vol. v, pi. Ivi, figs. 15-18.
1841. Terebratula, Phillips. Palaeoz. Foss. Cornwall, Devon and West 'Somerset, p. 86, pl. xxxv,
fig. 154 ; p. 87, pl. xxxv, fig. 156.
1843. Terebratula, de Koninck. Animaux fossiles de la Belgique, p. 278, pl. xvii, figs. 3a-/.
1845. Terebratula. de Vernbuil. Geol. de la Russ. et des Mont, de rOiiral., p. 78, pl. x, fig. 1.
1855. Rhynchonella, Shumard. Second Ann. Kept. Geol. Surv. Missouri, pi. c, fig. 5.
1858. Rhynchonella, Hall. Transactions of the Albany Institute, vol. iv, p. 10.
1858. Rhynchonella, Hall. Geology of Iowa, vol. 1, j)t. 2, p. 658, pi. xxiii, fig. 2 a, h.
1858. Terebratula, Marcou. Geology of North America, p. 58.
1859. Cainarophoria, Shdmard. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. i, p. 394.
BRACHIOPODA. 203
1S(jO. Rhynchonella,T>k\-wiioti. British Carbon. Bra<:hioiKiiia, pp. 93-10."), pi. xx, fifrs. 1-IH; pi. xxi,
figs. 1-20 ; pi. xxii, tigs. 1-1 T) ; |)1. xxiii, \\g». 1-22.
1860. Rhynchonella, McChesney. Ti-an.s. Chicagd Acad. Sci., vol. i, pp. 49, 60.
1802. RhynchontUa, Whitk. Pi-oc. Boston Son. Nat. Hist., vol. ix, p. 2.3.
1865. Rliynchunella, Davidsd.v. Biitish Devon. Bi-achiopoiia, pp. 62, 6:5, pi. xii, tigs. 12 14 ; pi. xiii,
tigs. 6-18.
1866. RhynchoTieUa, Meek. Geological Survey Illinois, vol. ii, p. 1.13, pi. xiv, tigs. 4a, b.
1S68. Rhynchonella, Mekk. Geological Survey Illinois, vol. iii, [). 4r)0, pi xiv, tigs. la-d.
1871. TerehraUda, Quenstedt. Petrefactenk. Deutscljlands; Br-ac.hiopoiien, p. 190, pi. xlii, figs. .")-7.
1883. Rhynchmtella, Willi.\ms. American Journal of Science, vol. xxv, p. 91.
1884. Rhynvhimella, Walcott. Monogr. U. S. fieol. Siirv., vol. viii, p. ir)5, pi. xiv, figs. 7, 7a.
1885. Rhynchonella. Clarke. Bull. U. 8. Geo!. Surv., No. 16, p. — .
1887. Rhynvhonella, de Koninck. Faune du Calcaire Carbonifere ile la Belgiipie, pt. 6, Brachiopodes,
pis. ix, X, xi, xii.
Diagnosis. Shells with deep fold and sinus ; elevated, and often acuminate
on the anterior margin ; more or less sharply plicated, the plications usually
being simple, those of the fold and sinus the strongest, and those of the lateral
slopes often obscure or obsolete. Pedicle-valve shallow ; brachial valve deep.
Teeth supported by vertical lamellae ; hinge-plate similar in structure to that
of Hypothyris ; the median septum of the brachial valve is extremely faint
when present, but is usually undeveloped. Muscular impressions not large but
well-defined and clearly subdivided. Vascular sinuses sometimes retained on
the pedicle-valve, always obscure on the brachial valve.
Type, Conchyliolithus anomites acuminatus, Martin. Carboniferous limestone.
It is apparent that these shells, in the character of their internal apophyses,
are not widely removed from those of the type of Rhynchonella cuboides. The
contour of the shells affords a difference of fundamental significance, and its
trihedral expression in R. acuminata is the nearest approach, among palaeozoic
species, to the form of the typical Rhynchonella, R. loxia.
The group requires a distinctive name, and the term Pugnax has been selected
as it serves to commemorate von Buck's term Pugnacecc, which was tipplied to
a division of the Rhynchonellas, embracing the typical forms of this sub-genus.
This combination of characters appeared in the middle or later Devoniau and
during the various faunas of the Carboniferous became prolific in species.
Among its representatives in American rocks are R. pugnus, Martin, and R.
reniformis, Sowerby, of the Chemung faunas of New York; R. alta, Calvin, from
204 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
the Upper Devonian of Iowa ;* R. Missouriensis, Shuniard, and R. striato-costata.
Meek and Worthen, of the Choteau limestone ; R. explaiiata, McChesney, of the
Chester limestone ; R. mutata. Hall, R. Ottumwa, White, of the St. Louis group ;
R. Uta, Marcou, R. Eatoniiformis, McChesney, and the Camarophoria Swalloviana,
Shumard, of the Upper Carboniferous limestone.
Shells of this type of exterior abound in all later palaeozoic faunas.
Genus EAT ONI A, Hall. 1857.
PLATE LXI.
1841. Atrypa, Conkad. Ann. Rept. Palffiont. Dept. N. Y. Geol. Survey., p. 56.
1S42. Atrypa, Vanuxem. Geology of N. Y. ; Rept. Thinl Dist., pp. 120, 121, tigs. 4. 5.
1S4B. Atrypa, M.vniEit. Geology of N. Y. ; Rept. Fir.st Dist., p. 842, fig. 3 ; p. 343, tig.s. 3, 4.
1843. Atrypa. Hall. Geology of N. Y. ; Rejit. Fourth Dist., )). 148, tig. 3.
1857. Eatonia, Hall. Tenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 90-92, figs. 1-7.
1859. Eatonia, Hall. Twelfth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 35-37, figs. 1-7.
1859. Eatonia, Hall. PaK-Eontology of N. Y., vol. iii, pp. 241-243, 432-438, pi. xxxvii, figs. 1 a-y,
2 a-c; pi. xxxviii, figs. 14-26; pi. ci, figs. 1, 2; pi. ci a, figs. 2-6.
1868. Eatonia, Meek and Woethen. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. iii, p. 396, pi. viii, figs. 2 a-d.
Concavo-convex shells with median fold and sinus, and plicated or radiate-
lineate exterior. Anterior margin deeply sinuate. From the beak of the
pedicle-valve diverge two lateral cardinal ridges which limit a more or less
distinct false area. On the interior the teeth are adnascent to the lateral walls
*The Rhynvhonella alta, Calvin, which some American writers have considered equivalent to R, pug-
nus, Martin, is a local form retaining quite pertistently the features of li. anisodonta, Phillips {R. pugniis,
var. anhodonta, Davidson). Though always smaller than the representatives of R. pugiius, occurring in
the High Point (New York) fauna, at the base of the Chemung series, it less frequently shows a tendency
toward the acute acnminataAWe: fold than the latter. The fact that the New York shell evinces gradations
in form which include both the pugmut and the axyiLminata type of exterior is but a further substantiation of
the ai'gument upon which McCoy, in 1852, reduced the latter to a variety of the former. This position has
been contested by Davidson and other writers, who nevertheless note the great variability of the shells
passing under these two names. That it may be convenient to retain both terms is undoubtedly true, but
the passage of one sei-ies of forms into the other is quite as apparent among the Devonian as among the
Carboniferous shells. It may be a fair question whethev the Devonian shells passing as R. pugnus and R.
acuminata are entitled to these names ; whether, for instance, it would not be better to retain Phillip's
name, R. anisodonta, for the former, and, possibly, R. triangularis, Sowerby, for the latter. In both of the
former cases the originals were from the Caiboniferous limestone of Derbyshire and attained, as a usual
habit, a much greater size than the Devonian shells. The American Carboniferous shells representing the
specific type o( U. pugnus, namely, R. striato-costata. Meek and Worthen, R. Missouriensis, Shumard, bear
a tine radiate-lineate ornamentation, and what might be interpreted as a similar character is apparent in
many of Davidso.\'s figures of the Carboniferous species (Carboniferous Brachiopoda, pi. 22), though this
feature is not mentioned in his descriptions. The same character is highly developed in the Devonian species,
R. Meyendorfi, de Verne uil, a sharply acuminate shell without plications.
BRACHIOPODA. 205
of the valve, all traces of supporting lamellae being absent. Muscular area
large, fiabellate and deeply excavated in the substance of the shell. Pedicle
impression broad, traversed medially by a longitudinal groove ; diductors ex-
tending for about one-half the length of the shell, their outer margins being
elevated ; they enclose a pair of small central adductor scars whose posterior
margins are raised into prominent myophores. The scars are divided by a
slight median septum which is continued posteriorly ; this septum being often
rendered very conspicuous by the growth of the shell about the apophyses
of the cardinal process of the opposite valve, and in extreme cases its develop-
ment is such that it rises above, and encloses the adductor scars, the latter beinf
excavated in its substance.
In the brachial valve the dental sockets are long and narrow, the cardinal
process very large and composed of a stout, erect stem resting upon a rather
short median septum, and divided at its summit into two long, divergent,
tooth-like branches, whose upper faces extend to the interior surface of the
opposite valve ; hence their greatest elevation is at their anterior extremities,
whence they slope toward the beak of the valve, usually uniting before that
point is reached. The surface of attachment of each of these apophyses is
medially grooved. Below them, and at the base of the central stem, arise the
crura, which are long, straight and slender, with expanded extremities. The
muscular scars are clearly defined and consist of a pair of small posterior
adductors, and in front of them a larger pair whose surface is radially striated,
the entire area being elongate-oval. Vascular impressions are occasionally
retained in the pedicle-valve.
Type, Atrypa ??iedialis, Vanuxem. Lower Helderberg group. (Delthyris
shaly limestone.)
Observations. In the species of this genus the internal apophysary system
attains its highest development among the rhynchonelloids. Though the form
of the shells is invariably elongate-, or transversely subquadrate, their internal
characters demonstrate their close alliance to the subcuboidal shells of Uncind-
Lus, and the genus prevails where the latter is most prolific, namely, in the
206 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
faunas of tlie Lower Helderberg and Oriskany groups. Eatonia bears very
much the same relation to Uncinulus as the subgenus Pugnax to the cuboidal
shells of Hypothyris. The species of Eatonia possess two quite distinct types
of exterior, one strongly plicated over fold, sinus and lateral slopes, the other
radially lineate, with broad margins of contact, which are usually crenulated as
if by the extremities of the rounded plications. To the former belong E. medi-
alis, Vanuxem, and E. eminens, Hall, of the Lower Helderberg group, E. sinuata
and E. Whitfiddi, Hall, of the Oriskany sandstone ; to the latter, E. singularis,
Vanuxem, of the Lower Helderberg, E. peculiaris, Conrad, of that fauna and of
the Oriskany sandstone, and E. pumila, Hall, also of the Oriskany sandstone.
Gends CYCLORHINA, gen. nov.
PLATE LXI.
1860. Rhyndwspira, Hall. Thirteenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 83.
1867. Trematospira?, Hall. PalEeontology of New York, vol. iv, p. 412, pi. Ixiii, figs. 33-36.
1889. Retzia {Trematospira), Whiteaves. Contrib. Canadian Palaont., vol. i, pt. 2, p. 116.
Shells of comparatively large size at maturity, subtriangular in outline ;
biconvex, the convexity of the brachial valve being the greater. Fold and
sinus very broad, and developed in the usual manner, on brachial and pedicle-
valves respectively.
On the pedicle-valve the apex is obtuse, not elevated, and is very broadly
truncated by a large circular foramen, which, even in the earliest growth-stages
observed, is enclosed for fully five-sixths of its periphery by the substance of
the valve. The deltidial plates are incipient at maturity and scarcely evident
in young shells ; the delthyrial margins are extremely divergent. The cardinal
line is short but straight, and its extremities are produced on each side to form
a short alate process or wing, similar to those in the genus Eumetria. These
extensions occur on both valves, and are very apparent in the younger shells,
but become somewhat obscured with the increase of convexity accompanying-
maturity. On the interior, the teeth are large and blunt, and attached to the
lateral walls of the shell, though they also rest upon the thick lamellae similarly
attached except at their anterior margins, and which converge downward to
BRACHIOPODA. 207
form a deep, broad, transversely striated pedicle-cavity. The thickened lateral
margins of this impression are continued anteriorly to about the center of the
shell, forming an elongate-quadrate diductor scar which encloses a small oval
adductor.
The brachial valve has a convex umbo, showing no evidence of concavity in
early stages of growth. Beneath the beak is a very fine, vertical, linear cardi-
nal process which appears to be continuous with an obscure median longitudinal
ridge, traversing about one-half the length of the valve. Both of these are
frequently involved in the shell-substance and evident only in sections of the
.shell. The hinge-plate is deeply divided medially, each lateral portion being
supported by a deep vertical septum resting on the bottom of the valve. The
upper surfaces of the hinge processes are obliquely concave the outer and
anterior angle being much elevated and the slope thence to the dental sockets
abrupt. The crura are attached to the inner margins of these plates, are not
curved, but their distal extremities are expanded into spoon-shaped processes
which have their concave surfaces toward the brachial valve. Their are no
thickened muscular scars as in the opposite valve.
The surface is covered with .sharply angular, simple plications, most of which
begin in the umbonal regions, and the broad fold and sinus may bear as many
as from eight to twelve of these. All the plications are crossed by fine, sharp
concentric lines of ornamentation, which crenulate the summits of the ridges.
Shell-substance fibrous, impunctate.
Type, Rhynchospira nobilis, Hall. Hamilton group.
Observations. The peculiar structure of this shell involved the earlier de-
termination of its generic relations in much doubt. It was described in the
Thirteenth Report of the State Cabinet of Natural History (p. 83, 1860), as
Rhynchospira nobilis, and in Volume IV of the Palaeontology of New York (p. 412,
1867), it was referred to Trematospira ? The acquisition of new material*
from the Hamilton group at Thedford, Canada, has afibrded the means of de-
monstrating that the shell is not spire-bearing. The external aspect of the
* Largely by Ihe favor of Professor Samuel Calvin, of Iowa CSty, Iowa.
208 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
shell in both its young and immature conditions is, in a certain measure sug-
gestive of Rhynchotreta, a resemblance increased by the peculiar concentric
ornamentation of both, but lessened by the low, truncated beak of the pedicle-
valve of Cyclorhina. On the interior the structure is altogether different.
The shell presents a rare combination of structural features which have been
observed only in the single species mentioned. It seems to approach m.ost
nearly to the type exemplified by Waagen's genus Terkbratuloidea, especially
in the structure of the deltidium and foramen.
It is elsewhere observed that variations in the foramen and deltidial plates
among the rhynchonelloids were largely features of developmental value. In
this case, however, the great encroachment of the foramen on the substance of
the valve must have been fully effected at a very early stage of growth, for in
the youngest shells observed it is as extremely developed as in mature indi-
viduals. The alate or auriculate character of the cardinal extremities is a dis-
tinctive feature, while the slight development of the median septum and
cardinal process may not be regarded as of much significance in a comparison
with Terebratuloidea. The straightness of the crura is a feature quite un-
usual among the rhynchonelloids, perhaps nowhere so marked as here, while
the concave expansion of their extremities is of more frequent occurrence.
Genus TEREBRATULOIDEA, Waagen. 1883.
1862. Rh y livhoiiella, Davidson. Quarterly Journal Geol. Soc. London, vol. -wiii, p. 29.
1863. Rhynclionella, Db Koninck. Fossiles paleozoiques de I'lnde., p. 36.
1883. Tcrebratuloidta, Waagen. Salt-Range Fossils; Brachiopoda, pp. 413-424, pl. xxxiii, figs. 1-12.
Diagnosis. " Shell more or less transversely oval or rounded, in its general
appearance Wiijnchonelloid, with strongly plaited valves and a high median fold
in the dorsal and a corresponding sinus in the ventral valve. Hinge-line curved,
beak truncated with a terminal round foramen ; deltidium formed of two
distinct plates, which limit the foramen below only for a very short
distance.
" Internally, the ventral valve with two strong hinge-teeth, which are, how-
ever, not supported by dental plates. The dorsal valve bears a tolerably large
triangular hinge-plate, which is united on both sides by the deep dental sockets.
BRACHIOPODA.
209
and ii< triangularly cut open in the middle up to the very apex of the valve,
which also is a little cut out. There is no cardinal process. On both sides of
Fig. IX. Hij. la'.
Terebratuloidea Davidsoni, \Vaagen.|
Fig. 15G. View of tiie exterior.
Fig. 157. Interior of the pedicle-valve.
Fig:. 158. Interior of tiie braciiial valve.
FIG. 158.
(VVaaOKX.)
the median incision ver}^ short curved crura take their origin, and proceed for
a short distance in a slightly diverging direction towards the interior of the
shell. There is no median dorsal septum.
" The muscular and vascular impressions are not sufficiently distinct to be
described accurately." (Waagen, op. cii, p. 414.)
Type, Terebratuloidea Davidsoni, Waagen. Permo-Carboniferous.
Observations. The difference existing between these shells and those con-
stituting the subgenus Pugnax, appears to be mainly in the constant presence,
in all later growth-stages, of a large apical truncating foramen. Dr. Waagen
makes this a feature of first importance. Its character at maturity and its
presence in immature phases of the shell are a repetition of the facts observed
in Cyclorhina nobilis ; like the latter, also, the exterior of the shell suggests a
spire-bearing interior, and Waagen mentions his surprise at the discovery that
his shells were rhynchonelloid. But for the presence of this highly developed
foramen it would be difficult to distinguish the Indian shells from some of the
small species of the American Upper Carboniferous faunas, belonging to the
subgenus Pugnax, which have the foramen normally concealed at maturity and
but partially enclosed at any stage of growth. In the former it is fully devel-
oped at an early stage and maintained throughout the subsequent history of the
individual. The relation of Terebratuloidea to Pugnax thus appears to be
that of a senile to an immature condition of development.
210 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Genus RHYNCHOPORA, King. 1856.
PLATE LVIII.
1844. Tei-ebratula, de Vbrnecil. Bull, de la Soc. giol. de France, vol. i, p. 27.
184.'). Terehratuhi , de Verneoii,. Guol. de la Russ. et dea Mont, de I'Onral, p. S3, pi. x, lig-s. 5 a, h.
1848. Terehratula, Geinitz. Verstein. des deutsch. Zechsteinf,'eb., p. 12, pi. iv, figs. 41, 42.
1856. Rhynchopora, King. Annals and Mag-azine of Natural History, second series, vol. xvii, p. 506,
pi. xii, figs. 7-11.
1860. Rhynchonella, White. Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vii, p. 236.
1861. Rhyiu-honella, Geinitz. Dyas, p. 83, pi. xv, figs. 29-32.
1880. Rhyncliopora, David.son. British Carl). Brachiopoda, Suppl., p. 286, pi. xxxiii, tigs. 11 a-c.
1885. RhyncJtopora, Tschernyschew. Permsky Esvestnyace Kostromskoy Guberny, p. 21, pi. iii,
fig. 20 ; pi. v, figs. 34-36.
1887. RJiynchupnrina, CEhlert. Fischer's Manuel de Conchyliologie, ]i. 1305.
There are very few rliynchonelloid species in the Carboniferous and Permian
faunas which, without evincing any essential difference from Camarot(ECHia in
the character of the internal apophyses, possess a strong shell-punctation, not
merely superficial but extending quite through the thickness of the valves.
To one of these shells, Terehratula Geinitziana, de Verneuil, King gave the name
Rhynchopora, in 1 856 ; a Permian species described from Russia, though the
examples upon which King established its generic characters were obtained
from the Zechstein of Germany (Ropsen). Dr. Geinitz had identified de
Verneuil's species in 1848,* and in 1861f in the German faunas, and Tscher-
NYSCHEwJ has more recently shown that the Russian specimens possess the shell
punctation, so that there is no reason to doubt the specific identity of the type.
None of the figures which have been given of this species nor of the R. Nikitini,
Tschernyschew,§ also from the Permian, nor of the R Youngi, Davidson, || from
the Upper Carboniferous limestone of Ayrshire, show the interior characters
of the shells. From an examination of the only American species which can
now be referred to Rhynchopora, namely, Rhynchonella pustulosa, White, of the
Burlington limestone, it appears that the teeth are supported by conspicuous
vertical lamellae, the septum of the brachial valve well developed and the
*Die Versteinerungen des deutschen Zechsteingebirge, p. 12, pl. iv, figs. 41, 42.
t Dyas, p. 83, pl. xv, figs. 29-32.
t Op. (At., p. 21.
§ Op. cU„ p. 21, pl. V, figs. 34-36.
1 Suppl. Carboniferous Brachiopoda, p. 286, pl. xxxiii, figs. 11 a-c.
BRACHIOPODA. 21 1
hinge-plate medially divided and without cardinal process. Externally the
shells are strongly plicate with broad, low fold and sinus, and abrupt anterior
slope.
As far as the structure of the species of Rhynchopora is understood, the
complete punctation of the shell must be regarded as the only reliable differ-
ential from earlier rhynchonellid groups. The appearance of this character
late in the palsBozoic history of the RnrNcnoNELLiDJi suggests its similar mani-
festation in some of the Spirifers of the Carboniferous, in Syringothyris and
in Spiriferina. Future study may show that the inner shell laniinas of the
early rhynchonellids is not uniformly impunctate, and should this be demon-
strated, the appearance in this group of a highly punctated shell like Rhyn-
chopora will be more readily intelligible.
It has been suggested by (Ehlert that the term Rhynohoporina may be used
in preference to King's term Rhynchopora, on the ground that the latter had
been previously used by Latreille for a genus of Coleoptera. The latter
author's term appears to be not Rhynchopora, but Rhynchophora, and as the
words are etymologically distinct, it seems best not to disturb Dr. King's
term.
212 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
CAMAROPHORIA, King. 1846.
PLATE LXII.
1809. CoucJiyliiilithu.i anomitvs, Martin. Petvefacta Derbiensia, pi. xxxvi, fig. 4.
1834. Tej'eh-atula, von Buch. Ueber Terebi'aleln, p. 39, pi. ii, fig. 32.
1836. Tenlratula, Phillips. Geology of Yorkshire, vol. ii, p. 222, pi. xii, figs. lS-20.
1841. Tenhratnla, Piulmps. Palaeozoic Fossils Cornwall, Devon and West Somerset, ]). 88, jil. xxxv,
fig. 158.
1844. Atrypa, McCoy. Synopsis Carb. Vossils Ireland, p. 1.54, pi. xviii, fig. 8.
1844. Camarophona, King. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vol. xiv, p. 313.
1845. Terebi-atula, de Vkhneuil. G6o1. de la Ru.ssie, vol. ii, pp. 101-103, pi. viii, figs. ia-e.
1846. Camarophinia, King. Annals and Magazine of Natural Ilistoi'v, vol. xviii, p. 28.
18.50. Camarophoria, Kma. Monogr. Permian Fossils of England, pp. 113-122, pi. vii, figs. 10-32;
pi. viii, figs. 1-8.
1854. Camarophoria, Davidson. Introd. Bntish Fossil Brachiopoda, p. 96, pi. vii, figs. 108-113.
1855. Rhyclionella, Siidmard, Geology of Missouri, p. 204, pi. c, figs. 5 6, 5 c.
1857. Camaroplioria, Davidson. British Peimian Brachiopoda, pp. 23-28, pi. ii, figs. 16-31.
1857. Camarophoria, HowsB. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vol. xix, second series, p. 50,
pi. iv, figs. 3, 4.
1858. Camarophoria (.'), Siiumard. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. i, p. 296, pi. xi, fig. 2.
1858. Rhynchonella, Hall. Transactions of the Albany Institute, vol. iv, p. 11.
1860. Camarophoria, Davidson. British Carbonifei-ous Brachiopoda, pp. 113-118, pi. xxiv, figs. 9-22;
pi. XXV, figs. 1-12.
1860. Rhynchonella, Swallow. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. i, j). 653.
1860. Rhynchonella, Meek and Woethen. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. iv, second series,
p. 451.
1861. Camarophoria, Geinitz. Dyas, p. 84, pi. xv, figs. 33-48.
1862. Rhynchonella, White. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. ix. p. 23.
1862. Pentameriis, White and Whitfield. Journal Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. viii, p. 295.
1865. Camarophona, Davidson. British Devonian Bi-achiopoda, p. 70, pi. xiv, figs. 19-22.
1866. Camarophoria, Meek and Worthen. Geol. Survey of Illinois, vol, ii, p. 251, pi. xviii, fig 7.
1868. Rhynchonella, Mhek and Woethen. Geol. Survey of Illinois, vol. iii, p. 450, pi. xiv, fig. 7.
1881. Camarophoria, Millee. Journal Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 8, pi. vii, fig. 7.
1882. Camerophoria, Worthen. Bull. Illinois State Museum, No. 1, p. 39.
1882. Camarophoria f, Whitfield. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 54, pi. vi, figs. 35-39.
1883. Camarophoria, Waagen. PaliEontologia Indica, ser. xiii, vol. iv, p. 435.
1883. Camerophoria, Woethen. Geological Survey of Illinois, vol. vii, p. 318, figs. a-c.
1883. Camarophoria, Hall. Twelfth Rept. State Geologist Indiana, p. 334, pi. xxix, figs. 35-39.
1887. Steiioschisma, CEhleet. Fischer's Manuel de Conchyliologie, p. 1309, fig. 1095.
Diagnosis. Subtrigonal, concavo-convex rhynchonellitbrm shells, with median
fold and sinus well developed, and surface more or less strongly plicated. Beak
sharp, incurved ; deltidial plates in an incipient condition, often wanting.
In the pedicle-valve the dental plates converge, forming a moderately large
spondylium which, in the umbonal region, rests upon the bottom of the valve,
but anteriorly is supported by a vertical median septum. The spondylium is
BRACHIOPODA. 213
short, while the supporting septum is carried beyond it, sometimes to nearly
one-half the length of the shell. Near the teeth, which are small, there are
two accessory supporting lamellae abutting on one side against the outer surface
of the converging dental plates, and on the other against the interior cardinal
surface of the valve ; thus enclosing small lateral umbonal cavities. Muscular
scars of this valve always obscure.
In the brachial valve the cardinal plate is narrow, subtriangular, in the
typical species bearing a very small cardinal process, which in other species is
rarely present. The hinge-plate is traversed by two tine, divergent ridges
running outward from the beak and continuous beyond the anterior edge of
the plate into long, slender and upwardly curving crura. Beneath the crura
arises a broad, shallow, trough-shaped plate, which, near the apex, is supported
by a short median septum resting on the valve. This process is strongly curved
toward the opposite valve and is continued for most of its length beyond
the termination of the median septum. Usually it widens outwardly, and then
narrows rather abruptly, or even acutely, to its extremity. The adductor
muscular scars are well developed in this valve, forming a broadly oval or sub-
circular impression.
Vascular sinuses are sometimes retained on both valves.
Type, TerebratuHtes Schlotheimi, von Buch.* Permian.
Observations. According to our present knowledge, this genus represents the
latest appearance of the camarellid interior. Its relations to the various groups
of the rhynchonellids is largely, and we may say with a single reservation,
wholly external. Species of Camarotcechia do develop, in the brachial valve,
an elongate cavity on the summit of the median septum ; this is always in an in-
cipient condition and is attained quite independently of any association with, or
derivation from Conchidium and its allies. From this source may have come the
brachial spondylium of Camarophoria, though the mode of attachment beneath,
instead of in continuity with the hinge-plate, may perhaps render such assump-
* Davidson, at various times, expressed the opinion that this specific tei'm should be regarded as a syn-
onym foi- Martin "s CtmchylioVithus anmnltes crumena, fi-om the Cavljoniferons limestone. Thei-e are some
differences in the two shells as described and illustrated by Mr. Davidson, and as the typical forms of each
are from distinct faunas it is wiser to keep them apart. ^The Permian shell is the type of Camaropjiobia.
214 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
tionopen to question. No observed rhynchonellid has a septum or evinces any
tendency to the formation of a spondylium in the pedicle-valve, as in Camaro-
PHORiA. Camarophoria is a genus combining a modified pentameroid interior
with a rhynchonelloid exterior. The genus appeared in the early Devonian,
when the prevalence of the pentameroids was past, and species of Camarotce-
chia were on the increase. Its earliest representative in American palaeozoic
faunas seems to be a shell which occurs in the Corniferous limestone of Cass
county, Indiana, and which is hardly distinguishable from the middle Devonian
forms referred to the Terebratula rhomboidea, Phillips.* This American shell,
the occurrence of which has not before been noted, corresponds with the Devo-
nian shells figured by Davidson, though nearly all the specimens give some
evidence of lateral plications about the margins. No opinion will be here
expressed as to the specific identity of these Devonian, Carboniferous and Per-
mian shells, except to distinguish by the name, Camarophoria rhomboidalis, the
American Devonian species, from the Carboniferous shells described by Phillips
as Terebratula rhomboidea. Representatives of the genus are never abundant in
American faunas, and the species mentioned appears to be its only known
example in the Devonian, f
In the early Carboniferous faunas are a few well-defined species : C. ringens,
Swallow, from the chert beds of the Burlington limestone ; C subtrigona, Meek
and Worthen, from the Keokuk group; C. Wortheni, Hall, and Rhynchonella sub-
cuneata, Hall, from the St. Louis formation.
The species C. Giffordi, Worthen, has been described from the Coal Measures,
and C. bisulcata and C. Swallovana, Shumard, from beds considered to be of
Permian age. J
* Phillips' species was based upon specimens from the Carboniferous limestone of Holland (Geologfy of
Yorkshire, p. 222, pi. xii, figs. 18-20. 1836). Later, in his Palaeozoic Fossils of Cornwall (p. 88, pi. xxxv,
fig. 158. 1841), he i-eferred the Devonian shell to the same species, and is followed by Davidson and other
authors in ascribing to this species a range from the Devonian into the Permian, where it passes under the
name of C gldbullna, Phillips (see Davidson, Carboniferous Brachiopoda, p. 115 ; Devonian Brachiopoda,
p. 70; Kayser, Zeitschr. der Deutsch. geolog. Gesellsch., vol. xxiii, p. 529).
t The shell described in Volume IV of the Palaeontology of New York (p. 368) as Camarophoria Eucharis,
Hall, from the Corniferous limestone, is spirigerous, and has been taken as the type of the proposed genus
Camarospira.
I The Camarophoria glohulina, (Phillips) Davidson, and C. Dawsoniana, Davidson, from the upper Car-
boniferous of Windsor, Nova Scotia, are not Camarophoriaa but rhynchonellids, similar toij. Vta, Marcou.
BRACHIOPODA. 215
There is considerable variation in exterior among the Cainarophorias. C.
Schlotheimi is a triangular or deltoidal shell with the plication clearly developed
on fold and sinus, but obscure on the lateral slopes. The greater number of
the European and Indian Carboniferous and Permian species have a similar
exterior. In C. Schlothei7ni, von Buch, and C. Humhletonensis, Howse, the margins
of the shell are, normally, expanded as in some Devonian forms of Atrypa reti-
cularis. Camarophoria subtrigona. Meek and Worthen, C. isorhyncha, McCoy, are
large subcuboidal species, while C. ringens, Swallow, C. caput-testudinis, White,
and C. subcuneata, Hall, are acutely triangular in outline, with broad, concave
cardinal slopes. The species of both the latter groups are strongly plicated
throughout, while in C. ringens the surface also bears a fine radiate linea-
tion.
The Camarophoria {Pcntamerus) lenticularis, White and Whitfield, from the
Yellow sandstones beneath the Burlington limestone, at Burlington, Iowa, is a
shell widely diflerent from all the foregoing in external features. The valves
are biconvex and their outline subcircular ; it has no fold and sinus and no
plications, the surface being smooth and regularly arched. To associate it
generically with the plicate trihedral Camarophorias requires an effort of the
imagination. At the same time its internal characters are normal for Camaro-
phoria, except that the broad, spatuliform spondylium rests upon the valve
for most of its length, the median septum penetrating it and projecting
above it into the interior cavity of the shell. It is proposed to signalize
these differences, and thus to render the association constituting Camaro-
phoria the more homogeneous, by giving this species the subgeneric designa-
tion, Camarophorella.
216 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Genus SYNTROPHIA,* gen. nov.
PLATE LXII.
18()1. Camarella, Billings. Canadian Naturalist and Geiilo{,'ist, vol. vi, p. 318.
1862. /Sfrlekla7idinia9, Billings. Palasozoic Fos.sils, vol. i, p. 85, figs. 77, 78.
1804. Oithis, A. Winchell. American Journal of Science, second scries, vol. xxxvii, ji. 2129.
1882. Leptwna, Tripleaia, Whitfield. Geology ofWisconsin, vol iv, p. 171, pi. i, figs. B, 7 ; pi. iii, fig. (i ;
p. 172, pi. X, figs. 1, 2.
1886. Triplesia, Whitfield. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. i. No. 8, p. 303, pi. xxiv, figs. 9-11.
1892. iSyntrnphia, Hall. Palasontology of N. Y., vol. viii, part i, p. 270.
In considering the spondylium-beai'ing shells of the earlier faunas, there are
great difficulties in the determination of positive taxonomic characters. The
features of the exterior and, to a great degree, those of the interior, are plastic
and variable, failing to assume that fixity of form possessed by their successors
in later faunas, and upon which we depend for a proper conception of generic
values. Here circumspection must be used, lest generic distinctions be too
arbitrary, or too narrowly drawn on the basis of differences which, among
later fossils, would properly be considered of higher significance. The earlier
divisions must be allowed more elasticity, as the types they include are forma-
tive and inconstant. The spondylium-bearing species of the Lower Silurian
are mostly subtrihedral shells with the external aspect of Rhynchonella, but
there are a few described species which have an exterior similar to members of
the genera Protorthis and Billingsella, that is, they are small, transversely
elongate in outline, with straight, well-defined cardinal area. Such are the
Stricklandinia ? Arachne and S. Arethusa, Billings, of the Quebec group (Lime-
stone No. 2) ; Orthis Barabuensis, A. Winchell, from the Potsdam sandstone of
Baraboo, Wisconsin, and the Triplesia lateralis, Whitfield, of the Calciferous
fauna of New York and Vermont. For these shells the name Syntrophia will
be adopted, the last-named species being selected as the type of the group,
since the material derived from various sources has afforded the means of
obtaining a very clear conception of its external and internal features.
" The Triplesia lateralis, Whitfield, of the Foi-t Cassin beds (Calciferous sandstone), contains a spoon-shaped
process in each valve, that in the pedicle-valve being supported by a median septum. It therefore becomes
necessary to remove this form to a distinct genus and to a different association, and it will be described and
illustrated in its proper place under the name Syntrophia." — Palseontology of New York, vol. viii, part i,
page 270. (This note was printed in 1891.)
BRACHIOPODA. 217
Triplesia lateralis* is a transversely elongate, biconvex shell, with a straight
hinge-line whose length nearly equals the greatest diameter of the valves, and
each valve is medially divided by an open delthyrium. The external surftice is
smooth, with fine concentric lines visible only about the margins ; the inner
shell-layers show a strongly fibrous radiating structure without punctation.
The pedicle-valve bears a more or less clearly developed median sinus and
the brachial valve a broad, indistinct fold.
On the interior the teeth are very small, lying at the extremities of the
delthyrial margins and supported by dental plates which converge and unite
before reaching the bottom of the valve. Thus is formed a deep but short
spondylium, which is supported, near its apical portion, by a median septum,
but is free for fully one-half its length.
In the brachial valve there are also two convergent plates bounding the
deltidial cavity, larger and stronger than those of the opposite valve. These
plates may rest upon the bottom of the valve, and probably always do so
toward the posterior extremity, but anteriorly they become free, forming a
spondylium which is supported by a median septum extending beyond the
anterior edge of the plate. Thus these two valves, which are very similar in
exterior, the pedicle-valve being only slightly the more convex and with a low
median sinus, are also closely alike on the interior, each being furnished with a
spondylium.
Adhering to this species, as typical of a peculiar generic structure, there
seems no reason to doubt that Billings' species Stricklandinia ? Arachne and
S. Arethusa should be associated with it. They are externally of the same
character except that the surface of the former bears obscure radiating plica-
tions. On the interior the septum supporting the spondylium is longer and
projects anteriorly, and the description of S. ? Arachne states that in the brachial
valve there is no median septum. While we have not had the opportunity of
examining the originals of these species, it may be observed that in Syntrophia
lateralis this septum is so delicate as to be detected with difficulty in prepara-
tions of the interior, but transverse sections of the valves do not fail to reveal it.
♦Whitfield, Bull. American Museum of Nat. History, vol. i, No. 8, p. 303, pi. xxiv, figs. 9-11. 1886.
218 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
The figures of Leptama Barabuensis, given by Whitfield, represent internal
casts of both valves indicating the existence of a supported spondylium in
each* It may be that Billings' Orihis ? Armanda,j from the Quebec group,
is an allied species with a radially striated exterior.
The relations of these shells to Stricklandia = Stricklandinia are not
remote in these points of structure, and it may be inferred that they represent
the inception of the structure which is exhibited by the Stricklandinias of the
later Silurian and the Devonian. In the contour of the exterior a slight varia-
tion is presented by the Tripksia primordialis, Whitfield, :j: from the Potsdam
sandstone of Adams county, Wisconsin, and the Camarella calcifera, Billings,
from the Quebec group. ^ By the greater development of the median fold and
sinus the form of the shell becomes subtrihedral and resembles, not a little,
some of the Trenton limestone species of Triplegia ; but Camarella calcifera
possesses a very small spondylium in the pedicle-valve and probably one in the
brachial valve also. At present there seems no valid reason for excluding
these shells from the genus Syntrophia. They evidently bear no relation to
Triplegia.
* Geology of Wisconsin, vol. iv, pi. i, figs. 6, 7 ; pi. iii, fig. 6.
t Paleozoic Fo.ssils, vol. i, p. 303, figs, a, b, c.
I Geology of Wisconsin, vol. iv, p. 172, pi. x, figs. 1, 2. 18S2.
§ Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. vi, p. 318. ISBl.
BRACHIOPODA. 219
Genera (1) C AM A R E L L A, Billings, 1859; (2) P A R A ST ROP H I A,
GEN. NOV.; (3) ANASTROPHIA, Hall, 1867.
PLATES LXII, LXIII.
(3) 1S39. Ttrthraiula, J. de C. Sowkkby. Murchison's Silurian System, pis. xii, xiii.
(2) 1847. AtrijiM, Hall. Palseontology of N. Y., vol. i, p. 144, pi. xxxiii, fig. 10.
(8) 1848. Terebratula, Davidson. Bull. Soc. Geol. de Fi-ance, second seiies, vol. v, p. 328.
(3) 1848. Bypofliijris, Saltkr. Mem. Geol. Survey Great Britain, vol. ii, p. 28J.
(3) 1852. Atrypa, Hall. Palseontolog-y of New York, vol. ii, p. 275, pi. Ivii, fig. 2.
(1) 1856. Atrypa, BillIxNgs. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. i, p. 208, figs. 20-23.
(2) 1857. Pe7itamerii.s, Bihuyos. Geological Survey of Canada; Rept. of Pi-ogie.ss for 185G ; p. 295
(3) 1857. Pentamerus, Hall. Tenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hi.»t., p. 104, figs. 1, 2.
(3) lSr.9. Pt.ntamtriis, Hall. Twelfth Rept. N. Y. State Cat). Nat. Hist., p. 77.
(3) 1859. Pentamerm, Hall. Paleontology of New York. vol. iii, p. 260, pi. xlviii, fig. 1.
(3) 1859. Mliynchonella, Salter. Murchison's Silui-ia, ]>. 544, pi. xxii, fig. 10.
(1) 1859. Camarella, Billings. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. iv, pii. 301, 302, 445, tigs. 23, 24.
(3) 1860. Rhynchonella, Lindstrom. Gotland's Brachiopoden, p. 366.
(1) 1861. CamareWo'., Billings. Geology of Vermont, vol. ii, p. 949, fig. 353.
(1) 1861. Camarella, Billings. Palaeozoic Fossils, vol. i, p. 10, fig. 13.
(2) 1862. Camarella, Billings. Palseozoic Fossils, vol. i, j). 148, figs. 128, a, b.
(1) 1863. Camarella, Billings. Geology of Canada, p. Iii7, figs. 52, 53; p. 143, figs. 77, 78; p. 168,
fig. 154 ; p. 284, fig. 290.
(3) 1863. Pentama-us, Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 957, fig. 453.
(3) 1865. BracliymeriLH, Siialer. Bull. Mus. Comparative Zoology, No. 4, \t. 69.
(1) 1865. Camarella, Billings. Paleozoic Fossils, vol. i, pp. 219, 304, fig. 295; p. 305, fig. 297.
(1) 1866. Camarella, Billings. Catalogue Silurian Fossils of Anlicosti, p. 45.
(3) 1867. Aii.antroplila, Hall. Twentieth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 163.
(3) 1867. Anastivphia, Hall. Paleontology of N. Y., vol. iv, p. 374.
(3) 1869. Rliynchunella, Davidson. British Silurian Bi'achiopoda, p. 178, id. xxii, figs. 24-27.
(3) 1879. Aiiastrophia, Hall. Twenty-eighth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 16S, pi. xxvi,
figs. 41-49.
(3) 1882. Avastropliia, Hall. Eleventh Rejit. State Geologist of Indiana, p. 311, pi. xxvi, figs. 41-49.
(2) 1883. Rhy7icho7iella, Davidson. British Silurian Brachiopoda, Suppl.,p. 201, pi. xi, figs. 26a-rf.
(1) 1883. Stricklandhiia ?, Davidson. British Silurian Brachiopoda, Suppl., p. 166, pi. ix, figs. 27-29.
(1) 1886. Camarella. Walcott. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 30, p. 122, pi. vii, fig. 8.
(1) 1889. CamarellaffVfALCOTr. Pi'oc. U. S. National Museum, vol. xii, p. 36.
(3) 1889. Anastropliia, Bekcher and Clarke. Memoirs N. Y. State Museum, p. 32, pi. iii, figs. 14-16.
(3) 1889. Anatitruphia, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, p. 47, pi. xxxii, figs. 17-20.
(1) 1890. Camarellaf, Walcott. Tenth Ann. Rept. Director U. S. Geological Survey, p. 614, pi. ixxii,
figs. ia-d.
CAMARELLA, Billings. 1859.
PLATE LXII.
The name Camarella was originally applied to subtrihedral biconvex shells
with low median fold and sinus ; having, in effect, a rhynchonelloid exterior.
The first species of the genus cited by its author, and that which will be taken
as representing the typical structure of the group, is Camarella Volboithi, BiWmgs,
220 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK. '
from the Black River limestone of the Ottawa river ; a very similar shell is
the C. Panderi, described at the same time from the same locality ; indeed, there
may be reason to doubt if there is a valid specific difference in these shells, as
both the Canadian specimens and examples from the Trenton limestone of New
York (Jacksonburg), afford a series passing from the typical plicated form of one
to the non-plicated form of the other.
Camarella Volborthi has full, convex valves, which are smooth about the um-
bonal region, but anteriorly develop a few low plications which are rather the
more conspicuous on the median fold and sinus, and the fold, sinus and plica-
tions are clearly developed on the often abrupt anterior slope of the valves.
The pedicle-valve is the more convex up to maturity, but thereafter the
brachial valve becomes the deeper. The beak of the pedicle-valve is erect or
slightly incurved and beneath it lies a triangular delthyrium which, so far as
observed, shows, neither in this species nor in C. Panderi, any evidence of del-
tidial plates. The cardinal slopes are abrupt and oblique, and no cardinal area
is developed on either valve. On the interior are dental lamellse which con-
verge, and uniting, are supported by a short median septum, forming thus a
well-defined spondylium like that of Syntrophia.
In the brachial valve the hinge-structure is similar to that of Camarotcechia,
the crural plates converging and forming a short, very small median cavity,
which is supported by a long septum. The crura are short and the lateral
divisions of the hinge-plate small. No cardinal process exists.
The internal structure of Camarella is, thus, not unlike that of Syntrophia,
notwithstanding the Avide difference of exterior.
Many American species have been referred to this genus, but, from present
knowledge it would seem to be quite restricted in range and specific representa-
tion. Apparently it does not pass beyond the faunas of the Lower Silurian,
and it is probable that most of the species referred to the genus by Mr. Billings
will prove to have been accurately placed, though in regard to some of them,
their rarity and unfavorable preservation make it impossible to be positive.
The species Camarella ? antiquata, Billings, from the early primordial faunas, may
or may not belong here ; we know it only from the figures of the exterior
BRACHIOPODA. 221
given by Billings and Walcott, and these afford no indication of its generic
character except that it has a plicated rhynchonelloid exterior.
Mr. Walcott's species, C. minor* from the Olenellus zone, at Stissing
Mountain, Duchess county, N. Y., is a smooth, biconvex species, and the
figures of internal casts given by this author indicate that the pedicle-valve
possessed a small spondylium beneath the beak, resting upon the botton of the
valve, the plates bounding it being produced about and just within the cardinal
margins. The brachial valve appears to be without a median septum or spon-
dylium, but may have had a narrow hinge-plate. Mr. Walcott states that the
casts studied by him are imperfect and the generic reference only provisional.
With Camarella should probably be placed Davidson's Stricklandinia ?
£alcletchiensis,f a rather large rhynchonelliform shell with a short spondylium
in the pedicle-valve, and without cardinal area.
PARASTROPHIA, CxEN. nov.
PLATE LXIII.
Among the species which have been currently referred to Camarella are the
well-known Atrypa hemiplicata. Hall, of the Trenton fauna, and the Pmtamerus
reversus, :j: Billings, of the Anticosti group. These are shells of considerable size.
The inequality of the valves, which becomes apparent in old shells of Camarella
Volborthi, is here carried to a greater extreme, becomes developed in immature
growth-stages, and in the mature individual the brachial valve is much the
more convex, its umbo and beak projecting conspicuously beyond that of the
pedicle-valve. These shells have essentially lost their rhynchonelloid expres-
sion, being broad and transversely oval in outline, while the median fold and
sinus are retained in their normal relations. The surface bears low, rounded
plications which are stronger on the fold and sinus, but are also apparent on
the lateral slopes near the margins of the valves. Over the median and um-
bonal portions of the valves they are obsolescent. The t;ardinal margin is
moderately long and nearly straight, but there is no evidence of a cardinal area
on either valve.
* Tenth Ann. Rept. Director U. S. Geological Sui'vey, p. 614, pi. Ixxii, Bgs. ia-d. 1S90.
t See Davidson, Silurian Brauhiopoda, Siippl., p. 166, pi. ix, figs. 27-29.
X The latter has also been referred by different writers to A.vastrophia and Tkipleuia.
222 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
In the pedicle-valve the delthyrium is broadly triangular and is usually filled,
partially or wholly, by the beak of the opposite valve. On the interior the
dental lamellae make a strong spondylium which reaches almost to the bottom
of the valve, being supported by a very low median septum extending ne.arly
one-half the length of the shell.
In the brachial valve there are two vertical crural plates not connected by a
cardinal process. These are slightly convex on their inner surfaces and at
their point of greatest convexity they unite with two longitudinal and gradually
convergent lamellae, which form a spondylium narrower than that of the oppo-
site valve, and supported by a very low median septum somewhat longer than
that of the pedicle-valve. In a species from the Hudson River group, of
Wilmington, Illinois, which has currently passed under the name of Camarella
hemiplicata* this median septum is usually absent, the plates of the spondylium
resting on the bottom of the valve, but in Atrypa hemiplicata and Pentamerus re-
versus the small septum is always present.
To such forms it is proposed to apply the term Parastrophia, assuming the
Atrypa hemiplicata. Hall, as the typical species.
This type of structure is continued upward into the faunas of the Niagara
group, and in the dolomites of southern Wisconsin occur a number of interest-
ing species, our knowledge of which has been derived from the elaborate col-
lections made in that region by Thomas A. Greene, Esq., of Milwaukee. Here
are at least three species which are new to science, all of them being preserved
as most instructive internal casts. These are described in the Supplement to
this Volume as Parastrophia Greenii, P. latipUcata and P. multiplicata, figures of
all being given upon the accompanying plates.
Among these shells there are no material variations except such as have
already been noticed among the earlier species ; for example, the spondylium
of the more convex or brachial valve may be supported by a low median sep-
tum for its entire length (P. Greenii), or for a portion of its length may rest upon
* This form is much less extended than Atrypa ?iemipUcata, Hall ; its plications are larger, sharper and
fewer in number, and distinctly raai-ginal. It is a shell quite different from the Trenton species, and may
be termed Parastropltia divergens.
BRACHIOPODA. 223
the inner surface of the valve (P. latiplicata, P. mulliplicata). This feature seems
to some extent subject to variation within specific limits; that is, being more
or less of an individual peculiarity.
The brachial valve of P. latiplicata and P. mvltiplicata shows four distinct
ovate muscular scars about the anterior prolongation of the median septum,
and these are of quite the same character as those in the corresponding valve
of Anastrophia. Indeed, in all of these species the interior structure does not
materially differ from that of Anastrophia, though, being a thin-shelled group,
the muscular impressions are not as clearly developed. In exterior characters,
however, the differences are more significant.
To the six American species wliich are above referred to Pakastropiiia, are
probably to be added the Rhynchonella Scotica, Davidson, from the Llandeilo of
Ayrshire,* and the Pentamerus {Alrypa) rotundaius, Sowerby, from the Wenlock
of Wenlock Edge.f
It is probable that upon a shell of similar structure to Parastrophia, Gagel
has recently based his proposed genus Branconia, B. bnrussica, from the Lower
Silurian diluvial boulders in Ostpreussen (Die Brachiopoden der cambrischen
und silurischen Geschiebe im Diluvium der Provinzen Ost- and Westpreussen :
Beitriige zur Naturkunde Preussens herausgegeben von der Physikalisch-
Oekonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg, p. 62, pi. iv, fig. 12. 1890). From
the description and figures of the exterior of a single specimen it appears to
be a trihedral shell of rhynchonelloid aspect, but with a median septum in each
valve. What the inner relations of these septa were, or any other interior
characters of the shell, is not made known. It seems very doubtful if the
author is correct in regarding the more convex valve as the ventral, and the
shallow valve as the dorsal, but it will be impossible to pass judgment on the
value of the genus as now defined. So early a representative of this structure
should receive further elucidation.
* Davidson, Silurian Brachiopoda, Suppl. p. 201, pi. xi, figs. 26 o-d.
t Silurian Brachiopoda, p. 150, pi. xv, figs. 9-12
224 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
ANASTROPHIA, Hall. 1867.
PLATE LXIII.
Under the term Anastrophia has been grouped a number of species with
reversed convexity, the disparity of the two valves in this respect surpassing
that prevailing in Parastrophia. Their external surface is covered with
numerous fine and sharp dichotomizing ribs, extending to the apices of the
beaks and frequently crossed by delicate concentric lines. The type of this
genus is the Pentamerus Verneuili, Hall, of the Lower Plelderberg shaly lime-
stone, and with it are to be associated the Atrypa interplicala, (Sowerby) Hall,
and Anastrophia internascens, Hall, of the Niagara group ; the Terebratula deflexa,
Sowerby, of the Wenlock limestone, and the shell passing under the same name
in a cori'esponding fauna of the Island of Gotland.
In this group again, the internal apophyses are subject to some variation.
The spondylia of the valves are quite large, extending not less than one-third
the length of the shell. As in Parastrophia, that of the pedicle-valve is the
wider and is supported by a median septum near its anterior extremity. In
the earlier species, A. internascens, A. deflexa, this spondylium may be thus sup-
ported for nearly or quite its entire length, but in A. Verneuili, the latest repre-
sentative of the group, the structure is usually the same as in later members of
Parastrophia. On Plate LXIII is given a figure of an interior of this species
in which the lateral walls of the spondylium have folded, one over the other,
and thus formed a tubular cavity open at both ends. What the significance of
this modification may be, can not be judged from the single specimen. In the
brachial valve the convergent plates generally rest upon the inner surface of
the shell, though at times, in A. Verneuili, the spondylium is supported at its
anterior extremity. The crural plates are extravagantly developed, forming
two broad wing-shaped vertical expansions, concave on their outer surfaces ;
their upper edges are curved over the hinge-line, their anterior edges broadly
notched, and below this point appears the base of attachment for the crura ;
the walls of the spondylium being connected with them at the most convex
point of their inner surfaces. The dental sockets are always small, and old
shells frequently show a false foramen in the beak, which is simply an exten-
BRACHIOPODA. 225
sion of the spondylium that does not appear to l)c accidental. The muscular
impressions of tliis valve are frequently defined as a fourfold scar about the
anterior end of the spondylium ; in the pedicle-valve these impressions are
rarely discernible.
It has been shown that in early age the shells of Anastropiiia are normally
biconvex, and the brachial valve scarcely deeper than the opposite.* In this
condition the form of the shell resembles that of normal individuals of Cama-
rella Volborthi, and in this series of forms, beginning in Camarella where senile
shells evince a gibbosity of the brachial valve and a tendency toward reversion
of convexity, and ending with the Lower Helderberg Anastrophia Verneuili, we
have a consecutive and gradational development in internal structure, wliich is
accompanied by more abrupt variations in exterior. On the basis of the former
it would be difficult to apprehend where division lines should be drawn, but the
differences in the latter afford immediate and reliable means of distinction.
Genus PORAMBONITES, Pander. 1830.
PLATE LXUI.
1820. TerebratuHtes, Schlotheim. Petrefactenkunde auf ihr. jetz. Stan(ipiinkt, p. 282.
1830. Poi-amh(mU(S, Pahder. Beitr. zui- Geogn. des riiss. Reii'hes, pp. 95-100, pi. iii, fig. 9 ; pi. xi,
figs. 1-8 ; pi. xii, figs. 1-8 ; pi. xiii, figs. 1-7 ; pi. xiv, figs. 1-4 ; pi. xv, figs. 1-4 ;
pi. xvi A, fig. 12 ; pi. xviB, tig. 7.
1834. Terehrattda, vos Bvcn. Ueber Terebratein, p. 104.
1840. Spirifer, ton Buck. Beitr. zur Kennt. Gebirgsform. Russl., pp. 13, 16, pi. ii, figs. 2-7.
1840. Tenhratula, von Eichwald. Silurian System in Estland, pp. 132, 135.
1845. iSpirlfei; de Vernedil. Geol. de la Russie et des Mont, de I'Oiiral, vol. ii, pp 127, 130-134, pi. ii,
figs. 2, 3 ; pi. iii, fig. 1.
1847. Pvi-ambonites, d'Okeignt. Paleontologie Fran^aise ; Tei-r. Cret., vol. iv, p. 345.
1850. Isorhynchafi, Kl.VG. Monogr. Pei-mian Fossils of England, p. 112.
1852. Purambonilcs, von Eichwald. Lethiea rossica, vol. i, p. 793.
1853. Poramhonites, Sharpe. Quarterly Journal Geol. Soc. London, vol. ix, p. 155.
1854. Porambojiites, Davidson. Introd. Bi-itish Fossil Brachiopoda, p. 99, pi. vii, figs. 120-126.
1869. Porambonitcs, Davidson. British Silurian Brachiopoda, p. 195, pi. xxv, figs. 16a-rf.
1877. Parambonites, Hall and Whitfield. King's U. 8. Geol. Exjil. Fortieth Parallel, p. 234, pi. i,
fig. IB.
1889. Pwambonites, Noetling. Zeilschr. der deutsch. geolog. Gesellsch., vol. xxxv, p. 355, pis. xv, xvi.
1890. Porambouites, Gagel. Bnichioii. dei- camb. uud silur. Geschiebe im Dihiv. der Provinz. Ost- and
Westpreussen, pp. 50-52, pi. v, figs. 1-7.
* See Bebcher and Clarke, Memoirs N. Y. State Museum, vol. i. No. 1, p. 32, pi. iii, figs. 14-16 a. 1889.
AnoDtrophia intei'nasceiis, Niagara group.
226 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
" Shell robust, transverse or elongate, sometimes distinctly triangular and
globose. Valves unequally convex, the dorsal always the deeper. Ventral
valve with a sinus to which there is not always a corresponding fold on the
dorsal valve. Hinge-line straight; hinge-teeth very strong, resting on a broad
hinge-plate. In both valves a small obtusely triangular area, which is higher
in the ventral than in the dorsal valve. Both valves with a broad pedicle-
passage, never closed by a pseudodeltidium. Sometimes the beak of the dorsal
valve is so strongly incurved that its perforation is not visible from outside.
On the lateral slopes is a more or less strongly defined pseudolunule*
" In the interior of the ventral valve are two long, robust dental lamellae
which rapidly converge and unite, sometimes before the bottom of the valve is
reached, then forming a low median septum. Their anterior portion is always
free while their posterior portions are sometimes coalesced into a single piece.
In the dorsal valve there are two short crural plates not rising to more than
one-third the height of the shell ; these may remain independent or sometimes
unite to form a single piece.
" The muscles are attached between and on the convergent plates, and, in the
dorsal valve, also in front of them.
" Surf\\ce-sculpture more or less finely sieve-like.
" Shell-structure apparently fibrous.
" All species are confined to the lower Silurian."
Type, Porambonites intermedia, Pander, f
The above diagnosis is that given by Noetling, in an admirable paper on the
structure and .systematic position of the genus.| Although so old a genus and
so abundantly represented in the Silurian fiiunas of Russia, no satisfactory
conclusion as to its generic affinities had been reached until the publication of
this author's investigations, to whose figures of the interior structure of the
valves, obtained from silicified specimens, the student is referred for illustration
supplementary to that given in this Volume.
* This term is applied by Nobtling to an area on the cardinal slopes usually delimited by some sharply
defined growth-line of an immature stage of development. It designates a feature of slight morphological
value.
t Beitrage zur Geognosie des russischen Reiches, p. 95, pi. xvi A, fig. 12. 1830.
J Beitrag zur systematischen Stellung des Genus Porambonites, Pander; Zeitschrift der deutschen
geologischen Gesellschaft, vol. xxxv, p. SS.'i, pis. xv, xvi. 1883.
BRACHIOPODA. 227
Pander described thirty-one species of Porambonites, all of which were
directly absorbed by von Buch into the genus Spirifer of his conception*
De Verneuil, in the Geologic de la Russie,f included these species in his division
" Spirifer anormaux," section " Equirostri'S," corresponding to the section
" Biforcs," which embraces species of the genus Platystrophia, King. This
author placed eleven of Pander's species under von Bucu's Spirifer 'porambonites,
1840, and eight others as synonyms of Schlotheim's Terebratulites aquirostris,
18-0.
After d'Orbigny's resuscitation of Pander's term,t and suggestion of the
relation of the genus to the rhynchonelloids, the name again became current,§
Sharpe II and EiCHWALDTf indicating the affinities of the shells to the pentame-
roids, the latter considering its position intermediate between them and the
strophomenoids.
Davidson, in his Introduction to the Brachiopoda, placed Porambonites in a
family by itself, Porambonitid.js. regarding its place as between the Rbyncuokel-
LID.E and STROPHOMENiDyE. NoETLiNG elaboratcs this conception, placing Poram-
bonites and Pentamerus in one family, Poramboxitwje, regarding the position
of this family as " between the Strophomenidjs, with which it is connected
through Porambonites, and the Rbtncbonellid^, by way of Pentamerus and
Camarophoria " (p. 378).
After a careful study of Noetling's figures of the interiors of these shells, it
becomes evident that the most direct relationship to these fossils is to be
found in those pentameroids which have been designated as Parastrophia and
Anastrophia. The frequent great size and thickness of the shells of Poram-
bonites accounts for a certain degree of obscuration of interior detail, but in
all these genera we find the well-developed and supported spondylium in the
* Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Gebirgsfoiuiat. RusslanJs, p. 13. 1840.
t Op cit, p. 127. 1S45.
I Palfiontologie Fran5aise ; Terr. Cret., vol. iv, x>- 345. 1847.
§ Meanwhile Kisd, in ignorance of Pander's term, had proposed the name IsoRHYKcnus, with Schlot-
heim's Spirifer wquirostris as the type. He found the genus bearing relation to Pe.ntameru.s, Camaro-
phoria, etc.
1 Quarterly Journal Geological Sociely, vol. ix, p. 155. 1853.
% Lethrea i-ossica, vol. i, p. 793.
228 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
pedicle-valve, and the convergent plates of the opposite valve which may
or may not unite before the surface of the valve is reached.* Again, it has
been already observed that Anastkophia possesses an uncovered foramen in
each valve, and this may also be true of Parastrophia, but in Porambonites a
cardinal area is retained on both valves, and this character, more than any
other, serves to show the derivation of these shells to be from the same
ancestral stock as Orthis and its allies.
In external characters there is also an agreement in contour with the genera
named. The shells of Porambonites are frequently gibbous, the convexity of
the brachial valve usually exceeding that of the pedicle-valve. The punctate
ornament of the exterior lamina is purely superficial.
While Porambonites is so abundant in the Silurian strata of Russia and Scan-
dinavia, its representation in the American faunas is most meager, if indeed it
exists here at all. The species Porambonites Ottawaensis, Billings, from the Black
River limestone, does not belong to this genus, but is probably a member of the
proposed group Orthorhynchula ; the Porambonites obscurus, Hall and Whitfield,
described from the lower Silurian of the White Pine District of Nevada, f is
known only from a single pedicle-valve, which may prove a representative of
the genus, and, if so, the only one recognized in our faunas.
The species which was the first of de Verneuil's
group of " Spirifer anormaux equirostres," S. Tscheff- ^- ^^^
kini, de Verneuil,| from the lower Silurian of the ZT^" 19
environs of St. Petersburg, has a general external ^^'^ssi&as^'
resemblance to species of Porambonites, but the fig. isa.
Tl r-j.1 1 • 1 I'll A cardinal view ol' a specimen of
cardmal area of the valves is much more highly spiH/er i^Koaungia) TscheffUni.
developed and extends for nearly the width of the
shell. So far as we know, the character of its interior has never been dem-
* Attention has already been directed to a slight vai-iation in all these genera in i-egai'd to the ai-tual
degree of union in the lamella; of this valve. In Parastrophia they are normally confluent, though P. di-
vergent furnishes an exception to the rule in having them free to the bottom of the valve. In Porambonites
they appear to be normally discrete.
t In King's U. S. Geological Explorations Fortieth Parallel, p. 234, pi. i, fig. 16. 1877.
I Geol. de la Rus.sie, etc., p. 129, iil. ii, ligs. 1, a, h.
BRACHIOPODA.
229
onstrated, though Noetling mentions {he. cit., p. 368) having seen a specimen
showing the internal characters, which convinced him that it could not be
a true Porambonites. The nature of these features, however, is not
stated. Well preserved interiors of this shell must be of rare occurrence and
opportunity is taken therefore of elucidating its structure by a series of trans-
verse sections from the beaks forward. It will be seen from these accompany-
ing figures that there is a spondylium in each valve, that of the pedicle-valve
being at the outset the larger, and continuing further forward than the other.
Both are supported by a stout median septal callosity, which, in the brachial
Fig. 160. Fig. 161. Fig. 162. Fig. 163. Fig. 164. FIG. 165. Fig. 166.
Figs. 160-166. Transverse serial sections of a single specimen of Spirifer [NoetUngia) Tsckeffldni, showing the
structure of the internal apophyses and septa. In all the sections the pedicle-valve (P) is above,
the brachial valve (n) below. (0-1
valve widens and becomes lost in the thickened shell-substance of the muscular
region ; that of the pedicle-valve becomes narrowed anteriorly and eventually
leaves the spondylium free, or nearly so. These characters are not materially
different from those of Porambonites, but a feature of high significance in
Spirifer Tscheffkini is the presence of a simple linear cardinal process in the
spondylium of the brachial valve. This, with the long, double-areaed hinge-
line, the biforate umbones and suggestive external resemblance in contour to
Platystrophia, forms a more strongly orthoid combination than has been here-
tofore observed among shells with such pronounced pentameroid affinities, and
thus makes a more direct connection between Porambonites and the orthoid
stock whence they have all been derived. The distinctive generic value of this
shell as above expressed may be indicated by the term Noetlingia.
230 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Genus LYCOPHORIA, L ahusen. 1 885.
PLATE LXIII.
This name lias been proposed for the Atrypa nucella, Dahnan, a species not
unlike Porambonites in general external features. The valves are rotund and
have neither fold nor sinus, so that the anterior margin of contact is almost
straight or very gently sinuous. The beaks are full and closely incurved and
only the pedicle-valve appears to have retained a foramen, though the cardinal
area is present in both. The brachial valve bears a hinge-plate which is
recurved into the pedicle-cavity of the opposite valve and is produced into a
long, curved cardinal process, bifurcate at its extremity. The crural plates
are connected with the elevated margins of the four adductor impressions. In
the opposite valve the teeth are supported by divergent plates which extend
forward for about one-half the length of the shell and rest upon the bottom of
the valve. Externally the shell is smooth in the umbonal regions, but anteri-
oi'ly is covered with low, rounded plications crossed by fine concentric lines.
The systematic relations of this species are very interesting. It is associa-
ted with Porambonites in the lower Silurian faunas about St. Petersburg and
in Scandinavia, and its similarity to that genus in contour and, to a certain
extent, in details, is apparent.
While Porambonites is strongly orthoid in the structure of its cardinal feat-
ures, and Noetlingia possesses the simple linear cardinal process of Platystro-
phia, Atrypa nucella adds to these orthoid features the cardinal process of a
streptorhynchoid, like Triplegia and Mimulus, thus presenting another point of
tangency between these shells and the pentameroids ; or, more precisely,
another phase in the development from the comprehensive primordial stock
represented by Protorthis, Billingsella, etc., toward the full and typical
expression of Orthis, Orthothetes, Strophomena and Conchidium.
BRACHIOPODA. 231
Genus CONCHTDIUM, Linne. 1753.
PLATES LXIV, LXV. LXVI, LXVII.
1753. ConcMdium, Linne. Museum Tessinianum, p. 90, \i\. v, figs. 8, a, b.
1766. HelminVwlitus, Linne. Sy.stema Naturae, ed. xii, vol. iv, p. 163.
1798. Atwinites, HisiNriER. Minerograph. Anmerkning. ofvei- Gottlaiid ; Vet. Akad. Handling-, p. 285.
1813. Pentamerits, Sowkrby. Mineral Conchology, vol. i, p. 73, pis. xxviii, xxix.
1828. Qypldia, Daiman. Kongl. Vetenskaps Aka<i. Handlingar, pp. 93, 100.
1839. Pentanienis, Sowbrby. Mni-chison's SiUiiian System, p. 615, pi. vi, figs. 8a-e.
1841. Pentameriia, B.ismG'S.'R. Lethsa Suecicm, p. 74, pi. xxi, figs. 10 a-c.
1843. Peiitamerus, A. Roemer. Die Versteinerungen des Harzgebirge.s pl- iv, fig. 16.
1845. Pentaiiwrus, D'E ViijmKiuL. G6ol. de la Russie et des Mont, de I'Oural, vol. ii, pp. 113-118,
pl. vii, figs. 1-3.
1850. PodaiiieriK, A. Roembr. Beitr. zur geolog. Kenntn. der nordwest. Harzgeb., p. 59.
1852. Pentame.rus, Hall. Palseontology of New York, vol. ii, p. 341. pl. Ixxix, figs. 1. 2.
1854. Pentamerus, Davidson. Introd. British Foss. Brach., p. 97, pl. vii, fig. 116.
1854. Pentamei-us, Geobnewaldt. Memoires Sav. Eti'ang. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pelersbourg, vol. vii,
p. 26, pl. iv, fig. 15.
1855. Pentamenis, Conrad. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. vii, p. 441.
1860. Pentamerus, Lindstrom. Gotland's Brachiopoden, p. 3'i5.
1860. Pe^itameritfi, Km.aions. Manual of Geology, p. 107, figure.
1861. Pentamerus, Billings. Canadian Journal, vol. vi, p. 269.
1863. Peiitaiiierii,s, Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 337, fig. 341.
1867. Pentamerus, Hall. Twentieth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat Hist., p. 37;{, pl. xiii, figs. 22-24.
1867. Pentamerus, Hall. Palaeontology of New York, vol. iv, pp. 369-374.
1867. Pentamei-us, Davidson, British Silurian Brachiopoda, p. 142, pl. xvi, figs. 1-3 ; pl. xvii,
tigs. 1-10; pi. six, tig. 3.
1871 . AntirhyncJumella, Pentamerus, Quknstedt. Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands ; Brachiopoden, p.231,
pl. xliii, tigs. 36-a9.
1872. Pentamerus, Hall and Whitfield. Twenty-fourth Aim. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist.,
pp. 184-186.
1875. Pentamerus, Hall and Whitfield. Twenty-seventh Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist.,
pl. X, figs. 1-12.
1879. Pentamerus, Emerson. Geol. Frobisher Bay; Hall's Arctic Exped., App. Ill, p. 578.
1S79. Pentame.rus, Barrandb. Systeme Silurien du Centre de la Boh?me, vol. v, pl. xx, tigss. 9-14 ;
pl. xxi, figs. 10-13 ; pl. xxiv, fig. 8 ; pl. Ixxix, figs. 1-3.
1880. Pentamerus, Ani/elin and Lind.strom. Fragmenta Silui-ica, p. 24, pl. xx, figs. 1-29.
1881. Zdimir, Barrande. Systiime Silurien, vol. vi, p. 171, pl. ccxcii, figs. 17-20.
1882. Pentamerus, Whitfield. Geology of Wisconsin, vol. iv, p. 314, pl. xxiii, tigs. 1, 2.
1886. Q-ypidia, Ulrich. Contributions to Ameiican Palseontology, vol. i, p. 28, pl. iii, fig. 2.
1887. Conclddium, CEhlert. Fischer's Manuel de Conchyliologie, p. 1311, fig. 1097.
1888. Pentamerus, Novak. Zeitschr. der deutsch. geolog. Gesellsch., vol. xl, p. 588.
1889. Pentamerus, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, pp. 53, 55, 57, 60, pl. xxvii, figs. 14-16 ;
pl. xxviii, figs. 1-8 ; pl. xxix, figs. 1, 2, 17.
1890. Pentamerus, Gagel. Brach. der camb. und silur. Gescliiebe im Diluv. der Pi-ovinz. Ost- and
Westpreussen, pp. 53, 54, pl. iv, figs. 2-4.
1891. Pentamerus, Wuiteaves. Canadian Record of Science, p. 295, pl. iii, figs. 3, 4.
1892. Pentamerus, R. Ethbridgb, Jr. Pentameridae of New South Wales, ; Recoi-ds Geol. Survey
N. S. W., vol. viii, pt. ii, p. 49, pl. x, tigs. 1-8 ; pl. xi, tigs. 1-4, 10-12.
1892. Pentamerus, Miller. Seventeenth Ann. Rept. State Geologist Indiana, p. 687, pl. xiii, tigs. 5, 6.
232
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Shells eloiigate-subtrigonal or subpentagonal in outline, strongly inequivalve,
biconvex ; median fold and sinus faint, if at all developed. Anterior margins
of contact usually straight, with sometimes a faint fold, at others a low sinus
on both valves. Surface with numerous sharp or rounded, simple or divided
plications extending from beaks to margins ; cardinal slopes broad and usually
smooth. -
In the pedicle-valve the umbo is elevated, attenuated, mox'e or less incurved,
not prone upon the opposite valve. No cardinal area is developed. The del-
thyrium is very broad and bears a concave deltidium, which, however, is fre-
quently wanting. Teeth small, supported by convergent lamellae which unite in
the interior cavity and form a single median vertical septum of variable length ;
in the typical species usually extending almost, and sometimes quite to the an-
terior margin, and vertically, for fully one-half the depth of the combined valves.
The spondylium is very narrow and deep ; combined with the median septum
the height of these plates equals fully two-thirds the depth of the valves. The
anterior mai'gins of these plates are doubly incurved, the most projecting points
being at the base of the septum, and at its line of union with the dental lamellaB.
The median septum consists of two vertical lamellae, each continuous with one
of the component plates of the spondylium. The spondylium was the seat of
FIS. 167. PIG. 168.
Fig. 167. Pentamerus {,Conchidium)[KnighU, Sowerby. A transverse section in the umbonal region.
s. Septum ol" the pedicle-valve. p. Dental plates forming ventral sponiiylium.
s'. Septa or the brachial valve. b. Crural plates resting on the septa. (c )
Fig. 1B.S. Conchidium laqueatus, Conrad. Transverse section, showing the dellection of the median septum, the
deep, narrow spondylium of the pedicle-valve, and the sejita of the brachi.al valve bearing inclined
crural processes. (Cj
muscular attachment, and it bears a series of fine radiating lines along its
median portion, and transverse or concentric lines over its lateral slopes ; the
BRACHIOPODA. 233
former probably rejjreseiiting the scar of the adductor, and the latter the im-
pressions of the diductor muscles. In the brachial valve the beak is obtuse
and closely incurved into the deltidial cavity or spondylium of the opposite
valve. The dental sockets are long and narrow, their inner margins being
bordered by two broad, convergent crural plates, which extend toward the bot-
tom of the valve, but do not reach it. These sloping plates are supported by
two vertical septa, with which they are united, not at their extremities, but
obliquely, just within their free edges. At the anterior angles of these free
edges, there are two long, straight or slightly curved, rod-like crural processes
extending into the anterior cavity of the shell. Beneath the beak is a faintly
developed, bilobate or multilobate cardinal process. The muscular scars lie on
the surface of the valve between the two vertical septa, and extend for some
distance in front of them. They are divided by a low axial ridge.
Shell-substance fibrous, impunctate.
Type, Conchidium hiloculare, Linnu (== Gypidia or Pentamerus conchidium, Dal-
man et al.). Upper Silurian limestone, Gotland.
Observations. The great diversity of form presented by the fossils com-
monly referred to the genus Pentamerus, necessitates a careful scrutiny of their
structural relations. From this extensive group of species a number of forms
deviating from the typical structure have been separated. In 1859, Mr.
Billings brought together, under the name Stricklandia, one peculiar associa-
tion of such forms. It has already been shown that certain small, equiconvex
or reversed-convex pentameroid forms, as Parastrophia and Anastrophia should
be held in close generic relations with Camarella The variations which
occurred during the Devonian, at a period when the climacteric development
of the pentameroids had passed, have been grouped under various designations,
as Gypidula, Pentamerella, Amphigenia, etc., which will presently be considered
in detail. Recognizing the distinctive value of these terms, there still remains
for consideration a group of fossils which first appeared in the middle Silurian,
rapidly attained an enormous development and probably disappeared in the
middle Devonian; in other words, the genus, "Pentamerus." This group, com-
234 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
pact as it may seem in both external and internal structural features, has
apparently been developed along various lines from a central origin, and when
such variations are considered in connection with certain established claims of
nomenclature, a further subdivision of these shells will prove both useful and
requisite.
The essential foundation for a subordinate grouping of these pentameroids
was indicated by de Verneuil so long ago as 1845,* when he proposed a divi-
sion into two sections; (1) those without a sinus, (2) those with a sinus. The
former of these was divided into (a) plicated shells, including P. Knighti, P. bilo-
culare, etc. ; and (6) smooth shells, such as P. oblongus, P. borealis, etc. The
second section included shells of the type of P. galeatus. These three divisions
indicate the main lines of variation in external characters.
To the plicated species without well defined fold and sinus must be applied
Linne's original term Conchidium, founded in 1753 upon the Swedish species,
widely known as Gypidia conchidium, Dalman, which is identical with Conchidium
biloculare, Linne. The diagnosis of this genus, above given, has been derived
from an abundant representation of specimens of the species, and, in respect to
some critical features, with the aid of the elaborate illustration given in
Angelin's (Lindstrom's) " Fragmenta Silurica." This shell is peculiar in its
elevated and unciform beak ; in this as well as other respects it is homologous
with the much larger and more robust American shell, P. laqueatus, Conrad (== P.
nobilis, Emmons), which occurs in enormous quantities in the Niagara dolomites,
about Delphi, Indiana. Usually these plicated species have a lower, though
nari'ower beak, and are constructed on the plan of P. tenuistriatus, Walmstedt,
of the Upper Silurian of Gotland ; those with the broader form and almost
subquadrate sectional outline, like the well-known P. Knighti, Sowerby, being of
rare occurrence.! With P. tenuistriatus may be associated the American species
* Geologie de la Russie et des Mont, de I'Dural, p. 111.
t Nettblroth has desci-ibed as P. Knighti a shell from the Coi-niferous limestone near Louisville, Ky.
(Kentucky Fossil Shells, p. 57, pi. xxix, tigs. 12, 17). While the species is similar in general contour to the
English Silurian shell, it is much smaller and more coarsely plicated, and it must be regarded as a quite
distinct form, which for convenience's sake may be known as Conchidium Nettelrothi. Pentamtrus Littoni,
Hall, of the Niagara group, is another representative of the P. Knighti type of exterior.
BRACHIOPODA. 235
P. Nysius, P. ienuicosta* P. Knappi, Hall and Whitfiuld, and the shell described
in this work as Conchidium Greenii, sp. nov., from the Niagara dolomites of
south-eastern Wisconsin. There are some other American species of this
genus of more distinctly local and restricted groups, such as the so-called
Gypidula unguiformis, Ulrich, Pentamerus Colletti, Miller, P. decussatus, Whiteaves,
the last recently described from the yellow dolomites of the Grand Rapids of
the Saskatchewan River ;f all of which are concentrically striated and finely
plicated species. Another form, small and very coarsely ribbed, is the
C. crassiplica, sp. nov.
Conchidium makes its appearance in America in the fauna of the Niagara
dolomites in the states of Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana and Kentucky,
while it is not known in the equivalent fauna of New York. In like manner
it appeared in the faunas of the Wenlock and Aymestry of England, and at an
equivalent horizon in Gotland, Esthonia and Bohemia. It does not occur in
the Lower Helderberg, nor in the earlier faunas of the Upper Helderberg ; its
latest representative in this country is Nettelroth's P. Knighti (== C. Nettelrothi,
nom. nov.), said to be from the Corniferous limestone.^ In Europe it is
continued to a later date in the large Russian middle Devonian species P.
Bashkiricus, de Verneuil, and P. pseudobashkiricus, Tschernyschew. The shell
described by Barrande from the etage G-, as a lamellibranch, under the name
Zdimir solus, has been shown by Novak to be a pentameroid of this plicate
type §
* There remains some obscurity in regai-d to the significance of the terms P. Nysiiis and its vaiieties
cmssicosfa and ttmiiuosta, from the Ni.<ig:ara rocks at Louisville. The species was described as having from
twenty-five to forty plications; to the coarsely plicate shells the former tejm was applied, and lo the more
finely plicate the latter. Between these shells there is evidently something more than difVerence in degree
of plication. The finely jilicate shells [tenuicosta) are smaller and have shallower valves an<l low, incon-
spicuous beaks. Nkttelroth has shown that the character of the ornamentation of the smaller shells is
persistent, not gradational. But the separation from P. Nystius of these two varieties leaves nothing to
represent the specific type. Therefore, instead of leaving the identity of P. Nysiiu> to be merged between
the two varieties, it will be better, and in accordance with rule, to assume the shell known as var. crassi-
costa, the first of the varieties named, as the typical form of P. Nysiv^. For the other variety the name
ConcUdlum tenuicosta will be used in preference to Nettelroth's proposed term P. compUmatns (lib. cit.,
p. 53).
t Canadian Record of Science, p. 295. 1891.
X It may be well to verify the geological horizon of this species before basing any conclusions upon its
occurrence in the Coi-niferous limestone.
§ Zeitschr. der deutsch. geol. Gesellsch., vol. xl, p. 588. 1888.
236 PALJEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Genus PENTAMERUS, Sowerby. 1813.
PLATES LXVII, LXVIII, LXIX, LXX.
1S13. Pentamcriis, J. Sowerby. Mineral Conohulogy, vol. i, p. 76, pi. xxviii.
1839. Pentamerus, J. dk C. Sowerby. Silurian System, pi. xix, tigs. 9, 10.
1843. Pmtameru.n, Hall. Geology of New York ; Kept. Fourth Dist., p. 70, figs. 1-5.
1845. P(7itamems, de Vekneuil. Geologie ile la Russie, p. 119, pi. viii, figs. la-c.
1852. PCTitamer/M, Hall. PaliEOntology of New Y'ork, vol. ii, p. 79, pi. xxv, figs, lo-m; pi. xxvi,
figs. 1 a-d ; p. 103, pi. xxxi, fig. 1.
1854. Pentamenis, Eichwald. Bull. Soc. Imp. Natural. Moscou, pt. 1, p. 91.
1854. Peiitmner-iLS, F. Schmidt. Neueste Untersuch. ueber Brachiopoden, p. 213.
1859. Pentamerus, Eichwald. Lethica rossiea, vol. i, p. 788, pi. xxxiv, fig. 23.
1861. Pujitaiiierus, McChesney. New Palaeozoic Fossils, p. 85.
1863. Pentainerus, Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 316, fig. 326.
1866. Pentamerus, Billings. Catalogue Silur. Fossils Anticosti, p. 45.
1867. Pentamerus, 'Da\id&os. British Siluj'ian Brachiopoda, p. 151, pi. xviii, tigs. 1-12 ; pi xix, tigs. I, 2.
1867. Pentamerus, Hall. Pala;ontology of New York, vol. iv, pp. 369-374.
1868. Pentamerus, McChesney. Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., vol. i, pi. ix, tig. 1.
1872. Peiitamerm, Hall and Whitfield. Twenty- fourth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist.,
p. 183.
1875. Pentamerus, Hall and Whitfield. Twenty-seventh Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist.,
pi. X, figs. 13, 14.
1875. Pentamerus, Hall and Whitfield. Paliieontology of Ohio, vol. ii, pp. 137, 139, pi. vii, tigs. 9-11.
1882. Pentamerus, Whitfield. Annals N. Y. Acad. Science, vol. ii, p. 195.
1882. Pentamerus, Whitfield. Geology of Wisconsin, vol. iv, pp. 288, 291, pi. xvii, figs. 3-9.
1889. Pentamerus, Netfelroth. Kentucky Fo.ssil Shells, pp. 60-62, pi. xxix, tigs. 23, 24 ; pi. xxx,
figs. 2-4.
1889. Pentamerus, Foerste. Proc. Boston Society Nat. Hist., vol. xxiv, p. 324, pi. v, figs. 17, 18.
1890. Pentamerus, Whitfield. Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. v, p. 513, pi. v, figs. 11-22.
1890. Pentamerus, Gagbl. Die Brachiop. der camb. und silur. Gescbiebe im Diluvium der Provinzen
Ost- und Westpreussen, p. 53, pi. iv, fig. 1.
Since it seems necessary to restrict the term Conchidium to those pentame-
roids embraced by de Verneuil in his division " plissus, sans sinus," it becomes
desirable to apply the designation Pentamerus to the second division of those
shells, the " lisses, sans sinus." This use of Sowerby's term is in precise
accordance with recognized rules of nomenclature. The first species cited by
Sowerby, and that which has been generally regarded as typical of the genus
by authors who have preferred this term to the earlier designation of Linne,
is P. Knighti, a plicated shell, which belongs to Conchidium.* The second of
Sowerby's typical examples, and that to which must be accorded his generic
* The P. Aylesfordi, Sowerby, cited in the " Mineral Conchology " as another of the typical species of
Pentamerds, was subsequently regarded by that author as a synonym for P. Knighti (Silui-ian System,
p. 615, 1839), and the name has consequently fallen into disuse.
BRACHIOPODA. 237
term, is the Pentamerus lavis, a shell with a smooth exterior, and of which Mr.
Davidson remarks : *
" It is admitted now by palajontologists that P. Icevis, Sow., is the young of
P. ohlongus; and if it were necessary to strictly adhere to rules of priority,
James Sowerby's name, published in August, 181.3, would perhaps require
[have] to be adopted in preference to that of oblongus, given to the adult shell
by Mr. J. de C. Sowerby in 1839; but, when we read over Mr. James Sowerby's
unsatisfactory description, and examine his small, very incomplete figure, it
seems preferable to preserve for this shell the now generally adopted and well-
known designation of oblongtis."
Pentamerus oblongus is a species of very variable contour, with a smooth
exterior, sometimes bearing a few broad and obscure radiating undulations,
transverse or elongate-oval in outline ; the valves are usually shallow, but in
some of the many variations of the species attain a considerable depth.
Though there is no median fold and sinus, a median anterior prolongation of
the valves, defined by two convergent lateral furrows, is a normal character, as
shown in the original figures given in the "Silurian System" (plate xix, fig. 10).
This siives the shell a trilobed character which is carried to an extreme devel-
opment in the series of shells connecting the typical form with those consti-
tuting the variety cylindricus. Hall. In American faunas, where this species
attains a great development in individuals, its numerous variations in contour
and general expression often possess a definite local value. The shell abound-
ing in the Pentamerus limestone of the Clinton group of New York is, as a
rule, of comparatively small size, broadly oval or obovate, rarely elongate in
outline ; though the trilobation of the exterior is always apparent, it is seldom
conspicuously defined. Rarely the shell is narrowed across the umbones, and
subtriangular in outline. (See Plate LXVII, fig. 2.) In New York this species
is not known outside of the Clinton fauna, but passing westward, it abounds in
the dolomites which bear a Niagara fauna in the states of Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa.
At Yellow Springs, Ohio, the prevalent form is a large, elongate, usually
strongly trilobed shell, with narrow beaks and long, oblique cardinal slopes.
* Siliiiian Brachiopoda, p. 153.
238 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
The same form of shell occurs rarely in Wisconsin (Door county), and has been
described by McChesney as P. bisinuatus* a name which may serve a useful pur-
pose as a varietal designation. About Richmond, Indiana, a broader, more
ovate shell predominates, which does not widely differ from the characteristic
form of the Clinton fauna of New York. At Utica, in the same State, and in
the vicinity of Louisville, the narrow elongate shell, P. oblongus, var. cylindricus,
abounds ; it is usually deep-valved and distinctly trilobed.
Among the shells occurring in the dolomites of Wisconsin there is a great var-
iation in form, with a tendency to increasing depth of valves, but these variations
are less extreme, and their geographic value has not been determined. Thus
also with the representatives of the species in the dolomites of Iowa (Earlville
and elsewhere). In the siliceous beds of the Niagara group in the latter State
(Jones county), there is a small, ovate, often elongate variety, with the triloba-
tion rather faintly marked, and a quite distinct form in the rusty chert of the
same county, the latter a subquadrate shell, very broad across the cardinal
region, with nearly straight, parallel lateral margins, very full and prominent
umbo, distinctly trilobate surface, the median lobe being divided by a linear
axial groove on both valves. This is so well defined a shell and so distinctively
local in its value that it may receive the varietal designation subredus.
With all these variations in exterior there are some slight differences in the
interior structure. A concave deltidium is sometimes retained, and a faint
FrG. 1G9. Fig. 170. Fig. 171. Fiu. Xli.
Fig. 169. Peniamerus oblongus, Sow e\hy. A tiansverse section, showing the septa. (C.)
Figs. 170, 171. Transverse sections ol' the sejita of Pentamenis oblongus. Fig. 170 shows the septum of the pedicle-
valve and the enclosure of its bate by the shell-substance of the valve. Fig. 171 is an enlargement of
the septa of the brachial valve, and shows a thin coating of testaceous matter upon the inner faces of
the ]>rismatic walls. (C.)
Fig. 17-. Pentamerus cylindricus, Ilall. A transverse section, showing the septa. (C.)
lobation of the apical end of the spondylium is the sole evidence of a cardinal
process. The depth of the spondylium and septa varies Avith the convexity of
* Descriptions of New Sjiecies of Fossils, p. 85, pi. ix, fig-. 1. 1859.
BRACHIOPODA. 239
the valves ; usually, however, the septa of the brachial valve are very short
and rest upon the inner surface of the shell. It sometimes happens that
these septa unite before reaching the inner surface, and the spondylium
thus formed is supported by a very low axial septum. This is the case in the
original specimen of P. bisinuatus, McChesney, and in the Wisconsin shell refer-
red to that variety by Whitfield.* It is more conspicuously developed in the
Iowa shell which has just been mentioned as P. oblongus, var. subredus, and it
serves to confirm the varietal character of that form. It has been already
observed that the union or independence of these dorsal septa in the genera
Anastrophia and Parastrophia can be regarded as a feature of only secondary
importance. In the later pentameroids it will be found that the difference
becomes fixed and of more positive significance, but in the Silurian shells it is
still a variable feature, but not of usual occurrence. At times an exceedingly
faint obsolescent radial plication of the exterior is observable in P. oblongus, and
this feature is also occasionally apparent in P. pergibbosus, Hall and Whitfield,
and more noticeable in P. occidentalis, Hall, of the Guelph fixuna of the Province
of Ontario, and of the Niagara fauna of Ohio and Wisconsin.!
* Geoldgy of Wisconsin, vol. iv, p. 290, pi. xvii, fig'. 3. IM82.
t The shells which are cuvi'enlly refeneii to Pentamerus pergibbosus also vary noi a little among them-
selves, and it would be no ditticult matter to accjuire a series of foims to demonstrate that this is but another
extreme of development which has originated in P. oblongus. The originals of P. pergibbosus from the
Niagara dolomites of Darke county, Ohio, are rather small shells with long, oblique caidinal slopes, nar-
row umbones and very deep valves. In the limestones about Milwaukee shells of this character attain
great size, and in the chert of Jones county, Iowa, occurs a very small shell which cannot be separated from
this species by any decisive chai'acters.
Mr. Whitfield has figured J as one of the variations of P. oblongus, a gibbous shell from the upper
coral beds of the Niagara gi-oup at Ashford, Wisconsin ; a similar, though persistently smaller shell
abounds in the dolomites of the Maquoketa region near Dubuque, and at Hopkinton, Iowa. The latter has
been generally identified as P. pergibbosus. It is, however, (luite a diti'erent shell fi-om that occiiring in
Darke county, Ohio, its fnll, rotund valves, tiroad aci-oss the cardinal region, producing an expression dis-
tinct from that of P. pergibbosus, while the suggestion of trilobation of the sui-face which is shown on all the
specimens examined, indicates ils nearer relations to P. oblongus; as a cori-ected identiticalion of this shell,
the name P. oblongus, var. Maquoketa, is suggested. It is observed above that the variety of P. oblongus,
prevailing in Ohio (var. bidnuatus), is represented with extreme rarity among the Clinton shells of New
York. Similarly, the variety Maquoketa is known to occur on this side of the Mississippi only, in the Wis-
consin locality cited. On Plate LXVIII, figure 13, there is given a figure of a shell of great size, probably
from Indiana, which is nearer to this than to any other form of P. oblongus.
The diflferences between P. pergibbosus and the P. occidentalis. Hall, from the Giielph fauna are also
obscure. The latter has the cardinal slopes very broad, the axial slopes flattened or depressed and the
} Op. cit., pi. xvii, figs. 8, 9.
240 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
It is evident from the foregoing remarks that Pentamerus is an exceedingly
plastic type, and its duration is essentially the same in all countries. Davidson
finds P. oblongus restricted to the lower and upper Llandovery rocks. In the
Baltic Provinces of Russia the species P. borealis, von Eichwald, a shell very
similar to that variety of P. oblongus, here termed subredus, occurs in agglom-
erations (Borealis-bank) like those of P. oblongus in the Clinton limestone, at a
low horizon in the upper Silurian. Above this is the zone of P. Esthonus,
another form very close to P. oblongus. In Scandinavia, P. oblongus is found in
a higher horizon, which corresponds more nearly with its occurrence in the
Niagara dolomites of the interior States. P. Samojedicus, Keyserling, from
the Petschora-land is still another smooth species from a corresponding
horizon.
shell subquadrate in transverse section. The surface, in the usual preservation of the shell, has sti-ong con-
centric, often squamous growth-lines and distinct traces rf radiating plications. It is doubtful if these
plications were ever strongly developed, and in any considerable collection of sjiecimens it is easy to
demonstrate the gradation of this species from P. peryibhosus. In association with this shell at Guelph
there occurs an undescribed species of a well-defined Conchidiom, not unlike the plicated shell referred
by Whitfikld (op. cit., p. 314, pi. xxiii, figs. 1, 2,) to P. ocddentalis.
BRACHIOPODA. 241
Genera (l)BARRANDELLA, nom. propos. ; (2) P E N T A M E R E L L A,
Hall, 18o7; (3) SIEBERELL A, (Ehlert, 1887; (4) GYPIDUL A,
Hall, 1867.
PLATES LXXI, LXXII.
(3) 1827. Atrypa, Dalman. Kongl. Vetenskaps. Acad. Handlingar, p. 180.
(3) 1834 Terebratula, von Buch. Uebei' Terebi-ateln.
(3) 1839. Atrypa. J. de C. Sowkrby. Silurian System, jil. xii. fig. 4.
(1) 1839. Atrypa, J. de C. Sowerbt. Silurian System, pi. xiii, fig. 8.
(2) 1841. Atrypa, Conrad. Geol. Survey N. Y. ; Ann. Rept. Palseont. Dept., p. 55.
(3) 1S43. Terebratula, A. Roemer. V'erstein. des Harzgebirges, p. 19, pi. xii, fig. 25.
(3) 1845. Pentamerns, de Vernkuil. Geologie de la Ru.ssie, etc , vol. ii, p. 120, pi. viii, figs. 'ia-g.
(I) 1818. PentameriLS, Davidson and dk Vernkuil. Bull. Soc. Geol. de France, second .ser., vol. v,
pp. 333, 346
(4) 1852. Atrypa, Owkn. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa ami Minnesota, p. 583, pi. iiiA, tig. 4.
(1) 1852. Pentamerus, Hall. Paleontology of New York, vol. ii, y. 81, pi. xxiv, tigs. 1 a-d.
(2) 1857. Pentameras, Ki.LL. Tenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 120, tigs. 1-10.
(1) 1857. Petitainerun, Billings. Rept. Piog. Geol. Survey of Canada, p. 29(5.
(3) 1857. Pentamerits, Hall. Tenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 105, tigs. 1-3.
(t) 1858. Pentamerus, K. Schmidt. Silur. Format. Rsllands ; Archiv fiir Naturkunde, vol. ii, p. 212.
(4) 1858. Pmtaiiierux. Hall. Geology of Iowa, vol. i, pt. 2, p. 514, pi. vi, figs. 2 a-c.
(3) 1859. Pentaiiurua, Hall. Palajontology of New York, vol. iii, p. 257, pi. xlvi, tigs. I a-z ; pi. xlvii,
tigs. 1 a-m.
(3) 1859. PentameriU!, von Eichwalu. Lelhaea rossica, vol. i, pi. xxxv. tigs. 19, 20.
(1) 1860. Pentame)-us, Lind,str6ji. Ofversigl kongl. Veten. Acad. Forhandl., p. 365, pi. xii, tig. 6.
(2) 1860. Pentamerus, Spirifer, Hall. Thirteenth Ann. Rept, N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 86, 90.
(3) 1860. Pentamerus, F. Roemkr. Silur. Fauna des westl. Tennessee, p. 73, pi. v, fig. 11.
(1) 1861. Pe«ia(ftCT?i.s, Hall. Rept. Pi-ogre^s Geolog. Survey Wisconsin, p. 2.
(1) 1863. PertinMerii-s, Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 316, fig. 327.
(3) 1865. Pentamerus, Winchell and Marcy. Mem, Boston .Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 94, pi. ii, tig. 11.
(1) 1866. Pe«/ame?'?<5, Billings. Catalogue Silurian Fos.sils Anlicosti, p. 45.
(4) 1866. Pentamerus, Meek and Worthen. Geol. Survey Illinois, vol. ii, p. 325.
(1) 1867. Peutamtrus, Davidson. British Siluiian Brachiopoda, p. 149, pi. xvii, tigs. 11-14.
(1) 1867. Pentaintrus (Pcntaiiterella), Hall. Twentieth Ann. Rept. N. Y. Stat<' (^ab. Nat. Hist.,
p. 374, pi. xiii, tigs. 18-21.
(2) 1867. Pentamerella, Hall. Paheontology of New York, vol. iv, pp. 373, 375-379, pi. Iviii,
figs. 1-21, 24-43.
(3) 1:67. Pentaiuerus, Davidson. British Silurian Brachiopoda, p. 145, pi. xv, figs. 13-23.
(4) 1867. Gypklula, Hall. Paleontology of New Y'ork, vol. iv, pp. 373, 380, 381, pi. Iviii, figs. 22, 23 ;
\i\. Iviii a, figA. 1-8.
(4) 1868. Pentamerus, Meek and Worthen. Geological Survey of Illinois, vol. iii, pp. 428, 429, pi. xiii,
tigs. 5, 6.
(1) 1871. Pentamerus, Quenstedt. Pelrefactenkunde Deutschlands ; Brachioiioden, p. 222, pi. xliii,
figs 44, 45.
(1) 1875. Pentamerus, Hall aiul Whitfield. Paleontology of Ohio, vol. ii, p. 13S, pi. vii, tigs. 7, 8.
(3) 1878. PentameriLS. Kaysbr. Abhandl. zur geol. Specialkarte von Preussen, etc.. Bud. 2, Heft 4,
pp. 156-159, pi. xxvii, figs. 1-9, 13.
(4) 1878. Gypldula, Calvin. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey of the Terr., vol. iv, p. 730.
(1) 1S70. Pe?i/rt»ifr«s, CTormffa, Barkande. Sysleme Silurien, vol. v, pis. xxii, xxiv, cxix, cxxxviii.
(1)
:882.
(1)
1882.
(3)
1883.
(4)
1884.
(1)
1887.
(3)
1887.
242 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
(3) 1879. Pentamerus, Bakkandb. SystSme Sihnien, vol. v, pis. xx, xxi, xxiii, Ixxvii, Ixxviii, Ixix,
cxvi, cxvii, cxviii, cxix.
Pentamtnis, Hall. Eleventh Ann. Rept. State Geologist Indiana, p. 299, pi. xxvii, tig. 15.
Peiitamerus, Whitfield. Geology of Wisconsin, vol. iv, p. 291, pi. xvii, figs. 11-13.
Pentameriis, Davidson. Biitisii Silurian Brachiopoda, Suppl., p. 164, pi. ix, figs. 25, a.
Gypidula, Walcott. Monogr. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. viii, p. 159-161, pi. iii, figs. 4, 7;
pi. xiv, fig. 15 ; pi. XV, fig. 5.
AntirhyncJionella, Q5hlert. Fischer's Manuel de Conchyliologie, p. 1311.
SiehereUa, (Ehlert. Fischer's Manuel de Conchyliologie, j). 1311.
(1) 1889. Pentamerus, Nbttblhoth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, p. 1)4, pi. xxiii, figs. 12-14.
(3) 1889. Pentamerus, Neitelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, jip. 59, 63, pi. xxvii, figs. 25-27;
pi. xxxiii, figs. 25-29, 31-33.
(1) 1892. Pentamerus, R. Etheridge, Jr. Pentameridae of New South Wales; Records Geol. Survey
N. S. W., vol. iii, pt. 3, p. 52, pi. xi, figs. 5-9.
(4) 1892. Pentainerus, Whiteaves. Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology, vol. i, p. 290.
The elongate, subequally biconvex pentameroids being restricted to the
divisions above discussed, there remains to be considered the large group of
galeatiform shells which are characterized by their usually small size, inequal
convexity, and deep, overarching pedicle-valve. A typical representative of
this variable and undoubtedly heterogeneous group is the well-known
Atrypa {Pentamerus) galeata, Dalman. These are the fossils embraced in
UE Verneuil's grouping as " Pentamerus avec sinus," all having a median sinus
more or less strongly developed. Two divisions of the first order may be based
upon the position of this sinus, namely, those having it (1) on the pedicle-valve,
and (2) on the brachial valve. In the former division belong such species as
P. fornicatus, Hall, and P. Areyi, sp. nov., of the Clinton group; P. linguifer, Sow-
erby, and P. ventricosus, Hall, of the later Silurian, as well as shells which have
been referred to the Devonian subgenus, Pentamerella {P. arata, Conrad, P. dubia,
Hall, etc.). With the latter division we may place P. galeatus, Dalman, P. nuc-
leus, P. pseudogaleatus, Hall, P. (Sieberella) Sieberi, von Buch, etc , of the Silurian,
and the various species of the subgenus Gypidula (G. comis, Owen, G. l(zviuscula,
Hall, G. Romingeri, sp. nov.). This grouping might form a very convenient
arrangement of these species, were the field clear of generic terms, but in each
group designations of unequal value have been introduced, based upon varia-
tions in other respects than contour alone. The Devonian members of each
group develop with more or less distinctness a striated cardinal area and small
and convex deltidial plates, with some accompanying variation in the character
BRACHIOPODA. 243
of the internal septal plates. These divisions will ])e considered more at
length.
(A). Galeatiform peniameroids bearing the fold on the brachial valve and the sinus
on the pedicle-valve.
Among the Silurian shells of this group there are two types of exterior, one
plicated {P.fornicatus, P. Areyi, of the Clinton group), and the other smooth
(P. linguifer, P. ventricosus, of the Wenlock-Niagara). Tiiere is, however, little
Fig. 173. Fio. nt.
Fig. 173. Pentamerus { Barranddla) linguifer. Transverse section near the anterior extremitj- nf tlio median sep-
tum in tlie pedicle-valve; showing the form of the spondylia. Ic.)
Fig. 174. Pentamerus {Barrandetla) JSarrandii, Billings- A transvers"? section in front of the termination of the
median septum of the pedicle-valve; showing the form of the spondylium in both valves, and the
coalescence of the septa in the (lower) brachial valve. (c.)
if any difference in internal structure. Davidson has shown* that P. linguifer
bears a short spondylium in the pedicle-valve, supported only at its posterior
surface, the free extension being produced forward and upward into the cavity
of the opposite valve ; and, also, that the crural plates of the brachial valve are
convergent. The accompanying transverse section of this shell shows that
these plates are concave on their outer surfaces and are supported by conver-
gent septa uniting as they reach the valve and leaving but a single median line
of union on its surface. With very slight variation in the degree of conver-
gence of the last-named plates the same structure exists in the P. ventricosus, of
the Niagara dolomites, a shell whose differences from P. linguifer it may be
difficult to establish.! In the strongly plicated Clinton species, P. Areyi, the
internal structure varies in having, so far as known, a well developed spon-
* Silurian Brachiopoda, pi. xvii, fig. 14 6.
t This remark refers to the normally smooth shell which served as the type of the species. There is,
however, a variation closely associated with P. ventricosus, both structurally and in its occurrence, which
has low plications on fold and sinus, though the lateral slopes are smooth. Figures of this form are given
on Plate LXXI.
244 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
dylium in the brachial valve supported by a single axial septum. Pentamerus
fornicatus is a small shell with a few broad, obscure plications, the most con-
spicuous lying in the sinus of the pedicle-valve. The whole expression of its
exterior is very similar to P. Barrandii, Billings, from the Anticosti series,
though the latter is an elongate and much larger shell, interesting in having
the sinus and fold, in immature growth-stages, on pedicle- and brachial valves
respectively, but reversing this arrangement at maturity. This reversion is,
however, to some extent illusory and need not affect the association of the
species with P. fornicatus ; it is essentially due to the plication in the sinus of
the immature pedicle-valve, which, after middle growth, fills up, and entirely
obliterates the sinus itself; the effect in the mature shell being intensified by
the corresponding development of the axial furrow on the immature fold of the
opposite valve.
A peculiar internal character of all these shells is the series of strong
vascular, or ovarian sinuses, which radiate from the umbonal region of the
pedicle-valve. These are complicated with the undefined diductor scars and
are therefore to a certain extent of muscular origin. In Pentamerus fornicatus
these are highly developed and produce strong ridges on the casts of the valve;
while in P. ventricosus they are more numerous and much finer. In P. linguifer
the character of the inner surface of the valves has not been described, but in
transverse sections we find evidence that these sinuses were highly developed.
It was for similarly ridged internal casts that Barrande proposed the generic
term Clorinda (C. armata, Etage G, type ; C. ancillans, Etage E), both his
species being pentameroids which in external form were probably not unlike
P. linguifer.
No name has been introduced which can be appropriately employed as a
designation for this group of species typified by Pentamerus linguifer, Sowerby.
QLhlert* has given to the term Antirhynchonella, Quenstedt, 1871, a value
which would justify its use in this case were it not that the French author has
evidently misinterpreted the original application of this name, which was inci-
dentally suggested for such pentameroids as have the position of the median
* Fisohbr's Manuel de Conchy liologie, p. 1311.
BRACHIOPODA. 245
fold and sinus the reverse of that in Rhynchonella.* It is therefore proposed
to designate them by the term Barrandella.
The term Pentamerella, Hall (1867), embraces, in a broad sense, the Devo-
nian representatives of the same type of exterior, though the latter present
some structural differences. The shells are of larger size than those of
Barrandella and strongly plicate, possessing a very narrow cardinal area, an
elongate pseudo-area, and incipient deltidial plates. The median septum on the
interior of the pedicle-valve is very short, and at times is altogether absent.
In the brachial valve the crural plates and supporting septa form a distinct
spondylium which is broadly sessile on the surface of the valve. The typical
form of this division is the Atrypa arata, Conrad, a shell which abounds in the
Schoharie grit and Corniferous limestone, and with it have been associated
these other Devonian species: P. Pavilionensis, Hall,f of the Hamilton group,
P. dubia, Hall, P. micula and P. obsolescens, Hall, from the middle Devonian
faunas of Iowa. All of these shells have the ovarian surface of the pedicle-
valve strongly pitted.
(B). Galeatiform pentameroids having the fold on the pedick-valve and the sinus on
the brachial valve.
Here we meet with a nearly parallel development to that observed among
the Barrandellas and Pentamerellas. In external character there is a greater
uniformity as the shells are almost invariably plicated and the typical contour
is subjected to but very slight variation. The Silurian shells which pass
under the name of Pentamerm galeatus, Dalman, have a very considerable
"^ Petiefactenkuinie Deutschlanda ; Biachiopoden, p. 231. The term as here employed is simply, the
" Antirhynchonella-," but in the index (p. 727) the Latin form of the name is used. If any species can be
taken as typical of Antikhtnchonella, it is the ConchicUum teimistriatus, Walmstedt, mentioned in imme-
diate connection with the sinijle use of this name, and noi{Pentamerus linguifer, which is cited by Quexstedt
as an illustration of the fact that the position of fold and sinus in the pentamei-oids is sometimes the same
as in the Rhynchonellas. Antikhynchonella if adopted would be simply synonymous with CoxCHiDinM.
t It is often difficult to make a satisfactory distinction between the Hamilton shell and P. arata. The
latter is quite variable, the typical form from the grits and limestones having' rather broad ami shallow
valves and comparatively few, strongly dichotomous ribs. Specimens from the grits are frequently much
larger, sometimes very arcuate and tinely i-ibbed. The form prevailing in the Hamilton shales has fewer
and more simple ribs and is rarely so large as P. arata. By a typographical error in the original desci-ip-
tion of this shell the name has come into use as P. 'papillcmensi.t. We take this opportunity of coi'i-ecting it
to Pavilionen.'iis, the current form being meaningless.
246 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
development of the median septum of the pedicle-valve, while the spondylium
is moderately long, and is free for fully two-thirds its length. In the brachial
valve of typical examples from the Gotland and Wenlock limestones no spon-
dylium is formed ; the septa supporting the crural plates resting directly on the
Fig. 175. Fig. 176.
Fig. 175. Trnnsveiso section of Peniamerus {Sieberella) galeatua, near the beaks, the pedicle valve Ijeing uppermost;
allowing the discrete septa of tlie brachial valve. {c.)
Fig. 176. Pentamerus (Sieberella) Sieberi, von Buch. Transverse section, showing the form of the spondylia.
(C.)
surface of the valves. To what extent the latter feature varies among the
European Silurian specimens of this species we do not know, but in the
American representatives of this type of structure, the variability in devel-
opment of these crural plates is very apparent, and confirms the opinion
already expressed, that the union or independence of the septa of the
brachial valve is not a feature of generic importance. There are two American
shells which are currently referred to this species ; the one from the Lower
Helderberg fauna of New York has the closest similarity to the English shells in
all points of structure, and in this one the septa in question invariably remain
independent. A smaller shell also occurs in the Upper Silurian fauna of Perry
county, Tennessee, which derives its name from an early identification by the
late Professor Ferdinand Roemer.* In this shell, however, these septa appear
to be frequently, if not invariably, convergent, forming a spondylium resting
upon a median septum. In view of this and similar evidence which has already
been cited, it seems impossible to follow OEhlert, who has proposed to restrict,
under the generic name Sieberella,| shells of this type in which these plates
are united and supported. This name has been based upon the species P. Sieberi,
von Buch, a shell which abounds in the Bohemian Etage FJ and in the Hercyn-
* Die Silurische Fauna des westlichen Tennessee, p. 73, pi. v, fig. 11.
t In Pischer'.s Manuel de Conchy liologie, p. 1311. 1887.
t Barrandb, Syst^me Silurien, vol. v, pis. xxi, Ixxvii-lxxix, cxviii, cxix.
BRACHIOPODA. 247
ian of the Hartz Mountains,* resembling P. galeatus in contour though some-
what shorter and more sharply costated. If the significance of this variability
be restricted to a specific or even more subordinate value, we shall have a group
of Silurian shells essentially equivalent to Barrandella, comprising such species
as P. galeatus, P. Roemeri, nom. propos. (= P. galeatus, Roemer, op. cit.), P. nucleus.
Hall, P. u?iiplicatus, Nettelroth, P. Sieberi, von Buch. All these shells are without
evidence of cardinal area or deltidial plates, have the plication of the surface
more strongly developed upon fold and sinus, and agree in the internal structure
of the pedicle-valve. As the designation Sieberella has been brought into use
for one of these species, we may take the liberty of broadening its significance
by basing it upon more stable characters than those selected by its author, and
applying the term to all shells of this type of structure, taking no account of
the specific variability in the internal structure of the brachial valve.
Typical Swedish and English Silurian specimens of Pentamerus (Sieberella)
galeatus possess a peculiar surface sculpture consisting of very fine, irregularly
anastomosing concentric lines, and, in rare instances, a similar character is pre-
served in the Lower Helderberg specimens of the same species. In regard to
the various shells from the Devonian that are referred to P. galeatus by the
European palasontologists, it may be suggested that they are less likely to
represent this specific type than to indicate the presence, in those faunas, of
shells referable to the Devonian genus Gypidula.
This group Gypidula, Hall, 1867, includes those galeatiform shells of the
second division which have a well-defined, true, cross-striated cardinal area,
and narrow, but erect or convex, incip-
ient deltidial plates. On the interior
the teeth are unusually strong, the
septum of the pedicle-valve very short,
the spondylium being free for most „ , ,P'^'JV' ■ ,-.
r %^ o PentameriLS [Gypidula) comis, Owen,
of its length. In the opposite valve a ..■ansver.o section in front or the short me.lian septum ..r
o r r the peihcle-valve; showing the form ol the spondyha.
the dental sockets are distinct, the "'•'
crural plates expanded nearly horizontally, being divided at their beginning
* Kayser, Abhaudl. zur geol. Specialkarte von Preussen, etc., Band 2, heft 4, p. 156, pi. xxvii,
figs. 1-9, 13. 1878.
248 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
by a narrow median cardinal process. The inner moiety of the crural plates
is deflected to a vertical or slightly divergent position, and in this form they
are produced anteriorly. These plates rest upon two broadly convergent septa
which unite with the valve making a sessile spondylium, wliich is acute at its
anterior extremity, and lies at, or in front of the center of the valve. The
character of this structure in the brachial valve is not variable in Gypidula.
The typical species of this genus is the Pentamerus occidentalis ( = P. comis,
Owen), from the middle Devonian of Iowa, a shell whicli is usually more or
less plicate, though these plications constantly show a tendency to obsolescence.
With it are to be associated the G. IcEvhiscula, Hall, a small, smooth species, G.
mundula, Calvin, also from the Iowa Devonian, G. subglobosa, Meek and Wor-
then, from the Hamilton fauna at Rock Island, Illinois; G. Romingeri, sp. nov., a
large, strongly plicate shell from the Hamilton fauna at Alpena, Michigan, and
G. Lotis, Walcott, from the " Upper Devonian, on the Avest side of Applegate
Canon, White Pine Mining District, Nevada."* The type was not one of long
duration, and appears to be altogether absent from the New York faunas.
Genus CAPELLINIA.f gen. nov.
PLATE I.XX.
Shells large, elongate subovate ; the relative size and convexity of the valves,
normal for Pentamerus, are here reversed, the brachial valve being the larger
and deeper, with full, strongly arcuate and incurved umbo and beak, the apex
of which is concealed within the delthyrium of the opposite valve. The
pedicle-valve has an acute suberect beak which is not arched posteriorly, but
rises directly from the cardinal margins. Below it is a broad delthyrium with-
out evidence of deltidial plates ; there is no hinge-line, but the margins of the
delthyrium make subacute angles with the lateral margins of the valve. Car-
dinal slopes very broad and abrupt. The surface of the pedicle-valve is flat-
tened above, while that of the brachial valve is evenly and deeply convex ; it
also shows a tendency to trilobation or obscure radial plication. The arrange-
* Palfeontology of the Eureka District, p. 161, pi. iii, fig-. 9.
t Dedicated to Cav. Giovanni Capellini, Pi-ofessor in Bologna and Senator of tiie Kingdom of Italy ; iu
recog-idtion of his scientific achievements, and in gi-atefu! recollection of a personal friendship of many years.
BRACHIOPODA. 249
ment of the internal septa and spondylium is the same as in Penfamerus oblcmgus,
except that the supporting septa of the brachial valve are higher and more
nearly vertical.
Type, Capellinia mira, sp. nov. Niagara dolomites of Wisconsin.
Observations. This remarkable shell is virtually a Pentamerus oblongm in
which the relative convexity of the valves is reversed and this reversion car-
ried to a great extreme. The single species observed, which has not before
been described, has been studied from a number of examples obtained from the
dolomites of Niagara age, in the vicinity of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and loaned
for study and use in the preparation of this volume by T. A. Greene, Esq., of
that city. It has not been observed elsewhere. These reversed shells have
afibrded no evidence that a normal relation of the valves existed in early
growth-stages, and in this respect they differ from the reversed shells of the
genus Anastrophia.
Genus STRICKLANDINIA, Billings. (1863)1859.
PLATE LXXin.
1839. Spirifer Atrypa, J. de C. Sowerby. Silurian System, pi. xxi, figs 3, 21; i)l. xxii, fig. 6.
1846. Spirifer, McCoy. Silurian Fos?ils of Ireland, p. 37, pi. iii, fig-. 24.
184S. Spirifer, de Vernedil. Bull. See. Geo!. France, second ser., vol. v, p. 347.
1852. Spirifer. H.^ll. Palaeontology of N. Y., vol. ii, p. 66, pi. xxii, fig. 3.
1859. PeiitamiruK, Salter. Murchison's Siluria, .second ed., pp. 100, 230, figs. 1, 3.
18.59. Stricklandia, Billings. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. iv, p. 132-135.
1861. Stricklandia, Billing.s. Cana<lian .Journal, vol. vi, p. 265.
1862. Stricklandia, Billing.s. Palaeozoic Fossil.s, vol. i, p. 84.
1863. Stricklandia, Billings. Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 114.
1863. Stricklandinia, Billings. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. viii, p. 370.
1866. Stricklandinia, Billings. Catalogue Silurian Fossils of Anticosti, p. 45.
1867. Stricklandinia, Hall Twentieth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 160.
1867. Stricklandinia, Hall. Pateontology of N. Y., vol. iv, p. 369.
1867. Stricklandinia, Davidson. British Silurian Bi-aehiopoda, pp. 157-163, pi. xix, figs. 13-23; pi. xx,
figs. 1-13.
1868. Stricklandinia, Billings. Geological Magazine, vol. v, p. 59, pi. iv.
1870. Stricklandinia. Meek and Worthen. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. xiv, second ser.,
p. 37.
1874. Stricklandinia, BiLiASGS. Palfeozoic Fossils, vol. ii, pp.78, 81, 83, fig. 49; pp. 84-89, pi. vi,
figs. 1, 2 ; pi. vii, figs. I, 4.
1875. Stricklandinia, Meek and Worthen. Geol. Survey of Illinois, vol. vi, p. 502, pi. xxiv, fig. 5.
1876. Stricklandinia, White Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. vi, third ser., p. 30.
1877. StricMandinia, Whitfield. Annual Rept. Geol. Survey of Wisconsin, p. 81.
1880. Stricklandinia, Dawson. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. ix, second ser., p. 341.
250 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
1880. Stricklandinia, White. Pi-oc. U. S. National Museum, p. 48.
1882. Stricklandbiia, Whitfield. Geology of Wisconsin, vol. iv, p. 315, pi. xxiii, figs. 3-5.
1883. Stricklandlnia, Davidson. British Silurian Bi-aRhiopoda, Suppl., pp. 164, 166, pi. ix, figs. 1-5.
1884. Strlcklandinia, Kiesow. Ueber Silur. nnd Devon. Geschiebe Westprenssens, p. 51, pi. iii, fig. 7.
1889. Strlcklandinia, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, pp. 64, 65, pi. xxxiv, figs. 31-34.
1889. Stricklandinia, Foerstb. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xxiv, p. 321, pi. v, figs. 1-4.
1890. Stricklandinia, Gaoel. Brachiop. derCamb und Silur. Geschiebe Im Diluv. der Provinz. Ost-
und WestpTttussen, pp. 61, 62, pi iv, figs. 9, 10.
" Generic Characters. Shell usually large, elongate-oval, transversely-oval
or circular ; in some species with a straight hinge-line, more or less extended ;
valves nearly equal, varying from depressed convex to strongly convex ; a
short mesial septum in the interior of the ventral valve, supporting a small,
triangular chamber beneath the beak, as in Penlamerus ; in the dorsal valve two
very short or rudimentary socket plates, which in some species bear prolonged
calcified processes for the support of the serrated arms. Both valves with an
area, that of the ventral valve the largest, the dorsal area sometimes incurved
over the ventral, and concealing it wholly or in part.
" No muscular impressions have as yet been clearly observed in the ventral
valve, but in the dorsal there are two oblong or subovate scars a little below
the beak, one on each side of the median line. * * * The surface
is usually coarsely and rather irregularly covered with radiating ridges, some-
times nearly smooth." (Billings, Palaeozoic Fossils, vol. ii, pt. i, p. 78, 1874.)
Type, Stricklandinia Gaspmsis, Billings. Middle Silurian.
These pentameroids are principally remarkable for the unusual development
of the cardinal areas of both valves in the larger and more typical species, and
the straight orthoid hinge in the earlier and smaller members of the group.
The combination of such features with an internal chambered structure is not
of frequent occurrence among these genera. In Pentamerella and Gypiddla
the definition of the cardinal area of the larger valve is generally obscure and
its delimitation in these species may be regarded as occasional or spasmodic.
In Stricklandinia* this feature is sharply defined on both valves, and so
persistent is it that we look for the origin of this combination, not among the
various pentameroids which have just passed in review, but to the small,
transverse shells of the early faunas to which the term Syntrophia has been
* The name originally used by Mr. Billings for these shells was Stkicklandia, but this he withdrew, as
the term had been used for a genus of fossil plants, and proposed in its place the tei-m Stricklandinia.
BRACHIOPODA. 251
applied (type, Triplesia lateralis, Whitfield, of the Calciferous fauna). Some of
these early species were described as Stricklandinia by Billings {S. Arachne
and (S. Arethusa, from the Quebec group), but the author subsequently expressed
his conviction that they represented a distinct type of generic structure. (Pal-
aeozoic Fossils, vol. ii, pt. i, p. 89.)
Some writers have assumed as the typical representative of Billings' genus
the species Alrypa or Pentamerus lens, Sowerby, an elongate shell of considerable
size, from the Llandovery faunas, and allied in form and the general smooth-
ness, or faint ribbing of its exterior, to the American species S. Davidsoni,
Billings. Though the English species is mentioned frequently in the original
discussion of the genus, we may feel more secure in the interpretation of the
author's intentions by assuming as the type, the form first described by him,
S. Gaspensis, a very large and strongly plicated shell with all the characteristic
features positively developed.
On the brachial valve of this genus the short dental plates, at their inner
angles, bear long crural processes. Though the expanded portions of these
dental plates do not unite as in Amphigenia to form a hinge-plate, yet the
development of the crura and the abbreviation of the median septa suggest
analogy with the latter genus rather than with Pentamerus, Conchidium, etc.
Stricklandinia is represented in the American Palaeozoic by the following spe-
cies : S. Gaspensis, S. brevis, S. Anticostiensis, S. Davidsoni, S. Salteri and S. Melissa,
all described by Billings, from the middle Silurian faunas of Canada ; the last
of these being a smooth shell, probably the same as that described from the
Niagara dolomites of Illinois, under the name S. deformis, by Meek and Wor-
then.* Besides these are S. Canadensis, Billings, from the Clinton group of
the Province of Ontario, S. castellana, White, and S. muUilirata, Whitfield, from
the Niagara dolomites of Iowa and Wisconsin.
* Geolojiical Survey of Illinois, vol. vi, p. 502.
252 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Genus AMPHIGENIA, Hall. 1867.
PLATES LXXIU, LXXIV.
1842. Ptntamerm, Vanuxem. Geology of N. Y. ; Rept. Third Dist., p. 131, fig. 1.
1843. Pentamertis, Hall. Geology of N. Y. ; Rept. Fourth Dist. ; Tablp of Organic Remains.
1857. Meganteris, Hall. Tenth Ami. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 123, figs. 1, 2.
1859. lieiisselwria, Hall. Twelfth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 38.
1859. EensselcBi-ia, Hall. Palaeontology of N. Y., vol. iii, p. 453.
18t)l. Stricklandinia, Billikgs. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. vi, p. 267, figs. 91, 92.
1863. Stricklandinia, Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 371, fig. 390.
1867. Amphigenia, Hall. Twentieth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 163.
1867. Amphigenia, Uki.h. Palteontology of N. Y., vol. iv, pp. 374, 382-381, iil Iviii a, figs. 21-37;
pi. lix, figs. 1-11.
18tJS. Stricklandinia, Meek and Worthbn. Geological Survey of Illinois, vol. iii, p. 402, pi. viii, tig. 1;
pi. ix, fig. 5.
1874. Amphigenia, Billings. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. vii, second ser., p. 240.
1879. Amphigenia, Ratubun. Proc. Boston Society Nat. Hist., vol. xx, p. 34.
1885. .47«.p7«i(/«j?a.*, CEhlert. Annales des Sciences Nntarellpp, vol. xii, p. 8 (author's ed.). pi. xii,
figs. 6, 6 ; jil. xiii, figs. 7-9.
" Shells inequivalved, oval, ovoid or rectangular, more or less convex or gib-
bous, without mesial fold or sinus. Valves articulating by teeth and sockets,
without area. The dental lamellae in the ventral valve conjoined on their
dorsal [ventral] sides, forming an angular trough or pit, which opens exteriorly
by a triangular fissure beneath the beak, and in its anterior extension is sup-
ported on the central septum. Dorsal valve with a strong thickened cardinal
process or hinge-plate, bordered by the teeth sockets, anchylosed to the bottom
of the valve and supporting the crura, which extend into the cavity of the shell.
" In all the specimens examined there is a foramen extending beneath the
hinge-plate, and ending in a perforation at the beak. The shell-substance is
distinctly punctate, and, in exfoliated specimens, presents a prismatic structure.
So far as known, the crura terminate in slender extensions, without appendage
of any kind." (Hall, loc. cit.)
Type, Pentamerus elongatus, Vanuxem. Corniferous limestone.
Amphigenia is a remarkable genus. Retaining the striking external contour
of Renssel^ria, a terebratuloid, its punctate shell-structure, and the same
arrangement of muscular scars, it differs from that genus in the persistent
development of a spondylium in the pedicle-valve, and of long, discrete crural
processes in the brachial valve. These differences are apparently slight, but
they involve important considerations, and are of themselves a demonstration
of the close genetic relation between the pentameroids and terebratuloids ; at
BRACHIOFODA. 253
the same time they seem, from the study of related genera, to represent a retro-
gression of the earlier Renssel^eria type, a consideration which is somewhat
fortified by the fact that Amphigenia, the earlier Renssel-eria type, appeared
abruptly in an enormous numerical development in the seas depositing the Upper
Helderberg limestones, and as abruptly disappeared with the cessation of those
deposits. During its existence the specific type of A. elongata scarcely varied.
To the generic diagnosis above given the following amplification in some
structural details may be added :
The prevailing form of the mature shell is elongate-ovoid, high shouldered,
broadest behind and sloping to a narrow and graceful curve anteriorly. This
is quite the same character of outline as that occurring in Rensselaria ovoides.
In young shells this prominence of the posterior portions is not attained, and
they have the sloping shoulders and general expression of the mature shells of
Newberria, a later and immediately succeeding genus. The obtuse median fold
on both valves at maturity is also less clearly defined in youth. The surface
is generally smooth with irregularly distant festoons or wrinkles of growth,
and distinct radiating striae may usually be seen, especially in young indi-
viduals.
The substance of the shell is impunctate on the surfiice. Beneath the epidermal
layer is another that is highly punctated ; within this, and apparently forming
the innermost lamina, is a third layer whose surface is minutely wrinkled, and
is very suggestive of the " Runzelschicht " of the ammonoid cephalopods.
In the pedicle-valve the spondyliuin is short and is distinctly formed by tlie
union of the dental lamellae with a medium septum. In Renssel-eria these
lamellae are highly developed, but are usually appressed against the lateral walls
of the valve, being free only at their anterior margins, while between them lies
the well-defined and longitudinally-divided muscular area. It is a natural
inference, therefore, that the muscles of Amphigenia were implanted on the spon-
dylium, and there is no evidence of scars elsewhere in this valve. As in Rens-
sel^ria, however, the vascular sinuses are visible on the post-lateral surfaces.
In the brachial valve the hinge-plate is not always perforated by the visceral
foramen, though it probably has been at some time in the history of the indi-
254 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
vidual. With .age it became filled up by adventitious deposits. The crura are
long, straight, inclining upward or toward the opposite valve and are expanded
at their extremities into palmate processes. The muscular scars in this valve
are sharply developed, forming together an elongate adductor area, clearly
divisible into an attenuate anterior pair and a broader posterior pair. The
former have about twice the length of the latter and are marked by trans-
verse, fine, closely-set wrinkles ; the latter are radiately and coarsely striate.
From the posterior termination of this area to beneath the hinge-plate extends
a broad, smooth sinus, from which is given off a pair of strong lateral branches,
which ramify over the genital area in the umbonal region. Thus, except in the
character of its crural processes, the structure of the brachial valve and the
indications in regard to the composition of the muscular system are identical
with those of Rensselcuria ovoides.
As already observed, the specific type of Amphigmia elongata varies little, if
at all, during the existence of the genus. A. elongata, var. curta, was described
by Meek and Worthen, from the beds at Jonesboro, 111., which have been
regarded as of the age of the Oriskany sandstone of New York, though con-
taining a number of Upper Helderberg types. Similarly, A. elongata has been
reported b}' Billings from the Oriskany fauna of Cayuga, Ontario, in which
there is even a larger representation of Upper Helderberg species. In the
New York faunas it appeared first in the Schoharie grit, where it is not com-
mon. In the Corniferous limestone it abounds in certain localities, especially
in the western part of the state, and with the close of the Upper Helderberg
it disappears.
The occurrence of fine, large and typical examples of the species in the
lower Devonian sandstones of the rivers Maecuru and Curua, Province of
Para, Brazil, has been noted by Rathbun (loc. cit.).
OEhlert has described as Amphigenia ? Bureaui, a large shell with smooth
exterior and small spondylium in the pedicle-valve, resting on the bottom of
the valve and not supported by a septum, as in A. elongata. This shell is from
the lower or middle Devonian of Montjean and Challones (Maine-et-Loire),
France.
BRACHIOPODA. 255
Genus RENSSEL^RIA, Hall. 1859.
PLATES LXXV, LXXVI, LXXVIl.
1832. Terehratula, Eaton. Geological Text-book, p. 45.
1839. Atrypa, Conhad. Geoloffical Survey of N. Y. ; Third Ann. Kept. Pal. Dept., p. 65.
1842. Atrypa, Conrad. Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. viii, p. 2G6, pi. xvi, fig. 17.
1842. Atrypa, Vanuxem. Geology of N. Y. ; Rept. Third Dist., p. 123, fig. 2.
1843. Atrypa, Hall. Geology of N. Y. j Rept. Fourth Dist., p. 148, tig. 2.
1843. Pentamerus, Castelnad. Essai sur le Syst. Silurien de I'Amer. Septen., p. 38, pi. xv, figs. 1, 2.
1844. Terebratida, F. Roemeb. Das I'hein. Uebergangsgebirge, p. 68, pi. i, figs. 6 a, 6.
1857. Meganterls, Hall Tenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 97-09, 101-103.
1858. Megantei-is, Rogers. Geology of Pennsylvania, vol. ii, pt. ii, p. 826, fig. 649.
1859. Rensselieria, Hall (partini). Twelfth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 39-41.
1859. Rensselmria, Hall. Palseontology of New York, vol. iii, pp. 254-2')6, 453-457, 461-464, pi. xlv,
figs. 2-4 ; pis. civ, cv, cviii.
1862. Atrypa, (Conrad) Hall. Fifteenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., i>I. xi, fig. 14.
1864. .* Rensselwria, Davidson. Monogr. British Devonian Braehiopoda, p. 10, pi. iv, figs. 5-7.
1870. Rejisselwria, Dall. American Journal of Conchology, vol. vi, p. 105.
1874. Rensselmrla, Billings. Palseozoic Fossils, vol. ii, p. 41, pi. iii, tigs. 7, 10.
1876. Rensselasria, F. Roemee. Lethtea Palaeozoica, pi. xxiii, fig. 5.
1882. ? Rensselmria, David.so.v. Suppl. Devonian Braehiopoda, p. 19, pi. i, figs. 20, 20 a.
Diagnosis. Shell oval or elongate-ovate in outline, subovoid in contour,
broadest posteriorly ; valves unequally convex, with a more or less distinct
median elevation on both. Cardinal slopes broadly flattened in the typical
species. Lateral margins compressed and often strongly intlectted.
Pedicle-valve with tuU, scarcely salient umbo; beak acute, incurved, with
terminal foramen. Beneath and on each side of the beak is a concave, sharply
defined space, but no proper cardinal area. Distinct deltidial plates divided by
a median suture may be present, but they are usually concealed by incurvature,
or atrophied by the encroachment of the umbo of the opposite valve.
On the interior the teeth are prominent but not thickened, widely divergent
and close within the margins of the valve. They are supported by stout dental
plates which rest for most of their length upon the bottom of the valve, but
are free along their posterior margins. These plates are closely appressed
against the lateral walls of the shell and become coalescent therewith in later
growth-stages. The muscular impression is restricted to the posterior portion
of the valve, covering a very narrow longitudinal area. Between the dental
plates at the bottom of the pedicle-cavity lies a narrow median scar, and in front
of this a very deep, elongate impression which is sometimes clearly divided
into central adductor scars embraced by the diductor impressions. This distinc-
256 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
tiou is usually lost, and only a median division by a slight longitudinal septum is
discernible. The entire area does not extend more than one-third the whole
length of the valve. Over the post-lateral slopes are numerous line, irregularly
ramifying genital sinuses.
The brachial valve is considerably the less convex and is often flattened.
The beak is minute and usually obscured by the overlapping pedicle-valve.
The hinge-plate is large, fiat, triangular, sometimes thin, often thickened on its
posterior portion and resting on the bottom of the valve. It is separated from
the lateral shell-walls by narrow dental grooves widening at their extremities.
Normally this plate appears to have been perforated by a visceral foramen
entering at the underside and opening at or beneath the apex of the beak.
This perforation is however frequently filled by adventitious deposits though
traces of it are discernible in the oldest shells, and in casts of the interior the
filling of the tube is often preserved. Tlie median portion of the plate, lying
between two vertical supporting lamellse resting on the bottom of the valve, is
preserved in the earliest and simpler species, but in the larger and later forms
of the genus, is frequently resorbed, giving the plate the appearance of being
composed of subtriangular, discrete lateral halves.
The crura are the continuation of the upper portions of the supporting septa.
Neither these nor the rest of the brachidium have been seen in the type species,
R. ovoides, of the Oriskany sandstone,* but in R. Marylandica, the crura are
broadened just beyond their base of attachment, and from their upper angles
are given off the jugal processes which are long, pointing upward and inward,
but not uniting. From the lower angles the descending arms take their origin,
following the curves of the valve, diverging for a short distance, thence abruptly
approaching, and uniting to form a broad elongate, acutely triangular plate,
which is not supported by a median septum, or otherwise connected with the
valve. From the middle of the posterior margin of the plate arises a small
rod-like process, which extends for a short distance upward toward the crura.
The entire length of the brachidium is nearly two-thirds that of the valve.
*The tigufes of the brachial supiiorts ascribed to R. ovoides in the Twelfth Report on the Slate Cabinet
of Natural History, p. 41, repiesent the siiecies -S. Marylandica, which at that ilate had not been sejiarated
from R. ovoides.
BRACHIOPODA. 257
The muscular area is less cleai'ly delimited than that of the opposite valve,
and its component scars are not often distinctly defined. It is, however, broader
and longer than on the pedicle-valve, and is divided transversely into anterior
and posterior adductor scars, the former being the larger, and their surface cov-
ered by branching lines radiating from a median longitudinal ridge. From the
narrow and somewhat elevated posterior extremities of this area extends a
broad median sinus, on either side of which arises a stout vascular trunk
bending backward and over the post-lateral slopes. Secondary branches are
given oflF from both its margins. These vascular markings of the genital region
are rarely well defined.
Surface of the shell distinctly plicated, with sparse concentric wrinkles near
the anterior margin. The radial lines may be fine or coarse, but no species is
known in which the surface is entirely smooth.*
Shell-substance punctated beneath the epidermal layer.
Type, Terebratula ovoides, Eaton. Oriskany sandstone.
Observations. The discussion of the genus Amphigenia has given occasion
to notice its close resemblance in form and various structural details to the
typical Renssel^ria, or properly, to the Rensselgerias most closely associated
with that genus in time. The existence of a spondylium in the one, and of a
terebratuloid brachidium in the other, are the distinctive differences in the
two groups.
A considerable number of species has been referred to the genus Rens-
seLjEria, but it seems necessary to remove some of them to other genera
on account of significant structural differences; and among those which
remain to Renssel^ria in this somewhat restricted sense, there are still some
variations of a chronological or developmental value. In the type species, R.
ovoides, we are dealing with a shell in which size, form and structural features
have been carried beyond the normal mature or acmic stage of phyletic devel-
opment. This becomes evident from a comparison with the earlier species
*The species R. IcBvis, Hall, from tlie Sliiily limestone of the Lower Heldeibei-g gioiip, was described
as having- a smooth exterior, and should this pioVe to be the fact the shell will probably prove not to belong
to this genus. Its interior is still unknown.
258 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
occurring in the Shaly limestone of tlie Lower Helderberg group, R. aquiradiata,
Conrad, R. elliptica, Hall, R. mutabilis, Hall, in all of which the form is tere-
bratuloid, the umbonal slopes very gradual, not full and squared, the beak of the
pedicle-valve prominent and suberect, exposing the undisturbed deltidial plates ;
while the muscular scars are but feebly developed. Similar characters are shown
in R. Cumberlandicz, of the Oriskany fauna at Cumberland, Maryland, where pre-
dominating species of this formation are associated with many Lower Helderberg
types. In R. Cayuga, sp. nov., of the later Oriskany of Ontario, the elongate-
oval form of the shell is maintained with close incurvature of the beaks and
inci'eased convexity of the brachial valve. The high-shouldered form and
linguate outline of R. ovoides, which it shares with Amphigenia, is also well
exemplified in R. Marylandica.
In the structure of its brachidium, Renssel^eria is very similar to Centro-
NELLA. This similarity has been frequently noticed and has been brought out
with especial emphasis by ^hlert in his demonstration of the brachial supports
of Te.rebratula Guerangeri, de Verneuil,* though we can not follow this author
in his reference of such plicated shells to the genus Centronella. This genus
bears upon the surface of the broad anterior plate a median ridge which projects
a little at each extremity ; in C. Julia, A. Winchell, this ridge becomes a promi-
nent vertical plate. There is, however, in these shells no posterior and upward
projection of the ridge, as in Renssel^ria. In the earlier and smaller forms of
RensseljERIA, the hinge-plate is thin and perforated by an oval foramen which
lies below the apex of the umbo. It is also distinctly divided by diverging
ridges at whose extremities originate the crura. This structure is precisely that
of T. Guerangeri, and in respect to the brachidium throughout there is no material
difference except in the lesser development of the anterior plate in the latter.
Rensselceria mutabilis, Hall, of the Lower Helderberg fauna, which is the
smallest known representative of the genus, frequently exhibits a primitive
condition of the brachidium in the imperfect coalescence of the lateral parts of
the anterior plate and the development of a median ridge upon its lower side.
* Note sui- Terebratula (Ceiiti'iinella) Guerangeri ; Bull, de la Soc. d'Etudes Scientif. d'Angers, 1883,
pp. 1-11, pis. i, ii.
BRACHIOPODA. 259
These features, which are shown in the figures herewith given, are accompanied
by a correspondingly primitive expression of the exterior, the form of the shell
being terebratuloid with the usual oblique cardinal slopes and regularly everted
i'JG. 178. Via. 179.
Loop of Iienssel(e7-ia miitnhilis. Hall.
Fig. 178. View from above; sliowinc; the perforatetl hinge- i)late anil the'sim()le irregular line of coalescence of the
lateral processes.
Fig. 179. View from in front; showin,? the iipwanl curvature of the anterior plate and the nieilian rifjgc on its under
surface. (c.)
Of the species which have been referred to RENSSELyEiiiA, R. Suessana, Hall,
from the Oriskany fauna of Maryland, and also known in the lower Oriskany
of the Hudson River valley, presents difference.-^ in form and structure suffi-
cient to render its association with R. ovoides unnatural and unsatisfactory.
These shells are lentiform in general contour ; moderately and subequally con-
vex ; both valves with an obscure and undefined median fold. The beak of the
pedicle-valve is prominent, never incurved sufficiently to conceal its deltidial
plates and foramen. The cardinal margin beneath the beak is flattened into a
well-defined pseudarea, and the short inflection of the margin beginning here
is continued along the lateral portion of the shell, where it meets a similar
marginal inflexion from the opposite valve. These produce the sharp introver-
sion of the lateral margins which is also one of the characteristics of the
genus Megalanteris.
The surface of the valves is covered with fine, hair-like radiating striae,
which often are visible only near the margins or at their thickened extremi-
ties on the inflexed portions of the shell.
On the interior the dental lamellae are short and do not rest upon the valve.
The hinge-plate is supported by two vertical septa, the median cleft and visce-
ral foramen are more or less obscured and with sometimes a bilobed callus in
260 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
its place. The brachidiuni haw long, straight jugal processes, the triangular
anterior plate in numerous specimens shows that the posterior rod-like process
from the median ridge of that plate extends upward almost to the crura, but
terminates abruptly and has no connexion whatever with the latter. To dis-
tinguish this peculiar modification of the RENSSEL^RiA-type, it is proposed to
adopt the subgeneric term, Beachia.* Rensselczria Suessana, so far as now
known, is its only representative.
With our present knowledge the genus Renssel^ria must be recognized as
the earliest and most primitive type of terebratuloid structure. That this
genus, and Centronella, together with the plicated group of Terebratula Guer-
angeri, and perhaps also, the plicated shells incompletely described by Waagen
as NoTOTHYRis, from the Permo-Carboniferous limestones, have had a common
origin must be regarded as beyond a reasonable doubt.
The simple loop in all of these forms is but the result of the coalescence of
the two lateral arms or extended crural processes ; and anything more simple
than the triangular loop of Renssel^eria would be only the discrete processes
of Amphigenia and the rhynchonelloids.
Renssel^ria appeared with the Lower Helderberg fauna and, in America,
disappeared with the Oriskany sandstone. The Terebrafula strigiceps, F. Roemer,
from the lower Devonian of Siegenf has been referred to this genus by Kayser,
and though the internal charactei s of this species have not been demonstrated,
its exterior endorses this interpretation. Elsewhere in Europe the existence
of RENSSELiERiA has not been satisfactorily established.
*It is with great satisfaction that I dedicate this iiilei'esting- g-eiieric form to the Hon. Allen CJ. Bbach,
of Watertown, N. Y., an earnest advocate and patron of science, who, while Lieutenant-Governor of the State
in 1870, recognized the importance of estalilishing the State Cabinet of Natural History as an organization
for the promotion of scientific- reseai'ch, as intended by its founders, and, with the aid of a few friends,
secui-ed the enactment of a law organizing the institution as the "State Museum of Natural History." The
purpose of this law was to carry into efl'ect the i-eccmmendation of the Legislature of 1866 : — to place that
organization "ui the condition required by the present state of science, and to maintain it in full efficiency
as a Museum of Scientific and Practical Geology and Comparative Zoology."
In this connection I recall with pleasure the interest taken in this matter by Hon. William F. Allen,
at that time State Compti-oUer, and afterwanls Judge of the Court of Appeals, who drew the form of this
bill and aideil in securing its passage by the Legislature.
t See also Quenstedt, Petrefactenk. Deutschlands ; Brachiopoden, p. 343. 1871.
BRACHIOPODA. 201
Genus NEWBERRIA, Hall. 1891.*
PLATE LXXVIII.
1867. Reiixxelccyia, Meek. Ti-ans. Chicag-o Acad. Sci., voL i, pt. i, p. 108, pi. viii, tif,'. 8 ; pL xiv, i\g. 4.
1867. RmsselcBHai Hall. Paheontology of New York, vol. iv, p. 385, pi. IviiiA, fig.s. 9-20.
1883. RensselcBria, Cl.\ypole. Prnc. American Philosophical Society, p. 235.
1891. Newberria, (Hall) Whitkaves. Contributions to Canadian Pal.-eontolofry, vol. i, pt. 3, p. 237,
pi. XXX, figs. 3, 4, 4 a.
1S91. Newherrin, Hall. Tonth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Geologist, pp. 91-99, pis. v, vi.
Diagnosis. Shell elongate-ovoid, having the general contour and external
aspect of RENSSELiERiA and Amphigenia, but without the strongly radiate-striate
surface prevailing in the former genus, and less strongly developed in the lat-
ter. The greatest convexity of the valves is in the umbonal region, or above
the middle of their length, and in some forms the surface is distinctly flattened
over the lateral slopes, leaving the median portion of the valves very promi-
nent and sometimes subangular. The cardinal and lateral margins are regular,
even and not inflected.
The pedicle-valve has the rostrum produced and incurved, the apex slightly
truncated by the subcircular foramen ; deltidial plates small and obscure. The
teeth are comparatively small, projecting forward and gently upward, free at
their extremities, and supported by narrow dental plates which join the bottom
of the valve above the middle of its length and are continued forward as
slender, widely divergent ridges upon the inner surface, gradually merging
into the shell.
In the bottom of the rostral and umbonal cavity is a broad, usually ill-
defined muscular area, from which radiates a series of vascular ridges and
depressions extending into the marginal region of the valve. The diductor
scars are situated posteriorly and deeply impressed ; between and in front of
them is a narrow, elongate adductor scar which is rarely divided medially and
often extends forward to, or beyond the center of the>alve. On each side of
the muscular impression is a thickened area, very narrow at its origin in the
* On account of similarity to Renssbl.«ria in exterior form and external shell-markings, the discussion of
Newberria is introduced here, though we are still in ignorance of the structure of its brachial appaiatus.
Furthei- consideration of the Rens.seljeria brachidium and its vai-iations is given with the observations on
CBNTROlfELLA and Its allies, immediately following.
262 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
rostral region or pedicle-cavity, and produced into divergent ridges, usually two
on each side, and a fifth in the median axis. These may extend to the mar-
gins or disappear before reaching the middle of the valve and are variously
subdivided by vascular grooves and sinuses emanating from them.
In the brachial valve the hinge-plate is small, similar to that of Rens-
SELiERiA and Amphigenia in general form, but is of relatively less size than in
the former genus and is not perforated by a visceral foramen opening beneath
the apex. Two veiy narrow, almost linear and closely submarginal dental
sockets extend nearly to the apex ; within them lie two broad, subtriangular
crural plates, which are divided by a triangular median fissure extending to
the bottom of the valve. The inner anterior angles of these plates bear the
slender crural processes, the extent of which is unknown. In mature individ-
uals the apical portion of the hinge-plate is peculiarly constructed ; the lateral
areas become more or less completely united, without altogether obliterating
the median triangular fissure, and above this point the surface is excavated
into a spoon-shaped cavity, when the development is extreme, or is trans-
versely angular in the average individual. At a short distance from the
hinge-plate and in the bottom of the valve there arises a low median ridge,
which continues for a short distance, separating the obovate, narrowly flabelli-
form scars of the anterior and posterior adductor muscles. The anterior scars
are considerably the larger, and their surface is longitudinally striated. The
vascular grooves and ridges are more obscurely developed than in the pedicle-
valve.
Surface smooth or covered with fine concentric striae accompanied by stronger
wrinkles of growth. The inner lamims are sometimes marked by obscure
radiating striae near the margins of the valves.
Shell-substance finely punctate.
Type, Renssel(zria ? Johannis, Hall. Hamilton group.
Observations. Several of the earlier species of Renssel^eria have an essen-
tially similar form to the representatives of this genus. This, however, is not
the broad-shouldered form of R. ovoides nor of Amphigenia, and none have
BRACHIOPODA. 263
radiating surface striae of the latter shells. In Amphigenia the high dental
lamellae bounding the muscular impressions of the pedicle-valve are supported
by a median septum ; in RENSSELiERiA and Megalanteris this supporting septum
is wanting, the convergent lamellge resting on the bottom of the valve. In
Newberria, however, these lamellae are exceedingly divergent and quite short ;
the muscular impressions being sunk in the shell without other delimitation.
In typical forms of Renssel^ria, as well as of Amphigenia, the hinge-plate is
not deeply divided medially, and is perforated by a visceral foramen, though the
latter is frequently closed. In Newberria there is no evidence of this perfora-
tion. The peculiar apical structure of the hinge-plate has been made out from
internal casts of the best known species, N. Claypolii, Hall, and, upon com-
paring with these the description and figures of Megalanteris inornata {Atrypa
inornata, d'Orbigny), given by CEhlert,* the latter clearly evince a similar
structure. The strong development of the sinuses in Newberria is a feature
of distinction. In the allied genera Renssel^ria, Amphigenia and Megalan-
teris, the sinuses are more or less clearly defined in the umbonal region and
about the area of muscular insertion, but in Newberria the great trunk vessels
originate about the ante-lateral edges of the muscles and traverse the brachial
region, while the posterior surfaces of the valves are free of them.
The distinctive differences in this type of structure from Renssel^ria were
indicated in the Fourth Volume of the Palaeontology of New York, where the
species there described as Rensselizria ? Johannis was referred to that genus with
doubt and a suggestion incidentally made that a new generic division might,
with further knowledge, be erected for it.f This fossil was from the beds of
the Hamilton group, at Waterloo, Iowa. There was also known at that time,
in the collections of Professor G. C. Swallow, then State Geologist of Missouri,
a larger form possessing similar characteristics, from the Hamilton rocks of
Moniteau county, Missouri, which has since been described as Newberria Missouri-
ensis, (Swallow) Hall.J
* Annales des Sciences Geologiques, vol. xix, art. No. 1, p. 20, jil. ii, figs. 1-10.
t The term Rensselandia was there used in this incidental manner, but as it was not defined and
etymologically is without meaning, it can not be adopted.
t Tenth Report of the New York State Geologist, p. 97, pi. v, figs. 10-12. 1891.
264 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
With our present knowledge there may also be included in the same group,
the species described by Meek, from the McKenzie river, as Rensselaria lavis*
and more recently identified by Whiteaves, in the same region, associated with
Stringoccphalus Burtini, and other characteristic middle Devonian species ; and
also the interesting and abundant form discovered by Professor E. W. Claypole
in the sandstones of the age of the Hamilton group, in Perry county, Pennsyl-
vania,! subsequently described as Newberria ClaypoUi. This shell occurs in great
quantities both at the locality cited, and in a coarser pebbly sandstone at Pine
Grove, Schuylkill county, in the same State, a locality which has furnished most
instructive specimens of both the interior and exterior of the shell.
There can be little reason to doubt that (Ehlert's Megalanteris inornata
(d'Orbigny sp.), to which reference has already been made, represents this
genus in the Devonian of western France. The agreement is found both in
the detailed structure of the hinge-plate, the arrangement of the muscular
areas and the character of the vascular sinuses. In default of other evidence,
it may be considered probable that the Atnjpa Deshayesi, Caillaud, A. amygdala,
d'Orbigny, and Terebratula amygdalina, Goldfuss (Kayser), from the lower and
middle Devonian of France and Germany, also represent the genus Newberria.
This genus seems to be a later modification of the RENSSEL^RiA-type of brachi-
opod structure. The true Renssel.eria, so far as known, closed its existence, in
America at least, with the disappearance of the fauna of the Oriskany sand-
stone. Amphigenia is not known in the faunas succeeding those of the Upper
Helderberg, while Newberria occurs in the lower and middle Devonian, Hamil-
ton group, and is probably not of earlier age.
*Not RensselCBria Iwois, Hall, Pal. N. Y., vol. iii, p. 256. 1859.
t See Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, p. 235. 1883.
BRACHIOPODA. 265
Genera (1) CENTRONELLA, Billings, 1859; (2) ORISKANIA,
GEN. NOV. ; (3) S E L E N E L L A , gen. nov. ; (4) ROMINGERINA,
GEN. NOV.; (5) TRIGERIA, Bayle, 1875; (6) NOTOTHYRIS,
Waagen, 1882.
PLATES L, LXXVI, LXXIX.
(S) 18-11. Terehratula, Phillips. Palieoz. Foss. Cornwall, Devon and West Soiner.set, p. 91, pi. xxxv,
tig. 167.
(1) 1867. R!iy7whoneUa, Hall Tenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat Hist., p. 124, figs. 1-6.
(1) 1859. Centronella, Billings, ('anadian Natnralist and Geolcigist, vol. iv, p. 131, tigs. 1-5.
(5) 1860. Rhyuchospira, Hall. Tbii-leenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 83.
(1) 1861. Centronella, Billings. Canadian Journal, vol. vi, p. 271, tig. 97; p. 272, tigs. 98, 99.
(1) 1861. C'CTitnweZte, Hall. Fourteenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 102.
(1) 1862. Centronella, Hall. Fifteenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pi. iii. figs. 1-5.
(1) 1862. Centronella, Billisgs. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. vii, p. 392.
(4) 1862. Centronella, A. Winchell. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadeljihia, vol. vii, p. 405.
(5) 1862. Rensselmria, Billings. Pi-oc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 115, jilate, fig. 12.
(6) 1862. Terebratida, Davidson. Quarterly Journal Geological Society, vol. xviii, p. 27, pi. ii, fig. 4.
(1) 1863. Centronella, Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. St.ate Cab Nat. Hist., pp. 45-47, figs. 13-17.
(1) 1863. Centronella, ll.>i.i,h. American Journal of Science, vol. xxxv, p. 402.
(1) 1863. Centronella, Billings. Amei-ican Journal of Science, vol. xxxvi, p. 236.
(1) 1863. Ce7jJ?-07te/Za, Billings. Geology of Canada, p. 374, figs. 403-405.
(4) 1863. Cryptonella, Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 41-43.
(4) 1863. Cryptondla, Hall. American JournaFof Science, vol. xxxv, pp. 399-402.
(6) 1863. Terehratula, de Koninck. Foss. Paleoz. de I'lnde. p. 32, pi. ix, fig. 4.
(I)? 1865. Centronella, A. Winciibll. Pi-oc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. ix, jip. 122, 123.
(1) 1867. Centro7iella, Hall. Pal.TontoIogy of New York, vol. iv, pp. 399-403, 420, pi. Ixi A, tigs. 1-40.
(3) 1867. Centronella, Hall. Palaeontology of New York, vol. iv, p. 419. j.l. Ixi a, tigs. 47-49.
(4) 1867. Centronella, Hall. Palseontology of New York, vol. iv, p. 419, pi. Ixi A, figs. 41-45.
(5) 1867. Centronella, Hall. Palfeontology of New York. vol. iv, p. 276, p!. xlv, figs. 1-6.
(1)? 1870. Centronella, A. Wincuell. Proc. American Philosophical Society, vol. xii, p. 254.
(5) 1875. Trigeria, Bayle. Rxplic. de la Carte Gc'olog. de France, Atlas, pi. xiii, figs. 5-12.-,
(6) 1878. Tei-ebratula, Abich. Geolog. Forsch. in der Kaukasisch. Landern, I, p. 68, pi. vi, fig. 10.
(5) 1882. Centronella, Davidson. British Devonian Brachiopoda, Suppl., p. 14, pi. i, figs. 7-9.
(6) 1882, Nototfiyris, W A AiiEH. Productus limestone Fossils ; Brachiopoda, pp. 375-390, pi. xxviii,
tigs. 1-13; pi. XXX, tigs. 13, 14.
(5) 1SS3. Centronella, CEhlkkt. Bull, de la Soc. d'Etudes Scientif. d'Angers, pp. 1-11, pi. i, figs. 1-1 1;
pi. ii. figs. 1-6.
(5) 1885. Centronella, CEulert. Bull, de la Societe d'Etudes Scientif. d'Angers, pp. 1-5, plate,
figs. 1-19.
(1) 1888. Centronella, Herrick. Bull. Denison University, vol. iii, p. 49, pi. ii, tig. 5.
(1) 1889. Centronella, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, p 153, pi. xxxi, figs. 14-17.
(5) ? 1890. Centronella (.*), Derby. Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janerio, vol. ix, p. 84.
(6) ? 1890. Notothyris (.*), Derby. Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, vol. ix, p. 81.
(2) 1892. Centronella, Beechek and Clarke. American Journal of Science, vol. xliv, p. 414.
In discussing the genus Renssel^eria and its subgenus Beachia, it has been
observed that these shells combine a plicated or striated exterior with a brach-
idium constructed upon the same type as that of Centronella, Billings.
266 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
The latter genus was established in the same year (1859) as Renssel^eria,
and was founded upon a small plano-convex species with smooth exterior, the
Rhynchonella glans-fagea, Hall, from the Upper Helderberg group.
The original description and figures illustrative of this genus did not give the
structure of the brachidium with accuracy, but this was afterwards made out
by Dr. Carl Rominger and shown in his excellent figure, given in the Sixteenth
Report on the New York State Cabinet of Natural History (p. 47, 1863), and
which is reproduced in this place. Subsequent examinations have endorsed the
correctness of Rominger's determination and also show that the type upon which
it is constructed is the same as in Renssel^ria ; the actual differences of
expression appearing (1) in the shortness of the jugal processes, (2) in the less
extended anterior plate, and (3) in the prominent median crest or ridge upon
that plate, not produced posteriorly into a rod-like apophysis.
It has already been observed that in the early (Lower Helderberg) species of
Renssel^eria, such as R. mutabilis, some of these features, as the length of the
crura, and the development of the median process are not so advanced as in
the later and typical species of the genus, nor as in R. (Beachia) Suessana.
Upon farther examination of more extensive material it is found that this
type of brachidium-structure has, without essential variation in itself, been
associated in Devonian faunas with a considerable variety of external form and
ornamentation of the shell. This fact has already been observed by some
authors. Reference has been made to CEhlert's observation* of a similar
brachidium, with a perforated hinge-plate, in certain small plano-convex or
biconvex plicated or ribbed species, Terehratula Guerangeri, Centronella Bergeroni
and C. Gaudryi, from the Devonian of western France, all of which he has
referred to Centronella on the basis of this structure. Derby has found a
brachidium of similar structure, though somewhat more nearly approaching
that of Renssel^ria, in another small and strongly ribbed biconvex species
from the Devonian of the State of Matto Grosso, Brazil, described by him
under the name Centronella ? Margarida.f
*BuU. de la Soc. d'Etudes Scientif. d'Angers, 1883, pp. l-ll, pi. i, figs. ]-ll; pi. ii, figs. 1-6; ditto,
1885, pp. 1-5, plate, fig.s. 1-19.
t NotS sobi-e a Geologia e Paleontologia de Matto Grosso : Archives do Museu Nacional do Rio de Jan-
eiro, vol. iv, p. 84, figures. 1890.
BRACHIOPODA. 2G7
In the Devonian of North America we find species externally similar to
Terebratula Guerangeri, and shall presently recur to tliem in considering the
precise variation of structure which such forms exemplify.
Further, there is evidence of the existence, in the Upper Helderberg
fauna, of a small, smooth biconvex terebratuliform shell, with sloping
cardinal margins which bears the same form of brachidium as Centroiiella
glans-fagea*
This type of brachial apparatus, however different may be the exterior of
the shells bearing it, whether ribbed, striated or smooth, biconvex or plano-
convex, has a definite time-value, and our present knowledge indicates that,
beginning its existence in the Lower Helderberg, it is continued into the Oris-
kany sandstone, Upper Helderberg and Hamilton groups without material
modification.
From this time onward the structure yielded to modifying influences. In
the Centronella Julia of A. Winchell, a smooth, biconvex species from the Mar-
shall group of Michigan, at the base of the Lower Carboniferous series, the
anterior triangular plate of the brachidium bears a high vertical lamella extend-
ing in both directions beyond the limits of tluit plate into the cavity of the
pedicle-valve.
Such forms must be kept apart from the earlier and typical Centronellas, as
indicative of a progressed stage of development. The strongly plicated shells
from the Productus limestone (Carboniferous) of the Salt-Range of India, which
Waagen has described under the generic name Notothvris (though the struct-
ure of their brachidia is not fully known), will undoubtedly prove to possess
some modification of the Crntronella type. Such a modification is evident in
Derby's Notothyris ? Smithi {loc. at.) from the Devonian, a similarly plicated
species which may prove to be an ancestral form of the Carboniferous
Notothyris.
Returning again to the genus Centronella and restricting our conception
to forms similar to that regarded by its author as typical, the following diag-
nosis may be deduced :
* Farther I'eference will be made to this shell.
268 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Shells plano-convex or concavo-convex. Pedicle-valve with acute incurved
beak, perforated at its extremity, the foramen being continuous with a partially
closed delthyrium; medially ridged, and with abruptly sloping sides. On the
interior the teeth are large, thick at their extremities and adherent to the
lateral walls of the shell. Between them is a deep pedicle-cavity, in the bottom
of which lie the elongate scars of the adductor muscles, and about their ante-
rior portion the small, flabellate diductors.
The brachial valve is very shallow, rendered concave exteriorly by a median
sinus which does not make itself apparent on the interior. Beak small, apex
not incurved. Dental sockets broad, bounded interiorly by the high walls of
the hinge-plate. This plate is divided medially by a deep furrow extending to
the apex, and therefore consists of two processes which are elevated, thickened
and rest on the bottom of the valve. From the anterior face of these arise
the crura which converge for a short distance, and
expand to form two broad acute jugal processes.
From here the lateral branches of the brachidium
curve outward, gradually turning from a vertical to
a horizontal position, broaden rapidly and unite to no. iso.
Centronella glans/agea. Hall.
form an anterior triangular plate which bears a ^ prepaiatioa showing the brachidium.
median ridge, where the two lateral branches are
conjoined. The whole of the anterior portion of the brachidium is inclined
gently upward toward the cavity of the opposite valve.
The muscular impressions occupy an elongate area below the hinge-plate,
and are divided by a median ridge, but are only obscurely divisible into their
elementary scars. The lateral portions of this valve frequently bear a series
of vascular sinuses in the pallial region.
Surface smooth or with concentric lines crowded near the margins of the
valves. Shell-substance punctate.
Type, Rhynchonella glans-fagea, Hall. Upper Helderberg group.
Observations. The type of external form and internal structure exemplified
by this species is probably also represented by the C. alveata, Hall (= C. Hecate,
BRACHIOPODA.
269
Billings), of the same fauna, and is carried forward from the Schoharie grit
and Corniferous limestone into the succeeding fauna of the Hamilton group
(C. impressa and C. Glaucia, Hall).
All these typical forms of Centronella were preceded in the fauna of the
lower Oriskany of eastern New York by a large species, the earliest known
possessor of the characteristic naviculoid form and smooth exterior of Centro-
nella glans-fagea. The form of the brachidium of this shell (which has not
hitherto been described*), has not been determined, but there is every reason
to infer that it differs in no essential feature from that of Centronella, for the
reason, as already observed, that variation in these shells during the Devonian
was virtually restricted to exterior characters and did not affect the conforma-
tion of the brachial supports. The hinge-plate of this shell, however, is notably
different from that of any of its allies ; it is elongate-triangular, continuous
between the crural bases, and bears a median vertical crest, or cardinal process,
which begins at the apex, rises rapidly in height, and extends for fully one-half
the length of the plate on its upper edge, but at its base is shortened and con-
stricted, forming a projecting cardinal spur.
Fig. 181,
Fic;. 183.
Fig. IS'i.
Oriskania navicella, sp. nov.
Fig. 181. .V cardinal view; showing the hing:e-pl.'xtc .iml the elevation of the narrow median crest or cardinal pro-
cess. The specimen also retains tlie teeth of the pedicle-vaUe and a jiortiou of the dental lamellae,
though the latter are broken near the surface of the valve.
Fig. 182. An enlargement of the hinge-plate; showing the crural lobes and the e.\tent of the cardinal process.
Fig 183. A profile of the same specimen; showing the thickness of the plate and the uncinate form of the cardinal
process. X .'!, (c.)
Such an extravagant modification of the normal form of the hinge-plate in
Renssel^ria and Centronella is the more remarkable on account of its early
age, as this shell antedates the appearance of the typical Devonian species with
divided hinge-plate and without cardinal process, and it is proposed to distinguish
" " Centronella, of the type of C. glans-fagea liut. of great size." Beecher and Clarke. Notice of a new
lower Oriskaay fauna in Columbia county, New York; Amer. Journal of Science, vol. xliv, p. 414. 1S92.
270
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
this type of structure by the name Oriskania. The typical form is described
in the Supplement to this Volume as Oriskania navicella.
It is a fact of much interest that the centronellid type, with naviculoid shell,
divided hinge-plate and simple brachidium, is reproduced in the Alpine Triassic
faunas, in the genus (?) Nucleatula, Zugmayer,* a shell which evinces only an
immaterial variation in the narrowness and fimbriation of the anterior plate of
the brachidium.
Before considering the later modifications of the centronellid type, we may
refer to another form of exterior expression assumed by the same type. A
small, hitherto unnoticed species occurring in the Upper Helderberg of the
Province of Ontario, possesses a smooth exterior, terebratuliform outline, nar-
row at the umbones and broad in the pallial region, with biconvex valves.
While the detailed structure of the hinge-plate is yet unknown, the brachidium
is similar to that of RENSSELiERiA and Centronella ; the anterior plate broader
and less attenuate than in RENSSELiERiA and without its central, rod-like poste-
rior extension, and also lacks the median ridge or thickening along the sym-
physis of the lateral elements, which exists in Centronella. The form of the
shell scarcely suggests the naviculoid contour of true Centronella, while it at
once brings to mind some of the biconvex species that have heretofore been
Fig. 184. Fi<;. ISS.
Selenella gracilis, sp. nov.
Fig. 184. Outline prollle of conjoineil v.^lves.
Fife'. 186. Preparation sliowinft the I'orm of the loop.
Fig. 18B. An oblique view; showing Ihe upward curvature of the anterior plate. X 3.
FlO. 186.
(C.)
classed with that genus, e. g., Centronella Julia. From such of these whose inte-
riors are known it diifers notably, and it so evidently indicates a distinct stadium
* See BiTTNER, Bi^aehiopodeii del- Alpiiien Trias; Abhandl. der K.-k. Geol. Reichstanst., vol. xiv,
p. 208. 1S90.
BRACHIOPODA. 271
or departure in the variations of this type of structure as to require a separate
designation. The name Selenella is therefore introduced for the subgeneric
type, its representative species being Selenella gracilis, sp. nov.
As already observed, this shell pre'sents the first combination of the smooth,
biconvex valves with an unmodified RENSSELiERiA-CENTRONEi.LA brachidium.
From our experience such a simple combination could not be of long contin-
uance, and thus far we have no evidence of its subsequent appearance.
Biconvex and smooth-valved centronellids do occur, however, at a much later
period and after the close of the Devonian, but these have undergone a very
material modification in the form of the brachidium. In CentroneUa Julia, A.
Winchell, one such small, smooth species, from the Marshall group of Michigan,
FIG. 187. FIG. 188.
JRomingerina Julia, Winchell.
Fig. 187. A restoration of the loop; showing the extent of the meilian pl.ite.
Fi". 188. A profile view; showing the elevation of this plate, the double curvature of its upper margin and its fim-
briated edge. X4. (A. WiNCUELL.)
the median ridge on the anterior plate of the brachidium is elevated into a
conspicuous vertical lamella, extended both anteriorly and posteriorly, being in
fact a double plate produced by the abrupt deflection of each lateral branch of
the brachidium near the median line; union taking place along the upper
edge, which almost reaches the inner surface of the pedicle-valve. Professor
Alexander Winchell, who was the first to demonstrate this structure, adds in
regard to this feature : *
*The little species fi-nm the Chemung- samistones at Rushfonl, N. Y., which has been iiienlifieii by
Williams as CentroneUa Julia (Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 41, p. 56. 1887), has the brachidium of similar
structure though with a less ante-posterior extension of the verlical plate.
272 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
" The upper edge where viewed from_the side, is flatly roof-shaped, while
the lower edge describes two convexities, the greater anterior, leaving a notch
between them. The surfaces of the loop and median plate are covered with
minute, obliquely conical pustules, in some cases seeming to become
spinulous."*
Forms with this characteristic modification of the loop may be designated
by the term Romingerina.j
After the disappearance of the Palaeozoic faunas, we again find in the Alpine
Trias (Hallstiitter-kalk) smooth, biconvex centronellids, less complicated in the
structure of the brachidium than Romingerina, even having the brachial sup-
ports smaller and more delicate, if not more simple in plan, than in Selenella.
These shells have been described by Bittner {loc. cit., p. 206. 1890) under the
generic term Juvavella. Their brachidia are very short, the lateral branches
but slightly expanded anteriorly and abruptly turned into a vertical plane.
We may now turn to the consideration of the plicated centronellids which
have already been closely investigated by Qj]hlert, and have received attention
from Waagen, Derby and Davidson. This discussion would with propriety
form a continuation of the observations already made upon the genus Rens-
seljERIa, for it is the plicated and lineate shells of that genus which represent
the earliest appearance of the CENTRONELLA-type. The lower Devonian species,
from the west of France, in which Dr. CEhlert has determined the existence
of a centronellid brachidium, are all biconvex or subplano-convex species ;
Terebratula Guerangeri, de Verneuil, is covered with strong rounded plications,
Centronella Gaudryi, CEhlert, with numerous fine plications, while on C. Bergeroni,
CEhlert, there are a few coarse angular ribs. All have a decided external
resemblance to certain spire-bearing forms of the genera Rhynchospira, Tre-
matospira and Zygospira. The brachidium has been isolated in none of these,
but sections demonstrate that this structure in all these forms is similar to that
* Pi-oc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 405. 1S62.
t Dr. Cakl Romingeb, to whom this genus is dedicated, was the tiist American investi{,''ator who suc-
ceeded in producing satisfactoi-y translucent preparations of the fo.ssil brachiopods with calcitied bi-aohidia.
Many of the determinations published in the Reports on the New York State Cabinet from 1861-67, and in
Volume IV of the Paleontology of New York, as there recognized, were based upon his preparations.
BRACHIOPODA. 273
of Cmtronella glans-fagea, though having the anterior plate much smaller. Cen-
tronella Guerangeri is known to possess a perforated hinge-plate, though in the
other species this plate appears to have been divided.
\ ¥11 ilM/
Fl(i. 189. TrigerUi Guerangeri, de Verneuil.
The interior of t!ie brachial valve; showing tlio iierlorated hinge-plate and the muscular scars.
(CEhlert.)
CEhlert draws attention to the fact that Bayle, in 1875,* applied the name
Trigeria to two lower Devonian species, the first, the Terebralula Adrieni, de
Verneuil, which was already the type of the genus Retzia, King ; the second,
Terebratula Guerangeri. This name, unfortunately, was not defined, but as a
designation is required for these plicated centronellids, it is now proposed to
make use of the term introduced by this French author, basing its value upon
his second species. Trigeria is represented in the Oriskany sandstone at
Cumberland, Maryland, by a species very similar to T. Gaudnji; indeed, upon
careful comparison with Dr. GEhlert's description and figures there seems no
good basis of distinction between the two forms, and the American fossil will
be thus referred awaiting further evidence. It is quite probable that the species
described by Billings as Rensselczria Portlandica,f from the Lower Helderberg
fauna of Square Lake, Maine, is another representative of the same type of
structure.^
* Explication de la Carte Geologique de France, Atlas, pi. xiii, figs. 5-12.
t Proceedings of the Portland Society of Natural History, vol. i, p. 115, plate, fig. 12. 1862.
I For the opportunity of examining the original specimens of the species we are indebted to Professor
B. K. Emerson, of Amherst College.
274
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Derby's Centronella ? Margarida, from the lower or middle Devonian of Matto
Grosso, Brazil, is a shell somewhat different from the foregoing species in
external expression, its size being smaller and its habit more retziiform. Its
author has compared it to the Retzia Wardiana, Hartt and Rathbun, of the
Erer6 fauna on the A.mazonas, a species which is suggestive of the Rhynchospira
lepida, Hall, of the Hamilton fauna of New York. Dr. Dekby has given a very
complete representation of the brachidium of the species, which arises from a
divided hinge-plate, bears the long, anterior plate characteristic of Renssel^ria,
and lacks any evidence of the posterior median extension or of a vertical
median plate. In the species which has been described as Rhynchospira lepida,
of the Hamilton shales of New York, and in the Centronella virgo (Terebratula
virgo, Phillips), from the middle Devonian of Torquay,* both very closely allied
in the character of the plicated exterior, there exists the same form of
brachidium.
This combination of external and internal characters is thus a variant from
that of Centronella or Trigeria, but until our knowledge of these small shells
is further advanced, the species may be provisionally associated with Trigeria. ■
Fig. ISO.
Fig. 191.
Notothyris subvescicularis, Davidson.
FIG. 192.
Fig. 190. A dorsal view of the exterior.
Fig. 191. A proQIe of the saraesliell.
Fig. 192. Tlie interior of tlie brachial valve; showing the perforated hinge-plate and the lateral lamellse of the loop.
(Waagen.)
Reference has already been made to the fact that Waagen introduced the
name NoTOTHYRisf for a group of small, coarsely plicated, biconvex species
* See preparations of the brachidium of this plicated species made by the Rev. Noeman Glass, and
given by Davidson, Devonian Brachiopoda, Suppl , p. 14, pi. i, tigs. 7-9. 1882.
t Productus-limestone Fossils ; Brachiopoda, p. 375. 1882.
BRACHIOPODA. 275
whose internal structure is but partially known, but which seem to indicate a
certain relationship to the centronellids. This author states that all his prepara-
tions of the brachidium showed the lateral branches to be disconnected, but he
believes this to be probably due to imperfect preservation. All of the eight
described species of this genus {Terebraiula subvescicularis, Davidson, type) are
from the Upper Carboniferous of India, and similar forms have not been iden-
tified with certainty in other countries. The Devonian species Notothyris ?
Smithi, Derby, has a perforated hinge-plate and a brachidium very similar in
form to that of Centronella, but instead of the curved anterior plate, it has a
simple cross-bar connecting the lateral branches. In Diel.\sma and other tere-
bratuloids we know that the reflected or ascending branches are frequently
lost, and it is more than likely that the typical Notothyres possessed an anterior
cross-bar as in the Devonian species.
Genus SCAPHIOCCELIA, Whitfield. 1891.
1891. Scaphiocixlia, Whitfield. Trans. Ainei'ican Inst. Mining; Eng-ineer.^, vol. xix, p. 106, figs. 1-4.
"A terebratuloid, brachiopodous shell* having a strongly convex ventral
valve, and a longitudinally and angularly sulcated dorsal valve ; both of
which are strongly plicated. Internally the ventral valve has a strong,
deep, triangular byssal opening and muscular seat, and the dorsal has
strong crural processes ; but the loop or calcified appendages are un-
known. Shell structure strongly fibrous, without any puncture under a
hand-magnifier."
Type, Scaphiocalia Boliviensis, Whitfield. Devonian.
Observations. As suggested by Mr. Whitfield, this great shell has, the
appearance of a gigantic plicated Centronella, and in the absence of any defi-
nite knowledge of its internal structure, may provisionally be regarded as
allied to that genus and those plicated centronelloids which have been herein
designated by the terra Trigeria. The only species known, »S. Boliviensis, is
stated to sometimes exceed three and one-half inches in length. It was found
by Mr. A. F. Wendt in the vicinity of Sucre or Quechista, Bolivia, in a sandy,
276
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
ferruginous limestone, associated, according to Whitfield, with Spirifer Quichua
and Terebratula Antisiensis, d'Orbigny.
FIG. 195. Fig. 196.
ScaphioccElia BoHviensis, VVhitflekl
Figa. 193-196. Views of two individuals, showing the external characters of the species.
. (Whitfield.)
BRACHIOPODA. 277
Genus MEGALANTERIS, Suess. 1855.
PLATE LXXVII.
1830. Terelnatula, de Verneuil. Bull. Sr c. G60I. jle France, 2 ser., vol. vii, p. 17.'>, pi. iv, %. 2.
1855. Megmiteris, Sues.s. Ueber Meganteris ; Sitzungsbev. (lev Kais. Acad, der Wissen.sch. zu Wieii.
1856. Mugantms, iSusss. Cla.ssitication der Brachiopoden, von Th. David.son, p. 43, pi. ii, fig. 18.
18.o7. MegaJdorix, Hall. Tenth Ann. Kept N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 101.
1859. Jienssilcerla, Hall. Palaeontology of New York, vol. iii, p. 458, pi. cvi, tijf. 2o-/.
1861. lioissclceria, McChesney. Descr. New Fossils from Palaeozoic Rocks of West. Stales, p. 85.
1867. Rensselmrla, McChesnet. Trans. Chicago Acad. Sciences, vol. i, p. 36, pi. vii, figs. 2a-c.
1868. Renxselmria, Meek and Worthen. Geological Survey of Illinois, vol. iii, p. 401, pi. viii, figs. 4 a, b.
1871. Meganteris, Quenstedt. Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands ; Brachiopoden, p. 344, pi. xlvii,
figs. 21, 22.
1876. Meganteris, F. Roemer. Lethoea Pala=ozoica, j)!. xxiii, iig. 6.
1887. Megalavtcris, (Ehlert. Fischer's Manuel de Condiyliologie, p. I3I!1.
1891. Ntwbeniaf, Hall. Tenth Rept. N. Y. State Geologist, p. 95.
Though this generic division is of long standing, its value has been regarded
as somewhat uncertain. Sliells agreeing with the type of Megalanteris in
external form and in the conformation of the interior of the valves are not of
uncommon occurrence ; but these are so closely allied to RENSSELiERiA in exter-
nal form, that the possession by them of a brachidium widely dissimilar to the
corresponding apparatus of that genus seems a priori improbable. The ideal-
ized restoration of this structure, given by Suess, has not been confirmed by
later investigations, but neither has it been disproved ; and we are therefore
justified in assuming its accuracy. The American species, M. ovalis, Hall, is
not favorably preserved for the retention of those parts.
To apprehend the author's conception of this genus, a translation of the
diagnosis inserted in his edition of Davidson's " Classification of the Brachiopoda "
is here introduced :
" Shell, in the only species hitherto known, large, smooth, equally biconvex,
of very variable, elongate-hexagonal to transversely oval outline, and with
punctated shell structure. Beak depressed, with a small opening for the pedicle-
muscle, reaching to the somewhat incurved umbo of the pedicle-valve and
limited on both sides by a depressed deltidium. Hinge apparatus strong,
similar to that of other terebratuloids. Below the beak of the dorsal valve,
the central part of the hinge-j^late is swollen into a callous uncinate process,
which is subcubical, and on its surface bears two small V-shaped ridges for the
278
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
attachment of the cardinal muscles ; on both sides are two flattened areas,
presumptively places of attachment for the inner, dorsal branches of the
Fig. 197. FIG. 193.
Megalanteris Archiaci, de Vcrneuil.
Figs. 197, 19S. Views of the exterior of the species.
(De VEENEnlL.)
pedicle ; at its base it is excavated and funnel-shaped. Between the sides
of these swellings and the sockets, lie the points of attachment of the
brachial apparatus. The crura are produced into two broad, straight rods,
extending almost to the middle of the shell, curved somewhat inward, rounded
at the ends, and which on the whole, have little similarity to the converging
Fig. 199. Fig. 200.
Megalanteris Arckiaci, de Verneail.
Figs. 199, 200, A restoration of the br.achial apparatus.
(SlTESS.)
BRACHIOPODA.
279
processes of other TerebratuLas. From the upper part of these rods arises the
brachial support, consisting of a very slender calc-ribbon, which, somewhat as
in Waldheimia, first extends to the vicinity of the anterior margin, then bends
abruptly backward, inclining somewhat toward the center of the shell-cavity,
and is closed by a short, straight cross-piece, above which the ascending branches
project as short points ; this cross-piece and the upper part of the ascending
branches lie below the plane of the straight rods. While in the small valve
the hinge-muscle and the inner pair of dorsal pedicle-muscles are attached to
the callous process, the outer pair of pedicle-muscles appears to have been
fastened to the upper portion of the crura. The impressions of the adductors,
of which but two are discernible, lie somewhat above the middle of the valve,
in two cavities, often very deep, semicircular on their posterior margins, but
oblique and shallow in front.
FIG. 201. Fig. 202.
' Megalanteris Archiaci, de Verneuil.
Fig. 201. An internal cast of the umbon.il region of tlie pedicle-valve. (SuESB.)
Fig. 202. The interior of the umbonal region of the brachial valve; showing the cardinal process. (DE Vekneuil.)
" In the large valve the muscular area is close about the umbo, and is similar
to that of the terebratuloids ; a middle elongate space corresponds probably to
the adductor muscles ; on either side of this, one recognizes the impressions of
the diductor muscles, and outside and somewhat behind these, though not
always clearly defined, are the areas of insertion of the ventral branches of the
pedicle-muscle, which also seems to lie on the inner surface of the dental
plates.
" On the inner surface of both valves may be distinguished four impressions
of trunk-sinuses, from which arise no dichotomous branches as in other tere-
bratuloids. The posterior part of the outer pair of these sinuses is in each
valve surrounded by the impressions of the genital organs, whose outer portion
280 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
is divided by three or four parallel finer vessels, which are given off from the
margin of the trunk-sinus at right angles. In the larger valve on the inner
side of the outer pair of trunk-sinuses, may be seen fine branches, originating
at sharp angles. Further, in this valve may sometimes be seen, between the
outer and inner, and also between the two inner trunk-sinuses, two finer radi-
ating veins. All these vascular sinuses appear to unite in this valve to form a
large lacune surrounding the area of muscular insertion. A ridge-like, elongate
callosity crossed by irregular furrows, follows the cardinal margin on the dorsal
valve."
Type, Terehratula Archiaci, de Verneuil.
Observations. Leaving out of consideration for the present the peculiar
structure of the brachidium, we find the other characters of the shell suffici-
ently distinct from those of Renssel^eria and its allies ; and these difierential
features are found in the general smoothness of the exterior,* the inflexion
of the cardinal and lateral margins of the valves, the prominence and sharp
delimitation of the diductor scars of the pedicle-valve, and the subcylindrical
elevation of the hinge-plate into a veritable cardinal process, in which all traces
of supporting lamellae are lost, and whose posterior face is grooved and striated
by the insertion of the muscles. This latter feature is unusual in the palaeozoic
terebratuloids, and is at once suggestive of the structure in the large and heavy
rhynchonelloids (Plethorhynchus), so that it proves a distinctive character of
importance.
An excellent representative of this type of structure is the American Oris-
kany species, originally described f as Mega.nteris ovalis, Hall, but which has
been subsequently and currently referred to RENsSELiERiA. In the original
description the similarity of the internal casts to those of Megalanteris Archiaci
was noted. Megalanteris ovalis is not an abundant species in the Oriskany
sandstone of New York and Ontario, and is represented in the formations in
the vicinity of Jonesboro, Illinois, by a smaller, more elongate form with erect
beak, deep cardinal and marginal excavations, the Rensselaria Condnni, of
* Internal casts fi-equently show a minutely radiate surface about the margins, but this structure prob-
ably beloiig-s to the inner laniinie of the shell.
t Tenth Annual Report on the Condition of the N. Y. Stale Cabinet of Natural History, p. 101. 1857.
BRACHIOPODA. 281
McChesney. None of the specimens that have been sectioned retain tlie bra-
chial apparatus.
The name Meganteris or Megalanteris* has been adopted by various writers,
sometimes with questionable accuracy. Megalanteris Archiad, de Verneuil (sp.),
the type of the genus, was described from the Devonian beds of Sabero and
the mountains of Leon, Spain ; the material upon which Suess founded his
determination of the brachidium, seems to have been derived from the lower
beds of the Eifel. Qdenstedt has also given figures of internal casts of this
form from Lahneck. The species Atrypa inornata, d'Orbigny, from the lower
Devonian of western France, has been referred to this genus by (EHLERT,f but
the figures given by him show a want of conformity to the generic characters
of Megalanteris, both in the form of the hinge-plate, the muscular impressions
and the regularity of the lateral margins.
Kayser has suggestedt the similarity of the Terebratula amygdalina, Goldfuss,
to Megalanteris, and ^hlert, in the work cited, refers d'Orbigny's species,
A. amygdala, and the A. Deshayesi, Caillaud, to the same genus, remarking their
close similarity to A. inornata. Barrois has also described and figured §
A. inornata and A. Deshayesi under the name Megalanteris. It has already been
suggested that these European lower Devonian shells represent a type of
structure different from that of M. Archiaci, which is hereinbefore designated
as Newberria.
Mr. Davidson figured, without name, in his British Devonian Brachiopoda
(pi. XX, fig. 15), and subsequently (Devonian Supplement, p. 20, pi. iii, fig. 1)
as Meganteris ? Vicaryi, the exterior of a large shell from the middle Devonian
of Woolborough, England, liaving a smooth surface and inflected margins, but
of its internal characters nothing is known. A median line on the brachial
valve indicates the presence of an internal septum.
*The latter word, substituting the feminine for the masculine form of the adjective, was introduced by
(Ehlbrt, in 1887.
t Annales des Sciences Geologiques. vol. xix, p. 20, pt. ii, fig-s. 1-10.
J Zeitschr. der deutsch. geolog. Gesellsch., vol. xxiii, p. 499. 1871.
§ Paime du Calcaire d'Erbray, p. liil, pi. x, figs. 5, 6. 1887.
282 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Genus STRINGOCEPHALUS, Defrance. 1827.
(emend. Sandberger. 1842.)
1827. StrygocejiJialux, Defrance. Diction, des Sciences Nat., vol. li, p. 102, Atlas jil. Ixxv, figs. 1, 1«.
1827. Terebratula, SowBRBY. Mineral Concholofry, pi. dlxxvi, fig-. 1.
1834. Ttrehratula, voN Bdch. Ueber Teiebrateln, p. 117.
1SS9. Striyoccpliahts, Sowerby. Trans. Geol. Soc. London, vol. v, second ser., pi. Ivi, figs. 10, 11.
1840. Strygocephalus, D'AiiCuiAC and de Veknbdil. Trans. Geol. Soc. London, vol. vi, 2 ser., p. 393.
1841. Strigocepliaius, Phillif.s. Palaeoz. Foss. Coi-nwall, Devon and West Somerset, p. 79, fig. 141.
1842. Strinyoce2)}ialiis, Sandberger. Leonhard und Bi'oini's Jabrbuch, p. 386.
18E0. Strhigocephalus, F. Roemer. Beiti'. zur Kenntn. des nordw. Harzgeb., p. 24, pi. x, fig. 2.
1852. Uncites, McCoy. Bi'itish Pala-oz. Foss., p. 380, pi. ii A, fig. 6.
1853. Stringoceplialus, Schndk. Beschreib. Eifel. Bi'achiopoden, p. 195, pi. xxviii, fig. 5; ]il. xxix,
fig. 1 ; pi. xxxi, fig. 1.
1850. Slrigocephalns, KiNti. Permian Fossils, p. 70, pi. xix, fig. 1.
1853. Stringocephalus, Sukss. Verb, der zool. bot. Vereins zu Wien, vol. iii.
1855. StringocepJialus, Thb Sandbergers. Verst. <les rhein. Schicht. Syst. in Nassau, p. 307, pi. xxxi,
fig. 4 a-d.
1856. Stnngoc&phalus, Davidson. Inti eduction Brit. Brachiopoda, p. 73, pi. vii, fig. 98.
1856. Stringocephalus, Suess. Class, der Brach. vo7i Th. Davidson, p. 62, pi. i, fig. IG.
1864. Stringocepltalus, Davidson. Brit. Devon. Bi-achiopoda, p. II, pi. i, figs. 18-22; pi. ii, figs. 1-11.
1871. Strigocephalus, Quen.stbdt. Bi-acbiopoden, j). 234, pi. xliii, figs. 56-75 ; pi. xliv, figs. 1-8.
1871. Stringocephalus, Kayser. Zeitschr. der deutsch. geolog. Gesellsch., vol. xxiii, pi. di.
1891. Stringocephalus, Whiteaves. Contrib. Canad. Palseont., vol. i, No. 5, ji. 235, pi. xxix, figs. 10,
10a, 11, 11a.
Shell varyino; in outline from transverse to elongate-oval, biconvex ; the
brachial valve being somewhat the deeper; the greater convexity is in the
umbonal region, giving to the brachial valve a high-shouldered appearance.
On the pedicle-valve the beak is somewhat narrow, its apex being abruptly
attenuate, acute and often greatly incurved. From beneath the beak diverge
two sharp ridges extending to the extremities of the hinge and delimiting the
broad cardinal excavations which seem to constitute a true cardinal area. The
delthyrium is broad and triangular ; in young shells it may be wholly open or
incompletely closed by the imperfectly developed deltidial plates, while at
maturity it is closed with the exception of a circular foramen, and in old shells
the deltidial plates are anchylosed, forming a single plate which becomes
incurved, and the foraminal passage is thus obscured, and may take the form
of a tube or sheath prolonged into the umbonal cavity.
On the interior the teeth are short, free and curved upward at their extrem- .
ities. In the middle of the valve is a vertical longitudinal septum, which
BRACHIOPODA.
283
extends from the beak to near the anterior margin. This septum is short and
thick f)osteriorly, but becomes thinner and higher towards the front, ending
abruptly in the palUal region.
In the brachial valve the umbo is obtuse. The cardinal area is distinctly
developed and divided by a very broad triangular fissure, the covering of which
(chilidium) is frequently retained, much modified by the presence of the great
Fig. 203, StriiigocephaXus Burtini, Defrance.
Dorsal views of two individuals; showing Die diUerences assumed in growtli by the umbo of the pedicle-valve.
(QUENSTEDT.)
cardinal process. The dental sockets are comparatively shallow. The general
form of the hinge-plate is triangular, with its apex anterior ; its central portion
is separated from the narrow, blade-shaped lateral divisions and is produced
into a great cardinal process, rounded posteriorly, narrow and sharp on its
anterior surface, and produced upward and backward into the cavity of the
opposite valve. At the edge of the median septum of that valve it bifurcates,
sending out a short clavate apophysis on either side of it. The lateral por-
tions of the hinge-plate begin at the socket-walls which are high and narrow,
extend downward, inward and forward to the anterior extremity of the plate,
whence they curve upward into the crura. The crura are long, broadened and
curved upward towards their extremities where the primary arms of the bra-
chidium arise at a sharp angle. The latter curve backward and outward, and
284
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
skirt the inner margins of the valves as a very broad, continuous lamella,
which is not reflexed though somewhat curved upward on the anterior margin.
FIG. 204.
FIG. -206.
Fig. 205.
Stringocephalus Burtini, Defrance.
Fig. 204. Urabonal cavity of the pedicle-valve with discrete deltidial plates.
Fig. 205. The internal sheath or projection of the pedicle-passage.
Fig. 206. The umbonal cavity of a pedicle-valve in which coalescence of the deltidial plates is almost complete.
(QUENSTEDT.)
From the inner margins of this lamellge, on its exterior and lateral extension,
arises a series of linear processes converging toward, and some of them perhaps
Fig. 207. Stringocephalus Burtini. Defrance.
A restoration of the interior, showing the internal pedicle-sheath and the strong median septum of the pedicle-
valve; the great cardinal process, one of its terminal lobes (c) 1\ ing on either side of (he septum; the form of the
loop with the railial lilaments extending from the anterior lamellie (d) to the crura. At (a) is the insertion of the
diductor muscle, at (6) that ol' the adductor. (Hoernes )
reaching the crura. A low, thick median septum extends for about half the
length of the valve.
The muscular impressions on both valves are exceedingly obscure, and have
never been fully described or illustrated.
Surface smooth, with fine concentric growth-lines ; sometimes a low median
sinus exists on both valves near the margin.
BRACHIOPODA. 285
Shell-substance impunctate externally, but the inner laminoe are sparsely
perforated.
Type, Stringocephalus Burtini, Defrance. Middle Devonian.
Observations. This old and well known genus has been discussed by many
Wi iters, but to King, Suess and Quenstedt our knowledge of its internal
structure is especially due. Its characters are extravagant and its com-
position is peculiar and unique, the genus standing quite apart from other tere-
bratuloids. Whence its origin is still a mystery. The duration of the type
was brief, though its development was abundant and characterized a distinct
horizon of the middle Devonian, the " Stringocephalus beds." Its presence,
however, has not been widely known outside of Germany and England, and
hence its recent discovery by Whiteaves in the Mackenzie River Basin of
British North America, is of much interest. Here it is associated with various
middle Devonian species.
Authors are pretty generally agreed that the different specific designations
which have been suggested for slight variations in form, etc., are based upon
minor characters, insufficient to separate them from the type-species, S. Burtini,
The S. Bohemicus, Barrande,* is a much earlier form (F.,,) whose generic char-
acters are entirely uncertain.
* SystSme Silurien, vol. v, p. 218, pi. 83, iv.
286 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Genus CRYPTONELLA, Hall. 186J.
PLATE LXXX.
ISeO. Terehratula, Hall. Thirteenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 88, 89.
1861. Ci-ypfoiiella, Hall. Kimiteenth Ann. Rept. N. T. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 102.
1862. Cryptonella, Hall. Fifteenth Ann. R<')it. N. Y, State Cab. Nat. Hist., pi. iii, tigs. 6, 7, 8, 9.
1862. Cryptonella, Billings. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vnl. vii, p. 392.
1863. Cryptonella {partim), Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. :tJ'at. Hist., p. 42, figs. 8-11;
p. 43, figs. 8-11; p. 48. tigs. 22, 23 ; p. 49, figs. 24-26.
1863. Cryptonella {partim), Hall. American Jour. Sci., vol. xxxv, p. 396.
1863. Cryptonella {partim), Billings. American Jour. Sci., vol. xxxvi, p. 238.
1863. CryploneUa {partim). Hall. Transactions of the Albany Institute, vol. iv, pp. 132, 148.
V'&^^.{^Centrouella, A. Wincuell. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. ix, seconil ser., p. 123.
1867. Cryptonella, Hall. Twentieth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cat). Nat. Hist., p. 164.
1867. Terehratula, Cryptonella, Hall. Palfeonlology of New York, vol. iv, pp. 386-389, 391, 398,
pi. Ix, figs. 5-16, 32-44, 49-6.'), 68-71; pi. Ixi, figs. 1-41.
1868. Centronella, Haktt. Dawson's Acadian Geology, second ed., p. 300, fig. 99.
1872. Cryptonella, Hall and Wuitfield. Twenty-foni'th Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 199.
1874. Waldheimia, Derby. Bull. Cornell Univ., vol. i, No. 2, p. 3, pi. iii, viii, ix.
1879. Metzia. Barrande. Systeme Silurien du Centre de la Boheme, vol. v, pis. xiii, cxli.
1882. Waldlielmia, Davidson. British Devonian Brachiopoda, Suppl., pp. 12, 13, pi. i, figs. 1-4.
1884. Cryptonella, Walcott. Monogr. U. S Geol. Survey, vol. viii, p. 163, pi. iv, fig. 4 ; iil. xv., fig. 2
18S8. Cryptonella, Herrick. Bull. Denison University, vol. iii, p. 48, pi. v, fig. 10.
1890. Terehratula, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, p 15.5, pi. xvi, figs. 20-22.
This name, though introduced in 1861, first acquired a positive value in
1867. In the original description of the genus no type-species was designated
though several Devonian shells, Terehratula Lincklani, T. rectirostra T. lens,
T. planirostra, were suggested as differing from Terebratula in some external
features, and in the character of the muscular impressions. Subsequently, in
1862, the name was applied to a rare and previously undescribed species from
the Lower Helderberg, C. eximia, of which figures were given showing the exte-
rior, together with illustrations of the interior in a species not named.* In the
following year the interpretation of the name was based largely upon the evi-
dence of the internal structure presented by the Centronella Julia, A. Winchell,
a shell of similar exterior to those upon which Cryptonella has been founded.f
The subject was rediscussed in 1867 (Palaeontology of New York, Volume IV,
pp. 392, 393) ; the brachidia of two species originally placed under the genus,
T. rectirostra and T. planirostra, had been developed, and as this evidence is of
* Fifteenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pi. iii, figs. 6-9.
t Sixteenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 43.
BRACHIOPODA. 287
primary importance we must accept this rehabilitation of the genus. Thus
constituted Ceyptonella includes a group of terebratuloid shells having the
following characters :
Valves subequally convex ; elongate-oval in outline, broadest in the pallial
region. Pedicle-valve with prominent, erect or slightly incurved umbo ; del-
tidial plates well developed ; foramen circular, apical, rarely encroaching upon
the umbo, or becoming oval as in many species of Dielasma ; the inverted
pedicle-sheath or collar is slightly developed within the aperture. The teeth
are strong and supported by dental lamellaB which divide the umbonal cavity
into three chambers ; near the apex they join the somewhat thickened scar of
the pedicle-muscle, and extend beyond its anterior margin with a slight con-
vergence, resting always on the bottom of the valve. The pedicle-muscle
makes the strongest scar of all the muscular bands, the adductors being narrow
and central, and the diductors scarcely delimited.
In the brachial valve the hinge-plate is large, elongate and concave ; it is
divided by two low ridges diverging from the apex, and from these the plate
rises toward the sides into decidedly elevated socket- walls ; between the diverg-
ing ridges the surface is rather deeply depressed, and, toward the apex, is per-
forated by a circular foramen. The crura are slender, very short, curving
inward and upward, making two long and narrow crural apophyses. The
descending lamellae are carried forward, following the curves of the valves
KiG. 20S. Cryptonella planirostra.HM.
The bracluilium; showing the long clescemiing and ascemling lamella;.
for nearly two-thirds the length of the shell, and abruptly reflected ; the
ascending lamellae returning to within a short distance of the crural apophyses.
288 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
The whole structure is very similar to the brachidium of the adult living
Magellania (Waldheimia).*
The adductor scars are more or less distinct, the anterior members being the
more clearly defined. These scars are usually represented only by three straight
lines diverging from the umbonal region. Vascular sinuses originate about the
muscular areas of both valves and are directed forward with frequent rami-
fications.
The shell-structure is highly punctate.
It thus appears that the Devonian shells which can be referred to Crypto-
nella do not materially differ in the structure of the brachidium from the living
Magellania. There are several species in the American faunas, currently
referred to this genus, whose brachidia have not yet been developed, e. g.,
C. eximia, Hall, of the Lower Helderberg, C. Iphis, Hall, of the Upper Helder-
berg, and C. Eudora, Hall, of the Chemung, but in all these the probability of
their being congeneric with C. rectirostra, is enhanced by the demonstration of
the absence of the transverse dorsal band on the brachidium of the latter.
From Davidson's determinations we know that the same type of brachidium
existed in the Devonian faunas of Great Britain, Waldheimia juvenis, Sowerby
(sp.), and W. Wliidbornii, Davidson,! both shells with smooth exterior, the latter
with biconvex valves, the former with a plano-convex or centronellid contour.
From certain preparations made by Dr. Carl Rominger, in 1863,| it was deter-
mined that the Terebratula or Retzia melonica, Barrande, from the Bohemian
Etage F,, (Konieprusian), possesses a brachidium of the same type. This is a
large biconvex shell quite different in expression from the diminutive navicu-
*In the description and illlustrations of 18(57 the brachidium was represented as possessing a trans-
verse band on the dorsal side, uniting the descending branches at points just below, and slightly back of
the position of the crural apophyses. Such a transverse band does not exist. In making piepai'ations
of these internal parts slight ineptitude will divide the long concave hinge-plate in such a manner that
its anterior edge remains attached to the crura. Repeated attempts with the knife have almost invariably
given this result, but certain specimens in which the entire brachidium has been changed to pyrites
have determined the inaccuracy of such preparations and the absence of this abnormal structure.
t Devonian Supplement, 1S82, jip. 12, 13, pi. i, tigs. 1-4.
I Sixteenth Report on New York State Cabinet of Natural History, p. 49, figs. 24-26. See also Bar-
rande, Systfeme Silurien, vol. v, pi. cxli. 1879.
BRACHIOPODA. 289
loid shell from the upper Wenlock shales which Davidson has described* as
Waldheimia Mawi ; a species which strikingly resembles Cyclospira bisulcala, both
in form and size. This shell has a low median septum in the brachial valve,
and its brachidium is longer and much broader than in those of the Devonian.
In all of Davidson's representations of the interior of these species, the hin<>-e-
plate, which we may assume to be somewhat constructive, is given with a
distinct cardinal process in the Devonian species, like that of the living
Magellania, though in W. Mawi there appears to be a trace of a perforation in
the plate. These structures, however, are not fully described. The actual
difFereno.e in the composition of this plate in the recent Magellanias and the
Devonian Cryptonellas, as above described, may be regarded as a highly impor-
tant basis of distinction between these forms. Were it necessary, however, to
rely upon this difference alone, we should fall far short of separating their
remote predecessors of the palaeozoic era as widely from Magellania as the
evidence seems to require.
The form of the long, recurved adult loop in such living genera as Magella-
nia, Macandrewia and Terebratella, has been shown by various investigators
to be but the terminal condition of a series of metamorphoses. Evidence con-
cerning the immature condition of the loop in any of the fossil terebratuloids
is extremely difficult to obtain. In the very early growth-stages of Cryptonella
planirostra, where the shell has a length of not more than 4 or 5 mm., the bra-
chidium is simply a miniature of its adult condition. However, from what we
now know of the changes in living and extinct Brachiopoda of similar char-
acter, it seems a natural and necessary inference that the brachidia of all such
terebratuloids have undergone modifications or metamorphoses which, though
slight in comparison with similar changes in the living species, yet do involve
a progressive change from the simple loop of RensseljEria and Centronella to
the resultant acquired in Magellania and Terebratella of modern seas.
It should not be overlooked, however, that in the recent genera of terebratu-
loids these modifications of the loop are complicated by the pi'esence of a median
septum, which is an integral part of the brachidium, and the absence of such a
* Silurian Supplement, 1882, pp. 76, 77, pi. iv, figs. 1-3.
290 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
septum in these Devonian and Carboniferous terebratuloids gives a greater sim-
plicity to the variations of the loop in different stages of growth, though
their final condition is the same.
Cryptonella ranges upward into the early faunas of the Carboniferous period ;
well defined internal casts of a large form like the full-grown examples of
C. planirostra, occur in the Waverly group of Ohio, and it seems probable that
the Centromlla Alii, A. Winchell, described from the Marshall group of Michigan,
will prove to be a Cryptonella.
Accompanying precisely the same structure of hinge-plate as that just
described is a variation in the form of the brachidium presented by several of
the Devonian species which have usually been referred to Terebratula, namely,
T. Sullivanti, T. Harmonia, Hall, of the Corniferous limestone, T. simulator and
T. Lincklani, Hall, of the Hamilton group. The 'brachidium, compared with
that of the normal Cryptonella, is quite short, extending less than one-half the
length of the brachial valve, and the recurvature of the ascending branches
exceedingly slight. This recurved lamella is so delicate that it is rarely
completely preserved, but when retained the entire brachidium has the form
represented in the adjoining figure. The crural apophyses are situated more
Fig. 209. Fig. 210.
Fig. 209. Terebratula [Eunella] simulator, Hall; showing the character of the liinge-platc, the relative length and
usual proservatiiin of the brachidium, with the ascending band lost.
Fig. 210. Terebratula'iiEunella) Sullivanti, Hall; a dorsal view of the complete brachidium.
anteriorly than in Cryptonella and are much broader at the base. It would
be hardly justifiable to include these species in the same group with typical
forms of Cryptonella, and hence, to forms having this type of brachidium, it
is proposed to apply the term Eunella.
BRACHIOPODA. 291
In the Carboniferous limestone of Windsor, Nova Scotia, we find a very inter-
esting form, in the species described as Centronella Anna, Hartt,* where tlie long
and greatly recurved Cryptonella brachidium is retained with some accompany-
ing modifications in other features. It seems, beyond doubt, that Professor
Hartt misapprehended the structure of the brachidium in the shell. He has
represented it as somewhat similar to that of Centronella Julia, A. Winchell, the
descending branches uniting anteriorly to form a vertical median plate. By
good fortune there has been obtained an example of this rare shell, filled with
compact crystalline calcite, a most unusual condition of preservation in this
limestone ; and the demonstration of the brachidium from this specimen is very
complete.
The external form of the shell is unusual, being plano-convex or naviculoid,
as in the typical species of the genus Centronella ; the brachial valve is
depressed-convex or nearly flat and the pedicle-valve medially ridged with
abrupt slopes at the sides. The dental lamellaj of the pedicle-valve are well
developed as in Cryptonella. In the brachial valve there is a short, tripartite
hinge-plate, supported by a median septum of considerable height in the um-
bonal region and extends for fully one-half the length of the valve, becoming
low anteriorly.
The crura are very short and are continued almost immediately into the
long convergent crural apophyses The descending branches of the brachidium
extend for nearly the entire length of the shell, following the curvature of the
valve and approaching each other anteriorly, their extremities being again
directed outward. The ascending branches extend backward to points not far
in front of the crural apophyses, where they are united by a transverse band.
The outer margins of the descending lamelljB are fringed with rather long,
irregularly set spinules directed toward the commissure of the valves. There
are no spinules elsewhere on the brachidium. Although we are not inclined to
place a high value upon the presence of these spinules, they seem to be, in many
cases, a natural accompaniment of the brachidium in late palaeozoic species
(see observations on Athyris); but the entire combination of the centronellid
* Hartt in Dawson'.s Acadian Geology, second ed., \>. 300, fig-. 90. 1868.
292 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
contour of the shell, highly developed median septum, with the fimbriated
descending branches of the brachidium, warrants the separation of this type
Fig. 211. Fig. 212.
Centronella (Barttina) Anna, Hall.
Dorsal aut-l pioiile. views ol" a prepaiatioii of the bracliiiliuiii; bhowing the binge-plate, broaii jugal procesijea, lim-
briated descending lamellae, long recurved lanielloe, and prominent median septum in the brachial valve.
(0.)
of structure from other known genera, from which it may be distinguished by
the term Harttina.
A Carboniferous species, Waldheimia Coutinhoana, with an essentially similar
internal structure, has been described by Derby * from the Amazonas. This
shell is rather more biconvex than Harttina Anna, and has a lesser develop-
ment of the dorsal septum ; together, they represent the continuance of the
CRYPTONELLA-type of brachidium into the later palaeozoic faunas.
* Bulletin iif the Cornell University, vol. i, No. 2, p. 3, pi. iii, tig. 22; pi. viii, fig. 6; pi. ix, tigs. 1,
2. 1874.
BRACHIOPODA. 293
Genus D IE L ASM A, King. 1859.
PLATE LXXXt.
1809. Conchyliolithus ammiites, Mabtjs. Petrefacta Derbiensia, p. II.
1816. Terebratulites, Schlotheim. Denkschr. der K. Akad. der Wissensch. zu Munchen, vol. vi, p. 27.
1824. Terebratula, Sowkrby. Mineral Conchology, vol. v, p. 65.
1824. Terebratula, von Bdch. Ueber Terebi-ateln, p. 90.
1836. TerebratMla, Morton. American Journal of Science, vol. xxix, p. 150, pi. ii, fig-. 4.
1844. Atrypa, McCoy. Synopsis Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 153.
1845. Terebratala, de Vernedii,. Geol. de la Russie et des Mont, de I'Oural, vol. ii, pp. 63, 65, pi. ix,
figs. 7, 8.
1848. Terebratula, Geinitz. Verstein. der deutsch. Zechst. Gebirg., p. 11, pi. iv, figs. 27-36.
1850. E'pithyris, King. Monog-i-. Permian Foss. England, p. 146, pi. vi, tigs. 40-45.
1854. Terebratula, Semenow. Die Fo.ss. des schles. Kohlenk., p. 11, pi. iii, tig. 5.
1855. Seminula. McCoy. British Paljeozoic Fossils, p. 408.
1856. Terebratula, Hall. Pacific R. R Reports, vol. iii, p 101, pi. ii, figs. 1, 2.
1857. Terebratula, Davidson. British Permian Brachiopoda, pp. 3-11, pi. i, figs. 5-22; pi ii, tig. 2.
1857. Terebratula, Davidson. British Carboniferous Brachiopoda, pp. 11-16, pi. i, figs. 1-lG, 23-32;
pi. ii, figs. 1-8.
1858. Terebratula, Hall. Ti-ansactions of the Albany Institute, vol. iv, pp 6, 7, 35.
1858. Terebratula, Hall. Geology of Iowa, vol. i, pt. ii, p. 711.
1859. Dielasma, King. Pi'Oc. Dublin Univ. Bot. Zool. Assoc , vol. i, p. 260.
1859. Tenh-atula, Meek and Hayden. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. iii, secoaid ser., p. 26.
1859. Terebratula, Shdmard. Ti-ans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. i, p. 392.
1860. Terebratula. White. Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vii, p. 228.
1861. Terebratula, McChbsney. New Palseozoic Fossils, p. 82.
1861. Terebratula, Geinitz. Dyas , p. 82, pi. v, figs. 14-28.
1863. Terebratula, Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 48.
1863. Terebratula, Davidson. Quart. Jour. Geolog. Soc. London, vol. xix, p. 169, pi. ix, tigs. 1-3.
1863. Terebratula, Swallow. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. ii, p. 83.
1867. Terebratula, Hall. PaL-eontology of New York, vol. iv, p. 389, pi. Ix, tigs. 17-25, 66, 67.
1868. Terebratula, White and St. John. Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., vol. i, p. 119.
1869. Terebratula, McChesney. Ti-ans. Chicago Acad. Sci., vol. i. p. 37, pi. i, fig. 2.
1869. Terebratula, Toula. Sitz. der Kais. Akad. der Wissensch zu Wien, vol. lix, p. 1, pi. i, fig. 1.
1871. Terebratula, Qdenstbdt. Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands ; Brachiopoden, pp. 427, 429, pi. Ii,
figs. 1-9.
1873. Cryptonella, Hall and Whitfield. Twenty-third Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist.,
pp. 225, 229.
1872. Terebi-atula, Meek. Sixth Ann. Rept. N. Y. S. Geol. Survey Terr., p. 470.
1873. Tei-ebratula, Meek and Wortuen. Geol. Survey of Illinois, vol. v, p. 572, pi. xxv, tig. 15.
1874. Terebratula, Derby. Bull. Cornell University, vol. i, pp. 1, 63, jil. ii, tigs. 1, 3, 8, 16; pi. iii,
fig. 24 ; pi. vi, fig. 15.
1875. Terebratula (Dielasma), White. Wheeler's Expl. and Survey West 100th Mend., vol. iv, pp. 93,
144, pi. xi, tig. 10.
1878. Terebratula, Dawson. Acadian Geology, third ed., p. 287, tig. 87.
1880. Terebratula, Davidson. British Cai-boniferous Brachiopoda, Suppl., ji. 269, pi. xxx, tig. 7.
1882. Terelrratula, Whitfield. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. i, pp. 54, 55, pi. vi, figs. 53-64.
1882. Terebratula, White. Eleventh Rept. State Geol. Indiana, p. 361, pi. xxxix, figs. 6-8.
1882. Dielasma, Waagen. Productus-liniestone Fossils ; Brachiopoda, jip. 336-359, pis. xxv, xxvii.
1883. Terebratula, Hall. Twelfth Rept. State Geol. Indiana, pp. 336, 337, pi. xxix, figs. 53-64.
294 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
1884. Tertbratida, White. Thii-teenlh Kept. State (ieol. liuiiaiia, p. 137, jil. xxxii, figs. 17-19.
1884. Terelrratnla, Walcott. Monogr. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol; viii, p. 224.
1884. Dielasma, Davidson. Bi'itish Fossil Bi'achiopoda; General Summary, p. 411.
1887. Dielasma, de Konince. Faune du Calcaire CarboniKi-e de la Belgique, pp. 5-31, pis. i-viii.
18S9. Terehratula, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, v. 155, pi. xvi, figs. 20-22.
1890. Terehratula {Cryptonella}, Calvin. Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Stale Univ. Iowa, p. 174, pi. 3, iig. 4.
1893. Didasma, Beecher and Schuchert. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. viii, pp. 71-78, pi. x.
Some years before the introduction of this term its distinguished author had
applied Phillips' name, Epithyris, to certain Permian species {Terebratulites elon-
gatus, Schlotheim, type) which he found to differ from Teeebratula, in the sense in
which the term was then current, in their " prominent dental plates and trans-
versely semi-elliptical moderately recurved loop." Epithyris, as used by Phillips,
has no significance as a generic term ; whatever value it might have was thus
given it by King, but the author subsequently decided to discard the term and
introduce a new one, Dielasma. The name has not been widely adopted, though
this fact appears to have come, less from any objection to, or insufficiency in,
the distinctive characters of the division, than to a general disposition to leave
all the terebratuloid shells of the Palaeozoic with the old genus, Terehratula.
Waagen has recognized the value of this genus and the usual facility with which
its species may be recognized. It is not, however, upon the characters given by
King that we can rely for the distinction of Dielasma from the other palaeozoic
terebratuloids. In external form, the convexity of both valves is generally well
developed, and the outline is usually elongate-oval. But in both of these
respects there is very considerable variation ; the development of a median
sinus on both valves with a plication and groove at the bottom of it, as in the
Terehratula turgida, Hall, of the Chester limestone, and T. vescicularis, de Koninck,
of the Coal Measures, produces a form at once suggestive of the typical
biplicate Terebratula of the Jurassic age. A general depression of the pedi-
cle-valve anterior to the umbo, and a corresponding elevation of the opposite
valve, appearing first in the Cryptonella Calvini, Hall and Whitfield, of the mid-
dle Devonian, is carried to an extreme in the T. bovidens, Morton, of the Coal
Measures.
The apex of the pedicle-valve is closely incurved, so that in adult shells but
little remains of the deltidial plates. The foramen is large, quite generally
BRACHIOPODA.
295
Fig 013. Dielasma boHdens, Morton.
An enlargement of the umbonal portion of
the brachial valve; showing the slightly
thickened processes on eitlier sideof the
beak. (c.)
encroaching upon the umbo and often becoming very oblique to the longitudinal
axis ; with the increase of this obliquity the deltidial plates are thickened in
their inner surface, which thus becomes more or less protruded. The inverted
sheath or collar within the foramen is highly developed and clearly shown on
internal casts. On the interior the dental plates are conspicuous, as in Cryp-
TONELLA, but they stand vertically upon the bottom of the valve, not showing
the convergence and often actual union occurring in that genus.
In the brachial valve the dental sockets are quite deep and narrow, the soc-
ket-walls rising abruptly, though not attaining the height of the dental plates
of the opposite valve. They are distinctly separated from the crural plates or
margins of the hinge-plate, and converge toward
the apex where they merge into a slightly ele-
vated cardinal process ; the latter usually appear-
ing as a crescentic submarginal wall, though when
best preserved is seen to be composed of two
lateral, somewhat rounded lobes. The crural
plates are two divergent vertical lamellae, originating just below the cardinal
process, and attaining a length equal to the distance between their extremities,
which is about one-third the width of the valve at that point. Between these
plates lies the long shallow hinge-plate, which is raised but little above the
bottom of the valve, and is sometimes
actually adherent to it. This plate
attains its greatest width at the ex-
tremities of the vertical crural plates,
its margins converging thence ante-
riorly, its full length often equaling
one-third that of the valve. To this
plate are attached all the muscles of
the brachial valve, the scars of both
anterior and posterior adductors being
frequently clearly defined upon its surfoce. Upon comparison of this structure
with that of Cryptonella the homologies are at once apparent, but there is a
Fig. '211. Dielasma elongaium, Schlotheim.
The interior of the umbonal region of the two valves;
showing the highly developed dental plates (rf), the elon-
gate, sessile hinge-plate with \l» muscular scars, and the
form and mode of attachment of the brachidium.
(Davidson.)
296 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
total difference in the expression of the two. The lateral divisions of the plate
in Cryptonella have become merged with the valve and lost in Dielasma.
The median division, which is also to a certain extent myiferous in Crypto-
nella, is carried to an extreme of development in Dielasma, where it forms a
distinct platform. In Dielasma the crura are greatly abbreviated. The
descending lamellas of the brachidium are attached to, and are continuous with
the crural plates, as far as the latter extend. The crural apophyses on the
upper margins of these lamellae are developed behind the points where the
lower margins of the lamellae are free from the crural plates. The lateral parts
of the brachidium are more or less divergent, the recurvature of the ascending
lamellae rather short and the entire structure does not extend beyond the mid-
dle of the shell. The ascending lamellae are very fragile and usually destroyed
in fossilization.
It is thus evident that the differentials of Dielasma are highly developed and
these having become fixed at the opening of the Carboniferous period, species
of the genus abounded until the close of the Permian.
In American faunas the specific values of these forms have not been thor-
oughly determined, but we may quote as characteristic examples of Dielasma,
the following: Terebratula formosa and T. turgida. Hall, of the Warsaw lime-
stone, T. Rowleyi, Worthen, and T. Burlingtonensis, White, of the Burlington
limestone, and T. bovidens, Morton, of the Coal Measures. The type of structure
was, however, well defined in the Devonian, and the Cryptonella Calvini, Hall
and Whitfield, of the middle Devonian of Iowa, is an excellent representative
of the earliest forms of the genus. The great specific representation of the
genus in the later Carboniferous faunas has been demonstrated by the labors
of De Koninck* and Waagen.!
It has been suggested by WaagenJ that the Terebratula Lincklani, Hall, of
the Hamilton fauna of New York, might prove to be an early representative of
Dielasma. Reasons have already been advanced to show that this species, with
*Faune du Calcaire CarboniKre de la Belgique; Ann. du Mus N. Y. d'Hist. Nat. de Belg., vol. xiv,
pt. vi, pp. 5-31, pis. i-viii. 1SS7.
t Palseontologia Indica ; Productus-limestone Fossils, pp. 336-359, pis. xxv-xxvii. 1882.
X.Op. cit., p. 337.
BRACHIOPODA. 297
T. simulator. Hall, and some others, possessing a narrow and slightly recurved
but decidedly elongate brachidium, conveniently constitute a subdivision of
Cryptonella. But there are other Devonian species in which the loop is far
more like that of Dielasma, as for example the Terebratula Romingeri, Hall, a
form widely distributed in the Hamilton fauna of North America; and the
T. {Cryptonella) lowensis, Calvin, a large, biconvex, and often beautifully pre-
served shell, from the middle Devonian of Fayette and elsewhere in Iowa.* In
this shell the hinge-plate is constructed as in Cryptonella and is not adherent to
the bottom of the valve as in Dielasma, though it may be close to it ; the crura
also arise normally from the lateral
divisions of this plate. With these
distinctive differences from Dielasma,
the resemblance to the latter genus in
the form of the brachidium is striking,
its descending branches being highly fig. 215. Terebratulai^Cranana) nommgeri, a&w.
,. , ,1 T 1 1 1 An oulline showing the Dielasma foim of the brachiiliuni
divergent, the ascending branches ab- anathe,iivi,ie,ihinge-„iate.
ruptly recurved, making a broad, gentle curvature above ; at the same time this
recurved band is so very fragile as to be almost invariably destroyed. The entire
length of the loop, as in Dielasma, and in contradistinction to Cryptonella and
EuNELLA, is about one-third that of the brachial valve. This peculiar structural
variation may be designated by the term CRAN^ENA.f Probably uther American
Devonian species, besides the two mentioned, will be found to belong to this
group when satisftictory evidence of their internal structure has been obtained.
Recent observations by Beecher and SchtjchertJ upon the development of
the brachidium in Dielasma turgida, Hall, of the St. Louis limestone, show that in
its earliest observed condition, in a shell about 4 mm. in length, it is altogether
like that of primitive forms of Renssel^ria {R. mutabilis) ; the lateral branches
uniting by simple coalescence to form a triangular median plate, which is not
thickened along the line of suture, either below, as in R. mutabilis, or above, as
* Calvin, Bull. Lab. State University of Iowa. p. 174, pi. iii, fig. 4.
t To Miss Agne,s Crane, of Brig-hton, England, an associate in the latin- lalmrs, of Dr. Thomas David-
son, and an astute student of the Brachiopoda.
I Development of the Brachial Supports in Dielasma and Zygospira, op. cit. 18'ja.
298
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
in Centronella. The adult condition of the loop is derived from this primitive
condition by progressive resorption of the pointed anterior portion of the plate,
and the complete obscuration of the median suture by anchylosis is not effected
FIG. 216. Fig. 217. Flu. 'ilS.
Dielasma turgula, Hall.
Fig. -JKi. The ceulrouelliloriu stage ol' the loop. X li.
Fig. 217. A later stage; showing the resorption of the anterior portion of the loop. X G.
Fig, 218. Early Dielas.ma stage, produced hy further resorption. X 6.
Fig. 219. Loop and hinge-plate of a mature specimen. X G.
FIG. 219.
till near maturity. It is thus clearly demonstrated that the brachidiuni of
DiELASMA and, inferentially, all similarly recurved loops are secondary modifica-
tions of the primitive structure linding its mature expression in Renssel^eria
and Centronella.
DIELASMINA, Waagen. 1882.
1882. Dielasmhia, VVaaljen. Pi'oiiuctiis-liineatone Fossils ; Brachiopoda, p. 369, pi. xxvii, tig. 10.
This name has been applied to certain plicated species in the Productus-
limestone of India, which possess more or less of the characters of Dielasma.
FIO. 220.
FIG 221.
Dielasmina plicata, Waagen.
Dorsal and frontal views.
IWaagen.)
They have the dental plates of the pedicle-valve and tlie general form of the
brachidium in that genus, as for as the interior is now known, but for the
BRACHIOPODA. 299
present the distinctive difference lies in the nature of the exterior. Tliis dis-
tinction is certainly a convenient one, but the type of structure, so far as
our knowledge extends, is unknown in American faunas. The type-species of
this genus is D. plicata, Waagen, and this is said to be its only repre-
sentative.
HEMIPTYCHINA, Waagen. 1882.
1862. Terebratula, Davidson. Quart. Joui-n. Geol. Soc. London, vol. xviii, p. 27, pi. ii, tig-. 1.
1863. Terebratula, de Koninck. Foss. Paleoz. de I'lnde, p. 32, pi. ix, fig. 1.
1878. Terebratula, Waagen. Records Geol. Surv. India, vol. ix, p. 186.
1882. Hemiptychina, Waagen. Productus-limestone Fossils; Brachiopoda, pp. Htil-375, pi. xxvi,
figs. 6-10; pi. xxvii, figs. 1-9, 11.
Dr. Waagen has found that certain plicated terebratuloids of Permo-Carbon-
iferous faunas do not possess dental plates. The significance of the generic
name above used and the nature of the author's argument, both indicate that
the conception of the proposed genus was based upon such plicated shells. The
author, however, adds that the plica-
tion of the exterior "is not absolutely
indispensable for the shells belonging
to the genus " {op. cit., p. 361) and, un-
fortunately, without citing any species
as typical, gives, first in his list of
descriptions a smooth shell, H. SublcCVis, fig. 2-22. Bemiptychlna mmalayensu. Davidson.
Wino-PTl Tbp nronrietv of including a portion of the interior; »howing the .ibsence of aental
waagen. ine propriety 01 inoiuumg ^^^^^^ .^ ^^^ peaicle-valve, and the DiELASJiA-likc
these plicated and smooth shells in the brachidium. (Waaoes.)
same genus appears, on certain grounds, open to objection ; and the author's
intention will undoubtedly be better interpreted by regarding the plicated shell,
Terebratula Himalaijensis, Davidson, as typical of the Hemiptychina; a shell of
whose interior something is known and from which it is clearly evident that
the author's diagnosis was largely drawn.
These plicated terebratuloids without dental plates are unknown in American
faunas ; but we do find a very limited representation (as yet restricted to a
300
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Flc. 223. Seecheria [Hemiptychina) subtatis, Waageii.
Dorsal view; showing the smooth exterior.
(Waagen.)
single form) of smooth species without dental plates. It is here proposed to
separate these shells from Hemipty-
china and to distinguish them by
the term Beecheria,* giving a brief
account of the interior structure as
exemplified in B. Davidsoni, sp. nov.,f
of the Carboniferous limestone of
Windsor, Nova Scotia.
The general character of the interior is that of Dielasma, except that the
dental plates are wholly absent or represented only by faint ridges which
never reach the bottom of the pedicle-
valve. The peculiar myiferous hinge-
plate of Dielasma is wholly merged
with the valve, but the crural ridges
are still retained and the descending
lamellae originate from them at the
bottom of the valve in very much the
same way as in Dielasma. The crural apophyses are broad and erect, there
being no part of the descending branches behind them. Sometimes the
brachial valve retains a low muscular impression which has the form of
the platform of Dielasma, This species and Beecheria {Hemiptychina) sublavis,
Waagen, constitute the known representatives of this type of structural
variation.
Fio. 224. Beecheria Davidsoni, Bp. nov.
An enlarged profile oi" the brachidium; showing the man-
ner in which lamellse arise from the bottom of the valve,
the broad posterior jugal processes and the much nar-
rower descending lamella. The anterior transverse or
reflected band is not fully retained. (c )
Genus CRYPTACANTHIA, White and St. John. 1867.
1867. Waldheimia? (Cryptacanthia), White atid St. John. Trans. Chicago Academy of Sciences,
vol. i, [it. i, p. 119, fig-. 3.
Our knowledge of this genus is still very imperfect. The authors described
as Waldheimia? compacta, a rather small, plano-convex or naviculoid shell from
* In recognition of his important contributions to our knowledge of the Bi-achiopoda.
t This is the shell identified by David.son as Terebratula saccidus, Martin. (On the Lower Carboniferous
Brachiopoda of Nova Scotia; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xix, p. 169, pi. ix, tigs. 1-3, 1863.)
BRACHIOPODA.
301
the Upper Coal Measures of Madison county, Iowa, where it is said to be
associated with the Terebratula millipundata, Hall {^Dielasma bovidens, Martin).
The original figures showing the outline of the exterior are here reproduced.
Of the internal structure the authors say that " the loop seems to be essen-
tially like that of Waldheimia in
)
Fro. 225.
Waldheimia^ [Cryptacanthia) compacta. White and St. John.
A copy of the original liguro.
(WHITE and ST. John.)
form, but the crura of the loop ap-
pear to be joined, forming with the
hinge-plate a foramen of moderate
size ; and the loop-band is armed
with numerous spines which point
outward towards the shell in all di-
rections."
This shell appears to be very rare, and we have had no opportunity of
examining specimens. Attention, however, may be directed to a somewhat
similar form of brachidium from the chert beds of the Burlington lime-
stone, at Burlington, Iowa, belonging to a species whose identity is not fully
established. This structure is represented in the accompanying figure. From
a well-developed, elevated and tripar-
tite hinge-plate, bearing a slight bi-
lobed cardinal process at its apex,
arises a very short brachidium of the
type of DiELASMA or Cran^ena. The
outer margins of both descending la-
mellae and the short ascending lamellae
are bordered with numerous short spin-
ules. Furthermore, there appears to
be a solid longitudinal band passing
from the hinge-plate to the posterior
curve of the ascending lamellae. This
curious character is not a septum, as the entire apparatus is elevated from
the bottom of the valve ; but it may prove to be wholly casual, and a result of
an interlocking of the minute quartz crystals with which the brachidium is
Fig. 226. A fimbriated DiELASMA-lifce brachidium from
the chert of the Burlington linie^itone.
The mediiiD dotted lines indicate the position of the longi-
tudinal band described as probably casual in origin.
The outline of the valve is wholly constructive.
302 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
encrusted. Possibly a similar occurrence explains the apparent union of the
crural apophyses described by White and St. John as occuring in Cryptacan-
THiA. The external form of the Burlington limestone species is apparently
more biconvex than in Cryptacanthia compada, and the generic characters of
both are extremely uncertain.
Genus TROPIDOLEPTUS, Hall. 1857,
PLATE LXXXU.
1839. Strophomena, Conrad. Ann. Kept. Geolog. Dept. N. Y., p. 64.
1847. Leptcena, dk Vebnbdil. BulL Soc. Geol. de France, second sei\, vol. iv, p. 705, pi. iii,
figs. 7, 7 a.
1853. LejjicBna, Schnur. PalsBontog-i-aphica, vol. iii, p. 220, pL xl, tig. 2.
1856. Strophomena, The Sandbergbrs. Verstein. der ihein. Schichten-systems, p. 66, pL xxxiv,
fiff. 8.
1857. Tropidoleptus, Hall. Tenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 151, figs. 1, 2.
1859. Tropidoleptus, Hall. Twelfth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State CaL. Nat. Hist., p. 31.
1865. Leptana? Davidson. British Devonian Brachiopoda, p. 87, pi. xvii, figs. 1-3.
1867. Tropidoleptus, Hall. Palaeontology of New York, vol. iv, p. 404, pi. ixi a, tigs. 50-52 ; \<\. Ixii,
figs. 2a-c, Za-y.
1868. Tropidoleptus, Meek and Worthbn. Geology of Illinois, vol. iii, p. 427, pl. xiii, fig. 2.
1874. Tropidoleptus, Rathbon. Bull. Bufl'alo Soc. Nat. Sci., voL i, p. 254, pL ix, fig. 10.
1876. Tropidoleptus, Derby Bull. Mus. Harvard Coll., vol. iii. No. 12, p. 282.
1881. Tropidoleptus, Rathbdn. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xx, p. 35.
1889. Tropidoleptus, Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, p. 46, pl. xvii, figs. 14, 15.
1890. Tropidoleptus, Derby. Arch. Mus. Nac. de Rio de Janeiro, vol. ix, p. 76.
1892. Tropidoleptus, Ulrich. Paleoz. Verstein. aus Bolivien ; Neues Jahrb. filr Mineral., etc., Bei-
lagebnd. viii, p. Ti, pl. iv, tifrs. 32-34.
Diagnosis. Shells with the general external aspect of Rafinesquina ;
concavo-, or plano-convex. Hinge-line straight; in young shells form-
ing the greatest transverse diameter and frequently extended at the
cardinal extremities, but in mature and old shells shorter than the trans-
verse diameter in the pallial region. Marginal outline varying from
longitudinally semi-elliptical in youth, to transversely subelliptical at ma-
turity. Surface covered with simple, low plications, all extending from
beak to margins. The median plication on the pedicle-valve and the
corresponding sinus on the brachial vfilve are broader and more conspicuous
than the others.
BRACHIOPODA. 303
The pedicle-valve is regularly convex, becoming slightly concave on the
cardinal slopes. It bears a moderately broad cardinal area, coextensive with
the hinge-line, which is divided by a broad, open delthyrium, which, in no
observed condition of growth, bears a covering of any sort, but is filled
by the cardinal process of the other valve. The base of the delthyrial
cavity is thickened and transversely striated, probably by the attachment
of the pedicle-muscle. The teeth are not situated at the extremities of
the delthyrial margins, but lie within and in front of them, arise from
the bottom of the valve as two erect, divergent subquadrate crests, rest-
ing upon low ridges which bound the muscular area. These peculiar teeth
are smooth and abrupt on their inner faces, while their outer faces are
deeply crenulated. A low groove separates each from the cardinal area.
The muscular area is broadly flabellate, extending more than half-way across
the valve, and consists of two large diductor scars enclosing a narrow median
pair of adductors.
The brachial valve is slightly concave, often nearly flat. Cardinal area nar-
row, but clearly developed; chilidium prominent. Cardinal process large, erect,
smooth on its posterior surface, and bilobed at its summit. Each of these lobes
is excavated above, so that the upper portion of the posterior wall is free from
the rest of the process. In front of this is a broad, smooth floor, sloping
toward the bottom of the valve. The margins of this area form the elevated
socket-walls, and their anterior extremities are the bases of the crura. The
dental sockets are deep and their outer walls corrugated for the reception of
the teeth. The posterior portion of the sockets and the lower part of the
cardinal process are covered by the erect, convex chilidium. At the anterior
edge of the cardinal process lies a broad, thick, not elevated median ridge,
which gradually narrows and becomes developed into a sharp, thin .septum,
attaining its highest point at al)out the center of the valve, whence it slopes
rather more abruptly downward, terminating at the anterior third of the valve.
From the crural bases extends a pair of long, slender lamellar processes, which
curve outward, are directed upward, again converge and unite with the median
septum on its lateral faces and just in front of its highest point. Slightly con-
304 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
vergent, slender jugal processes are given off not far from the origin of the
lateral lamellae. The scars of the adductor muscles are situated just in front
of the cardinal process on either side of the septum, and are not clearly
delimited.
Shell-substance highly punctated in all its parts.
Type, Strophomena carinata, Conrad. Lower and middle Devonia)i.
Observations. The original determination of the characters of Tropidoleptus
led to its assignment with the terebratuloids. Presumably on account of its
external expression, systematists and other students have generally been un-
willing to admit this determination, placing the genus preferably among the
strophomenoid and leptsenoid genera. After the examination of a large amount
.i^^^^^i-^-^
Fig. 227. Fig. 238.
Tropidoleptus carinatus, ConiaJ.
Fig. 2-27. The interior of the brachial valve; showiug the^cardiiial process, creuulateil ilental sockets, loop and raeiliau
septum.
Fig. 228. The same in profile; showing the height of the median septum and the mode ol" attachment of the lamella; of
the loop.
of material, representing the various growth-stages of the shell from a
size less than 2 mm. in diameter to maturity, and having reviewed all
the points involved in the original account of the brachidium, these have
been found to be correct in every particular. In no observed condition
of growth does there exist a deltidium on the pedicle-valve, and hence it
becomes necessary to recognize Tropidoleptus as a terebratuloid genus, unique
among the palaeozoic brachiopoda.
BRACHIOPODA. 305
The actual union of the lateral lamellae of the brachidiura witli the median
septum in this shell is the earliest evidence and only known instance in
palseozoic faunas of a condition which is prevalent among the terebratuloids of
existing seas. The investigations of Davidson, Dall, Friele, CEhlert and
Beecher have shown that in Terebratella, Maqasella, Kraussina, Platiuia,
BoucHARDiA, and, indeed, all genera where the median septum is highly devel-
oped, the calcification of the lamellae of the brachidium begins quite as soon
from the lateral walls of the septum as from the crural bases on the hinge-plate.
Calcification tlms proceeds both posteriorly and anteriorly. In all modifica-
tions of the brachidium attendant upon the resorption of later growth, the
median septum is most intimately concerned, and in the terminal stage of such
modifications every trace of this septum may have been removed (compare
Magellania venosa, Macandrevia cranium).
The mature condition of Tropidoleptus, when compared with the variations
from resorption, through which the loop of the Terebratellid^ has passed, is
found to be very simple, sliowing only the primary completed calcification of
the lateral branches or descending lamellag, and aflbrding no evidence whatever
of any modification resulting from resorption of the calcified tissues. Its con-
dition is directly comparable to the mature form of the loop in Platidia, and to
what is termed by Beecher the platidiform stage in Muhlfeldtia and Macandre-
via.* The transverse and strongly plicated valves with well developed cardinal
areas, are features in harmony with the condition of the brachidium, as similar
characters are borne in the primitive conditions expressed by the mature Kraus-
sina, CiSTELLA, Megathyris, etc. Immature specimens of Tropidoleptus fre-
quently show an uncompleted condition of the calcification of the brachidium.
All the evidence thus points to the conclusion that this interesting genus is an
early representative of the family Terebratellidje.
The wide distribution of T. carinatus through the Devonian of North and
South America has already been referred to in the discussion of the genus Vitu-
lina. In the argillaceous shales of the Hamilton group in western New York
* See Revision of the Families of the Loop-beaiing 13iachiopO(ln, by Charles E. Bkkchkk ; Transac-
tions of the Connecticut Academy, vol. ix, p. 376, pi. i. 1893.
306 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
the species is exceedingly abundant and very generally distributed, but it is rarer
toward the east where deposits become more arenaceous. Yet wherever the
Devonian sandstones are known in Brazil and Bolivia the species abounds. A
similar form passing current under the name Sirophomena or Leptcena laticosta,
Conrad, also occurs in the lower Devonian sandstones (Coblentzian) of Germany.
An additional species, T. occidens, Hall, has been described from the limestones
of Hamilton age at Iowa City, Iowa, but its internal characters are not
known.
BRACHIOPODA. 307
GEN ERA
WHOSE SYSTEMATIC POSITION IS UNDETERMINED.
Genus EICHWALDIA, Billings. 1858.
PLATE LXXXni.
1848. Terebratula, Davidson. Bull. Soi\ Geol. de France, second sei-., vol. v, pi. iii, lig-. 34.
1849. Atrypa, d'Orbigny. Pi'odrome de Pal^ontologie, vol. i, p. 40.
1852. Ati-ypa, Hall. Palseontolofry of New York, vol. ii, p. 281, pi. Ivii, tig-a. :>a-t.
1858. Eichxoaldia, Billing.s. Rept. Geol. Survey Canada for 1857, p. litO, fig.s. 24 a-e.
1859. RhynchoneUa, Po7-amhoniU's, Salter. Muvchison's Siluria, second ed., pp. 250, 544.
1860. Poramhonltes, LindstrOm. Gotland's Brachiopoden, p. 364.
1863. RliynclwHella- Hall. Transactions of the Albany Institute, vol, iv, p. 217.
1866. EicJiwaUUa, Billings. Catalogue Silurian Foss. Anticosti, p. 10.
1867. Eicliwaldia, Dictyonella, Hall. Twentieth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 274-278,
figs. 1-7.
1869. Eicliwaldia? Davidson. British Silurian Brachiopoda, p. 193, pi. xxv, figs. 12-15.
1875. EicJiwahUa, Hall. Twenty-eighth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 159, |)1. xxvi,
figs. 50-54.
1879. Eichwaldia, Barrande. Systeme Silurien du Centre de la Bohriue, vol. v, pi. Ixxxi. figs. I-III.
1880. Eichwaldvi, Lind.strom. Angelin's Fragmenta Silurica, p. 25, \\\. ii, figs. 16-20.
1883. Eichioaldia, David.son. British Silurian Brachiopoda, Suppl., p. 140, pi. viii, tigs. 15, 16.
1884. Eicliwaldia, David.son. British Fossil Brachiopoda, General Summary, p. 355.
1884. Eichioaldia, Young. Geological Magazine, vol. i, No. 5, p. 214.
1889. Eicliwaldia, Beecher and Clarke. Mem. N. Y. State Mu-!., vol. i. No. I, p. 31, pi. iii,
figs. 11-13.
These curious shells have been carefully studied by Billings, Hall, Davidson,
LiNUSTROM and Young, and though we have a pretty complete understanding of
their structure, their affinities and phylogeny are still obscure. Their charac-
ters are as follows :
Shells subtriangular in outline, with biconvex valves, the pedicle-valve hav-
ing a broad median sinus, and the brachial valve a corresponding median fold.
The umbo of the pedicle-valve is acute and arched over the opposite valve,
though not closely appressed against it. As far as has been ascertained, the
umbonal space between the two valves is open, that is, there is no normal delti-
dium or pair of deltidial plates extending from the apex downward ; but there is a
308
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
short, trianguliir plate or diaphragm which begins at the apex of this valve, and
extends forward beyond the posterior edge of the brachial valve, and thus serves
the purpose of the deltidium, though deeply depressed within the cavity of the
pedicle-valve. This diaphragm is usually quite short and confined to the apical
region, but it may extend for fully one-fifth the length of the valve, its anterior
margin being free and its lateral margins adherent to the inner cardinal slopes.
The cardinal line may be regarded as extending nearly to the lateral ex-
tremities of the valves ; the articulating apparatus consists of a pair of long
marginal ridge-like teeth on the divergent cardinal slopes, fitting into narrow
marginal grooves on the brachial valve. There is sometimes a trace of a
median septum over the pallial region. In the brachial valve is a small callus,
boss or cardinal process lying directly beneath the apex. Below this is a strong
t'lii. 230.
Fig. 229.
Fig. 231.
■^^ .'
Fig. 233
mwM
Fig. 235.
Fig. 233. Interior ol" Ijrachi.al valve.
Fig. TU. Vertical section of shell.
Fig. 235. Enlargement of the surface.
Eickwaldia reticulata, lln]\.
Fig. 229. Dorsal view.
Fig. 230. Cardinal view.
Fig. 231. Longitudinal section of the two valves.
Fig. 232. Interior of pedicle-valve.
Notation i f, " bare spot," foramen ? ; p(c), deltidium or internal plate; c', umbonal surface of pedicle-viilve; T, teeth;
B, dental sockets; j, cardinal process; s, median septum of brachial valve.
median septum, which increases in height anteriorly and rises to an acute, an-
teriorly directed apex at about two-thirds the length of the shell. In front of
BRACHIOPODA. 309
this point its anterior edge is concave, the septum disappearing not far within
the margin of the valve.
No traces of muscular scars have been observed on either valve.
The external surface of the valves is covered by a coarse network of super-
ficial cells, usually hexagonal, sometimes circular in outline. In all species and
in early growth-stages there is a bare, smooth, triangular area at the beak of the
pedicle-valve, where this superficial ornament does not extend.
It has been shown by Young that the shell ofEichwaldia Capewelli is composed
of three layers ; first, the outer, coarsely meshed and wholly superficial layer ;
below this, a more compact layer perforated by numerous small polygonal cells,
FIG. 236. FIG. -237. Fl<;. 'JSS. FiG. 239. Pli:. 240.
Eichwaldia Capeioelli, Davidson.
Fig. 236. Hexagonal cells of the outer surface of tile shell in unwoi'U specimens.
Fig. 237. Small polygonal cells in walls of hexagonal cells.
Fig. 238. Polygonal cell layer between outer hexjigonal cells and inner dense layer.
Fig. 239. Perforated inner dense layer.
Fig. 240. Vertical section of the shell; a, outer hexagonal cell-walls; 6, polygonal cell layer; c, inner dense layer
with minute jierfoi-ations. {YOUNG )
the apertures of which are exposed in the greater cells of the outer layer; and,
on the inner surface, a dense lamina with minute perforations.
The peculiar bare spot on the umbo of the pedicle-valve, from which the
external shell-layers are absent, requires a brief notice. This area is the open-
ing of an aperture entering the valve between the outer shell and the internal
umbonal diaphragm. The smooth surface of the area is the inner surface of
this diaphragm, which is considerably thickened about its apex. Young
has called attention to the fact that along the margins of this bare spot the
superficial laminae are unfinished and the edges of this outer layer rough and
ragged. This is especially true of the anterior edge, while the lateral edges
appear to be invariably straight and to diverge at a constant angle.* The lat-
ter evidently represent the lines of attachment of the internal diaphragm to
the lateral walls of the valve. In the youngest shells that have been observedf
* See Beecher and Clarke, Memoirs N. Y. State Museum, vol. i, No. 1, p. 32.
t Bakrande, SystSme Silurien, vol. v, pi. Ixxxi, %s. 1, 2; Beechek and Clarke, oj). cit., pi. iii, fig-- 11.
310 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
this smooth spot is present and it is always accompanied by a decided incurva-
ture of the apex of the valve.
The condition of the edges of this aperture has convinced some observers of
the probable atrophy of the pedicle, and the fixation of the shell by solid
cementation at this point. It must, however, be borne in mind that among the
Fig. 241. Fig. Hi.
Eichwaldia suhtrigonalis, Billing-s.
Dorsal and ventral views of a silicified young shell retaining the pedicle; showing its protrusion from the unibona
aperture. From photographs of the original specimen described by Btllings.
original illustrations of the type-species, E. suhtrigonalis, Mr. Billings represented
a young shell in a silicified condition, with an extended pedicle protruding
from, or at least covering the aperture represented by the bare spot. Through
favor of Mr. J. F. Whiteaves, of the Geological Survey of Canada, we have
been furnished with photographs and drawings of this specimen, and notwith-
standing this remarkable instance of the replacement of a soft organ by silica,
there seems, from this evidence, to be no reason to doubt that the umbonal
aperture was solely for the passage of the pedicle. Such being the case, it will
naturally follow that the internal plate or umbonal diaphragm is a modified
condition of the deltidium or of the deltidial plates, probably the former.
The earliest species of this genus, of which we have information, is the type-
form, E. suhtrigonalis, Billings, which was described from the Black River lime-
stone at Paquette's Rapids, on the Ottawa River. The other American species
are all from the Niagara faunas, E. coralifera, Hall, occurring in the New York
shales, E. reticulata, Hall, in the calcareous shales at Waldron, Indiana, E. gib-
hosa and E. concinna. Hall, in the limestones of western Tennessee, and
E. Anticostiensis, Billings, from Anticosti. Eichwaldia Capewelli, Davidson,
appears to be not uncommon in the Wenlock shales of England, and has been
identified by Lindstrom, in the Island of Gotland. Barrande has illustrated
three species from the stages E and G, namely, E. Dormitzeri, E. Branikensis,
E. Bohemica, Barrande.
BRACHIOPODA. 311
It may be well to observe that as the species E. subtrigonalis, upon which the
genus was established, has a surface quite devoid of the cellular epithelial
lamina which is so characteristic of all the other known species, the term
DicTYONELLA, Hall (1867),* may be found of use in distinguishing the latter
group of shells.
Genus AULACORHYNCHUS, Dittmar. 1871.
plate lxxxiii.
18o4. dionetes? Semenow. Zeitschr. iler deutsch. g-eolog-. Gesellschaft, vol. vi, p. 34.^, pi. v, fig-s. ia-d.
1862. ChnnHes, Davidson. British Carboniferous Brachiopoda, p. 278, pi. !v, tig-. 13.
1871. Aulaeorhynchus, Dittmak. Ueberein nenes Brachiopoden-Geschlecht ausdem Berg-kalk ; Verb.
d. k. Akad. d. Wissensch. St. Petersburg, second ser., vol. vii, p. 1, pi. i.
1870. ChonetesJ? Meek and Worthes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 3u.
1873. Isogmmma, Meek and Wokthbn. Geological Survey of Illinois, vol. v, \>. 56S, \,\. xxv, figs. 3a-d.
1882. Aalacorhynehiis, Barroi.s. Reeherches sur les Terrains anciens des Asturies et de la Gallice,
p. 326, pi. xvi, figs. &a-d.
1884. Aulacorhynchus, Davidson. British Fossil Brachiopoda ; Appendix to Supplements, ]>. 283,
pi. XX, fig. 22.
Shells short, transversely elongate or alate ; extremities often rounded ;
hinge-line straight, usually making the greatest width of the shell. Valves very
thin and fragile. Pedicle-valve slightly convex, with traces of a broad, obscure
nii-dian sinus; brachial valve flat. Surface covered with numerous regular
and continuous, concentric rounded folds or ridges which are separated by fur-
rows of equal width.
In the pedicle-valve the character of the articulating processes has not been
fully ascertained. There appears, however, to have been no cardinal area, and
but exceedingly small teeth, judging from the analogy of the brachial valve.
Just within the apex of the valve, which is closely appressed against the oppo-
site one, begins a pair of divergent, elevated ridges, which extend for one-third,
or even one-half the length of the shell, and enclose a thickened area or plat-
form, which terminates abruptly in a transverse anterior margin. This platform
is the seat of the adductor and divaricator muscles, and probably rests upon
the bottom of the valve and is not vaulted.
In the bracliial valve there is a prominent cardinal process from the base of
which diverge two lateral ridges or socket-walls, lying just within the hinge-line;
* Twentieth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 274.
312 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
behind them are linear depressions or dental sockets. There is also a low median
ridge extending from the base of the cardinal process into the pallial region.
The substance of the shell shows a coarsely prismatic cellular structure, as in
PoRAMBONiTES and EiCHWALDiA. According to Barrois, this cellular lamina is
not superficial but is covered by a thin epidermal layer.
Type, Aulacorhynchus Par.hii, Dittmar. Carboniferous limestone.
Observations. There is still much to be learned of the structure of these
curious shells. Their similarity in external aspect to De Koninck's Choneles
concenirica, led some of the early writers to refer them to that genus and species,
but Semenow, the first author to notice these fossils, observed their differ-
ences from Chonetes, in the absence of cardinal spines and the existence of a
thickened triangular plate in the pedicle-valve, and suggested that they were
to be regarded as typical of a new brachiopod genus. Meek and Worthen are
the only authors who have described the brachial valve, and upon it was based
the conception of their genus Isogramma, which must yield to Dittmar's term
introduced two years earlier. More recently Barrois has added some important
observations upon the structure of the genus.
Species of this genus are not common, but appear to be widely distributed in
Carboniferous countries, Russia, Silesia, Scotland, and the Asturias. In North
America the only species known is the Isogramma millepundata. Meek and
Worthen, from the upper Coal Measures of Marion county, Illinois.
The origin and affiliations of Aulacorhynchus are involved in great uncer-
tainty. The resemblance to Chonetes is fortified by the existence of a stout
cardinal process, while the triangular muscular plate, the close incurvature of
the beak and obscuration or obliteration of the pedicle-passage and deltidium,
are features similar to those existing in Eichwaldia. It may be suggested that
the pedicle in Aulacorhynchus was extruded in a manner similar to that in
Eichwaldia, and that, hence, the platform may have been vaulted and slightly
raised above the bottom of the valve, though this is not evident from the usual
preservation of the fragile shells, where compression has closed any such cavity.
These similarities to Eichwaldia are still further seen in the coarse cellular
structure of the shell.
BRACHIOPODA.
313
Genus LYTTONIA, Waagen. 1883.
1S78. Baiirynium, Waagen. Rei:oi-ds Geol. Sui-v. India, vol. xi, pp. ISfi, 187.
1880. Thecidea, Zugmayer. Unters. iiber ihat. Brachiopoden ; Beitr. ziir Palaon. von Oesterreich-
Ungai-n, I, ji. 22.
1882. Leptodns, Kayseh. Richthofen's China, vol. iv, p. 161.
1883. Lyttonia, Waagen. Pi-odnctua-Iimestone Fossils; Brachiopoda, [ip. 396-40S, pi. xxix, figs. 1-3;
pi. XXX, figs. 1-11.
Shells of great size, highly inequivalve and very irregular ; frequently with
broad lateral expansions.
Pedicle- valve convex, thick ; apex not distinct; hinge-line short and straight ;
teeth faintly developed. On the interior are numerous ridges extending in
slight curves toward the lateral margins; in the median line is a smooth space
bearing a central vertical ridge.
Fi(j. '.'43. Fk;. 244.
Lyttonia nobilis, Waagen.
Fig. 243. Cardinal part of a poilicle-valve; showing the hinge-line, median and lateral septa.
Fig. 244, A portion of the interior of a brachial valve. (WAAGEN.)
Brachial valve operculiform, not extending to the margins of the opposite
valve. Cardinal process small and bilobed ; median surface of the interior
with divergent grooves corresponding with the ridges of the other valve.
External surface covered with flexuous lines of growth.
Shell-substance punctate in the inner layers.
Type, Lyttonia nobilis, Waagen. Carboniferous. India and China.
314
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Genus OLDHAMINA, Waagen. 1883.
1863. Bdlerophon, de Koninck. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. xix, p. 8.
1880. Thecidea, ZuiiMAYER. Untei'S. iibei' rhat. Brachiopoileii ; Beitr. /iir Palaout. Oesten-eich-
Unjrarn, I, p. 22.
1883. Oldhamina, Waaobn. Productus-limestone Fossils; Brachiopoda, pp. 403-409, pi. xxxi, iigs. 1-9.
Shells highly concavo-convex.
Pedicle- valve subhemispherical ; apex incurved, at maturity covered by a
callosity, as in Bellerophon ; attached by cementation in early growth. Hinge-
line short and straight, not interrupted in the middle ; below it lie well-
developed teeth. Interior surface of the valve covered with diverging lateral
ridges.
f
Via. 216.
Fig, 245.
riG. 217.
Oldhamina decipiens, de Koninck.
Fig. 245. The exterior of a pedicle-valve with Ihe sliell partly exfoliated.
Fig. 246. Posterior view ol' the brachial valve; showing elevation and lobation of the cardinal process.
Fig. 247. The interior of a pedicle-valve; showing the median and lateral ridges. (Waagen.)
Brachial valve concave. Cardinal process inconspicuous, quadripartite at the
summit ; continuous with a median ridge extending the entire length of the
valve. Internal surface covered with divergent grooves corresponding to the
ridges of the opposite valve.
Exterior smooth or with numerous concentric lines of growth.
Type, Oldhamina decipiens, de Koninck. Carboniferous. India and China.
Dr. Waagen has described the structure of these genera at great length, and
i'rom his investigations infers that the shells are not distantly related to
BRACHIOPODA.
315
Thecidea and Pterophloios. If this be true, they constitute the only satisfac-
torily known representatives of the family TnEcinF.mjE in palreozoic faunas.
Kayser described, unler the name Leptodus Richthofeni, a species of Lyttonia
from among the fossils collected by Richthofen in China; otherwise these
genera are unknown outside of India.
Genus RICHTHOFENIA, Kaysek. 1881.
1863. Anomia, de Koninck. Quarterly Journal Geol. Soc. London, vol. xix, p. 6, pi. iv, 6ijs. 7-9.
1863. Anomia, db Koninck. Foss. Paleoz. de I'Inde, p. 18, pi. iii, tig.s. 7-9.
1881. Rivhiliofenia, Kaysbr. Zeitschr. dei-deutsch. geolog-. Gesellsch., vol. xxxiii, p. 3.51.
1882. Aiwmia (RicMhofenla), Waaubn. Neues Jahrb. fur Mineral., vol. i, p. 115.
1883. RicMhofenia, Waagen. Records Geol. Survey of India, vol. xvi, pt. i, [). 12, pis. i, ii.
1883. RicMhofenia, K.atser. Richthofen's China, vol. iv, p. 195, pi. xxiv, figs. 6-8.
IcSS.i. RicMhofenia, Waagen. Productus-limestone Fossils; Brachiopoda, pp. 733-743, pi. ixxxii,
fig'. 1 ; pi. ixxxii A, fig;s. 1-4 ; pi. Ixxxiii, figs. 1-19.
These peculiar fossils, which bear a striking external resemblance to certain
operculated corals, and present some suggestive similarities to the lamellibranchs
i'lo. 24S. Fro. 249. FlG. 250. Fio. 251.
Richihofeiiia Lawrenciana, de Koninck.
Fig. as. Tlic exterior of tlie two valves in .irticulation.
Fig. 219. Longiludiual section of the pedicle- valve; showing the iuteiior cavity and the cellular shell substance.
Fig. 250. The interior of the pedicle valve; showing the hingeliue and muscular scars.
Fig. 251. The interior of the brachial valve. (Wa.^gen.)
316 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
HiPPURiTES and Radiolites, have been carefully elaborated by Waagen, who
arrives at the conclusion that they are of brachiopodous nature, the normal
brachiopod characters being somewhat obscured by their mode of growth.
From the accompanying figures, taken from Waagen's illustration of the genus,
it appears that the valves when well preserved show a distinct hinge-line, faint
articulating processes and muscular impressions, all more similar to the corre-
sponding structures in the brachiopods, than to anything occurring among the
corals or Rudista. If this evidence of the brachiopodous nature of these fossils
prove convincing, the remarkable development of the cellular testaceous tissue
of the pedicle-valve which produces the striking external resemblance to a
coral, is certainly a no more extreme deviation from the brachiopod-type than
are such bodies as Hippurites, Caprotina, Radiolites, etc., from the type of
lamellibranchiate structure. The shells were evidently attached by solid
fixation at the apex of the pedicle-valve, and this attachment strengthened by
the epithecal rootlets extending downward from the walls of the valve, simi-
lar to those in Omphyma and other corals.
In regard to the taxonomic position of Richthofenia, Waagen says:
" To sum up all that has been said on the affinities of Richthofenia, we have
found that these shells most probably belong to the Brachiopoda, but that they
constitute so strong a group within this class, that though they may be
assignable to the Arthropomata, yet they can not be placed immediately in
the vicinity of any known group. They show on the one hand external affinities
to the corals, and on the other structural affinities to the Pelecypoda. This
conflicting evidence alone will justify my considering them at least as a proper
sub-order, for which I introduce the name of ' CoralliopsidaJ "
Two species of this genus have been described, the Anomia Lawrmciana, de
Koninck, and R. Sinensis, Waagen. Both of them probably occur in the Car-
boniferous beds of the Salt-Range of India, but the latter is the form upon
which the genus was founded by Kayser, and was obtained from the upper
Carboniferous rocks of Lo-Ping, China.
BRACHIOPODA. 317
.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE ON VITULINA.
(See i)i>. i:iS-!41.)
Since the printing of the pages of this Volume, embracing the spire-bearing
brachiopods, attention has been directed by Professor II. S. Williams to the
fact that the presence of calcified brachial supports in Vitulina was noted by
him in his address before Section E of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, in 1892. (See American Geologist, volume x. No. 3,
page 165. 1892.) The language used in this place is as follows :
"The most striking evidence of the affinity of these several faunas was derived
from the study of three rather abundant genera of brachiopods ; Leptocalia,
Vitulina and Tropidoleptus, genera which I would describe as old-type genera for
this Devonian period, i. e., preserving the form and general characteristics of
the lower Silurian OrthidcR and StrophomenidcR, but assuming the later character
of calcified brachial supports of the Terebratulas and Spiriferidce. This is the
case for at least the first two genera, and Tropidoleptus possesses the punctate
structure characteristic of the Terebratulas."
If it was the author's intention to intimate, in these sentences, that Vitulina
is possessed of calcified spirals, his meaning has been most successfully veiled,
and the reader might quite as fairly infer that the genus was regarded as
bearing a loop. Professor Williams has, however, kindly communicated some
further details of this structure accompanied by a figure, drawn from memory,
showing a multispiral cone directed toward the cardinal angle, and an elongate
loop showing " what appeared evidence of a saddle and accessory lamella as
in Athyris." The cones are actually paucispiral and directed toward the lateral
slopes of the pedicle-valve, but as to the structure of the loop our specimen has
furnished no satisfactory evidence. The presence of a highly developed saddle
and accessory lamellae would be surprising if true, and indeed quite incongru-
ous with our present knowledge of related genera.
December, 1893.
BRACHIOPODA. 319
S U M NI A K Y.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE GENERA OF TFIE TAL^-OZOIC BRACHIOPODA.
At the conclusion of the discussions upon the Inarticulate palaeozoic genera,
some inferences were drawn as to the phylogeny and derivation of the more
conspicuous types of inarticulate structure (Part I, pp. 161-170). At that time
it had become evident that the variation in the form, position and mode of
enclosure of the pedicle-passage affords a more satisfactory index of lines of
progress and development, and gives a more lucid and reliable conception of
the rise and decline of brachiopod genera, than the modifications in any other
single character or association of characters.
Previous writers have usually ascribed a high value to the disposition of the
muscular scars upon the inner surface of the valves, the form of the genito-
v<ascular sinuses, the configuration and degree of calcification of the brachia.
The last of these must still be regarded as having a significance inferior in
importance only to the mode of enclosure of the pedicle; but to the other
features mentioned our present knowledge accords a less value in classification.
By this is meant that the muscular system, the disposition and interrelations
of the separate muscular bands, adheres closely to a standard type of expres-
sion throughout the Class.
This is especially true of the Articulate genera, where, from beginning to
end, no radical modification of the type, in this respect, is effected. It is less
true, perhaps, in the more highly specialized and more complicated muscular
structures of the inarticulates, a group in which our knowledge of the fossil
representatives is not altogether satisfactory on account of the tenuity and
ready destructibility of the shells. It is quite natural to find in such a highly
organized group the possibility of variation more frequently manifested.
The opinion expressed in the "Conclusion" to the Brachiopoda Inarticulata,
that the " feature of paramount importance " in dealing with the evolution of
320 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
the palaeozoic brachiopodous genera " will be found in the character of the
pedicle-passage" (p. 161),* its conformation and accessories, has been substan-
tiated by all the later investigations of this work,f and is still maintained as
the true basis of classification.
It is not the present purpose to recapitulate at any length the substance of
the deductions already set forth in regard to the Inarticulate genera. The
views expressed have not been materially modified ; but during the interval
since their publication an extraordinary interest has been manifested in the
study of the Brachiopoda both recent and fossil, e.specially in France, Austria
and America, and the additions thereby made to our knowledge invite special
attention.
LiNGULA has been shown to be a comprehensive type, not existent in pri-
mordial faunas. As yet it is impossible to indicate any difference of generic
importance between the Lingula of the Lower Silurian and that of existing
seas. Its elongate form is not primitive, and its complicated muscular system
is indicative of an advanced stage of progress. We may therefore look for
the precursors of this type of structure among the less elongate (Lingulella)
and more orbicular genera (Obolus, Obolella). In the diagrammatic scheme
of the derivation of Lingula, given upon page 164 of Part I, Lingulella and
Obolella are represented as divergent from some unknown earlier inceptive
stock, whose existence, represented by a mark of interrogation, was deemed
probable from the comparative study of these genera. Such an inceptive form
would presumptively be wholly elementary in its contour, outline and structure
of pedicle-opening, and, in fact, be little more than an amplification of the
infantile condition in its descendants. It has since been observed by Beecher
*lt is pi'Ojier to explain in this place, that ihoug-h Ihe title-page to Volume VIII, Part 1, bears the date
of 1892, the i>ag'es relating to the Inarticdlata, including- the concluding chapter referred to, had been
completed and printed in ,Iuiy, 1890. Certain of these (pp. 120-lt;0), I'elating to the structure and devel-
opment of the peiiicle-passage in Orbiculoidea, Schizookania, Tkematis, etc., were reset and issued sepa-
rately at that date, with lithographic plates (IV e aud IV f), and this printed excerpt was distributed
among students of the brachiopoda as well as to the general scientific public.
t The subordinal classification of the Brachiopoda introduced by Waagen (1883-188.5) was based to some
extent upon the conformation of the pedicle-passage. The phyletic value of variations in this structure was
first clearly indicated by Eugene Deslokgchamps, and has been subsequently elaborated by several
writers.
BRACHIOPODA. 321
that the embryonic shell or protoconch (protegulum) of the brachiopod is " semi-
circular or semi-elliptical in outline, with a straight or arcuate hinge-line, and
no hinge-area. A slight posterior gaping is produced by the pedicle-valve
being usually more convex than the brachial."* It appears, furthermore, to be
composed of corneous, impunctate shell-tissue. The same investigator finds that
the species described by Billings as Obolus Lahradoricus, from a horizon at
L'Anse au Loup, now regarded as Lower Cambrian, and subsequently identified
by Walcott, at the same horizon at Swanton, Vermont.f is the nearest approach
of the adult brachiopod to the simple type of the protoconch ; a semicircular
corneous shell, with gaping cardinal margins. This shell has been distinguished
by the generic term Paterina.
There are, undoubteilly, other brachiopodous shells of obolelloid type that are
quite as ancient as Paterina ; still the latter exemplifies the line along which
the development of more complicated forms has proceeded, and it is in all
respects the simplest known brachiopod. Paterina is an embodiment of
the predicted ancestor of the linguloids and obolelloids, and, with our present
knowledge, it appears to be the radicle of all the brachiopoda, both inarticulate
and articulate.
The departure from Lingula, through Lingulops and Lingulasma toTRiMERELLA,
by the progressive development of the vaulted muscular platform (see Part I,
pp. 4G, 165, plates i, ii, \\a) is confirmed by evidence which is unusually complete
and conclusive. Various intermediate stages have also been indicated by which
a similar resultant is attained from the primitive obolelloids through LakHxMINA,
* Beeoher ; Dbvelniiuh-nl (if llie Bi-achiopoda, Part I, IiitroiUiotion ; Amei-ican .Joiii'nal of Science, vol.
xli, p. 344. 1891.
t In a later woi-k Mr. Walcott ha=i concluded that the Swanlon fossil is sufficiently distinct fi-om the
typical Ohnlus (or Kutorglna) Lahradoricus to require a new designation, and has therefore termed it Kiitor-
gina Lahradorica. var. Swa7ito)iensk (See "Fauna of the Lower Cambrian;" Tenth Ann. Rept, Director
U. S. Geoloijical Survey, pi. Ixiv, figs 2, 3, dated 1S90, issued 1892). The fig-uros given in the work cited show
that the var. Sivanfo7ien.iis is in n'.any respects the more primitive type, its valves being the more nearly
equiconvex, its surface chai'acters simple concentric strijE, while in ihe typical 0. Labradoriciis, \heye \s a
conspicuous elevation of the umbo of the pedicle-valve, a low median .sinus on the brachial valve, as well aa
indications of radial plications about the beak ; all these are secondary characters which indicate progress
tmvard (he ti'ue Kctorgin.*. (S" clngalata). It seemi evident that the generic term Paterix.\ was based
upon the Swanton fo.ssil, and hence, if the author'.s intentions are cni-rectly interpreted, the type of the
genus is Paterina SwantonensU, Walcott, As to the value to be ascribed to differences of shell-composi-
tion within a given association of closely related genera, see remarks under the discussion of Lingcla and
Trimerella, and in the following pages.
32li PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Elkania and Dinobolus (p. 28, plates iii, iv6). The chronogeny of the various
elements is in full accord with the structural progress along both lines of deriva-
tion; a single genus in this series, Lingulops, enduring in an unmodified condi-
tion from faunas (Hudson River) antedating the appearance of Trimerella, to
those in which Trimerella abounds (Niagara and Guelph dolomites).
The entire group of linguloid and oboloid genera is bound together, as
already shown, by the possession of an unenclosed marginal pedicle. They
compose the Mesocaulia or Lingulacea of Waagen (1883) (Atremata of
Beecher, 1891).*
The leading element in this group, Lingula, attained a static condition in early
Silurian faunas ; the oscillations of the type were mainly confined to the preced-
ing faunas ; those of later date are but slight departures in a few directions only.
The combination termed Lingula having once become fixed, maintained itself
with unexampled adjustment to changing conditions, even into the existing seas.
Glossina, Dignomia, Barroisella and Tomasina, which represent early deviations
along the line of its descent, embody no substantial variations, though the two last
named (pp. 62, 65, plate ii) demonstrate the gradual assumption of articulating
processes, a tendency which not infrequently makes itself apparent in this group
where the pedicle-passage is wholly marginal. It is seen in Spondylobolus, and
is sometimes faintly manifested in Obolus and Obolella ; in Trimerella there
is occasionally a low cardinal process as shown by Davidson and King, and Got-
land specimens of T. Lindstrami bear long submarginal slotted ridges on the
cardinal edges (Lindstrom). This mode of articulation, though not frequently
seen in American specimens of Trimerella, is so much like that of Eichwaldia,
and the general form of the shells of the two genera is so similar, that there is
* To ensure greater freedom of treatment and relief from the embarrassments of an inelastic classifica-
tion, the discussions in these volumes have intentionally been left free of terms designating taxonomic
values higher than genera. By provisionally declining allegiance to any prescribed formulas in classifica-
tion, not only has the manner of treatment of the comprehensive material studied been more natural, but
the student will find himself less encumbered with artificial restrictions and freer from collisions with rock-
ribbed party-walls, which, to use an old Scotch phrase, "are nane o' God's makin'." It had, nevertheless,
been the intention to summarize, in a tabulated form, at the close of this work, the broader relations of
the genera discussed, not with any intention of introducing a series of new taxonomic terms, but to express
succinctly these intei-relations as they ajipear upon a review of the whole field of research. Such a table
will be found at the close of this chapter.
BRACHIOPODA. 323
a good excuse for associating them closely, as has been done by (Eiilert, who
places the latter genus among the Inarticulates Eichwaldia presents a pecu-
liar modification of the pedicle-passage, and all its essential characters, acquired
at an early Silurian age, were maintained to the close of the Upper Silurian
without substantial variation. The origin of Eichwaluia is, at present, but a
matter of conjecture; such resemblance as it bears to Trimerella, in its incip-
ient articulating apparatus, seems to be only an instance of isomorphy.
The second main division of the Inarticulate genera is composed of those in
which the pedicle-aperture, in the immature stages or in primitive adult condi-
tions, takes the form of a marginal incision of the pedicle-valve, but becomes
enclosed in the shell-substance in later stages of growth. To this group Waaoen
applied the term Diacaulia* (or Discinacea, 1883), which, like Mesocaulia, is an
admirable expression of the significance of the pedicle-passage. The name
Neotremata was subsequently introduced by Beecher (1891) as an ordinal term
for not only such forms as these, but also for those like Crania, of whoso fixation
by means of a pedicle there is yet no evidence.
The mode of development and enclosure of the marginal incision in the genus
Orbiculoidea has already been demonstrated,! and it has been shown that
ffiHLERTELLA, Trematis and ScHizocRANiA, which have an unenclosed aperture
at maturity, are primitive conditions through which Orbiculoidea passes in the
development of the individual. These primitive adult conditions occur in
various faunas from the primordial (Discinolepis) to the Lower Carboniferous
(ffinLERTELLA), and wliilc these genera might be conveniently as.sociated on the
basis of this feature, it is doubtful whether such grouping would be a natural
one, or a proper expression of the relations of these forms to the various con-
temporary mature types.
* This name was originally jirinted Daikadlia, probably a typographical error in the spelling' of the
first syllables.
Waagen, following usage in the employment of the terms Ltopomata and Arthhoposiata as ordinal
designation.^, subordinate only to the name of the Class, Brachiopoda, iuti-oduced Mksocaulia and Diacai-lia
as names of sjiborders. It is a purely arbitrary matter whethei- the former terms be regarded as designa-
tions of orders or subclasses. They are, in either case, inferior in the first degree to the Class itself. Hence
Ihe fact that Waagex employed the lattei- terms as suborders is no ground for rejecting either of them for a
later name having the same significance.
t Volume VIII, Part I, loc. cit.
324 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
In AcROTRETA, CoNOTRETA, LiNNARSsoNiA, AcROTHELE and IPHiDEA the i:)edicle-
aperture is persistently located at the apex of the pedicle-valve. This group of
genera is one of very early date, for the most part contemporaneous with Paterina,
and the existing evidence would indicate that it was not directly ancestral to the
line of Trematis-Orbiculoidea {DisciNin.E). The incipient formation of an inter-
nal foraminal tube is seen in several of these genera (Acrotreta, Acrothele,
Linnarssoxia), and this feature attains its maximum in the true Sipiionotreta
of the Lower Silurian, where the foramen is still apical and the tube wholly
internal. Hence Sipiionotreta appears to be a normal termination of this line
of descent. Schizambon, in the comprehensive meaning of the term ascribed
to it in this work, has the pedicle-passage superficial, and in such shells as
Schizambon fissus, Kutorga, and var. Canadensis, Ami, tlie condition of this
passage is perfectly analogous to that of Siphonotreta, the entire difference
being in the enclosure of the latter. In Schizambon the fibers of the pedicle,
extending through the foramen near the middle of the pedicle-valve, were
directed toward the apex of that valve, and along the concave floor of the
external pedicle-groove. The inner aperture of the pedicle-tube in Siphono-
treta, corresponds to the " foramen " of Schizambon, and the outer aperture
or true foramen of the former to the grooved umbo of the pedicle-valve in the
latter. Hence in Schizambon, thus considered, there is no evidence of a prog-
ress of the external aperture, or true foramen, anteriorly beyond the apex of
the pedicle-valve. These two genera are but slight departures from the same
type of structure, but it would ajspear that this deviation took place during
primordial times, as the typical Schizambon (S. typicalis, Walcott) is a primordial
fossil. The newly described genus, Trematobolus, Matthew* (T. insignis, Mat-
thew, type), appears to be another primordial representative of this structure,
with the tubular enclosure of the pedicle more highly developed. Thus all
these genera, from Acrothele to Schizambon and Siphonotreta, possess an
apical foramen, and the development both of the internal tube and the
corresponding exter-nal groove has been a gradual one. They represent
termini of slightly divergent series ; consequently they may all be safely
*Canailian Record of Science, January, 1S93, pp. 277-279, figs. 1 o-d.
BRACHIOPODA. 325
included under the old family designation introduced by Kutorga in 1848,
SiPBONO TRETIDjE
Crania and its allies (Craniell\, Pseudocrania, Pholidops) constitute a group
in which there is, thus far, no satisfactory evidence of the existence of the
pedicle, and we are left to the inference that this organ became atrophied at
a very early growth-stage. The study of recent Cranias has not yet deter-
mined this point, but this will probably be ultimately accomplished. At
whatever stage of growth the pedicle was lost, we may infer that its disap-
pearance, in Crania, and generally in Craniella, was directly followed by a solid
fixation of the animal by the substance of one of the valves. In Pholidops
there Avas no such cementation, but at a correspondingly early stage the shell
became wholly independent. All these shells with central or subcentral beaks
have an external resemblance to Orbicoloidea ; the formation of the secondary
growth of the valves behind the apices or position of the protoconch, is a fur-
ther substantial agreement with the Diacaulia as contrasted with the abbrevi-
ated posterior peripheral shell-growtli in the Mesocaulia (Lingula, Obolus). It
is nevertheless to be observed that no trace of a former pedicle-slit, incision
or perforation, is found on mature or immature shells, and it would be difficult
to comprehend in what manner such an essential modification of the shell could
be wholly concealed by later growth.* Were the pedicle marginal in primitive
growth-stages, and subsequently atrophied, the obliteration of the marginal
opening by later resorption and growth would be a readily intelligible process.
There is, hence, in this default of evidence, a good reason to doubt the close
affinities of Crania and Pholidops to the Diac.\ulia. Present knowledge would
seem to indicate that they were primarily of the type of the Mesocaulia, and
that their resemblance to the Diacaclia is wholly of secondary growth.f
* Quite early conditions of Crania siluHaiia and Craniella Hamiltoniw, from l.'t to .5 mm. in diameter,
are fully cemented. E.iamjiles of Pholidops HainiltonioB, not above .5 mm in diameter, give no indication
of a pedicle-jiassage or surface characters not present in the adult.
t Some species of Pholidops {P. arenaria, P. Vivguloides) have a terminal subraarginal apex ; and their
resemblance exterioi'ly to the oboloids is very striking. This is. however, no more than a re.serablance, as
they show, on the under side, the same mode of peripheral growth beneath the beak as the other forms of
the genus in which the umbones are more nearly central.
326 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK
Waagen's term for this group, Gastropegmata (or Craniacea) may therefore
prove to be equivalent to each of these other two divisions.
The great gulf which has seemed to exist between the Inarticulate or
Lyopomatous, and the Articulate or Arthropomatous divisions of the Class
Brachiopoda ; those without teeth and those with teeth ; those with a largely
corneous shell, and those whose shell is essentially calcareous, is not yet fully
spanned at many points.
These divisions were based upon the study of living brachiopods in which
all the characteristic diflerences are pronounced and fixed. We naturally ex-
pect to find, however, among the early brachiopods, in which the adjustment
of the organism to its conditions was highly sensitive, that the oscillation and
specialization of characters has been very rapid. The development of articulat-
ing processes has already been noticed among the linguloids, in Barroisella,
Tomasina and Trimerella, among the oboloids in Spondylobolus, and among
the siphonotretoids in Trematobolus. It is known that the shell of many inar-
ticulates is almost Avholly calcareous, as in the Trimerellid^e and all of the so-
termed Gastropegmata. The alteration in the nature of the shell-substance from
protoconch, or its exemplar, Paterina, which appears to be Avholly or essentially
corneous, to the typical articulate brachiopod, in which the corneous sub-
stance is reduced to a thin epidermal film, is a gradual process whose various
stages are well understood. In Obolella, Elkania, and the early forms of LiN-
gula, the deposition of calcareous salts in the shell was already adv^anced, these
layers alternating with thinner layers of corneous substance. The gradual and
eventual predominance of the calcareous shell-matter along both of these lines
of development is seen in tlie ponderous Trimerellids of the later Silurian.
The graduation of the corneous Paterina {Kutorgina Labradorica, var. Swanton-
ensis) through Kutorgina Labradorica, and into the true calcareous Kutorginas
{K. cingulata, K. Whitfieldi), is similar evidence. In Kutorgina Latourensis, Mat-
thew described a minute tooth on either side of the pedicle-opening,* and it
has been stated that K. cingulata shows faint traces of articulating processes at
* Illustrations of the Fauna of the St. John Group, No. 3, p. 42. 1885.
BRACHIOPODA. 327
or near the extremities of the cardinal line.* Such cases indicate, in the text-
ure and comijosition of the shell, a direct passage from the most primitive
inarticulate to the articulate type. In this feature only, the connection between
the two divisions of the class is no closer or more clearly manifested than in the
instances mentioned, but it has been shownf that Kutorgina cingulata may retain
a pedicle-covering or external sheath, in fact a true deltidiuin bearing an apical
perforation, like that in Clitambonites. A deltidium-like structure is highly
developed or fully retained at maturity in Iphidea. This is evidence of the
highest moment, and shows conclusively the line along which the clitambon-
itoids and strophomenoids have been derived. It is an Immediate departure
from the primitive type of the brachiopod into the articulate subtype.
Passage from the inarticulate to the articulate plan of structure was thus
effected at a very early period ; indeed, almost at the outset of the history of
the group. The continuance of the two types has since been that of diverging
series, constantly widening the structural gap between them. We have no
evidence that this cliasm has been bridged at any other point than near
its source ; the inclinations from the one type toward the other, shown in the
articulating processes of Barroisella, Tomasina, etc., represent uncompleted
accessory lines of development, which were abruptly terminated without
accomplishing the full transition. Such forms have left no descendants, so far
as known.
Before entering upon a summary of the phyletic relations of the genera of
the Articulata, it is important to apprehend the full significance of the modifi-
cations here appearing in the structure of the pedicle-passage and tlie suri\iccs
upon which the muscular bands are implanted ; in other words, the origin and
development of the deltidium, the deltidial plates, and the spoon-shaped mus-
cular platform, or spondylium, which may occur in either or both valves, and
may be supported or not supported by a median septum.
The deltidium and deltidial plates, though similar in function, are profoundly
distinct, both in origin and structure. The former is primitive and funda-
* Beecher, American Journal of Science, vol. xliv, p. 138. 1892.
t Beecher, loc. cit.
328 PALEONTOLOGY OF ISEW YORK.
mental, the latter is wholly secondary ; a replacement of, but never a derivative
from the former. In the foregoing discussions of the genera these parts have
been distinguished simply by the designations generally current ; the term
deltidium referring exclusively to the convex external portion of the pedicle-
sheath, such as occurs in Clitambonites, Strophomena, Rafinesquina, and their
allies, and which, under no condition, shows evidence of composition or con-
solidation of separate parts. The term deltidial plates has been applied to that
condition of the external sheath in which a division into component parts is
evident, as in Athyris, Atrypa, Merista, the terebratuloids, etc. ; or inferen-
tial, as in CvRTiA and Cyrtina. The terminology is here so imperfect as easily
to cause confusion, and though it had not seemed needful heretofore to suggest
an improvement, it has become necessary, for the proper consideration of the
subject, to employ a more distinctive expression for these fundamentally differ-
ent structures. The secondary structures known as the deltidial plates, whether
already discrete as in the terebratuloids, rhynchonelloids and meristoids, or
solidly coalesced, as in Nucleospira, Parazyga, Cyrtia and Ctrtina, will hence-
forward be termed the ddtarium, m application to the parts as a wliolo, or the
deltaria in referring to the component plates. It may also prove convenient to
adopt the terra introduced by Broxn, pseudodeltidium, for the coalesced condi-
tion of the deltaria in Spirifer, Cyrtia, etc., as this is its original meaning ;
but the significance of the term will be subordinate to that of deltarium.
The researches by Kowalevski,* upon the development and detailed anatomy
of Thecidea (Lacazella) and Cistella ( = Argiope, Kow.), have recently been
interpreted in the bearing upon these structures by Beecher, who has also added
new data derived from the study o? M igellania flavescens and Terebratulina septen-
trionalis. Thecidea, or Lacazella Muditerranea, is the latest and only existing
brachiopod which retains a true deltidium at maturity. Daring the cephalula-
stage of the embryo, before the inversion of the mantle lobes to enclose the
head, two shell-plates begin to form, one on the inner side of the dorsal mantle
lobe, the other directly opposite to it on the outer surface of that portion of the
* Obse7-vations on the Development of the Bi-achiopoda; Proceeding-s of the Session of the Imperial
Society of Amateur Naturalists, etc., held at the University of Moscow, Eleventh year, vol. xiv. 1874.
BRACHIOPODA.
329
body which subsequently becomes the pedicle. In this condition of growth the
ventral lobe of the mantle is but slightly developed and bears no shell-plates.
Fig. 252.
FIG. 264.
Flo. 257.
Fig. 253.
FIG. 255.
Fig. 2.56.
Fig. 258.
Thccidia {Lacazella) Mediterranea.
Fig. 2.52. Ceplialula, dorsal side; showiii;; below, Ihe ceplialic segment witli eye spots, and on the upper augment
the dorsal shell -plate.
Fig. 253. Dorso-veatrallongitudinal section of ceplialula; below is the cephalic se.ijment, at tlie right the dorsal
mantle lobe, ihe darker line on its inner margin representing the beginning of the dorsal valve, and
the similar line on the adjoining side of the body the incipient deltidium.
Fig. 2.51. .V later growth-stage, in which the mantle lobes have turned downward. The body shell-plate is seen in
the upper part of the figure.
Fig. 255. Dorso-ventral longitudinal section of the preceding; showing the inversion of both mantle lobes. The
relations of the dorsal and body (deltidium) plates are indicated by the heavy lines at the right. The
ventral plate is also seen on the lobe at the left.
Figs. 256. Prolile of a very young LeptfBtia rhomboidalis, oriented to correspond with the foregoing figures.
Figs. 257, 2oS. Views of adult TIteciilea Mediterranea, similarly placed.
(Beecher; 2gs. 252-255, .adapted from Kowalevski )
These features are seen in the accompanying figure of a longitudinal section of
such an embryo. In the directly following growth-stage the reversion of the
mantle lobes has taken place ; the shell-plate before on the inner surface of the
dorsal lobe is now on its outer surface, and assumes the normal position of the
dorsal or brachial valve. A corresponding plate has developed on the outer sur-
face of the ventral mantle lobe, and between the inner edges of these two plates
lies the great pedicle which bears on its dorsal side a third plate, meeting the
dorsal, but widely separated from the ventral plate. This third pLite is the
incipient deltidium. The deltidium is, thus, not a secretion from the mantle,
but from the body of the embryo, and it has been shown that the shell-puncta-
330
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
tions, which are usually present in the valves of the deltidiuni-l)earing species,
such as Lepkena rhomboidalis, Chonetes scitula, etc., do not exist in the deltidiuni.*
Fig. 259.
riG. 261.
Fig. 263.
Fig. 260.
Fig. 262.
Cistella NeapoKtana.
Fig. 264.
Fig. 259. The complele'l oephalula-stage.
Fig. 260. LoDgUudinal .section of same; the shell-secreling surfaces are represented by heavy lines.
Fig. 261. The larva after inversion of the mantle lobes.
Ftg. 262. Longitudinal section based on the preceding. The shell-bearing surfaces are now on the outside of the
animal, the large pedicle extending upward.
Figs. 263, 204. Dorsal and profile views of a very young shell; showing the large posterior opening between the
valves and the thick pedicle.
(Beeciiek -, adapted from Kowalevski and Shipley.)
In the corresponding stages of growth in Cistell.v and TeREBR.iTULiNA, there
is no evidence of this body-plate, no indication in any growth-stage of a delti-
diuni, but the pedicle-passage formed by the ultimate union of the valves at
their cardinal extremities remains uncovered until a comparatively late stage.
By removing the shell from adult specimens of Terebiiatulina and Magellania
in which the deltaria have become more or less completely developed, it has been
*In Aolosteges the surface of the ileltidium is coveretl with short spinules or tubercles. Such spinules
in the jiroductoids imply a punctation of the shell, wherever occurring- on the valves, but an examination
of the deltiiliura in thi.s g-enus indicates that the secondary modification of the surface of the deltidium is not
accompanied with a punctate structure.
BRACmOPODA.
331
found that these plates are derived from two secondary expansions of the man-
tle of the pedicle,valve enveloping the base of the pedicle.* These manifest
themselves only in later or post-larval growth-stages, and as they are a product
of the mantle lobes, may partake of the same punctate structure as the valves.
Fig. 263..
Fl<i. 260.
Fig. 267.
Fig. 268.
Fio. 270.
Fig. 2n.
Fig.
Fig,
Fig.
Figi
Fis.
Fig.
Fig. 269.
265. Deltlij-riam of a young Ithynchondla.
266. Tlie same, at a later stage, willi two triangular delt.aria.
2G7. Tlie same, at completed growtli of the deltaria.
. 263, 20U. Dorsal and prolile views of Magellania Aavescens ; sliowing deltariaand |>cdicle.
270. Dorsal view of the unibonal portion of an adult TerebratuUna septcntriotuills, with the shell removed by
acid; showing slight secondary extensions of tho ventral mantle at the base of the pedicle, small deltaria
only being formed in this species.
271. A similar jireijaratiim ot Mnijellania fiatescens ; showing tho complete envelopment of the base of tho
pedicle by secondary expansions of the ventral mantle, which have formed the deltaria, as shown in
fig- 208. (Beeciieb.)
These plates may unite along the median line, obliterate the foramen, or even
extinguish all trace of their original division, as irequently seen in Spirifer,
Cyrtia and Cyrtina (pseudodeltidium), thus simulating in every respect the true
deltidium ; though it is now evident that these and the deltidium are of funda-
mentally different nature. These structures, then, become, at once, a most
important basis of classification among the articulate Brachiopods.
In this work the term spondylium has been applied to the spoon-shaped plate
which, when present, is usually found in the pedicle-valve only, but among the
pentameroids frequently occurs in both valves. It has become evident since
the inti-oduction of the term that these processes in the two valves, though
* Beecher, loc. cit.
332 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
similar iu aspect, are similar neither in origin nor function, and it becomes
necessary to modify the application of this term. Hence it is proposed to
restrict the term spondtjlium to the plate existing in the pedicle- valve, and to
the plates of the brachial valve, whether united or discrete, the name cruralium
will be applied. The distinction of the parts is necessary to a proper appre-
hension of their value.
The spoadijlium is an area of muscular implantation. In its early or incipient
condition it is evident that it originates from the convergence and coalescence
of the dental lamellce, and forms a receptacle for the proxiiiial portion of the
pedicle, and for the capsular or pedicle muscles. In Clitambonites and Pen-
TAMERUS, where it attains its greatest development, it bears all the muscles of
the valve, the central adductor, and the lateral diductor scars being often clearly
defined, while the posterior portion of the plate is still reserved for the attach-
ment of the pedicle, if functional. Considering this structure in its incipient
condition, where, as in Orthis, it is represented only by the convergent dental
plates which usually unite with, or rest upon the bottom of the valve, and
enclose only the base of the pedicle and its muscles, it will be evident
that the plate is actually but a modification of the original pedicle-sheath. It
is, evidently, the inner moiety of this sheath surrounding the pedicle, which
has become involved or enclosed by the growth of the pedicle-valve, and fur-
ther modified by the development of articulating processes where it comes in
contact with the brachial valve. It therefore follows, as a natural inference,
that wherever the spondylium is present, whether in the incipient condition or
iu the more advanced stage of development in which it supports all the muscles
of the valve, it is, or, at some period of growth, has been accompanied by the
external portion of the sheath, which is termed the deltidium. Thus the spon-
dylium appears to be but the complement of the deltidium, or the original
plate formed upon the body of the embryo, and that portion of the adult shell to
which the term deltidium has been applied, is the other part of the original or
primitive deltidial plate or pedicle-sheath. Here again our terminology seems at
fault and should be further adapted to the proper conception of these structures.
Should the term prodeltidium be employed for the primitive body plate or the
BRACHIOPODA. 333
pedicle-sheath in its entirety, we shall then have the terms spondijlium and delli-
dium applied to corresponding and equivalent modified parts of this plate, the
former internal, the latter external.
The adult condition of the shell does not always furnish complete, and some-
times not even suggestive evidence of the relations of the spondyliuin and
deltidium. For example, in the genus Orthis and its various subdivisions, the
delthyrium is almost always open at maturity and indeed all through the later
growth-stages of the shell. Tlie deltidium unquestionably existed at an early
stage and has usually become resorbed long before evidences of maturity in
other re.spects aie assumed; the spondylium, also, does not pass beyond a
condition which makes the pedicle-cavity a clearly defnied feature of the inte-
rior. Tn more elementary or less modified orthoid structures like Billixgsell.a.,
PiiOTORTHis, and the Orthis dcfleda and 0. loricula (see Plate Va, figs. 30, 31),
the deltidium is fully retained at maturity, while the spondylium remains in its
condition of a simple pedicle-cavity. The coexistence of l)otli features with a
high degree of development, as in Cutamuonites, Polykeciiia, etc, indicates a
more primitive condition than in Orthis, thougli in such cases the extension of
the spondylium to such a degree as to carry all the muscular bands of the
pedicle-valve must be regarded as a secondary modification of this organ. In
Pentamerus and allied genera, where the spondylium attains its greatest de-
velopment, the deltidium is usually lost, but when retained is very thin and has
a concave exterior, a form doubtless largely due to the arching of the umbo of
the pedicle-valve over the full, procumbent beak of the brachial valve. The
spondylium occurs in various modified conditions ; in cases where the teeth are
wholly without dental lamellae, or where such lamellte do not extend to the
bottom of the valve, it seems necessarj^ to regard them as instances of
degeneracy or resorption of the primitive spondylium. As the growth, modifi-
cation and disappearance of the differential parts of the prodeltidium do not
progress pari passu, there will frequently be examples of one being retained
when the other has disappeared. A remarkable illustration of this f\ict is
afforded hy the genus Camaropiioria, which possesses a highly developed spon-
334 PALMONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
dylium, while the deltidium has been resorbed and secondary deltidial plates
or deltaria formed about the pedicle-passage.
In the fundamental division of the Articulata two groups will be recognized,
one embracing those forms in which the prodeltidium is represented by the
deltidium and spondylium, one or both; the other a group in which the pro-
deltidium has been fully modified, resorbed or replaced. The former group is
equivalent to Waagen's suborder, Aphaneropegmata (1883), with the addition
of Thecidea and its allies, and to Beecher's Protremata (1891), excepting the
genus TnopiDOLEPTCS. So deep-seated does this difference in these groups of
genera appear, that examples of such combinations of primary and secondary
conditions as shown by Camarophoria, are of the rarest occurrence.
The spoon-shaped process of the brachial valve, which has been termed the
cruralium, is a feature of more fugitive value. It is formed by the convergence
or union of the crural plates, and it may rest upon the inner surfiice of the
valve, or like the spondylium, be supported by a median septum. More often
the crural plates, when highly developed, stand erect upon the valve and do not
unite, but their position is highly variable, and it has been shown that in Pent-
amerus, CoxciiiDiUM, and their allied forms, the union of these plates is not of
first importance as a generic character. When the crural plates extend to the
bottom of the valve as distinct septa, they simply enclose an extension of the
median incision of the hinge-plate. It has become evident, from a study of the
hinge-plate, that the so-called visceral foramen which perforates it, and which
is often present in Athyris, Renssel^eria, Cryptonella, etc., is a remnant of
this aperture, the remainder of the median opening having become filled by
a testaceous secretion. There is every reason to believe that the visceral fora-
men was actually traversed by the lower alimentary canal, and if this were
true, then the deep and narrow median chamber bounded by the crural plates
must also have enclosed the terminal portion of the intestine. Within it lie
tlie elongate scars of the adductor muscles, and when the chamber is elevated
by the completed formation of a cruralium, these scars are still within it, as in
the case of the spondylium. It is therefore the morphic equivalent of the
spondylium. Its supporting median septum, when present, is composed
BRACHIOPODA. 335
of two lamelloB, each representing one of the coalesced or adherent crural
plates.*
The unsupported convex internal plate or " shoe-lifter " in the pedicle-valve
of Merista and Dicamara must be interpreted as an entirely different structure
from the spondylium. It is not produced by convergent dental plates, but
these, on the contrary, are divergent, the arched plate uniting its inner edges.
Its origin and the reason of its existence are still obscure. Tlie readiness with
which the filling of the cavity between this plate and the outer wall of the
valve separates from the shell, carrying with it the enclosing walls, leads to the
suggestion that the " shoe-lifter " may be the innermost lamina of the shell
separated from the rest of the valve and leaving it thinner in this region. This
plate, upon its convex surface, bears the muscular bands, in whole or in part.
In EiciiwALDiA it has been observed that the small internal plate of the pedicle-
valve is probably a modified condition of the deltidium, as the pedicle passes
beneath it, while the platform in AcLOcoRHYNCiins may prove to be wholly of
muscular origin.
The compound " shoe-lifter," divided by the median septum in the brachial
valve of Dicamara, is like the corresponding plate n the pedicle-valve in hav-
ing no connection with, or origin from the articulating apparatus. This plate
is not a cruralium, and in precisely the same sense that the simple " shoe-lifter "
is not a spondylium. Such cases as Merista and Dicamara are, therefore, not
to be cited as examples of the concurrence of spondylium and cruralium, with
the secondary condition of the pedicle-covering or deltarium, but are, rather,
illustrations of the production of parts which may be similar in function in the
mature condition, but are totally distinct in origin; in other words, interesting
instances of morphic equivalents.
* In the pentameroids the median septum of the pedicle-valve supporting the spondylium, is formed in
a similar manner by a continuation and coalescence of the dental plates, and wherever the median support-
ing septum exists in this group, it will probably be found to have this composition. Median and lateral
septa, however, in the valves of ihe Brachiopoda, have a highly diverse origin in ilifferent cases. In most
instances, except where bearing spondylia, they are evidently of muscular origin and surfaces of muscular
attachment, as shown in Spirikerijia (see figure 42, page 53, and remarks in foot-note. Part I, p. 49) ; while
in the Trlverellw^ they appear to be the residuum left by the resorption of a thick testaceous deposition
about and beneath the area of muscular inseition.
336 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
The cardinal area is a feature more generally developed among the forms in-
cluded by Waagen under his term Aphaneropegmata (=Protremata, Beecher),
that is, among forms possessing the deltidium, but it is very irregular in its occur-
rence among all the articulate Brachiopoda. The genus Spirifer furnishes a
most striking instance of its persistence in the deltarium-bearing shells ; its usual
absence in Pentamerus and Conchiuium serves to demonstrate that it is not an
indispensable character of its group. It is probable that the existence of this
area has little fundamental connexion with the condition of the pedicle-passage.
It is a very palpable fact that there is a much mo.e intimate relation
between it and the general form of the shell; thus in the elongate shells, like
the terebratuloids, meristoids, retzioids and the pentameroids for the most part,
there is no such area present. Where the form of the shell is more generally
transverse, as among the OitTHw.E, in Strophomena, Clitambonites, Derbya,
Spirifer, etc., the area is highly developed. This area is a characteristic
feature of all early deltidium-bearing species, and, where it manifests itself
occasionally in one of these groups which has for the most part lost, or never
developed this area, as in Porambonites, Gypidula and Pentamerella among
the pentameroids, its ajipearance may be regarded as the resumption of a
primitive or original character which was normal for that division of the
Articulates in some period of its history.
Similarly we meet with a cardinal area in an early rhynchonellid type,
Orthorhynchula, and this is an evidence of the first significance as indicating
the source from which the extensive group of the Rhynchonellas originated.
These are shells which, at a very early period, assumed the deltarium or sec-
ondary condition of the pedicle-covering. It Avould be presumptuous to assume
that a single species of this great group developed a cardinal area solely from
mechanical causes, such as obstructed growth on the posterior margins of the
valves. Its presence seems, rather, to suggest the perpetuation of an ancestral
character indicating that these modified shells have been derived from a more
primitive condition in which the cardinal area was normal and, no doubt,
accompanied by a deltidium. In the absence of further evidence such a char-
acter is of much interest and importance.
BRACHfOPODA. 337
Under the guidance of tlie structural features above considered, the main
lines of derivation of the Articulate genera are more readily apprehended.
The earliest known representatives of a given group of genera are not
always the most primitive in structure. In the instance cited in the pre-
ceding paragraph, Ortliorhynchula Linneyi is perhaps, by itself considered, the
closest expression of the fundamental stock from which the rhynclionellids
have Ijeen derived, but it is by no means the earliest of the group. It is known
only in the latest fauna of tlie Lower Silurian, while in the earlier faunas,
Protorhyncha, Rhynchotrema and Camarot(echia have attained an abundant
development. Orthorhynchula either represents a resumption of the primitive
type, subsequent to such modifications as appear in the earlier rhynchonelloid
genera, or a continuance of that type, without modification, through preexist-
ing forms as yet unknown. Such instances could be nmltiplied, as facts of
similar import are constantly recurring, and a careful consideration of the stage
of development or decline of each separate and individual organ is requisite to
determine how far the organism in question is a direct or modified outcome of
the fundamental type ; or a degenerate or senile relapse, after modification, to
phyletic immaturity.
The most elementary structure, then, observable among the Articulate
Brachiopods, is the combination of the deltidium with a distinct pedicle-cavity,
whose anterior margins are not free, and whose lateral walls or dental lamellte
are not highly developed ; these features being accompanied by gently .and un-
equally biconvex valves, well defined cardinal areas and elongate hinge-line ;
producing, in effect, a generally orthoid expression both of interior and exte-
rior. This is the condition of Billingsella of the Cambrian, Orthis loricula
and 0. defleda of the Trenton group, and O. ? laurentina of the Hudson River
fauna, and it is continued without essential modification, except in the gradual
contraction of the pedicle-cavity and deltidium, into Strophomexa of the Silu-
rian, its allies and successors, Orthotiietes of the Devonian, and Derbya of tlie
Carboniferous, Hipparionyx, Triplegia, Streptoriiynciius, etc., into Lept^ena,
Rafinesquina, Stropheodonta, Plectambonites, CiioNETES and Productus.
338 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
The tendency to contract the pedicle-cavity and deltidium presents its
extreme manifestation in the Devonian forms of Stropheodonta, Strophonella
and Leptostropiiia, where it has become almost, and sometimes quite oljliter-
ated, and the entire pedicle and mnbonal cavity filled with testaceous secretions.
Such filling can occur only in a discarded and useless space, after the pedicle
has ceased to be functional. A morphological consideration of much importance
presents itself here, as well as in many other groups of genera where the shells
attain great size. The evidence is very direct from the study of the structural
features as given above, that the entire muscular system on the ventral side of
the body, is, in primitive forms, inserted upon the base of the pedicle-cavity.
This is apparent from a study of such a shell as Orthis calladis, where it is per-
fectly clear that no muscular bands were attached to the pedicle-valve outside
the limits of this strong and condensed posterior area, which is but a sessile
spondylium. The contraction of this pedicle-cavity is accompanied by (whether
in relation of ciuse to effect can not be stated) a diffusiou of the area of mus-
cular attachment, and when the shells are large, as in Stropiiomena, Rafines-
QuiNA, Stropheodonta, Orthothetes, Derbya, etc., the necessity for powerful
muscles, or some similar cause, magnifies this expansion of the muscular area
until the original coatents of the pedicle-cavity may be represented by enorm-
ous muscles whose scars extend almost to the anterior margin of tiie valve, as
in HiPPARiONYX and Rhipidomella.
In this great group of genera there are two types of contour, one, as in
Lept^na, being normally convexo-concave, that is, with the pedicle-valve con-
vex and the brachial valve parallel to it and concave ; the other, as in Stro-
PHOMENA, having this contour reversed, the pedicle-valve at first convex, but
subsequently and through all later growth-stages concave, while the brachial
valve becomes corresjaondingly convex. In both cases, as in other brachiopods,
the primitive and post-embryonic valves are both convex. The peculiar reversal
of contour, which is never more extremely manifested than in this group, but
nevertheless occurs in other genera, such as Atrypa, many Rhynchonellas, etc.,
is a purely secondary condition. Its causes have not been fully investigated,
but an unequal peripheral growth of the two valves, arising from inequality in
BRACHIOPODA. 339
the size of the ventral and dorsal mantle lobes, seems to be a partial if not
sufficient explanation of its existence. As either the presence or absence of
this reversal is a normal secondary condition, it is not possible to give it great
weight in a broader grouping of the genera, for we find that Strophonella is
but a reversed Stropheodonta, passing through similar phases; A.mphistrophia
is a reversed Brachvprion, both existing in faunas of the same age, and Stro-
phomena is a reversed Rafinesquina, both similarly coexistent.
With tliis presentation of the subject it seems neither necessary nor desirable
to propose any bi-oad division of this group of genera. In 184G King proposed
to embrace Stropiiomexa and its allies, in the family Stropbomenid^. The
large number of generic values allied to Strophomena, which have been deter-
mined since that date, make this comprehensive family divisible ad libilum, sed
non in major em Dei gloriam.
The calcareous fixation of the pedicle-valve to extraneous bodies after the
closure of the pedicle-passage and atrophy of the pedicle itself, is repeatedly
manifested by these shells. This, as already shown, is a pre-adult condition in
Orthothetes, Derbya and Streptorhynchus, the shell becoming wholly free
before full growth was attained ; lint in Lept^nisca and Davidsonia the attach-
ment was maintained throughout tlie later existence of the shell.
The impref ions left by the spiral arms upon the interior of the valves in
Davidsonia and Lept^nisca, and also observed by Davidson in specimens of
Rafinesquina Jukesi and Leptccna rhamboidulis, show a complete correspondence in
the direction and curvature of the coils, and we are left to infer that other
members of the BmopiroMENiDyE were in agreement with this structure, and,
hence, that the arms in their uncalcified condition approached nearer the cal-
cified spirals of Konikckikidj; (Coelospira, KoNiNCKiNiA, etc.) than to any other
group.
The condition of the pedicle-passage possessed by these shells is maintained
by Chonetes and Productus, without great modification in other respects.
Chonetes possesses a marginal row of strong cardinal spines or tubes communi-
cating with the internal cavity of the valves. Yet w^e are acquainted with
forms (e. g., Anoplia 7iucleata) in which these spine-tubes do not manifest them-
340 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
gelves externally. Productus is normally covered with spines on one or both
valves, but there are some species which possess none. The cardinal area,
deltidium and teeth, which are retained in Chonetes, Productella, Strophalo-
siA and AuLOSTEGES, become wholly obliterated in the direct line of productoid
development. In all these forms the " reniform impressions" retained on the
inner surface of the brachial valve, are evidence of fleshy brachia possessing a
similar curvature to those of the SmopnoMisKiDyE
This group of genera has long been designated by the family name Piioductw.e
introduced b}^ Gray in 1840, though, in correlating the various divisions of
Waagen's proposed group, ApiiANERorEGMATA, there would be excellent reason
for considering the chonetids and productids components of a subfamily infe-
rior in value to the SrnopnoMENin.E and equivalent to the divisions Orthothetincz,
Waagen, 1884, and Rafinesquininoi, Schuchert (emendatus), 1893.*
Returning to the point of departure, we shall fiml that in the genus Orthis,
which in its broadest significance is tantamount to the family Onrnin.E, Wood-
ward, 1852, since the elimination of several heterogenous branches, the delti-
dium was resorbed at an early stage of growth, leaving the delth3frium a wide,
uncovered aperture during all the later stages of existence. The pedicle in
this group of shells was undoubtedly large and vigorously functional through-
out all mature conditions, as it is of very rare occurrence that any secretions of
calcareous matter are found in the apex of the delthyrium, such as are frequently
observed in mature and senile conditions of Spirifer. The sharp delimitation of
the pedicle-cavity containing all the muscular scars of the pedicle-valve, which
occurs in the earlier forms (those of Orthis in its restricted meaning, such as
0. callactis, 0. costaUs, etc.) is maintained in all the numerous subdivisions of
the genus, with the exception of Rhipidomella in which there is a great expan-
sion of the muscular scars, similar to that in the Strophomenid^ and to which
reference has just been made. Otherwise the sessile condition of the spondy-
lium is not modified throughout the entire history of this group.
The elevation of the spondylioid plate, or the base of the pedicle-cavity, into
a true spondylium, is a phenomenon of equally early age to the two conditions
"^ Ameiicau Geologist, vol. xi, p. 153.
BRACHIOPODA. 341
already discussed. It appears ia a highly developed state in conjunction witli
the unmodified deltidiuin, first in Protorthis, of the Cambrian, then in
PoLYTCECHiA, Syntrophia, Clitambonites and ScENiDiUM, of the early and later
Silurian and of the Devonian.
A parallel line of development is exhibited by spondylium-bearing forms in
which the deltidium disappeared at a very early period, and the shells possess
a trihedral, generally coarsely plicated and decidedly rhynchonelloid exterior.
It seems highly probable that this line was differentiated in the early Cambrian,
as indications of this structure are observable in some primordial species, as
Camarella? minor, 'SYaicoit, and Stricklandinia ? Balclekhensis, Davidson ; in the
Silurian it is represented by Camarella and Parastropiiia ; also by the more
rotund and more finely plicate shells, Anastrophia, Porambonites,Lycopiioria and
NoETLiNGiA. The last-named genera are not homogeneous with the others in
the phases of development which they represent, all of them retaining the
cardinal areas more or less distinctly, while Lycopiioria and Noetlixgia also
possess a cardinal process in the brachial valve. The presence of the cardinal
area in such early structures must be regarded as a retention, rather than a
resumption of a primitive character.
Whatever may be the oscillation in form and the variation in secondary
characters presented by Camarella, Parastrophia and their allies, present evi-
dence indicates that they must be regarded as the genetic precursors, as they
are the secular precedents of the great group of true pentameroids (Pentamerus,
Capellinia, Conchidium, Barrandella, Sieberella, Pextamerella, Gypidula,
Stricklandinia, Amphigenia); and, indeed, the last of these pentameroids, Cam-
arophoria, of the Carboniferous and Permian faunas, is an exemplification of,
and in fact a return to the rhynchonelloid exterior and the camarellid aspect,
with the addition of deltaria in the delthyrium.
While considering in detail the pentameroid genera mentioned above, it has
been shown that in certain of them, as Pentamerus and Conchidium, a true
deltidium is often retained, though it is a fragile structure rendered concave by
the arched growth of the umbones of the valves, and is generally absent. In
others, as Gypidula and Pentamerella, there are occasionally evidences of lat-
342 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
eral, erect or coavex growths upon the marghis of the delthyriiira, which may-
be interpreted either as remnants of a resorbed convex deltidium, or as highly
accelerated secondary deltaria. Every now and then specimens will show a
clearly developed cardinal area ; always in Stricklandinia, frequently and nor-
mally in Gypidula, rarely and of exceptional occurrence in Pentamerella.
Stricklandinia possesses so straight and long a hinge, so sharply defined an
area and so short a spondylium, that it is more natural to regard this genus as
the accompaniment, rather than the close organic kin of tlie other pentameroids,
deriving its differentials directly from those long-hinged and straight-hinged
shells of the early Silurian, which constitute the genus Syntrophia.
It will not now appear a matter of inexplicable aberrancy that the spondylium
presents itself in the great secondary groups comjirising the rhynchonellids,
and those shells with calcified brachidia. Hence we meet with it in Cvrtina
and Camarospira in a highly developed state, and in Camarotcechia in a less
advanced condition, while Amphioenia presents the re:narkable combination of
a spondylium coexistent with a shell of completely Rensselaerioid aspect (that
is in respect to form, contour, muscular markings and articulating apparatus),
an 1 with rhynchonelloid brachial supports.
Attention has already been directed to the fact that some of the
RnTNcnoNELLiDJi, carly in their history, occasionally retain a well-defined car-
dinal area, and that, in default of other evidence, the presence of this char-
acter may be regarded as indicative of the common origin of Orthis, the
Stropbomenid^e, and the Rhynchonellas. The earliest phyletic stages of the
rhynchonellids must have been highly accelerated, for there is no evidence of
any form which has shown the slightest trace of a deltidium. Nevertheless the
early forms of the Silurian, sach as Orthorhvnchula and Protorhyncha, rarely
show any indication of deltaria at maturity but the delthyrium, in its final
stage, is unobstructed and simple, as in young conditions of later rhynchonellids
in which the deltaria fully develop. We may look upon the RarNcnoyELLiD.E
as a family whose characters became established very early and have been per-
petuated up to the present without departure, at any time, from the early
derived type.
BRACIIIOPODA. 343
In the study of the multifold variations of the articulates bearing calcified
spiral brachial supports, the Helicopegmata of Waagen (1883), the conclusion
has enforced itself that the degree of solidification of the brachia in this group
is to be regarded as an index of differentiation. To illustrate : there is no evi-
dence for assuming that the single volution made by the spiral in Protozyga
and Hallina represents an incomplete spiculation of the brachia, or that the
spiniform and discrete jugal processes in Spirifer, persisting throughout the
genus, do not fully exemplify the adult condition of the jugum (^loop) in
these shells. The mode of spiculation of the brachia in such of the living
terebratuloids, in which the solidification is direct, or without complicated met-
amorphoses, is on the whole confirmatory of this inference ; but as there is no
living representative of the spire-bearing forms, evidence in regard to the mode
and degree of spiculation in this group, derived from the existing loop-
bearing shells in which the brachial supports pass througli highly complicated
metamorphoses, is not altogether germane. In such intricate structures as the
bracliidia of Athyris, Kayseria, Koninckina, etc., there can be little doubt that
the calcified apparatus represents the full extent of the fleshy brachia simply,
if for no other reason, because the further expansion of tlie brachial laminaj
would not Ije possible for want of space. Moreover, in the spiculation of the
spirals in all these old shells there have been no changes of form in later growth
except those proceeding from the normal process of resorption and deposition
necessary for increase in size and length. The reason why the spiculation
should be complete in the spire-bearing forms, while in the Ancylobrachia or
the terebratuloids, it does not extend beyond the loop or the lateral extensions
of the brachia, but in the Rnr.vcnoNELLiD.4s. affects only the crura, and in the
STRornoMENiB^n, does not occur, even in the most elementary condition, is for
future investigations to ascertain.
The form of the paired spirals varies but little except under the necessity of
conformino- to the interior Cavitv of the valves. Their inclination and direc-
tion is a feature of much significance when considered with reference to the
development of the entire shell. It is the loop, or to employ a term more
appropriate in view of the homologies of the spire-bearing and loop-l)earing
344 PALJEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
shells, the jugum, however, which is subject to the most frequent variations in
form, and which serves as the generic index. When the spirals are directed
outward toward the lateral margins of the valves, the jugum seems to be much
more variable than in shells where the spirals are introverted or take some
intermediate position. In the latter there is a much greater variation in the
position of the loop upon the primary lamellaj than occurs in the former.
The earliest spire-bearing shells yet discovered are the simplest in the
structvn-e of the brachidium. Hallina, Protozyga, Cyclospira, of the Lower
Silurian, possess brachidia which make a little less than one or two volutions
of the calcified lamellaj, with a slight inclination toward each other, and to the
median axis of the shell. Zvgospira and Glassia, the contemporaries and suc-
cessors of these primitive structures, show progressed conditions of the same
form of brachidium. In these genera, however, there is a slight deviation in
the vertical axes of the spirals from the transverse axis of the shell, the apices
being inclined somewhat toward the brachial valve, and this tendency to lateral
evolution in the spiral cones is carried to its extreme in the genus Atrtpa,
where the multispiral cones of the fully matured forms of the Devonian may
sometimes have their axes nearly parallel. This is the termination of all revo-
lution of the cones, a change through an arc of less than 90°, probably due in
a large degree to alterations in the form of the internal cavity of the valves ;
and the fact that this revolution here ceases, strictly delimits the group of
forms bearing spirals to this type {Atuyfwjs).
It is well to emphasize the fact, lest misconceptions already set on foot should
become prevalent, that no wider revolution of the spiral cones exists. It is
true that there is a difference of ISO*^ in the position of the axes of the spiral
cones in Cvclospira and Spirifer, but the spirals have never, by gradual
changes, revolved from their mverted position m the former to their everted
position in the latter Such a process might have been possible, but had it
actually occurred the forms resulting would have been totally different in
structure from any now known. Instead of having the primary lamelliB and
jugum on tha dorsal side as in all shells with everted spirals, these parts would
lie on the ventral side of the shell. It must hence be inferred that the
BRACHIOPODA. 345
SpiRjFEMiD^, the ATnrniD.E, the Meristid^, and all genera with everted brachidia
are related to the A-rnrj'in.K only through their early ancestral forms.
The Lower Silurian faunas have furnished no evidence of species with
everted spirals, and this hiatus in our knowledge forbids any satisfactory deduc-
tions as to the source or derivation of these forms. It is true in a general
sense that the eversion of tlie spirals is accompanied by a convexity of both
valves, just as the inverted spirals of the AmYriDjs are associated with valves
of notably unequal depth. Still, among the latter, Glassia possesses biconvex
valves, while of the former the group composed of Ccelospira, Anoplotheca,
KoNiNCKiNA and Amphiclina, is characterized by convexo-plane or convexo-
concave valves. In this group also the apices of the spirals are not directed
toward the lateral commissures of the valves, but toward the lateral slopes of
the pedicle-valve, such a form and direction being a necessary outcome of the
contracted interior space. From present evidence it would seem probable that
among the early Silurian species will be found some form whose spiral ribbon
deviates outwardly from the vertical plane to the same degree as it inclines
inwardly in Cyclospira and Protozyga. Indeed, in Cydospira bisulcata itself,
the spiral sometimes lies so nearly in the vertical plane that the inward inclina-
tion of the apices is not always positive. Only some such ibrm of the earliest
faunas could have been the progenitor of the everted spirals.
In the Atryi'id^, possibilities of a variation in the form of the jugum were
much restricted ; in the other groups of the spire-bearers these were very great,
and resulted in the production of a wonderful series of modifications whose
relations it is not necessary to rehearse here. The extreme range of these
modifications is seen in the simple termination of the jugum in Wiiitfieldella,
Rhynchospira, etc. ; the bifurcate extremity in Meristina, Eumetria and Retzia,
their terminal branches in Katseria, Diplospirella, etc., finally becoming co-
extensive witli the lamelljB of the primary spirals and thus forming a second
pair of spiral cones. This complication of the brachidium is effected only late
in the history of the various groups producing them. Koninckina and Amphi-
CLiNA are double-splraled convexo-concave shells, which are the post-palaeozoic
and final representatives of Anoplotheca and Ccelospira. Pexidella and Diplo-
346 PALEONTOLOGY OF NLW YORK.
SPIRELLA, of the St. Cassian beds, are double-spiraled athyroids ; Kayseria, of
the middle Devonian, which is the only double-spiraled form known in the
Palasozoic, appears to be an aberrant and accelerated representative of the
stock which by more gradual development produced Retzia and Eumetria.
Only one large group of spire-bearing shells retains the cardinal area, namely,
the SpiniFEitwjs, a family with everted spirals, one of the earliest to appear and
the la-t to disappear. Its abundant representatives possess the longest of
spirals, and for the most part these are greatly extended transversely, held at
arm's length as it were, unsupported by a connecting jugum (except in the
sparsely represented genera Cyrtina and Spiiiiferina) ; but in spite of the deli-
cacy of the structure and its apparent mechanical disadvantages in the absence
of a continuous jugum, this type of structure has maintained its distinctive char-
acter and multiplied in a most remarkable manner.
The relations of the brachiopods with spiral brachidia to the Ancylobrachia,
or those shells commonly spoken of as the terebratuloids, has been a fruitful sub-
ject of discussion, and given rise to investigations of great astuteness and merit.
Reference has already been made to the facts established by BEECHEa and
Schuchert, from the development of the brachidium in Zygospira, which show
that this atrypid passes through a growth-stage in which the brachidium has a
simple terebratuloid form, similar to that in the mature condition of Dielas.ma;
that the spirals are formed by the continued growth of the descending lamellae
of the loop beyond the point of their recurvature into the ascending lamellas.
What is thus true of Zygospira we must assume to have been equally true of
all the spire-bearers, and the analogies thus establislied between them and
the loop-bearing shells are these : The entire loop in Dielasma, Cryptonella,
etc., corresponds to that portion of the brachidium, in the spire-bearing forms,
which lies behinil the anterior basal edges of the jugum ; the descending lam-
ellae of the former represent only the posterior portion of the primary lamellae
of the latter, while the ascending lamellse and transverse connecting band of
the Ancylobrachia are the equivalent of the jugum in the spire-bearers. The
spirals, however, are a later development in the individual, and are hence
undoubtedly a subsequent phyletic condition. Hence it is inferred that the
BRACHIOPODA. 347
spire-bearing forms derive! their brachidia from a primitive terebratuloid con-
dition, and this derivation has been effected by growth with accompanying
resorption. The progressive modification of the loop in the recent terebratellids
by resorption of calcareous tissue in the growth of the individual, is a well-
known fact which has invited the study of many investigators. In such forms
this modification is extreme, and is unquestionably complicated by the intimate
connection of the loop with the median septum of the brachial valve. With
the single exception of Tropidoleptus, among the palaeozoic genera, there is no
clear evidence that the median septum has shared in, or contributed to, the
growth-modification of the brachial supports ; nevertheless, the outcome and
final result of this growth with modification in the most progressed forms of
Terebratella and such palasozoic genera as Dielasma, Cryptonella, Harttina,
etc., is the same.
Progressive modification of the brachial supports in both the Helicopegmata
and palasozoic Ancylobrachia being now fully established, it is interesting to
observe that the primitive condition of the loop, as in Dielasma turgida, is one
of simjjle apposition of the two short brachial processes, at their expanded
anterior extremities ; having the expression of the mature loop in the genera
Centronella, Rensselaeria, Selenella, etc. A simple step further back would
afford a condition in which the brachial processes with their expanded extrem-
ities are not as vet united, but discrete as in the rhvnchonellids. A more
primitive condition than that in Centrone.lla or the centronellfd stage in
Dielasma, could not be different from this. On the ground of these differences
in the conditions of the brachidium and the phyletic stages corresponding
thereto, it would seem fair to infer that, of the rhynchonellids, the terebratu-
loids and the spire-bearers, the first is the primitive stock, and the spire-
bearers legitimate derivations from that stock, through the terebratuloids, or
both of the latter derived along divergent lines from the rhynchonellids. This
conclusion, however coherent and consistent with the geological evidence, will
be found to lack stability until the data are sufficient to establish the fact that
the brachia themselves, and not alone their calcareous supports, have passed
through corresponding phases of growth and derivation. This latter question
348 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
must long be a matter of legitimate speculation, and in view of this fact a few
arguments of such a nature in this place will be permissible. The living
representatives of Rhynchonella and Terebratula are animals in which a very
considerable part of the brachia does not become sufficiently spiculized to form
a continuous calcareous support. In R. {Hemithyris) psittacea, for example, the
brachia are as highly developed in the form of coiled spiral arms as they could
have been in most of the ancient spire-bearers, but their calcareous supports
are only the short lamellse known as the crural processes. All of the living
Ancylobrachia which possess a long curved loop lilce that of Cryptonella and
DiELASMA of the Palaeozoic, have an unsupported median unpaired spiral arm,
coiled in a direction which is the reverse of that prevailing among the spire-
bearers If, now, we are to interpret the condition of the brachia in their
nearest living representative, it becomes necessary to assume that on the one
hand, the palaeozoic rhynchonellids possessed long coiled spiral arms, and, on
the other, that Dielasma and its pala30zoic allies and affines, when mature, were
provided with the unpaired coiled arm of Terebratella. This assumption, in
the first place, totally destroys the inference above made as to the primitive
relation of the rhynchonellids to the terebratuloids and spire- bearers j and,
secondly, would seem to necessitate a novel and unexpected interpretation of
the brachial structure in all the spire-bearers. If Dielasma possessed the median
arm, supported at its base by the transverse band of the loop, which corre-
sponds to the jugum of the spire-bearers, then in the DiELASMA-stage of Zygo-
SPiRA and other spiriferous shells, where this stage was well defined, there must
also have been a median coiled arm of some extent. This median arjn, in
living forms, is due, as shown by Beecher, to the necessity of finding room for
the cilia or tentacles multiplying at the extremities of the brachia. The mere
presence of the transverse band in Dielasma and the DiELASMA-stage of Zygo-
spira, implies a similar extension of the brachia, and from the analogy, a median
arm. The subsequent growth of the brachia in Zygospira, carrying the calca-
reous ribbon forward, beyond the bases of the loop and into lateral spiral cones,
would not of itself afford sufficient reason for assuming that the growth of the
brachia at their extremities, which produced the median arm., was necessarily
BRACHIOPODA. 34')
discontinued, but rather that this median unpaired arm coexisted with the
lateral paired spirals. This course of argument, though seemingly logical
appears, to be based on insufficient premises.
The brachiopods with which we have to deal in tlie pal33ozoic are essentially
primitive structures, whetlicr rhynchouellids, terebratuloids or spire-bearers.
If the living Rhynchonella and Terebratella in their mature conditions possess
extensive unsolidified arms, it does not necessarily follow that their early
palaeozoic representatives were provided with similar uncalcified extensions;
on the contrary, it would be much more reasonable and in accordance with our
knowledge of natural laws to infer that in these early forms the adult condition
of the brachia was more nearly that of immature conditions of these organs in
their living representatives. There is a primitive condition of development in
the terebratuloids in which the loop is coextensive with the brachia ; there is
reason to believe that such has been the relation of these parts in the mature
phases of the primitive terebratuloids, as Centronella, Rensselaeria, Crypto-
NELLA, DiELASMA, ctc. ; in Tropidoleptus, which has been shown to represent a
highly jDrimitive phyletic condition of the TEiucnnATELLiD.E; and, also, in the
earliet spire-bearers and rhynchouellids. Hence the conclusion above expressed
as to the successive phyletic relations of the primitive rhynchonellids, terebra-
tuloids and spire-bearers, and based upon the relations and modifications in the
form of their brachial supports, is fairly substantiated by the evidence drawn
from other data.
350 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Finality , it is important to emphasize the intimate similarity between Rensse-
LAERiA and the pentameroid genus Amphigenia ; genera in which the essential
distinction between the typical forms of each lies in the simple loop of the
former and the long, expanded but still discrete crural processes of the latter.
Attention has been directed to these similarities and differences, and it has also
been pointed out that the spondylium in Amphigenia elongaia is at times almost
reproduced in specimens of Rensselaeria ovoides where the dental lamellae are
highly developed.
TABLE OF CLASSIFICATION.
CLASS BRACHIOPODA.
Paterina,* Beecher, 1891.
Sub-class INARTICULATA, Huxley; LYOPOMATA, Owen.
Order Mesocaulia, or Lingulacea, Waagen.
Family OBOLID^, King.
Obolus, von Eichwald, 1829. Obolella, Billings, 1861.
Ungula, Pander, 1830. Discellomus, Hall, 1871.
Ungulites, Bronn, 1848. Elkania, Ford, 1886.
Aulonotreta, Kutorga, 1848. Billingsia, Ford, 1886.
Acritis, Volborth, 1869. Botsfordia, Matthew, 1893.
ScHiMiDTiA, Volborth, 1869. Neobolus, Waagen, 1885.
Mickwitzia, Schmidt, 1888. Monobolina, Salter, 1865.
Spondylobolus, McCoy, 1852.
Family LINGVLIDJE, Gray.
LiNGULA, Bruguiere, 1792. Leptobolus, Hall, 1871.
Pharetra, Bolten, 1798. Glossina, Phillips, 1848.
Lingularius, Dumeril, 1806. Dignomia, Hall, 1871.
* The genus Paterina, i-epreseuting-, according' to our present knowleilge, the fundamental stock or
radicle of all the Brachiopods, might be embraced by some of the primiti\-e families, both of the Inarticii-
lata and the Articulata. By placing it in this arrangement, outside both the gi-eat sub-classes, it is the
purpose to express the fact that the genus belongs as much to one as to the other, and that it is actually
beyond the pale of both as it has not assumed the differential characters of either.
352 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
LING ULID^^;— Continued.
LiNGULELLA, Salter, 1866. Barroisella, Hall, 1892.
LiNGULEPis, Hall, 1863. Tomasina, Hall, 1892.
Family TRIMERELLIDJE, DAvrnsoN and King.
Lakhmina, CEhlert, 1887. Conradia, Hall, 1862.
Davidsonella, Waagen, 1885. Obolellina, Billings, 1871.
LiNGULOPS, Hall, 1871. Monomerella, Billings, 1871.
LiNGULASMA, Ulricli, 1889. Trimerella, Billings, 1862.
DiNOBOLus, Hall, 1871. RhiNobolus, Hall, 1874.
Order Diacaulta, or Discinacea, Waagen.
Family DISCINIDJE, Ghay.
DisciNOLEPis, Waagen, 1885. Lingulodiscina, Wliitfield, 1890.
Paterula, Barrande, 1879. Orbiculoidea, d'Orbigny, 1847
ScHizoBOLUs, Ulrich, 1886. Schizotreta, Kutorga, 1848.
Trematis, Sharpe, 1847. Lindstrcemella, Hall, 1892.
ScHizocRANiA, Hall and Whitfield, 1875. Roemerella, Hall, 1892.
CEhlertella, Hall, 1892.
Family SIPHONOTRETIDM Kutorga.
Acrothele, Linnarsson, 1876. Schizambon, Walcott, 1884.
Linnarssonia, Walcott, 1885. Siphonotreta, de Verneuil, 1845.
DisciNOPSis, Matthew, 1892. Orbicella, d'Orbigny, 1849.
Acrotreta, Kutorga, 1848. Kei/serlingia, Pander, 1861.
Conotreta, Walcott, 1889. Helmersenia, Pander, 1861.
Mesotreta, Kutorga, 1848.
Order Gastropegmata, or Craniacea, Waagen.
Family CRANIIDM, King.
Crania, Retzius, 1781. Cnqpas, Poli, 1791.
Numulus, Stoboeus, 1732. Criopoderma, Poll, 1791.
Ostracites, Beuth, 1776. Orbicula, Cuvier, 1798.
BRACHIOPODA.
353
CRANIID^S^Continutd.
Orbicularius, Dumeril, 1806. Pholidops, Hall, 1869.
Craniolites, Schlotheim, 1820.
Choniopora, Schauroth, 1854.
Craniella, CEhlert, 1887.
Cardinockania, Waagen, 1885.
Craniops, Hall, 1850.
Pseudocrania, McCoy, 1851.
Palmocrania, Quenstedt, 1871.
Sub-class ARTICULATA, Huxley; ARTHROPOMATA, Owen.
Order Protremata,* Beecher.
Family KUTORaiNIDMA Schdchebt.
KuTORGiNA, Billings, 1861. (?) Volborthia, von MoUer, 1873.
ScHizoPHOLis, Waagen, 1885. Iphidea, Billings, 1872.
Family ORTHIBM, Woodward.
Orthis, Dalman, 1828.
Orthambonites, Pander, 1830.
Plectorthis, Hall, 1892.
Dinorthis, Hall, 1892.
Plaesiomys, Hall, 1892.
Hebertella, Hall, 1892.
Orthostrophia, Hall, 1883.
Platystrophia, King, 1850.
Heterorthis, Hall, 1892.
BiLOBiTES, Linne, 1775.
Dicoelosia, King, 1850.
Dalmanella, Hall, 1892.
Rhipidomella, ffihlert, 1880.
Rhipidomijs, CEhlert, 1887.
ScHizopHORiA, King, 1850.
Orthotichia, Hall, 1892.
Enteletes, Fischer de Waldheim, 1830.
Syntrielasma, Meek, 1865.
Family STROPHOMENID^., Kikg.
Orthidium, Hall, 1892. Derbya, Waagen, 1884.
Strophomena, Rafinesque (de Blain- Meekella, White and St. John, 1868.
ville), 1825. Streptorhynchus, King, 1850.
* In employing' as the fundamental divisional di.«tiuction in the Articulata, the presence of the deltidiuni
or deltidial ]ilates, the term Protremata, lietter than any other, covers those genera in which the primitive
pedicle-covering- is I'epresented by either the deltidium, the spondylium, or both.
+ Jlr. ScHucnERT includes under this family term two genera, Ki'torgina and Schkopbolis, which have
usually been regarded as belonging to the inarticulate sub-class. The rea-sons foi- installation of these as
the elementary family of the Articulata are given elsewhere.
354 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
f'^TROPHOMENIDJR— Continued.
Orthothetes, Fischer de Waldheira, Triplegia, Hall, 1858.
1830. Dicraniscus, Meek, 1872.
HiPPARioNYX, Vanuxem, 1842. Mimulus, Barrande, 1879.
Kayserella, Hall, 1892. Streptis, Davidson, 1881.
Family LEPTJENIDzR.
Lept^na, Dalman, 1828. Strophonella, Hall, 1879.
Leptagonia, McCoy, 1844. Amphistrophia, Hall, 1892.
Rafinesquina, Hall, 1892. Leptella, Hall, 1892.
Stropheodonta, Hall, 1852. Plectambonites, Pander, 1830.
Brachyprion, Shaler, 1865. Ciiristiania, Hall, 1892.
DouviLLiNA, QEhlert, 1887. LEPTiENiscA, Beecher, 1890.
Leptostrophia, Hall, 1892. Davidsonia, Bouchard, 1847.
Pholidostrophia, Hall, 1892.
Family CHONETIDJE.
Chonetes, Fischer de Waldheim, 1837. Chonetina, Krotow, 188.S
Anoplia, Hall, 1892. Chonostrophia, Hall, 1892.
Chonetella, Waagen, 1884. Chonopectus, Hall, 1892.
Family PRODUCTTDJR, finAv.
Strophalosia, King, 1844. Productella, Hall, 1867.
Orthothrix, Geinitz, 1847. Productus, Hall, 1867.
Leptanalosia, King, 1845. Marginifera, Waagen, 1884.
Daviesiella, Waagen, 1884. Proboscidella, CElilert, 1887.
AuLOSTEGEs, von Helmersen, 1847. Etheridgina, CEhlert, 1887.
Family THECIDIIBM, Gray.
Lyttonia, Waagen, 1883. Oldhamina, Waagen, 1883.
Family RICHTHOFENIDM Waagen.
RiCHTHOFENiA, Waagen, 1883.
BRACHIOPODA. 355
Family BILLINGSBLLID^. Schucheht.
BiLLINGSELLA,* Hall, 1892.
Family CLITAMBONITID.Ti, N. II. Wi.vchell and Sciicciibrt.
Protorthis, Hall, 1892. Hemipronites, Pander, 1830.
PoLYTCECHiA, Hall, 1892. Orthisina, d'Orbigny, 1847.
Clitambonites, Pander, 1830. Scenidium, Hall, 1860.
Prnnites, Pandei-, 1830. Mystrophora, Kayser, 1871.
Gonambonites, Pander, 1830.
Family ^^TRICKLANDINIID^.
Stntrophia, Hall, 1892. Stricklandinia, Billings, 1859.
Family CAMARELLID^..
Camarella, Billings, 1859. Porambonites, Pander, 1830.
Parastrophia, Hall, 1893. Isorhynchus, King, 1850.
Anastrophia, Hall, 1879. Noetlingia, Hall, 1892.
Brachymerus, Shaler, 1865. Lycophoria, Laliusen, 1885.
(?) Branconia, Gagel, 1890. Camarophoria, King, 1846.
Camarophorella, Hall, 1893.
Family PENTAMERID^f:.
CoNCHiDiuM, Linne, 1753. Sieberella, (Ehlert, 1887.
Gypidia, Dalman, 1828. Capellinia, Hall, 1893.
Antirhynchonella, Quenstedt, 1871. Pentamerella, Hall, 1867.
Zdimir, Barrande, 1879. Gypidula, Hall, 1867.
Pentamerus, Sowerby, 1813. Amphigenia, Hall, 1867.
Barrandella, Hall, 1893.
* The geniis Billingsella, in correspondence with its early geological age, present.s an elementary
structural aspect indicating that it may have served as a point of departui-e for the Obthidm and
Stbophomesid^.
356 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Order Telotremata, Beecher.
Sub-order Rostracea, Schuchert.
Family RHYNCHONELLID^, Gray.
Protorhyncha, Hall, 1893. Uncinulina, Bayle, 1878.
Orthorhynchula, Hall, 1893. Hypothyris, (McCoy) King, 1850.
Rhynchotrema, Hall, 1860. Pugnax, Hall, 1893.
Rhynchotreta, Hall, 1879. Eatonia, Hall, 1857.
Stenoschisma, Conrad, 1839 Cyclorhina, Hall, 1893.
Camarotcechia, Hall, 1893. Terebratuloidea, Waagen, 1883.
LioRHYNCHUs, Hall, 1860. Rhynchopora, King, 1856.
WiLSONiA, (Quenstedt) Kayser, 1871. Rhynchonella, Fischer de Waldheim,
Uncinulus, Bayle, 1878. 1809.
Sub-order Ancylobrachia, Gray.
Family CENTRONELLIDM, Waagbn.
Rensselaeria, Hall, 1859. Romingerina, Hall, 1893.
Beachia, Hall, 1893. Trigeria, Bayle, 1875.
Newberria, Hall, 1891. (?) Notothyris, Waagen, 1882.
Ce.ntronella, Billings, 1859. Scaphiocceli a, Whitfield, 1891.
Oriskania, Hall, 1893. Megalanteris, Suess, 1855.
Selenella, Hall, 1893. (?) Enantiosphen, Whidborne, 1893.
Family l^TRTNGOCEPHALID^, Dall.
Stringocephalus, Defrance, 1827.
Family TEREBRATULID^. Dall.
Cryptonella, Hall, 1861. Cran^ena, Hall, 1893.
Eunella, Hall, 1893. Dielas.mina, Waagen, 1882.
Harttina, Hall, 1893. Hemiptychina, Waagen, 1882.
DiELASMA, King, 1859. Beecheria, Hall, 1893.
Epithyris, King. 1850. (?) Cryptacanthia, White and St. John,
1867.
BRACHIOPODA. 357
Family TEREBRATELLIDJE, Kino.
Tropidoleptds, Hall, 1857.
Sub-order Helicopegmata, or Spiriferacea, Waagen.
Family ATMTPID^, Dall.
Hallina, N.H.WinchellandSchuchert, Cataztga, Hall, 1893.
1892. Glassia, Davidson, 1882.
Protozyga, Hall, 1893. Atrypina, Hall, 1893.
(?) Cyclospira, Hall, 1893. (?) Clintonella, Hall, 1893.
Zygospira, Hall, 1862. Atrypa, Dalman, 1828.
Anazi/ga, Davidson, 1882. Karpinskia, Tschernyschew, 1885.
Orthonom^a, Hall, 1858. Gruenewaldtia, Tschernyschew, 1885
Family SPIRIFERINIDJE, Davidson.
Cyrtina, Davidson, 1858. Spiriferina, d'Orbigny, 1847.
Family SPIRIFERIDJE, King.
Spirifer, Sowerby, 1815. Martinia, McCoy, 1844.
Trigonotreta, Koenig, 1825. Martiniopsis, Waagen, 1883.
Brachythyris, McCoy, 1844. Cyrtia, Dalman, 1828.
Fusella, McCoy, 1844. Syringothyris, A. Winchell, 1863.
Choristites, Fischer deWaldheim, 1825. Amboccelia, Hall, 1860.
Delthyris, Dalman, 1828. Metaplasia, Hall, 1893.
Reticulakia, McCoy, 1844. Verneuilia, Hall. 1893.
Family NUCLEOSPIRID^^, Davidson.
NucLEOSPiRA, Hall, 1858. Whitfieldella, Hall, 1893.
Dayia, Davidson, 1882. Hyattella, Hall, 1893.
HiNDELLA, Davidson, 1882. (?) Camarospira, Hall, 1893.
Family CCELOBPIRIDM.
Anoplotheca, Sandberger, 1856. Leptoc(ELIA, Hall, 1859.
Bifida, Davidson, 1882. (?) Anabaia, Clarke, 1893.
C(EL0SPiRA, Hall, 1863.
358 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
FAMaT RETZIID^.
Rhynchospira, Hall, 1859. Retzia, King, 1850.
HoM(EOSPiRA, Hall, 1893. Uncinella, Waagen, 1883.
Ptychospira, Hall, 1893. Eumetria, Hall, 1864.
Trematospira, Hall, 1857. Acambona, White, 1862.
Pabazyga, Hall, 1893. Hustedia, Hall, 1893.
Family VNCITIDm, Waaobn.
Uncites, Defrance, 1825.
Family MERISTELLIBM, Waagen.
Merista, Suess, 1851. Charionella, Billings, 1861.
Camarium, Hall, 1859. (?) Pentagonia, Cozzens, 1846.
DicAMARA, Hall, 1893. Gmiocalia, Hall, 1861.
Meristella, Hall, 1860.
Family ATHTRID^. Waagen.
Meristina, Hall, 1867. Cliothyris, King, 1850.
Whitfieldia, Davidson, 1882. Actinoconchus, McCoy, 1844
Glassina, Hall, 1893. Seminula, McCoy, 1844.
Athyris, McCoy, 1844. Spirigerella, Waagen, 1883.
Sptrigera, d'Orbigny, 1847. Kayseria, Davidson, 1882.
INCERTJE SEDTS.
EicHWALDiA, Billings, 1858. Aulacorhynchus, Dittmar, 1871.
Didyonella, Hall, 1867. Jsogramma, Meek and Worthen,1873.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES
FIGURED IN VOLUME VIII, PART II.
OrTHIS ? QLYPTA, Sp. nOV.
PLATE LXXXIV, PIGS. 8, 9.
Shell small, transverse, with long, straight hinge, making the greatest diam-
eter of the shell ; short along the median axis ; marginal outline transversely
subelliptical Pedicle-valve with a broad and low median sinus and generally
depressed surface The exterior bears from twelve to sixteen low, flat plica-
tions, separated by narrow sulci, and sometimes with a fine groove on the sur-
face of each. These extend from apex to margins, and are crossed by fine,
undulating, subconcentric lines apparently in two oblique sets, producing a
peculiarly reticulated or wavy surfiice similar to that occurring in the Swedish
Silurian species, 0. J^ovem, Lindstrom The muscular area of the pedicle valve
is small. Length of an average pedicle-valve, 12 mm. ; width, 18 mm.
Niagara dolomites. Near Milwaukee, IVtsconsm.
Strophonella costatula, sp nov.
PLATE LSXXIV, FIGS. 1.'). 16
Shell subsemicircular in outline ; hinge-line straight or slightly arched ; sur-
face depressed concavo-convex.
Pedicle-valve elevated at the beak, becoming rapidly depressed anteriorly,
the median depression continued upon the short linguiform extension at the
anterior margin. Correspondmg to this depression is a broad anterior fold on
the opposite valve. The surface of both valves is covered with a few coarse,
round, sharply elevated ribs, which rapidly bifurcate or multiply by implanta-
360 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
tion. These are more or less irregular or sinuous, elevated at the concentric
varices and crossed by faint concentric lines.
The typical example has a length of 21 mm. and a width on the hinge of
24 mm.
Niagara group. Louisville, Kentucky.
Plectambonites pboducta, sp. nov.
PLATE LXXXIV, FIGS. 23, 24, 25.
The original of this species is an internal cast of the pedicle-valve, with
short, straight hinge ; rather narrow, depressed umbo, the shell becoming highly
convex and greatly produced anteriorly. The sides of the valve are somewhat
appressed medially and the anterior margin slightly expanded and suboval in
outline. The cast shows the impression of short, divergent dental plates and a
moderately broad muscular impression. The width of the shell on the hinge is
10 mm.; its length, 23 mm.; its convexity from the posterior margin, 8 mm.;
from the anterior margin, 28 mm.
Niagara dolomites. Yellow Springs, Ohio.
Spibifer crispatus, sp. nov.
PLATE XXXVI, FIGS. 9, 10.
Shell small, with moderately high, incurved area, scarcely extended on the
hinge ; well-developed median fold and sinus, and three coarse plications on
each lateral slope. The surface is covered by conspicuous concentric lamellae.
Niagara group. Maryland.
Spirifer Canandaigu^, sp. nov.
PLATE XXXVn, FIGS. 23, 24, 25.
Shells of rather small size, having somewhat the aspect of an elongate and
umbonate S. jimbnatus. Umbo of pedicle- valve prominent, narrow and closely
incurved at the apex. Hinge-line quite short, cardinal area small, incurved.
Median sinus deep, produced on the anterior margin, its anterior width being
BRACHIOPODA. 361
nearly equal to the length of the hinge. On each lateral slope are from two
to four low radial undulations or plications, all of which are sharply defined at
the umbones. Surface covered with very fine, closely crowded concentric lines
■which are granulous and were originally fimbriate. Length of typical speci-
men, 21 mm.; greatest width, 22 mm.; length of hinge, 10 mm.
Hamilton group. Centerfield and Canandaigua Lake, N. Y.
Spirifer mucronatcs, Conrad, var. posterus, var. nov.
PLATE XXilV, FIGS. 27-31
A late variety of the typical Hamilton form, characterized by its small size,
usually narrow bodies and acuminate cardinal extremities.
Chemung group. Tompkins county, N. Y.
Spirifer disjunctds, Sowerby, var. sdlcifer, var. nov.
plate: XXX, FIG. 16.
This variety is distinguished by the sharply defined median sulcus on the
folds of the brachial valve. It has heretofore been embraced within the limits
of S. disjundus, Ijut the character referred to appears to be persistent.
Chemung group. Near Olean, N. Y.
Spirifer Williamsi, sp. nov.
PLATE XXXVII, FIGS. 20, 21, 22.
Shells of the form of Spirifer increbescens. Hall, and varying but little in size.
Median fold and sinus well developed. The latter bearing usually three, some-
times four plications, finer than those on the lateral slopes. Of these the me-
dian plication is generally the strongest. This, however, is not always the
case, the arrangement of these plications being frequently quite irregular. The
median fold generally bears a median groove and one lateral plication on each
side. On each lateral slope of the shell are seven or eight plications.
A normal example measures: Length, 15 mm. ; width on hinge, 24 mm.
Chemung group. Allegany county, N. Y.
362 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Spirifer Newberryi, Hall. 1883.
(See Report State Geologist for 1882, Plate (xxxi) 56, Figs. 9, 10).
PLATE XXXI, FIGS. 9, 10.
Shell moderately large, with sharp cardinal angles. Surface plication con-
sisting of numerous fine simple or duplicate ribs which cover the median fold.
On each lateral slope there are twenty-five to thirty of these plications. The
2)lications and the grooves between them are covered with fine radiating lines.
Waverly group. Ohio.
Cyrtia radians, sp. nov.
PLATES XXVIII, FIGS. 4, 5, 50, 52 ; XXXIX, FIG. 33.
The typical form is of medium size, with high area, incurved umbo and gen-
eral cyrtiniform aspect. Its outer surface is characterized by an absence of
plications and fine radial strioe. Median fold and sinus well developed.
Clinton group. Rochester, N. Y.
An allied but larger form, here referred to this species, occurs in the Niagara
dolomites, near Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Cyrtina umbonata, Hall, var. Alpenensis, var. nov.
PLATE XXVIII, FIGS. 16-20.
Cyrtina umbonata. Hall, from the original locality in Iowa, is a small shell,
often obscurely plicated ; this variety possesses the contour of C. umbonata, but
is a larger and more robust shell with broad and well-defined plications, smooth
median fold and sinus.
Hamilton group. Alpena, Michigan.
Cyrtina lachrymosa, sp. nov.
PLATE XXVIII, FIGS. 36, 37, 47.
Shells small ; cardinal area high, more or less incurved. Surface with low
and rather narrow median fold and sinus, on each side of which are two or three
low, faint plications. Lateral margins of the cardinal area broadly rounded.
BRACHTOPODA. 363
Surface covered with elongate pustules, some of them coarse, but the greater
number quite fine.
Height of an average specimen, 5 mm. ; width and length, 6 mm.
Waverly group. Richfield, Ohio.
Syrinqothtris Missouri, sp. nov.
PLATE XXXIX, FIGS. 29-31.
Shell small, cyrtiniform ; cardinal area high, slightly incurved toward the
apex ; lateral cardinal margin broadly rounded, rendering the definition of the
area quite obscure. Median fold and sinus neither wide nor highly developed.
Surface of both smooth. Each lateral slope with five or six low plications.
Interiorly the pedicle-valve bears strong divergent dental lamellae which are
attached to the surface of the valve for fully one-third of its length. There is no
median septum. The transverse delthyrial plate is thin and is developed into
a delicate but distinct tube. Shell substance highly punctate on the inner
laminJB. Height of original specimen, 13 mm. ; cardinal width, 18 mm. ;
length, 15 mm.
Choteau limestone. Chateau Springs, Missouri.
Amboccelia spinosa, sp. nov.
PLATE XXXIX, FIGS. 16-lS.
Shell of rather large size, hinge-line straight, equaling the full diameter of the
valve. Brachial valve depressed convex in the umbonal region, concave ante-
riorly, with upturned margins. Medially there is a low and indistinct elevation
which disappears toward the front. Pedicle-valve not known. Surface bearing
faint traces of concentric lines and covered with numerous elongate depressions
which were probably bases of insertion of epidermal spinules.
Length of original specimen, 7 mm. ; width in the hinge, 9 mm.
Hamilton shales. Livonia Salt Shaft, Livingston county, N. Y.
364 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Seminula Rogersi, sp. nov.
PLATE XL VII, FIGS. 1-4.
Shell rather dinall, sul)()val in outline. Valves subequally convex. Pedicle-
valve with a low, broad median .sinus and brachial valve with a corresponding
fold, both becoming more distinct toward the anterior margin. Lateral slopes
depressed-convex. Umbones not conspicuous ; deltidium concealed.
External surface smooth.
A normal individual measures 15 mm. in length, and 13 mm. in greatest
width.
Pendleton sandstone (Schoharie grit). Pendleton, Indiana.
Athyris densa, sp. nov.
PLATE XLVI, FIGS. G-12.
Shell transversely elongate, valves compressed ; median fold and sinus not
conspicuously developed. Pedicle-valve shallow, with broad, sharply angled
cardinal slopes, greatly thickened interiorly. The anterior margin is frequently
extended into a linguate process at the termination of the median sinus.
Brachial valve the more convex, with an indistinct, flattened, and sometimes
broadly grooved median fold with regular and even lateral slopes. In the
interior of the valves the form of the muscular scars is normal, though there is
a notable variation in the size of the diductor scars.
St. Louis group. Washington county, Indiana ; Colesburgh, Kentucky.
Seminula Dawsoni, sp. nov.
PLATE XLVII, FIGS. 32-34.
(See ii!ige.s 95, 96.)
This species was originally identified as Athyris subtilita, Hall, by Davidson
(Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, vol. xix, 1863). Its
differences from this species are indicated on the pages referred to.
Carboniferous limestone. Windsor, Nova Scotia.
BRACHIOPODA. 365
Meristella Walcotti, sp. nov.
PLATES XLUI, FIGS. 16. 17 ; XHV, FIGS 6-11, 23, 32.
Shell elongate-ovate, valves convex, regular. Pedicle-valve with umbo
moderately full and beak incurved ; foramen generally concealed at maturity.
Cardinal slopes concave and well delimited by divergent cardinal ridges. Dor-
sum more or less distinctly ridged in the umbonal region, broadly convex ante-
riorly and slightly extended on the anterior margin, but with no median sinus.
Brachial valve with the median elevation somewhat more strongly defined,
especially in the umbonal region. Umbo-lateral slopes rather more abrupt
than in the other valve.
Internal structure normal for the genus.
Oriskany sandstone. Cayuga, Ontario.
Merista Tennesseensis, pp. nov.
PLATE XLII, FIGS. 1-fl.
Shell subpentahedral in outline, transverse, rarely elongate. Valves sub-
equally convex, with broad, low fold and sinus developed on the anterior por-
tion of the brachial and pedicle-valves respectively. Umbo of pedicle-valve
not conspicuous, apex truncated at maturity by a circular foramen. Deltidial
plates concealed by incurvature. Umbo of brachial valve full, apex acute.
External surface smooth. Dimensions of an average example-, length, 17 mm.;
greatest width, 19 mm.
Upper Silurian. Porrij countij, Tennessee.
Zygospira putilla, sp. nov.
PLATE LIV, FIGS. 35-:)7.
Shell small, elongate-suboval in outline. Pedicle-valve the more convex ;
umbo narrowed, apex acute, delthyrium unclosed. Medially this valve is ele-
vated by a strong double plication, the parts of which diverge anteriorly, leaving
a flat, low depression between them, and in this lies a single faint plication.
The lateral slopes are considerably depressed, and each bears from four to
366 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
seven coarse, often irregular plications, only a part of them reaching the
beak.
The Ijrachial valve is depressed-convex, with a conspicuous median fold,
grooved longitudinally and bounded by deep marginal depressions. The lateral
slopes are more convex than on the other valve, but are similarly plicated.
Surface of the valves usually without concentric growth lines.
An average example has a length of 8 mm. and a greatest width of 7 mm.
Hudson River group. Near Edgewood, Pike county, Missouri.
Camarophoria rhomboidalis, sp. nov.
PLATE LXII. FIGS. 25-29.
Shells of rather small size, subtriangular in outline with cardinal margins
extending for half the length of the valves. Pedicle-valve with apex scarcely
elevated, incurved, witli deltidial plates usually concealed ; slightly convex
about the umbo, broadly depressed medially, forming a sinus which makes a
linguiform extension on the anterior margin. This sinus may bear one and
sometimes traces of two other low plications. The lateral slopes are smooth,
except at the margins, where there is faint evidence of one or two plications on
each. The brachial valve is convex and broadly rounded with abrupt umbo-
lateral slopes ; broad, low median fold, apparent only in the pallial region, and
bearing a median plication. Traces of two lateral plications are visible at the
margin of the valve, and these are somewhat more distinct on the surface than
on the opposite valve. Surface smooth or with fine concentric lines. The in-
terior structure of the shell is normal for this genus.
Corniferous limestone. Cass county, Indiana.
Parastrophia divergens, sp. nov.
PLATE LXIII, FIGS. 4-7.
Shell of medium size with strongly convex brachial valve and depressed
convex, anteriorly concave pedicle-valve. The beak of the pedicle-valve is
erect, but not conspicuous ; from the gently convex umbo the surface slopes
BRACIIIOPODA. 3G7
gradually to the lateral margins, and abruptly to the front, forming a broad and
deep sinus, which is sharply defined at the sides, and bears from two to four
angular plications. Two or more smaller plications occur on each lateral slope.
The brachial valve is well rounded in the unilxmal region, but the median
fold is defined only near the anterior nuu'gin. It bears from three to five pli-
cations, with three on each lateral slope. All the plications, as well as fold and
sinus, become obsolete in the umbonal region, and in old and thickened shells
the latter can be distinguished only at the anterior margins of the valves. In
the interior there is a supported spondylium in the pedicle-valve, but in the
brachial valve the septal plates do not unite.
Hudson River group. Wilmington, Illinois.
Parastrophia Greenii, sp. nov.
PLATE LXIII, FIGS. 17-20, 22.
Shell robust, with convex brachial valve and shallow pedicle-valve, convex
in the umbonal region, but concave anteriorly. Beaks not prominent ; that of
the pedicle-valve low but erect ; that of the brachial valve full and incurved.
Cardinal slopes sharply defined on pedicle-valve. Median fold and sinus on
brachial and pedicle-valves not strongly .defined except at the anterior margin.
The brachial valve bears six broadly rounded plications which are obsolete in
the umbonal region ; four of these belong to the median fold, the other two to
the lateral slopes. The pedicle-valve has five plications, with three in the me-
dian sinus. Interior with a median supporting septum in each valve.
Niagara dolomites. Near Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Parastrophia multiplicata, sp. nov.
PLATE LXm, FIGS. 1.5, 16, 21.
This species differs from P. Greenii in its more conspicuously developed me-
dian fold and sinus, flatter and larger plications, and the greater number of the
latter on the lateral slopes. The usually sessile spondylium of the brachial
valve may also prove a distinguishing feature.
Niagara dolomites. Near Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
368 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Pabastrophia latiplicata, sp. nov.
PLATE l.XIII FIGS. 23-27.
This species is distinguished from the two preceding by its smaller size, less
robust form, two broad plications on the fold and one in the sinus, with but a
single pair on the lateral slopes.
Niagara dolomites. Near Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
LiORHYNCHUS Lesleyi, sp. nov.
PLATE LIX, FIGS. 34-36.
Shell of medium size with shallow pedicle-, and deep brachial valve. Median
sinus on tlie former well defined ; median fold on the latter broad and not
sharply delimited. Surface of both valves sharply and abundantly plicated.
Upper Devonian. Pennsylvania.
Barrandella Areyi, sp. nov.
PLATE LXXI, FIGS. 14-16.
Shell small, ventricose, with sinus on the pedicle-valve and fold on the bra-
chial valve. Surface on both valves rather sharply and coarsely plicated, the
largest plication being in the median sinus, with traces of finer ones on the
slopes of the sinus. The median fold bears two well-defined plications with
faint traces of others, while on each lateral slope of the valves there are four or
five less sharply angular ribs.
Clinton group. Rochester, N. Y.
CONCHIDIDM GreENII, sp. nOV.
PLATE LXVI, FIGS. 20-22.
Shell subequally biconvex, ventricose, subcircular in marginal outline. Um-
bones full and rounded, both incurved, that of the pedicle-valve somewhat
elevated. There is no evidence of median fold and sinus. Surface of each
valve bearing, over the pallial region, from forty-five to fifty rounded plications,
BRACHIOPODA. 369
which very gradually increase by iniplantation and become more numerous
anteriorly. These plications are of slightly unequal size, which appears to be
due to variation in the rate of their multiplication. In the umbonal regions
the plications are obsolete.
Niagara dolomites. Near Mihvaukee, Wisconsin.
CONCHIDIUM CRASSIPLICA, sp. UOV.
PLATE LXVI, FIGS. 24, 25.
Shell elongate, subelliptical in outline. Valves subequally convex, depressed
above ; cardinal slopes broad and abrupt on both. Umbo of the pedicle-valve
erect, not prominent ; surface slightly elevated medially. Umbo of l)rachial
valve depressed, apex concealed ; median region depressed anteriorly ; surface
of both valves bearing broad rounded plications, separated by deep grooves.
Of these plications thei-e are from eight to ten on each valve over the pallial
region ; by dichotomizing these become more numerous anteriorly.
Niagara group. Near Louisville, Kentucky.
CoNCHiDiUM Georgia, sp. nov.
PLATE LXVI, riGS. IS, 19.
Pedicle-valve unknown ; brachial valve trilobed by the development of a
strong median fold which extends from apex to margin, and is sharply delim-
ited by abrupt lateral slopes. The sides of the valve are convex, rather narrow,
and slope abruptly to the lateral margins. Umbo full and incurved. Surface
covered with numerous duplicating plications, of which from fifteen to twenty
may be counted on each side at the margins, and twelve to fourteen in the
fold.
Clinton group. Trenton, Georgia.
Capellinia jura, sp. nov.
PLATE LXX, FIGS. G-U.
(See pages 248, 249.)
370 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.
Selenella gracilis, sp. nov.
(See page 270, figs. 184-186.)
Oriskania navicella, sp. nov.
PLATE LXXIX, FIGS. 26-27.
(See pages 269, 270, figs. 181-183.)
RensselvEria Cayuga, sp. nov.
PLATE LXXV. FIGS. 1, 2.
Shell lenticular, often of large size ; suboval in marginal outline. Valves
subequally biponvex, sloping regularly in all directions. Apex of the pedicle-
valve scarcely prominent ; umbo not conspicuous, somewhat elevated medially.
Divergent cardinal ridges and cardinal slopes well defined. Brachial valve
with apex depressed and concealed ; somewhat less convex in the umbonal
region than the opposite valve. Surface of both valves covered with a great
number of fine, simple, thread-like, rarely duplicating plications, of which
from seventy to one hundred may be counted on each valve near the anterior
margin.
Oriskany sandstone. Cayuga, Ontario.
Beecheria Davidsoni, nom. nov.
PLATE LXXIX, FIGS. 33-36.
(See page 300, fig. 224.)
INDEX
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK. VOLUME VIII, PARTS I AND II.
I. Register of Authors' Names.
(These references do not include names used in association with specific designations.)
Abich, H.,
Agassiz, A.,
Agassiz, L.,
Aldrovandus,
Allen, W. F.,
Ami, 11 M.,
Augelin, N. P., .
Arcliiac, E. J. A. D. de St. S. d',
I, 261, 263; U, 265
. 11, m
. I, 2o3; II, 193
I, 186
II, 260
. I, 79, 113, 115
I, 201; II, 230, 234
I, 253, 303,317; U
1
57,101,112, 131, 172,178, 282
Ast, Ph , .... I, 213
At water, H, 1, 14
Barrande, J , . I, 36, 68, 73, 78, 79, 98, 101, 105, 127, 133
131, 112, 200, 272, 273, 274, 285, 290; II, 12, 14, 62, 70
77, 107, IRS, 231, 235, 241 , 242, 244,245, 2S6, 288,307.309, 310
Barrett, S. J I, 120, 142, 144, 285
Barris, W. H II, 196
Barrois, C , . . . . I, 285; U, 311, 312
Bayan, F., I, 264, 266
Bayle, . . . .II, 196, 197, 198, 199, 265, 273
Beach, A. C H, 260
Beecher, 0. E., . I, 146, 189, 206, 209, 254, 272, 273, 277, 290
291,300,301; II, 5, 13, IS, 59, lid. 69, 103,109, 101
164, 185, 219, 225, 265, 209, 294, 297, 305, 307, 309, 319
321, 322. 323, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 334, 336, 346
Bergman, . . . . . 1, 218
Beuth, F., I, 145; II, 113
Bdlings, E., . I, 3, 27, 33, 36, 40, 41, 44, 45, 56, 66, 67, 70
72, 75, 76, 7S, 90, 91, 97, 98, 101, 103, 120, 138, 142, 145
187, 183, 192, 194, 195, 190, 198, 201, 205, 208, 211, 217
221, 230, 232, 233, 242, 244, 245, 253, 269, 276, 281, 284
285, 286, 238, 290, 294, 295, 298, 303, 304, 311 ; H, 2
3, 12, 13, 15, 13, 22, 28, 40, 42, 43, 58, 62, 63, 04, 68, 73
78, 79, 80, 83, 88, 108, 109. 124, 127, 134, 149, 154, 157
158, 1.59, 163, 164, 189, 193, 212, 213, 214, 219, 220, 221
231, 233, 236, 241, 249, 250, 251, 252, 234. 255, 265, 273
286. 307, 310, 321
Billings, W. R, . . ... 11, 148
Binney, W. G. .1, 216
Bittner, A., , I, 298; II, 45, S7, 100, 102, 105, 122, 269, 272
Blainville, 11. M. U. de, . I, 245, 216, 247, 249, 250, 252
279; n, 178
Bolten . I, 2
Bouchard, . . . . . I, 301
Bronn, II. G , . . . I, 2, SO, ISO; II, 328
Brooks, Vf. K., I, 162
Bruguifire, J. G., I, 2, 321
Buch, L. von, . . 1,80,189,200.201,201,211,221, 233
. 253, 267, 276, 290, 303, 321, 333; II, 11, 12, 40, 112, 113
187, 195, 203, 203, 214, 225, 241, 282, 293
Calvin, S.,
Carpenter, W. B.,
Castelnau, F. de.
PAGE.
I, 188, 206, 285; IT, 4, 5, IS, 28, 32, fl5
241,294, 2!I7
. I, 149; 11, 49
. 1,187,200,250,276,281, 303
II, 1, 12, 14, 18, 28, 73, 163, 253
Chemnitz, J. H., I, 321
Clarke, J. M, 1,3,121,146,189,206,209,251,272, 273
277, 290, 291, 304; II, 4, 5, 13, 18, 28, 59, 66, 69, 109
141, 161, 104, 185, 193, 196, 203, 219, 225, 265, 269, 307, 309
Claypole, E. W , . . . U, M, 261
Clinton, G. n, 100
Conrad, T. A., . I, 2, 56, 69, 186, 137, 192, 196, 19j, 200
201 , 204, 205, 253, 257, 276, 280, 281, 281, 290, 295, 303
321,328; II, 1,12,14,18,21,28,31,51,73,80,83, 134
136, 163, 1S2, 183, 187, 189, 204, 231, 241, 255, 302
Cotton, U., I, 252
Co.x, E. T., . . . I, 3, 187, 211, 264
Cozzcns, 1., . . . . II, 80
Crane, A., II, 297
Cuvier, G. C. F. D 1, 1-22, 145, 150
Da Costa, E. M., I, 321
Dall, W. II., I, 2, 14, 33, 34, 36, U. 45, 83, 118, 120, 121
122, 123, 123, 138, 145, 150, 151, 1.55, 160, 236, 277
U, 138, 193, 255, 305
Dalman, J. W., . I, 186, 191, 192, 204, 205, 233, 236, 276, 277
2S0, 290, 295, 296, 297, 303, .■J21; II, 9, 40, 41, 58, 61
65, 67. 163, 185, 195, 231, 241
Dana, J. D ■ . I, 2
Darwin, C II, 137
Davidson, T., . . I, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 10, 17, 18, 19. 20
21, 22, 27, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48
51, .13, 5G,'o7, 68, 62, 63, 65, 66, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 85, 87
90, 91, 91, 93, 100, 101, 103, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113
115, 120, 122, 1-25, 126, 127, 128, 129, 133, 13j. 141, 142
147, 14S, 149, 150, 151, 153, 1.55, 136, 138, 160, 191. 192
19.1, 200, 201, 202, 203, 201, 205, 211, 212, 214, 227, 233
241, 212, 213, 245, 216. 249, 250, 253, 254, 257, 259, 26l'
261, 267, 2GS, 269, 270, 271, 271, 279, 2S0, 281, 284, 23^
■286, 290, 295, 296, 297, 298, 300, 301, 303, 301, 306, 313
314, 317, 319, 320, 321, 333, 331, 333; II, 2,7,8,9, 10
17, 20, 21, 22, 30, 33, 40, 41, 43, 50, 51, 53, 58, 60, 62
63, 65, 66, 67, 63, 70, 71, 73, 70, S3, 87, 88, 91, 92, 93
95,97,98, 101,103,112, 113. 114, 115, 122, 129, 131, 1.14
144, 149, 152, 153, 156, 1,58, 139, ICl, 103, 104, 168, 172
174, 178, 185, 187, 195, 196, 193, 200, 203, 204, 208, 210
21 , 215, 210, 217, 219, 221, 225, 227, 231, 236, 237, 240
241, 242, 243, 249, 250, •r>5, 205, 272, 274, 277, 281, 282
286, 288, 289, 293, 294, 295, 299, 300, 302, 305, 307, 3U
322, 339
372
INDEX.
PAGE.
Dawson, J. W., . I, 70, 107, liO, 285, 304. 322; U, 4, 15, 51
84,249,291, 293
Dechen, II. von, . . . . . II, 24
Defi-ance, . I, 215, 246, 247, 249, 250, 252; II, 113, 2S2
Derby, O. A., . I, 120, 145, 188, 208, 211, 213, 214, 216, 254
261,267,268,304,314,322; II, 3, 4,22, 51, 84, OS, 120
121, 122, 138, 140, 265, 266, 267, 272, 274, 286, 292, 293
302
Deslongchamps, E., ..... H, 320
Dewer.C ".1=8
Dittmkr, U.311, 312
Dumeril, A., I. 2, 145
Dwight, W. B.. 1. 118, 120, 136
Dyer, C. B., I. 138, 272
Eaton, A., H. S3. 255
Eiohwald, E. von, .1,80,110,1,52,200,201,221,233, 215
200, 269, 276, 297, 298, 321, 337; II, 225, 227, 230, 241
Emerson,B. K., . . . . I, 3, 30-1; II, 231, 273
Emmons, E., . 1,2,3,66,138,145,186,195,200,201, 205
215, 257, 269, 281, 295; II, 2, 12, 140, 231
Endlicher, I, 101
Etheri.lge, R., jr., I, 335, 336; II, 4, 51, (S, 164, 231, 242
Evans I, 25G
Fahrenkohl, A., I, 303
Fischer Ue WaUlhcini, . I, 249, 253, 256, 303, 317, 321; II, 8
178,244, 245
Fischer, P., . . • . . II, 182, 187
Foerste, A. F., . . I, 188, 189, 193, 198, 201, 206, 209
228. 254, 291, 295; II, 5, 13, 63, 164, 236, 250
Ford, S. W., I, 51, 56, 66, 67, 68. 69. 70, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78
Freeh, F., I, 62
Friele, H, 305
Gagel, C, ... II, 223, 225, 231, 236, 250
Garnier, F., I, 266
Geinitz, H. B., . 150, 214, 217, 264, 267, 304, 314, 319; II, 3
22, 51, 84, 120, 210, 215, 293
Glass, N., . . 11,9,62,67,71,87,92,97,98,101,131, 159
274
Goldfuss, A. 1,303,321, 333
Gosselet, J. H, 189
GouUl, A. A. I, 123
Graliolet, P I, 65
Gray, J. E I, 122; II, 340
Greene, T. A U, 199, 222, 249
Graenewaldt, ...... II, 231
GuilUer, A., . . . . . . I, 63
Gurley, W., I, 145; II, 174
Hall, J., . . 1,2,3,14,18,33,36,40,44,46,66,59, 61
66, 67, 69, 73, 87, 91, 120, 122, 138, 142, 145, 165, 187, 188
192, 191, 195, 19li, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 205, 206, 208
209, 211, 2U, 230, 240, 215, 246, 249, 253, 254, 257. 261
261, 269, 272, 276, 277, 281, 284, 285, 290, 291, 295, 298
300, 303, 304, 310, 312, 314, 319, 321, 322, 323, 328
U, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 13, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 28, 40, 43
47, 51, 52, 54, 58, 59, 65, 06, 70, 73, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84
108, 109, 112, 115, 124, 127, 134, 136. 138, 142, 146, 154
161. 163. 164. 182, 185, 1S7, 189, 193, 195, 202, 204, 206
212, 215, 219. 223, 225, 231, 236, 2.U, 242, 249, 252, 253
261, 265, 277, 280, 293, 302
Hancock, A., . . . . . I, 4, 117, 148
Hartt, C. F., . . I, 98, 107, 120, 137, 188, 231, 232. 254
n, 23. 286, 291
Haughton. . . . . , . II. 2
PAGE.
Hanpt I. 294
Ilayden, F. V,. . I, 3, 66, 120, 261, 264, 303, 304, 322
II, 2, 3, 51, 54, 80, 83, 120, 15 1, 293
Helmerscn, G.von, .... I, 319, 320
Herrick, C. L., . 1,3,9,121,133,189,209,254,201, 304
323, 328; II, 4, 5, 23, 43, 47, .50, 52, 84, 109, 169, 189
192,265, 286
Ilcrzer, II II, 97
Hicks, H I, 6
Hinde, G. J I, 188, 201; II, 58
Hisinger, W. von, . I, 200, 204, 276, 290, 303; II, 40, 103
185, 231
HoU, U. B., I, 6, 90
Iloernes II, 2S4
llolzaplel, E , II, 131
llowse II, 214
Ilusted, J. W II, 120
Huxley, T. II I, 1, 186
Hyatt, A. • . . . U, 65
Ives, J. C I. 266
Jaekcl, O I, 294
James, J. F. I, 8
James, U. P., . I. 3, 18, 19, 145, 188, 201, 205, 21,5, 276, 281
293; II, 154
Joubin, E I, 1, 147, 149
Kayser, E., I, 153, 211, 241, 242, 253, 259, 260, 2)-5, 286, 290
II, 33, 40 101, 112, 172, 175, 195, 196, 197, 216, 241
247, 260, 281, 282, 313, 315, 316
Keyee, C. R., . . ■ -I. 304, 3'23; H, 4, 84
Keyserling, A. von, .... I, 307, 317
Kiesow II, 200
King, C. I, 61; II, 228
King, W., . I, 2, 7, 10, 11, 13, 11, 18, 20, 21, 22, 30, 31, 33
34, 35, 36, 38. 40. 41, 43. 14, 45. 46, 48. 51, 51, 55, .67, 62
63, 146, 147, 119, 156, 186, 200, 201. 204, 211, 245, 248
219,251,252,267, 276,311.317, 319, 320,328, 339
II, 8, 47, 49, 50, 71, 87, 89, 91, 103, 195, 210, 214, 225
227, 282, 285, 293, 294, 322, 339
Klffiden, K. F. von, .... I, 276, 303
Koi-nig, . . . . . . . II, 8
Kouiuck, L. de, . 1,211,253,267,276,301,302,303,300, 314
317, 319, 321, 323, 325 333, 334; II, 9, 98, 119, 122
202. 203. 208, 265, 294, 296, 299, 314, 315
Kovvalevski, ..... II, 328, 330
Krotow, ......' I, 310
Kutorga, S., . I, 80, 82, 95, 101, 102, 103, 109, 110, 111, 112
113, 115, 116, 120, 123, 135, 136, 158, 160; II, 34
I.acaze-Duthiera, . . . I, 16
Lahusen, ....... I, 230
Lamarck, J. P. B. A. de M. de, I, 5, 120, 121, 122. 145, 321
Laube II, 103
Linck, I, 321
Lindstrom, G., . I, 33, 34, 36. 38, 201, 204, 241, 245, 274
II, 62, 67, 161, 185, 219, 231, 234, 241, 307, 322
Linnarsson, J. G. O., 1,86,91,94,97,98,99,101,107, 108
Linne, C, . . • I, 145, 150, 204, 213; II, 163, 231, 234
Slarcou, J., . I, 187, 208, 322; II, 2, 21, 22, S3, 120, 202
Marcy, O. I, 281; H, 241
Martin, W., . I, 211, 321; II, 33, 47, 202, 214, 216, 293
Mather, W , II, 1, 12, 21, 201
Matthew, G. F., • I, 56, 58, 69, 81, 91, 93, 99, 101, 102, 103
105, 107, 137, 183, 231, 232, '233; II, 326
M.-iurer, F., I, 259
INDEX.
373
PAGE.
McChesney, J. H., . I, 120, 1S7, ISS.lOl, 196, 261, 262, 322
350; II, 2, 3, 12, 13, IS, 22, 51, SS, 83, S4, 120, 103
164, 203, 236, 23S, 277, 281, 293
McCoy, F., . . 1,55,85,129,153,153,187,200,201, 203
204, 211, 233, 245, 253, 261, 263, 276, 2S0, asi, 290, 298
303; II, 9, 21, 32, 33, 47, 02, S3, SI, S7, 89, 92
93, 134, 185, 193, 214, 249, 282, 293
Meek, F. B., I, 3, 33, 36, 56, 62, 64, 60, 90, 97, 101, 103, 120
127, 132, 135, 187, 188, 194, 196, 198, 201, 205, 208, 211
2U, 213, 217, 245, 250, 253, 254, 261, 267, 269, 272, 276
281, 284, 290, 295, 303, 304, 309, 322, 328; 11, 2, 3, 4
8, 15, 18, 22, 23, 28, 33, 43, 47, 49 50, 51, 5t, 38, 73
80, 83, S4, 120, 130, 151, 101, 161, 182, 193, 203, 204
215, 241, 249, 251, K2, 254, 261, 264, 277, 293, 302
311, 312
Michauci, A. L. G., . . . . I, 321
Mickwilz, A., ..... .1,337, 339
Miller, S. A,, . I, 3,8,133,115,188,194,196,198, 201
202, 205, 208, 245, 272, 276, 2S1, 295, 323; II, 4, 23, 26
2S, 151, 182, 185
Mallei-, V. von, ..... I, 95, 06, 102
Morris, J , ... I, 110, 135, 303; II, 136, 137
Morse, E S, . . . . . . 1, 8, 16
Morton, S. G., .... I, 321; II, 21, 16, 293
Muller, O. F I 122, 145, 160
Miinstcr, G. von, . . . . . I, 314
Munier Cli.almas, . . . . . I, 28, 298
Murchison, It. I., . . I, 56, 227, 328; II, 24, 108
NettelroUl, II., . 1,3,146,189,193,198,201,206,209, 211
251, 277, 285, 290, 301, 328; II, 5, 13, 13, IS, 23, 28, 40
43, 54, 59, 66, 73, 80, 84, 109, 124, 142, l.-|4, 164, 181, 182
183, 219, 231, 234, 235, 236, 242, 230, 263, 280, 294, 302
Neumajr, M. I, 301, 324
Xewberry, J. S., . .1,9, 2a, 266, 303, 322; II, 2, 22, 83
Nicholson, II. A., I, 3, 33, 36, 120, 138, 145, 188, 192
201,2.54, 2S5, 304, 328; II, 3, 13, 43, 58, 73, 193
Xoetling, F., .... 11,223,226,227, 229
Norwooil, J. G , . I, 303, 312, 321, 328, 332, 333; II, 2, 21, 51
Novak, O., 11,231, 235
CEhlert, D, r., . 1,23,153,203,209,210,233,241,243, 250
254, 261, 267, 269, 272, 277, 286, 287, 288, 289, 295, 302
310, 326, 333, 335; II, 54, 53, 50, 103, 104, 115, 182, 187
183, 196, 197, 198, 210, 215, 230, 241, 242, 244, 245, 232
254, 258, 203, 264, 265, 266, 272, 273, 277, 281, 305, 323
GMham, U , I, 29
Orbigny, A. d', . 1,120,12^,136,1,38,141,153,160,180, 214
217, 233, 234, 237, 245, 303, 321 ; II, 1, 16, 31, 83, 88
112,163,223,227,281, 307
Owen, D. D., . I, 2, 39, 187, 192, 200, 208, 225, 245, 201
284, 303, 321 ; II, I, 2, 21, 28, 163, 2) 1
Owen, R., ..... I, 2, 16, 186
I'an.ler, C. H., . 1,80,117,113,119,141,186,192,200, 221
233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 250, 284, 295, 296, 297, 293
II, 225, 227
Parkinson, J., ...... I, 321
Phillips, J., . 1,2,6,13,201,211,245,253,250,237, 261
269, 278, 281, 303; II, 11, 40, 62, 89, 92, 93, 185, 193
200, 202, 204, 214, 216, 217, 265, 282, 294
Pilsbry, H. A I, 246
Poll, J. X., I, 145, 147
Potiez, V. L. v., . . . . . 1, 321
Poulson, C. A., . . . . . . I, 250
Pratten, 11., I, 303, 312,321,328,332,333; U,2,21,51, 101, 112
PAGE.
Prout, H. A I, 321
Quenstedt, F. A., . 1,80,109,110,200,205,211, 219
241, 245, 267, 301; 11, 31, 31, 40, 58, 73, 88, 101, 102
113, 114, 174, 173, 178, 195, 196, 203, 231. 241, 245, 260
277, 281, 282, 283, 281, 283, 293
Baflnesque, C. S., I, 245, 216, 217, 24.S, 249. iV). 252
liamsay, A. C, . . . . I. 204
Itang, A. S., 1, S21
Ualhbun, K., . I, 3, 120, 188, 304, 328; II, 3, 4, 18, 43, 138
252,2.51, 302
Reeve, L. A I, 121
Retzius, A. J., . . . . I, 145, 150
Riclithofen, ...... II, 315
Riemau, P., ...... 1, 218
Rigaux, E., ...... I, 241
Ringueberg, E. N. S., . I, 3 120, 146, 189, 204, 205; II, 4, 13
Ra-raer, A. 11,40,231, 241
Uccmer, F., . I, 2, 187, 205, 276, 290, 30-2; II, 1, 2, 10, 21
31, 65, 16:i, 195, 211, 243, 255, 277, 282
Rogers, H. D., . I, 195, 201, 281, 2*1, 322; II, 2, 15, •22, 28
58, 73, 83, 97, 163, 255
Rominger, C, . II, 1.53, 206, 263, 272, 288
Rouault, M I, 36, 241; 11, 51, 66
Salter, J. W., 1,6,36,55,56,67,53,83,81,86,107, 153
158, 187, 192, 196, 201, 204, 241, 245, 269, 271, 284, 322
II, 62, 83, 1,36, 137, 138, 161, 10.3, 185, 195, 219, 249
307
Suudbeiger, G. ami F., . I, 233. II, 40, 112, 113, 129
130, 133, 195, 282, .302
Saideson, F. W., ..... II, 1.30
Safford, J. M., . . . 1,183,199,200,211, 341
Schauroth, K. F., . . . . . 1, 145, 150
Schenck, II, 141
Schiel, I, 321; II, 83
Schlotheim, E. von, I, 145, 155, 158, ISO, 200, 202, 211
213, 233, 253, 267; II, J 13, 163, 225, 227, 283
Schnur, S , I, 241, 253, 257, 259, 284, 30!; II, 31, 40
112, 129, 1.TO, 131, 172, 195, 282, 302
Schmidt, Fr. . I, 286, 290; II, 102, 195, 230, 241
Schuchert, C, . I, 25, 88, 112; II, 8, 47, 50, 51, 67, 150, 151
131, 157, 294. 297, 346
.Schumacher, I, 121, 1'22, 123
Secbach, K. von, . . . . . I, 101
Semenow, P I, 253, 293; II, 311, 312
Shaler, X. S., . I, 187, 189, 192, 196, 193, 208, 233, 216
276, 281, 288, 295; II, 3,83, 164, 219
Sharpe, I)., . 1,118,138,141,248,303,11,1,130, 137
225. 227
Shipley 11, .330
Shepard, C. U. I, 321
Shura.ard, R. F., 1,3,120,145,187,303,319,321, 322
H, 1, 2, 21, 28, «, 47,51, 83, 103, 193, 202, 21t, 215, 293
Simpson, G. B., . I, 189, 209, 301; II, 43, 47, 50, 73
Sowerby, J., I, 120, 121, 122, 150, 156, 153, 192, 203
204, 211, 227, 245, 253, 270, 231, 290, 317, 321, 328
II, 1, 7, 8, 24, 47, 134, 103. 178, 185, 195, 199, 202, 231
236, 237, 282, 293
Sowerby, J do C, . I, 121, 270; II, 6>, 195, 202, 219, 236
237,241, 219
Spencer, J. W., . . . . . . I, 146
St. John, O., . . I, 145,264, 314; U, 293, 300, 301, 302
Steininger, . . . . . n, 101
Steinmann, G., • . . . . . II, 141
374
INDEX.
Stevens, .
I,
303
Stob(Eus, K.,
I,
145
Stoliczka, F.,
I.
29
Stubel,
n.
141
Suess, E., . II, 70,^03, 129, 133, 178, 277, 278, 279, 283,
285
Swainson,
11,
138
Swallow, G. C, . I,
187, 208, 264, 281,322, 328; 11, 2, 3,
IS
22, 43, 47, SO, 83, 119, 120, 215, 263,
293
Swinton, F. S., .
I,
318
Toula, F., .
II, 3, 81,
293
Tschernyschew, Th.,
I, 241, 243; II, 25, 34, 78, 172,
175
170,
210
TrautschoUl, H. von.
I,
214
Troost,
II,
47
Tryon, G. W., .
I,
240
Ulrich, A.,
. II. 130,138, 141,
302
Ulricli, E. 0., .
I, 24, 25, 27, 33, 53, 87, 88, 89, 112,
120
138, 118, 188, 194, 295; II, 154, 193,
231
Ure, D., .
I, 303,
331
Vauuxem, L.,
I, 2, 120, 186, 205, 211, 253, 257, 258,
276
281, 281, 290,
303,328; II, 1,12,11,17,21,53,73,
163
19,!, 195, 204, 253,
255
Verneiiil, 1]. de, . I,
110, 111, 141, 151, 191, 200, 201, 204,
214
219, 233, 233,
215, 253, 250, 204, 2liG, 209, 276, 280,
283
297, 298, SflO
301, 303, 317, 319, S31, 3-'3, 325, 328,
333
11, 1, 11, 2t
, 67, 101, 103, 104, 112, 131, 138, ICl,
172
178, 195, 202
210, 211, 225, 227, 223, 231,236, 211,
242
249, 277, 278, 279, 2S2, 293,
302
VercliSre, .
11,
98
Verworn, .
I,
15S
Volborth, A. von.
1,73,82,
83
Waagen, W.,
I, 28, 29, 30, 84, 69, 90, 94, 95, 118,
147
151, 210, 214
215, 216, 217, 239, 254, 256, 201, 202,
263
261, 205, 267
208, 304, 306, 307, 308, 310, 313, 316,
317
319, 320, 324
335, 3'6, 330, 331, 332; II, 9, 21, 26
34
91, 98, 99,
15, 119, 131, 122, 123, 107, 182, 196,
197
208, 209,5215
260, 265, 267, 272, 274, 293, 294, 295,
296
298, 299, 300
301, 302, 313, 314, 315, 316, 319, 322,
323
326, 334, 336, 310,
343
Wahlenberg,
. II, 40, 103,
195
Waller, .
I,
145
Warth, H.,
I,
SO
Walch,J. E. J., .
I,
321
PAGE.
Walcott, C. U., . I, 3, 9, 56, ,57, 58, 66, 67, 08, 69, 70, 71, 72
75, 78, 91, 93, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 101, 105, 106
107, 111, 113, 114, 110, 117, 121, 137. 110, 155, 188, IS9
193, 194, 198, 206, 211, 230, 331, 232, 311, 243, 210, 254
269, 278, 285, 290, 301, 311, 828, 333; II, 4, 15, 18, 23
28, 33, 43, 47, 50, 53, 73, 84, 130, I24,'127, 113, 161, -189
193, 200, 203, 319, 231, 212, 286, 294, 321
■W'aldlicim, G. F. de, . I, 191,214,215, 264, 266, 275; H, 202
Wendt, A. F., II, 275
WenjidioCr, Y I, 259
White, C. A., 1,3,90,98,101,120,121,145,116, 187
188, 193, 190, 198, 201, 200, 208, 299, 211, 215, 253, 264
277, 281, 285, 304, 314, 322, 323; II, 2, 3, 13, 14, 18, 22
23,28,43,47,51,52,51,83,112,119,130, 113, 161, 263
210, 215, 249, 350, 293
Whiteaves, J. F., . -1,3, 37, 40, 44. 45, 46, 66, 113
115, 244, 293, 314; II, 5, 13, 15, 23, 103, 200, 231, 242
201, 264, 383, 285, 810
Whitfk-ld, R. P., . . I, 3, 11, 30, 48, 57, 69, 61, 02, 66
69, 120, 187, 188, 189, 195, 193, 206, 203, 209, 211, 218, 230
233, 239, 240, 215, 246, 253, 354, 269, 277, 281, 285, 804
310, 311, 333, 333; II, 2, 3, 4,13, 15, IS, 23, 28, 40, 51
59, 05, 77, 84, 89, 113, 115, 113, 164, 174, 175, 193, 195
212, 313, 214, 210, 225, 231, 236, 23!), 210, 241, 242, 249
250, 275, 276, 2S6, 293
Wilckcns, C. F. I, 270, 279
Williams, II. S., . . I, 3; II, 4, 5, 33, 196, 203, 271, 317
WinchcU, A., . I, 3, 63, 64, 120, 145, 153, 187, 188, 208
211, 253, 284, 301, 314, 332, 328; II, 2, 3, 8, 15, 23, 47
50, 51, 73, 83, 108, 124, 1S9, 193, 313, 241, 265, 267, 371, 286
Winchell, N. II., . . I, 3, 69, 62, H5,[188, 194, 195
206, 281 ; II, 150, 151, 154, 157
Woodward, S. 1"., . . . I, 66
Woolson, U, 183
Worthen, A. H., . 1,3,36,63,64,120,121,188, 253
361, 276, 281, 290, 30!, 309, 322, 328; II, 2, 5, 16, 18, 22
23, 28, 33, 43, 47, 73, 83, 84, 136, 161, 164, 204, 2!5, 241
249, 251 , 252, 254, 302, 31 1 , 312
Wynne, . . .... I, 29
Tiindell, L. P I, 187; 11, 1, 28, 47, 163
Young, J., . . I, 307; II, 10, 20, 30, 93, 307, 309
Zittel, K. A. von, . I, 134, 272, 295, 308; II, 115, 178
Zugmayer, II., . . I, 293; II, 45, 73, 87, 96, 313, 314
II. Register of Genera.
(Names in italics are synonyms; figures in full-face type denote place of description.)
PIGE.
PAGE.
Acambona,
. II, 105, J IS,
119
Amphistropbia,
. I, !892; U, 33il
Acritis^
I, SO,
83
Anabaia .
II, 141
Acrothele,
I, 70, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 108, 113,
114
Anastrophia,
11,219
233, 225
2-27, 228, 233, 239, 249, .341
107, 168; II,
324
Anazyga, .
.
II, 154, 156
Acrolliele?, .
I,
101
Ancistrocrania,
I, 149
Acrotreta,
. I, 68, 93, 65, 96. 99, 100, 101, 103, 104,
105
Anisactinella,
II, 103
106, 108,109, 113, 114, 166, 167, 168; 11,
321
Anomactinella,
11, 103
Acrotreta, .
I, 95,
105
Anomia^
I, 145, 2
1, 331; II, 40, 47, 163, 315
Actiuoconchus,
II,
93
Anomites,
■ I,
233,376,321; I(, 163, 195
Ambocoilia,
I, 92; II, 2, 54, 55,
56
^Vnoplia, .
I, 309
AmiJhiclina,
I, 302; II, 103,
315
Anoplotheca,
I,
220, 303
II, 1!S9, 133, 134, 137, 139
Amphigenia,
. II, 233, 251, 858, 253, 257, 200, 261,263,
263
142,144, 345
264, 311, 342,
349
A ntirhynchmiella^
II, 231, 242, 244, 245
INDEX.
375
PAGE. 1
I' ACE.
ArhiisciditeSt
I,
321
Christiania,
I,
298
Area,
I,
321
Cistclla, .
. 11,305,3-28,
330
Argiope,
II.
328
Claca^etla,
I, 321,
333
Athyris, . H, 11, 83, 8."), 86, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 97, 98,
100
Clinlonclla,
11,
169
118, 1-21 111, 291, 317,334,
313
Cliothyris,
11,89,
91
AthyriSf
U, 2, 3, 63, 65, 73, 78, 85. 98, 121, 134,
328
Clilambonitus, .
218, 219, 230, 231, 232, 233, 231, '230,
237
Atrypa,
I, 207, 298; II, 89, 131, 1«3, 171, 173,
174
239, 240, 243, ,340; 11, 327, 328, 332, 333, 336,
341
175,
176
Clorlntia,
11,
241
Atrifpa,
I, 187, 200, 269; II, 58, 62, 65, 73, 78,
80
Ccelospiia,
11, 134, 136, 137, 140, 144, 160, 839,
345
83, 87,
101, lOS, 124, 127, 136, 142, 152, 154, 101,
180
Calospira,
II, 161,
162
18,1, 189
193, 195, 202, 204, 214, 219 241, 249, 255,
293
Conchidium,
II, 210, 230, 231, 234, 235, 236, 210,
261
307, 328,
338
334, :!36,
311
Atrypina, .
. ,U, 153,101,171,
171
Conrhius, .
I,
276
Aulacorhpiclius,
11, 72, 311, 312,
335
Conchyliolithus,
11,47,202,214,
293
Aulonoti-eta,
I, 8'i,
337
Conocephalites,
I,
30
Aulonotreta,
1,
80
{Conradia,]
I,
39
Aulosteges.
. I, 316, 319. 330; U, 329,
340
Cranajna,
II,2»»,
301
Aulo&teges, .
I,
314
Crania, . ]
, 1, 108, 122, 141, 145, 147, 149, 150, 151,
152
Avicula,
I,
06
153, 164. 155, 156, 157, 158, 169, 170; II,
3i5
B<utTymum^
II,
313
Crania,
1,110,
314
Barrandella,
. II, 341, 245, 247,
339
Crania {Pseudocrania) ..... I,
253
BarroiscUa,
. I, 1, 14, 63, 64, 85, 108, 164; II,
322
Craniella,
1, 153,170; 11,
325
326,
327
Craniolites,
I,
145
Beachia, .
U, 300,
265
Craniops, .
1,155,
159
Beecheria,
11,
300
Craniscus,
I,
146
Bifida,
11, 98, 131, 133,
144
CTiopoiUrma,
. . . . . I,
145
Billingsclla,
I, 329, 231, 232; II, 212, 230, 333,
337
Criopus,
I, 145,
147
BiUiiigsta
I, 75,
76
Cryptacanthia,
11, 300,
302
Bilobites, .
. I, 204,219,223,
229
Cryptonella,
II, 386, 287, 288, 290, 291, 292, 2;)5, 296,
297
BoucharJia,
II,
305
CryjitonKlla,
11,265,293,334,346,347,318,
319
Brachyprion,
. I, 220, 288,289,282; 11,
339
Cyciorhiiia,
11,306,
208
Bra(llj/m£rus,
II,
219
Cyclospira,
. 11,63,146,151,152,344,
345
Brarhythyris^
II,
10
Cyclothyris,
11,
177
Branconia,
n.
«23
Cyrtia,
11,9,11,30,32,40,41,42,46,328,
331
CaJomella,
I,
293
Cyrtia,
11,43,
47
Camarella,
I, 234; II, 219, 220, 221,225, 233,
3(1
Cyrtina,
II, 16, 32, 41, 43, 45, 46, 50, 52, 63,
328
Camardla,
. I, 269; U,
212
331,312,
346
Cnmarium,
11, 70,
72
Cyrtina,
II,
28
Camarophoria
U, 72, 202, 314, 216, 218, 227, 333, 334,
341
Cyrtotlicca,
11,
45
Camarophoria
II,
199
Dalmanella,
. 1, 20.3, 218, 219, 220, 223,
229
Camaro]5horella,
11,
218
Davidsonella,
1,
28
Camarospira,
11, 82,217,
342
Davidrtoniji,
I, 279, 301, 303 ; U,
339
Camarotu^chia,
II, 181, 189, 191, 192, 194, 198, 199,
201
Davicsiella,
1,
317
216, 220, 337,
342
Dayia,
11, 03,
119
Capellinia
11, 348,
341
Dellliyris, .
11, 9,19,20,
36
Caprotina,
II,
316
DdthyriSf .
I, 186, 187, 200, 201, 201 ; 11, 1, 2, 12, 14,
15
Cardinocrauia,
. I, 30, 147,
134
18, 21, 22,
28
Catazyga,
n, us, 157, 158, 159,
173
Derbya,
. I, 219, 259, 258, 361, 202, 293, 2(a, 268,
347
Centronclla,
n, 258, 260, 365, 266, 267, 20S, 269,
270
11, 11,336,337,338,
339
271, 272, 274, 275, 289, 291, 298, 347,
319
Derbyia,
I,
261
Centronella,
II,
286
Dicamara, .
U, 73,
335
C'harionella,
II,
78
Dicellomus, .
I, 66, 68, 72,
73
Charionella,
U, 68,
73
Diccdosia, ,
I,
204
Chonetclla,
1, 307,
313
Dicianiscus,
I,
270
Chouetea, . I,
191, 230, 280, 301, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308,
309
DicraniscuSf
I,
269
310, 31
1, 312, 313, 316, 320; II, 11, 312, 337, 339,
340
I)ict}'onella,
U, 307,
311
Chonetes, .
1,314,317; ii,
311
Dielasma,
. U. 275, 287, 293, 291, 296, 297, 298 301,
316
Chonetina,
I, 3«r.
310
317, 348,
349
Ckoiuopora,
I, 145,
150
Dielasmiua,
n,
298
Chonostrophia,
. I, 307, 310,
311
Diguomia,
I, 2, 14, 15, 21, 103, 164 ; U,
322
Clionotrcta,
I, 96, ,104 107,
108
Uinobolus,
I, 23, 28, 30, 31, 31, 30, 39, 40, 47, 48, 50,
61
Chonopectus,
I, 307,
313
5
2, .53, 54, .55, 81, 84, 139, 142, 165, 176 ; 11,
322
Choristites^
. 1,214,216,264; 11,8,25,
37
Dirwbolus, .
I, 36,
44
376
INDEX.
PAGE.
Diuoithis, 1, 195. 222, 227, 229
Diplospirella, II. 103, 3i5
Discina I, 130, 121, \U, U9, 150, 16U
Discina, . I, 79, 87, 90, 98, 107, IM, 122, 124, rj9, 13-2, 155
Discinisca, . I, IHO, 123, 124, 125, 130, 131, 149, lliil
{Dlsciiiocaris?), ...... I, 142
Discinolepis . . . I, 29, 90, 110, HI ; U, 923
Discinopsis, ... I, 103, 105, 106, 167, 168
Douvilliaa, ..... I, 286, 388
Eatonia, 11, 201, 304, 205
Eiclnvaldia, . . U, 72, 113, 307, 312, 322, 323, 335
Elkania, . I, 61, 52, 64, 69, 73, 76, 77, 78, 165 ; 11, 322, 32G
Euteletes I, ai4, 215, 216, 217, 226, 229
Epitlii/ris, . .... II, 77, 293, 294
Etlieridgiiia, ...... I, 335
Eumetria, . II, 101, 107. 108, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 144
206, 345, 316
II, 120
II, 390,
II,
U,
u.
I,
II, 148, 132, 153, 174, 344,
11,
I, 2, 1.1, 16; II,
. I, 2, 14, 15, 63, 163,
. I, 219, 236,
Eumetria, .
EuDCIla,
Euractinella,
Ettthyris,
Fusella,
Geinitzia, .
Glassia,
Glassina, .
Glossina, .
GlottuUa, .
Gonambonites,
Goiiainbonites,
Goniotcdla,
Gotlandia, .
GrucuewaUltia,
Grt/phitcSj .
Gypidia,
Gypitlula, .
Ilallina,
Harltina, .
Ilebertella,
Ilelmcrseuia,
Selinintholithiis,
Ilemipronites,
HemiproniUSf
Hemiptychina,
Hetnitlti/ris,
Ilcterorthis,
Ilindclla, .
Hipparionyx,
Hipparionyx,
Hippurites,
llomceospira,
Hustedia, .
Ilyattella, .
Ilypothyris,
Hypothyris, .
Hy sterol it lies,
Hysterolithus,
Iphidea, .
Xphidea {? ?)t
liogramma,
IsorhyncliuSf
Juvavella,
Karpinskia,
Kayserella,
297
103
88
9
104
345
98
322
164
237
I, 233
n, 80, 81
I, 33
II, 175
I, 321
II, 231
U, 233, 241, 212, 217, 248, 250, 336, 311, 342
II, 150, 151, 155, 313, 344
II, 392, 317
I, 19S, 222, 229
. 1,117, 11,^, 119
. II, 231
I, 236, 238, 239, 250
. I, 233, 239, 245, 253, 254, 261
II, 299, 300
. I, 269; II, 62
I, 202, 223, 229
. II, 63, 65, 81
. I, 357,258, 265; II, 337, 338
. II, 163
II, 316
. II, 112
105, 107, 109, 118, 119, 120, 122, 128
. 11,61,61,
. 11,195,201,202,
II, 62, 177, 185,
. I
I, 96, 97, 166, 167, 168
I. 239.
186,211,
I, 186,
i U, 324,
I,
II, 311,
II, 225, 227
II, 272
II, 176
U, 315, 346
Kayseria, .
Kcyscrlingia,
Ktitambonites,
KuniiK-'kclla,
Koniiirkiiia,
Ki-au^siiia,
Kutorgina,
Lacazella, .
Laklimin.-i,
Leiorhyncttus,
Leptaiiia, .
Leplcnia, . 1
Lepta.tialosia,
Lept.X'iiisca,
Lepta?nulopsis,
Lepta^onia,
Leptella, .
Leptobolus,
Leptoftt'lia,
Lcptocalia, .
Leptoflus^
Leptostrophia,
Ligulops,
Lima,
Lindstrceinella,
305
166
321
328
321
193
286
213
PAGE.
11, 101, 102, 103
I, 117, 113, 119, 141
. I, 233, 235, 236
I, 598 392
I, 301, 303 ; II, 103, 130, 339, 343, 345
II,
I, 90, 91,92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, lU, 140,
168, 183 ; II,
II,
I, 3S, .lO, 35, 46, 47, 48, 52, 53, 89 ; H,
II,
I, 192, 220, 236, 250, 376, 279, 280, 282,
293, 296. 209 ; II,
47, 167, 196, 225, 253, 261, 281, 284, 314, 317
321. 328 ; II, 302, 337, 338
I, 314
I, 279, 300, 301 ; II, ,339
I, 394
I. 276, 280
. I, 393,294, 298
I, 73, 74, 75, 79, 165,
I, 220; II, 130,137,140, 142,
. II, 131, 161,
II,
. I, 388; II,
I,
I,
I, 120, 134,
IJngula, . I, 1, 2, 5, n, 8, 10. 1 1, 14, 15. 16, 18, 21, 22, 23,
25, 27, 28, 32, 43, 49, .iO, 51, ,52, 54. .56, .57, 58, 59, 61,
63, 64, 6.5, 109, 161, 102, 163, 161, 165 ; II, 320, 321,
325,
I, 2, 18, 36, 55, .56, 59, 62, 66,
I, 56, 62,
. . . I,
Lingula^
Ling^ula ?
Lingula {IrlottiUia),
LingulariHs,
Tjingulasma,
Lingulella, . 1
Linf^ulella [Di^nornia .')
Lingulepis,
Lingulepis, .
Liugulops, .
, 34, 25, 27, 30, 32, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50,
63, 73, 81, 163 ; II.
6, 7, 8, 19, 62, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61,
64, 69, 92, 162, 1G5 ; II,
I, 6, 59,61,81,
I,
. I, 8, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 23, 30, 32,
47, 43, 49, 51, 52, 51, 55, 156, 163, 165 ; II, 321,
167
317
162
313
338
19
321
140
24
6J
322
326
93
86
62
2
52
321
62
320
56
163
56
46
322
Ijiorhynchus,
Linnarssonia,
Lycophoria,
Lyttonia, .
Macandrevia,
MagasL'Ua,
jMagcUania,
Hargiuifera,
Hartinia, .
Martinia,
Martiniopsis,
Mcekella, .
Megalanteris,
Megantcris, .
Megathyi-id,
Mentzelea,
II, 70, 193
Merista,
I, 68, 69, 70, 106, 107, 109, 113, 167, 168
11, 324
U, 330, 341
II, 313, 314
II, 289, 305
II. 305
II. 1.50, 288, 289, 330
. I, 330, 331, 332
11,5,9,10,11,12,32,33,40,44. 65
II, 3.4, 18
II, 6, 10, 34, 40, 44
219, 259, 262, 263, 364, 26.5, 266, 268
II. 250, 263, 277, 281
U, 252, 255, 277, 231
II, 305
II, 34, 40
n, 59, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 81, 82, 118,328, 335
INDEX.
PAOE.
PAGE.
Mcrtsta U. 58,
73
OrthotheteB.
. 218. 219. 220. 249. M53. 255, 238.
257
Meristella, . II, 59, G7, 68, 71, rs, 7fl, 77, 78, 79, SI,
82
258. 281. 202. 268. 295 ; 11, 11. 230, S37, 338,
339
101, 118,
152
Orthothrix,
I,
314
Meristaia, II, 5S, 59, G3, Im,
80
Orthoticiiia,
. I, 313. 220,
229
Meristiim, . II, i;(i, 05, 6G, 67, 68. 78, 98, 118, 131, W,
3-15
Ostracilea,
I,
Its
Meristina. ...... II, ."i!!, .W,
60
Palacni.Ta ?,
I,
133
Mcsotreta, I, 105. 109,
111
Palajocrania,
I, 153,
15B
Metaplasia II,
55
Parasti'ophia.
II, al9, 221. 222, 223. 21M. 227. 228.
233
Micknitzia I, 80,
86
239,
341
Mirauliis I, 270, aTa, 273, 274 ; II,
2,30
I'aiazyga,
. II, 110,137.114,
328
Monobolina, . . . . . I, 60, 8^1,
81
I'ateUa, .
. I. 145, 15S.
158
Monomerella, . I, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30, 31, 31, 35, 36, 37,
39
I'atdUta, .
1.155,
158
40, 41, 43, 46, M, 53, 164,
176
I'atL'l-iiia, .
11. 321,
336
MuhlfekUia II,
305
Paterula, .
1, 78, 105, 160,
168
Hh/sfropliora,
I,
241
Pentamerella,
II. 283, 341. *42. 245, 250, 336, 341.
342
Ml/tilu.^,
I,
321
PQiitamerus,
I, 234 ; 11, 12, 72, 82. 2.'7, 333. 236.
251
Xeobolu.s, .
I, 1, 29, 30, 80, ,84 89, 118,
165
332, 333. 338.
3(1
Newberria,
. II, 253, 361, 263,
264
Pentanierits,
. II. 215. 219, 241, 249. 253,
255
Neicberria ? .
II,
277
Peutactinelia,
n,
101
XtEtlingia,
II, '339, 230,
341
Pentagonia,
II. 80.
81
Notothyris,
. 11, 260, 305, 207,
374
Pe.\ide!la, .
II. 103,
345
Xucleatula
II,
270
Phareira, .
I.
2
Xucloospira, . II, 64, 107, 117, 1-27, liS, 14a, 114, 153,
328
PlioIiUops,
. I, 1, 151, 132, 153. 156, 157. 158,
170
Numulus, ....... I,
115
n.
325
Obolella, . . I, 52, 57, 58, 61, 64, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73,
75
Pholidostrophia,
I.
387
76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83, 85. 88. 89, 91, 108, 140, 164,
165
Pinna,
I.
321
167, 339 ; II, 320, 322,
326
Pl.-Bsioniys,
. I, 196, 222,
2-29
OMlelta I, 56, 75, 90,
107
Plat id ia, .
II,
305
Obolella' I,
83
Platystrophia,
. I, aOO, 202, 223. 229 ; II, 11, 183,
227
ObolelUna, . . . . . ■ . I, 36.
44
229,
230
Obolus, . . I, 51, 52, 56, 72, 77, 80. SI, 82, 83, 84,
86
Plectambonites,
I, 220, 2.36. 250, 293, 294, 393,
296
lOS, 139, 140, 165, 183, 337. 339 ; II, 320. 322,
32.5
297, 298, 298, 300, 302, 305, S06 ; II,
337
Obolus, . . .1, 36, 44, 66, 83, 90, 98, 117, 118,
119
Plectambonites,
I, 276,
281
Obolus ? I, 83,
86
Plcctorthis,
. I, 194,221,
229
Obolus [Trimerdia], . . . -I,
3(;
Plethorliyiiclia,
11, 191, 194, 198, 200,
280
CEblertella, . . I, 130, 133, 144, 168, 169 ; 11,
323
Plcurotomaria,
I,
148
Oldhamina, . . . . 11,
314
PUcaiula, .
I,
264
Orbkdla I, lis, 119, 138,
141
Plicigera, .
U,
100
Orbicula, . . I, 56, 57, 66, 118, 139, 121, 138, 142,
145
Polyticchia,
I, 238, 339 ; II.
3U
150, 155,
158
Porambonites,
. 217. 219 ; II. 233, 227. 228. 229,
230
Orbicularius, ...... I,
145
312, 333. 336,
341
Orbiculoiaea, 1,130,121,124,125,138,129,132,
133
Poramhoniiea,
. I, 186, 200 ; II. 11,
307
135, 130, 137, 138, 140, 144, 150, 153, 160, 166, 168,
169
Froboscidella,
I.
333
11, 320, 323,
324
Producta,
. I, 269, 276,
321
Oriskania II. ^^^.
270
Productdla,
. I, 301, 315. 318. 325. 338. 3-'9. 3.32 ; II.
340
Ortharabonites, ...... I.
330
PToduclella,
I.
314
OrthftnibanUes, ..... I, 1S6,
192
Productus,
I. 185, 220. 263, 280, 297. :»1, 307. 316,
318
Oi-tlmlium, ....■• I.
344
319
320, 331, 3-2.3, 325, 330, 331. 332, 334, 3:J5.
336
Orthis, . . I, 9i,lS5, 186, 191, 192, 193, 194, 197,
201
11, 337, 339,
340
203, 210, 215, 216, 217, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 224,
225
Productus,
. I, 1.86, 276, 311, 317. 328. 33.3 ; II.
129
227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 236, 242, 243, 262, 257,
298
Pronites, .
I. 219, -236,
237
301 ; II, 8, 180, 181, 182, 228, 230, 329, 332, 333,
340
Pronites, .
I,
233
OrMs, . I, 80, 211, 230, 231, 233, 241, 244, 245, 253, 259,
261
Protonia, .
I.
321
2(fcl, 267, 269, 276, 281. 234, 314, 319 ; II, 54, 87,
101
Protorliyucha,
. 11,180,181,337.
342
136, 142, 181, 193,
212
Protorthis.
I, 219, 331, 232, 238 ; II, 212, 230,
311
Onhis? 21.
18
Protozyga,
II, 151, 153, 343, 314,
345
Orthis (Schizophoria),
I,
216
Pseudocrania,
I, 151. 153, m ; 11,
325
Orthisiua, .
I, 98, 219, 230, 232, 234. 237.
240
Pteropiiloios,
11,
315
Orihisina, .
I, 230,233,253,261,264,
267
Ptyithospira,
II.
113
Orthoncima-a,
u
159
Pugnax. .
. II, 303. 203, 208,
209
Orthorliyiicliula, .
n, 181, 228, 336. 337,
342
/"ffxis.
I.
321
Orthostrophia, .
. I, 199, 2-23,
229
Kadiolitcs,
II,
316
378
INDEX.
Baflncsquina,
Rensselffiria,
26-;, 263,
Rensselaria,
ReticiUaria,
Ketziii,
Retzia
Uhinobolus,
Ilhipidomella,
Jlhipidometla,
Rhtpvlomys,
Khyin'.luinella,
RhynchoneUa^
193, lii:
Rh5'nchopora,
Rliynrhoporina,
IJhyncIiospira,
Rhynclio&pira,
Uhylichotrcma,
IMiyiK'hotrcta,
Rhi/iwboius ,
Kichthorcnia,
Uoemerolla,
Romingcrina,
Scaijhiofcelia,
Scenidium,
Scbizambou,
Schizobolus,
Schizocrauia,
Schizopholis,
Schizophoria,
Schizotreta,
Schniidtia,
Selenella, .
Semiiiiila .
S£j7iinu!a,
Sieberella,
Siphouotreta,
Sketiidium,
Spirifer, .
Spirifer, .
Spirifera, .
Spiril'ei-ina,
Spiriferina,
Spirigetn, .
Spirigerella,
Spirigeritia,
Sponilylobolus,
PAGE.
I, 381, 282, 286, 28<), SflS ; II, 328, 337
338, 339
U, 252, 253, 355, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261
264, 266, 268, 269, 270, 271, 273, 27i, 277, 280
289, 297, 335, 347, 349
II, 265, 277
II, 9, 10. 11, 12,20, 21, 37
II, 103. 101, 105, 109, no. 111, 112, 116
117, 118. 119. 122, lis, 144, 152, 345, 346
II, 101, 108, 1115. il2, 115, 119, 120, 124, 127
101,185,200, 286
22, 30, 31, 32, 42, 43, 44, 45, 40, 50, 52, 53
I, 30S, 210, 212, 219, 220, 234, 229, 254
II, 338, 310
I, 214
I, 208, 210
II, 177, 178, 180, 182, 183, 202, 203, 215
■348, 349
II, 62, 80, 124, 154, 161, 163, 182, 185, 189
196, 203, 203, 208, 210, 211, 215. 219, 265, 307
II. 310, 211
II, 210, 211
II, 101, 104, 107, 108, nil, in, 113, 117, 118
272. 345
II, 206, 265
. II, 183, 186, 185, 191, 200, 337
. II, IS.I, 186, 208
I, 44, 46
I, 154 ; II. 315, 316
II, 130,137
II, 365, 373
II, 375
I, 218, 341, 243, 243, 259 ; 11, 341
I, 98, 108, 109, 111, 113, 114, 116, 167, 168
169 ; 11, 324
. I, 79, 87, 89, 140, 105, 166, 168
I, 43, 89, 131, 132, 140, 143, 144, 168, 169
II, 320, 323
. I, 29, 93. 94, 95, 96, 166, 168
I, 311, 212, 213, 214, 219, 220, 239, 343
II, 11
1, 116, 130, 125, 128, 131, 135, 136, 140
144, 158, 168
I, 73, 80, 83, 105, 167, 337
. II, 365, 371, 272, 347
II, 03, 97, 99
II, 253
II, 341,210,217, 3U
I, 79, 04, 99, ins. 109, 110, ni, 112, 114
115, 119, 140, 100, 107, 168 ; II, 324
I, 241, 247
I, 201; II, 1, 8, 10, 12, 16, 18, 21, 23, 28, 31
32, 41, 43, 46, 48. 53, 55, 58, 331, 343, 315
. I, 186, 187, 200, 201, 304, 214, 261, 269
II, 40, 43, 47, 51. 121, 142, 225, 227, 249
I, 201, 211, 353, 272; II, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 13
15, IS, 22, 23, 28, 51, 52, 83
II, 11, 10, 17, 35, 59, 51, 52, 211, 335, 346
II, 3
II, 83, 84, 88, 100
II, 98, 99, 100
II, 112, 163
I, 1, 80, 8fl, 108, 164 ; II, 322, 326
Spondylus,
I,
314
Steiwclsina, .
II, 154, 137,
189
Stenoscliisma,
I, 231 ; II, 187, 188,
192
Sti-nosristna,
II,
187
Stenotheca, s. g.
Parmorphorella, ... I,
137
Streptis, .
1,370,271,273,
374
Streptis, .
I,
272
Stiei)torhyuchus
. 1, 219, 257, 260, 262, 205, 367,
268
II, 337,
339
Streptorhynchus,
1,47,245,253,354,259,201,
264
Stricklatidin,
11, 233, 249,
250
Stricklandinia,
I, 220 ; II, 349, 250, 251, 341,
342
StrigocephaUtSy
U,
282
Stringocephalus,
11,116,
383
Strophalosia,
. I, 314, 315, 316, 319, 320, 330, 335 ; II,
340
Strophalosia^
I, 319,
328
Stropheodonta,
I, 220, 258, 282, 384, 286, 287, 288,
289
292,307,311; II, 337,338,
339
Strophodonta,
. I, 47, 136, 185, 281,
285
SUophomeua,
I, 197, 220, 345, 240, 248, 250, 251,
252
255, 262, 279, 282, 286, 291, 311 ; II, 87, 328,
336
837,
333
SIrophomena,
I, 47, 187, 196, 353, 276, 277, 281, 284,
285
286, 314, 321, 328 ; 11. 230,
302
Sfropkomenes,
I, 215,210, 218,
252
SLropliouella,
I, 136, 191, 230, 279, 282, 289, 309,
291
292, 296, 311 ; 11, 338,
339
StryiiorepliattlSi
II,
282
Synirielasma,
I, 214,
216
.Syntropliia,
1, 270 ; 11, 310, 341,
342
SyTingotbjris,
11, 11, 16, 30, 31, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53,
211
Teivbrate'lla,
II, 289, 305, 347,
349
Tcreliratula,
I, 16 ; II, 348,
349
Terebratula,
1, 110, 186, 200, 204, 211, 214, 269, 321,
324
11,
, 14, 68, 03, 83, 103, 113, 113, 120, 101, 163,
185
195, 202, 203, 210, 214, 219, 225, 257, 265,
277
280, 290, 293, 294,
307
Tercliratiilina,
I, 16 ; II,
330
TereOralttUtes,
. I, 200, 211, 253, 267 ; 11, 113, 105, 225,
293
Turcbi-aluloidea
11, 308,
209
Telractinella,
II,
101
Thccidea, .
11, 315, 328,
334
Thericlea,
II, 313,
314
Thecidium, .
I. 16,
28
Tliecospirn,
I,
303
Tom.asina,
. I, 65; II, 333, 326,
327
Trematis .
I, 87, 89, 92, 118, 131, 132, 138, 140,
141
168, 169 ; 11, 320, 333,
324
Trematis, .
I, 36, 87,
142
Trematis ?,
I,
90
Trematis [SchUocrania), .... I,
142
Trcniatobolus,
II, 824,
326
Trematospii-a,
11, 104, 107, 108, 105, 110, 134, 126,
127
128,
273
Trematospira,
. II, 109, 127, 161, 163, 103, 164, 183, 206,
207
Tremaiospira^,
I,
187
Triilacna,
I,
321
Trigeria, .
. II, 365, 373, 274,
275
Trigonotreta,
II,
8
Tri^onotreta,
11, 3, 4, 23,
23
Trimerella,
I, 1,21,25, 28, 29,30, 31, 33, 35, 37,
39
40,
42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, .W, 53, .15,
113
156, 163, 164, 165 ; 11 331, 322, 323,
326
INDEX.
379
PAGE..
Trimerella,
I, 44
UngulUet .
Trimerdla ?,
I, 14
Vitulina, .
Triplecia,
I, 1S69, 270, -271, 273, 274 ; II, 11, 2U, 230
Vcrneuilia,
3".7
Volborthia,
Trtplesia, .
I, 2oa
WTuigeiiia, .
Troiiidoleptus,
. I, 207, 220; II, 212, 30a, 304, 305, 317, 334
WangcncUa,
317, 319
Waldlieimia,
Uiicinella,
II, 123
Waldliehnia,
Uncinuliiia,
II, 195, 197, 199, 200, 205
WhitfleklcUa
Unciuulus,
11, 1!(5 198, 199
Whitjieldia,
Uncites,
II, 113, lU
Wilsonia, .
Uncites,
11, 282
Zygospira,
Ungula,
I, SO
PAGE.
,
I.
80
II
138
139
140,
805,
II
317
58
I
93, 05,
M, 93
vn
166,
1C7,
IM
I,
I,
2.!9
239
I,
324
; II,
127.
301
II
108
270,
28t;,
28S
I,
58,
SI, 64
,65,
78, 79, 93
131,
100,
315
11.
0«, G7
,73,
131
n.
19.-S,
19«.
W7
II
m
135,
147
148,
15t),
154,
158,
156
157, 158, IGO, 173, 171, 272, U\, »4C, Wa
III, Register of Species.
(Names in italics are synonyms; figures in pull-pace type after new species denote the place of description.)
Acambona Osagensis, Sicallotv,
A. prima, White, .
Acritls a/itf'quissima, von Eichwalii,
Acrothele coriacea. Linnarsson,
A. ? dichotoma, Walcolt,
A, granulata, Linnarsson,
A. IMatlhcwi, Hartt,
A. sul)t;iilua, White.,
Arroireta attenuata, Meek,
A. IJabc'l, Bnrrnnde,
A. Uailcyi, MattUeiv.
A. ? costata, Davidson,
A. dispariru£,'at;i, Kuturgti,
A. gemma, Billings.
A. ? Gidieltni, Matt'.icw,
A. Xic.holsoni, Daridsvn, .
A. pyxidicida. White,
A. recurva, Kutorga,
A. socialis, von Seebarh,
A. subconica, Meek, .
A. ? subsidua, White,
Amboccelia iirrcumboiia, Hall,
A. spiuosa, sp. nov.,
A. umbonata, Conrad,
A. umbouata, var. gregaria, Hail,
Amphigcnia Bureaui, (Ehlert,
A. clougata,
A. elougata, var. curta, 3Iee/c :uid W'orih
Amphitomclla homispliairica, KUpstein, ,
Anabaia Faraia, Clarke,
Anaslrophia dcUexa, Souerhi/,
A. interuascens, Hall,
A. A'erneuili, Hall,
Anomiabiloba, Liuue,
A. craniolari.s, Linn6,
A reticularis, Lmn^,
A. Laivrenriana, do Koninck,
Anomites cuspulatus, Martin,
.4. glaher, Martiu,
A. Uneatiis, Martin,
A. proditctus, Martin,
A. semireciciilntus, ]\Iartin,
PAGE.
II, 121
TI, 119,
I,
. I, im,
. I, 100,
I,
I, 99, 100,
I, 100,
I.
I,
I, 99, 102,
I,
I, 102, 103,
1, 102, 103,
I, 103,
I,
I,
. I, 95,
I.
I, 101, 103,
1.
II.
n.
II,
II,
II,
II, 254 349
r/(, . 11, 254
II.
U, 141,
II,
n, 224.
n, 224.
I,
I,
n,
II, 316
■ II, 7,
. II. 10.
II,
I,
I,
Anomites striatus, Martin,
Anoplotheca lei>ida, Goldfuss, ,
A. venusta, Schnur,
Anoplia nuoleata, Hall,
Athyris acutomarginata, Wmtgen,
A. ambigua, Sowerby,
A. Americana, Swallow.
A. Angelica, Hall,
A. Anticostiensis, Billings,
A. Sluncha, DiUings,
A. borealis, iJillirigs,
A. capillata, Wani;en,
A. concentrica, von Buck,
A. cora, Hall,
A. TJawsoni, sp. nov.,
A. dcnsa, sp. nov ,
A. globulina, Waagen,
A. llannibalensis, SuxUlow,
A. Harpalyee. JillUngs,
A. Headi, Killings, .
A. hirsuta. Hall, .
A. iucrassata, Hail,
A. Junta, Billings, .
A. lamcllosa, Leveille,
A. Lara, Billings, .
..-1. Jilaia, Billings, .
A. oxycolpus, Emmrickf .
A. peetznifera, Sowcrhij, .
A. planosulcata, Philitp.%,
A. Priustana, IJillings,
A. Uogci-si, sp. nov.,
A. Koyssii, Leveille,.
A. semiconcava. Waa^en.
A- spirifcroide.^, Eaton, .
A. subcxpansa, Itnn^n, .
A. sublamellosa, Halt,
A. sabquadrata. Hail,
A. subtilita. Hall, .
A. sp.,
A. trinuelea, Hall, .
A. uynbonata, Billings,
A. vittata. Hall
PAGE.
II,
7
II, 132, 133,
136
11, 133,
136
. 11,
339
• 11,
91
II, 93,
97
n.
91
u.
90
II, 158,
159
. U.
68
11, 158,
159
II,
91
II. SJ.
90
II,
90
11, 95, 9C,
118
II,
361
II.
91
u.
90
n,
GO
II, 157,
159
n.
91
II,
90
II,
62
II,
90
. II.
149
• II,
34
II,
96
II, 88,
91
.11. 91,
99
II,
64
II,
97
II.
91
11,
91
II,
89
II.
91
II,
91
II, 9.5,
96
II, 86, 95, 97,
99
II,
97
II, '.ll.
96
II, 64
II, 89, 90
380
INDEX.
PAGE. 1
PAGE.
Atrypa
? apicutata, Salter,
I.
270
Atri/pa
uitisulcata, Conrad,
n, 80,
81
A.
(uutoplicata, Courad, .
II.
130
A.
(Trii)lecia) apieulata, Salter,
I,
271
A.
altilis, Uall,
II,
181
A.
(T. 1 incerta, Davidson,
I.
271
A.
amygdala, CaiUaud,
II, 26»,
281
A try pi
la Clintoncnsis, sp. nov..
II, 161,
162
A.
aprinis, de Vei-neuil, .
II,
111
A
disparilis. Hall,
II, 162,
171
A.
araia, Conrad, .
II,
215
A.
imbricata. Hall,
11, 102,
171
A.
aspera, Sclitotheim,
. 11, 170, 171,
172
Aulacorliynchus Pacliti, Dittmar, . ;
II,
312
A.
aspera, var. occidcntalis, Hall,
II,
170
Aulonotreta polita, Kiitorga, .
. I, 80,
82
A.
BaTTondii, Davidson, .
H,
162
A.
eculpta, Kutorga,
I,
82
A.
bisulcala, Emmons,
II, 62, 116, 148,
151
Aulosteges Dalhousii, Davidson,.
I,
320
A.
Calvini, Natdroth,
II,
173
A.
Guadaloupensis, Shumar<l, .
I,
320
A.
camuTa, Hall,
II,
126
A.
MedlicoUianus, Waagen,
I,
320
A.
congesta, Hall, .
. II,
61
A.
spondyltformis. White and rst. John
I, 316,
320
A.
crassirnstra. Hall,
II,
60
A-
variabdis, vim Ilelniei-sen,
I. 319,
220
A.
cuboiiles, Sowerby,
II,
202
A.
Wanghenlieimi, dt^ Verueuil,
I,
319
A.
cuspidata, Hall, .
I,
270
Avicula
? dtsqnamata. Hall,
I,
67
A.
cyliiidrica. Hall, .
. II,
60
liarrai
della Arcyi, ,sp. nov., .
II,
368
A.
deflecla, Hall,
II,
157
liarroi
sella subs]>atulata. Meek and Worthen
I, 12, 63,
164
A.
Deshayesi, CaiilauJ, .
II, 201,
281
lieeeli
iria Davidsoni, sp. nov..
11,
300
.4.
didyma, Dalman,
II,
60
1!.
subhevis, Waagen,
II,
300
A.
diibia. Hall,
II, 160,
181
liillda
cpida, Gold/uss,
U, 98, 131,
133
A.
elllpsoidea, Ntttelroth,
II,
169
Uracil
prion genii'ulatum, Slialer, .
I,
288
A.
exigita, Hall,
. II, 14S), 150,
151
15.
Leda, Billings, . . . .
I,
288
A.
extatis, Emmons,
I,
270
li.
venti-icosum, Slialer, .
I,
288
A.
galeata, Dalman,
11.
212
Brauconia boruysica, Gagd, .
II,
223
A.
heiniplicata. Hall,
II, 221,
222
Calceola heterod ita, Dcfraiice, .
II, 41,
44
A.
hemisplurrka. Hall,
u,
136
Camarella ? auliiiuata, Walntt.
11,
221
A.
hirsuta. Hall,
II,
127
0.
caloifera, Billings,
270, 271 ; II,
214
A.
hystrix. Hall, .
II,
172
c.
hemiplicata. Hall,
11,
222
A.
imbricata, Soicerby,
II,
173
c?
minor, WnUuti, .
11, 221,
311
A. ?
incerta, Davidson,
I,
270
c.
l^anden, Billings,
U,
220
A.
i)Wr»afrt, d'Ol-bigny, . ,
II, 203,
281
c.
Volborthi, Billings, . . II,
219, 220, 221,
225
A.
intermedia, Hall,
H,
60
Cainarium typitm. Hall,
.11.71,
72
A.
interpUcata, Sowerby, .
II,
224
Camaroi»horia bisulcata, Shtimard, .
. n,
217
A.
leTis, Sowerby, .
II,
251
C.
caput-tcstudinis, White,
. n,
217
A.
lepida, Davidson,
II,
131
C.
Dawsoniana, Davidson,
. II,
217
A.
marginalis, Dalman, .
. II, 172, 17:f,
174
C.
eucliaris. Hall, .
II, 82,
217
A
medialis, Vanuxcm,
11,
205
0.
Giflbrdi, Worthen,
II,
217
A.
modesta (Say), Hall,
II,
155
C.
globulina, Phillips,
. u,
216
A.
muUuosta, Hall,
11,
76
C.
globidina, Davidson,
II,
217
A.
Murchisoniana,
11,
171
C. ■
Iliimbletonensis, Hmvse,
II,
217
A.
navilbrmis, Hall,
II, 60, 75,
77
c.
isorhyucha, 3IcCoy,
H,
217
J,
nitida. Hall,
H, 69,
60
c.
lenticularis. White and Whitjidd,
II,
218
A.
iiitida, var oblata, ,
II,
60
c.
rhomboidalis, sp. nov.
II,
217
A.
nodostriata. Hall,
II, 170,
173
c.
ringens. Swallow,
II
217
.1.
nucella, Dalman,
II,
230
c.
Schlothoimi, roji Bticb,
II.
217
A.
nudeus. Hall, .
I,
270
c.
Swalloiana, Shumard, .
II,
217
A.
oblata. Hall,
. II,
60
c.
Swfdluviana, Shumard,
II,
253
A.
obovata, Sowerby,
II,
152
c.
subcuncata. Hall,
II,
217
A.
palmata, Morris and Shai-pe,
II,
137
0.
subtrigona. Meek and Worthen,
II,
217
A.
;)ec(i;j(/W-tt, Sowerby, .
II,
00
Camaros])ira cucharis, Hall, .
II,
82
A.
planoconvexa. Hall,
II,
136
Capellinia niira, sp nov ,
II,
248
A.
plena, Hall,
. II,
181
Cardinocrania indica, Waagen,
I,
164
A.
plicatula. Hall. .
II,
130
Cataz;
■ga Heacli, Billings,
II,
158
A.
prunum, Dalman,
II,
61
CentTOmlla Alii, A "Winchell, .
II,
290
A.
pscndomargmalis. Hall,
II,
173
C.
alveata. Hall,
II,
208
A.
quadricosta. Hall,
II,
76
C.
Amia, Hartt,
II,
291
A.
reticularis, Linne, . II, 163,
165, 167, ir.S, 109,
170
C.
Bergeroni, (Ehlert,
II, 266,
272
ni,
172, 173, 174, 175,
217
C.
Gaudryi, (Ehlert,
11, 266,
272
A.
rugosa. Hall,
U, 170,
171
C.
glansi'agea. Hall, . . I]
, 267, 268, 269,
273
A.
seitula. Hall,
U,
79
C.
Glaucia, Hall, .
. II,
269
A.
spinosa, Hall, .
U,
172
C.
Oaerangeri,
II,
373
A.
tumida, Dalman,
U, 67,
76
c.
Hecate, Billings,
II,
268
INDEX.
381
Centronella impressa, Hull, .
C. Juiia, A. WilK^liolI, . II, 25S, 267,
C. ? Margariilii, Dnhtj,
C. virgo, Phillips, .
Charionella Circo, Billings,
C. > Hyale, Billings, .
ChorietcUa nasuta, ^Vaa^en,
Chonctes Autiopia, 7j»(7/(n^s, ,
C. Cauatlensis, Billings, .
C, complaiiata. Hall, ,
C. concentrica, de Konimk,
C. cornuta, Hall, .
C. coronata, Cdnuut,
C. Dawsoni, Killings,
C. Fisclieri, Nor\vO(jtI antl I'ratten,
C. glabra, Geinitz,
C. l<ecis, Keyes, . .
C. lepicla, Hall,
C. lineata, Vaituj:em,
C. mcsoloba, Norwood and Pratlen,
C. minima, Sowtrby,
C. niucronata, Uali,
C. jnuricata. Hall,
C Nova-Scotica, Hall, .
C i)aiiiliona("ea, Phillips,
C. polita, McCoi/, .
C. scitula, Hall,
C. tenuistriata, Hall,
C. undulata, Hull, .
C. Verneuiliana, A'ttr(wof/and Pratun
Chonetiua Artiensis, Krotow, .
Chonostrophia Helderbergia, sp. nov.
Clwristites Mosqiiensis, Fischer (le "Waldheiin,
Christiania iubquadrata, sp. nov.,
Cistella noapolitana, .
Clintonella v.ig.abunda, sp, nov.,
Cliothyris peetinifera, Sowerbt/,
Clitambonitus adscemlens, Pander
Clorimia ancillans, Earrande
C arirtata, Earrande,
Coelospira Camilla, Hall,
C. coneava. Hall, . . .11,
C. disimrilis. Hall, .
C. planoconvexa. Hall,
Conchidium bilocnlare, Lmne,
C. crassiplica, sp nov ,
C. Georgia', sp. nov.,
C. Grcenii, sp. nov.,
C. Knigliti, Sower by,
C Xettelrothi, sp. nov., .
C tenuistriatus, Walmstedt,
Conrhites rhomboidalisj Wilckens,
Conehylwlithus anomites acuminatus, Martin,
C. anomites crumena, Martin,
C. anomites resupinatusj Alarlin,
Conotreta Rusti, Walcott,
Crana^na Komingeri, Hall^
Crania agaricina, sp. nov.,
C. anomala, MulUr,
C. antiquissima^ von Eichwald, .
C. Brattensburgeusis, Retzius^ .
C ? Columbiana, Walcott^ .
C. craniolaris, Linne,
PAGE.
II. 2(!;i
270, 271, 386, 2;il
II, 266, 274
. II, 274
II, 70
II 60, 79
I, 313
I, 308
I, 308
I, 311
312
I,
I, 308
I. 312
I, 311
I, 313
I, 30(5
306
30G
306
310
235
I, 306
I, 316
I, 308
1, 307
I, 306
II, 330
I, 308
I, 303
I, 310
I, 310
I, 311, 353
II, 'J
I, 351
II, 330
II, 160
II, 92
I, 273, 23S
II, 244
II, 244
II, 136
134, 135, 136, 137
II, 162
II, 160
II, 233, 234
H, 235
11,370
II, 235, 368
II, 232, 234
II, 234, 235
II, 245
I, 279
II, 203
II, 216
I, 211
1, 104
. II, 2'.)7
I. 180
I, 147
I, 151
I, 150
I, 150
I, 146
Crania craniolaru, McCoy,
C. favincola, sp. nov.,
granosa, sp. nov.,
Ignabergcnsis, Rtiziua,
nv.dtipunctala, Milter,
paralleta, firiill,
Parlsienais, Defrance, .
percarinata, Ulrich,
pulehclla, sji. nov.,
radtcans, A. Winrhc'II,
rofliosa, Gould, .
scabiosa, Hall,
Soliaurotlli, Geinitz, .
Sedgioicki, Lewis,
setifera, Hall, .
sctigera, Hall, .
siluriana, l[alt,
socinlis, Ulrich, .
striata, .Schunia(tlier, .
Trentonensis, Hnll,
c. tripartita, iVfi/M/^,
I'. (Craniella) Ilamiltonia'. Hall,
('. (Psetulocrania) anomala. A, Winchull
C. (P.) divaricala, McCoy,
Cniniella IIamiltoni:e, Hall, .
C. Meduanensis, (Ehlert,
C. L'lriehi, sp. nov.,
Cryptacanlliia coniiiat-la, ]\'hitr and St. John,
Cryptonella CiUvini, llall and Whillleld,
C.
Kudora, Hall,
( . eximia, Hall,
C. Iphis, Hall,
(.'. planirostra, Hall,
('. rectirostra. Halt,
Cytdorhina nobilis, JItdl,
Cyclospira bisulcata, Emmons,
PAGK
I, bS
I, 181
I, 180
I,
I,
I,
I,
147
U8
118
116
I, 148
I, 180
I, 310
I>
I,
Ii
. I, K5,
I<
I, 150,
II,
I.
li
121
148
151
87
ISl
151
S25
Ui
121
150
146
148
152
153
325
153
181
Cyitia alia, Hall,.
C, cj-rtinifonnis. Hall and WhiiJieU.
C. exporrecta, Watdenberg,
C. exporrecta, WaJUenAers, var. arree
Whitfield,
C. gigas, Troost,
C. Mur<diisoniana, de Koniruk, .
C. Myrtea, Billings, , *
c;. radians, sp. nov.,
C. simj)Iex, Phillips,
C. trapezoidalis, Wahtenberg,
Cyrtinaacutirostris, Shumard,.
C. biplicata. Hall,
C. carbonaria, McCoy,
C. crassa, Hall,
C. curvilineata, White, ,
C. Dalmani, H>at,
C. dorsata, McCoy,
C. Ilamiltonensis, Halt, .
C. lachrj-mosa, sp. nov.,
C. pyramidalis. Halt,
C. roslrata, Hall, .
C. septosa, Phillips,
C. trupietra, ]Ialt,
C. nnibonata. Hall,
C. umUonata, var. Alpeuensis, var. nnv..
I,
I,
• I,
I, 141^, 149,
I, l.')3 ; II,
li
I. 153,
II, 301, 302
II, 291
H, 2S8
II, 2S6, 288
. II, 283
U, 287, 289, 290
. II, 288
II, 209
II, 147, 1(8, 149, I5S
2SU, 345
U, 43
II, 42
II, 41, 43
U\, Hall and
II, 42
II, 51
II, 41, 42
11, 42
II, 43, 362
II,
II,
11,
H,
II,
• H,
. 11,
11,
II,
II,
II, 46, 362
II, 46
11, 44, 46
II, 46
II, 46
II, 46
II, 369
382
INDEX.
Cyrtotheea Ampezzana, Bittmr,
Davidsonia Bouchard iuna, tfe Koninck.
B. Verncuili, Bouchard^ .
Btividsonella Ihig^iloifJes^ Waaj^en,
D. (=;l.akhmina) linguloides, Waagen.
Dayia navicula, Soiverhy^
GelthijTis ulerata^ Dalman,
Devbya alUnis, sp. nov.
D. Bcnnetti, sp. nov.,
D. biloba, sp. nov.,
D. Broadlieadi, sp. nov.,
C. Correana, Berby^
D. ? costatula, sp. nov.,
D. cvassa. Meek and Hnyfen,
D, grantlis, Waagen^
D. Keokuk, Hall, .
D. regularis, Waagen,
D. robusta, Hall, .
D, rugiuosa, sp. nov.,
Dielasnia bovidcns, Morton, .
D. clongatum, Srlilotheim,
D. lurgidum, Hall,
Biela.sinina plicata, Waagen, .
Dinobolus lioheraicus, Barrn/ule,
D. Brimonti, Rouault,
D. Canadensis, Billings, .
D. Com-adi, Hall, . . I, 3S, 39, 40,
D. Hicksi, Davidson,
D. magniJicus, Billings, .
D. parvus, Whitjiild,
D. .SehmidU, Davidson and iTing
D. ti'ansversus, Salter,
B. M'oodwardi, Salter, .
Bioi'istella indistincta, Beyrich,
Biplos'pirella Wissmanni, Miin,!«er,
Discina acadiva, Hai'tt,
D. ainpla. Hall,
D. .' Baidetchensis, Bavidson,
D. Boliemica, Barrande, .
D. Caerfaiensis, Hicks,
D. Clara, Spencer, .
D. Conraii, Hall
2). discus. Hall,
D. ZIoria,- Hall,
D, grandis, Vanuxem,
D. humilis. Hall, .
D. Herzeri, sp. nov.,
D. intermedia, Barrande, .
D. tnutilis. Hall,
D. lamellosa, Eroderip, .
D. Lodensis, Hall, .
D. Maotis, Barrande,
D. Manhattanensis, Meek and AV
D. margimilis, M'hitfield,.
D. inedia. Hall,
B. viinnta, Hall,
D. Morrisi, Bavidson,
D. Neicherryi, Hall,
D, nitida, Phillips,
D. ostraoides Lamarck,
B. pileolus. Hicks, .
B. pleurites, Meek,
B. Randalli, Hall, .
PAGE,
II, 45
302
302
89
J
I
I
I, 28
II, 63
11, 9
I, 349, 350
I, 263, 348
I, 350
I, 263; 346, 3*7
I, 2G3
I, 346
I, 2C3
I, 262
I, 262
I, 262
I, 263
I, 34G
II, 295, 301
II, 295
II, 297, 298, 317
II, 298, 299
I, 39
I, 39
I, 39
, 42, 43, 175, 176
I, 39
1, 39
I, 39, 40
I, 39,
. I, 39,
. I, 39,
. 11,
II,
I,
40
40
40
100
102
137
1, 125, 127, 130
I, 79
I, 127
I, 137
I, 125
I, 125, 130
1, 126, 132
I, 125
I, 125, 136
I, 125
I, 127, 131
I, 135
I, 137
I, 122, 123
I, 125
I, 127
1, 125
I, 125, 127
I, 125, 133
I, 125, 131
I, 129
I, 125, 130
I, 125, 126, 131
I, 121, 122
I, 137
I, 125, 131, 132
I, 125
Biscina rcversa, Barrande,
B. rtigata, Barrande,
B. secedcns, Barrande,
B. striata, Schumacher
B. striata, Sowerby,
B. tarda, Barrande,
B. tenuilamellata, Hall,
B. tritucata, Hall, .
B. ((Ehlertella) pleurites. Meek.
Biscinisca lamellosa, Broderip,
Biscinolepis gran'ulata, Waagen,
Biscinopsis Guliclmi, Matthew,
Bouvillina Dutertrii, Murchison,
Kalonia eminens, Hall,
E. medialis, Vannzem,
E. peculiaris, Conrad,
E. pumila. Hall,
E. singularis, Vanuxem,
E. sinuata, Hall, .
E. Whitfleldi, Hall,
Elkania desiderata, Billings,
Enteletes ferrugineus, Waagen,
E. hemiplicatiis. Hall,
E. Lamarcki, Fischer de Wnldheim,
E. pentaraeroides, Waagen,
Euinetria graiuticosta,
E. iiulica, Waagen,
E, punctulifera,
E. vera. Hall,
E. vera, var. costata. Hall,
E. Verneuiliana, Hall, .
Eunella simulator. Hall,
E. SulUvanti, Hall,
Glassia elongata, Bavidson
G. obovata, Soiverby,
G. Romingeri, sp. nov., .
G. AVhldbornii. Bavidson,
Glottidia Audebardi, Broderip,
G. Pahneri, Ball, .
Gonarabonites lata, Pander, .
Gruenewaldtia latilinguis, Svhnur, .
'Gypidia conchidiiivi, Balman
Gj'piduia comis, Owen, .
G. laiviuscula. Hall,
G. Lotis, Walcott, .
G. mundula, Calvin,
G. Bomingeri, sj), nov., .
G. subglobosa. Meek and Worihen,
G. nngui/oTtnis, Ulrich,
Halhna Nicolleti, Winchell and Scliuchert,
II. Saflbrdi, Wtnrliell and Schuchert,
Harttina Anna, Hartt, .
Ilemiprouites alta, Pander,
H. Americana, AVhitlield, .
H. apicalis, \\niitlield,
H. nutans, James,
H. sphiBrica, Pander,
H. tumida. Pander,
Hemiptychina Himalayensis, Davidson,
H. subhevis, Waagen,
Hipparionyz consimilarts, Vanuxem, .
H, constmilis, Vanuxem, ,
PAGE.
I, 133, 135
I, 135
I, 101
, 122, 123, 135
I, 122
I, 135
I, 12S
I, 87
I, 140
, 131, 133, 136
I, 90
I, 106
I, 289
II, 206
II, 206
U, 206
II, 206
1,2
I, 2
11,1
206
206
206
77
11,
n,
n,
1,
I, 216
16, 217, 226
14, 215, 226
U, 12
I, 216
II, 122
II, 122
U, 121
I, 119, 120
II, 119
7, 120, 122
II, 290
II, 290
II, 153
I, 182, 153
II, 153
II, 153
I,
I, H,
8
63
I, 237
II, 175
II, 231
, 242, 248
, 242, 248
II, 248
II, 248
II, 248
II, 248
II, 235
, 150, 151
, 150, 151
H, 292
I, 238
1, 239
I, 239, 240
I, 251, 345
I, 233
I, 238
II, 29>J
II, 299
I, 253
I, 258
INDEX.
383
OAfiE.
Hippanonyx proximus, Vanu:rtm, . . I, 257, 268,
259
Lept
Tjnisca adnasccns, sp. nov.,
PAGE.
I, 301, .•«K2
H.
stmilaris, \anuxem, .
I,
258
L.
conca\a, Hall, .
I,
301
332
Hustedia grandicosta, Davidsim^
. II,
122
L.
tangens, sp. nov..
I, 301,
H.
3Iormoni, Mareoii,
11, 121,
122
Lept
j;nulopsi3 simplex, Hauvt,
I,
2&t
Hyattelia congeyta, Conrad.,
. II,
IGO
Leptobolus insignis. Hall,
. 1, 73,
74
H.
junia, Bulings, .
. 11,
160
L.
lepis. Hall,
I, 7.t, 71,
75
Iphidea bclla, Billings, .
. I, 97,
98
L.
occi.lcns. Hall,
I,
73
134
I.
ornatella, Limiarsson, .
. I, 97,
93
LeptoctBlia concava, Halt,
11,
/. (-'.')
^culptilis, Jleek,
. I, 94,
97
L.
dichotoma, llatl.
II,
137
Isogramma millepunctata, Jlfcei- anil IV'crf/it/i, . II,
312
L.
limbriata. Hall,
II,
137
Kutoi
gina cingulata, Eillinss, . I, 117, 91, 02, 93,
94
L.
llaliellitos, Conrad, . 11, 13
6, 137, l:i8, IIU, 111,
142
95 ; II, 326,
327
L.
htinispltcnica, Davidson,
.11,
l.'Mi
K.
cingulata \ar. jiu^illa, Linnarsson, . . I,
94
1-.
palmata. Sailer,
II,
140
K.
Labradorica, Billings, . I, 92, 9t ; 11, 321,
326
L.
iinbricata, Ilall, .
II,
162
K.
Latourcusis, Mattheu;. I, 92, 93, 91, 95, 233; 11,
326
Leptadus Ricluhofcni, Kavser, ,
II,
313
K.
miuutissiina, Hull and WldtfieU, . . 1, 94,
97
l.iml
-tra-mella asTiidium, sp. nov ,
I, 134,
1»S
K.
paimula. White, . . .1, 92, 94,
95
I.ingula acuminata, Conrad, .
I,
6
K.
I'rospcctensis, Walcott,
. I, 92,
94
L.
a.'(iualis. Hall, .
I,
9
K. (')
ptei-ineoides, Matth'u;
• I,
94
L.
albida, Hinds, ,
. I, 13,
l<
K.
sculptilis. Meek,
. I, 92,
94
L.
alveata.Hall,
• 1, 14,
15
K.
Whitlkddi, Walmit, .
I, 92, 91 ; H,
326
I..
anipla, Ourn, ,
G
Jvarpo
nskia conjugula, Tsrherttysrheu
. II,
176
L.
anatina, Lamarck, . I,
4, 5, (i, 7, 8, 10, 11,
13
Jva3-seria lens, Phillips,
. u,
102
17, 21, 2
2, S2, 49, 01, 53, 57,
60
Lacazclla mciliterranea,
H, 333,
329
I,.
attenuata, Sowerby,
I, .">, 8,
11
Lakhmina liuguloides. Wuagen,
I,
29
1,.
Canadensis, Billings, .
I, 24
27
Leptana aiii^nm, de Venieuil,
I,
300
1..
centrilnieata. Hall, .
I,
13
L.
alteriiatd, Conrad,
I, 248, 2S(1, 282,
283
1..
compta, sp. nov.,
1.
171
L.
alternistriata, Hall,
I,
282
1..
Covingtoncnsis, Hall anil \V
hitfitld, I,
8
L.
analoga, Phillip.s,
I,
279
I..
Criei, Davidson,
1,
63
L.
asella, de Verneuil,
I,
263
I..
cruniciui, Pliilllps,
. I, 5,
13
L.
caudata, Schnur,
I,
287
L.
euneala, Conrad,
I, 1;, 12,
15
L.
roncava, Hall, .
I,
300
I..
DajjUno, Billings,
I,
6
L.
cnnvexa, I'andei-,
I,
297
L.
Davidsoni, Barrande, .
I,
61
L.
decipiens, Hillings,
I, 294,
298
L.
Bavisi, ^IcCoy, .
I,
57
L
deltoidea, Conrad,
I, 2S2,
283
I..
densa. Hall,
I, 9, 13,
171
L.
demissa, Conrad,
1,
286
I-.
Delia, JIall,
I,
13
L.
depressa, 8owcrby,
I, 260,
279
1..
distilli^ta, Barranile
I,
IS
L.
eugli/pha, Dalman,
I, 279,
296
I..
Elderi, Whitfield,
. I. 9, 11, 12,
48
L.
Dutertrii, Murcllison, .
I,
288
L.
epimia, Barrande,
1,
18
L.
fasciata, Hall, .
I,
282
L.
I'eistmanteti, Barrande,
I,
68
L.
filitescta. Hall, .
I,
251
I,.
llabelUda, sp. nov.,
I, 6, 15,
172
L.
immssnta. Hall (Saflord),
I,
282
I,.
granulata, Phillips,
. I, IS,
27
L.
laticosia, Conrad,
. n.
306
L.
Hairkii, Kouault,
• I, «,
15
I..
Hasina, Bouchard,
. I,
298
h.
insons, Barrande,
I,
64
L.
Llandeiloensis, Davidson,
I,
294
1,.
Iowcnsis,,Ojct7i,
I,
8
L.
Moorii, Davidson,
. I,
298
L.
lamcllala. Halt,
I, 10, 12, 16, IS,
48
L.
muUirugata, McCoy, .
. I,
279
L.
I.eaMia, Hall, .
I,
R
L.
nodulosa, Phillips,
I,
279
L?
Leseuri, Rouault,
I, 7, 9, 14, 63, 65,
16 1
L. ?
nudeata. Hall, .
I, 308,
309
L.
Lewisi, Sou-trby,
I,
10
i.
oblonga, de Verneuil, .
I,
300
I-.
linguata, sp nov.,
1,
173
L.
obscura, llall.
1,
283
L.
Malthewi, llartt,
I,
100
L.
plicotis, McCoy,
I,
279
L.
Melie, Hall,
I, lU 11,
12
L.
planumbona. Hall,
. I, 247, 250,
251
L.
raerabranacea, .4 Winchell, .
I,
61
L.
rhomboidalis, Wilckens,
I, 250, 279, 280,
282
L.
Mosia, Hall,
I,
6
280, 287
, 29G ; II, 170, 184,
339
L.
Nurwoodi, James,
. 1,8,
19
L.
rugosa, llisinger.
I,
279
L.
paliformis. Halt,
• 1,59,
61
L.
semiovalis, McCoy,
. I,
279
L.
paraclctus, sp nov., .
I, 40, 12,
172
L.
sordida, Billings,
1, 293,
29S
L.
perovata. Hall,
I,
«
L.
subqiiadrata, Hall,
I, 299,
350
L
petalon, llicts.
I,
6
L.
tenuicincta, McCo}',
I,
300
L.
pinnijormis, Owen,
. I,
59
L.
transversalis, Dalman,
. I, 297, 296,
299
L!
liolita. Hall,
. I, 67,
72
L.
unicostata. Meek and Wonhen, . . I,
282
L.
prima, (Conrad) Hall,
I,
69
L.
Waltoni, Davidson,
I.
283
L.
Proc.teri, UMch,
. I, in, 12,
15
384
INDEX
PAGE 1
PAGE.
XAngula plunibea-t Salter, ....
I,
83
Magellania venosa, Salander,
. II,
305
L. punctat.a, Hall, . I, 10, 11, 12,
IS, 17,
43
Margiuilora ornata, Waagen,
I,
331
L. ])ygm.Til, Salter, ....
I,
6
M. t.\-pica, Waagen,
I, 330,
331
L. pyramidata, .Stimixson,
I,
8
Martinia scmiplana, Waagen,
II, 34,
40
L. quadrat.i, Hall, . . . .
I,
14
Martiniopsis inllata, Waagen,
II, 10, 32, 34,
40
L lioinil'onnis. Halt,
I, 6,
8
]\r. subpentagonalis, Waagen, .
II, 34,
40
L. Kouaulti, Salnr, . . . .
I,
6
Mcgalanteris inornata.
II, 263,
264
L. Scotica, Daviitson, . . . 1
, 6, 9,
15
M. ovalis. Hall, .
II, 277,
280
L. .scutella, .sp. nov., . . . .
I,
171
M. Archiaci, de Vermuil
II, 278, 279, 280,
281
L. spathata, Hall, . . . •
I,
18
Meganteris ovalis. Hall,
. II,
280
L. Bpatiosa, i/a«, . . . .
I,
6
M. ? Vicaryi, Davidson,
. II,
281
I,. squamosa, HoH, . . . ■
I,
B
Merista elongala, Hall,
. II,
71
L, sitbspaUilata, Meek and Worthcn, .
I,
03
M. hcrculea, Barrande, .
11, 70, 71, 76,
77
L. teniola, sp. nov., . . . .
I, 18,
173
M. ? naviforniis. Hall,
II,
75
L. tenuigranulata, HfrCatj,
I, 18,
27
M. passer, Barrande,
. H,
70
L. Vanliornil, Miller, . . . .
I,
8
M. plobcia, Sowerby,
II, 71j
72
L. Waverliensis, llerriek, , . ;
I,
9
M. prunulum, Schnur.
II,
73
L. Whitii, Walcoti, . . . I, a,
11, 12,
48
M. scalprum, Roemer,
II, 71,
72
L. Winona, Hall, . . . .
I,
6
JI. Tennesseensis, sp. nov.,
. II, 71, 77,
365
L. zebra, Barrande, . . . .
I,
18
M. typa. Hall,
. II,
71
L. (Glottidia) Audcbardi, Broderrp, .
1,8,
163
Meristeila arena t:i. Hall,
. II,
76
Lingulasma Sclmchcrti, Ulrirh,
1,24,
27
M. Barrisi, Hall, .
. II,
78
Lingulella ca'lata. Hall, . .1,
.57, 58,
69
M. bclln, Hall,
II, 76,
78
L. Cineinnatiensis, Hall anil Whitlicld,
I,
m
51. cylindrii'a. Hall,
II,
76
L. Davisi, McCoy, . . . .
I, 66,
67
31. didi/ma, Dalman,
. II,
60
"L. Dawsoni, Matthew, . . . .
I,
58
jr. Dons, Hall, .
II,
78
L. Ella, //afi and Whkjida,
1,67,
58
M. llaskinsi, Hall,
II,
78
L. ferruginca, Salter,
I,
58
M. Hougbtoni, A. Winchell,
II,
78
L. (iranvillcnsis, Watcoti,
I,
68
M. liuvis. Hall,
11, 75, 76, 77,
78
L. lowensis, Owen, ... I
, 8, 14,
59
M. lata, Hall,
II, 78,
80
L. lepis, Salter, ....
i,
58
M. lens, A, Winchell,
. II,
78
Lingulepis antiqua, Hall,
I>
61
M. lenta, Hall,
II, 76,
78
L. cuneala, n'hitfuld.
I,
61
M. Maria, Hall, .
. II,
67
L. Ella, Hall and Whitlield, .
I.
61
M. Mceki, Hall, .
. II,
78
L. Maera, Hall and IVA/yieM, .
Ii
61
M. meta, Hall,
n.
78
L. minima, Whitfield,
1,
62
M nasuta, Hall, .
. 11,
78
L? minuta, i/o/; and WViii/fcirf, .
I,
61
M. oblata, Hall, .
. II,
76
L. Morsii, A', if. Winrhell,
I,
62
M. princeps. Hall,
. II,
78
Li. pcrattenuata, Whitjield,
I>
61
M. rostrata. Hall,
. II,
78
L. pinniformis, Oicfn,
I, 60,
61
M. subquadrata. Hall, .
II,
78
Lingulops Uranti, .sp. nov., . I, 19, 20, 21, 23,
32, 50,
173
M. AValcotti, sp. nov., .
. 11, 75, 76,
365
L. Xor^voodi, James, . I, '^0, 21, 23,
32, 50,
173
Mtristma didyma, Dalman,
. II,
60
L. Whitliuldi, Hall, I, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26,
32, 50,
173
JI. Maria, Hall, .
. II, 60, 68,
69
Linnarssonia pretiosa, Billings,
I,
109
M. rectirostra. Hall,
. n,
08
L. miscra, Billings, . . . I, 1
07, :o8.
109
M. tumida, Dalman,
. II,
68
L. sagittalis, Salur.
I, 103,
109
Metaplasia py.xidata, Hall, .
. II,
67
L. taconica, Wakott, . . i, io6, 1
07, lOS,
109
Mickwitzia monilifera, Linnarsson,
I,
86
L. transversa, llartt, . . . I, 1
07, 108,
109
Mimulus contrarius, Barrande,
I,
273
Liorhynchus Boonensis, Shumard,
H,
191
M. Waldroncnsis, Miller and D
i/er, . 1, 27J,
274
L. globulit'ormis, Vamtxem,
II,
191
Monomerella Egani, sp. nov..
. 1,42,
17S
li. Greenianus, Ulrich, .
IIj
194
M. ' Groenii, sp. nov..
I, 42, 45, 52, 174,
175
L. Kelloggi, Hall,
Il>
194
M. Kingi, sp. nov ,
■ I, 12,
174
Tj. Laux-a, Billings,
II,
194
M. Liudstroemi, Davidson and
King, . . I,
41
Ij. Lesleyi, sji. nov..
II,
368
M. orbicularis, Billings,
I,
41
L. limitaris, Vanuxevi,
II>
194
M. Ortoui, sp. nov.,
. I, 42, 43,
175
L. nies.acostalis, Hall, .
II.
194
M. ovata, Wliiteaves,
. I. 42,
54
L. multicostus. Hall,
. II,
194
M. ■\Valmstedti, Davidson and i
K'lg, . . I,
41
L. Newberryi, H«Kand H^/ii!/;eW,
• II,
194
Neobolus Warthi, Waagen,
. I,
84
L. quadricostatus, Vanttxem, .
II,
194
N. AV3Tinii, Waagen,
I,
84
L. sinuatus. Hall,
n.
194
Newberria Cla.v])olii, Hall, .
II, 263,
264
Lyttonia nobilis, Waagen,
II,
313
N. Missouriensis, Hall, .
11,
263
Macandrevia cv.anium.
. II,
305
Ncetlingia Tscbeffkini, de Verneued,
II, 228,
229
Jlagcllania llavescens, Lamarck,
II, 326,
831
Notothyris? Smithi, Derby, .
II, 267,
275
INDEX.
385
P
IQB.
PACK.
Notothyi-is subvescicularis, Davidson,
. n.
274
Orbiculoidea Forbesi, Davidson, . I, 116, 125, 126, 129, 135,
160
Nucleospii-a Ban-isi, WUiie :\wl Whitfield
. II,
145
0.
grandis, Vauuxem, .... I,
133
N.
concenlrica. Halt,
u,
145
0.
llerzeri, sp. nov.,
I,
178
N.
concinna, i/a^;.
II,
145
0.
Morrisi, Davidson^
. I, 133,
160
X.
clegans, Hall, .
II,
145
0.
Newberry i. Hall,
I.
130
N.
pisiformis. Hall,
. 11,
145
0.
nitida, I'iiillips,
I,
136
N.
pisum, Sowerbiy,
• u,
145
O.
nunuilus, sp. nov..
I,
178
N
rotunda, Whitfield,
n,
145
0.
llandalli. Hall,
I.
133
N.
ventricosa, Hall,
II,
145
0.
tenuilamellata. Hall,
■ 1, 127,
135
N.'
sp. ? .
II,
146
0.
(Uicmerella) grandis, Vanuiem,
I,
178
Numulns Brattensbttrgetisis, Stoboeus,
I,
150
0.
(Scliizotreta) oralis, sp. nov..
I.
170
Oliolella atlaiitica, Walcoti,
I,
69
Oris
kania navicclla, sp. nov..
II, 269,
270
0. ?
arnbi^ua, Walcott,
. I, 09,
78
Orthambonites transversa. Pander,
I,
237
0.
Ceiti, Davidson,
I,
03
Ortliis acutiloba,Iling\ichcre,
I.
205
0.
calata. Hall,
I,
69
0.
acutilirata, Conrad,
I.
223
0.
chromatica, Billings, . I, 87, 6S, 69
70, 72, 73, 75,
76
0.
aHjuivalvis, Hall,
I, 191,
221
78,
91
O.
alternata, Souxrby,
I.
203
0.
cingulata, Billings,
. 1,69,
91
0.
siUn. Hall,
I,
225
0.
Circe, Billings, .
. I,6S,
69
0.?
apicalis, Bdlings,
I, 217,
240
0.
crassa, Hall, . . I, 67, fiS, 6!)
70, 71, 72, 75,
78
0.
araclinoidea, Phillips
I,
256
O.
desiderata, Billings,
I, 57, 09,
75
0.
arcnaria, sp. nov..
I,
224
0.
desquamata. Hall,
I.
OS
0.
Arnianda, Billings,
I, 217; 11,
214
0. ?
disnoiilea. Hall ami Whitfield
I,
69
0.
assimilis. Hall, .
I,
2J4
0.
gemma, Billings,
I, (!S, 69, 70,
71
0.
Aurelia, Billings,
I.
221
o. y
Ida, Billings,
1,
69
o.
A'jmara, Salter,
II.
137
0.
maoulata, Hicks,
. I, 6S,
109
0.
Barabiiensis, A. Winchell,
11,
212
0.
misera^ Billings,
I,
69
0.
basalis. Dalnian,
I. 191,192,
207
0.
nana, Meek and Hayden,
. I, 60,
70
0.
Battis, Billings,
I.
222
0.
nitida. Ford,
•. 1,60,
70
0.
Baylii, Uouault,
I,
213
0
Phillipsi, Hall,
I,
91
o.
bellai'ugosa. Hall,
I.
222
0.
polita. Hall,
I,(i8
69, 70, 72, 73,
83
o.
bellula, James, .
I.
224
0.
pretiosa, Billings,
I,
70
0.
Ijiforata, von Schlotheim,
I, 190, 200,
223
0.
Sabrina;, Callaway.,
. I. 68,
103
o.
Billingsi, Hartt,
I.
232
0.
sagiltalis, Salter,
I, 68, 107,
108
0.
Billingsi, SalTord,
I,
219
o.
transversa., Hartt,
■ 1,70,
107
o.
biloba, Linne, . . .1,
90, ao4, Ida,
223
Obolu.
advena^ Barrande,
. 1,68,
69
0.
bisulcata, Emmons,
. II.
146
o.
antiquissimus, von Eicliwald,
I.
82
0.
borealis, Bdlings,
. I,
222
o.
ApoUinis, von Eichwald,
I, 51, 89, 82,
339
0.
Bouchardi, Davidson, .
I.
217
0.
Appolinusj Owen,
I,
72
0.
Burlingtoneusis, Hfdl,
I.
225
0. ?
Bohemicus, Barrande, .
I.
101
o.
callactis, Dalman, I, 191, 192, 195, 196, 228; U,
133
0 ?
computus, Barrande, .
. 1,68,
73
333,
340
0.
ingrieus, von Eichwald,
I.
82
0.
calligramma, Dalmaii, 1,190,191,192,193,194,
195
o.
l.abradoricus, Billings, .
I, 94 ; U,
321
219, 231, 238, 242,
244
o.
pidclier, Matthew,
• 1.81,
183
0.
calligramma, var. Davidsoni, de Verneuil, 1, 193,
227
0.
Quenstedti, Mickwitz,
I>
839
0.
calligramma, var. fiabellites, Foerstc, . I,
228
0.
siluricus, von Eichwald,
1.
82
0.
calligramma, var. orthambonites, Billings, . I,
221
(Ehlc
■tella pleurites, Meek,
• 1, 1-H,
169
0.
carinata. Hall,
I, 21.3,
220
oiaiK
mina decii)iens, de Koninck,
u,
314
0.
circularis, Roemer,
I,
259
Orbicula antifriiissima, von Eichwalil,
I, 118, 119,
140
0.
circulus, Hcdl, .
I, 210,
224
0.
Buclii, de Verneuil,
. I, 151,
152
0.
Clarkensi.s, Swallow,
I,
225
0.
calata. Hall,
I,
69
0.
Cleobis, Hall, .
I,
225
0.
crassa. Hall,
I,
72
0.
Clytie, Hall, .
. I, 202, 203,
223
0.
deformata. Hall, .
I,
150
0.
concinna. Hall,
I, 207,
2-24
0.
Morrisi, Davidson,
I
128, 129, 130,
160
0.
corallina, Waagen,
I,
210
O.
norvegica, Sowerby,
1,
121
0.
Corinna, Billings,
I,
217
0.
uorvegica, Lamarck, .
I.
122
0.
costal is. Halt, .
. I, 221, 227, 228; H,
310
o.
punctcua, Sowerby,
I,
140
0.
crassa, Meek,
I,
223
0.
reversa, de Terneuil, .
1,
118
0.
cTcntstria, Philips,
I,
24S
0. ?
sqnam if or mis., Hall,
I.
159
0.
crisnata, Emmons,
I,
22*
0.
terminalis, Emmons, .
I.
140
0.
Cumberlandia, Hall,
I,
225
Orbic
uloidea, sp. ? Meek,
I,
127
0.
cuneata, Owen, .
I,
225
0.
cornea^ Dwigbt, .
I,HG
124, 126, 129,
135
0
eve las. Hall,
I.
223
0.
Davidsoni, d'Orbigny, .
I,
160
0.
cylindrica, SIcCov,
I,
262
386
INDEX.
PAGE.
Orthis Dal.v;inii, Miller,
I,
225
Orthis
0.
Davidsoni, t'e Fcrneui;,
I, 192, 221,
228
0.
0.
Daytonensis, Foerste, .
I,
222
0.
0.
det.ecta^ Conrad,
I,
222; II, 333,
337
0.
0.
deformis^ Hall, .
1,
255
0.
0.
demissa, Dalman,
I, 191,
192
O.
o.
Derbyi, Waagen,
I.
214
0.
o.
Desliayesi,
I,
243
0.
o.
dicliotoma, Hallf
I.
221
0.
0.
discus, Hall,
I, 210,
225
0.
0.
dispai'ilis, Conrad^
I, 191,221,
228
0.
0.
dubia, Hall, ■
I, 210,
225
O.
0.
electra, Billings,
I.
223
0.
0.
clcjjaiis, Bouchard,
I,
219
0.
0.
elcsraiitula, Dalman,
I, 191,
11)2, -207, 224,
341
0.
0.
elcgantiila, var. i)arva
Foerste,
1>
224
0.
o.
Ella, HM,
. I.
221
0.
0.
omacerata, Hall,
I, 207,
224
0.
o.
emincus. Hall, .
I, 210,
225
O. V
0. ?
erratica, llall,
11, 157,
158
0.
0.
Eurekensis, Walcott, .
I.
232
0.
o.
EuryODC, Billings,
T, 221,
228
0.
o.
Evadnc, Bdlings,
I,
223
O.
0.
exoavata, Geinitz,
I.
315
0.
0.
eximia, de Venieuil,
I>
260
0.
0.
expansa, Sowerby,
I.
283
0.
0.
extcnsa, Pamler,
I.
219
().
0.
fasciata. Hall, .
1, 200,
222
0.
0.
Tau^ta, Foerste, ,
I,
222
0.
0.
fissicosta, Hall,
I, 194,
221
0.
o.
flabcUUes, Hall,
I, 227,
223
0.
o.
fabdUdum, Hall,
I, 221,
227
0.
0.
flabellulum, Sowerby, .
I,
227
0.
0.
gemmicula, Billings,
I, 217,
244
0.
0.
gibbosa, Billings,
I,
224
0.
0.
glypta, sp. nov.,
II,
359
0.
0.
Halli, Safford, .
I, 200,
223
o.
0.
heinipronilcs, von Buch
I,
238
0.
0.
hipparionyx, Schnur,
I,
258
0.
0.
Hippolyte, Billings,
I, 217, 221,
22S
0.
0.?
Holstoni, Safford,
I, 218,
340
o.
o.
hybi-ida, Sou-erby,
I, 210, 224,
342
0.
0.
idonca. Hall, .
I,
225
0.
0.
imperator, Billings,
I,
222
0.
0.
impressa. Hall, .
I, 21-2, 214,
226
0.
0
incisiva, Waag^n,
I.
210
0.
0.
infera, Calvin, .
I,
224
0.
0.
insculpta. Hall,
I.
222
o.
0.
insignls. Hall, .
I.
211
o.
0.
ijisidaris, Eichwald,
I,
270
0.
0.
lowensis. Hall, ,
I, 212,
226
o.
0.
Iphigenia, Billings,
I,
222
0.
0.
Jamc&i, Hall,
. I, 194, 195,
221
o.
0.
Kankakensis, McChesney,
I,
221
o.
0.
Kaskashiensis, JlcChesney,
I,
350
0.
0.
Keoknk, Hall, .
I.
262
0.
0.
laticosta. Meek, .
I,
223
0.
0.
LaurenHna, Bdlings, .
. I, IM
, 231, 23S ; II,
337
o.
0.
lens, Phillips, .
II,
101
0.
0.
lenticularis, Wahlenberg,
.1, 207,
224
0.
0.
lentiformis, Hall,
I,
224
0.
0.
Xeonensis, Hall,
I,
224
0.
0.
lepida, Hall,
. I, 207,
221
0.
3 Lcucosia, Hallt .
lepida^ Schnur, .
Linneyi^ Nettelrolh,
Livia, BiUinqs^ .
Lonent^is, Walcott,
loricuhi, sj). nov.,
Lucia, Billings, .
lynx, von Eichwald,
MacfarUinii, Meek,
Macleodi, Wkitjield,
Maria, Billings,
in a rm o re a , Waagen
Mceki, Miller, .
Merope, liillings,
Michclini, Leveille,
niiuiica, Barrande,
Minneapolis, N. H.
Missouriensis, Swallow
^Morganiana, Derby.
niultisecta, Meek,
multi^triata, Hall,
musculosa, Hall,
Mycalc, Billings,
Nevadensis, Meek,
Nisis, Hall,
oblata, Hall,
occasus, Hall, .
occidcntalis, Hall^
Olivierianaf de Vemeuil
Orbignyi, Davidson,
ortltambonites, Billings,
Oweni, sp. nov.,
pahnata, Salter,
Panderiana, si>. nov.,
J*ecosi, Marcou, .
pecten, Dalman, .
pectinella, Emmons,
pectinella, Emmons^ \
pcduncularis, Hall^
Peloris, Hall, ,
Penelope, Hall,
Penniana, Derby,
Pennsylvanica, Simp.
Pep^na, Hall,
perelegans, Hallj
perveta, Conrad,
planoconvexa, Hall,
platys, Bdlings,
plicatella. Hcdl,
porcata, McCoy,
prava, llall,
productoides, Murchiaon
propinqua, Hall,
punctata, Hall^
punctostrjata, .
Qiiacoeusis^ Matthew
quadrans, Hall,
quadricostata, Vanu:rem.
recta, Conrad^
resupinata, MartiJi,
rosupiuoidcs, Cox^
retrorsa, Salter^
retrorsistria, McCoy
I, r.i7
1,190
I,
225
. I, 259,
260
U,
181
I,
225
I,
222
222 ; II, 333,
337
I.
225
II, 202,
223
1, 180, 212,
22B
I.
224
I,
222
I,
214
I, 20S, 207,
224
I,
242
194, 219, 225,
343
I,
200
I,
224
I.
225
213, 214, 216,
226
• I, 207,
22t
• I, 212,
226
210, 211, 225,
258
• I. 217,
232
I,
226
I,
217
I, 210, 224,
225
I,
225
. I, 202,
222
I,
266
I.
283
• I, 221,
228
I.
225
II,
138
Expl. Plate I
I, 210, 225,
226
I,
191
195, 196, 232,
228
,Hall, 1,222,
228
I.
226
. I, 225,
343
. I, 211,
225
■ I, 210,
226
I,
225
. I, 230,
232
. I, 207,
224
■ I, 207,
224
. I, 207,
224
. I,
218
1, 194, 196,
221
. 1, 197,
222
I>
225
I,
317
I, 212,
226
I,
217
I,
217
I.
232
I,
224
11,
193
I,
222
199, 211, 213,
226
I, 213,
226
I, 197,
222
I,
203
INDEX.
387
Orthis rcvcrsa, Salter, , ,
O. robustay Hall,
O. rugiplicaia, Hall,
O- Saffordi, sp. iiov,,
O. ScoTiUii, Miller,
O. sectostriata,
O. Seraele, Hall, .
O. senecta, sp now,
O. siuuata, Hall, .
O. socialis, Barrande,
O. solitaria Hall, .
O. spirij'eroides, McCoy,
O. Stoncnsis, SaJ^hr/i,
O, striatella, Dalman,
O. striatula, Schlotheim, .
O. strophoinenokU's, Halt,
O. subajquata, Conrad,
O. subcarinata. Hall,
O. subelliptica, niiiie and Wkiijiel,!,
O. suborbicularis, Hall, .
O. subquadrata, Hall, . . I
O. supcrstes, sp. nov.,
O. Swallovi, Hall,
O. Sweeneyi. JV. H. Winckdl,
O. testudinaria, Dalman, I, 19U, liil
O. tetragona,
O. Thiemii, White,
O. Tioga, Hall,
O. ti'iccnaria, Conratt,
O. triplicalella, Meek,
O. Tritonia, Bilhngs,
O. tubulostriata. Hall,
O. Tulliensis, Hall,
O. ubcris, Billings,
O. um'jonata, Conrad,
O, utiibraculum,Sc\\\o{\\Q\n\,
O. Vanuxemi, HalU
O. Vanuxemi, var. pulchclla, Uerrick,
O. varica, Conratt, .
O, Wan^enheimi, de "N'erneuil,
O. Wisbyensis, Limtstrain,
O. Whitfieldi, iV. H. WimMl, .
O. zonata, Dainian,
O. (Dalmanellnl air.uaria, i?p nov.,
O. (Dalmauella) supcrstes, sp. nov.,
O. (rhusiomys) loricula, sp. nov.,
O. (RliipiilomcUa) Oweni, sp. nov.,
O. (Scbizophoria) senecta, sp. nov.,
Orthisinaadscendens, Pander, .
O. anom.al.a, d'Orbi^ni/,
O, cava, Ban-ande,
O. crassa, 3Ieck and Ilaydcn,
O, festinata, Elllinjrs,
O. gri"anda?va, Billings,
O. Missouriejms, Swallow,
O, occidentalis, Xcwberry,
O. orientalis, Wllitficld, .
O. transversa, AValcott,
O. Verneuili, Elclnval I,
Ortborbynchula Lmneyi, Xetfelroili,
OrUiostiopbia strophomenoides. Hall,
Orchothetes desideratus, sp. nov., .
PAGE.
I, 197
I, 262
I, 217
I, 218, 340
I, 222
I, 221
I, 223
I.
I, 198,
I,
I,
22G
213
200
225
I, 271
1,
I,
I, 191,
I,
. 1, 199,
194, 207,
I, 207,
I,
I,
191, 19U, 197,
I, 217,
I, 213,
I, 19(i, 222,
192, 203, 206,
217, 218,
I,
I,
I, 212,
I, 191, 193.
I, 194,
I, 217,
I, 210,
I, 212,
I.
II,
I, 248,
I, 225,
I.
204, 203,
I,
I,
I.
224
303
213
223
224
224
225
223
3)1
224
22ti
228
207
224
219
225
226
2.'1
221
232
223
226
224
55
23C
312
225
223
319
207
221
I, 191
I, 341
I, 34^
I, 341
1,343
I, 343
, 191, 237
237
271
I,
I,
I.
I,
I,
I.
. I, 231,
11. 182,
I.
I, 262
230
231
2S6
266
230
230
237
337
200
I. 345
Orthothetes pccten, Dalman, .
O. radiata, Fischer,
O. socialis, Fisclier,
O. subplanus. Conrad,
O. uuxhviiQviXnm, von Buck,
Parastrophia Grcenii, sp. nov.,
P. (liverffcns, sp. nov,, .
P. latiplicata, sp. nov., .
P. multiplicala, sp. nov.,
Parazyga Deweyi, Hall,
P. hii-suta, Hall, .
Patella anomala, Miiller, .
P. antiqua, Schlotlieira, .
P. implicata, Sowerby,
Paterina .Swantoucnsis, Walcott
Patcrula Bobemica, Barrande,
Pentagonia Peersi, Cozzens,
P. unisulcata, Conrad,
P. unisulcata, var. biplicutn. Halt,
P. unisulcata, var. uniplicata, Hall,
Pentamerella ai-ala, Conrad, ,
PACE.
dubia, Hall,
niicula, Hall,
obsolesceus. Hall,
papilionensis. Hall,
Pavilionensis, Hall,
Pentarnerus Areyi, sp. nov..
P. Aylesfordi, Sowerby, .
P. Barramlii, BiUiug-S,
P. Bastdciricus, de Verncuil,
P. bl.-uiuatiis. McChesney,
P. borcalis, Eichwaltl,
P. Ctilletti, iliUer, .
P. complanatus, Xettclroth,
P. crassicosta, Ilall and "Whitficdi
P. cylindricus, Hall,
P, decHssatus, Whitcavcs,
P. elongatus, Vanuxcni.
P. Esthonus, Eictiwald, .
P. fornimtus. Hall, .
P. galeatus, Dalman, . . II,
P. Knappi, Hall and Whitfleld,
P. Knighti, Sowerby,
P. lajvis, Sowerbij, .
P laqueatus, Conrad, ,
P. lens, Sowerby, .
P. lin^uifer, Sowerby, . . n,
P. Littoni, Hall, . ■ .
P. nofjilis, Emmons,
P. nucleus. Hall,
P. Xijsius, Hall and WhitQcId,
P oblongus, Sou-erl/i/, I,
P. oblongus, var. .Maquokcta,
P. ohlongus, var. snorectus, var.
P. occidentalis, Hall,
P. pergibbosus, Hall and Whitfield,
P. pseudobasnictrteus, Tscliemyschew,
P. pseudogaleatus, Hall,
P. reversus, Billings,
P. Itoemeri, sp. nov.,
P. rotundatus, Sowerby, . . . .11,
P Samojefllcus, Keyserting, . . .11,
I' Sidxri, von Bucli, . . . U, 246,
350
256
I.
I,
I, 256
I, 256
. I, 2.39, 345
II, 222, 3C7
II, 222, 3(50
222, 2J3, 308
222, 223, 307
1-28,129, 114
111, 128,
I. 122,
I.
I,
II,
I.
II.
H.
II.
U,
H. 212.
II, 212,
II,
H,
129
150
158
158
321
79
ao
81
81
81
2(3
213
213
213
H, 245
11, 245
II,
213
230
244
235
2'12, 213
42
II
II
II
U, 23J, 239
II, 234, 210
II.
II.
II.
II. 237,
II,
II,
II
212, 213,
212,243,
U.
II.
II,
II.
II.
144.
II.
235
235
235
■238
233
252
210
214
217
2.">S
236
237
234
251
245
231
288; U, 231,
ar. nov.,
uov , II,
. II.
II, 234
. II. 247
II. -235
237, 233, 218
II, 239
238, 239,
239,210,
n, 239,
II.
II,
II.
240
248
210
235
212
217
2-23
210
247
388
INDEX.
Pentamerus tenuico.^ta, Hall,
P, tenuistriatits, Walmstedt,
F, nniplicatuSf Xcttelroth,
P. ventricosus, Hall,
P. Verneuili^ Hall, ,
Pexidella Strohmayeri. Suess^
Pholidops antiqua, Srhlotheimi
P. arenaria, HaH^ .
P. bellula, WaXcott^
P. calceola, sp. nov,,
P. Ciuciunatieusis, Ha//,
P. llamiltoni.'c, Hall^
P. implicata, Sowerbi/,
P. Icpis, sp, nov., .
P. lin^uloldes, Halt^
P. oblata, JIall,
P. ovalis, nail,
P. ovata Baltf
P. patina, sp. nov.,
P. sp. ? . . .
P. squaraiformis, Holly .
P. terminalis, Ballf
P. Trentonensis, Hall.,
I'lectambonites crassa, Pander^
P. oblo/iga. Pander,
P. ovata^ Pander, .
P. plauissima, Pander,
P. producta, sp. uov.,
P. tcstudinata, Pander,
P. traiisversalis, Wahlenbcrg^
Plicatula striatocostatai Cox,
Polytcechia apicalis, Whit/ielti,
Porambonites intermedia. Pander,
P. obscurus, Hall and Whitfield,
P. Otlawaensis, Billings, .
Producta analoga. Phillips,
P. modesta^ i^^y) Hall,
P. monilifera, JlcCoy,
P. rugosa, Hisinger,
P. truncata, Hal!, .
P. (TripUcia) VKmilifera, M<"Coy .
Prodiictella hystricula, Hall,
Productus ajquicostatus, Hall,
P. requiradiatus, Shunuird,
P. alternatus, Norwood and Prattcn,
P. ^Vltonensis, Norwood and Pmttfn,
P. Aniericanus, Swallow,
P. arcuatus, Hall, .
P. asper, McChesney.,
P. biseriatus, Hall,
P. Burlingtonensis, Hall,
P. Chesterensis, Wortkefi,
P. Christian!, de Koninrk,.
P. cla^'^IS, Norwood and Prattcn,
P. comoides, Sowerbj-,
P. complectens, Etheridge,
P. compressus, Waagen., .
P. Cora, d^Orbigiiy,
P. costatus, Sowerby,
P. dissimilis, Hall, .
P. ermineus, de KonincJc, .
P. Geinitzianud, dc Eoninck,
P. genuinus, Kutorgay
PAGE.
PAQB.
II,
2.'!5
Productus Hallianus, W.llcott, .
I, 332
It,
231
P. horridus, Soxcerby,
I, 327
II,
247
P. L;i.s:incnsis, Worthcn, .
I, 327, 332
II, 213, 243,
2U
P. lameUosiisy S.ainUierjrin-,
II, 130
II,
224
P. latirostratus^ Ilowse, .
I, 320
11,
102
P. LeonfiartJi^ Wissmann, .
I, 326
I, 157,
159
P. LlansoUemis^ Dlivitlsou,
I, ,■517, 318
n.
325
P. longispinus, Sowerhy, .
1, 316, 332
I,
157
P. ■ magnus, il/«t and IVbrr^if/j, .
I, 327
I, 157,
isa
P. marginiciuctus, Prout,
I, 327
I, 157,
159
P. Martini, Sowerby,
I, 325
, 157, 15!); 11,
325
P. mesolobus, Phillips, .
I, 327
I, 157,
159
P. mytiloidcs, Wangen^
I, 326
I,
157
P. Nebrasceusis, Owen, .
I, 263, 325, 827
I, 157; II,
325
P. NcH'bciTvi, Hall,
I, 339
I,
157
P, nodosus, NewbeTTij,
I, 326
I,
157
P, Kystianus, de Koninck,
I, 334
I, 15V,
159
P. opuntia, Waagen,
I, 327
I,
I8«
P. ovatus, Hall,
I, 326
I.
159
P. pileiformis, Newberry, .
I, 826
I, 156,
159
P. Prattenianus, Norwood,
I, 326
I,
157
P. proboscideus, de Veineuil,
. I, 326, 333, 334
I, 15V.
159
P. puiictatus, Martin,
I, 327
I. 297,
298
P. Rogersi, Norwood ancl Pratten,
I, 327
I,
300
P. scabriculus, Martin,
I, 327
I,
300
p. semiroticubitus, Martin.
I, 325, 327, 329
I, 296, 297,
298
P. splendens, Norwood and Pratten,
I, 832
11,
360
P. striatus. Fischer,
I, 326, 334
I,
297
P. siibandeatus, Murcbison,
I, 317, 328
I, 29S,
299
P. sulcatus, Castelnait,
I, 260
I,
265
P. S}Tnmetricus, McCliesiuy,
I, 327
I.
239
P. tcnuicostatus. Hall,
I, 827
II,
226
P. umbonillatm, Davidson,
I, 320
II,
228
P vittatus. Hall, .
I, 827
11,
228
P. Wortbcui, ifail.
I, 827
I.
280
P. (Daviesiella) Llangollcnsis, Davidson, . I, 317
II, 155,
157
P. (Etberidgina) complectens, Eiluridge, . I, 335
I.
270
P. (Proboscidella) proboscideus, de Verneuil, I, 333
I,
279
Pronites ctdscendens. Pander,
I. 234, 235, 237
I,
316
P. humilis. Pander,
I, 238
I,
271
P. oblonga. Pander,
I, 238
I,
31G
P. (Clitambonites) adscendens, Pander
I, 2,18
I.
326
Protorliyncha dubia. Hall,
II, 181
I,
326
Protozyga exigua, i/a;(.
11, 119
ten,
I,
327
Ptychospira ferita, von Bach, .
II, 113
ttn, .
I.
327
Rafinesquina alternata, Conrad,
I, 260, 286
I,
326
R. expansa, Sowerby,
I, 250
I,
327
R. Jukesi, David-son,
II, 339
I,
327
Renssela;ria ajquiradiata, Conrwl,
11, 258
I,
327
R. Cayaga, sp. nov..
. II, 258
I.
327
H, Condoni, McChesney, .
11, 280
I,
327
R. Cumberlandi:K, Hall, .
II, 258
I,
327
R. eUiptica, Hall, ....
II, 268
I.
331
R. ? Johannis, Hall, ....
II, 2G2, 263
I, 317,
318
R. IfBvis, Hall, ....
II, 257, 264
T, 316,
335
R. lavis. Meek, ....
U, 264
I,
326
R. Marylandica, Hall,
II, 258
I,
326
R. mutabili.s. Hall, . . II,
258, 259, 266, 297
I,
327
E. oroides, Eaton, . . 11, 245
258, 259, 262, 349
I,
333
R. Portlandica, Hillings, .
II, 273
I,
334
R. .Suessana, Hall, ....
II. 269, 260, 266
I,
327
Retzia Adrieni, de Verneuil, . II, 106
107,108,110, 121
I.
334
R, apriniformis, Hall,
II, 111
INDEX.
389
Retzia carhonaria^ Davidson,
R. ro/nprrfisa, Meek,
R, Davidsoni, de Koliiuck,
R. Eugenia, BiliingS,
R, granuli/era, Heck,
R. intermedia, de Konilu'k,
R. lepida, Kayscr, .
R. longirostrisy Kayscr,
R. Meekana^ Shumard,
R. Osagensis^ Swallow,
R. papillata., Shumard,
R. punctnli/era, Shumard,
R. radialiSf Phillips,
R. serpentina^ de Koninck,
R, sexplicata, White and Whitlield,
R. soltrina^ Beecher and Clarke,
R. ulotltrir^ de Koninck, .
R. vera, Hall,
R. Woosteri, White,
Rhinobolus David:?oni, sp. nov ,
K. Galtensis, Billings,
Rhynchonclla ,^brullta, Hall, .
R. acinus, Hall,
R, acuminata, Martin,
R. erquiradiaia. Hall,
R. aha, Calvin,
R. altilis. Hall,
R. angulata, Geinitz,
R. anisodonta, Phillips, .
R. Barrandii, Hall,
R. ? Bitlingsi, Hall, .
R. capax, Conrad .
R. carica. Hall.
R, Carolina, Hall, .
R. castanea. Meek, .
R. congregata, l,(}nva.df
R. contracta. Hall, .
R. cuboi'/es, Sowerby,
R. dentala. Hall,
R. Dotis, Hall,
R. duplicata. Hall, .
R. Eatonii/ormis, McChesney
R. Emmonsi, Hall and WliitlieM
R, eximia, Hall,
R. explanata, McChesney,
R. fornwsa, Hall,
R. fringilla, Billings,
fi. glacialis, Billings,
R. glans-fagea, Hall,
R. Crrosvenori, Hall,
R. Hors/ordi, Hall,
R. increbescens, Hall,
R. Imiianensis, Hall,
R, intermedia, Barris,
R. loxia, Fischer, .
R. Marsha^lensis, A. Winchell
R. Mcrjemiorji, do Verneuil,
R. mica, Billings, .
R. Missouriensis, Shumard,
R. mutetbilis. Hall, .
R. mutata. Hall,
R. nt'glecta. Hall,
R. nucleolata, HaU, .
PACE.
II, 122
H, Ui
II, li-2
II, 111
II, 126
11, 122
II, 131
II, 112
II, 122
II, 120
II, 122
II, 120
II,
II, 113,
122
119
II, 112
II, 112
II, 122
II, 117, 118
n, 122
. I, 4.1, 176
. 1,15, 176
II, 19!)
II, 190
11,179,203, 201
II, 190
II, 203, 201
II, 190
I, 217
II, 204
II, 191, 19S
II, 192
II, 183, 185
. II, 192
II, 192
II, 194
II, 190, 192
II, 192
11,200,201, 203
II, 185
II, 192
II, 192
II, 201
n, 200, 201
II, 192
II, 201
II, 187, 1S8, 189
U, 190
II, 190
II, 268, 268
II, 201
II, 192
II, 183, 185
II, 190
II, 200
177, 178, 179, 203
II, 192
H, 204
II, 157
II, 204
II, 199
II, 204
II, 190
II, 199
Rhynchonelta obtusiplieata, Hall,
R. orbieiUaris, Hall,
R. Ottunum, While,
R. parallelepipeda, Ki-onii, .
R, plena, HaU,
R. pliopleura, Conrad,
R. primipilaris, von Ituch,
R. procu/joides, Kayser,
R. prolijiea, Hall, .
li. psittacca, Gmelin,
R. piignus, Martin,
R. pustulosa, Whili;,
R. reniformis, Sowerby, .
R. Saffardi, Uall, .
R. Sageriana, A. M'iachell,
R. Sappho, Hall.
R. scotiea, i)avidson,
R. speciosa. Hall, .
R. Stevensi, Hall, .
A'. striatocostata, Meek and Wortlien,
A'. Slricklandi, Schaur,
A'. Stricklandi, Sowerby, .
R, sttbcuncata. Hall,
R. snb-Wilsoni, d'Orbigny,
R. Tethys, Killings,
R. triangularis, Sowerby, .
R. Uta, Marcou, .
R veliicala, UivU, .
R. ventricosa. Hall,
R. veniistula, Ilall,
R. Whitii, HaU, .
R. Wilsoni, von Buch, . .II,
Ilhynchopora Xikitini, Tschemyschew
U. Youugi, Davidson,
Khynchospiraevax, Hall,
11. fonnosa, Hitll, .
R, lepida. Hall,
R. 7ujbilis, Hall,
U. scansa, sp. nov.,
Uliynchotrcta cuucata, Dolman,
K. cuneata, var. Americana, Hall,
Kichthol'enia Lawrenciaua, de Koninck,
R. Sinensis, Kayser,
RoemercIIa graiiilis, Vcrnu-xtm,
Komiugerina Julia, A. Wtnebell,
Scaphiocuilia Bolivicnsis, Whitfield,
Scenidium areola. Quenstedt, .
S. Baylii, RouauU, .
S. devonicum, ir«/co((,
S. GrayLTi, Davidson,
S. Halli, Safford, .
S. insignc. Hall,
S. . Lewisi, Davidson,
S. Lewisi, var. Ilughesi, Davidson,
S. Lewisi, var. Woodlandenso
S. MojUeri, Tsekcrnyschew,
S. pyramidalc. Hall,
S, Shallockense, Davidson,
S, uralicuin, Tschernyschew,
Schizambon ? Canadensis, Ami,
S. ? lissus, Kutorga, .
S. typicalis, IlWroff, . 1,111,11
Schizocrania lUosa, Hail,
Davidson,
190.
PASS.
n, 190
II, 192
II, 2<M
II, MI
H, 190
II, 191
II, 201
H, 201
II, 192
II, 313
II, 203, 201
II, 210
II, 203
II, 197, 198
II, 19-2
II, 192
II, 223
II, 191, 200
II, 192
II, 201
II, 199
II, 190
. II, 217
II, 197, 193
U, 19J
U, -201
II, 204, 217
II, 199, 200
II, 191, 198
II, 200
II, 190
197, 19J, 199
II, 210
II, 210
II, 69, 111
II, 109
II, 274
U, 207
II, 111
U, 187
II, 187
l.Vl ; 11, 315
It. 310
I, 137
H. 271
II, 275, 276
I, 242, 213
I, 243
I, 243
I, 243
I, 242
I, 112
I, 242
I
243
243
116,
116
I, 213
I, 24)
I, 242, 243
I. 213
I, 243
117; II, 324
. I, 116, 169
117 ; II, 824
I, 143, lU
390
INDEX.
Schizocrania ? Helderbercia, sp. nov.,
S. Schucherti, sp nov., .
Schizopholis rugosa, Waa^en^ .
Schizophoria sencrta, sp. nov.,
Schizotreta conica, Dwi^ht,
S. ellii>tioa, Kutorga^
Selenella gracilis, sp. nov.,
Seminula ambigua, Sowerbt/, .
S. Dawsoni, sp. nov.,
S. petttahedra, PliilHps,
S. Rogersi, sp. nov.,
S subtilita, Hall,
Sieberella galoatus, Dalman, .
S. Sieberi, von Buck,
Siphonotreta aculeata, Kutorga,
S. anglica, MurriA-,
S, conoidcs, Kutorga,
S. Jissa, Kutorga, ,
S. fornicata, Kutorga,
S, micuhi, McCoy, .
S. Jlinnesotcnsis, sp. nov.,
S. scotica, Davi(lso7i^
S. scotica, var. Canadensis, Ami,
S. tentorium, Kutorga,
S. unguiculata, Eichivald,
S. verrucosa, de Verneuil, .
Spirifor acuminatus, Cunrwl, .
S. acuticostatus, de Kuniiick,
S. aquirostris, Scblotboim,
S. albapinensis, Hall and Wkitjieldy
S. alius, Hall,
iS. Ambiensi-s, Waagen^
S. ambigiius, Sowerby,
S. angustus, Hall, .
S. annectans, Walcott,
S. Anossofi, d£ Verneuil,
S. aperturatus, Scklotlieim^
S. arctisegmentus, Hall, .
S. areuosus, Conrad,
S. arrectus, Hall, .
S. asper, Hall,
S. asperatus, Rin^ue/jerg, .
S. audaculus, Conrad,
S. Belphcgor, Clarke,
S. bicostatus, Vanuxem, .
S. bicostatus, vav. petilus, Hall,
S. bidorsalis, --1. Winchell,
S. bifurcatus, Hall,
S. liillingsanu-s, Miller, .
S. bimesialis. Hall,
S. bipUcatus, HaZ/,
S. BjTnesi, Nettelroth,
S. Canandaiguie, sj). nov.,
S. cameratus, ^lortnn^
S. centronatus, A. Wincliell,
S. cheiroptyx, do Verneuil,
S. clarus. Swallow,
S. concinnus, J/rt/^,
S. consobrinus, d'Orbigny,
S. corculum, Kutorga,
S, crenistria, Piiillips,
S. cnspatus, sp. nov ,
S. crispus, Hissinger,
PAGE.
PASE.
. I, 13:!, U4
179
Sp
rlfer crispus, var. simplex. Hall,.
.11, 19,
36
. I, 143, 144
179
S.
ciUtTijugntus, liocmer.
11,
31
I,
95
s.
Cumburlainiiic, Hail, .
. 11, 17,
36
. I, -ill.
343
s.
cui-vatus, Hrhlatlieim, .
.11, 10,
33
I, 136,
140
,s.
cuspidati/orinis^ Miller,
II,
SO
I, 128,
IGO
s.
ctispitlutus, Martin,
,
■ 11,8,
11
. II, 270, 271
370
s-
cycloi)tei-us. Hall,
II,
se
II,
93
.s.
Davisi, Nettelrotli,
II,
36
. II, <J6
3G4
.s.
(lecorus, FhilUps,
. II, 10,
33
II,
93
s.
<lesiileratu3, Walcatt, ■
11,
30
11,
364
s.
tli>juuctu3, Soiverby,
11,21
, 24, 27, 37,
49
II, !I5,
lliu
s.
clisjuiielus, var. sulcMl'er,
var. iiov., .
11, 21, 37,
361
11, 24G,
247
s.
ilisparilU, Hall,
II,
36
II,
24G
.s.
ilivario.atus. Hall,
11,21,27,
39
I,
113
s.
iluoJeiiarius, Hall,
II, 19,
37
I,
113
.s.
tIui)licosta, Phillips,
II,
10
I,
113
s.
En^tlmaiini, Meek ailii W
orthen
• II,
36
111, 114, 115,
116
s.
Eudora, Hall,
. II, 13,
36
I,
113
s.
euryglossus, Schniir,
II,
33
I,
113
s.
eurytiiies, Oioen,
11,29,31,
39
I, 112,
177
s.
eurylines, var. loruaculu
■,, Hall,
■ n.
39
I, 113,
115
s.
erteniiditis, Hall,
• II.
61
I,
115
.s.
/oitigaius, Meek ami Woi
Ihcn,
II,
26
1. lU'J,
111
s.
limbriatus, Conrwl,
11,17
, 20, 21, 33,
37
1, 111, 112,
113
•S.
Foggi, Nettelroth,
.
II,
35
I,
113
s.
Forbesi, Hall,
II, 26,
38
II, 31,
39
s.
furmosus. Hill, .
• 11.
39
II,
39
s.
fovnax, Hall,
. II, 31,
39
II,
227
s.
fusilbrmis, Phillips,
II,
9
• II,
38
s.
^]iLhey, Martin, .
11,11
32, 33, 34,
40
11, 30,
42
s.
glabcr, var. conlraclus. Meek and Wurthen, II, 33,
40
II,
26
s.
glaber, var. Xevadensis,
Walcott
•
II,
33
■ II,
93
s.
granuliferits. Hall,
II,
29
II, 31,
39
s.
granulosus, Conrati,
11
29, 30, 31,
39
II,
39
s.
gregarius, Capp,
II, 17,
36
II,
25
s.
Grieri, Hall,
II, 24, 27,
38
II, 12,
21
tj.
Griniesi, Hall, .
II, 23, 25,
38
II,
36
s.
liemii-.yclus. Meek anil Worthen,
II,
37
II, 24, 27,
37
s.
hemiplicatus, Phillips, .
I,
215
. 11, 17, I'J,
37
.s.
llirtus, White and Whitjielii
,
• II, 21,
37
II, 29, 31, 32,
39
s.
Iloliljst, Nettelroth,
II,
36
II, 11,
35
s.
lluni^erfoi'iU, Hall,
11,23,25,
37
II, 29, 30, 31,
39
s.
imbrex. Hall,
. 11, 20,
38
II, 14,
35
s.
iucertus. Hall, .
11, 26,
38
II, 19,
37
s.
increbescens. Hall,
• II, 27,
39
II, 19,
37
s.
increbescens, var. Amerii^auus,
Swallow, II,
39
• n,
30
s.
increbescens, var, transversalis
Swallow, II,
33
• II, 27,
38
s.
Keokuk, Hall, .
. 11,27,
38
II.
37
s.
Knappianus, Nettelroth,
,
II,
36
II, 17,
36
s.
la-vis. Hall,
,
II, 19, 33,
37
II, 20,
38
s.
Lamarcki, Fischer,
I,
215
II,
36
s.
lateralis, Hall, .
II, 26,
38
II, 19, 37,
360
s.
Leidyi, Hall,
.
II, 27,
39
II, 211,
38
s.
Leidyi, var. Chesterensis
Swalloiv,
II,
39
II,
38
s.
Leidyi, var. Meramecensis, SiikUIoil;
II,
39
II,
57
s.
ligus, Otoen,
.
.n,3i,
39
II, 21,
37
s.
lineatus, Martin,
II,
10,11,
17, 21, 30,
37
II, 24, 27,
38
s.
Littoni, Swallott;
. II, 27,
38
. II, 10,
36
s.
Logaui, Hall, .
. 11, 23,
38
II, 34,
40
s.
Macbridii, Calvin,
11,29,31,
39
I, 255, 256,
257
s.
jVIacconathi, Nettelroth,
II,
39
II,
360
s.
macroideura, Conrad, ,
. U, 13,
35
II, 19, 20,
30
s.
macrothyris, Hall,
n, 29, 31,
39
INDEX.
391
Spirifer raacrus, Hall^
s.
Mai.1, Billings^ .
s.
Manm, Hidl,
s.
Marcyi, Hall, .
s.
Alarcoui, Waageii,
s.
Marionensis, Skumanl,
s.
jnedialiSf Hall,
s.
medianus, QimisteJt^ .
s.
inesacostalis, HM,
s.
niesastrialis, Halt^
s.
Jleta, Hall,
s.
Missourieusis, Sicallow^
s.
niodestus, Hall, .
s.
l^Iortonanus, Miller,
s.
Mosf|uensis, Fischer,
s.
mucrouatus, Conrad, .
s.
mucroiiatus, var. jjosterus,
s.
multistriatus, Hall,
s.
Musakheylcnsis, Davidson,
s.
neglectas, Hall,
s.
Ne^vberryi, Jlult,
s.
Niagarensis, Conrad, .
s.
nobilis, Barrande,
s.
nymp'ia, Bdlings,
s.
OceanI, d'Orbi^^iiy,
s.
ootocostatus, Hail,
s.
opimus, Hall, .
s.
Orestes, Hall, .
s.
ostiolatus, Schlotlieiin, •
s.
Oweui, Hall,
s.
Panyauus, Halt,
s.
jjerextensus, Meek and Won
s.
l)erlamellosu3, HaJl, .
s.
perplexus, McCliesney, .
s.
planoconverits, Shumard,
s.
plenus, Hall,
s.
plu'atellus, Dalnuin,
s.
Pluto, Clarke,
s.
porambonites, voil liuch,
s.
pi-cmaturus, H(dl, ,
s.
propinqutts. Hall,
s.
pseudolineatus. Hall, .
s.
py.ivlatus, Hall,
s.
Quichua, d'Orbigny,
s.
radiatus, Sowerby,
s.
rai'ioosta, Conrad,
s.
rostellatus, Hall,
s.
rostellum, Hall amiVriiitfield,
s.
SaBordi, Hall, .
s.
Schmidti, Limlstram, .
s.
scuIptlUs, Enll, .
s.
scgmentus, Hall,
s.
senilis, Phillips,
s.
scti^'crus. Hall, ,
s.
simplex, Phillips,
s.
sp. iiides..
s.
striatiformis, Meek,
s.
atriatus, Martin,
s.
subajqualis, Hall,
s.
subattenuatus, Hall, .
s.
subcardiilormis, Halt, .
s.
subcuspidalus. Hall, .
s.
submucronatus. Hall, .
II
.II,
.11,
.II,
.II,
.II,
.II,
.II,
.11,
II, a,
II. u,
.II,
.II,
.II,
.II,
.II,
• II,
.II,
• II.
II, 20,
II, 29,
II, 14,
.II,
II, 31,
. II
33
23
34
3G
35
35
38
37
38
23, 25
17, 36
II. 361
II, 12U
•II.
.II,
■ II,
.II,
.II,
.II.
.II,
.11,
, 10,21,
.II,
.11,
• II.
.II.
II.
31,
2fi>
U.
li,
II,
n,
19,
27,
27,
1-',
II,
31,
31,
26,
21.
n,
•39,
9.
II.
II.
II.
n.
21,
II,
II.
13.
16,
II.
U.
19,
li,
II,
17,
26
39
38
33
57
37
39
38
28
23
39
38
35
37
56
48
13
39
227
37
50
37
SG
276
35
36
26
35
36
35
36
36
I, 262
21,
30,
II.
25,
23,
26,
17.
26,
II.
I",
PAGE.
Spirifer suborbicularis, EaU, .
. II, 26,
38
S.
subrotuudatiis. flail, .
. II,
38
S.
subunibona, Hall,
. II, 34,
40
S:
subuiidilcrus. Meek and
Forthen,
. 11,20,21,33,
37
S.
sulcatus, Jlisinr/er,
. II, 16,
3o
S.
tegulatus, Trautscliold,
II,
2«
s.
teuuicostalus, Halt, .
.11, ii;.
38
s.
tenuiiiiarjfiiiatus, Hull,
II,
.38
s.
texanus. Meek, .
. 11. 26,
38
s.
textus. Hall,
II,
50
5.
transiersus, McCliesnoy,
II,
54
s.
Iribulis, Halt, .
. II, 19,
37
s.
TscheJJ'kini, de A'enieuil,
II. 22»,
229
s.
Tullius, Halt, .
.11,14,
35
s.
undiferus, F. Itoemer,
II,
33
s.
unicus, Hull,
. 11, 24,
37
s.
urbamis, Culvin,
.11,19,
37
s.
A'auuxemi, Halt,
. II, 19,
36
s.
varicosus, Conrad,
. n. 17,
3«
s.
ventricosus. Hall,
.
11,
144
s. ?
Waldronensis, Jlillcr and
Dyer,
I.
272
s.
Whitlioyi, Halt,
.11,24,
57
s.
AViUiamsi, sj). nov ,
11,27, 38,
3U1
s.
AVurtlu'iiaiius, Srkur.liert
II,
36
s.
Wortheni, Hall,
.11,31,
39
s.
zic-zac. Hall,
. 11,16,
3«
s.
( Cyrtial) Hunnibalensis,
Swallow,
II,
50
s.
(Syringothyri--) Carteri, Hall.
II,
8
Spirifcriua austriaca, Suess, .
• 11.
15
S.
Billiiigsi, Sftuiiuird,
II,
54
S.
binacuta, Winrhell,
,
II,
54
s.
Clarksvilleiisis, WineMl,
II,
Sk
s.
cristata, Schtotheim,
. II. 1".
5t
s.
cristata, var. octoplirata,
. II, 17,
54
s.
iusouipta, rhiltips.
• U. 17,
54
s.
Kentuckiensis, Snumard,
,
11,17,52,
54
s.
Kentuckiensis, var. prop.
itula, Sicfi
tow, . 1 1,
64
s.
Kocsscnensis, Zugmayer,
11,
45
s.
rostrata, SchUiilieim, .
.11,62,
S3
s.
solidirostris, White,
• II, 17,
54
s.
spincsa, Norwood ami Pratten,
II, 52, 53,
54
s.
.spinosa, var. campcstris,
White,
. II.
54
s.
subelliptioa, McChestney,
II.
46
s.
subtexta. White,
II,
64
.s.
Suessi, mnkler.
n.
15
s.
transversa, McChesney,
. II, 40.
61
s.
uucinata, Schtotheim, .
II,
45
s.
Walcotti, Sowerby,
II,
53
Spirigerella alata, Waagen, .
II,
99
S.
Derbyi, Waagen,
II, 98, 99,
100
S.
lusiformis, Waagen,
II.
9i
S.
srrandis, Waagen,
II,
98
s.
hybritia, Waagen,
11,
99
s.
media, Waagen,
11,
99
s.
iiiluuta, Waagen,
II,
»i
s.
numismalis, Waagen, .
11,
99
s.
ovoidalis, Waagen,
II,
98
s. •
pr.-elongala, Waagen, .
II.
99
.Stcuoschisina formosa. Hall, .
II,
ISU
Stiept
is Grayi, Davidson,
I.
274
Streptorhynchus cardinalis, Whitlield,
I,
232
S.
Correanus, Derby,
.
I,
262
s.
crenUtria, I'hillips,
1,256,257,
S«S
392
INDEX.
Sireptorhynchus crenistria, var. seni7is, Phillips,
S. eusarcus, Ahich,
S. llallianus, Derby,
S. iiicurvus, Abich,
S ? lepiduSy Schiiur,
S. occiilcntalis, Newberry^
S. Pandora, Billings,
S. pectiniformis, Davidson,
S. pelargonatus, Schlotheim,
S. 7 pHmordiale, WhiLIieM,
S. pyramidalis, Newberry,
S. tenuis. Hall,
S. Uli-ichi, sp. nov.,
Slriclvlandinia Anticostieiisis, Blllhigs,
S. 1 Aracline, Billings, . . . H,
S. Areihusa, Billing's, . . -Hi
S. ? Jiatcletchensis, Davidson,
S. hrev is, Billinys,.
S. Canadensis, Hillings. .
S. castollana, JVJiite,
S. Davidsoni, Billings^
S. deformis, Meek and 'Win-tlic
S. Gaspensis, Billings. .
S. Melissa, Billings^
S. multilirata, WiUfield, .
S. Salteri, Billings,
Stringocephalus Burlini, De/rance,
S. Bohemicus, Barrande,
Strophalosia cxcavata, Geinitz^
s.
Goldfussl, Miiiister,
8.
Keokuk, needier.
S.
lamellosa, Geinitz,
s.
Leplayi, Geinitz,
s.
numularis, A. Winchell,
s.
parva, King,
s.
plicosa, Wnagen,
s.
radicans, A. WincheU, .
s.
Rockfordensis, sp. nov.,
s.
scintilla, Beecher,
Stropheodonta arcuata, Hall, .
S.
Becki, Hall,
S.
Blaiuvillii, Billings, .
S.
Calvini, Miller, .
S.
Canaee, yja/( and mdtfield
S.
Cayuta, Hall, .
S.
demissa, Conrad,
S.
iilosa, Davidson,
S.
inwquistriat.a. Ball,
S.
Irene, Billings, .
S.
Junia, Sail,
s.
Leblauti, iJoMauW,
s.
magnilica, Hall,
s.
magni\'entra. Hall,
s.
nacrea, Hall,
s.
perplana, Conrad,
s.
profunda, Hall, .
s.
textilis, Hall, .
s.
Tullia, Billings,
s.
variabilis, Calvin,
Strophodonta fasciata, Hall, .
S.
striata. Hall,
Strophomena alternata, Conrad,
S.
antiquata, Sowerby,
PAOE .
I, 316
I, 2G3
I, 265-208
I,
. I, 25!),
. • I,
I>
. I, 2Go,
, 203, 207,
I,
I.
I,
. I 268,
II,
, 213, 213,
313, 213,
II, 231,
II.
. II.
II.
II.
II.
II, 350,
203
260
20G
255
208
208
231
366
355
351
251
251
251
341
351
251
25i
251
251
251
251
251
251
285
II.
II,
II.
2S3 284,
II,
I.
I.
316, 320,
I.
I.
I.
I,
I,
316, 320,
. I, 316, 353
316,320, 336
I,
. I, 386,
I.
I,
I.
I.
, 2S7, 289,
I,
I.
I.
I.
I.
I, 286,
I,
I.
. I, 388,
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
143, 148,
219, 350,
389
388
388
387
387
287
292
250
289
288
288
307
288
Strophomena cameraia, Hall, -.
S, carinnta, Conrad,
S. Chemungensis, Conrad,
S. clausa, de Verneuil, .
S. Conradi, sp. nov,,
ST. deflecta, Conrad,
.S, depressa, Dalnian,
fi^. Dulcrtrii, Murchison, .
S, miglyplm, Dalnian,
S. expansa, Sowerby,
S. explanata, Sowerby, .
S. Jilosa, Sowerby, .
S. fluctuosa, Billings,
S. fuuiculata, Jt/cCo7/,
S. grandis, Sowerby,
S. Hallie, Miller, .
S. Hecuba, Billings,
S. Hendersoni, Davidson,
S. Holli, Davidson,
S. Jitkesi, l-)avidson,
S. Kingi, Whitfleld,
S. laticosta, Conrad,
S. Lehlanci, llouault,
S. Leda, IJiUings, .
S. lepis, IJronn,
S. MinnesotCTisis, X. H. Winchcll,
S. Narajoana, do Verneuil
S. nitens, BMlini^s, .
3. ? jtalma, Kayser, .
S. patenta. Hall, .
S. pccten. D.alman,
S. Philomela, Billings,
S. planoconvexa. Hall, .
S. jilanunibona, Hall,
S. recta, Conrad, .
S. rhomboidalis , Wilckens,
S. rugosa, llisinger,
5. SiluriaTia, Davidson, .
S. sinuata, Emmons,
S. squamula, James,
S. Steini, Kayser, .
5. subptana, C'onrad,
S. subtenta, Conrad,
S. Thalia, IJilliugs,
S. Ulrichi, James,
5. unicostata. Meek and Worthen,
S. Winchelli, sp. nov.,
S. "W'isconsinensis, JVliitfield,
S Woolworlhana, Hall, .
S. (Lepta-na) planumbona. Hall,
Strophomenesjlexilis, Rafinesque,
S. levigata, Ralinesque, .
Stroplionella ampla. Hall,
S.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
CKlata, Hall,
cavunil)ona. Hall.
Conradi, Hall, .
costatula, sp. nov.,
euglyplia, Dalman,
funiculata, Smcerhy, .
Headleyana, Hall,
Leavenworthana, Hall,
patenta, Hall, .
puuctulifera, Conrad, .
I,
UK.
283
II.
304
I,
355
I,
387
I,
J44r
I,
197
I,
349
I,
349
1,
349
I,
249
I,
288
I, 349,
388
I,
251
I,
219
I,
349
I,
352
I,
252
I,
283
I,
283
I,
283
I,
I,
283
306
I,
287
1,
288
I,
287
I,
283
I,
287
I.
283
I,
288
I,
291
r,
249
I,
288
I, 249,
251
I. 249,
265
I,
197
7,2
18, 249,
350
1.2
50. 251,
252
I,
283
I,
251
I,
383
I,
388
I.
255
I,
251
I.
251
I,
283
I,
282
I,
34:4:
I,
251
I,
255
I, 249,
252
1.2
48, 3t9,
252
I. 248,
252
I, 291,
293
I, 291,
293
I, 291,
292
I,
292
u.
359
I, 260,
292
I, 259,
292
I,
292
I, 291,
292
1, 291,
292
1,291,
292
INDEX.
393
Strophonclla radiata, ffall^
S reversa, ITaU,
S semifasciata. Hall, .
S. striata, Jlall,
Synirielasma hemiplicatum. Hall,
S}Ulrul)liia lati-'ialis, W hit field,
Syringothyris angulata, Simpson,
Carteri, Hall,
cuspidata, Martin,
distans, McCoy,
Halli, WinchcU, .
Herricki, Schuchert,
Missouri, sp. nov.,
Randalli, Simpson,
texta, Hall,
typa, A. WinchcU,
Terebratula Adricni, du N'enicuii,
T. amiigdalina, Goldrurf.>,
T. Andii, d'Orbiguy,
T. Ajitisiensis, d'Orbigny,
T. Archiaci, de Verncuil,.
T", boindens, Morton,
T. Jlurlin'jtoncnsis , Wliitc,
T concentrica, von Uucli,
T. cuneata, Dalman,
T. deflexa, Sowcrby,
T. didyma, Dalman,
T. fcrita^ von Bucli,
T. formosa. Hall, .
T. Gaudryi, tVOvhigny, .
T. Gcinitziana, de Verneuil,
T Guerant/eri, de Verncuil,
T Ilarmonia, Hall,
T. Mimalayensis, Davidson,
T. herculca^ iJarraude, .
T. loivensis, Calvin,
T l(Bviuscula, Sowerby, .
T. latilinguis, Suhnur,
T. lens. Hall,
T. Icpida, Goldfuss,
T. Lincklani, Hall,
T. viclonica, Barrande, .
T. Michelini, d Orbigny, .
T. mitlipuvctata, Hall, .
T Mormoni, Marcou,
T. navicula, Sowerby,
jT. ovoides, Eaton, .
T. planirostra, Hall,
T. reciirtjsfra. Hall,
T rhomhoidea, PbiJliiJS, .
T, Romingeri, Hall,
T. Roivlcyi, Worthen,
T. saccnlus, Martin,
T. Schlothcimi, von Buch,
T. simulator. Hall,
T. Stolcesi, Koenig,
T. Striclclandi, Sowerby,
T. strigiceps, F. Roemer,
T. sublepida, de Verneuil,
T. subvescicularis, Davidson,
T. Sullivanti, Hall.
T. iurgida, Hall, .
T. rcnusta, Schnur,
PAGE.
PAGE.
I.
292
Terebratula vescicularu, ile Kuninck,
II, 291
1,291,
293
T virgo, I*hilU])S, .
11, 271
l.'-ai.
292
Terebralulina sc'iilciilrionalis, Lintie,
I, 18; II, 328
1,291,
292
TerchrataiUes (cquirostris, Sclilothcim,
11. 227
I,
210
T. bi/oratus, S ;lilotheim,
. I, 200, 20
11,
213
T. elon^aius, Schlulliciin,
11, 29i
11,
30
^- U^yphus, Scliiotliciiu, .
II, HI
n,
60
T. pelargonatus, SclUolheim, .
I, K7
II,
50
T. rostrulus, .SchlQthcim, ~ .
II, 52
11,
50
T. Schlothcimi, von liuch.
II, 216
11.
51
Tcrebratuloitlea Uavid.soni, M^aagen^
U, 209
11,
50
Tetractiiicila triEonella, Schlotheim,
II, 100
11,
50
Thcciflca Jlcditcrrauca, Kowalevski,
K, S2S
II.
50
Trematis Bohemica, llainiiulo,
. 1,40, 142
11.
50
T. caiiccllata, Sowerby, .
I, 112
IJ
, 8, 48,
50
T. <-oi(iiia, Salter, .
I, 112
. II, 1
D3, 101,
273
T. crasbiimncla, Ulrich, .
I, 112
II, 2G1
2S1
T. Dycri, Miller, .
I, 112
I.
217
T. fragilis, Ulrich,
I, 142
II,
276
T. lluronensis, liilltngs, .
I, 142
11,
280
T. millopunctata, Hall, .
. I, J39, 14J
II.
2!Jl
T. iloiitrcalcusis, llillinga,
1, 112
11.
296
T. oblata, Ulrich, .
I, 142
11, 87,
90
T. OttawacnsL., Billings,
. 1, 139, 142
11,
ISO
T.l pannulus, Wlnla,
I, 94
II,
224
T. puiK^tala, Sowerby,
I, 141
11.
60
T. punctootriala, Jlalt, .
I, 142
n.
112
T. pustuloia. Hall,
1, 142
II,
2'IU
T (iuiucuncialia, Miller itnd liyer.
I, 142
. 1,2
17 ; II,
273
?? T. rudis, Uall,
.1,112, 144
II,
210
T. terminalis, Emmons, .
1, 139, 140, 142
II, 258, 2
60, 207,
272
T. umbonala, Ulrich,
I, 139
II,
290
T. (Scfaizocrania) sui)eriucrota, Barre
tt. I, 144
II,
299
Trcmatobolis iusignis, Matthew,
11, 324
11,
71
Truiiiatoipira Acadia;, Hall, .
. II, 127
11.
297
T. camura. Hall, .
11, 120
II.
97
T. cusia;a, Hall, .
U, 126
II.
175
T. Deweyi, Hall, .
11, 128
II.
2S6
T. dubia, Billings, .
U, 126
II, 130, 131, 1
33, 134,
135
T. gibbosa, Hall, .
11, 127
. n,2
86, 290,
296
T. Hippolyte, Billings, .
II, 126
II,
288
T. hirsuta. Hall
11, 127, 128
I,
217
T. infrcqucns, Walcott, .
11, 127
II.
301
T, liniuscula, A Winchcll,
II, 127
II.
120
T. Maria, BUlings,
II, 126
II,
62
T. Mattlicw.ioni, McChesney, .
. 11, 1-27
II.
267
T. multiatviata, Hall,
II, 126, 127
II.
280
T. nobilis, Hall, .
. U, 127
11,
2S0
T. perforata. Hall,
II, 126
II, 216,
217
T, quadriplicata, iMiller, .
II, 185
II.
297
T. simplex, Halt, .
II, 126
II,
290
Trigcria Guerangcri, de rerneuit.
II, 273
II.
300
Trimorella acuminata, BUlings,
. 1,35, 30
II,
187
T. Billlngsi, Dall,
.11,35, 38
II.
290
T. DMi, Datidson -.ukI King, .
I, 85
II.
8
T. grandis, Billings
I, 34, 35, 30
II.
199
T. Lindstrccmi, IMlt,
. I, 34, 30 ; II, 3-22
II,
2C0
T. Oliioensis, Meek,
I, 34, 35, 36
II.
103
T. Wisbycnsis, Varidson and King,
I, 36
. II,
275
Triplecia extans, Emmons,
. 1,270,271, 273
II,
290
T. Orloni, Meek, .
1,208,270, 271
II.
294
Tnplesia cuspidata, Hall,
I, 271
. II, J
30, 131,
131
T. ? Grayia;, Davidson, . .
.1,270, 271
394
INDEX.
Triplesia lateralis^ Whitfield,
T. Maccoyan.i, Davidson,
T. nucleus, Tlallt
T. primordialis, Whitlii'M,
T. putUlus, Hall, .
T. radiala, JfhitJieUl
T. AVenlockonsis, Davidson,
Tropidoleptus oarinatus, Coju-ad,
T. occulens, JIallf
Uncinella indica, }Faaffen,
Uiicinulina (allat-iosa, Baylc, .
Unciuulus sub-Wilsoni, d'Orb'niy,
Uncites carbouariuj;, Quenstedt,
U. Galloisi, (Ehlert,
U. j^ryphus, Schlotheim, .
U. Icevis^ illcCoy, .
VituUna pnstulosa, Halt^
Volbortliia Rxurva, Katvrya,
PAGE,
PAGE.
. 11,212,213,
251
Wliitllelclella cylindriia. Unit,
11.
61
I,
270
W. intermciUa, Hull.
II. 61,
160
I,
271
W. n.lvilVirmis, //(///,
II,
160
1.271; II,
■214
W. m{h]:i.JIaU, ....
II.
61
I,
272
Waldheimia formoaa. Hall,
II,
110
I,
271
W. globoaa, Hall
II,
111
I,
270
W. rectirostra, Hall,
II,
III
. I, 148
; 11. 137, 138,
140
W- Deweyi, Hall
II,
128
304,
305
Zdimir solus. IJun-ande,
II,
235
II,
30li
Zygospira 1 nquila, Saideson, .
II,
150
11, 110.
123
Z. Cincinnatieusis, jl/ee/:,
II, 156,
167
11,
193
Z. conconti-ic-a, Ulrich, ■
II,
157
II,
ino
Z. unatica, Uall, . . .
I, 157,
169
II,
114
Z. Kentuckicnsis, James.,
[I, 156,
157
11,
115
Z. minima, DiUings,
II,
157
II,
114
Z. mo^\es\.a., (Say) Hall, . II, l.'iS, 1S6, 167, 158,
163
II,
115
Z. ]>aupera, Billings^
II,
157
II, 137, 138,
139
Z. putiUa, sj). nov ,
II, 157,
365
141
Z. recurviroslra. Hall, .
I, 151,
156
■ I.
95
Z. Uphami, Winchcll aui-1 Schuchert, ,
11.
157
PLATES AND EXPLANATIONS.
PLATE XXI.
(Figures 1-29 by !l. P. Whitkikm).)
Leg-end : A- Delthviiuui. c. Ci-uni.
D. Deltidiuin. s. Median septum,
t. Teeth. s'. Callosity in the <leltliyiiuin.
d. Dental plates. x. Crural ridges,
j. Cardinal process r. Diductor scars,
b. Dental sockets.
Genus SPIRIFER, Sowekhv.
Pago 1.
Spirifer Niagarensis, Coin-iul.
Fig. 1. A medium sized specimen ; showing the radiate-lineate exterior.
Fig. 2. The inferior of the cardinal portion of a brachial valve ; showing Ihe crural plates.
Fig. 3. A portion of the interior of the pedicle-valve ; showing the elongate muscular area.
Fig. 4. The median portion of the cardinal areas of conjoined valves; showing the deltidium, cardinal
process and crural plates. X 3.
Fig. 25. The surface characters. X 5.
Niagara group. Lockport, N. F.
Spirifer plicatellus, Liiine.
Figs. 6-8. Figures of typical specimens of this form ; the tirst from Sweden, the other fi'om the Island of
Gotland. Figure 28 is au enlargement of the surface of the latter.
Spirifer kadiatus, Sowcrby.
Fig. 5. A small individual with a few low lateral plications. This is, apparently, one of the passage forms
between the typical iS. plicatellus and the non-jilicate (S*. radiatus. Distinction between the two
forms is not possible among American shells.
Niagara group. Locality f
Fig. 9. A partial cast of the interior ; showing the diductor scars.
Fig. 10. A cardinal view of a specimen partially retaining the deltidium.
Niagara group. Western New York.
Fig. 11. A typical non-plicate adult retaining the deltidium.
Fig. 12. The interior of the pedicle-valve ; showing teeth and muscular scars.
Fig. 13. The interior of the cardinal poi-tion of the brachial valve ; showing the dental sockets and crural
plates.
Fig. 26. An enlargement of the surface characters.
Niagara group. Waldron, Indiana.
Spirifer radiatus, Sowei-liy (?).
Figs. 15, 16. Opposite sides of an internal cast of both valves ; showing the elevated cardinal area, and im-
pi'essions of the long dental plates in figure 16.
Figs. 17, 18. Two views of a lai'ger internal cast; showing the elevated area, and faint median ridge on the
brachial valve.
Fig. 14. The interior of a portion of the conjoined valves ; showing a low median septum in the brachial
valve.
Niagara dolomites. Wisconsin,
This shell is narrower on the lateral slopes than the more typical forms of /S. radiatus, and differs
from them intei'nally in the presence of the slight median septum in the brachial valve.
Palceont.NYVol.lVPiii
Spinfendae
Gfnoi'ir IlliistiMlinni^
Plate m
I'l.ATK XXI— Continued.
Genus SPIRIFEK. Sowkkby.
Page I.
Spikifer Eudoka, Hull.
Fig-. 19. An internal cast ; showinpr the imprefisions of the dental plates.
Fig-. 20. A prcilile of the same.
Niagara group. liacinr, Wisconsin.
Fig. 21. Tiie exterior of tlie pedicle-valve; showing the lineale surface.
Fig. 29. An enlargement of the surface of the .<!ame specimen.
Niagara group. Waldron, Indiana.
SriUIFER MACKOPLEURA, Coiliail.
Fig. 22. A dorsal view of a normal, mature individual ; showing the surface characleiB.
Lower Helder'oerg group. Sclio?iarie, N. T.
Fig. 27. An enlargement of the surface of the same specimen.
Fig. 2.^?. The inteiior of a portion of the pedicle-valve ; showing the callosity of the dellhyriuin.
Fig. 24. An internal cast of the pedicle-valve ; showing the impi-essions of the ]iedicle, adductor and
diductor muscles.
Lower Helderberg group. T/ie Helderbergs, N. T.
PLATE XXII.
(Figures 1-7, 9-U, 17, 18, 22-24 by R. P. Whitfield; 8, 15, 16. 19-21 by F. B. Meek.)
LeKend : A. Cardinal area, pedicle-valve. >;. Diductor scai-a.
t Teeth '^ ■ Socket-walls,
s'. Median lidge. J- Cardinal process,
s', s". Callosity in delthyriiim. 1). Dental sockets.
Gends SPIRIFER, Sowerby.
Page 1.
Spikifek Oweni, Hall.
Fig. 1. Dorsal view of a normal adult.
Fig. 2. A protile of the same.
Fig. 3. The interior of the cardinal portion of a brachial valve ; showing the dental sockets and socket-
walls.
Fig. 4. A portion of the interior of the pcdicle-valve ; showing the apical callosity, and the scar of the
diductor mnscles.
Fig. 5. A corre.sponding portion of a smaller shell of this species.
Fig. 6. The interior of the cardinal poi-tion of two valves in articulation, the pedicle-viilve lying beneath.
Fig. 7. An enlargement of the surface from a worn specimen.
Hamilton group. Clarlie county, Indiana.
Spibifek Pakkyanus, Hall.
Fig. 8. The usual form of the shell ; the cardinal area being foreshortened.
Fig. 9. An enlargement of the surface chai-actei-s.
Limestones of the Hamilton group. Davenport, Imva.
Fi'rs. 15, 16. Two vievv's of an internal cast. This is the con<lition of the shell which has been known as
S. capax. Hall.
Fig. 17. An enlargement of surface stri.-E, in a worn specimen.
Sandstones of the Hamilton gi-oup. Mouth of Pine Creek, Iowa.
Spirifer Makcyi, Hull.
Fig. 10. A normal individual, from which the cardinal extremities have been broken.
Fig. 11. A cardinal view of the same example.
Fig. 12. The interior of a brachial valve ; showing the articulating apjiaratns.
Fig. 13. The interior of a fractured and incomplete portion of the pedicle-valve.
Fig. 14. An enlargement of the surface ; showing the elongate, lachrymiform pustules.
H.imilton group. Qenesee county, N. T.
Spikifer Tullius, Hall.
Fig. 18. The exterior of a pedicle-valve.
Hamilton shales. Onondaga county, N. T.
ypIRlFER LIGUS (= SpIRIFER PENNATU.s), OwCll.
Fig. 19. An adult individual ; showing normal characters.
Fig. 20. A smaller individual.
Fig. 21. Cardinal views of articulated valves.
Figs. 22-24. Enlargements (if the surface, in different conditions of iireservation. Figs. 22 and 24, X 5 ;
fig. 23 a higher enlargement from a poi-tion of fig. 22, in which the fine radiating surface lines
are lost.
Hamilton group. New Buffnlo and Independence, Iowa.
i£3 ia^LE313£i:P ©3J=^
Spiriferidee.
(i <■ 11 (-1 ir IIKist 1 dtions
Palaeont.RYVol.IV.Ptii
Plate aHI
--^^■te^.,.
- -^ — —
14
18 Mfc,.
20
.^'■^
Jf
tevyJ
R,F,V;^nme.a I
HBeraman hi:
x'.
Muscular cavity.
r.
Diductor scars.
j.
Cardinal process.
b.
Dental sockets.
a.
Anterior adductors.
a'.
Posterior adductor?,
PLATE XXIII.
(Figures 1-18 by H. I". Whitfield.)
Legend ; A. Cardinal area, pedicle-valve,
a'. Inner division, pedicle-valve.
&". Outer division, pedicle-valve.
F. Delthyrium.
s'. Apical callosity.
d. Dental lamellee.
X. Pedicle-cavity.
Gknus SPIRIFER, Sowerby.
Page 1.
Spirifer granulosus, Conrad.
Fig. 1. Dorsal view of a normal adult, retaining the shell.
Fig. 2. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the apical callosity in the delthyrium and the character
of the muscular area.
Fig. 3. The interior of a brachial valve ; showing the articulating apparatus and muscular area.
Fig. 4. An enlargement of the surface ; showing the papillose character of the shell.
Fig. 5. The central i)Oition of a cast of the brachial valve; showing the striated cardinal process and the
two pairs of adductor scars. X 2.
Fig. 6. A similar view of another specimen.
Fig. 7. A cast of the muscular area of the pedicle-valve with the muscular impression unusually elongate.
Fig. 8. A similar view of a larger specimen.
Fig. 9. Another view of the same parts, the muscular area being proportionally shorter and smaller than
in the preceding tigure.
Fig. 10. A view of the same charactei'S in another example. All these sjiecimens show variations in the
form of the niusculai' area, the size of the adductor scars as well as diflerent degrees of devel-
opment of the callosity of the delthyrium.
Fig. 11. A portion of the muscular area of the pedicle-valve ; showing its surface markings and the dis-
tinction between the diductor and adductor scars. X 2.
Fig. 12. A profile of an internal cast of the pedicle-valve ; showing the tilling of the rostral and muscular
cavities.
Fig. 13. Similar cast of another pedicle-valve with a more elevated muscular impression.
Fig. 14. An enlargement of a partly exfoliated surface.
Hamilton shales. Western New York.
Fig. 15. An enlargement of a worn surface. The coai'se punctations are not structural but probably due
to some boring sponge.
Hamilton group. Cumberland, Maryland.
Spirifer macrothyris, Hiill.
Fig. 16. The exterior of a full-grown individual.
Fig. 17. A cardinal view of an imperfect specimen ; showing the elevation of the valves.
Fig. 18. An enlai'gement of the surface ; showing the crenulate margins of the concentric lamellsB.
Corniferous limestone. Near Columbus, Ohio.
113 3i ^, © IS 1. B IP % ID ^
Palseonl N.YVolIV^.Ptn
Spiriferid^
Generic Illus' fdlions
Plate X xn:
13 •
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PLATE XXIV.
(Figures 1-J7 hy K. 1'. Whiti ield. I
Legend: A- Delthyrium. '>• Dental Bockets.
I). Deltiiiiiim. c'. Socket-walls.
Dg-. Deltidial grooves. a. Anterior aildnctors.
t. Teeth. a'. Postei'ior adductors,
s'. Ajiical callosity. r. Diductors.
j. Cardinal process.
Genus SPIRIFER, Soweury.
rage 1.
Spirifek audaculus, Coiuail.
Fig. 1. A small individual of normal proportions.
Fig. 2. A brachial valve of an average example.
Fig. 3. The pedicle-valve of a rotnnd specimen.
Figs. 4, 5. Dorsal and profile views of an individual with short hinge and fewer plications.
Fig. 6. Front view of an average adult.
Fig. 7. The inteiior of the brachial valve ; showing the aiticnlating apparatus and muscular scars.
Fig. 8. A cardinal portion of a larger brachial valve ; showing the same strui-turea more distinctly.
Fiu-. 9. The intei'ior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the formation of the apical callosity, and the character of
the muscular area.
Fig. 10. The central portion of the cardinal area of the pedicle-valve, retaining the remnants of the ilel-
tidial covering. X 2.
Fig. 11. A similar view of another example ; showing the high development of the delthyi-ial callosity.
Fig. 12. A part of the brachial valve ; showing the cardinal process, articulating ajiparatus and the char-
acter of the adductor scars. X 2.
Pig. 13. An enlargement of the extei-n.il surface ; showing the grooves on the summits of the plications.
Hamilton shales. Western New York.
Spirifek angustus, Hall.
Figs. 14, 15. Dorsal and ventral views of the exterior of a rather large imlividual.
Fig. 16. A cardinal view of the same specimen.
Fig. 17. An enlargement of the external surface ; showing the flattened plications and incipient grooves.
Spirifer audaculus, v.'ir. macronotus, Hall.
Fig. 18. A cardinal view of a large individual which retains the deltidial covering in a broken condition.
Fig. 19. A cardinal view of a shallower, more extemled individual.
Fig. 20. A protile view of the same.
Fig. 21. A view of the interior of the pedicle-valve, looking into the unibonal cavity ; showing the callosity
and dental plates.
Fig. 22. Central portion of the cardinal area; showing the highly developed delthyi'ial callosity. X 2.
Fig. 23. A similar view of another specimen in which the deltidial covering is retained in a broken con-
dition.
Fig. 24. The interior of a part of the pedicle-valve ; showing the divisions of the muscular area, and the
thickened dental ridges.
Fig. 2.'5. The interioi' of a similar specimen, the apex being removed to show more clearly the details of
the muscular impression.
Figs. 26, 27. Enlargements of the external surface ; showing characters which are often seen on the same
shell.
HaLiilton shales. Wester7i Neio YwJc.
lEJ Ji j^ S, mi 2 ® IP iiD 10 JX. .
Spiriferidae.
Palaeont . N.YVol IV, Pt ji
(iciii'iii- Illustrations;
Plate XXr?
f i
Fig-.
2.
Fig.
3,
Figs.
4,
Vig.
6.
Fig-.
7,
PLATE XXV.
(Kiftures 1-8 by F. B. Mkkk; U-IC, 22--24, 2ii-31 by U. P. Wuitkield; 17-'.;1, 25, 32-35 by E. EMMONS.)
Le^tnii : i\. Delthj rium. j. Cardinal process.
Dg-. Deltiiiiiil groove. b. Dental sockets,
s'. Apical callosity or lube. c. Socket-walls,
s. Median septnni. a. Anterioi' addudors.
d. Dental JaToell!!'. a'. Posterior adductors.
Genus CYRTINA, Davidson.
ra^c 43.
Cyrtina KOSTRATA, Iltlll.
Fig. 1. A front view of a specimen .somewhat below average size.
2. A cardinal view of the same; showing the tubular edge of the median septum within the delthyrium.
A bi'achial valve of a larger example.
5, 8. Views of an old shell, much thickened about the margins of the valves. Fig. 8 shows the
edge of the median septum within the delthyrium.
The interior of a brachial valve.
The interior of the pedicle-valve, looking into the umbonal cavity ; showing the convei'gent dental
lamells, their union with the median septum, and the tubular edge of the latter.
Oriskany sandstone. Albany comity, N. Y., and Cuinberland, Md.
Genus SPIRIFER, Sowerbv.
I'Mge 1.
Spirifer Macbridii, C'alviii.
Fig. 9. The exterior of a brachial valve.
Fig. 10. The exterior of a pedicle-valve, somewhat foreshortened ; showing the faint jilication in the sinus.
Fig. 11. A carilinal view ; showing the elevation of the area, and the degree of development of the apical
callosity.
Fig. 12. The central cardinal portion of the interior of a brachial valve ; showing the articulating appara-
tus and the composition of the musculai' area. X 2.
Fig. 13. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the development of the dental plates.
Fig. 14. The interior of a bi'achial valve retaining the spiral cones; showing their position, number of
volutions and the anterior portion of the long crura.
Figs. 15, 16. Enlargements of the surface ; the former fi'om the lateral i>lications, the latter iVom the median
sinus.
Hamilton group. Mockford, Iowa.
Si'iKiFER s;)., coinp.iri! S. Macbridii, Calvin.
Figs. 17, IS. Views of the exterior of a sjiecimen, with two low, bioad plication.-; iin the median sinus, and
having a somewhat different aspect than normal examples of S. Macbridii.
Fig. 19. An enlargement of the surface, which ia covered with radiating rows of elongate pustules, distinctly
coarser than in iS. Macbridii.
Hamilton gi'oup. Probably from the blue shales at Mod Ls'land, Illinois.
SpnUB'ER ASl'ER, Hall.
Fig. 20. The fi-ont view of a normal individual.
Fig. 21. The exterior of a brachial valve.
Hamilton gi'oup. NeiB Buffalo, Iowa.
Fig. 22. A pedicle-valve viewed from at)ove.
Fig. 23. The cardinal view of a pedicle-valve with highly developed delthy rial callosity ; the central extension
concave on the inner side; .showing the incipient stage of the canaliferous tube of Syrimgothtris.
Fig. 24. An enlargement of the surface.
Hamilton group. Rockford, Iowa.
Fig. 25. The exterior of a pedicle-valve, pi'obably representing this species.
Hamilton grouji. Canandaigua, N. T.
PLATK XXV— Continued.
Genus CiTRTIA, Dayman.
Page 40.
Cyrtia cyrtiniformis, H.ill and Whitfiekl.
Fiffs. 26-28. Three views of a normal example ; ehowing the extei-nal characters.
Fig-. 29. A cardinal view ; showing the great height of the area. X 2.
Fig. 30. The central cardinal portion of the conjoined valves ; showing the dental plates of the pedicle-
valve, the cardinal process and socket-walls of the brachial valve. X 2.
Fig. 31. The interior of a portion of the brachial valve ; showing the cardinal process, dental sockets and
socket-walls, and the subdivision of the muscular area. X 3.
Fig. 32. A specimen, showing the crura, jugal processes and spiial cones.
Hamilton group. Hockford, Iowa.
Genus SYRINGOTHYRIS, A. Winchell.
rage 47.
Syringothyris Hannibalensis, Swallow.
Fig. 33. The exterior of a portion of the brachial valve.
Fig. 34. A cardinal view of the pedicle-valve ; showing the dellhyrial callosity or canaliferous plate.
Fig. 35. The articulating apparatus of the brachial valve. X 2.
Choteau limestone. Pike cauntij, Missouri.
1E3 "J^i ^ :B S 2 I) :P ffl ID -^ .
Spiriferidae
UcniTi" llUisli.ilm
Falaeont N Y Vol lYPt w =Vol Vin.
Plate XXV
E.Emmons del.
pha.Asilith.
PLATE XXVI.
(Figures 1-7, 9-11 by R. 1». Whitfield; 8 by F. B. Meek; 12 by E. Emmons.)
Legend: A. Cardinal area. T'. Internal cast of tube.
A. Delthyriiim. j. Cardinal process.
Dg. Deltidial grooves. b. Dental sockets.
s'. Transverse delthyrial plate. r. Didiietor scars.
T. Tubulai- portion of plate. a. Adductor scars.
Genus CYKTIA, Dalman.
Page 40.
Cyrtia alta, Hall.
Fig-. 1. The internal cast of the brachial valve ; showing- the striated cardinal area, structui-e of the artic-
ulating apparatus and the faint plications on the inedi.in fold.
Fig. 2. The front view of an internal cast of the pedicle- valve; showing the muscular area and the faintly
plicated sinus.
Fig. 3. An exterior view of the cardinal area of the pedicle valve ; showing the concave plate filling the
upper part of the delthyrium.
Fig. 4. A cardinal view of an internal cast of the pedicle-valve ; showing the impi-ession left by the
thickened inner wall of the delthyrial plate.
Fig. 5. A portion of an internal cast of a small brachial valve retaining traces of the muscular sears.
Chemung gi-oup. Meadville, Penn.
Genus SYRINGOTHYRIS, A. Winchell.
Page 47.
Syringothyris typa, a. Winchell.
Fig. 6. The apical portion of a pedicle- valve ; showing the dental plates, the delthyrial plate, with the
central tubular portion projecting beyond its broken margin.
Fig. 7. The opposite side of the same specimen ; showing the extension of the canaliferous tube which is
slit along its inner surface.
Fig. 10. The interior of the umlxmal portion of the pedicle- valve; showing the greatly thickened tubulai-
or canaliferous plate, not closed along its inner surface.
Burlington limestone. Burlington, Iowa.
Syringothyris subcuspidatus, Hall.
Fig. 8. A cardinal view of the original specimen.
Keokuk limestone. Keokuk, Iowa.
Fig. 11. The interior of a large pedicle-valve ; showing the transverse plate and the extension of the tube.
Keokuk group. Nauroo, lUinoi.<s.
Syringothyris texta, Hall.
Fig. 9. Central cardinal portion of an internal 'cast of the conjoined valves ; showing the impressions of
the cardinal process, dental plates and the filling of the tubular portion of the transverse plate.
Fig. 12. A preparation, showing the elongate spiral brachial supports, the jugal processes and a portion
of the crura, (c.)
Keokuk group. Neio Providence, iTidiaiia.
:£j iii^KS^Di? riiuj^
Spiriferidee.
PalaontNYVol IVPt u =Vol '^/in.
Platey^XVI,
■#*
RF.Vrmtheldde^
?ha-AsUitk.
PLATE XXVII.
(Figures 1-17 by E Emmons; 18 by F. B. Meek; 19, 20 by U. P. Wiiitkield.)
Legend : D. Deltidium. d. Dental plati^a.
s'. 'i'l'jmsverse delthyrial plate. a.~Addnctor scars.
T. Tubular jiortion of plate. r. Diducfcor scars.
Genus SYRINGOTHYRIS, A. Winchell.
Page 47.
Syringothyris typa, a. WiiK-!ull.
See Plate 26.
Fig-s. 1, 2. Cardinal and ventral views of one of the original specimens ; showing the normal form of the
species.
Fig. e!. A portion of the umlional region of the pedicle-valve ; showing the dental plates and tubular
transverse plate.
Burlington limestone.
Syringothyris texta, Hall.
See Plate 26.
Fig. 4. The exterior of a large brachial valve ; showing the prevailing extended form of the shell.
Fig. 5. An internal cast of the pedicle-valve ; showing the impres.sionsof the adductor and diductor scars.
Fig. 6. The cai-dinal view of a specimen retaining both valves, and showing the usual elevation of the area.
Fig. 7. The central cardinal portion of the pedicle-valve ; showing the transverse delthyrial plate
and the free, completed extremity of the tube which is elsewhere adherent to the inner surface
of the plate. X 2.
Fig. 8. A transverse section of the pedicle-valve a .short distance below the apex ; showing the dental
lamellte resting on the bottom of the valve, the transverse plate and the adherent tube on the
inner side.
Fig. 9. A section of the same valve nearer the hinge and below the edge of the transverse plate. The
free poi'tion of the tube is seen to be open on the inner side.
Fig. 10. A longitudinal axial section of conjoined valves ; showing the extent of the internal tubular plate.
The portion marked s' is the deltidial covering and is represented incorrectly, as it extends for
only about two-thirds of the distance from the apex to the cardinal process of the brachial
valve.
Fig. 11. A transverse section ; showing the formand extent of the spiral cones.
Fig. 12. An enlargement of the shell-structure ; showing the minute, distant pores scattered among the
fibers.
Keokuk group. Neio Promdence, hidiana.
Syringothyris Randalli, Simpson.
Fig. 13. A cardinal view of an internal cast ; showing the position of the deltidial covering, and the tubular
extension of the apical plate.
Fig. 14. An internal cast of the pedicle-valve ; showing the adductor and diiluctor scars.
Fig. 15. A cardinal view of a specimen retaining the convex deltidial covering.
Fig. 17. A cardinal view of the specimen represented in fig. 14 ; showing the position of the deltidial cov-
ering and of the internal split tube.
Fig. 16. A similar view of another specimen, in which the cast of the tubular plate is concealed by the
upward projection of the filling of the delthyrial cavity. The position of the deltidial covering
is not defined with sufficient distinctness in the figure.
Waverly grouj). Warren, Penn.
PLATE XXVII— Cimlinued.
Syuingothtris subcuspidatus, Hall.
See Plate 26.
Fig. 18. A front view of the iiedicle-valve ; showing its exterior and elevation, with the baso-Luteral mar-
gins of the bi'achial valve.
Keol^uk group. KeokuJc, Iowa.
Genus SPIRIFER, Sowekby.
Page 1.
Spikifer Wortheni, Hall.
Fig. 19. A view of the original specimen.
Fig. 20. An enlargement of the external surface of the .shell.
Upper Helderberg group. Near Hamburg, Illinois.
SS3 Isi ^\. D IS 2 "D IF U X' JS.
SpinferidcP
PalffionlNYVol IV Pt i\ =Vol V!I1
Piale/T'/i
KEmmousdei,
Pi'.u.Ast'ntA.
(Figures
Lefjend :
PLATE XXVIII.
48, 4'.i copies; 2-5, 8-i;i, l.i, il--J9, 31-33, 43, .'iO, 5-,: by R. P. Whitfield; 6, 7, 14, 16-20, 30, 34-42, 44-47, 51,
53, 64 by E. Emmons.
D. Deltidiuiii.
F. Foramen.
d. Dental lamellae,
s. Median septum,
s'. Callosity in dellhyrinm.
T. Tubular edge of the inedinn .seiitum.
j. (Cardinal proces.a.
b. Dental sockets.
c. Soi;ket-walls.
Genus CYRTIA, Dalman.
Page 40.
Cyrtia expokrecta, \\'alileiil)fig.
Fig. 1. The exterior of a normal example. (After Davidson.)^
Figs. 48, 49. {On bottom line of jilate.) Enlarged views; showing the deltidiai covering, foramen and elon-
gate foraminal groove. In fig. 49 the foramen has been normally or casually closed. (After
D.WIDSON.)
Fig. 51. Transverse section of the umbonal region; showing the dental lamellae resting on the bottom of
the valve and the thickening at their union with the deltidiai covering.
Wenlock limestone. England.
Cyrtia exporrecta, Wnlilcnlicig, v.ir. arrecta, Hall and Whitfield-.
Figs. 2, 3. Cardinal and profile views of the original specimen.
Niagara group. Louisville, Kentucky.
Cyrtia radians, .sj). nov.
See Plate 21.
Figs. 4, 5. Cardinal and front views of a small example ; showing the finely radiate-lineate exterior.
Figs. 50, 52. (On bottom line of plate.) The central cardinal area of two examples; showing the direct,
circular foramen and the elongate foraminal groove. X 3.
Clinton group. Rochester, N. Y.
Genus CYRTINA, Davidson.
Page 43.
CyR'IIXA ROSTR.4TA, Hall.
See Plate 25.
Fig. 6. The interior of a pedicle-valve; .showing the junctionof the dental lamellit with the meilian sejitum.
Oriskany sandstone. Cuinberland, Maryland.
Cyktina niPLiCATA, Hall.
Fig. 7. A view of the pedicle-valve of a silicified internal cast ; showing a portion of one of the spirals.
Corniferous limestone. Drift at Ann Harbor, Michigan.
Fig. 8. A cardinal view of conjoined valves ; showing the imperforate deltidium.
Figs. 9, 10. Front and dorsal views of the same specimen.
Schoharie grit. Schoharie, jY. Y.
Cyktina cuiivilineata, White.
Fig. 11. A view of a large specimen ; showing the plicated median fold of the Ijiachial valve, and the dis-
torted umbo of the opposite valve.
Fig. 12. A profile of the same specimen.
PIRATE XXVIII— Continued.
Cyrtina CRASSA, Hull.
Figs. 13, 15. Two views of the exterior of a large individual.
Coniiferous limestone. Phelps, N. Y.
Fig. 14. A cardinal view of a smaller individual, somewhat restored at the apex ; showing the imperforate
deltidial covering and the irregular growth of the shell at the cardinal extremities.
Corniferous limestone. Canandaigua, N. Y.
CvRTiNA UM150NATA, Hall, var. Alpenknsis. var. uov.
Figs. 16, 17. Views of an individual of normal size at this locality, but much larger and more freely jili-
cated than the Iowa forms of C. timbimata.
Fig. 18. The conjoined valves split along the median septum ; showing the extreme anterior extension of
the lattei', its acute anterior extremity, and the penetration of its median edge beyond the base
of the dental lamella.
Kig. 19. Lateral view ; showing the form of the spiral cone, its extension into the cavity divided by the me-
dian septum, and the projection of the loop downward and toward the brachial valve. X 'H- (c.)
Fig. 20. Front view of a preparation ; showing the normal shajie of the spiral cones, which are somewhat
con.stricted at their bases, expand for about one-half their longlh and thence taper very gradu-
ally, terminating in blunt extremities. The form of the crura and loop is also shown. X H. (i^.) '
Hamilton group. Alpena, Michigan.
Cyktina Ha.miltonensis, Hall, var. recta, Hall.
Figa. 21, 22. Views of a normal example ; showing the high, erect carilinal area.
Hamilton gi-oup. Westei'ii New York.
Cyktina Hamilton ensis, Hall.
Fig. 23. Axial section of the combined valves ; showing the form of the median septum and the suppoiled
dental plate.
Fig. 24. An individual sectioned transversely at about the middle of the cardinal area; showing the rela-
tions of the deltidial covering, dental plates, median septum and spiral cones.
Fig. 25. A cardinal view of an internal cast of conjoined valves.
Fig. 26. The interior of abrachial valve ; showing cardinal process, socket-walls and muscular impi-ession.
Fig. 27. The exterior of a pedicle-valve with slightly distorted umbo.
Fig. 28. Opposite side of the same specimen ; showing the elongate foramen on the deltidial plate.
Fig. 29. An internal cast of the pedicle-valve ; showing the position of the median septum.
Fig. 30. A pi-eparation, showing the position ol the spiral cones in the pedicle-valve. X 2. (c.)
Hamilton group. Localities in Western New York and Ontario.
Fig. 31. Cardinal view of a sjiecimen in which the spii'als have been partially silicified. X 2.
C'ornifei'ous limestone. Falls of the Ohio.
Fig. 32. An internal cast of the brachial valve ; showing the adductor scars.
Fig. 33. Knlargemeut of the articulating appaiatus of the brachial valve ; showing cardinal process, den-
tal sockets and socket- walls.
Hamilton group. Western New York.
Fig. 43. An enlargement of the external surface ; showing the tine pustules.
Fig. 45. An enlargement of the shell structure ; showing the inuictte of various sizes, penetrating the tibi'ous
layers.
Fig. 46. A portion of a transvei'se section of the umbonal region ; showing the deltidial covering, and the
thickened dental lamellae at their union with the median septum, the edge of the latter extend-
ing into the deltidial cavity. X 3.
Fig, 53. The deltidial portion of the pedicle-valve enlarged ; showing the elongate foraminal apei'ture and
the tine ci'oss striation of the deltidial covering. X 3.
Hamilton group. Widder, Ontario.
'^ laJ^lDlSllI'ilJlf^ U3I[D^
Palaeont NY Vol IVPt li -Vol VIII,
Spiriforid."iG
Cicnerir Illus t i-.ilions
Plate /y/:
. Lnmons del.
Phil.A?? nth.
PLATE XXVIII— Continued.
Cyrtina triquetea, Hall.
Figs. 34, 35. Views of an average specimen ; showing curxature of the umbo and height of the rardinal
area. X 2.
Hamilton group. Ruck Island, lUhiois.
Cyrtina lachuv!mo.sa, !S[). iiov.
Figs. 36, 37. View.s of an average example ; showing the I'egular, slightly incurved cardinal area, and the
sparsely pustulose exterior. X 2.
Fig. 47. An enlargement of the exterior ; showing the large pustules of various sizes. X 5.
Waverly group. Richfield, Ohio.
Cyrtina acutirostris, Sluiinard.
Fig. 38. An exterior of a brachial valve, unusually extended on the hinge. X 2.
Figs. 39-42. Views of a normal example ; showing the high, incurved cardinal area in figures 39 and 40,
and the strongly lamellose or squamous exterior of the valves in figures 41 and 42. X 2.
Fig. 44. A portion of a transverse section of the umbonal region of a specimen In which the deltidial cov-
ing is lacking ; showing the cavity or tidie formed at the union of the dental lamellse with the
median septum. X 3.
Fig. ,54. The deltidial portion of the pedicle-valve, in which but a part of the deltidial covering is retaine<l ;
showing the edge of the median septum penetrating the deltiduU cavity. X 3.
Choteau limestone. Pike county, Missouri.
PLATE XXIX.
(Figures 1-5, 7-17 by E. Emmons; 6 bj 11. P. WniTFiELn.)
Genus SPIRIFER, Sowerby.
Page ].
Sl'IKIFER ARENOSUS, Coiinul.
Fifj. I. An indiviilual with most of the brachial valve removed ; showing- the brachial cones encrusted
with silica.
Fig. 2. An intei-nal silicious cast from which the calcareou.s spiral ribbon has been nalui-ally removed, ex-
hibiting- the casts of the conical I'Hvilies.
Fig-. 3. A silicified specimen ; showing: a portion of the spiral cones.
Fig. 4. A larger example, slightly reconstructed from a silicified interior ; showing the long crura, the
disconnected .jugal pi-ocesses, the form of the primai-y lamelb-e and the shape ami direction of
the cones.
Oriskany sandstone. Cumberland, Maryland.
SriRIFER AUDACULU.S, Coilivul.
See Plate 24.
Fig. 5. A preparation, showing the character of the brachidium. (c.)
Hamilton group. Canandaiffua Lake, N. Y.
Spirlfer IIungerfordi, Hall.
Fig. 6. A specimen with the brachial valve removed ; showing the form of the brachidium.
Uppei- Devonian. Rochford, Iowa.
Spirtfer gregarius, Clapp.
Fig. 7. A preparation, showing one of the spiral cones, with its jugal process and crus. X 2. (c.)
Corniferous limestone. Falls of the Ohio.
Spirifer mucronatus, Conrad.
Fig. 8. A preparation, showing the form and size of the pi-iraary lamellse aiul the long, tapering spiral
cones, (c.)
Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y.
Spirifer granulosus, Comad.
See Plate 23.
Figs. 9, 10. Two views of a xireparation, showing the form and direction of one of the spirals, (c.)
Hamilton group. Petosky, Michigan.
Figs. 11, 12. A preparation, showing the length of the crura, jugal processes and the narrow, small primary
lamellae, (c.)
Hamilton group. Caiiandaigiia Lake, N. Y.
Spirifer ligus, Owen.
See Plate 22.
Fig. 13. A prepai-ation, showing the crural bases, their .attachment to the crura, and the form of the spiral
cones which appear to have been somewhat disturbed toward the apices, (c.)
Hamilton group. Independence, Iowa.
Spirifer subumbona, Hall.
Fig. 14. A prepai-ation, showing the lax coil of the spiral. X 4. (o.)
Hamilton gi-oup. Western New York.
113 lI3.Jv,©Sin(IlIF (BIS^
Pal^ont.N Y.Vol IVPt ii- Vol VIII,
Sl'lltll T.IMD.V.
( MMK'rii I!lii^lr.ilioiis
Plate XX !X
E EJramons del.
Plul,Asthth.
PLATE XXIX— Continued.
Si'iRiFEU NOBiLis, Bainiiiclc.
Fig. 16. A section along- the longitudinal axis looking into one of the coils. The apparent pi-ocess on the
second volution is casual.
Niagara group. Near Chicagu, Illinois.
Genus AMBOCCELIA, Hall
Page 54.
Ambocoelia umbonata, Connid.
Fig. 15. A preparation, showing the loosely coiled spirals with but few volutions. X 6. (c)
Hamilton gi-oup. Western New York.
Genus SPIRIFERINA, d'Okbigny.
Page 51,
Spirifeuina Kentuckiensis, Shumard.
Fig. 17. A specimen whose brachidium is preserved in pyrite ; showing the united jugal [iroceesea which
form a continuous loop. The pedicle-valve is on the lower side of the figure.
Coal Measures. Vinton county, Ohio,
PLATE XXX.
(Figures 1-17, 19, 20, m-27, 30 by R. P. Whitfield; 18, 21, 22, 28, 29 by F. B. Meek.)
Legend : A. Caiilinal area. t. Teelh.
a'. Iniiei' division. j. Cai'diiial iirocess.
a". Outer division. b. Dental sockets
.A. Delthyrium. a. Adductor scars.
D. Deltidium. r. Diductor scars.
Genus SPIRIFEK, Sowekby.
rage 1.
Sl'IRIFEK CONCINNUS, Hull.
Fig. 1. A large individual ; showing the incipient plications on the fold.
Fig. 2. Cardinal area of the pedicle-valve retaining the deltidial coveiing.
Lower Helderberg group. The Helderbergs, N. Y.
Spirifer ARENOSUS, Coiu-.id.
See Plate 29.
Fig. 3. An entire individual, of small size, compared with the New York examples, but near normal pro-
portions for this locality.
Oriskany sandstone. Cumherland, Maryland,
Fig. 4. The internal cast of a jiedicle-valve ; showing the great diductor scars, enclosing the adductors.
Fig. 5. The central cardinal portion of an internal cast of the brachial valve; showing the form of the
cardinal process and the size of the adductor seal's. X 1^-
Fig. f). The ai'ticulating apparatus of the brachial valve.
Fig. 7. The cardinal area of a pedicle-valve j showing the deltidial covering and teeth
Oi-iskany sandstone. Eastern New York.
Spirifer unicus, Hall ( = S. arenosus, Coiujid).
Fig. 8. The original specimen ; showing the plicated sinus.
Upper Helderberg group. Clarence Hollow, N. ¥.
Spirifer Grieri, Hall.
Figs. 0-11. Views of a normal individual.
Fig. 12. The brachial valve of a larger shell with stronger plications on the fold.
Fig. 13. Front view of the same .specimen.
Upper Helderberg group. Oliio.
Spirifer disjunctus, Soweiliy.
Fig. 14. The internal cast of a pedicle-valve with alate cardinal extremities ; showing the size and composi-
tion of the muscular area.
Chemung group. Meadville, Penn.
Fig. 15. A small, nearly entire individual, retaining the shell.
Fig. 17. The internal cast of a small, short-winged pedicle-valve.
Sandstones of the Chemung group. Western New York.
Spirifer disjunctus, Sowei-by, var. sulcifer, var. iiov.
Fig. 16. The internal cast of a brachial valve ; showing the sulcus on the plicated median fold.
Chemung group. Near Olean, N. Y.
Spirifer Whitneyi, Hall.
Fig. 18. An individual of normal size, but rather short hinge.
Fig. 19. The interior of a brachial valve.
Chemung group. Rockford, Iowa.
Palaeont.N.Y.VolT/.Ptii
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PLATE XXX— Continued.
SriRiFER Orestes, Hall mid Whitlickl.
Fig. 20. A normal adult imiividual.
Chemung' group. Rockford, lo^oa,
Spirifer Keokuk, Hall.
Figs. 21, 22. Views of a normal inilividual.
Keokuk group. Keokuk, Iowa.
Fig. 23. A small example, with short, rounded cardinal extremities.
Keokuk group. Lizard Creek, Iowa.
Fig. 24. A specimen with extended hinge ; showing the extreme of variation in form.
Keokuk group. Marion county, loxoa.
Spirifer Leidyi, Norwood aiul Pratteii.
Figs. 35, 26 Dor.sa! and profile views of a normal example.
Chester limestone. Chester, Illinois.
Spirifer increbescens, Hall.
Figfs. 27, 28. Dorsal and profile views of a rather large shell, with relatively short hinge.
Fig. 29. A smaller individual, with more extended hinge-line.
Fig. 30. Enlargement of the surface characters in this species.
Chester limestone. Chester, Illinois.
PLATE XXXI.
(FigureB 1-3, 6-10, 12, 15, 18, 19 by 11. P. Whitfield; 4,5, 11, 13, U, Hi, 17 l)y K. B. Meek.)
Legend : A. Cardinal area. j. Cardinal process.
Adt. Denticulat(!d cardinal margin. b. Dental sockets.
D{f. Deltidial grooves. a. Adductor scars.
s'. Callosity in delthyriiim. r. Diductor scars.
t. Teeth.
Genus SPIKIFEK, Sowerby.
Page 1.
Spikifer increbescens, Hall.
See Plate 30.
Fig. 1. A portion of the interior of the pedicle-valve ; showing the denticulatioiis along the cardinal mar-
gin, the delthyrial callosity and the form of the muscular scar.
Fig. 2. Corresponding portion of a brachial valve ; showing cardinal process and dental sockets.
Fig. 3. An enlargement of the cardinal area to show the denticulated cardinal edge of the pedicle-valve.
The surface of the shell on the area is somewhat exfoliated, exposing the series of vertical
canals, each of which terminates in a denticle. The margin of the brachial valve shows a series
of small sockets corresponding to the denticles.
Chester limestone. Chester, lUbwis.
Sfirifek opimus, Hull.
Figs. 4, 5. Bi'achial and profile views of a normal individual.
Coal Measures. Iowa.
Fig. 6. The interior of the pedicle-valve ; showing the character of the muscular impression.
Fig. 7. The interior of a brachial valve.
Coal Measures. Bomjardim, Brazil.
Spirifer Grim ESI, Hall.
Fig. 8. A cardinal view ; showing the high, relatively short area, and the convexity of the valves.
Fig. 16. Dors.al view of a nearly entire individual of normal mature size.
Fig. 17. The interior of a portion of the pedicle-valve ; .showing the structure of the muscular area.
Fig. 18. A portion of an internal cast of the pedicle-valve; showing the impre.ssions of the adductor and
liiductor muscular scars.
Fig. 19. Enlargement of the radiating surface stris.
Bui-lington limestone. Burlington, Iowa.
Spihifer Newberryi, s[). nov.
Fig. 9. The exterior of the brachial valve ; showing the fine plications.
Fig. 10. An enlargement of the surface ; showing the fine striae.
Waverly group. Oliio.
Spirifee imbrex, Hall.
Fig. 11. The exterior of a brachial valve.
Fig. 12. An enlargement of the surface ; showing the bifurcating plications and the lamellose concentric striae.
Burlington limestone. Burlington, Iowa.
Spirifer sub^qualis, Hall.
Figs. 13, 14. Cardinal and dorsal views of the original specimen ; showing the imbricated exterior.
Warsaw limestone. Warsaw, Illinois.
Spirifer Marionensis, Shuniaid.
Fig. 15. A view of a rathei' small example ; showing the fasciculate plications.
Choteau limestone. Pike comity, Missouri.
113 :3i J^ 'r: :m. :l 13 :3' D 's) Js.
Palceont.Ny.Vol.lV.Ptii
S Dint en dee.
Generic Ulustralions
Plate XXXI,
R-P WhitiiT!'! dc:
Phu Aei hOi.
PLATE XXXII.
(Figures 1-3, 7-10, 12-15 by [i. P. Whitfield; 4-«, 11 bv F. B. Meek.)
Legend : A- Delthyi ium. a. Anterior adductoi'S.
t. Teeth. a'. Posterior adductors,
s. Delthyrial callosity. r. Diductors.
Genus SPIRIFER, Sowerby.
I'age 1.
Spirifeb lateralis, Hall.
Fig. 1. Dorsal view of a large and rather convex individual.
Fig. 2. Front or mai'ginal view of the same specimen.
Fig. 3. An enlargement of the surface ; showing the pustulose stria; on the plications.
Warsaw limestone. Warsaw, Illinois.
Spirifer tenuimarginatus, Hall.
Figs. 4, 6. Views of an individual of normal size.
Keokuk group. Keokuk, Iowa.
Spirifer rostellatus, Hall.
Fig. 5. A dorsal view of the original specimen.
Keokuk group. Skunk River, Iowa.
Spirifer Logani, Hall.
Fig. 7. A dorsal view of the original specimen ; showing the gi-eat size and general external characters
of the species.
Fig. 8. The interior of a portion of the pedicle-valve j showing the articulating apparatus and the adduc-
tor and diductor muaculars scars.
Keokuk limestone. Near Naiivoo, Illinois.
Spirifer cameratus, Morton.
Fig. 9. A large individual ; showing the usual angular fasciculation of the plications.
Fig. 10. Front view of the same specimen; showing the relative size of fold and sinus.
Coal Measures. Missouri.
Fig. 11. An individual with broad, low fascicles composed of rounded plications. The breadth of the
fascicles is somewhat unusual.
Coal Measures. Iowa.
Fig. 12. An example with the fascicles reduced to sharp, coarse, angular, bifurcating plications. This form
and that represented in fig. 11, indicate the extremes of variation in exterior in this species.
Fig. 13. An enlargement of a portion of the internal cast of the brachial valve ; showing the narrow mus-
cular impression and the anterior and posterior adductor scars.
Fig. 14. An enlargement of a similar portion of a cast of the pedicle-valve ; showing the composition of the
muscular area.
Fig. 15. An enlargement of the surface ornamentation. The surface is marked by extremely fine concentric
striiB, which are minutely papillose. Distinct imbricating lines of growth supervene towards
the anterior margin.
Coal Measures. OMo and Illinois. _
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(brachial valve).
g-
Rostral callosity.
)>.
Dental sockets.
c.
Crura.
sp.
Spirals.
a.
Adductor scars.
1-.
Diiluctor scars.
PLATE XXXIII.
(Figures 1-23, 27 by R. 1". WiiiTriELD; 2l-'2(; liy F. B. Mkkk.)
Legend : A. Cardinal area.
D. Deltidium.
f. Foramen,
t. Teetli.
s. Median sejitum.
s'. Deltliyrial callosity.
D}f. Marj,'iiis of deUliyrium (brachial
valve).
Genus SPIRIFER, Sowerby.
l»a;;e 1.
Spirifer tkibulis, I hill.
Fig-. 1. The exterior of a brachial valve of an average example; showing the lamellose surface.
Fig. 2. The exterior of a brachial valve.
Fig. 3. The interior of a i)eilicle-valve ; showing the character of the muscular area.
Fig. 4. k cardinal view of conjoined valves ; showing the elevation of the area.
Oi'iskany saii<lstone. Cumherland, Maryland.
SriUlFER SUBMUCRONATUS, ILlll.
Fig. .'). The extei-ior of a normal example, retaining the deltidial covering and showing the foramen
Fig. B. An enlargement of the cardinal portion of the same specimen ; showing the foramen at its
summit.
Fig. 7. An enlargement of the surface ; showing fine radial striations on the summit of each lamella.
The shading upon this figure is such as to give an incori-ect expression to the projection of the
concentric lamellae.
Oriskany sandstone. Cumberland, Marylatid.
Spirifer DUOUENARIUS, Ililll.
Figs. 8, 9. Dorsal and cardinal views of a normal adult ; showing general form and external characters.
Fig. 10 The interior of a portion of the pedicle-valve ; showing the dental himella% the aiiical callosity and
the low median septum.
Fig. 13. An enlargement of the external surface ; showing the timbi-iated lamella;. As m tig. 7 the shading
is applied in such a manner as to give an incoriect apjiearance to the lamellic.
Corniferous limestone. Western New York.
Fig. 11. The internal cast of a pedicle-valve ; showing the outline of the muscular area.
Fig. 12. The internal cast of a brachial valve.
Schoharie grit. Schoharie county, N. Y.
Figs. 14, 15. Two views of- a specimen doubtfully referred to this species.
Locality f
iSpIRIFER CUMBERLANDI.E, llull.
Fig. 16. An individual of normal proportions, retaining the deltidial covering and showing the concentric
lamelke.
Fig. 17. A partial cast of the interior of a pedicle-valve, retaining the spirals and showing the impression
of the deep, muscular scars.
Fig. IS. Profile of the specimen represented in fig. 16.
Fig. 19. The interior of a brachial valve ; showing the articulating apparatus and low median ridge.
Fig. 20. The interior of an imjierfect pedicle-valve, retaining the perforated deltidial covering; showing
the articulating ajiparatu-s and the composition of tlie muscidar area, with a minute foramen
at the summit of the deltidial jilate.
Fig. 21. An enlargement of the umbonal portion of the same specimen.
PLATE XXXIII— Continued.
Fig-. 22. An enlargement of the umbonal portion of the brachial valve represented in li','. !!• ; showing the
sti'ucture of the articmlatin;,'- apparatus with more detail, the j'nrtially closed foramen at the
apex of the valve, and the low median septnm.
Fig. 23. An enlargement of the surface; a portion of the concentric lamella' showing faint i-adial strialions,
Oriskany sandstone. Cumbtrland, Maryland.
SpIRIFEB ARRECTUS, Hill I.
Fig 24. The exterior of an exfoliated pedicle-valve.
Fig. 25. The exterioi- of a large brachial valve, retaining a few of the concentric lamellae.
Kig. 2tj. The internal oast of a pedicle-valve ; showing the cast of the deep muscular impression.
Fig 27. An enlargement of the external surface. This rejiresentation is very imperfect. The exterior of
the shell is strongly lamellose, each lamella bearing a series of simple spinules.
Oriskany sandstone. Albany county, N. T.
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Palaeont.N.YVol,TV,Pth,
Spirifcridae
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PLATE XXXIV.
(Figures 1-33 by R. P. Whitfiki.d.i
Leg-end : A. Cimliiial area (outer division). j. Cjiidinal ))i'0(:ess.
A'. Cardinal area (inner division). b. D(Mital so(!kels.
A. Delthyrium. c. Sooket-walls.
s'. Delthyrial calUxsity. .s. Median septum,
t. Teeth a. Adductor scars,
d. Dental lamellse. r. Diductor scars.
Genus SPIRIFER, Soweuby.
Pape 1.
Spihifer maceus, H;ill.
Fii^. 1. The exterior of a pedicle- valve ; showing- the lamellose character of the sni-face.
Corniferous limestone. Western New York.
Fig. 2. A cardinal view of an internal cast of the pedicle-valve.
Fig. 3. An internal cast of the pedicle-valve ; showing the size of the muscidar impres.'iion.
Schohai-ie grit. Schoharie, iV. T.
Spirifer varicosus, Hall.
Fig. 4. A brachial valve ; showing the character of the external surface.
Fig. 5. A cardin.ll view ; showing the height of the cardinal area and the width of the delthyi-inin.
Fig. 6. The interior of a brachial valve ; showing the articulating apparatus. X 2.
Fig. 7. The interior of a portion of the pedicle-valve with a highly developed delthyrial callosity.
Fig. 8. An enlarged view of another specimen showing the same structure.
Uppei' Helderbei-g group. Williaiiisiiille and western New York.
Spirifer consobrinus, d'Orbigiiy (= Spirifer zic-zac, II.ill).
See Plate 35.
Fig. fl. A normal adult ; showing the lamellose exterior, .ind the sulcus on the median fold.
Hamilton group. Western New York.
Spirifer arctisegmentus, Htill.
Fig. 10. A pedicle-valve, viewed fi-om the apex.
Fig. 11. A cardinal view of the same sj^ecimen ; showing the height of the area, its outer and inner divi-
sions, and the form of the delthyrium.
Fig. 12. An enlargement of the lamellose external surface.
Hamilton group. Clarke county, Indiana.
Spirifer muceonatus, Connid.
Fig. 13. A specimen of the usual foi-m and proportions in the soft shales ; showing the lamellose exterior.
Fig. 14. A shorter and more rotund specimen.
Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y.
Fig. 15. A small pedicle-v.alve with highly extended cardinal extremities.
Marcellus shales. Near Alden, N. Y.
Fig. 16. A specimen with long, narrow, acuminate cai'diual extremities. This is a somewhat unusual form.
Hamilton group. Darien Centei; N. Y.
Fig. 17. The interior of a brachial valve ; showing the articulating apjiaratus and muscular area.
Fig. 18. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the teeth and muscular area.
Fig. 19. An enlargement of a portion of the brachial valve ; showing the detailed structure of the dental
sockets, cardinal process and adductor muscular scars.
Fig. 20. A similar enlargement of the corresponding parts of the pedicle-valve, the muscular impressions
being much broader than in the preceding specimen.
PLATK XXXIV— Continued .
Fig-. 21. An enlargement of the external lamellose surface.
Hamilton group. Western Nevi York.
Pig. 22. An internal cast of a pedicle-valve with greatly extencieil and attenuate cardinal extremities. This
and approximate forms are very abundant in the coarser shales of Albany, Schoharie and
Otsego counties.
Hamilton group (sandy shales). Schoharie county, N. T.
Spirifek bimesialis, Hall.
Fig. 23. A cardinal view of conjoined valves ; showing the lieight and slight incurvatui-e of the area.
Fig. 24. The exterior of a brachial valve.
Fig. 25. The exterior of a specimen more extended on the hingo.
Fig. 26. An enlargement of the external surface ; showing the imbricating lamell.-E.
Upper Devonian. Tndependence, Iowa.
Spiuifer mucronatds, Conrad, v;ir. posterus, var. nov.
(This shell in one of its forms was iilentified as DeWiyris mucronata, in Geology of New York ;
Reporton the Fourth District, 1843 (p. 270, fig. 3), and the shell termed in that work D. acuminata.
Hall, is probably the same form. It is a variation from the typical form oi 8. nmcronatus,
similar to those represented in tigs. 15 and Ki of this plate, with broad or narrow bodies anil
acuminate cardinal extremities. The original term, acuminata, can not be applied to this shell
on account of preoccupancy.)
Fig. 27. The exterior of a brachial valve ; showing the lamellose surface and extended cardinal extremities.
Fig. 28. An internal cast of the pedicle-valve ; showing the impression of the muscular area but no evi-
dence of the median septum which exists in S. mesacostalis.
Figs. 29, 30. Internal casts of brachial valves.
Fig. 31. The central portion of an interior of the brachial valve, enlarged ; showing the muscular scars
and articulating apparatus.
Chemung group. Toinjikin.': comity, N. Y.
Spirifer mesacostali.'?, Hall.
Fig. 32. View of the exterior, of an extended siiecimen ; showing the lamellose surface and biplicate
median fold.
Fig. 33. A pedicle-valve ; showing the plication in the median sinus.
Chemung group. Allegany county, N. Y.
Fig. 34. A cardinal view of conjoined valves ; showing the width of the cardinal areas.
The smaller and shorter forms of this species ciiffer little in general aspect from Sp. muci-onatus in
some of its varieties, and in its sqiiamose surface, but the cardinal area is distinctly wider, the
median fold deeply duplicate and an angular iilication in the median sinus. The casts of the
interior are readily distinguished by the presence of a distinct septum in the ventral valve.
II^ili^'l3^a:®lP nJlD^
Palaeonl - NYVol IV. Pt ii
Spinferidae
Generic IlKislration:?
Plate XZY'Y
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PLATE XXXV.
(Figures 1-29 by R. P. Whitfield.)
Legend ; D. Deltidial plates. j. Cardinal process.
/I. Delthyriuin. b. Dental sockets.
F. Foramen. c. Crura,
t. Teeth. a. Anterior adductors,
d. Dental lamellae. a'. Posterioi- adductors.
X. Pedicle-cavity. r. Diductors.
s. Median septum.
Grnus SPIRIFER, SowEKiiY.
Page 1.
Spirifer sulcatus, HLsinger.
Fig-. 1. An inilividual of normal proportions ; showing- the lamellose exterior.
Figs. 2, 3. Enlargements of the central portion of the cai-dinal area of two examples. The deltidial plates
have not united in either sjiecimeu, but have attained a more adv.anced development in fig. 2
than in fig. 3.
Fig. 4. Enlargement of the external laraellose suvfai:e ; showing the minute pustules on the radial stria-
tions.
Niagara group. Lockport, N. Y.
Spirifer karicostus, Coiirad.
Fig. 5. A brachial view of a specimen of ordinary size.
Fig. 6. An enlai'geiuent of the surface of the same specimen ; .showing the inequidistant lamellae.
Corniferous limestone. Central Kew Ym-k.
Spirifer perlamellosus, Hall.
Fig. 7. A normal adult shell, retaining the deltidial covering and foramen.
Fig. 8. A median longitudinal section of conjoined valves ; showing the dental plates and median septum
of the pedicle-valve and the crura of the brachial valve.
Fig. 9. -An enlargement of the external surface ; showing the crowded and radially striated lamellae.
Fig. 10. An enlargement of the central portion of the cardinal area, bearing a perforated deltidial covering
in which the plates .are completely coalesced and extend to the beak of the brachial valve.
Fig. 11. A similar enlargement from another specimen, having a shorter deltidial covering.
Fig. 12. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the imperforate deltidial covering and the median
septum.
Fig. 13. An enlargement of the central jiortion of a brachial valve ; showing the crura and the peculiar
bilobed form of the cardinal process lying at the base of the socket-walls.
Lower Helderberg group. The Helderhergs, N. Y.
Spirifer raricostus, Conrad.
Fig. 14. An enlargement of the central portion of the cardinal area ; showing its transverse striation and
the incipient deltidial plates.
Corniferous limestone. Albany county, N. Y.
Fig. 15. An oblique view of the pedicle-valve ; showing the median septum.
Corniferous limestone. Western New York.
Fi". 16. The interior of a pedicle-valve of a small individual ; showing the teeth and low septum.
Fi". 17. An internal cast of a pedicle-valve ; showing the filling of the rostral cavity, the position of the
median septum and the impression of the muscular scars.
Schoharie grit. Albany county, N. Y.
PLATE XXXV— Cimtiimed.
Spibifek consobrinus, (I'Oibigiiy.
See Plate 34.
Fig. 18. The interior of an imperfect pedicle-valve ; showing- the median septum, which appears as a h)w
riiige in the bottom of the valve.
Hamilton group. Western New Tork.
Genus SPIRIFERINA, d'Orbigny.
Page .51.
Spiriferina transversa, McChesney.
Fig. 19. An entire specimen ; showing the general form and proportions, and the lainellose exterior.
Fig. 20. The interior of a portion of the pedicle valve ; showing the median septum.
Chester limestone. Bmzard.t' Rooat, Alabama.
Fig. 23. A cardinal view of an individual with a high area.
Fig. 24. Oblique view of the interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the median septum
Fig. 25. The interior of a brachial valve; showing cardinal process, dental sockets and low median ridge.
X2.
Carboniferous limestone. Itaituba, Brazil.
(Figs. 23-2.') are fi'om specimens figured by Derby, Bulletin of the Cornell University, vol. i, i)l. ii,
fig. 6 ; pi. iii, fig. 12 ; pi. v, fig. 4. 1874.)
Spiriferina subelliptica. McChesney.
Fig. 21. The interior of a portion of the pedicle-valve; showing median septum and musculai' scars.
Fig. 22. The interior of a portion of the brachial valve ; showing the articulating apjjaratus, elevated mus-
cular ridges and low median I'idge. X 2.
Keokuk group. New Prmiidenee, Indiana.
'Spiriferina spinosa, Norwood miil Pratlt'ii.
Figs. 26, 27. Views of an entire example ; showing the exterior characters.
Fig. 28. A longitudinal median section through conjoined valves ; showing the height of the median
septum.
Fig. 23. An enl.argement of the external surface ; showing the bases of the spinules and the punctie of the
shell.
Chester limestone. CheMet; llHiiois.
ifj Hi ^ 'i; lii: 11 D IP u iLj ^
Palffionl.N.YVolIV.Ptii
Spirifendee^
GeiicMir lIliiKl fill ions
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PLATE XXXVI.
(Figures 1-30 by K. 1'. WiHTi'IEi.D.)
Legem! (except tij;iire 80) :
I). Deltiilial plates. j. Cardinal process.
A. Dellhyrinm. 1). Dental .sockets,
t. Teeth. c. Socket-walls.
(1. Dental lamellie. a. Adductor scai-s.
y. Rostral cavity. d. Diductor scars.
s. Median septum. v. Vascular sinuses.
Genus SPIRIFER, Sowerby.
Si'iKiFER CRisrus, Hisiiigcr.
Fig. 1. The exterior of a normal adult. X 2.
Fig-. 2. An enlargement of the umbonal region ; showing the undefined cardinal area and iticipiciit <lel-
tidial plates.
Niagara group. Rochester, N. Y,
Fig. 3. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing a more sharply defined area, and strong dent.il lamella.
X 3.
Fig-. 4. The interior of a brachial valve ; showing area and articulating apparatus. X 3.
Niagara group. JValdron, Indiana.
I'"ig. r>. An enlargement of a portion of the interior of the brachial valve; showing the ar-ticulating
apparatus and cardinal proce.ss.
Fig. 6. An enlargement of the external surface ; showing the closely crow<leil lamelhe bearing bases of
minute spinules.
Niagara group. Roclnster, N. Y.
Sl'IKIFER BICOSTATU.f, HmII.
Fig. 7. The exterior of a normal specimen ; showing the lamellose suj-face.
Niagara g-rou p. Vernon Center, N. Y.
yriRIFKR TENUISTRIATUS, Hall.
Fig. 8. View of the original specimen ; showing the radially striated plications.
Lower Helderberg group. Decatur county, Tennessee.
Spirifer orispatus, sp. nov.
Figs. 9, 10. Views of a coarsely plicate, highly lamellose shell, probably representing an undescribed species.
Niagara group. Maryland.
SrruiFER Vanuxemi, H,-i11.
Fig. 11. The exterior of a normal individual ; showing the elevation of the umbo of the pedicle-valve, the
undefined cardinal area and the lamellose surface. X 2.
Lower Helderberg group. Litchfield, N. Y.
Spirifer cyclopterus, Hull.
Fig. 12. The exterior of an average specimen.
Fig. 13. The interior of a portion of a pedicle-valve ; sho-wing teeth and muscular impression. X 2.
Lower Helderbei-g group. Schoharie, N. Y.
I'LATH XXXVI— Continued.
GicNus SPIRIFERINA, dOrbigny.
I'aRe 51.
SiMitiFERiNA Kentuckien.sis, Slllllliard.
Fig'. 14. The extei'ior of a peilicle-valve.
Fig-. 15. An ol)rKiue vicnv of the interior of tho jieilidfi-valve ; allowing tlie median septum anci mascular
inipres.sions.
Fig. 16. Tlie carilinal view of an exfoliated slieil ; Kliowing- the ch.ai-actoi- of tlie area and deltidial plates.
Coal Measures. Illinois.
Genus SPIKIFEK, .SowEiun-.
Page 1.
Spirifeu fimbriatus, Conrad.
See Plate 38.
Fig. 17. The internal cast of a pedicle-valve ; showing the composition of the muscular ai-ea.
Schoharie giit. Schoharie, N. Y.
Figs. 18, 19. Dorsal and profile views of a normal example; showing the lateral plications and the con-
centrically striated surface covei-ed with the bases of spinules.
Upper Helderberg group. Western JS'ew York.
Fig. 20. An enlargement of the surface ; showing the bases of the spinules.
Fig. 21. A pedicle- valve which retains a portion of the spinules.
Hamilton group. Western New York.
Fig. 22. A cardinal view of an internal cast of conjoined valves; showing the vasculai' sinuses.
Hamilton group. Hardy comity, Virginia.
SpIRIFER PRyEMATURU.S, Hilll.
Fig. 23. Tlie internal cast of a pedicle-valve, retaining a trace of a median septum.
Chemung group. Allegany county, N. Y.
Fig. 24. The internal cast of a pedicle-valve j showing the impressions of the dental lamella; and a low
median septum.
Fig. [25. Another cast of the pedicle- valve, which i-etains the muscular impression.
Chemung group. Meadville, Pennsylvania.
Sfirifer SETIGERUS, Htlll.
Figs. 26, 27. Dorsal and profile views of a rotund, normal example ; showing the incipient deltidial plates
and fimbriated lamellse.
Chester limestone. Chester, llli7iois.
SpIRIFER PSEUDOLINEATUS, Hall.
Fig. 28. The cardinal view of a large example.
Fig. 29. A dorsal view of the same specimen ; the shell has been exfoliated on different parts of the sur-
face, presenting the features shown in figure 30.
Fig. 30. An enlargement of the surface ; showing the tubular chara,cter of the surface spinules, and, at
e, the penetration of these tubes beneath the epidermal layer of the shell. The spinules are
represented as simple, shoi-t and blunt, but they are, on the contrary, fui'nished with rows of
lateral branches, and are long, slen<ler and acute.
Keokuk limestone. Keokuk, Iowa.
IE L-i, JA, £ JI 2 D If^ TO IID Jk
Sp:riferidap
PalsRoni. NYVcIIV.Ptii.
Ci (MU'iu- Tlliistralioiis
Plate mn
1 A
i^'Mijmi
24
J
5 i
C
m
41
y., " a J.
22
23
28
R,P Whitfield c
PLATE XXXVII.
(Figs. 1-12,26-31 bj- U. I". WHiriiKi-i); 13-15,18, 19, 23, 24 by E. Emmons; 16,17,20-22, 25, 32, 33 by G B. SiMi'SON.)
Genus SPIRIFER, Sowkkhy.
Pufc'O 1.
SPIKIFEli NlAOAUENSIS, CoiUad.
See Plale 21.
Fig. 1. An enUrg-eil view of the deltiilial i-egpion of the pedicle-valve ; showing the uncompleted growth
of the deltidial plates.
Niagara shales. Western New York.
Spirifeu nobu-is, 15:iri;iii(l('.
Fig.s. 2, 3. Opposite sides of an internal cast ; showing the coarse, duplicating pli<-ations, the impressions
of strong dental lanudhe and a low median ridge in the jiedicle-valve.
Niagara dolomites. Racine, Wisconsin.
Spirifer mesastkialis, Hall.
Fig. 4. The exterior of a brachial valve, with highly extended cardinal extremities.
Fig. 5. The brachial valve of a specimen much shorter on the hinge. Both specimens show the fine slria-
tion of the median fold.
Chemung gi-oup. /Southwestern New York.
Spiuifeu Tullius, Hall.
Figs. 6, 7. Views of .an avei-age specimen. The tine radial lineatiun of the surface is not shown in the
figures.
Hamilton shales. Skaneateles, N. Y.
Spibifer sculptilis. Hull.
Fig. 8. Exterior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the strong, distant laniell.'e.
Hamilton group. Western New York.
Spirifeu con.^op.uixus d'Orliigiiy (=S. zic-zac. Hall).
See Plate 'M.
Figs. 9, 10. Views of both valves of a normal example ; showing the sharp plications and the closely
crowded concentric lamelliE.
Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y.
Spikifkr gregarius, Clapp.
Figs. 11, 12. Two views of an average specimen ; showing the short hinge, prominent umbo, and the bioad,
deep sinus of the pedicle-valve.
Corniferous limestone. Falls of Vie Ohio.
Spirifer Keokuk, Hall, var. ?
Figs. 13-15. Views of a silicitieil shell, with sharp lateral plications, and low duplicate median plications on
the fold and sinus.
St. Louis group. Southern Indiana 1
Spirifer Tex anus. ^Icck.
Figs. 16, 17. Views of a rather small specimen'; showing the short hinge, nlnugate form .-uid highly arched
umbo of the pedicle-valve.
Carboniferous limestone. Graham county, Texa.'i.
I'LATE XXXVII— Continued.
Si'iKFFER FoKBKSi. Norwood iiiul Prattoii.
Fi". IS. An eiilarj^etl view of the cai'dinal area of the pedicle valve, from which the siii-face layei- has been
partially exfoliated, exposing the vertical canals traversing- the shell-snV>stance.
Bnrlington limestone. BwrlingUni, Iowa.
Spirifek lateralis. Hall.
See Plate 32.
Fi". 19. An enlargement of the caidinal area, showing features similar to tlie pre(-e(iing.
Warsaw group. Cli/ttm, Illinois.
Spirifer Williamsi, sp. IIOV.
Fio-s. 20-22. Views of an enlarged example ; showing the low, coai'.se and i^parfe plication of the median
fold and sinns.
Chemung group. Allegany county, N. Y.
SrIRIFER CaNANDAICU^, .sj). IIOV.
Figs. 23, 24. Two views of a somewhat distorted individual ; showing the low, roniuled hiteral plications
and narrow umbo.
Fig. 25. An enlargement of the surface ; showing the closely crowded concentric rows of fine grannies or
spine-bases. X u.
Hamilton shales. Canandaigua Lake, N. T.
Spirifer Hungerfordi, Hall.
Fio-a. 26, 27. Dorsal and profile views of a specimen with elongate outline and short hinge.
Fig. 28. Anterior view of the same individual ; showing the ilevelopment of the median fold and sinus.
Fig. 29. A shell with an extended hinge-line and short longitudinal axis; presenting the extreme of varia-
tion in this respect.
Fig. 30. The central jiortion of the interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the teeth, dental lamellie and mus-
cular impressions. X 2.
Upper Devonian. Rochford, Iowa.
Spirifer plenus, Hall.
See Geol. Rept. of Iowa, p. 603, pi. xiii. 1858.
Fig. 32. An eidargement of a poi'tion of the inner surface of the shell ; showing the puncta. X 4.
Fig. 38. A portion of the external surface near the anterioi' margin. X 6.
Burlington limestone. Burlington, Iowa.
113 Ili^(S31III©IP ®IS^
Palseonl NY Vol IV Pt 11 = Vol VIII.
si'iini i;iiii).v.
Cm'Tutu 1 11 ii>>triili<iM*
Plate XX XVII
^mmwz
'•': ■V::^.)iiUM\\iillAtii\isiii(\iiijik
%
'^^-^
5&3&^*j
iUl;iiiilJ:>i*'ii'
RF- Whitfield del
Phil.Astliiii.
PLATE XXXVIII.
(Figs, 1-8, 11-13, 16-19 by U. P. Wihtfiei.d; 9, 10, 14 by G. B. SisirsoN )
Genus SPIKIFEK, Sowerby.
Page 1.
Spiriker modestus, Hall.
Fii'. 1. A silii'itieii example ; .'showing the usual condition of the exterior, ami the absence of uuy defined
cardinal area. X '2.
Fi"'. 3. The interior of a poi'tion of the pedicle-valve ; showing- the form of the nmscular area.
Lower Helderberg group. Cumberland, Maryland.
Spirifer lineatus, Martin.
Figs. 2, 4. Two views of a small specimen ; showing the form and usual condition of the surface.
Fig. 7. An enlargement of the surface ; showing the spine-bases along the gi-owth-lines.
Fig. 8. An enlargement of the cardinal area of the specimen represented in tig. 4 ; showing the incipient
development of the deltidial plates and limitation of the cardinal area.
Coal Measures. Imoa.
. Spirifer Maia, Billings.
Figs. 5, 6. Two individuals, showing .slight variations in length of hinge and marginal outline.
Corniferous limestone. Near Cvluiiibus, Ohio.
Spirifer fimbriatus, Ci)nracl.
See plate 36.
Fig. 9. An enlargement of a portion of tlie exterior ; showing the long, medially gi'ooved and divided
surface-spines, with their lateral spinules. X 3.
Fig. 10. A thin section of these compound spines ; showing their interior tilling and the lateral spinules. X 3.
Hamilton shales. Caiiandaigm Lake, N. Y.
Spirifer l^vis, Hall.
Fig. 11. A cardinal view of the pedicle-valve ; showing the completed deltidial covering.
Fig. 12. Kxterior of a pedicle-valve; showing faint lateral undulations.
Fig. 13. An internal cast of the pedicle-valve ; showing the impi'ession of the muscular area and ovarian
mai'kings.
Portage group. Ithaca, N. T.
Spirifer iiirtus. Wi;ile uinl Wliitticld.
Fig. 14. An enlargement of the surface ; showing the concentric rows of spine-bases, each of which retains
the i-emnant of the median partition dividing it into two chambers. X 5.
Kinderhook group. Illinais.
Spirifer divaricatus, Hall.
Figs. 15-17. Front, dorsal and profile views of an entire individual of normal adult size; showing the rela-
tively short hinge, high area, low fold and sinus, and the even plication of the entire surface.
Hamilton group. York, N. Y.
Spirifer Mortonanus, Miller (^ S. fastigatus, Meek and Wortiicn).
Fig. 18. The peilicle-valve of a large individual.
Fig. 19. Internal cast of a pedicle-valve ; showing the vertical striation of the cardinal area, the impression
of the muscular area and the ovarian markings.
Keokuk gi'oup. Crawfordsville, Indiana.
m m ^ (s mn m 3^ m m ^
Palceont.N Y Vol lA'^Pt ii= Vol Vin
Sl'lm I KHID.V.
(l,-l\<MH lllll-ll-.llll.Tl^
Plate XXX Vlll.
^
//'
•»' 1
5 ' -«j V ^ 3|;
fi p. ATnittieid del
Pml.Aslhth.
Figs.
4-
Fig.
7.
Pig.
S.
Fig.
9.
PLATE XXXIX.
(Figs. 1-3 coiiies; 4-0, 39-11 by K. P. Wiiitfikld; 10-14, 19-27. 29-31, 34-3ii, 42 by (i. U. .Simpson; 15-18, 28, 32, 33, 87,
3S by E. Emmons.)
Genus VERNEUILIA, gen. nov.
I'liRe ,iS.
Vekneuilia cheieopteryx, de Veiiieuil.
Figs. 1-3. Tlii-ee views ; showing the slight asymmetry of the shell, and the Irisuluate surface of each
valve. (After pk Vernbuil.)
Miihile Devonian. Paffrath, Oin-maiiy .
Genus AMBOCCELIA, Hall.
Page 54.
Sefe Plate 29.
Amboccelia umbonata, Comad.
S. Three views of an average example ; showing the great convexity of the pedicle-valve, its me-
dian groove, and the depressed-convex, marginally concave brachial valve.
The interior of the pedicle-valve ; showing the elevated nmbo, the thickened, unsupported teeth
and the partial filling of the delthyrium. X 3.
The interior of the brachial valve ; showing the low cardinal pi-ocess, elevated crural plates, and
the four adductor scai-s. X 3.
A preparation, showing the volutions of the spiral coils. X 3.
Hamilton shales. Western Neio York.
Amboc(elia planoconvexa, ShiuiKu-d.
Figs. 10-13. Views of a rather large example ; showing the general form and contour of the valves.
Fig. 14. Posterior view of the same specimen ; showing the cardinal areas, the imperfectly developed
deltidial plates and chilidium X 3.
Coal Measures. Springfield, Illinuis.
Fig. 13. A small individual.
Fig. 15. Enlargement of the surface of the same specimen ; showing the short spinules. X 5.
Coal Measures. Manhattan, Kajisas.
AMBOt;<ELiA spinosa, sp. nov.
Fig. 16. The exterior of a brachial valve.
Fig. 17. An enlargement of the surface ; showing the narrow, elongate depressions which were probably
the bases of superficial spines. X 6-
Fig. 18. Internal cast of the same specimen ; showing the impi-ession of the dental sockets and crural
plates, and the faint adductor scars.
Hamilton group. Livonia Salt Shaft, iV. Y.
Genus METAPLASIA, gen. nov.
Page .51;.
Metai'Lasl\ pyxidata, Hall.
Fig. 19. Interior of a brachial valve ; showing the articulating app.iratus, adductor scars and vascular
sinuses about the muscular area and over the marginal regions. X 2.
Fig. 20. Posterior view of the same valve ; showing the width of the cai'dinal ai'ea, elevation of the cardi-
nal process and socket-walls, and the linguate extension of the median sinus on the anterior
margin. X 2.
Fig. 21. Internal cast of the pedicle-valve ; showing the median fold, and the impressions of divergent,
probably vascidar sinuses extending forward from the pedicle-cavity. X 2.
Fig. 22. Interior of a portion of the pedicle-valve ; showing the luiri-ow cardinal area, thickened teeth and
deep muscular scar. X 2.
Oriskany sandstone. Cayuga, Ontario.
Genus SPIllIFERINA, dOkbigny.
Page 61.
See Plates 29, 315.
Spiiuferina, sp. ?
Fig. 23. Interior of a portion of the brachial valve ; showing the articulating apparatus and the divergent
musculai' ridges in the bottom of the valve. X 3.
Fig. 24. A portion of the interior of the pedicle-valve ; showing a highly developed delthyrial callosity
uniting the dental lamellre and supported by a median septum. X 2.
Chester limestone. Caldwell county, Kentucky.
PLATE XXXIX— Continued.
Gknus CYETINA, Davidson.
Page 43.
See Plates 25, 28.
Cyktina, «p. ?
Fig. 2!). An enlargement of the .siirfiice ; showing the bases of concentric rows of spinules. X 4.
Fig. 26. Caidinal view of an internal east of tli<! pedicle- valve, broken so as to sliow the convergent dental
plates uniting with the median septum, and the slight projection of the edge of the latter within
the siiondyliuni thus formed.
Fig. 27. The saini; siiecinien viewed fi'om at)0ve ; showing the length of the median septum.
Fig. 28. An enlai'gement of a poition of the interior of the ))edicle-valve ; showing the convergence of the
dental plates, and the projection of the median septum tieyond their union. X 3.
Chert-beds of the Burlington limestone. Burlingtmi, lovM.
Genus SYRINGOTPIYRIS, Winchell.
rage 47.
See Plates 25, 26, 27.
Syringothvkis Missouri, .sp. iiov.
Figs. 29-31. Three views of the typical specimen ; showing its small size, elevated pedicle-valve, broadly
rounded cardinal margin.s, and coarse lateral plications. Internally this shell has the syringo-
thyroid tubifei'ons plate, and the shell-substance is highly punctate.
Choteau limestone. Pike county, Missouri.
Genus CYRTIA, Dalman.
Page 40.
See Plates 21, 25, 26, 28.
Cyriia e.xporrecta, VViihlenl)eig, v:ir. akrecta, Hall and \\'liilliclil.
See Plate 28.
Fig. 32. View of the umboiial cavity of the conjoined valves ; showing the foramen, the strong dental
plates, and the articulating apparatus. X 2.
Ni.agai-a group. Louisxnlle, Kentucky.
Cyrtia radians, sp. nov.
Fig. 33. Internal cast of a large specimen ; showing the general contour of the pedicle-valve, the impres-
sion of its dental plates and low median septum.
Niagara group. Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Cyrtia simplex, Pliillip.s.
Figs. 34, 35. Caidinal and protile views of an entire individual of average size ; showing the recumbent
cardinal area and the unplicated surface.
Fig. 36. An enlargement of the surface of the same specimen ; showing the fine radial lines, which are
interrupted concentrically and produced into short .spinules. X 10.
Middle Devonian, Bredelar, Westphalia.
Cyrtia alta, Hall.
See Plate 26.
Fig. 37. The cardinal area of the pedicle-valve ; showing the vertical striation by the shell canals, and
retaining the deltidial covering.
Fig. 38. Protile of a pedicle-valve in its normal position ; showing the inclination of the cardinal area. In-
cipient pli<;ations are also seen alioul the antei-ior margins of the valve.
Chemung group. Meadville, Peimsylvania.
Genus SPIRIFER, Sowerby.
Page I.
Spirifer acuminatus, Coiuutl.
Figs. 39, 40. Protile and cardinal views of a normal example; showing the sharply elevated median fold and
the duplicate jilications.
Cornifei-ous limestone. Sandusky, Ohio.
Fig. 41. Internal cast of a large pedicle-valve ; showing the size and composition of the muscular area.
Hamilton shales. Eastern Neio York.
Fig. 42. Intei'nal cast of the central canliniil portion of the bi-achial valve ; showing the impression of the
deeply striated cavity repre.senting the cardinal process, the position of the cardinal area,
dental sockets and socket-walls. X 4.
Corniferous limestone. Hanover, Indiana.
Palaeont.N Y.Vol.rvPt n = Vol.vm.
SI'IHUKHIU.V.
( ViMlCl U Illll^ll .itlnIiS
Plate XXXLK
G.B.Simpson del
PhU-Ast kth.
PLATE XL.
(Figures 1-3, c, 7, i", li-i\, 'iS-Sl by E. Emmoks; 4, 5, 2i by K. P. Wuiti'IEi,!); S, 8, II by G. B. Simpson.)
Legend : dl. Dental lamellie. x. Stem of loop.
hp. Hinyi»-plate. i-. Diductoi- scars,
vs. Median cleft of hinge-plate. a. Anterior adductors,
cs. Urural i>lates. a'. Posterior ailductoi's.
8. Me<iian septum. v. Vascular siniisea.
1. Loop.
Genus WHITFIELDELLA, gen. nov.
I'ase 58.
WlIITflELDELLA INTEKMEDIA, Hull.
Fig. 1. Tlie interioi- of a pedicle-valve ; showing the unclosed delthyrium, teeth and convergent dental
lamellae. X 2.
Fig. 2. Cardinal portion of the hrachial valve j showing the median division of tlie hinge-jilate into two
ti'iangular processes. X 4.
Clinton group. Hamiltim, Ontario.
WniTFIELDELLA NAVIFORMIS, Hall.
Fig. 3. The cardinal portion of a brachial valve ; showing the structure of the hinge-plate, \vliii:h is prima-
rily divided medially, the median cleft being partially filled by an erect lobe. X H.
Clinton gi-oup. Western Neio York.
Whitfieldella nitida, Hall.
I'^ig. 4. The cardinal portion of a pedicle-valve ; showing the teeth, and the foramen almost enclosed by
the substance of the shell. X 3.
Fig. 5. The cardinal portion of a brachial valve ; showing the medially divided hinge-plate, the faint
median sejitum and the elongate dental sockets. X 3.
Fig. 6. A preparation of the spirals and loop in a specimen in which the entire brachidium has been
detached from the crura and revolved through an arc of 180°, entirely reversing its normal
position.
Fig. 7. A profile of the same specimen. In l)oth of these figures the horizontal stem of the loop as repre-
sented is much loo long, and in figure 7, the doited line from the letter x should terminate at
this stem and not on ttie supporting matrix, (c.)
Figs. 8, fl. Two views of a large and transverse examiile ; the usual form occurring in this locality.
Niagara group. Waldron, Indiana.
Fig. 10. An internal cast of conjoined valves ; showing the positicm of the dental plates ;in the pedicle-
valve, the impression of the divided hinge-plate, muscular scars and vascular sinuses in the
brachial valve. X 2.
Niagai'a dolomites. MilwauJcee, \Vi.sconsin.
Fig. 11. ^Dorsal view of an elongate shell, having the greatest width anteriorly.
Niagara group. Waldron, Indiana.
Figs. 12, 13. Dorsal and antericu- marginal views of a .shell ; showing the prevailing foi-m of the species at
this locality. X 2.
Niagara group. LuuisviUe, Ke?itucky.
Whitfieldella didyma, Dalinan.
Figs. 14, 15. Two views of an avei'age specimen ; .showing the usual form of the shell, and the narrow,
elevated umbo of the pedicle-valve.
Wenlock limestone. Island of Gotland.
PLATE XL— Continued.
WhITFIELDKLLA CYLINDlilCA, Hilll.
Figs. 16, 17. Ventral and iirotile views of a large individual.
Fig. 18. A preparation of the brachidium ; .showing the mode of attachment of the spiials ami the form
of the loop. (c. )
Fig. 19. A similar preparation ; showing the form of the .spirals when exi)Osed by the removal of the
brachial valve, (c )
Fig. 20. The internal cast of a pedicle-valve ; thowing the deep impression of the diductor scars.
Fig. 21. The internal cast of a brachial valve ; showinu' the irai)]-ession8 of the crui'al plates and short
median septum. The antei'ior portions of this shell are concealed by the matrix.
Fig. 22. The exterior of a normal example ; showing tlu' high shouldered umbones and inconspicuous
beak.
Niagara group. Hillsboro, Ohio.
Genus HYATTELLA, gen. nov.
l"age Ul.
Hyattella congesta, Coniiid.
Fig. 23. The internal cast of a pedicle-valve ; showing the impressions of the pedicle-cavity and the muscu-
lar area. X 2.
Fig. 24. A cardinal view of the same sjiecimen ; showing the impression of the dental lamella? and of the
divided hinge-plate. X 2.
Clinton group. Reynalts Basin, N. Y.
Fig. 25. Exterior of a rather large specimen : showing the trilobation of the exterior which is frequently
more developed than in this instance ; also the fine concentric lineation of the sui'face. X 2.
Clinton gi-oup. Lockport, N. Y
Fig. 26. A restoration of a brachidium, made fi'om transverse sections of silicitied specimens, (c )
Clinton group. Reijnali''s Basin, N. Y.
Fi". 27. The cardinal jioition of a bracliial valve ; .showing the sti-ucture of the hinge-plate, il.s narrow
median division, and the bases of the crura. X 5.
Fig. 28. The same sjieciraen viewed in profile from the front; showing the consjiicoous elevation of the
lateral divisions. X 5.
Clinton group. Lockport, iV. Y.
Hyattella Junia, Billings.
Figs. 29-31. Three views of a normal individual ; showing the strong lobafion of the surface and the fine
concentric lineation. X 2.
Middle Silurian. Cape Bast, Anticosti.
IB SB.^OmU'BIP ffllE^
Paleeont. N Y.Voirv.Pt n- Vo! VIII.
MKUISTID.V".
(fvixfiir lllusti'iitions
Plate XL
E.Eminons del
Phii.Asiiitii.
PLATE XLI.
(Figures 1 by C. E. Beecher; 2, 3, 29, iO by G. b. bi.MisoN, 4, 7, 6, 11-20, 23-28, 31, 32 by E. Emmons; 5, G by li. P. Wiiir-
kield; 9, 10, 21 by J. M. Clarke.)
Legend : r. Diductoi- scars. P- Cast of the iiedicle-cavity.
a. Adductor scars.
Genus MERISTINA, Hall.
rage 05.
Meristina Maria, Hall.
Fig. 1. The younf^est shell observed ; showiiifj: the tbi-amen which is concealed in the adult condition, and
the lenticular valves without fold or sinus. X ■'J.
Fiffs. 2, 3. Two views of an avei-ag-e adult individual ; showing' the gibbosity of the valves, the close in-
curvature of the beaks and the development of the folil and sinus.
Fig. 5. The cardinal portion of the bi-achial valve ; showing the median cleft in the hinge-plate, forming
an elongate cavity supjiorted by a low median septum. X 2.
Fi"-. 6. The cardinal portion of a mature pedicle-valve J .showing the open delthyrium from which the
deltidial plates have been resorbed, and the thick teeth supported by dental plates.
Niagara gi-oup. Waldron, Indiana.
Fig. 7. The brachidium, viewed from the brachial valve and natuially retained by incrustation j .show-
ing the form of the cones and the bifurcated loop.
Niagara dolomites. Bridgeport, Illinois.
Fig. 8. A preparation of the brachidium, showing its relations to the valves, and the great size of the
primary lamella;, (c. )
Fig. 9. A preparation, showing the conditiciu of the brachidium at a very early stage of growth. The
primary lamella: are very long and much stronger than the othei'S ; the spiral cones much
depressed and its volutions few and lax. The stem of the loop appears to be simjile at its
extremity, but this may be due to imperfect letention. X 5. (o.)
Fig. 10. A larger but still immature shell which has suffered an injury to the perijAeral growth of
the valves on one side. This obstruction has produced a deformation of the spiral cone on
that side, which has conformed itself to the irregularly contracted cavity, probably without
disturbance of function. The spiral cones are still very depressed in comparison with the
adult condition seen in figs. 7, S and 11, but the loop seems to have attained its normal condi-
thm. X 2. (c.)
Fig. 11. A restoration of the brachidium, viewed fi-om the pedicle- valve, a portion of the cones being re-
moved to show the loop, the great divergence of the umbonal curves of the x^rimary lamellie,
and the mode of attachment of these lamellae to the crura.
Fig. 12. A preparation of the intei'ior, in which the brachidium has become detached from the crura and
been revolved through nearly 180°, almost reversing its relations to the shell but without the
disturbance of any of its parts. The median septum of the brachial valve remains in its nor-
mal position, (c. )
Fig. 13. Lateral view of one of the spiral cones in its normal relation to the valves ; showing the slight
compression in two directions upon the ventral slopes, (c.)
Niagara group. Waldron, Indiana.
Fig. 14. A partial internal cast of the pedicle-valve; showing the impressions of the conspicuous dental
lamellfe and of the deep diductor scars.
Fig. 15. An internal cast of a large pedicle-valve ; showing features similar to those in the preceding
figure, and radi.ate vascular markings over the pallial region.
Fig. 16. The internal cast of a smaller shell which had been greatly thickened in the umbonal region of the
pedicle-valve ; showing the impression of the strong muscular scar and the vascular sinuses
diverging from about its margins.
Kig. 17. A cardinal view of the same specimen ; showing the filling of the pedicle- cavity, and the position
of the median septum of the brachial valve.
Niagara dolomites. Bridgeport, Illinois.
PLATE XLI— Continued.]
Meristina UECTIROSTRA, Hull.
PijT. 18. A young shell with elongate valves.
Fig-B. 19, 20. The mature shell ; showing its usual outline and the erect beak of the pedicle- valve.
Fig. 21. The beaks of an adult specimen, enlarged to show the unclosed triangular delthyrium. X 3.
Niagai-a group. Waldron, Indiana.
Meristina Blancha, Billings.
Figs. 22, 23. Two views of the original specimen.
Lower Helderberg. Square Lake, Maine.
Meristina tumida, Dalmiui.
Fig. 4. An internal cast ; showing the median septum, muscular scars ami vascular sinuses of the brachial
valve.
Wenlock limestone. Wenlock Edge, England.
Figs 24, 2,'). Two views of a specimen rather below the average size ; showing the low, concave median
told on the brachial valve.
Upper Silurian. Westergam, Island of Ootland.
Genus HINDELLA. Davidson.
I'agti 03.
HiNDELLA UMBONATA, Billillgri.
Figs. 26, 27. Two views of a sjvecimen which is extreme in the degree of contraction of the umbo of the
pedicle-valve. X 2.
Figs. 29, 30. The more usual form of the shell, having full, shouldered umbones on both valves.
Middle Silurian. Junctiun Cliff, Anticosti.
Hindella Prinstana, Billings.
Fig. 28. The usual form of this shell, which is more orbicular in outline and less distinctly angulated at
the cardinal angles than in the typical B, umbonata, represented in figs. 29 and 30. li; a large
number of these shells it is very difficult to fix upon determinative characters ilistinguishing
these two foims.
Middle Silurian. Junction Cliff, Anticosti.
Genus KAYSERIA, Davidson.
Page 101.
Kay.'ieuia lens, Phillips.
Fig. 31. Dorsal view of an average example ; showing the slight projection of the beak of the pedicle-
valve, and the fine plication of the median sinus. X 2.
Fig. 32. Profile of the same specimen ; showing the relatively slight convexity of the valves. X 2.
Middle Devonian. Eifel, Germany.
m m=^iB5iis®iP m m ^
Palffiont N Y.Vol.IVPtii = Vol VUl
MI.KIS I III.V.
('pnoi'ic Illiislriitions
PlateXLT
E Emmons del
Phil.Ast.Eth.
PLATE XLII.
(Figures 1-6, 11-Jl, 25, JT-'-'O by K. Emmons; 7-10, 2i-24, 26, 30-32 by K. P. Wuitfiei.d.)
Legend: pi. "Shoe-lifter." b. Dental sockets.
t. Teeth. c. Crura,
dl. Dental laniellie. a. Adductor scare,
hp. Hinge-plate. r. Diductor scars.
a. Septum of brachial valve.
Genus MEKLSTA, Suess.
I'iigc 70.
Merista Tennesseensis, sp. IIOV.
Figs. 1, 2. Two views of the exterior of a somewhat elongate example.
Fig. 3. The interior of a pedicle-valve of a broader form ; showing the " shoe-lifter " process.
Fig. 4. The interior of a brachial valve of the same specimen ; showing the divide<l hinge-plate and the
median septum.
Fig. 5. The exterior of the pedicle-valve ; showing the cavity left by the removal of the " shoe-lifter."
Fig. 6. A broad individual viewed from the brachial valve.
Lower Helderberg group. Perry emmty, Tennessee.
Merista typa, Hall.
Fig. 7. The interior of a pedicle-valve somewhat incomplete about the margins ; showing the great width
of the "shoe-lifter," and the extension of the dental plates upon its siii'face.
Figs. 8, 10. Two views of the exterior of a noi'mal adult specim-rn.
Fig. 9. Interior of a pedicle- valve in which the " shoe-lifter " is highly arched and the dental lamella; ccm-
spicuously thickened.
Fig. 11. A pedicle-valve having a very broad and low " shoe-lifter," and short, .scarcely divergent dental
plates.
Fig. 12. An imperfect pedicle-valve with sharply angled and highly elevated " shoe-lifter," and prominent
dental plates.
Lower Helderberg grouj). Cumberland, Maryland.
Subgenus DIG AM AR A, s.-gen. nov.
Page 73.
DiCAMARA scalprum, F. Rociiicr.
Fig. 13. A profile of a specimen cut to show the form of one of the spiral cones.
Fig. 14. View of the same preparation from the pedicle-valve ; showing the spirals and the cavity left by
the removal of the " shoe-lifter."
Middle Dr-vonian. Hartz Mountains {?), Oermany.
Fig. 15. The interior of a brachial valve; showing the "shoe-lifter," and the dividing median septum.
Drawn from a gutta-percha impression which retains on the posterior margin a portion of the
pedicle-valve.
Fig. 16. A view of a specimen which shows the cavity left by the removal of the " shoe-lifter " of the bra-
chial valve, the median septum remaining in place. The apical portion of the cavity of the
"shoe-lifter" of the pedicle-valve is also shown.
Middle Devonian. Pelm, Oermany.
I'LATE XLII— Continued.
Genus CHARIONELLA, Billings.
Page 78.
Charionella scitula, Billings.
Fig. 17. Dorsal view of a .specimen fiiim which a portion of the shell has been removed exposing the mue-
eular impressions of the brachial valve and the median thickening of the hinge.
Fig. 18. An intei-nal cast of the pedicle-valve ; showing the impression of the muscular area and traces of
the radiating lines on the inner laminffi of the shell.
Fig. 19. The cardinal portion of the biachial valve. The hinge-plate in this genus takes the form of a
concave thickening adherent to the bottom of the valve. That portion of it which foi-ms the
socket-walls lies close against the margins of the valves making .very naiTow dental sockets.
The crura arise from the inner extremities of these walls.
Corniferous limestone. Cayuga, Ontario.
Chauionella Hyale, Billings.
Figs. 20, 21. Two views of an intei-nal cast, having a hinge-structure similar to that in the preceding species.
Guelph limestone. Ouelph, Ontario.
Genus PENTAGONIA, Cozzens.
Page 80.
Pentagonia unisulcata, Conrad.
Fig. 22. The exteiior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the broad, angular median sinus.
Fig. 2'i. A cardinal view of the same specimen ; showing the median sinus on each valve and the single pair
of cardinal folds on the brachial valve.
Fig. 24. Anterior marginal view of the same specimen j showing the elevation of the median fold of the
brachial valve.
Corniferous limestone. Western Ne^e York.
Figs. 25, 26. Profile and cardinal views of a specimen which has no sinus on the fold of the bi achial valve.
Hamilton group. Ceiiterfield, N. T.
Fig. 27. The hinge-plate as viewed from the front ; showing the erect position of the crura.
Fig. 28. The same specimen viewed from above ; showing the deep central excavation of the hinge-])late,
the form of the socket-walls and the position of the crura. X 3.
Fig. 29. A preparation, showing the form of one of the spiral cones and of a portion of the loop. It is
probable that the latter feature is incomplete, (c.)
Hamilton group. Western New York.
Fig. 30. The interior of a brachial valve ; showing articulating processes, muscular impression and short,
low median septum.
Corniferous limestone. Falls of the Ohio.
Fig. 31. Cardinal view of a shelKwith two pairs of folds on the posterioi- margin of the brachial valve.
This is the form which has been termed var. MpHcata.
Hamilton group. Darien, N. Y.
Fig. 32. The interior of an imperfect pedicle-valve ; showing the articulating apparatus and muscular im-
pressions.
Corniferous limestone. Falls of the Ohio.
m m ^ (s M E m IF ®iej^
PalcCont.NT.VolIYPt ii-Vol,VIII
MV.IMS riu.Y.
( u'lic lie- llliislralioiis
Plate XLII
'■'^ y
ts
\f ^K..
^ ■•»■ i
•f
/ ^
\>
Kp _hp
^^^^
'•^-->j
'^
-,-<^
^
E Emmons del
PLATE Xmi.
(Figures l-i:i by F. B. Meek; 14, 15, lS-30 by R. P. Wiin tiei.d; !«, 17 l>y E. Emmons.)
Genus MKK18TKLLA, Hall.
riige 73.
Meristella arcuata, Hall.
See Plate 44.
Figs. 1, 2. Two views of a normal shell ; showing form ami contour.
Lower Helderberg group (shaly limestone). The Helderbergs, N. Y.
Meristella l^vis, Hall.
See Plate 44.
Figs. 3-6. Dorsal, profile, cardinal and front views of an adult shell.
Lower Helderberg group (shaly limestone). Albany county, N. T.
Meristella sella, Hall.
See Plate 44.
Figs. 7-9. Ventral, front and dorsal views of a normal individual ; showing the median sinus on both
valves.
Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y.
Meristella princeps, Hall.
Figs. 10, 11. Profile and front views of an example of extremely large size, with an unusual development
of the shallow median sinus and liriguiform extension in front.
Figs. 12, 13. Dorsal and vential views, presenting the usual characters of an adult specimen.
Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y.
Meristella subquadr.\ta, Hall.
Figs. 14, 15. Dorsal and profile views of a typical specimen.
Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y.
Meristella Walcotti, sp. iiov.
See Plate 44.
Figs. 16, 17. Dorsal and profile views of a rotund and rather elongate example.
Oriskany sandstone. Cayuga, Ontario.
Meristella nasuta, Couratl.
See Plate 44.
Fig. 18. Ventral view of a shell of median size.
Corniferous limestone. Ene county, N. Y.
Figs. 19, 20. Dorsal and profile views of an unusually large, strongly nasute example ; showing in profile
the plano-convex contour of the shell. This is the form originally described as Meristella
Elissa, Hall.
Schoharie grit. Albany county, N. Y.
Meristella Doris, Hall.
Figs. 21, 22. Dorsal and profile views of a normal shell ; showing the deltidial plates and fine radial sorface
strise.
Corniferous limestone. Williamsville, N. Y.
PLATE XLUI— Continueil.
Meristella Haskinsi, Hall.
See Plate 44.
FigB. 23, 24. Di'i'sal ami jji-ofile views of the usual form of the species.
Hamilton shales. Moscow, N. Y.
Meristella Baukisi, Ilali.
See Plate 44.
Figs. 25, 26. Ventral and dorsal views of different shells, giving the external characters.
Limestone of the Marcellus shales. Stafford, N. Y.
Merlstella kostkata, Hall.
Fig-8. 27, 28. Dorsal ami profile views, showing the usual form and size of the species.
Tully limestone. Ovid, N. Y.
Meristella Meta, Hall.
Figs. 29, 30. Dorsal and ventral views of an adult specimen.
Hamilton group. Delphi, N. Y.
Palaeont N Y. Vol, nrPtu = Vol VIII-
113 m^(BSia®i? ©im^
MKHISTIDV.
(T^'inTir ! lliisti-.itioiis
Plate XL III
RT. Whitfield del
Phii.Asiiitti.
PLATE XLIV.
(Figures 1-12, 15-19, 23, 24, 27, 28, 31, 32 by E. Emmons; 13, U, 20-22, 25, 26, 29, 30 by R. P. Whitfield.)
Legend : ilp. Deltidial plates. r. Didiictor sears.
p. Pedicle-cavity. a. Anterior adductors,
d. Teeth. a'. Posterior adductors.
Genus MERISTELLA, Hall.
Page 73.
MeRISTELLA BELLA, Hall.
See Plate 43.
Fig. 1. The intenor of a pedicle-valve ; showing the teeth, the deeply excavated muscular area and the
testaceous thickening which fills the pedicle-cavity except along the median line.
Fig. 2. The interior of the lirachial valve ; showing the suliquadrate outline of the hinge-plate, its
post-lateral expansions and the ante-lateral position of the crural bases. X 3.
Fig. 3. The hinge-plate viewed in profile from the anterior margin of the brachial valve ; showing its con-
cave surface, the elevation of the crural bases and the median supporting septum.
Lower Helderberg group. The Helderbergs, N. Y.
MkRLSTELLA LyEVIS, Hill].
See Plate 43.
Fig. 4. The hinge-plate ; showing its subtriangular form, median concavity and supporting septum. X 3.
Lower Helderberg group. Albany county, N. Y.
Meristella arcuata, Hall.
See Plate 43.
Fig. 5. The hinge-plate viewed from in front ; showing the dental sockets and socket-walls, elevation of
the crural bases and the median septum.
Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y.
Meristella Walcotti, sp. iiov.
See Plate 43.
Fig. 6. The spirals and loop, naturally preserved by incrustation of silica, and exposed by the removal
of the pedicle-valve. The specimen is viewed from the anterior margin, and in the cavity be-
tween the cones is seen the looji with its scissors-shaped branches.
Fig. 7. The same specimen viewed from the posterior margin, and showing the position of the branches
of the loop with reference to the ribbon of the spiral cones.
Fig. 8. A similar preparation, to which a portion of the internal cast of the valves adheres. The speci-
men 13 viewed from the dorsal side and shows the form of the spiral cones and the length of the
median septum.
Fig. 9. An internal longitudinal view ; showing the 'position and form of the loop and one of the .si)iral
cones. Partially restored.
Fig. 10. A naturally incrusted brachidium viewed from the dorsal side, and showing the prominence of
the primary lamellte of the cones.
Fig. 11. A similar specimen ; showing the spiral cones on tlie ventral side.
Fig. 23. A view of the brachidium from the ventral side, a portion of the cones being omitted to show the
primary lamellae and loop. Restored.
Fig. 32. The hinge-plate. Drawn from a gutta-percha cast.
Oriskany sandstone. Cayuga, Ontario.
Meristella lata, Hall.
Fig. 12. An internal cast of the pedicle-valve ; showing the filling of the pedicle-cavity and of the deep
muscular impression.
Oriskany sandstone. Albany county, N. Y.
PLATE XLIV— Continued.
Meristella nasuta, Conrad.
See Pliile 43.
Fig. 13. An internal cast of a peiiicle-valve ; showing the position of the teeth and the deep muscular im-
pressions.
Fig. 14. An internal cast of a small and very elongate pedicle-valve ; an nnusual variation in form.
Schoharie grit. Albany county, N. Y.
Fig. 19. A pedicle-valve retaining the lirachidium in a silicihed and incrusted condition ; showing the
form of the cones and retaining in position the median septum of the brachial valve.
Corniferous limestone. IVillia^nsviUe, N. Y.
Fig. 20. A similar specimen, the spirals being unincrusted and exjiosed by weathering.
Fig. 21. The interior of an incomplete pedicle-valve ; showing dental plates and muscular impressions.
Fig. 22. The interior of a brachial valve ; showing the subtriangular, medially concave hinge-plate, dental
sockets, median septum and elongate adductor muscular area.
Fig. 24. The hinge plate enlarged ; showing the median depiession, crural bases and supporting septum.
X 3.
Fig. 25. Cardinal view of an internal cast of conjoined valves ; showing the impressions of the muscular
scars, teeth and dental lamell:e,'sookets and median sejilum.
Corniferous limestone. Western New York.
Fig. 26. An internal ca.st of the brachial valve.
Schoharie grit. Schoharie, N. Y.
Meristella lenta, Hall.
Fig. 15. An internal cast of Ibe pedicle-vaUe ; shuwing the sliong muscular scars and the generally de-
pressed surface. X 2.
Fig. 16. A preparation, showing the form of the spiral cones resting in the pedicle-valve, with the median
dorsal septum in position.
Fig. 17. An internal cast of the brachial valve, showing its convexity and the position of the median sep-
tum. A portion of the tilling of the pedicle-cavity of the opposite valve is also exposed. X 2.
Fig. 18. A longitudinal internal view, showing the position and form of the loop and one of the spiral
cones. Restored.
Oriskany sandstone. Be Cewville, Ontariu.
Meristella Barrisi, Hall.
See Plate 43.
Figs. 27, 28. Two views of a preparation, showing the tbrm of one of the spiral cones.
Fig. 29. An internal cast of conjoined valves ; showing the jiosilion of the median septum and dental
laraells.
Fig. 30. An internal cast of the pedicle-valve.
Limestone of the Marcellus shale. Stafford, N. Y.
Meristella Haskinsi, Hall.
See Plate 43.
Fig. 31. The interior of a pedicle-valve retaining the deltidial plates, and showing the teeth and muscular
scars.
Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, iV. Y.
mm^'sm^miF^m^
Palaponl, N Y.Vol IVPt ii = VqI.VIII.
MKKisrin.v.
('■.•ui'i-ic lllu^h .llMITlS
PI ate XL IV
EEramoiis dc
Phil^AstliUi.
PLATE XLV.
(Figures 1-3, li-12, 16, 18-24, se-'-'S, by K. P. WunTiELD; 4, 5, 13-15, '2b, 211, 30 by E. Emmons; 17 by G. li. Simpson.)
Genus ATHYRIS, McCoy.
I'ago S3.
Atiiykis vitt.vta, Ilall.
Figs. 1-3. Dorsal, proiile and antiMior marfjinal viows of a normal inilividual ; showing its comparatively
short traiisvei'se diameter and the devL'lopment of tht; median fold and sinus.
Fig. 4. The hinge-plate as viewed from above ; showing the ti'ilobation of the anterior margin, the deep
depression of the median portion, the eoalescence of the lateral portions with the socket- walls,
and the large, nnobstrncted vi.sceral foramen. The lateral lobes are the bases of the ci-nra and
are incorrectly represented as entire at their outer extremities. X 3. (c.)
Fig. 5. The interior of the cardinal poi'tion of conjoined valves, the brachial valve being above. This
view shows the elevation of the anterior face of the hinge-plate, the internal opening of the
visceral foramen, the extension of the median lobe of the plate, the thickened crural plates,
the crura attached to the crural lobes and their mode of union with the jirimary lamelLo; of
which a portion is shown. X 3. (c.)
Hamilton group. Falls of the Ohio.
Atiivuis Cora, Hiill.
Figs. 6-10. Dorsal, profile, cardinal, ventral and frontal views of the original specimen, which is somewhat
exfoliated about the umbones; showing the sublenticular contour and the low meilian sinus on
each valve.
Hamilton group. Dvlyhi, N. T.
Athyris spirlferoides, Eaton.
Fig. 11. Dorsal view of a large and senile individual, having the surface laraellas highly developed and the
median fold conspicuously elevated at the anterior margin.
Fig. 12. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the mature condition of the foramen without deltidial
plates, the pedicle-, adductor and diductor scars.
Hamilton group. Soft sJiales of Wester7i New York.
Fig. 13. A prepai'ation of the brachidium, one of the spiral cones being I'emoved to expose the structure
of the loop. This figure shows the depressed ventral surface of the cones, the mode of attach-
ment of the ci-ura to the primary lamelliB, the anterior position of the loop, its broad lateral
bi-anches and saddle, the long stem, and the width and extent of the accessory lamella;.
X 2. (c.)
Hamilton group. Alpena, Michigan.
Fig. 14. An enlargement of the hinge-plate ; showing its subquailrate-triangular outline, the oblique aper-
ture of the visceral foramen, the thickening of the crural bases and the elevation of their
posterior extension in the form of socket-walls ; also the dental sockets and the slight submar-
ginal thickening outside of them. X 3.
Fig. 15. An anterior view of the same specimen ; showing the stout crural plates resting upon the bottom
of the valve, and forming the innei' wall and base of the dental sockets. In the background
are seen the posterior elevation of the socket-walls, the visceral foramen and the beak. X 3.
Hamilton group. Clarke county, Indiana.
Fig. 16. A dorsal view of conjoined valves of a small individual on which the surface lamell.'E are few
and distant.
Hamilton group. Western New York.
Fig. 17. The interior of a brachial valve ; showing the structure of the ai'ticulating apparatus and the
elongate scar of the adductor muscles.
Hamilton gi-oup. Falls of the Ohio.
PLATE XLV— Continued.
Figs. 18, 19. Dorsal and canlinal views of a narrow and rather rotund individual. Fig-. 19 shows the mar-
ginal inflexion on the cardinal slopes of the pedicle-valve.
Fig. 20. Frontal view of a shell, showing about the minimum development of the median fold and sinus.
Fig. 21. Frontal view of a large example in which the development of median fold and sinus has virtually
attained its maximum.
Hamilton group. Varioiis localities in the snft shaJes of Western New Turk.
Fig. 22. A dorsal view of an internal cast of conjoined valves, showing the impi'ession of the hinge-plate,
the filling of the visceral foramen, the muscular scars and vascular markings, and also the cast
of the rostral cavil}' of the pedicle-valve.
Hamilton group. Hardy euunty, Virgi7iia.
Fig. 23. A'ventral view of a jireparation of the brachidiuin ; showing the form of the spirals, the crui-a
and their attachment to the primary lamellfe, and the accessory laraelliB.
Fig. 24. An internal cast of the pedicle-valve, slightly broken at the umbo ; showing the adductor and
diductor impressions, and the vascular sinuses.
Fig. 25. The exterior of a transverse, coarsely lamellose individual.
Hamilton group. Varioits localities in tlie shales of Western New York.
Athykis Angelica, Hall.
Fig. 26. The exterior of a bi'achial valve.
Fig. 27. The exterior of a pedicIe--\-alve. These figures show the fine, crowded concentric striae extending
from umbones to margins.
Fig. 28. An internal cast of a pedicle-valve ; showing the filling of the deep pedicle-cavity, and the indis-
tinct scar of the diductors.
Chemung group. Btlmont, N. Y.
Fig. 29. Anterior view of the hinge-jilate ; showing the straight anterior edge, the ci-ural plates, visceral
foramen, and the elevation of the posterior portion of the surface. X 3.
Fig. 30. A profile view of an old and gibbous shell, with a few strong growth-lines.
Chemung group. Belfast, N. Y.
Athyridae.
Palaeonl.N r.Vol.IVPt n- Vol.vm,
I'lMvci-ir Illiistr.itloiis
Plate XLV
RP.Whitfield del
Phil.Asiiith.
PLATE XLVI.
(Figuies 1-5 l>y R. P. WuiTPlELD; 6, 10, 18, '2i-21 l>y G. II. Simi'Son; 7-3, 11-21, 2S-'J8 by li. Emmons.)
Legend : p. Pilling'- of pedicle-cavity. i a. Anterior adductors,
t. Teeth. a'. Posterior adductoi'S.
d. Dent.al lamella:. vc. Cast of visceral foramen,
cs. t'ai ilinal margin. lip. Cast of hinge-plate,
r. Diduetor scai-s.
Genus ATHYRIS, McCoy.
Page 83.
See Plate 45.
Athyris polita, Hall.
Fiff. 1. A ventral view of an iiitei-nal cast ; showing the filling of the rostral cavity and the muscular
impressions.
Fig. 2. Dorsal view of the same specimen.
Figs. 3-5. Profile, dorsal and ventral views of a specimen retaining the external surface.
Chemung group. Stnihen ccmnty, N. Y.
This species has more the contour of shells which have been placed under the subgenus Semi-
NDLA. than of the ti-ue Athykis. Should its surface prove to be devoid of free lamellse, it
would naturally fall into that group.
Athyris densa, .sp. nov.
Fig. 6. The interior of a small but thickened and entire pedicle-valve ; showing the broad cardinal sur-
faces, the deep pedicle-cavity and the relatively large muscular impressions which extend
almost to the anterior margin of the valve.
St. Louis gi'oup. ColesimrgJi, Kentucky.
Fig. 7. The interior of a larger pedicle-valve ; showing the thickening in the umbonal region and the
division of the muscular area by a prominent lidge.
Fig. 8. The interior of a pedicle-valve with broader cardinal margins than the preceding specimens, and
retaining the median ridge, but with the muscular area obscure.
St. Louis group. Washington, county, Indiana.
Figs. 9, lU. Profile and dorsal views of conjoined valves ; showing the contour of the shell, the foramen
and broad cardinal slopes of the pedicle-valve, the median elevation and low marginal sulcus
of the brachial valve.
St. Louis group. CoUsburgh, Kentucky.
Fig. 11. The interior of a pedicle-valve, with a relatively small muscular area, and a linguate extension
of the anterior margin which is much foreshortened in the figure.
St. Louis group. Lanesville, Indiana.
Fig. 12. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing in fuller detail the structural features.
St. Louis group. Colesburgk, Kentucky.
Athyri.s Hannibalensis. Swallow.
Fig. 13. A dorsal view of the exterior of conjoined valves ; showing the highly lamellose surface.
Fig. 14. The exterior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the b.ases of the free lamells, and the low median sinus.
Fig. 15. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the chai'acter of the muscular area.
Choteau limestone. Louisiana, Missouri.
Athybis lamellosa, L6veill6.
Fig. 16. The ventral side of an internal cast of conjoined valves ; showing the striated scar of the pedicle-
muscle, the cordate and sharply defined adductor scars, and the faintly outlined diductors.
Near the anterior margin is a portion of one of the broad concentric lamella;.
Fig. 17. The opposite side of the same specimen ; showing the peculiar form and division of the adductor
scars, and a portion of one of the concentrically striated free lamella.
Waverly group. Sciotoville, OJiio.
PLATE XLVI— Continued.
Fig. 18. The exterior of a pedicle- valve ; showing' the noi'mal marginal outline of the species.
Fig. 19. The exterior of a large brachial valve with few and distant lamellie and unusually extended
hinge-line. The tirst of these lamella! bears a serrated margin, while the rest are regular.
The anterior and lateral margins of the valve are concealed by the great ex)iansion of the
submarginal lamella.
Keokuk group. Crawfm-dmntle, Indiana.
Fig. 20. The central cardinal portion of an internal cast of conjoined valves, enlarged ; showing the posi-
tion of the teeth, dental plates and hiiige-j)late, the filling of the pedicle-cavity and viscei'al
foramen, the latter being tj-aversed for its entire length by a median gi-oove, representing a
faint median ri<lge upon the brachial valve, extending from the apex across the muscular
area. X 3.
Wavei'ly group. iSeiotoville, Ohio.
Athyris incrassata, Hali.
Fig. 21. The exterior of a somewhat weathered pedicle-valve.
Burlington limestone. Burlington, Iowa.
Genus SPIRIFER, Sowerby.
Page 1.
Fig. 22. This figure is an enlarged representation of an internal cast of a small pedicle-valve belonging to
a species of Spiiufer similar to S. pxeiidolineatii^. Hall. This fossil occurs in the soft shales of
the Waverly group, and its generic characters are usually ol)scured. Its relation to Spirifer
is indicated by the long, thin denial lamellae, low median se])tum, and fine surface spines which
are plainly double-barrelled at the base. Additional specimens obtained since this plate was
engraved show that these spines bear series of short lateral branches.
Waverly group. Richfield, Ohio.
Genus ATHYRIS, McCor.
Page 83.
Subgenus CLIOTHYRIS, King.
Cliothyrls Roysii, Leveille.
Fig. 23. Dorsal view of conjoined valves ; showing the concentric rows of flat spines. X 2.
Keokuk group. Keokuk, Iowa.
Fig, 24. An enlargement of a portion of the surface.
Chester limestone. .laekson county, Kentucky.
Cliotiiyris hirsuta, Hall.
Fig. 25. Dorsal view of an average specimen denuded of its spines. X 2.
Fig. 26. A larger specimen with portions of the i-ows of flat spines adhering. X 2.
Fig. 27. View of the hinge-plate ; showing the crescentiform wall made by the crural lobes, and the thick
central lobe of the plate. X 5.
Fig. 2S. The same specimen viewed from in fi-ont ; showing the elevation of the hinge-plate, the crural
bases and the minute visceral foramen which is usually closed in its upward extension. X 5.
St. Louis limestone. Bloomington, Indiatia.
m m^(BSin®iF CEffiii;^.
Palgeont.N T.Vol.IVPt ii = Vol Vlli.
A III VII IDA.
("'I'm lit TlliisLi'atKms
Plate Xl.\n
'i
E Emmons del
Phil.AstUtli.
PLATE XLVIl.
(Figs. 1-6, 12, 16-M, •33-34 by E. Emmons; 7-11, 13-15, 21 by G. B. Simpson.)
Legend: p. Pedicle-cavity. r. Diductots.
vc. Visceral canal. v. Vascular sinuses.
a. Adductors. ub. Umlional blades of primary lamelliE.
a'. Anterior adductors. al. Accessory lamellse.
Genus ATHYRIS, McCoy.
Page St.
Subgenus SEMINULA, McCoy.
Seminula Rogeksi, sp. uov.
Fig. 1. A dorsal view of an internal cast of conjoined valves.
Fig. 2. A ventral view of a similar specimen ; showing the cast of the pedicle-cavity and muscular scars.
Fig. 3. A cardinal view of the specimen represented in figure 2 ; showing, in addition to the features men-
tioned, the casts of the visceral foramen and hinge-plale.
Fig. 4. A profile of the specimen repi-esented in figure 1.
Pendleton sandstone. Pendleton, Indiaiia.
Seminula trinuclea, Hall.
Fig. 5. A dorsal view of conjoined valves ; showing the contour of the species. X 2.
Fig. 6. A frontal view of the same specimen. X 2.
St. Louis limestone. Blomnivgton, Indiana.
Fig. 10. A ventral view of an internal cast of conjoined valves; showing the filling of the pedicle-cavity
and the small muscular scar. X li-
Fig. 11. A dorsal view of the same specimen ; showing the filling of the pedicle-cavity and the visceral
foramen, the cavity of the dental and hinge-plates, aud the faint muscular area. X 1^.
St. Louis group. Spergen Hill, Indiana.
Fig. 12. A dorsal view of a more strongly trilobed internal cast ; showing with greater distinctness the
character of the musculai' area.
St. Louis group. Harrison county, Indiana.
Fig. 13. A view of the hinge-plate ; showing its subquadrate outline and the prolongation of the crural
lobes. X 5.
Fig. 14. The same specimen viewed from the beak, the latter being removed to show the elevation of the
posterior extension of the plate, and exposing the visceral foramen. X 5.
St. Louis group. Spergen Hill, Indiana.
Seminula subquadrata, Hall.
Fig. 7. A dorsal view of conjoined valves, showing the sharp and distant concentric lines.
Chester limestone. Crittenden county, Kentucky.
Fig. 8. A dorsal view of a somewhat more orbicular form.
Fig. 9. A profile of the same specimen.
This shell is associated with typical forms of iS. trinuclea and at this locality passage forms
between these two extremes of expression are readily found. At other localities this form may
prevail to the exclusion of the others.
St. Louis limestone. Spergen Hill, Indiana.
Fig. 15. The interior of a brachial valve of a more distinctly trilobed individual ; showing the adductor
scars anil the hinge-plate which is slightly broken on the anterior mai-gin.
Fig. 16. An anterioi- view of the hinge jilate ; showing the visceral foramen and the elevation of the crural
plates and lobes. X 3.
St. Louis limestone. Pella, Iowa.
Fig.
17.
Fig.
18.
Fig.
19.
Fig.
20.
Fig.
21.
Fig.
22.
Fig.
23.
Fig.
24.
Pig-
25.
Fig.
26.
PI,ATK XLVII— Coutinuert.
Seminula subtilita, Hall.
A view of the hinge-plate ; showing its excavate upper face, subqnadrate outline, striated pos-
terior exten.sions and minute visceral foramen. X 5.
(?) Chester limestone. Caldwell county, Kentucky.
The hinge-plate of another specimen ; showing some differences in outline and surface. The
position of the visceral foramen is occupied by a minute lobe. X 5.
Coal Measures. Maiiliattan, Kansas.
A dor.«ial view of an orbicular and faintly lobed form.
Coal Measui'es. Coppers Creek, Iowa.
A large siiecimen, very broad in the pallial region and strongly lobed on the anterior margin.
(?) Chester limestone. Chester, Illinois.
A lai'ge individual with greatest width more posterior, strong anterior lobe, and shai-p concentric
lines.
Coal Measui'es. Chariton county, Missouri.
An extremely trilobed shell with the greatest width near the anterior margin. The fine radiating
lines upon the shell are seen only where the epidermal layer has been abraded.
Coal Measures. Winterset, Iowa.
An extremely elongate form, broadly lobed on the anterior margin.
Coal Measures. Miami county, Kansas.
The interior of the pedicle-valve of an old and much thickened shell ; showing the deep pedicle-
cavity and the broad, obscnrely-detined muscular ai'ea.
Coal Measures. Katisas City, Missouri.
An internal cast of the spiral cones, viewed from the dorsal side.
Coal Measures. Locality f
A preparation of the brachidium, a portion of the spirals being cut away to expose the loop. The
figure shows the fui-cated anterior extremity of the saddle, the position and extent of the
accessory lamellae and the fimbriation of the antei-ior portion of the fir-st few lamellie of the
coils. X 3. (c.)
Coal Measures. Winterset, Iowa.
Fig. 27. A dorsal view of an internal cast slightly restored at the beak ; showing the adductor scars and
vascular impressions.
Fig. 28. The opposite side of the same specimen ; showing the adductor scars while the diductors are
not clearly defined. This is a cast in iron-stone and its source is undetermined, but it is prob-
ably from the
Coal Measures. Ohio.
Fig. 29. The interior of a vei'y elongate and much thickened pedicle-valve ; showing the adductor and
diductor scars deeply excavated in the shell substance. X 2.
Coal Measures. Near Kansas City, Missouri.
Fig. 30. Anterior marginal view of a large and old shell with greatly thickened valves. This shell is of
the form represented in figure 22, but is much older and is somewhat unsymmetrical, having
suffered injury at the right of the median fold.
Fig. 31. A preparation of the brachidium, the upper half of the spiral cones having been removed. This
figure has been drawn from a transparency, and the saddle of the loop appears very long.
Through an eri'or in lithography the lateral liranches of the loop have been disconnected from
the primary lamellae. X 2. (c.)
Coal Measures. Winterset, Iowa.
Seminitla Dawsoni, sp. uov. (= Athyrls SUBTILITA, Davidsou).
Fig. 32. A view of the brarhidium naturally preserved by incrustation and exposed by the removal of a
portion of the pedicle-valve ; showing the form of the cones and the position of the accessory
lamelljE. X 2.
Fig. 33. A dorsal view of the exterior of conjoined valves. X 2.
Fig. 34. A profile view of the same specimen. X 2.
Coal Measures. Windsor, Nova Scotia.
Athyris (Seminula ?) sp. ?
Fig. 35. A transparency viewed from the ventral side ; showing the attachment of the crura to the primary
lamellie, a portion of the loop and the accessory lamelte and the fimbriated coils of the spirals.
The specimen is interesting in showing the asymmetry of the coils, the cone on the left side
possessing eleven volutions, that on the right but eight. The tilling of the shell is transparent
calcite and the brachidium has been replaced by red hematite. X 3. (c.)
Coal Measures ? Ohio.
m m^tsiiiHtEiP ism)^
Palaeont.N YVolP/Pt ii = Vol VIII.
AT II Yin DA.
Plate XLVH.
G.B.Simpson del.
Phil.A5t,lith.
PLATE XLVIII.
(Figs. 1-3, 6, 10, 11, 21-21, 26-29, 33, 34 by E. Emmons; 4, 5,7-9 by F. li. Melk; 12-20, 25, 30-32 by 11. P. Wuitfiemj.)
Legend : D. Coalesced deltidial plates. i'. Deductors.
t. Teeth. c. Crura.
8. Median septnu). hp. Hinffe-pliite.
a. Adductors. "''• Umbonal blades.
a'. Anterior adductors. 1. Stem of looji.
Genus NUCLEOSPIRA, Hall.
Page 142.
NucLEOSPiRA pisuM, Sowcrby.
Fig-. 1. A dorsal view; showing the tine surface spines. X 2.
"Wenlock shale. England.
NuCLEOSPIRA VENTRICOSA, Hall.
Fig. 2. A dorsal view of conjoined valves which retain the epidermal spines over a portion of the surface.
X 2.
Fig. 3. A protile view of a compar-atively large individual, denuded of its sjiines ; showing the usual con-
vexity of the valves.
Fig. 4. A jirotile view of a brachial valve ; showing the crural bases and the recurved hinge-plate
extending backward beyond the apex of the valve.
Fig. 5. The interior of a brachial valve with the umbonal i.ortion of the pedicle- valve adhering, viewed
from in front ; showing the elevation and lobation of the hinge-plate, and the median septum.
Fig. 6. A preparation, showing the broa<l umbonal blades of the primary lamellae, their attachment to the
crura, and also the lateral tjranches of the loop, the upright stem being broken off. X 3.
Fig. 18. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the concave coalesced deltidial plates and the median
septum.
Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). The Helderhergs, N. Y.
NuCLEOSPIRA CONCENTRICA, Hall.
Fig. 7. The exterior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the sharp concentric gi-owth-lines.
Lower Helderberg group. Decatur county, Tennessee.
NuCLEOSPIRA ELEGANS, Hall.
Fig. 8. A dorsal view of conjoined valves ; showing the transverse form of the shell and the low median
sinus on the brachial valve.
Fig. 9. A profile view of the same specimen.
Lower Heldertierg group. Cherry Valley, N. Y.
Fig. 10. A preparation exposing, by the partial removal of the pedicle-valve, the structure of the Itrachi-
dium. In the umbonal region the crura and umbonal blades are exposed, and at (l) is the
pi-ojecting upi'ight stem of the loop. All of the lamell.'e are slightly encrusted with a silicious
deposit. X 2.
Fig. 11. A profile of the same specimen; showing one of the cones and the projecting extremity of the
loop. X 2. (c.)
Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Schoharie, N. Y.
NuCLEOSPIRA CONCINNA, Hall.
Fig. 12. A dorsal view of conjoined valves retaining a portion of the spinulose surface.
Figs. 13-16. Ventral, dorsal, cardinal and protile views of a normal example from which the surface spinules
have lieen lost ; showing the normal subplano-convex contour of the valves and the linear
median depression on each.
Fig. 17. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the concave, coalesced deltidial plates, articulating pro-
cesses, adductor and diductor scars.
PLATE XLVUI— Continued.
Fig-. 19. An internal cast of the pedicle-valve; showing shai-ply defined impressions of the adductor and
diductor scars.
Fig-. 20. An internal cast of the brachial valve ; showing the character of the adductor impression.
Hamilton group. SJiales of western New York.
Fig. 21. The interior of a iiedicle-valve. X 2.
Corniferous limestone. Columbiis, Ohio.
Fig. 22. Umbonal portion of the interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the testaceous thickening over the
posterior portion of the muscular area. X 3.
Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y.
Fig. 23. The hinge-plate viewed from in front, the upper surface of the plate being held in a horizontal
position ; showing the concave surface of the plate an<i size of the crural lobes. X 3.
Fig. 28. The same specimen viewed from above. X 3.
Corniferous limestone. Columh-iis, Ohio.
Fig. 24. A portion of the brachidium, viewed from the dorsal side ; showing the curvature of the spiral
volutions, the long straight crura, their attachment to the jii-imary lamelliE, and the foreshort-
ened loop. X 3.
Fig. 2,5. A portion of the external surface of the shell, enlarged to .show the character of the spinules.
Hamilton group. Weste^-n Neie Ym-k.
Fig. 26. The interior of a brachial valve; showing some difference in the form of the hinge-plate from that
seen in figs. 23 and 28 ; also the .adductor scars and vascular markings.
Hamilton gi'oup. Falls of Vie Ohio.
Fig. 27. The hinge-pl.ite viewed from in fi-ont in the line of the bottom of the valve ; showing the elevation
of its anterior face and the sharp upwanl inclination of the crural Ijases. X 3.
Fig. 29. The ai-ticnlating apparatus of conjoined valves ; showing the elevation of the hinge-plate and
crural bases, and their relation to the teeth of the other valve. X 3.
Fig. 30. A profile of the brachial valve ; showing the recurvatui-e of the hinge-plate and the i^i-ojection of
the crural bases.
Fig. 31. The interior of the same valve ; showing the upper face of the cardinal process and the muscular
impressions.
Fig. 32. An enlargement of the cardinal portion of the ]iedicle-valve ; showing the concave, completely
coalesced and solid deltidial plates, and the teeth. X 5.
Hamilton group. Western New York.
Fig. 33. A preparation of the brachidium retaining one-half of the spiral cones, and the crura, primary
lauiellse and the loop complete. The lamellfe of the brachidium ai-e .siliciHed and the lateral
branches of the loop bear along their inner or posterior mai'gins a series of fine, some-what
irregular, branching processes, directed outward, toward or outside of the jirimary lamells.
Fig. 34. An oblique view of the same specimen. X 3. (c.)
This peculiar structure has been observed in this single instance only. The shell in all external
and other features is indistinguishable from N. concinna, and the nature and value of this
peculiar variation in the structure of the loop is yet to be determined. (See page 146, tig. 132.)
PalaBOnt N Y Vol IVPt ii- Vol.Vm.
m i3i ^ (s m E m IF m m £s.
NMCI.r.OSI'lUID.V.
( iciuM-lc I Iluslr.itums
Plate XLVIU
i*^
'^.^..^^
'■*i<,ijtaii'^
Si
.VI
^^''■'iB^
24-
22
»X.
30
aP^Whitiielddei
Phil.Astliih.
PLATE XLIX.
(Figures 1, 4, 7, 8, U, 15, '21, ;i6-3S, 46 by E. EMMONS; 2, 3, fi, G, 9, 10, 22-38, 89-42 by K, P. Whitfield; 13, 14, 43-45,
47 by G. B. SIMPSON.)
Legend : k. Crural lobes. t. Teeth.
c'. Posterior portion. dt. Deltliyrial tube,
dp. Coalesced deltidial plates.
Genus HINDELLA, Davidson.
l^a^^e 63.
See Plate 41.
IIlNDELLA PrINSTANA, BillillgS.
Fig. 1. A pi-eparation exposing ihe strnctnre of the brachidium by lemoval of a portion of the pedicle-
valve ; showing the antei'ior position of the loop, its oblique direction, long lateral branches and
short terminal process. The spiral cones are represented as having their upper halves
removed. X 3. (c.)
Middle Silurian. Jwiction Cliff, Aiiticosti.
Genus TREMATOSPIRA, Hall.
Page 124.
Trematospiea CAMURA, Hclll.
Fig. 2. A dorsal view of the exterior of conjoined valves.
Fig. 3. A ventral view of a similar, somewhat larger specimen.
Fig. 4. A view of a preiiaration showing by translucence the structure of the brachidium. X 3. (c. )
Niagara group. Locliport, N. Y.
Trematospira perforata, Hall.
Figs. 5, 6. Dorsal and ventral views of a typical individual, showing the character of the exterior.
Lower Helderbei-g group (Shaly limestone). The Helderhergs, N. Y.
Trematospira Hippolyte, Billin<>-.s.
Figs. 7, 8. Dorsal and protile views of the ojiginal sperimen.
Lower Heldei-berg group. Square Lake, Maine.
Trematospira multistriata. Hall.
Figs. 9, 10. Dorsal and ventral views of the exierior of a normal example.
Fig. II. A prepai'ation showing one of the spiral cones, the form and position of the loop and the mode of
attachment <if the pi'imary lamella? and crura, (c )
Fig. 12. The centi-al cardinal portion of the pedicle-valve, viewed fi'oin the apex ; showing the foramen,
teeth and coalesced concave deltidial plates- Tlie median line of union of the latter is retained
on the specimen, but is obscured in the lithograph.
Fig. 13. The hinge-plate viewed from its upper surface, showing its deep median excavation, the promi-
nence of the lateral lobes and their division into anterior and posterior processes. X 3.
Pig. 14. Another specimen of the hinge-plate viewed from the apex of the valve ; showing the elevation of
the post-lateral lobes, the formation of a small meilian callosity, the constriction at the base of
the process .and the striated basal callosity, the lateral portions of which form the socket-walls.
The apex of the valve, lying without and below this area, should have been more distinctly
represented, the plications diverging from this point. X 3.
Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). The Helderhergs, N. Y.
Trematospira dubia, Billings.
Figs. 15, 16. Dorsal and cardinal views of the oiij;inal specimen.
Lower Helderberg group. /Square Lake, Maine.
Trematospiiia simplex, Hall.
Fig. 17. A dorsal view of a normal example; showing the external chai'acters. X 2.
Fig. 18. An enlargement of the surface of the same specimen ; showing the pustules of the outer
lamina. X S.
Lower Helderbei-g group. Decatur county, Tennessee.
Trematospira costata, Hall.
Figs. 19, 20. Doi'sal and ventral views of a very large and tinelj developed individual; showing the trans-
verse form, the character of the plication ami concentric lineation.
Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). The Htiderhergs, N. Y.
PLATE XLIX— Continuea.
Trehatospira Maria, Billings.
Fig. 21. A dorsal view of the original specimen.
Lower Helderberg' gi-oiip. Square Lake, Maine.
Genus RHYNCHOSPIRA, Hall.
I'age 108.
Rhynchospira (?) subglobosa, Hall.
Fig. 22. A dorsal view of an inteinal cast of the conjoined valves ; showing the form of the shell and the
impression of the hinge-plate. This is the original specimen and its generic relations are net
fully determined.
Schoharie grit. Schoharie, iV. T.
Genus TREMATROSPIR.4. Hall
Page 124
TrEMATUOSPIRA niBBOSA, Hilll.
Pigs. 23-26. Doi-sal, ventral, cardinal and frontal views of a large, old and thickened shell ; showing the
coarse and sharp plication and jiresenting the usual form of the species.
Fig. 27. A sinallei' example with the meilian fold and sinus less distinctly developed.
Hamilton gi-oup. Yates county, N. T.
Genus PARAZYGA, gen. nov.
Page \i7.
Parazyga hirsuta, Hall.
Figs. 28-32. Dorsal, ventral, cardinal, frontal and profile views of a normal individual : showing the form,
contour' and tine pHcalion of the valves. The sui'face of the shell was covered with short and
exceedingly line hair-like .spiiuiles which are retaineil only under the most favorable preserva-
tion This is one of the oi'iginal specimens of the species.
Fig. 33. A preparation, showing, by removal of the brachial valve, the form of the spiral cones and their
attachment to the crura.
Fig. 34. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the character of the muscidar area and the concave del-
tidial plates.
Fig. 35. The interior of a brachial valve ; showing hinge-plate and muscular impressions.
Fig. 36. A preparation of the braihidium, the pedicle-valve and the upper portion of the spiral cones
being removed; showing the mo<le of attachment of the crura and primary lamellEB and the
form of the loop. The hinge-plate is not correctly represented. X 2. (c.)
Fig. 37. The hinge-plate enlarged ; showing its bipartite form and the broad dental sockets. X 3.
Fig. 38. The interior of the rostral region of the (ledicle-valve from which the m.argioal portion has lieen
removed, exposing the short dellhyrial or pedicle tube, and remnants of the teeth and dental
plates. X 3.
Fig. 39. The cardinal portion of the pedicle-valve ; showing the delthyrial tube and the greatly abbrevi-
ateil, concave and solid remnants of the dellidial jilates. X 3.
Hamilton group. Varimis localities in the soft shales of Western New Tm-k.
Parazyga Deweyi, Hall.
Figs, 40-42. Dorsal, profile and ventral views ol the original specimen ; showing the form of the shell. In
figure 40 the brachial valve is represented as too flat medially, there being a low fold to cor-
responil with the sinus on the opposite valve which is shown in fig. 42.
Fig. 43. The interior of a poitlon of the brachial valve ; showing the form of the hinge-plate and a short
median septum. X 3.
Fig. 44. The same specimen viewed from Ihe cardinal raai'gin ; showing the elevation of the hinge-plate,
its recurvature and the loliation of its surface. X 3.
Fig. 45. The intei-ior of a portion of the pedicle-valve ; showing the concave and solid deltidial plates,
coalesced only at fheir anterior mai-t;in, and the recurved teeth. The deltidial plates are con-
tinuous with the substance of the shell which fills the entire ro.stral cavity. X 3.
Fig. 46. A preparation .showing the f(n'm of the spiral <'ones, the jiosition of Ihe loop, the genicnlation of
its lateral branches and the shape of the saddle, (c.)
Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). The Helderhergs, N. T.
Genus TREMATOSPIRA, Hall.
Pas:e 121
Trematospira equistrlata, sp. nov.
Fig. 47. A dorsal view of an incoiniilele .-hfll. siriulai- m foi m to T. inidtistiiata. but diffeiing fi-imi that
species in the regular, equal, I'onnded and unbif urcated surface j)lir;iiions. Those in T. oiiidti-
striata are not satisfactorily lepresented in figures 9 and 10, but are sharper and often strongly
fasciculal e.
Lower Helderbei'g group. Cumberland, Maryland.
113 m -^ m miTL m IP m m ^
Palceont N Y.Vol IVPl u-Vol VIII
I i(i:M.\r()siMiMi).v.
(mmhth lllu^lr.ihuiis;
Plate XL IX.
RP.\V>.!«f;eiddii
PMlAsthth.
PLATE L.
(Figures 1-5 copies; 6, 8, I2-U, 28-31, 41-48. 51, 63 by E. Emmons; 7, ii-U, IR, 17, 20. 23. 24, 32-35 by G. B. Simpson;
15, 1«, 19 by J M. Clarke; 21 by F. 1$. Meek; 23, 25, 36-4U, 4!), 60 by R. P. Whitfield )
Legend ; t. Teeth. b. Dental sockets. .'f Median eeptum (pedicle-valve),
d. Dental [dates. c. Crura. a'. Median septum (brachial valve),
hp. Hinge-plate.
Genus RETZIA, King.
I'.ige lOi.
Retzia Adrikni, do Venieiiil.
Figs. 1, 2. Doi'sal and ventral views of a typical sjiecimen ; showing ihe characters of the exterior.
Fig. 3. A doi-sal view of a smaller example, from which a portion cjf the brachial valve has been removed,
exposing the median septum and a portion of one of the si>iral C(mes.
Fig. 4. An enlarged view of a shell which has Ijeen ti-ansversely sectioned just in front of the nmbones;
showing the hinge-plate, dental sockets and median septum.
Fig. 5. 'J'he interior of a portion of the bi-achial v.alve ; showing Ihe hinge-plate and median septum.
The above figures are cojiied from QiuLERT, Annates Sci. Geol., t. xix, No. 1. Ib86.
Fig. (i. A dorsal view of a somewhat flattened example.
Fig. 7. A more rotund individual, imperfect about the ante-lateral margin.
Fig. 8. A view of a similar specimen of larger size.
Fig. 9. A dorsal view of the umbonal region of conjoined valves; showing the excavate cardinal slopes
of the pedicle-valve ami the concave coalesced deltidial plates. X 2.
Lower Devonian. DeparUiiient cle la iSa)'the, France.
Genus PTYCHOSPIRA, gen. nov.
Page 112.
Ptychospira feeita, von Buch.
Fig. 10. A profile view of an average individual ; showing the coarse plication, and the exten.sion of the
anterior margin. X 2.
Fig. 11. A dorsal view of the same specimen ; showing the coalesced deltidial plates. X 2.
Middle Devonian. Eifel, Germany
PxYCHOsriRA LONGiuo.STRis, Kaj.ser.
Fig. 12. A dorsal view of a specimen ; showing the narrow and elevated beak of the pedicle-valve.
Middle Devonian. Eifel, Germany.
PxYCHOsriRA (cf.) sexi'Licata, White iiiid Whitfield.
Figs. 13, 14. Dorsal and ventral views of a specimen, probably referable to this species.
Burlington limestone. Biirthigton, lima.
Subgenus HOM(Ji:OSPIRA, s.-gkn. nov.
Pase 112.
HOMCEOSPIRA EVAX, Htlii.
Fig. 15. A dorsal view of the youngest shell observed. In this stage of growth the beak of the pedicle-
valve is ei-ect and the deltidial plates not developed ; the surface of the valves is smooth and
evidence of plications is visible only outside of the second concen)i-ic growth-line. X 25.
Figs. 16, 17. Profile and dorsal views of <a full-grown specimen ; showing the adult characters of the exterior.
Fig. 18. The umbonal region of a young shell in which the deltidial plates have united at the base, enclos-
ing an oval foramen. X 7.
Fig. 19. A similar view of a more fully grown individual with unusually erect beak and nearly ovate
foramen. X 3.
Fig. 20. The interioi' umbonal portion of a fullyinatured example ; showing Ihe complete obsolescence of
the deltidial plates and the enclosure of the foramen by the sulistance of the valve ; also the
projecting, recurved teeth. X 2.
Niagai'a group. Waldron, Indiana.
Genus RHYNCHOSPIRA, Hall.
Page los.
RhYNCHOSPIRA FORMOSA, Httll.
Fig. 21. A dors.il view of a typical specimen ; showing the character of the exterior.
Fig. 22. The inteiior of the cardinal portion of the peilicle-valve of a normal ailult; showing the circular
foramen, the completely coalesced deltidial plates, and the teeth. X 2.
Fig. 23. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing similar characters with less detail.
Pig. 24. The interior of a brachial valve ; showing the form of the hinge-plate, the dental sockets and the
median septum.
Fig. 25. An interior view of the cardinal portion of articulated valves ; showing the elevation of the hinge-
plate, and the median septum of the brachial valve, and the muscular depi-ession of the
pedicle-valve. X 2.
Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). The Hehlei'berys, N. Y.
PLATE, L— Contiiiueil.
Subgenus HOMCEOSPIRA, s.-gen. nov.
HoMCEosriUA sonuiNA, Becchor aiitl Chuke.
Fig. 26. A ventral view of an individual of about average size.
Figs. 27, 28. Pi-otile and dorsal views; showing the convexity of the valves an<l the character of the plica-
tion and concentric ornamentation. X 2.
Niagara group. JValdro7i, Indimia.
Genus HHYNCIIOSPIRA, Hall.
rage 108.
Rhynchospira Electra, Billings.
Figs. 29-31. Dorsal, ventral and jiroKle views of the oiiffinal specimen.
Lower Helderberg group. Square Lake, Maine.
Subgenus H0M(E0SPIRA, s. gen. nov.
I'affc Hi.
IIoJIOiOSriKA (cf.) EVA\, Hull.
Fig. 32. A dorsal view of an average specimen ; showing the character of the deltidial plates and the sur-
face plications. X 2.
Fig. 33. The interior of a pedicle-valve.
Fig. 34. The intericn- of a brachial valve ; showing the hinge-plate and median septum. X 2.
Fig. 35. The cardinal portion of the last specimen, enlarge<l to show in more detail the structure of the
hinge-plate. X B.
Upper Silurian. Perry county, Tennessee,
Genus TRIGERIA, Bayle.
Pa^e 265.
Trigeuia lepida, Hall.
Figs. 3G-3S. Doi'sal, ventral and profile views of a typical specimen ; showing the character of the exterior
and the form of the deltidial plates. X 2.
Fig. 39. A dorsal view of a more elongate shell, with a pronounced median sinus on the brachial valve. X 2.
Fig. 40. An enlargement of the umbunal i-egion of the specimen represented in tig. 36 ; showing the delti-
dial plates, the form of the foramen and its encroachment upon the apex of the valve. X •).
Hamilton group. Canandaiyua. Lake, N. Y.
(The lithographing of this plate was completed before the discovery of the fact that this species
is a terebratuloid allied to Rens.sel^ria, and referable to the genus Tkigekia, Bayle, as inter-
preted in this work.)
Genus RHYNCHOSPIRA, Hall.
Page 108.
Rhynchospika (?) Eugenia, Billings.
Figs. 41-43. Dorsal, ventral and profile viewsof aspec-imen; showing the usual form of exterior at this locality.
X 2. Hamilton group. Yor/c, iV. ¥.
Rhyxcho.spira (?), .•?p.
Fig. 44. A view of the exterior of a jiedicle-valve, the only specimen of the species observed, and referred
to this genus with doubt.
Waverly gi-oup. Northwestern Pennsylvania.
Rhynchospika scansa, sp. nov.
Fig. 45. A view of the exterior of a pedicle-valve ; showing a median sulcus similar to that occurring in
the typical representatives of the genus.
Waverly group. McKean county, Pennsylvania.
Genus CAMAROSPIRA, gen. nov.
Page 8-2
Camarospira Eucharis, Hall.
Figs. 46, 47. Dorsal and ventral views of the exterior. The position of the me<Iian septum is seen through
the shell-substance on each valve.
Fig. 48. A profile view ; showing the convexity of the valves.
Corniferons limestone. Cass county, Indiana.
Fig. 49. A dorsal view of the original example of Caiiiarojjli-oria Eucharis ; showing a rather more pro-
nounced median fold on the t)rachial valve.
Fig. r.O. A ventral view of a specimen broken so as to expose the spondylium of the pedicle-valve.
Corniferous liniestone. Cayuga, Ontario.
Fig. 51. A median longitudinal section; .showing the spondylium and supporting septum of the pedicle-
valve and the septum of the bi'achial valve. X li
Fig. 52. A transverse section in the umbonal region ; showing the spondylium and septa. X 1^.
Cornifei'ous limestone. Cass county, Indiana.
113 ISI ^ [Q mi^i 'D) 1? © loj ^
Palseont N YVol IVPti; = Vnl VIII
Hi: T/M ll.V.
(i.MH'iir lllii-.lr.<lLoiis
Plate L
a.B Simpson del
Phil^Asihth.
Fi-.
Fi^.
Pig-.
5.
6.
7.
Fig.
8.
Fig-.
9.
PLATE LI.
(Figures 1-7, 13-16, 18. 23-26, -28, '29, 31-41 by G. B. Simpson: 8. ii, 20-22 by J. M. Clarke; 17 by F. 1$. Meek; 19, 27,
30 by E. Emmons; 10-12 copies.)
Genus HUSTEDIA, gen. nov.
Page 1-20.
HuSTEDIA MORMONI, MaiCOll.
Figs. 1-4. Ventral, dorsal, frontal and profile views of an average individual ; showing the coarse plication
of the surface.
An enlarged viesv of the exterior of the pedicle-valve. X 2.
The opposite side of the same specimen ; showing the coalesced deltiiiial plates. X 2.
An enlai-geineni of the umltonal region ; shciwingthe coalesced deltidial plates, and the flattened
cardinal slopes of the brachial valve. X 5.
A preparatiiin of the hinge-plate, viewed from in front ; showing the elevation of the large
recurved median part, the crui al lulies, and the projection of the anterior ligulate process.
A protile view of the same specimen ; showing the great recurvature of the body of the plate,
the direction of the crural processes, and the extent of the anterior ligulate process. X 5. (c.)
Coal Measures. Near Kansas City, Missouri.
Genus UNCINELLA, Waagen.
Page 1-23.
Uncinella typica, Waagen.
Figs. 10-12. Dorsal, profile and ventral views of a typical specimen ; showing the extei-ior characters.
(Waagen.)
Permo-carboniferous. Salt- Range, India.
Genus EUMETRIA, Hall.
Page 11.1.
Eumetkia Veuneuiliana, Hall.
Figs. 13, 14. Doi-.sal and protile views of an unusually elongate shell.
Figs. 15, 16 Similar view.s of an example which has the usual form of the species.
Fig. 17. A dorsal view of the original siiecimen of the species, enlarged.
In all the above specimens the deltidial plates are seen to be wholly coalesced, which is the nor-
mal condition at matui-ity.
Fig. 18. A dorsal view of a small inilividual in which the median division-line between the deltidial plates
is still i-etained. X 3. This and the preceding figure represent the species as it occurs in the
limestone at this locality.
Fig. 19. The detached brachidium, enlarged, and viewed from the ventral side ; showing the attachment
of the crura to the primary lamellse, the form of the loop, its long, straight bifurcate stem, and
the shape of the spii-al cones. X 2. (c.)
Fig. 20. The interior of the cardinal region of articulated valves, viewed with the plane of the hinge hori-
zontal. This prepai-alion shows, in the background, the lai-ge foramen and below it the flattened
inner surface of the coalesced deltidial plates, which afford no evidence of a median suture. On
either side are the elongate teeth filling the equally elongate dental .sockets. The hinge-plate
consists of two parts, (a) the posterior jiortion which takes the form of a crescent, its horns lying
back upon the inner surface of the deltidial plates and the nmbonal slopes ; this is connected
laterally with the socket-walls and anteriorly with (ft), the anterior portion, which is tent-shaped
and consists of two deep and bread lateral lamella i-esting on the bottom of the valve, united
above by a deeply concave horizontal plate ; from the anterior angles formed by the union of
these phates arise the divergent and gi-e,atly elevated crural processes. In this figure the anterior
portion of this apparatus is considerably foi-eshortened. It will be observed that the specimen
shows no evidence of the delthyrial tube occurring in Retzia, Hu.stedia, etc. X 10. (c.)
Fig. 21. The same preparation viewed with the pedicle-valve inclined upward; showing the length of the
anterior transverse jilate. X 5.
Fig. 22. A view of the same specimen with the pedicle-valve inclined downward ; showing the elevation of
the crural plates and processes. X 5.
St. Louis grouji. Spergen Bill, Indiana.
Fig. 23. An internal cast of a brachial valve which retains a portion of the hinge-plate and shows the back-
ward projection of the posterior crescent.
Fig. 24. A dorsal view of a specimen, drawn from the impression of a natural mould represented in fig. 25.
Fig. 2.'). A mould of the extei-ior of a poi-lion of both valves.
Fig. 26. The umbonal portion of the same specimen, enlarged ; showing the maximum development of the
foraminal tube, which is but a slightly introvei-ted lamina. The figure was also designed to
represent the separation along the hinge-line of the deltidial plates from the flattened cardinal
sui-faces of the bi-achial valve, b it by an error in the lithography this line has been made to
appear as a break continuous with a slight fi-acture on each side of the pedicle-valve. X 3.
St. Louis group. Cfreeiie county, Missouri.
PLATE LI— Continuetl.
EUMETRIA VERA, VMr. COSTATA, Hull.
Fig. 27. The cardinal portion of a pedicle-valve ; showing the completely coalesced deltidial jilates. X 3.
Fig. 28. A view of a pedicle-valve from which the shell has been partially exfoliated ; showing the faintly
defined muscular area.
Figs. 31, 32. Dorsal and profile views of the same specimen.
Chester limestone. Crittenden, county, Kentucky.
Fig. 29. A dorsal view of a specimen from which the shell has been exfoliated, exposing the elongate,
narrow muscular impression of the bi-iichial valve.
Fig. 30. The upper half of a preparation of the brachidium ; showing in the solid opaque matrix the
attachment of the crura to the primary lamelhi;, and the bifurcate extremity of the loop. X 2.
Chester limestone. Chester, lUhioii.
Fig. 33. The interior of the umbonal portion of a brachial valve ; showing the posterior horns of the hinge-
plate, the concave median plate and the elongate, narrow dental sockets. The crnral jilates
and their pi-ocesses have been lost. X 3.
Chester group. Crittenden county, Kentucky.
EuMETRiA Verneuiliana, Hall.
Figs. 34, 3.5. Dorsal and profile views of a specimen with coarse surface plications.
St. Louis group. 8pergen Hill, Tndiana.
EuMETRIA VERA, Hall.
Fig. 36. The umbonal portion of an old shell enlarg-ed (o show the thickening of the coalesced deltidial
plates which have become conspicuously protuberant. This thickening has been accompanied
by a similar growth on the brachial valve which has rendered the flattened cardinal expansion
very prominent, as seen (m the right of the Ijeak. The growth of the bi-achial valve has been
somewhat unsymmetrical. X 2
Fig. 37. The umbonal portion of a specimen which has been broken longitudinally nearly in the median
axis. On the upper jiortion is exposed the snrfac'e of the more distant of the two ciural plates,
flattened below by the transverse concave plate and the upward extension of the nearer of the
crural plates. The outer shell is retained about the beak of the pedicle-valve. X 3^.
Chester group. Crittenden county. Kentucky.
The distinction between the thi'ee forms of Edmetria here represented is one not easy to carry out
with an abundance of material. Eumetria Vimeuiliana was founded upon the small, very
finely plicated shells from the white limestones at Spergen Hill, Ind., but it was suggested in
the original description that the larger shells occuriing in a silicified condition at the same
locality and elsewhere, are of the same species. E. vera was based upon specimens of about
the same size as the latter, with a somewhat coarser plication, derived fi'om the Kaskaskia
(Chester) limestone at Chester, Illinois, and E. vera, var. i-ofitata on larger and more coai'sely
plicated shells from the same locality. It is very fi-equently difficult, notwithstanding the slight
differences in geological horizon, to distinguish the larger form of E. Verneaitiana from the typ-
ical form of E. vera, while a distinction between the two forms of E. Verneuiliana occuring at
Spergen Hill is often moi-e readily made.
Genus ACAMBONA, White.
Page 119.
AcAMBONA ? OSAGENSIS, Su'allow.
Fig. 38. A dorsal view of an imperfect specimen of the Retzia Osageiuiis, Swallow, which will probably
prove to belong to this genus.
Fig. 39. A portion of the surface of the shell enlarged. The lower part of the figure represents the puncta-
tions of the outer surface', where it has lieen exposed and somewhat weathered ; above is the
surface of one of the inner layers coveied with fine pustules. The plications are much more
distinctly defined on the inner layers, but they are not obsolete on the outer layer as here
represented. X 5.
Choteau limestone. Pike county, Missouri.
AcAMBONA PRIMA, White.
Figs. 40, 41. Dorsal and profile views of an incomplete specimen which is i-egarded as lielonging to this
species.
Biirlington limestone. Burlington, Iowa.
Palaeont.NT.VoirVPni'Vnl.vra.
113 m^©SJE©IF ©IS^X.
II i; T/i I n.Y.
( 'cut'i-ic I llustr.ilu>ns
Plate LI.
QB. Simpson del
Phii.As tilth.
PLATE LII.
(Figures 1-15 by G. B. Simpson; 16-19 by E. EMMONS; 20-36 copies.)
Genus CLINTONELLA. gen. nov.
Vane 159.
Clintonella vagabunda, s|). nov.
Fig. 1. A dorsal view of an internal cast i-etaining the shell on the umbo of the pe<licle-valve. Below the
foramen is seen a portion of the lower surface of the hinge-plate.
Fig. 2. A view of another specimen .similarly preserved, though the hinge-plate is wholly removed.
Fig. 3. A profile of the same specimen ; showing the normal convexity of the valves and the elevation of
the median fold on the brachial valve.
Fig. 4. A ventral view of the same specimen ; showing the depth of the median sinus.
Pig. 5. The interior of an imperfect pedicle-valve ; showing the teeth and open delthyrium. X 2.
Fig. 6. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the elevation and curvature of the teeth. X 2.
Fig. 7. The interior of the umbonal portion of the brachial valve ; showing the divided hinge-plate and
the low median ndge. X 3.
Pig. 8. An internal cast of a pedicle-valve ; showing the muscular area crossed by the plications of the
shell. X 2.
Fig. 9. The interior of the umbonal region of conjoined valves, viewed from in front ; showing the mode
of articulation and the bilobed cardinal process. X 3.
Pig. 10. A cast of the interior of the pedicle-valve ; showing the division of the muscidar area into a<lduc-
tor and diductor scars. X 2.
Pig. 11. An incomplete interior of the brachial valve ; showing the hinge-plate and muscular scars. X 2.
Clinton group. Di-ift of Western Nexo York.
Genus CCELOSPIRA, Hall.
I'age \U.
CoiLOSPIRA plicatula, Hull.
See Plate 53.
Figs. 12-14. Ventral, profile and dorsal views of the exterior; showing contour and character of plication.
Clinton group. Lockport'N. Y.
CcELOSPIRA planoconvexa, Hall.
See Plate 53.
Fig. 15. The interior of a pedicle-valve. X 1^.
Clinton group. Hmnilton, Ontario.
Ccelospika (cf.) HEMISPH^RICA, Sowerby.
Fig. 16. The interior of a pedicle- valve. X 3.
Clinton group. Near Wolcott, N. Y.
Genus ANOPLOTHECA, Sandberqek.
Page 129.
Anoplotheca lepida, Goldfuss.
F"igs. 17, IS. Dorsal and profile views of an avei-age specimen ; showing the slightly concavo-convex contour,
the low, spar.<?e plications and tine concentric lineation. X 5.
Fig. 19. A portion of the inlerior of a i)edicle-valve ; showing the teeth resting upon the thickened shell-
wall, and the median septum grooved for the reception of the extremity of the loop.
Middle Devonian. GcroUtein, Eifel.
PLATE Ln— Continued.
Anoplotheca venusta, Schiuir.
Fig. 20. The intei ior of a brachial valve, enlarged ; showing the cardinal process and muscular impres-
sion.
Fig. 21. An internal cast of the pedicle-valve, enlarged ; showing the diductor scars and vascular
impressions.
Figs. 22, 23. Ventral and dorsal views of the exterior.
Fig. 24. An enlarged view of a specimen showing, by the removal of a ])ortion of the pedicle-valve, the
spiral cones, their form and direction.
(Figs. 20, 21, 24 are after Sandbbrokr; tigs. 22, 23 after Schnur.)
Middle Dev<inian. Eifel, Germany.
Genus UNCITES, Defrance.
Page 113.
Uncites GBYPHUS, Schlotheiui.
Fig. 25. A specimen from which a portion of the pedicle-valve has been broken, exposing the intei-ior and
showing the lateial pouch-shnped expansions of both valves and the incurved beak and crura
of the brachial valve. (Davidson.)
Middle Devonian. Chlmay, Belgium.
Fig. 26. A profile of a specimen retaining both valves ; showing their convexity, and the prolongation of
the beak of the pedicle-valve. (Davidson.)
Middle Devonian. Paffrath, Germany.
Fig. 27. A doi-sal view of a medium-sized specimen ; showing the character of the exterior and the deep
delthyrium. (Davidson.)
Middle Devonian. Chlmay, Belgium.
Fig. 28. A dorsal view of a large individual with distorted unciform beak. (F. Roemer.)
Middle Devonian. Eifel, Germany.
Fig. 29. The interior of the umbonal region of the brachial valve, enlarged ; showing the hinge-plate,
lateral pouches, and grooved ridges extending forward from the base of the hinge-plate.
(Davidson.)
Middle Devonian. Ti»-quay, England.
Genus K.4RPINSKIA. Tschernyschew.
Page 171).
Karpinskia conjugula, T.sclicniy.sfhow.
Figs. 30-32. Proiile, dorsal and ventral views of the exterior of conjoined valves.
Fig. 33. A transverse section ; showing the form of the spiral cones and their convergence into the cavity
of the biachial valve.
(Tschernyschew.)
Lower Devonian. Ural Mountains, Russia.
Subgenus GEUENEWALDTIA. Tschernyschew.
P.ige 175.
Gruenewaldtia latilinguis, Schiiur.
Figs. 34-36. Dorsal, profile and frontal views ; showing the contour and exterior markings of the species.
(SCHNCH.)
Middle Devonian. Gerolstein, Germany.
II3.^(BSIII®IF (BIE^
Palaeont N Y.VoirvPt n = VolVIH-
Mis(i:i.i..\Ni:ors
(V*»u<'ru- 1 11 1 isl rations
Plate L II
G.B. Simpson del
Phil.AstUth.
PLATE LIII.
(Figures 1-3, S-7, 11-13, 17--i3, 29, 30, 3(5-38, 4li, 48, 64, 65 by G. B. .Simpson; 4 by J. U Clakki;; 8, 9, 14, 15, 31, 40-4J, 45,
47, 411, 51, 53 l)y K. Emmons; 10, 16, '>4-28, 32-35, 39 by li. P. Whitfield; 43, 44, 60, 62 by F. B. Meek 1
Genus ATRYPINA, gen. no v.
Page lai.
Atrypina disparilis, HiiU.
Figs. 1-3. Ventral, protile and dor.sal v'ibw.'* of an average inaluie exani|ple; showing the plano-convex
contour, sjianse plication and concentric surface markings. X 2.
Fig. 4. A dorsal view of a very young individual; showing the deltidial plates beneath the erect beak,
the deep median sinus of the brachial valve and its low plications. X 5.
Niagara' group. Waldron, Indiana.
Atrypina imbricata, Hall,
Fig. .n. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the concave delti<lial plates and (he teeth. X 2.
Fig. 6. The interior of an incomplete pedicle-valve; .showing the deep pedicle-cavity. X 2.
Fig. 8. The interior of a brachial valve ; showing the bilobed cardinal process and a portion of one of the
spirals. X 2.
Fig. 9. A cai'dinal view of the same specimen ; showing a narrow area and the size of the cardinal
process. X 2i.
Fig 10. The cardin.al region enlarged ; showing the slightly concave deltidial plates, the circular foramen
neai-ly enclosed by the substance of the valve, and the lamella; of the sui-face. X .">.
Lower Helderberg grcnip. Near darksville, N. Y.
Genus CCELOSPIRA, Halt,.
l>;ii,'e 134.
CfELOSPIRA PLANOCONVEXA, H;ill.
See Plato :>2.
Figs. 11-13. Ventral, dorsal and protile views of a specimen, natural size ; showing the contour and surface
characters of the shell.
Fig. 14. The iutei'ior of a brachial valve; showing the form of the cardinal process and the thickened
median i-iiige. X 2.
Fig. 15. A still further enlargement of a poition of the same valve, to show Ihe grooved lobes of the canl-
inal proce.=!s. X .^.
Fig. 16. The interior of an incompl.-'te brachial valve : i^howing cardinal process, dental sockets, and the
muscular depressions on either side of the thickened median I'idge ; etdai'ged.
Clinton groii]>. Hamilton, (hitario.
Genus ATRYPINA, gen. nov.
ViViK 101.
Atrypina Clintoni, sp. nov.
Fig. 7. The interior of an incomplete brailiial valve ; shciwing the bilobed hinge-plate and the median
muscular i-idge. X t>-
Fig. 17. A dorsal view of a specimen ; showing the internal cast of the brachial valve and the teeth and
rostral cavity of the jiedicle-valve. X 2.
Fig. 18. An internal cast of the pedicle-valve ; showing the ailductor and diductor muscular scars. X 2.
Fig. ]!). The exterior of a jteilicle- valve. X 2.
Clinton group. Drift of loestera New York.
Genus CCELOSPIRA, Hall.
Page 134
C(ELOSpira concaa'a. Hall.
Fig. 20. The exterior of a pedicle-valve. X 2.
Fig. 21. The exterior of a brachial valve ; .showing its concavity and the posterioi- p(n-tion of the cardinal
process. X 2.
Fig. 22. The interior of the brachial valve ; showing the character of the cardinal process and socket-walls,
and the median thickening between the muscular impressions. X 3.
Fig. .23. The interior of an incomplete pedicle-valve ; .showing the open delthyrinm, tlie teeth and muscu-
l.ar ini|n'essions. X 3.
Lower Helderbei-g gronji (Shaly limestone). Near ClarkxmUe, N. T.
PLATE LUI— Continued.
C(ELOSPiRA Camilla, H;ill.
Figs. 24-26. Dorsal, iirotile ami ventral views of a typical specimen; showing' the contour and surface char-
acters. X 2.
Fig. 27. The interior of the bra<-hial valve ; showing; the elevated anil somewhat recurveil hinge-plate. X 4.
Pig. 28. The interior of ii pedicle valve; showing the open delthyriutn. the teeth anil muscular impres-
sions. X 4.
Corniferous limestone. Caledonia, N. ¥.
Fig. 29. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing characters similar to tliose of the preceding figure. X 2.
Fig. 30. The exterior of a pedicle-valve. X 2.
Fig. 31. The interior of a brachial valve ; showing the hinge-plate and median ridge. X 3.
Corniferous limestone. Lc Roy, N. Y.
CffiLOSPIRA ACUTIPLICATA, Coiliud.
Figs. 32-3."i. Doi'sal, profile, ventral and frontal views of the exteiior of a typical specimen ; .showing the
contour, coarse, sharp plication and concentric lineation of the v.alves
(/Orniferous limestone. Jamesville, N. Y.
Fig. 3ti. The interioi' of a portion of the bi-achial valve; showing the i-ccurved hinge-plate, ileej) ilental
sockets and median I'idge. X 3-
Fig. 37. The exterior of a pedicle-valve slightly imperfect about the raaigins. X 2.
Fig. 38. The interior of the same specimen ; showing the open delthyrium and teeth. X 2.
Corniferous limestone. JVate)-Io(i, N. Y.
Fig. 39. The interior of a brachial valve with faint lateral plications ; showing the hinge-plate, dental
sockets and median ridge.
Corniferous limestone. Sangerfield, N. Y.
Genus LEPTOCGELIA, Hall.
Page 13ii.
Leptoc(ELia flabellites, Hall.
Figs. 40-42. Dorsal, ventral and profile views of an average example ; showing the contour and sui'face
characters.
Fig. 43. The interior of a brachial valve ; showing the structui'e of the hinge-plate, dental sockets and
muscular area.
Fig. 44. A profile of a large shell ; showing the plano-convex contour.
Fig. 45. The interior of a brachial valve, somewhat imperfect about the margins ; showing a slight varia-
tion of the characters as represented in tig. 43.
Fig. 46. The cardinal region of another brachial valve, enlarged ; showing the excavation of the cardinal
process im either side of a median ridge, and the projection of the crural lobes. X 2.
Fig. 53. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the open delthyrium, teeth, adductoi' and diductor scars.
Oriskany sandstone. Cumberland, Maryland.
LEPTOCffiLIA FIMBRIATA, Htlll.
Fig. 47. Dorsal view of the posterior poi-fion of the shell; showing the fimbria of spinules or testaceous
jirocesses extending fi-om between the cardinal margins. X 3.
Fig. 48. A profile of a brachial valve; .showing the elevation of the cardinal process and crura. X 3.
Fig. 49. Caidinal view of a brachial valve ; showing the elevation of the cardinal process, socket-walls
and crura, and the foreshortened cardinal spinides.
Fig. 50. Dorsal view of conjoined valves ; showing the exterior characters and the cardinal spinules. X 3.
Fig. 51. The interior of a brachial valve; showing the structure of the articulating apparatus, the char-
acter of the muscular area, and the mai-ginal spinules which are inserted upon this valve. X 2.
Fig. 52. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the foramen, teeth and muscular aiea. X 2.
Figs. 54, 55. Interiors of pedicle-valves ; showing some variation in the retention of the .structural features.
X 2.
Oriskany sandstime. Oumberland, Maryland.
33 Hi ^ © IS H ® IP © lEJ ^:!^
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PLATE LIV.
(Figuies 1-3, 23-26, 30, 35-37 by E. Emmons; K, y-11, 13-16, 21, 22 27, :il-34 liy G. 1!. simI'SOn; 4, 5, 7, S, 12, 17-20, 28,
29, 38-40, 47, 48 by R. P. Whitfield; 41-t« copies.)
Genus ZYGOSPIRA. Hall.
Pago 154.
Zygospika recurvikostua, Hall.
FigH. 1-3. Dorsal, ventral and cardinal views of the exterior of an average examiile. X ■i-
Trenton limestone. Middleville, N. Y.
Figs. 4, 5. Dorsal and jirofile views of a more tinely plicated sjiecitnen. X 3.
Trenton limestone. Savannah, Illinois.
Fig. H. Dorsal view of a shell much nioi-e finely plicated than the foi-egoing, and with a bi'oader median
sinus on the brachial valve. This is the pi'evailing form at this loi'ality.
Trenton horizon. Frankfort, Kentucky.
Zygospika modesta (Say), Hall.
Fig. 7. Dorsal view of the exterior ; showing the character of the plication. X 3.
Fig. 8. A profile of a somewhat larger individual. X 3.
Hudson River group. Near Cincinnati, Ohio.
Fig. 9. The interior of a brachial valve ; showing the bilobed cardinal pi-ocess. X 2.
Fig. 10. A portion of the same specimen enlarged to show more distinctly the structure of this process. X 6.
Hudson River group. Versailhs, Indiana.
Fig. 12. An enlargement of the cardinal region ; showing the dellidial plates and the encroachment of the
foramen upon the umbonal portion of the shell. In this specimen the false cardinal area is
unusually developed, but it does not take on the ajipearance and sharji definition of a ti'ue area
as here represented ; the upper margin nevei' showing such angularity.
Hudson River group. Near Cincinnati, Ohio.
Zygospira Kentuckiensi.s, Jainc!?.
Figs. 11, 15, 16. Ventral, dorsal and profile views of an average si)ecimen, natural size ; showing the exterior
characters and large size of this form.
Hudson River group. Oldham county, Kentucky.
Zygospira Cincinnatiensis, Meek.
Figs. 13, 14. Ventral and dorsal views of the exterior; showing the charactei- of the jilication ami the un-
equal size and distrilmtion of the ribs on foM and sinus. X 2.
Hudson River group. Cincinnati, Ohio.
Zygospira (Orthonom^a) ekratica. Hall.
Fig. 17. The interior of a brachial valve ; showing the bilolied cardinal process, muscular and vascular
impressions.
Fig. 18. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the open delthyrinm, deep, posteriorly situated muscular
scar, and the lateral impressions at the sides of this scar The impressions in the pallial region
which are i-epresented as branching sinuses are believed to be ti'aces of the primary lamellae
of the spii'al coils. Figs. 17 and 18 are drawn from gutta-percha impressions taken from nat-
ural casts of the interior.
Fig. 19. Ventral view of a natural cast of the interior; showing the muscular scars of the pedicle-valve.
X 2.
Fig. 20. .\ natural cast of the brachial valve ; showing the ai-rangement of the muscular scars. X 2.
Hudson River group. Drift blocks in ceiitral and westei-n New York.
Fig. 21. The exterior of a pedicle-valve ; showing its contour and the tine surface plication.
Hudson River group. Hamilton, Ontario.
Fig. 22. The interior of a pedicle-valve; showing the cardinal process and muscular scars. From a gutta-
percha mould.
Fig. 23. An enlargement of the cardinal process of tlie same specimen ; showing its bilobate character. X 3.
Hudson River group. Drift blocks of central Nnu York.
PLATE LIV— Continued.
Subgenus CATAZYGA, s.-gen. nov.
ragclM.
C'atazvga Headi, Billings.
Figs. 24-26. Dorsal, profile and cardinal views of the exterior ; showing the biconvex valves, the tine plica-
tion of the exterior and the median depression on the brachial valve. Natural size.
Hudson River groui). Near Ottawa, Canada.
Figs. 28, 29. Dorsal and jirofile views of anothei' specimen.
Hudson River group. Wear Cincinnati, Ohio.
Fig. 30. The intei-ior of a portion of the pedicle-valve ; showing the deep musculai- scar.
Hudson River group. Waynt.wiUe, Indiana.
Catazyga Headi, v:ir. borealis, Billings.
Fig. 27. A dorsal view of a rather large specimen of this variety.
Hudson River gi-oup. Waynesville, Indiana.
Figs. 31, 32. Dorsal and profile views of a smaller shell.
Anticosti group. Island of Anticosti.
Catazyga Headi, var. Anticostiensi.s, Billings.
Fig. 33,34. Ventral and dorsal views of the exterior; showing the outline, contour and tine surface
plication.
Hudson River group. Collingwood, Ontario.
Genus ZYGOSPmA, Hall.
Page !5t.
Zygospira putilla. sp. nov.
Figs. 35-37. Dorsal, profile and ventral views of the exterior of an avei-age example. X 2.
Hudson River group. Near Edgewood, Pike county, Missuwi.
Genus CYCLOSPIRA, gen. nov.
Page 116.
CvcLOSPiRA bisulcata, EniDions.
Figs. 38-40. Doi-sal, piofile and vential views of the exterior of a specimen bearing a marginal plication in
the sinus of the brachial valve. X 2.
Ti-enton iiuiestoue. Watertown. N. T.
Genus DAY I A, Davidson.
Page 62.
Dayia navicula, Sovverby.
Figs. 41-43. Dorsal, frontal and profile views of an avei-age example, enlarged.
Fig. 44. A restoration showing the character of the spirals and loop.
Figs. 45, 46. Enlarged translucent preparations of the spiials ; showing the lateral direction of the apices
and the fimbriation of the sjiiral coils. (Davidson.)
Ludlow shales. Shj-opshire, England.
Genus PKOTOZYGA, gen. nov.
I'age 151.
Protozyga exigua, Hall.
Figs. 47, 48. Ventral and dorsal views of a specimen ; showing the naviculate contour and smooth exterior.
Shells of this sjiecies usually bear one or two low, broad marginal folds on each side of the
median axis. X 2.
Trenton limestone. Watertown, N. T.
m m. ^ (s ME ® IF m m ^
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PLATE LV.
(Figures 1 by J. M. Clarke;
, 11, 1-2, 15-17 by G. B. Simpson; 3-9, 18-21, 23, 26, 27 by B. 1'. \Viirn-n;i.D; 10, 13, H,
22, 24, 25 by E. Emmons.)
Legend : P. Pedicle passage.
p. Pedicle cavity,
dp. Deltidial plates,
hp. Hinge-plate.
c. Crural lobes.
h. Dental sockets.
si\ Ridge in dental sockets.
a. Adductor scars.
n. Diductor scars.
o. Ovarian markings.
V. Vascular trunks.
v'. Secondary vascular sinuses.
Genus ATRYPA, Dalman.
Page 163.
Atrypa ueticularis, Linii6.
Fig. 1. Dorsal view of the youngest individual observed; showing the slight convexity of the brachial
valve in tlie umbonal region, its general depression anteriorly, low median sinus, few plications,
erect beak of pedicle- valve, triangular delthyiium and incipient deltidial plates. X 10.
Fig. 2. Exterior of the pedicle-valve of a mature imlividual from the same locality ; showing the exten-
sions of the concentric lamella?.
Niagara group. Waldron, Indiana.
Figs. 3, 4. Dor.sal and profile views of an elongate, finely plicate and gibbous shell, without strong con-
centric growth lines.
Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Near Clarksville, N. Y.
Figs. 5, 6. Dorsal and jirofile views of an orbicular, subequally biconvex, finely plicate shell.
Fig. 7. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the broad pedicle cavity, widely separated teeth, pedicle,
a<iductor and diductoi' mufcular scars, ovarian markings and crenulated ante-lateral margins.
Fig. 8. The interior of a brachial valve ; showing the structure of the hinge-plate, dental sockets and the
muscular scars.
Hamilton group. In t!if soft shales of western New York.
Fig. 9. An internal cast of a lai-ge perlicle-valve ; showing the impression of the rostral cavity and lai-ge
muscular scars, ovarian markings, vascular trunks and secondai'y sinuse.^.
Coi-niferous limestone. Le Roy, N. Y.
Fig. 10. A preparation exposing the brachidium of a large individual, by the removal of the brachial valve.
The spiral cones have their bases parallel to the surface of the pedicle- valve and their apices
directed upward and inward, into the cavity of the convex brachial valve. The figure shows
the laterally appresseil form of the cones, the great width and anterior extension of the primary
lamelliE, the attachment of the latter to the crura, and tlie discrete, i-ecurved bi'anches of the
loop. (c.)
Chemung grouji. Haskinsinlle, N. Y.
Fig. 11. The cardinal portion of the bi-achial valve, enlarged ; showing the i-educed and completely divided
hinge-plate, and the broad dental sockets which are traversed by a crenulated median ridge. X3.
Fig. 12. A posterior view of the cai'dinal portion of the pedicle-valve ; showing the elevation of the distant
teeth, the double grooving and reciirvatui-e of theii- extremities. X 3.
Figs. 13, 14. Fragments of the spiral lamells ; showing their fimbriate outer margin. X 10.
Fig. 15. A portion of the primary lamellse with its attachment to one of the crura. This specimen is viewed
from the dorsal side and shows the incurvature of the crus and its union with the outer edge
of the lamella. X 10.
Fig. 16. A view of the loop drawn from the ventral side of the brachidium ; showing the thickened and
recurved extremities of the lateral branches. X 10.
Fig. 17. A portion of the primary lamella and one of the crura, the latter bein^ in a pathologic condition
which has resulted in hypertrophy of this pai't. X 10.
Hamilton group. Clarke county, Indiaiia.
PLATE hV— Continued.
AxKYPA ASrERA, Schlot liciiu, var. occidentalis, Hall.
Figs. J8, Ifl. Dnraal ami profile views of a Devonian shell ; showing' the gibbosity of the liracliial valve, the
coarse plications ami strong concentric lamellie.
Fig. 20. A preparation of the brachidinm expose<l by the removal of the pe(ii<'.le-valve ; showing the form
of the cones and loop. (Whitfield )
Upper Devonian. Independence, Iowa.
Atrypa spino.sa, Hall.
Fig. 21. The exterior of the pedicle-valve; showing the extension of the concentric lamellfe into well-
defined spinules. When these .'^pinnies ai'e removed such shells present coarse, strong plications
like those of A. aspera.
Hamilton group. Moscino, N. Y.
Fig. 22. Dorsal view of a specimen with longer spines. A portion of the biachial valve has been removed,
showing one of the spiral cones, which is con.<;iderably depressed.
Hamilton group. Cmmndaigua Lake, N. Y.
Atrypa hystrix, Hall.
Fig. 23. The exterior of a pedicle-valve, with coarse ribs, strong concentric lamellfe and stout, long mar-
ginal spines.
Chemung group. Near Bath, Stevheii county, N. Y.
Atrypa marginalis, Dalman.
Figs. 24, 25. Dorsal and profile views of a preparation showing the brachidium which has been exposed by
the i-emoval of the brachial valve. The spiral cones are more regularly conical and more
obtuse at their apices than is usual in A. rtticularU. In this specimen, also, the latei'al
branches of the loop are disci'ete. The figures also show the great elevation of the linguiform
extension of the median sinus on the pedicle-valve. X 2^.
Middle Silurian. Anticosti.
Atrypa PSEUDf)MARGiNALis, Hall.
Figs. 26, 27. Doi'sal and profile views of the original specimen ; showing the convexity of the valves and
the strong median fold on the brachial valve.
Corniferous limestone. Schoharie, N. Y.
113 m ^^ © 31 jl D I? 'B II) ^^
Palaeoni N Y.VoI !V Pt a- Vol Vlii
A I 1 1 1 I > I 1 ) .V.
("u'lieiii- Illustrations
Plate LV
R,P. Whitfield del.
Prdl^AstUth.
PLATE LVI.
(Figures 1-13, 16-2S, 28-34, 3ii,37, « by G. B. Simpson; 11, 15, H~-i7 by U. P. Whiti'Ield; 35, 38 by C. E. BEECHER;
39-44 copies.)
Genus RHYNCHONELLA, Fisciiek de Waldheim.
Page 177.
Rhynchonella loxia, Fi.-^cher tie Wtildlieiiii.
Figs. 1-5. Dorsal, ventral, profile, frontal and cardinal views of a normal mature individual, retaining the
smooth external surface, and showing' the contour, acuminate median fold and sparse lateral
]ilication.
Vtg. 6. Cardinal view of an internal cast ; showing the cavity of the dental plales and median sejitum.
This is the type of the genus Rhynchonella.
Upper Jurassic. Ckaraschowa, Runsia.
Genus PROTORHYNCHA, oen. nov.
Page ISO.
Protokhyncha ^QUIRADIATA, Ililll.
Fig. 7. An internal cast of the brachial valve ; showing the length of the median .septum. X 2.
Fig. 8. The cardinal portion of the brachial valve, enlarged ; showing a clearly defined cardinal ,'irea,
oblique dental sockets, the broad, rather ill-defined hinge-plate, with a median cavity whose
lateral walls are continuous with the median septum. X 3.
Fig. 9. An internal cast of a larger i)edicle-valve ; showing a well defined median sinus and a very re-
stricted muscular scar in the umlional region. X 2.
Clinton group. New Hartford, N. T.
Genus ORTHORHYNCHULA, oen. nov.
Page 181.
Orthokhynchula Linneyi. Nettelrotli.
Figs. 10-12. Dorsal, pi-ofile and ventral views of the exterior of an average example; showing contour and
character of plication.
Fig. 13. The central portion of the cardinal i-egion, enlai-ge<l ; showing the sharply defined cardinal area
and the open delthyrium. X 3.
Fig. 19. The interior of a pedicle-viilve ; showing the obscurely defined muscular impre.ssion, the cardinal
area, open delthyrium and teeth. The area has been encroached ujion by the delthyrium and
consequently diminished in size.
Hudson River group. NasJwille, Tennessee.
The original specimens of this species are fi'om Danville and neigboring localities, Kentucky.
Genus RHYNCHOTREMA. Halt.
Papre 182.
Rhynchotrema capax, Conrad.
Figs. 14, 15. Dorsal and fi-ontal views of a .somewhat gibbous adult ; showing the chai-acter of the plication
and the fine concentric lineation.
Hudson River group. Frankfort, Kentucky.
Fig. Ifi. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the thickened lieltidial plates consolidated with the
valve, the deep pedicle and muscular cavity, and recurved teeth.
Hudson River group. Richmimd, Indiana.
Fig. 17. The interior of a pedicle- valve; .showing the bi-oad, concave deltidial plates, in (contact for their entire
length along the median line, greatly thickened and consolidated with the bottom of the valve
beneath ; also the recurved teeth resting upon the thickened lateral walls, the pair of shallow
depressions in the nmbonal region and the ileep di<iuctor scar in the middle of the valve, which
has been greatly encroached upon by the umbonal thickening of the shell.
Fig. 18. An enlargement of the umbonal portion of the same specimen. The small cavity at the base of the
lieltidial plates is the inner opening of the pedicle-passage which was functional at this advanced
growth-stage of the shell, its outer opening being on the back of the umbo, considerably
removed from the beak, and connected with the apex by a groove whose margins are shown
in the figure. (For more complete illustration of this structure, see supplementary plate.)
Fig. 20. The interior of an incomplete brachial valve ; .showing the hinge-plate, cardinal process and
median septum.
PLATE LVl— Continued.
Fig-. '21. An enlargement of the umbonal portion of the same specimen; t^howing the deflection of the ver-
tical septiform cardinal process, the character of the hinge-plate, socket-walls, sockets and
crui-al apophyses.
Figs. 17, 18. 20, 21 ai-e from the specimens upon which the characters of the genus were originally
established.
, Hudson River group. Irun Ridge, Winconsin.
Fig. 22. The interior of an old brachial valve ; showing the deflection of the cardinal pro(-ess and the
thickened hinge-plate.
Fig. 23. The interior of a pedicle-valve in which the deltidial plates have been i)artially resorbed, leaving
the pedicle cavity open and exposing a well defined pedicle scar. The impression of the
diductor muscles is large and expanded, indicating that the contraction of the scar with see, as
seen in figu?e 17, is due to the encroachment of testaceous deposits upon the area of muscular
insertion.
Huds(m River gi'oup. Richmimd, Indiana.
Figs. 24-27. Dor.sal, ventral, protile and frontal views of a young shell which, at an early growth-stage, suf-
fered an iiiteri'uption to the regular development of its plications on both valves, the subsequent
shell-growth lieing irregular and showing Imt an impeifect development of the plications The
cessation of noi'mal gi'owth at the same stage on both valves would indicate that the production
of the abnormal shell was due to a pathologic condition of (he mantle, which has thus repro-
duced in the later development of the valves, an elementary condition of growth.
Hudson River group. Near Cmcinnati, Ohio.
Genus C.^MAROTOSCHIA, gen. nov.
I'age ISO.
CaMAROT(ECI1IA FRINGILLA, Billing.s.
Pigs. 28-30. Dorsal, protile and ventral views of a large and finely developed imlividual ; showing the ex-
ternal characters of the species.
Anticosti group. Quit Cape, Anticosti.
Genus EHYNCIIOTRETA, Hall.
I'aKo 1S5.
IkllYNCIIOTRETA CUNEATA, Dilllliail, Vllf. AMERICANA, Htlll.
Figs. 31-34. Dor.sal, protile, ventral and frontal views of an average example; showing the contour of the
shell, the character of the plication and tine concentric surface markings.
Fig. S."). Dorsal view of the youngest individual observed ; showing the open delthyrium, broad uml>ones
.and the median sinus on the brachial valve. X t). (After Beecher and Clarke.)
Niagara group. Waldron, Indiana.
Figs. 36, 37. Ventral and dorsal views of an internal cast of conjoined valves ; showing, in figure 3G, the
impression of the pedicle muscle, the diductor and adductor scars Ijouniled by divergent ridges,
and, in figure 37, the cast of the deltidial cavity and the extent of the medijin .septum.
Niagara dolomites. Near Milwaukee, Wiscon.mi.
Fig. 38. The cardiual region of an adult specimen, enlarged ; showing the uuusual size of the deltiilial
plates, their outward flexion along the median suture, the apical and enci'oaching position of
the foramen. X 5. (After Beecher and Clabkij:.)
Niagara group. TValdro7i, Indiana.
Rhynchotreta cuneata, Daliutiii.
Figs. 39, 40. Profile and dorsal views of a noimal adult. (After David.son.)
Wenlock limestone. Dudley, England.
Genus STENOSCHISMA, Conrad.
Page 1S7.
StENOSCHISMA FORMOSA, Hall.
Figs. 41-43. Dorsal, profile and ventral views of the exlei-ior.
Fig. 44. Frontal view of another examjile.
Fig. 45. Enlargement of the hinge-plate ; showing its deep median division, minute cardinal pi'ocess, flat
crural lobes and concave (uura. X 4.
Lower Helderlierg group (See Vol. Ill, p. 23G, pi. xxxv). Alliany county. N. T.
m m ^ (s m'3. m IF m m £^
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PLATE LVII.
(Figures 1-50 by R. P. \VHirriEi.D; 51-54 by E. Emmons.)
Genus CAMAROTCECHIA. gen. no v.
I'aRC 1S9.
Camarotcechta Tethys, Billin_2;.s.
Figs. 1, 2, Cardinal and profile views of a ntther large shell.
Coriiifei'ous limestone. Province of Ontario.
Camarot(echia Billinqsi, Hall.
Fiu;. 3. Porsal view of an internal cast ; showing the position of the median septum.
Corniferous limestone. Westei-n New York.
Camarot(echia Carolina, Hall.
Fig-s. 4, 5. Dorsal and cardinal views of a partially exfoliated specimen.
Fig. 6. Front view of a moi'e gibbous shell.
Corniferous limestone. iSandiisky, Ohio.
Camarotcechia Horsfordi, Hall.
Figs. 7-9. Cardinal, frontal and profile views of a typical mature individual.
Hamilton shales. Moscow, N. Y.
Camarotcechia Sappho, Hall.
Figs. 10-14. Dor.sal, ventral, cardinal, profile and frontal views of a large and typical example.
Hamilton group. Western New York.
CAMAROTOiCHIA CONGRE(iATA, Hall.
Figs. 15-19. Dorsal, ventral, cardinal, frontal and profile views of a large individual.
Fig. 20. Cardinal view of an internal cast; showing the cavities of the dental plates and median septum.
Fig. 21. An internal cast of the jiedicle-valve ; showing a large diductor impression.
Fig. 22. A similar cast of the interior with the muscular area more restricted.
Fig. 23. An internal cast of a brachial valve ; showing the length of the median septum, the tilling of the
cardinal cavity and the scars of the adductor muscles.
Figs. 24, 25. Enlargements of the internal casts of the umbonal portion of the brachial valve ; showing the
filling of the incipient spondylium and the crenulation of the outei' socket-walls.
Figs. 26, 27. The same parts drawn from gutta jiercha impressions taken from natural casts of other indi-
viduals ; showing the broad hinge-plate with its median division terminating in a spondylium,
which is supported by branches of the median septum.
Hamilton group. Various localities in the sandy shales of Schoharie, Otsego and Madi-
son counties, N. Y.
Camarotcechia contracta. Hall.
Figs. 28, 29, 31. Dorsal, profile and frontal views of an internal cast.
Figs. 30, 32. Dorsal and cardinal views of a cast with coarser plications on the median fold.
Chemung gi'oup. Central a7id western New Ym-k.
Camarotcechia Stevensi (^ Rhynchonella Stephani), Hall.
Fig. 33. An internal cast of the pedicle-valve.
Pigs. 34, 35. Dorsal and cardinal views of a cast of the brachial valve ; showing the filling of the spondy-
lium and the length of the median septimi.
Chemung group. Bradford county. Pennsylvania.
Pr-ATK LVn— Continued.
CaMAROTCECHIA (?) DUPLICATA, Hall.
Fig-s. 36-38. Ventral, frontal and dorsal views of the original example ; showing the single plication and
sulcus on siiuis ami told respectively, and the obscure and sparse lateral plication.
Fii>-. 3y. The interior of a brachial valve, ilrawn from a gutta-percha cast ; showing the hinge-plate, crura,
median septum and muscular impressions, an<l also the thickeTiing of the shell in the umbonal
region. X 2.
Chemung group. Cattaraugus county, N. Y.
C'amahotiechia Doris, Hall.
Figs. 40, 41. Ventral and profile views of a specimen of rather broad form, with rounded jilications.
Hamilton group. Highteen- Mile Creek, N. Y.
CaMAKOT(ECHIA PKOLIFICA, Hall.
Figs. 42, 43. D(u-sal views of two internal ca.sts ; showing slight differences in the degree of its plication.
Hamilton group, fichoharie and Otsego counties, N. Y.
Camarot(J':chia eximia, Hall.
Figs. 44, 4n. Cardinal and dorsal views of an internal cast.
Chemung group. Ithaca. N. Y.
Cajiakotcechia orbicularis, Hall.
Fig. 46. An internal cast of a brachial valve ; showing the cast of the spondylium.
Fig. 47. Cardinal view of an internal cast; showing the filling of the rostral cavity and the extent of the
thickened median septum.
Fig. 48. An internal cast of the pedicle-valve ; showing the adductor and diductor muscles and the ovarian
markings.
Fig. 50. An enlargement of a poi-tion of the interior of the pedicle-valve ; showing the detailed structure
of the muscular impression.
Chemung group. Meadi'ille, Pennsylvania.
( "AMAROTUiCHIA CONTKACTA. Hall.
Fig. 49. An internal cast of the pedicle-valve ; showing the form of the muscular ai-ea. (See figs. 28-32.)
Hamilton group. Near Cardiff, N. Y.
C'aMAROTCECHIA, SJ). ?
Figs. 51-53. Ventral, profile and dorsal views of an internal cast in chei-t.
Burlington limestone. Burlingto^i, lo^oa.
Camarotcechia. s[). iiiilet.
Fig. 54. Cardinal view of an extremely gibbous internal cast ; showing the filling of the muscular cavity
in the pedicle-valve and the spondylium in the brachial valve, the cavities left by the dental
plates, hinge-plate, crura and median septum.
Waverly group. Ohio.
m ni^fSSinmiF ©iij^
Palaeont.N Y VolIYPt ii = Vol.Vm.
I!IIYN( IIONKI.I ID.V.
' ' I'lu'i'ir lllusliitlujiis
Plate LVn
R P. Whitfield del
Phil-Astlith.
PLATE LVlll.
(Figures 1-10, 15-ia, .i4, 35, 36, 40 by G B. Simpson; 11, 12, 14, 35 by E. ESISIONS; 13, 20- J3, 26-33 by F. b. MEEK.)
GENU.S KHYNCHOPORA, King
Page 210.
Rhynchopoka pustulosa, Wliile.
Pigs. 1-4. Dorsal, ventral, front and profile views of an aveiage example.
Burlington limestone. BnrlingUm, Iowa.
(Jenus WILSONIA, (Quenstedt) Kaysek.
Page 195
WiLSONIA Saffokdi, Hull.
Pigs. 5-7, 10. Dorsal, ventral, frontal and profile views of a normal adult individual.
Figs. 8, 9. Pront and profile view.-* of another specimen, with broader median fold and greater anterioi'
gibbosity.
Fig. 11. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the teeth and muscular impressions. X 2.
Fig. 12. Cardinal view of an internal cast of conjoined valves; showing the muscular impressions and the
cavities left by the dental plates and median septum. X 2.
Niagara group. Perry county, Tennessee.
WiLSONIA \entkicosa, Hall.
Fig. 13. Profile view of an average specimen ; showing the extreme gibbosity of the valves.
Kig. 14. The interior of a thickened pedicle-valve ; showing the scars of the pedicle and diductor muscles.
Lower Helderberg group (Upper Pentamerus limestone). Schoharie county, N. Y.
Genus UNCLNULUS, B.^yle.
Page 195.
Uncinulus abruptus, Hall.
Fig. 15. The interior of the urabonal portion of the pedicle-valve ; showing the marginal teeth with dental
plates lying close against the shell-walls. X 2.
Fig. 16. Cardinal view of the articulating apparatus of the brachial valve of a young shell ; showing the
triangular, divided cardinal process and the elevation of the crura. X 3.
Figs. 17, 18. Two views of the corresponding parts in an adult shell in which the lobes of the cardinal prin-
cess and the lateral poi-tions of the hinge-plate are considerably thi<:kened. X 2.
Fig. 19. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the faintly defined muscular scar.
Figs. 20, 21. Dorsal and front views of conjoined valves of a typical specimen.
Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Albany and Schoharie counties, N. Y.
Uncinulus muxabilis, Hall.
Figs. 22, 2.^. Profile and front views of a mature shell ; showing its subspherical shape.
Figs. 24, 25. Two views of the intei-ior umbonal region of the brachial valve ; showing the thickened
median septum, curved and elevated crura and bilobed cardinal process. X l-J.
Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Albany and Schoharie counties, N. Y.
Uncinulus nobilis. Hall.
Fig. 26. Pront marginal view of an adult shell.
Lower Helderberg group (Upper Pentamerus limestone.) Albany and Schoharie
counties, iV. Y.
Uncinulus pykamidatus, Hall.
Figs. 27, 28. Profile and front views of an average specimen.
Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Albany county, N. Y.
PLATE LVIU— Continued.
Subgenus PLETHORHYNCHA, s.-gen. nov.
Page 191.
Plethoriiyncha speciosa, Hall.
Figs. 29-31. CariUnal, front and profile views of a larg-e entire individual ; showing- the robust form of the
shell, its subquadrate transvei'se section, serrate mai-gins and broad, somewhat concave latei-al
slopes. The abrupt marginal extensions of the cardinal slopes of the pedicle-valve, fitting
into corresponding excavations of the bi'achial valve, as shown in figures 29 and 30, are the
thiitkened teeth which are cemented to the walls of the shell throughout their entire extent and,
at their summits only, fitted into shallow sockets in the opposite valve.
Fig. 32. The interioi- of a brachial valve, slightly broken about the margins ; showing a thickened, undi-
vided hinge-pliite, bilobed cardinal process, narrow dental sockets and the median septum.
Fig. 33. A cardinal view of the same specimen ; showing the elevation of the cardinal process and crura
and the marginal excavations for the reception of the teeth.
Fig. 34. Cardinal view of the umlional portion of an old shell in which the entire hinge-plate has become
greatly thickened and elevated, and the apical portion or cardinal process resorbed and exca-
vated. The projecting points above are the bases of the crura.
Fig. 35. The interior of a small pedicle-valve ; showing the form of the teeth, and faint median muscular
ridge on the bottom of the valve.
Fig. 36. The interior of a young brachial valve in which the hinge-plate is divided, its lateral portions i-est-
ing on the median septum, and the cardinal margins but slightly excavated for the reception of
the teeth.
Fig. 37. Theumbonal portion of the same specimen, enlarged ; showing the small cardinal process and the
median division of the hinge-plate resting on the septum and forming an incipient spondylium.
X 2.
Oiiskany sandstone. Cumberland, Maryland.
Genus UNCINULUS, Bayle.
Page 195.
Uncinulus (Uncinulina) Stkicklandi, Sowerby.
Fig. 38. Cardinal view of an internal east of both vahes, the brachial valve being represented above ;
showing the cavities representing the median septum, the cardinal process and hinge-plate,
and the ridge tilling the median division of the latter.
• Niagara dolomites. Near Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Figs. 39, 40. Dorsal and cardinal views of the exterior of a normal adult; showing the low median fold and
the smooth cardinal slopes.
Niagara group. Waldron, Indiana.
113 la^ceaiismiF ©inj^
Palseont.N Y.Vol,rvPt,ii= Vol VIII.
IIIIYNCIIONKM in.V.
Plate LVni
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i
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Phil.Ast.lith.
PLATE LIX.
(Figs. 1 12, 18-22, 26, 30, 31, 37, 38 by II. V. WuiTFiELD; 13, U, 24, 25, 28, 29, 32, 33 by E. Emhons; 15-17, 23, 27, 3»-3«
by G. B. Simpson.)
Genus LIORHYNCHUS, Hall.
Page 193.
LlORIIYNCHUS LIMITARIS, VillUIXL'lll.
Fifjs. I, 2. Dorsal and frontal view8 of a small individual.
Marcellus shales (Goniatile limestone). iS<:Ju>harie cnunty, N. Y.
Figs. 3-5. Frontal, cardinal and ventral views of a larg-er specimen.
Limestone of the Mai'celhis shales. Avon, N. Y.
LlOUHYNCIIUS DUBIUS, Hall.
Figa. 6, 7. Ventral and dorsal views of a typical specimen.
Marcellus shales. Locality f
LxORHYiNCHUS MULTICOSTA, Hall.
Fig. 8. The exterior of a pedicle-valve of an elongate specimen, the regulai- growth of which haa been
interrupted in the umbonal region.
Fig. 9. The brachial valve of a more orbicular and typical shell.
Fig. 10. A cardinal view ; showing the convexity of the Ivalves.
Hamilton group. Western New York.
IjIORHVNCHI'.S ME.SACOSTALI.S, Hall.
Fig. 11. The exterior of the pedicle-valve ; showing the inequal plication of the sinus.
Fig. 12. An internal cast of a large brachial valve; showing the position of the median septum, the elon-
gate muscular scars and the absence of plications on the latei'al slopes.
Chemung group. Tompk'nis county, N. Y.
LlORHYNGHUS LaURA, Blllillgb.
Figs. 13, 14. Ventral and dorsal views of a rather elongate individual.
Fig. 15. Posterior view of the hinge-plate and crura ; showing the great elevation of the latter and their
basal expansions. X 4.
Fig. 16. The same specimen, viewed from above ; showing the narrow, submarginal dental sockets, the
broad triangular divisions of the hinge-plate, the median septum and the recurvature of the
long crura. X 4.
Fig. 17. The interior of the umbonal portion of the pedicle-valve ; showing the open delthyrium, small
teeth and faint muscular impression.
Hamilton group. Widder, Ontario.
LiORHYNCHDS Kelloggi, Hall.
Fig. 18. Cardinal view of an internal cast ; showing the cavities left by the dental plates, median septum
and crura.
Figs. 19, 20. Dorsal and vential views of a normal adult ; showing the obsolescence of plications except
upon fold and sinus.
Hamilton group. No^ihem Ohio.
LlORHYNGHUS QUADRICO.STATUS, VailUXeill.
Fig. 21. View of a crushed and somewhat distorted pedicle-valve of large size ; showing the character of
the plication.
Fig. 22. A small internal cast of the bi-achial valve in which the lateral jilications are obsolete.
I'LATE LIX— Continueil.
LlORHYNCHUS (iLOUULIFOKMLS, VaiUiXCIU.
Fig. 23. The exterior of the brachial valve ; .showing its rotundity, the low, faintly plicated fold and smooth
convex lateral slopes.
Hamilton groiijj. Otsego amnty, N. Y.
Fig. 24. The extei-ior of a pedicle-valve with traces of marginal plications on the sinus.
Fig. 25. An internal cast of a more orbicidar shell with stronger median plication.
Black shale (Genesee shales). Lexington, Indiana.
Fig. 26. An internal cast of the bi-achial valve ; showing the extent of the median septum and the form of
the adductor scai-s.
Fig. 27. Enlargement of the umbonal portion of an intei-nal cast of the brachial valve ; showing the tilling
of the dental sockets and spondylium, the cavities left by the removal of the hinge-plate and
thickened median septum.
Chemung (?) group. Broome county, N. Y.
LlORHYNCHUS CASTANEus, Meek.
Figs. 28, 29. ProHle and dorsal views of a well preserved individual ; showing the great convexity of the
brachial valve, and the exceedingly obscure plication visible only on the median fold.
Lower Devonian. Eureka District, Nevada.
LlORHYNCHUS ROBUSTUS, Sp. IIOV.
Figs. 30, 31. Cardinal and ventral views of a very sharply marked internal cast of large size, representing
an hitherto undescribed species ; showing the muscular impressions of both valves and the
vascular sinuses in the i)edicle-valve radiating from the impression left by an umbonal testace-
ous callosity.
Chemung group. Steuben county. N. Y.
LlORHYNCHUS KeLLOGGI, Hilll.
Figs. 32, 33. Dorsal and ventral views of an adult shell with more distinct plication than that represented
in figures 19, 20.
Hamilton group. Northern Ohio.
LlORHYNCHUS LeSLEYI, S[i. IIOV.
Figs. 34-36. Dorsal, ventral and profile views of a mature shell ; showing the rathei' obscurely defined fold
on the convex Virachial valves, the deep sinus of the pedicle-valve, and the unusually complete
plication of the lateral slopes.
Upper Devonian. Peniisylvania.
LlORHYNCHUS Newbehryi, Hflll aiul Whitlield.
Fig. 37. An internal cast of the brachial valve ; showing the large size of the shell, low median fold, and
tine plication.
Fig. 38. Cardinal view of an incomplete internal cast of both valves.
Upper Devonian. Kelloggsinlle, Ohio.
113 IliJS.CgIlIH®Ip (BS)^
Palasont.N Y.VoMYPt-ii= Vol.Vin.
|;|IYN( IIOXKI.I.ID.V.
( 'cin'fu lllnslr.ilions
Plate L IX
R.P, Whitfield del.
Phil.Asilitli.
PLATE LX.
(Figures 1-.!, 6-10, 13-49, SI, 53, 54^by G. B. SIMPSON'; 4, 5, 11, l'2 by K. Emmons; 49, 50, 52, 65 by K. 1'. Whitfield.)
SUBGKNUS PUGNAX, S.-QEN. NOV.
Page -lOi.
PUGNAX ALTUS, ('illvill.
Figs. 1-3. Dorsal, profile and frontal views of an average specimen ; sliowing the trihedral form and the
character of the plication.
Middle Devonian. >So!o7i, Iowa.
Figs. 4, 5. Frontal and profile views of an individual with highly elevated median fold.
Middle Devonian. Haokbemj Gi-ovc, Iowa.
PUGXAX PUOXUS, Mllftill.
Figs. 6, 7. Dorsal and ventral views of an internal cast ; showing the form of the muscular impressions on
the two valves.
Figs. 8, 9. Front views of two specimens ; showing some difference in the elevation of the median fold and,
in figure 9, vascular markings on the sinus of the pedicle-valve.
Fig. 10. A profile view of the specimen represented in figures 6, 7.
Lower Chemung group. High Point, Naples, N. Y.
PuGNAX EATONiiFORMis, McChesiiey.
Figs. 11, 12. Front and profile views of the original specimen ; showing the str-ong but spar.sely plicated
median fold and sinus and the smooth lateral slopes.
Coal Measures. Qraysnille, Illinois.
PuGNAX Gkosvenoki, Hal!.
Fig. 13. Ventral view of an average specimen. X 2.
Fig. 14. Profile of another specimen ; showing the subtrihedral form. X 2.
Figs. 15-17. Front views of three individuals; showing differences in the size of median fold and sinus and
in the number of plications. X 2.
St. Louis group. Spergen Hill, Indiana.
PuGNAX MUTATU8, Hall.
Figs. 18, 19. Doi'sal and profile views of an average example.
Fig. 20. The interior of an incomplete pedicle- valve ; showing an open delthyrium, small teeth and dental
plates.
Fig. 21. A portion of the intei-ior of a, brachial valve ; showing the divided hinge-plate.
Fig. 22. Front view of the specimen represented in figure 18; showing the width and elevation of the fold.
St. Louis group. Spergen Hill, Indiana.
PuGNAX Ottumwa, Whitf.
Figs. 23, 24. Dorsal and front views of a normal example ; showing the plication about the margins and the
elevation of the median fold.
Fig. 25. The interior of a poi'tion of the brachial valve ; showing the broadly divided hinge-plate. X 2.
Fig. 26. The interior of an incomplete iiedicle-valve ; showing teeth and dental jilates. X 2.
St. Lonis group. Pella, Iowa.
PuGXAX Svvalloviana, Sluimtlltl.
Figs. 27-29. Dorsal, profile and front views ; showing the contour and character of plication. X 2.
Fig. 30. Profile view of an internal cast; showing vascular sinuses on the brachial valve. X -'.
Figs. 31, 32. Ventral and dorsal views of a smaller shell. X 2.
Id all of these the absence of plications over the umbonal regions is a notable featui'e.
Upper Coal Measures. Manhattan, Kansas.
PLATE LX— Coiitlnued.
PuGNAX MissouRiENSis, Sluimurd.
Figs. 33, 34. Dorsal and profile views of an average example ; isliowing' llie lineate striatioii of the surface.
Choteau limestone. Pike county, Missouri.
LlORHYNCHUS (?) BOONENSIS, SllUlllaid.
Fig. 35. Cardinal view of the hinge-plate ; showing its median division and the elevation of the crnra.
X 3.
Choteau limestone. Cooper county, Missouri.
PuGNAX GrEENIANUS, Ullicll.
Figs. 36-38. Front, profile and dorsal views of an internal cast of an average individual ; showing the
smooth lateral slopes and faint plication of fold and sinus.
Keokuk group. New Albany, Indiana.
Pugnax Uta, Maicoii.
Figs. 39-41. Dorsal, profile and front views of an average adult .shell.
Fig. 42. The interior umbonal portion of the brachial valve ; showing the broad hinge-plate and narrow
median incision. X 3.
Coal Measures. Manhattan, Kansas.
Pugnax explanatus, McCliesiiey.
Figs. 43-45. Fi'ont, dorsal and protile views, diawn from a sulphur cast of the original specimen.
Kaskaskia limestone. Illinois.
Pugnax, sp. ?
Figs. 46-48. Protile, front and diir.sal views of an undetermined internal cast. The shell has some points
of similarity to the Rhynchonclla IlUnoisensis, Meek and Worthen.
Coal Measures. Qraham county, Texas.
Genu.s HYPOTHYRIS, King.
HrpoTHYRrs venustula, Hall (^Riiynchonella cuboides. Sowerin).
Figs. 49, 50, 52. Cardinal, frontal and jirofile views of a typical specimen ; showing the subcuboidal form,
low median fold and l)road, deep median sinus.
Fig. 51. Front view of an internal cast with fewer plications, and showing the branches of the vascular
trunks on the sinus.
Figs. 63, 54. Internal casts of pedicle-valves ; showing the muscular impression, and some variation in the
form of the vascular sinuses.
Fig. 55. An internal cast of the pedicle-valve, enlarged to show the system of vasculai- sinuses. X 2.
Tully limestone. Ovid, N. Y.
113 m ^ m m.!! m w m m ^
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PLATE LXI.
IFiguivs I'd. -.M, a'i, ■>?, M, 3-J, 37, :js l)y G. li. SiMi'SON ; 11, |-2"l)y U. P. Whitkiei.T) ; I:i-1H, 'Jl, 'iJ, 25, 20, 29-31, 33-35 by
F B. Mekk ; 21,:i(; by E. Kmmdns.)
Genu.s CYCLORIIINA, gen. nov.
Cyclokhina NOBILIS, Hull.
Fig's. 1. 2, 4, ."). Ventral, protile, dorsal ami cardinal views of a youngs shell; showing the obtuse umbones,
deeply truncated beak of the iiedichwalve, straight cardinal line, and low median fold and
sinus.
Fig. 3. The interior of the umbonal jiortinn of the bi'arhial valve ; showing' the divided hinge-plate and
its thickened latei'al divisions. X ^•
Figs. 6-9. Pi'otile, ('.irdinal, frontal and ventral \iews of a mature individual.
Fig. 10 An enlargement of the external surface ; .showing the tine concentric lines which crenulate upon
the crest of each plication. X K.
Hamilton group. Thedfvrd, (hifaria.
Fig. 11. The interior of an incomplete pedicle-valve; showing the teeth, and the scars of the jiedicle,
adductor and diductiu' muscles.
Fig. 12. A weathered specimen ; showing the cavities occupied by the ci-iira.
H;imiIton gi-oup. Darien, N. 1".
Genus EATONIA. Hall.
Fide Jul.
K.vTi-NL\ f;iN(!UL.\i;is. V;iini.\(iii.
Fig. 13. Ventral view of an unu.sually large specimen.
Figs. 14-lli. Cai'dinal, frontal and prcjtile views of a normal example.
Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Alhani/ coiiiily, N. Y.
Eatonia PECULiAUi.s. (_'i)nrad.
Fig. 17. Dorsal view of an average speinmen.
Lower Helderberg gi-oup (Shaly limestone). Albany county, N. Y.
Fig'. IS. The interior of a brachial valve, viewed in i)rotile from the front ; showing the elevation of the
cardinal process, its lobation and the crura.
Fig. 19. An internal cast of the i)e<licle valve ; showing the impressions of the adductor and diductor
muscular scars and pallial sinuses. X 2.
Oriskany sandstone. Albany coimty, N. Y.
Fig. 20. The interior umbonal portion of the brachial valve, enlarged ; showing the elongated lobes of the
cardinal process, each of which bears a median groove ; the divergent crural apophyses are
attached to the body of the pruce-ss beneath these lobes. X 3.
Oriskany sandstone. Cumberland, Maryland.
Fig. 21. An internal cast of a brachial valve; showing the impression of the hinge-plate and muscular
scai's.
Oriskany sandstone. Albany county, N. Y.
Fig. 22. Front marghial view of a specimen ; showing the development of median fold and sinus and the
dentate margins.
Lower Heldei-bei-g group (Shaly limestone). The Hcldtrbergs, N. Y.
Figs. 23, 24. The interior of brachial valves ; showing the variation in form of the cardinal pi-ocess. Fig-
ure 24 represents an old shell in wliicli the process and socket-walls have become thickened
and the parts consolidated.
Fig. 25. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the open delthyrium, marginal teeth, large diductor
scars, small adductors with strongly elevated po.sterior walls ; the dentate shell margins and
Ungulate exten.sion of the median sinus.
Oriskany sandstone. Ctimherlaiid,, Maryland.
Fig. 26. An intei-nal cast of the jjedicle-valve.
Oriskany sandstone. Albany county, N. Y,
PLATE LXI— Continued.
Eatonia Whitfieldi, Hull.
Figs. 27, 28. Ventral and dorsal views of a rather small shell ; showing the plicated exterior.
Oriskany sandstone. f'winherJand, Maryland.
EaTONIA MEDIAI/IS, VailllXclll.
Figs. 29, 30. Dorsal and profile views of an average example j showing the exterior characters.
Fig. 31. Front view of a large shell ; showing the development of the median fold and sinus.
Fig. 32. An oblique view into the lunbonal cavity of a specimen in which a small portion of the lirachial
valve is in articulation with the pedicle-valve; showing the stout cardinal process with the
crura arising from its base, and the adductor muscular scars with their elevated posterioi-
wall.
Fig. 33. An internal cast of an old jiedicle-valve with unusually large muscular seal's.
Fig. 34. Ventral view of the specimen repi'esented in figures 29, 30.
Fig. 3.5. An internal cast of an average I'edicle-valve.
Lower Helderberg group. Albany and iSclioliarie i-imntles, N. Y.
Eatonia sinuata. Hull.
Fig. 36. A brachial valve of average size from which the shell is partially exfoliated, exposing the cast of
the cardinal process and showing the adductor scars.
Fig. 37. An enlargement of the cardinal process viewed fi-om in fi-ont ; showing the short crural bases
below, and the stout lobes above. X 3.
Fig. 38. An internal cast of the brachial valve ; showing the four scars of the adductor muscles.
Lower Helderbei-g group (originally cited as Oriskany sandstone). Cumberland, Md.
113 Hi ^^ IE ^ a OH IP ID] ffij ^X
Palaeont.NT.Vol.IVPiii'VoI VIII
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Fig.
1.
Fig.
2.
Fig.
3.
Fig.
4.
Fig.
5.
Fig.
6.
Figs.
7,
Fig.
9.
PLATE LXII.
(Figures 1-5, 8-10, 14-1(1, 21-i:!, 37-4.1, ai, 53 by E. Emmoss ; 7, S, ll-i:j, 17--.;o, ■J4-' . 4i; ."il l>y (i. li. siMi'sox.)
Genus SYNTROPHIA, gen. xov.
Page -na.
Syjjtrophia lateralis, Whitfield.
1. The exterior of a pedicle-valve ; showing the long, straight hinge hkI broad median sinus.
. The exterior of a Ijrachial valve ; showing the broad, obscure nieuian fold.
, The exterior of a small pedicle-valve.
A portion of the interior of the pedicle-valve ; showing the cardinal area and spondylium. X ■?.
Cardinal view of conjoined valves which have been transversely sectioned in the lunbonal region ;
showing the spondylium in both valves. The shell has been cut just in front of the support-
ing septa, the bi-achial valve lieing aljove. X -•
Caniinal view of the specimen represented in tig. 1 ; sliowing the cardinal ai'ea.
8. Internal casts of two brachial valves with impressions of vascular sinuses.
, A portion of the interior of the pedicle-valve ; showing the complete spondylium and the division
of its surface into median (adductor) and lateral (diductor) muscular areas. X 3.
Fig. 10. Oblic^ue view of the specimen represented in fig. 1 ; showing the ele\ation of the spondylium and
the length of its supporting median septum.
Calciferous formation (F<irt Cas.sin beds). Kort Casshi, Vti-iimiit.
Genus CAMARELLA, Billings.
Page aiii.
Camarella Volborthi, Billings.
Figs. 11, 12. Dorsal views of two shells ; showing a slight ilitference in outline and very faint median njar-
ginal plication.
Trenton limestone, ■lack.vmburyh, N. Y
Figs. 13, 14, 15, 16. Profile, dorsal, ventral and front views of a more strongly plicated shell. X 2.
Fig. 17. Cardinal view of conjoined valves which have been transversely sectioned in the umbonal region ;
showing the spondylium of the pedicle- valve and its median supporting septum. X 4.
Fig. 18. 'J'he interior of the umbonal portion of the brachial valve; showing the small apical spondslium
and the median septum. X 4.
Black River limestone. Patiqiirlte's liapi.ds, Ottawa Miivr.
Camakella Panueui, Billings.
Figs. 19, 20. Dosral and front \ lews of an average example.
Figs. 21, 22, 23. Dorsal, front and profile %iews of an indiviilual with no trace of lateral or marginal plica-
tions. X 2.
Black River limestone. Pauqaette's Hapids, Ottawa River.
Genus SYNTROPHIA. gen. nov.
Page IK
SyNTROPIIIA (?) CALCIFERA, BilliilgS.
Fig. 24. The exterior of the pedicle-valve; showing the elevated umbo, deep median .sinus and extended
hinge-line. X 2.
Quebec group. Pointe Levis, Canada.
PLATE LXII— Coiitiiiuol
Genus CAMAROPHORIA, King.
Page vil-'
Camakophokia rhomboidalis, sp. nov.
Fig. 25. Dorsal view of a specimen of somewhat, below the average size.
Fig. 26. Frontal view of a similar specimen enlarged ; showing the character of the marginal plication
and the development of fold and sinus. X 2.
Figs 27, 28, 29. Dorsal, \-eiitial and front views of an average adult shell, possessing a sharper median fold
and sinus, stronger plication, and showing the median .septum in each valve through the sub-
stance of the shell./
Comiferous limestone. Peru, Indiana.
Subgenus PUGNAX, s.-gen. nov.
Page 202.
PuGNAX (?) Dawsonianus, DavillsDIl.
Fig. 30. Dorsal view of a young shell without plication. X 2.
Figs. 31, 32, 33. Dorsal, protile and front views of a .*hell with mature characters ; showing the marginal
plication and the elevation of the beak. X 2.
Carboniferous limestone. Windsor, Nora iHrotia.
Genus CAMAROPHORIA. King.
Page 212.
CAMAROPHORIA SUBCUNEATA, Hall.
Fig. 34. Dorsal view <if a young, but freely plicated shell ; showing the shallow valves, subtriangular out-
line, and long cardinal slopes.
Figs 3S, 36. Protile and front views of a mature and gibbous shell, showing the character of the plication
and the bi'oad, concave cardinal slopes.
Fig. 37. A portion of the interior of the jiedicle-valve, showing the spondylium s\ipported by a median
septum. The summits of the teeth have been broken, showing their lateral union with the
walls of the shell. X 2.
St. Louis grou)!. }Vos]i'iii<it(iii count!/. Indiana.
Camaroi'Ikjhia .•<ubtiug()Na, Mcrk anil W'oiilicii.
Figs. 38, 39, 40. Cardinal, frontal and ventral views of an internal cast ; showing the contour of the .shell,
the denticulate margin of the valves on the broad cardinal slopes, the sharply serrate anterior
and lateral mai'gins and the cavity left by the spondylium and median septiun of the
pedicle- valve.
Chert of the Burlington limestone. Burlington, loica.
Figs. 41, 43. Internal casts of pedicle-valves, showing the form of the muscular imjiression.
Keokuk group. Nauvoo, Illinois.
Fig. 42. The umbonal portion of an internal cast of both valves, enlarged, the pedicle-\alve being above.
This figure shows the cavity of the spondylium, median septum and oblique dental plates of
the pedicle-valve ; median septum and small umbonal spondylium of the brachial valve. X 3.
Chert of the Burlington limestone. Pike county, Missouri.
Subgp:nus PUGNAX, s.-gen. nov.
•Piige 202.
PuGNAX MiSSOURIENSIS, SwillloW.
Figs. 44, 45. Cardinal and protile views of an internal cast of a lai'ge specimen ; showing the contour of the
shell, the cavities of the median septum of the bi'achial valve, the dental plates and the fore-
shortened outline of the mu.sculai- area in the pedicle-valve.
Yellow standstones of the Burlington group. Burltnytvn, Iowa.
113 m j^ '£ in j: SI IF id mi ^
PalseontN Y.VoLIVPtn--Vol.VIII.
lAMAI.MII'IKllllin.V.
C'fiK'i-ir lllitsti';ilions
4
-atr^:
qf>
^ ^ ^
Plate LXll
II 12
l.B. Simp son del
riiilAstJith.
PLATK I.XII— CoutinuiMl
Subgenus CAMAROPHORELLA, s.-gen. nov.
Page 215.
Camakophorklla LKNTICULAKIS, While ;ill(l Wllilticlil.
Fig. 46 All iiiteraal cast of the pedicle-valve ; showing' the cavity left by the spondylium an<l median sep-
tum. The external surface of the shell is smooth, the low. radiating- ridges shown in this figure
and in fig. 47, being imjiressions of internal sinuses, probably vascular in their natiu-e. X 2.
Fig. 47. An internal cast of the Ijrachial valve ; showing the impressions of sjiondylium and median sep-
tum. In this valve the spondylium is flat and the sujiporting septum penetrates it, extending
for a short distance into the interior cavity of the shell. X 2.
Fig. 48. A cardinal view of an internal cast of the pedicle-valve ; showing the tilling of the spondylium and
the cavities left by the median septum and the oblique dental plates. X 2.
Yellow sandstones of the Burlington gi'oiip. Burlington, Iowa.
Genus LYCOPHORIA, Lahusen. 1885.
Page 230.
Lycophoria nucella, Daluuui.
Figs. 49, 50. Dorsal and prc^tile views of a finely plicated, orbicular specimen. In tig. 4'J, the muscular area
is faintly outlined through the substance of the brachial valve.
Pig. 51. The exterior of the brachial valve of a more STOngly plicated shell which has been somewliat worn
in the nmbonal region, disclosing the outline of the elongate muscular area.
Fig. .52. A longitudinal median section of the two valves ; showing the thickening of the umlional region
of the brachial valve and the projection of the cardinal process into the imibonal cavity of the
pedicle-valve.
Fig. 53. Cardinal view of specimen transversely sectioned in the nmbonal region, the pedicle-valve being
above j showing the dental plates and erect, bifurcate cardinal proce.'ss. X 2.
Lower Silurian. Near ISt. Petersburg, Mus^ia.
PLATE LXIII.
(Figures 1-3, 8-16, 21-28, 30, 33-30 by G. U. .SIMPSON; 4-7, 17-20, 29, 37. 44 by K. Emmons; 31, 32 by t\ B. Mkf.k; 38-43
l)y U. P. Whitfield )
Genus PARASTROPHIA, gen. nov.
Page 221.
PaRASTROPHIA IIEMIPLICATA, Hilll.
Figs. 1, 3. Dorsal ami front views of an average specimen ; sliowing the eleviition of the plicated fold.
Fig. 2. Cardinal view of an internal cast ; shovifing- the median septa and .spondylia of both valves.
Trenton limestone. Jat-ksonbrn-qli , N. Y.
PaRASTROPHIA DIVERGENS, .sp. IIOV.
Fig. 4. Ventral view of an aversige specimen, somewhat worn in the umbonal region, exposing the spon-
dylinm and supporting septum.
Fig. 5. Fi'ont view ; showing the elevation of the median fold and the low, spar.se plication
Fig. 6. Dorsal view of the same si)ecimen, which has been so worn at the beak as to expose the convergent
walls of the spondylium.
Fig. 7. Cardinal view of a specimen transversely sectioned in the umbonal region ; showing the spondylia.
In the shallower or pedicle-valve the median septum is very low and scarcely appai'ent, while
in the brachial valve the latei'al walls of the .spondylium, in this section, rest upon the bottom
of the valve. The crural plates arising from this spondylium are also shown. X 1^.
Hudson River group. WUmlngtoii, 1 Uliuns.
Para.stkophia heversa, Billing.s.
Figs. 8, 9, l(t, 14. Vf-ntral, protile, dorsal and cardinal views of the exterior of an average example ; showing
the relative convexity of the vah-es an<l the chai'acter of their plication.
Fig. 11. Cardiniil view of a specimen which has been transversely sectioned in the umbonal region, the
l)racliial vahe being represented Iielow ; showing the spondylium of the jjedicle valve sup-
]iorted by its median septum, and the septal plates of the bi'achial valve resting on the bottom
of the shell and suppiorting the crui'al apo]ihyses.
Figs. 12, 13. Dorsal and ventral views of a smaller specimen ; showing the tine concentric lineation of the
surface.
Clinton horizon. Island o/ Aiitiaixti.
PaRASTROPHIA MULTIPLICATA, .sp. UOV.
Figs. Ifi, 16. Anterior and profile views of an internal cast ; .showing the broad, strong plications <if which
there are four on the median fold jind three in the sinus.
Fig. 2\. C'lrdinal view of another individual ; showing the casts of the spcmdyUa of the two valves, in the
brachial valve the lateral walls having rested upon the innei- surface of the shell. The mus-
cular scars of the brachial valve are also retained.
Niagara dolomites. Near Milwaukee, TFm-o?m?j.
PaRASTROPHIA GrEENII, sp. IIOV.
Figs. 17, 18, 19, 20. Ventral, protile, dorsal and cardinal view of an internal cast; showing the character of
the plication of the surface, and the median septum of each valve.
Fig. 22. Cardinal \iew of another and rather more convex internal cast ; showing the cavities left by the
median se])ta.
Niagai-a dolomites. Near Mihoaukee, Wisconsin.
PaRASTROPHIA LATIPLICATA, sp. IIOV.
Fig. 23. An internal ca.st of the brachial valve ; showing the few broad plications and the cavity of the
median septum.
Fig. 24. An internal cast of the br.achia! valve in which the filling of the spondylium is exposed and the
four scars of the adductoi' impression tlistinctly retained.
Figs. 25, 2t) Cardinal and profile views of the same specimen.
Fig. 27. Anterior view of a specimen ; showing the elevation of the median fold, and the character of the
plication.
Niagara dolomites. Near Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
The original specimens of this and the two preceding species are from the collection of Tuo.mas A.
Greene of Milwaukee.
m ^i j\. 'i; mi 3 Z) 'J' 3 IT)
Palaeont.N Y.Vol.!VPtii = Vol vni.
A.NASI KOI ■! I i n ).V
( «iMu'i-ir lllustr.idoiis
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Phi-.AsliiLi.
PLATE LXIII— Continued.
Genus ANASTROPHTA, Ham,.
Page ■22i.
Anastrophia deflexa, Sowcrby.
Kig-. iS. Profile of a normal lulult example ; showing' the surface plication ami the predominant r-,,nvexity
of the lirai'hial valve.
Wenloek limestone. IVeiilock Edc/e, linglancl.
Kifj. 29. Cardinal view of a specimen which hiis been transvei-sely sectioneil in the umbonal region ; show-
ing' the supporteil spondylimn of the pedicle (lower) valve, and the septal plates of the brachial
valve, bi-aring the crui'al apophyses.
Wenlock limestone. Inland of Gotland.
Anastrophia internascens, Hiill.
Fig. 30. Cardinal view of an internal c.ost, r<^pre.■<ented with the brachial valve above ; showing the cavi-
ties (if the septal and socket jjlates in the l>rachial valve, and of the spondylium and its
median septum in the pedicle-valv<!. X 2.
Niagara dolomites. Near Milwaukee, JVinronnhi.
^ Anastrophia Vernkuili, H;itl.
Figs. 31, 32. Ventral and cardinal views of a large individual; showing the contour and i-haracter of the
surface plication.
Figs. 33, 34. Dorsal and front views of a som<!what smaller specimen witli more regularly and sharply
plicated surface.
Fig. 35. An enlargement of the intei'ior of the umlional region of conjoined vjdves, the pedicle-valve being
repi-esented below. In the bi'achial vahe the convergent .septal plates bear lateral bilobed
expansions or flanges, which are the crural ajiophyses as shown in section, in figure 29. In the
pedicle-valve the walls of the supiiorted .spon<lylium are folded over each other in such a man-
ner as to form a tubular cluuuber. This apiH^ars to be an abnormal character, as it has heen
observed in this instance only, but it is nevertheless a natural growth without evidence of
break or lesion in the walls of the spondylium. X 2.
Fig. 3li. Similar parts in another specimen in which the spondylium is normally open, but the crural
apophyses less perfectly retained than in the shell represented in fig. 35. X 2.
Lower Helderberg group. T/te Helderhergs, New Yarlc.
Fi_;-. 37. The interior of a portion of the brachial valve ; showing the cavity of the sessile spondylium or
septal plates and the four scars of the adductor muscles.
Lower Helderberg group. Perry county, Tennessee.
Fig. 38. A similar interior with the septal plates and muscular scars more sharply defined ; showing also
the false foramen produced by the encroachment of the septal cavity or spondylium vipon the
beak.
Lower Helderberg group. Tlie Helderhergs, iVew York.
Genus POKAMBONITES, Pander.
Page -i-jri.
PoRAMBONITES .EQUIROSTRIS, .Schlotlu'illl.
Fig. 39. Cardinal view of a specimen showing the cardinal area on eai;h valve and, by translucence, the
di'uble septa of lioth valves. X 2.
Fig. 40. A portion of the interior of the pedicle-valve; showing cardinal area, delthyrium and teeth.
Pig. 41. A similar view of the brachial valve; showing cardinal area, delthyrial opening aM<l dental
sockets.
Figs. 42, 43. Profile and front views of a \entricose shell ; showing the relative convexity of the valves and
the development of median fold .and sinus.
Lower Silurian. Hassia.
Porambonites ofgas, Sclimiill.
Fig. 44. Cardinal view of an average specimen ; showing the cardinal area and apical foramen on each
valve. By the exfoliation of the shell of the brachial (upper) valve, the basics of the diverg-
ent septal plates are exposed.
Lower Silurian (Lykholmer-Schichten). Estland, Hussia.
PLATE LXIV.
(Figures 1-13 by K. 1'. Wlini'iELD ; 14-Iii cciiiies.)
Genus CONCHIDIUM. Linn6.
I>age231.
CONCHIDIUM NySIUS, IIllll ;lll(l Wllitflcld.*
8ee foot-note on page 235.
Fig's. 1, 2. Dorsal and profile views of a small, coarsely plicated shell.
Figs. 7, 8. Dorsal and profile views of a large individual.
Niagara grotip. Near Lauwmlle, Kenhwky.
CoxcniDiuM TENUicosTA, Hall and Whitfield.
Figs. 3, i. Dorsal and cardinal views of an adult specimen, showing the outline, contour and tine plication
of the surface.
Fig. 5. Dorsal view of a young individual.
Niagara group. Near Louisville, Kentucky.
CONCHrDIUM MULTICOSTATUM, ILlll.
Fig. 6. Doisal view of an internal cast; showing the fine plication about the margins.
Niagara group. Waukesha, Wisconsin.
CONCHIDIUM LiTTONI, Hall.
Figs. 9, 10. Dorsal and profile views of an average specimen ; showing the abundant plication of the sur-
face and the characteristic breadth of the valves in the unibonal region.
Niagara group. Hardin cou7i,ty, Tennessee.
CoNCHiDiUM Knappi, Hall and Whitlield.
Figs. 11, 12, 13. Profile, dorsal and cardinal views of the original specimen ; showing the contour and du-
plicate plication of the valves.
Niagara group. Near Ltmisville, Kentucky.
CoNCHiDiuM Knighti, Sowciby.
Fig. 14. Longituiiinal section of the valves ; showing the development of the spondylia and median septa.
The specimen is so liroken as to exhibit the proximal wall of the spondyliura of the pedicle-
valve and the distal wall of that in the opposite valve.
Amestry limestone. Near Leintwardine, Shropshire.
Fis's. 15, Iti. Dorsal and profile views of an average typical example; showing the contour of the species,
conspicuous and incurved umbo of the pedicle valve, and the complete plication of the surface.
Amestry limestone. AymeMry, England.
(Figures 14-16 after D.wil.son.)
Palasonl N Y.VolIVPt ii = Vol Vm,
113 m ^ (s miL m ^ m m £^
J'ENTAMKHIDA.
( UMU'i'ic 11 lust rations
PlateLXIV
R.P.^Vhiu,eid. del
Phil.Asthth.
PLATE LXV.
(Figures 1-3, fl;by G. B. SIMPSON ; 4, 6-9 by K. Emmons)
Genus CONCHIDIUM, Linne.
Page 231.
CoNCHiDiuM DECUSSATUM, Whitcaves.
Fig. 1. Ventral view of a specimen partially exfoliated in the iimlional region ; showing the fine, dupli-
cate j)lication and the delicate concentric lineation of the surface.
Fig. 2. Doi'sal view of the umbonal portion of an internal cast ; .showing the cavity of the spondyliuni
and median sejitum of the pedicle-valve, and the genital markings about the beak.
Niagara group. Grand Rap'iriit of the Saskatchetoaii River, British Aiiwrica.
CONCHIDIUM LAQUEATUM, Coiliad (=PeNTAMERUS NOBILIS, KmillOlls).
Fig. 3. An anterior \iew of a poi'tion of the interior, looking into the chamber produced by the union of
the spondylium and septal plates j showing the curvature of the latter, their explanate upi)ei-
surfaces, and the foreshortened crural apophyses.
Fig. .1. Another view of the same specimen ; showing the spondylium with a portion of the median sep-
tvmi adhering, and the extent of the septal plates and crural processes.
Figs. 4, H, 9. Dorsal, ventral and profile views of an internal cast of a rather narrow shell ; showing the
contour, character of the plication and smooth umbonal slopes.
Fig. 7. Longitudinal section of conjoined valves ; showing the extent of the median septum of the pedicle-
valve (juite to the anterior margin of the valve, its concave anterior eilge, the projecting ex-
tremity of the spondylium, and in the brachial valve, the relatively .short spondylium and
septa, and the projection of the crural apophyses.
Fig. 8. An internal cast of a brachial valve which retaines the jirevailing broader form of the species.
Niagara <lolomites. Delphi, Indiana.
113 IK. ^ :c; 31 H © 3^ m m £^
Palaeont.N T Vol,IVPt,ii = VolVIII-
l'E.N r.\Mi.l(ll>.\.
( 'cin'rir I Hu^IimIikus
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PluU.it uth.
PLATE LXVI.
(Figures 1-5, U, 13, 11, 1(M!(, -i^-'i"! hy K. K.mmiins ; i;, s, 10 liy It. I'. Willi rii;i,i) ; 7, li liy F. S. Swinton ; li, M-ii
h\ u. |{. Simpson.)
Genus CONCIIIDIUM. \assL
I'age -IM.
CONOHIDIUM UNGUIFORMIS, Ullicll.
Figs. 1-3. Dor.>siil, cardinal anil ventral view.s of the original specimen ; .sliiiwiiiy the form of the siiell, the
character of itt< [plication, it."* concentric varices ami tine f;rowth-line.«. The ilra\vin(,'S are
slightly restored in the iinibonal region of the pedicle-valve.
Kig. 4. A lateral view of the .same s])e(;imen, in which the median .septum and siiomlyliom of the pedicle-
valve are exposed.
Niagara group. Near LuuisvUlc, Ketituckii.
CoNCHiDiUM, .sp. indi'f.
Fig. 5. An internal cast of a small pedicle-valve, with a coarsely plicated siirfa<;e ; showing the apical
portion of tlie (illing of the spondylium and a somewhat distorted median septum.
Niagara dolomites. Near Milwaukee, WiscoJi.thi.
CONCHtDIUM EXPONENS, !i\). IIOV.
Figs. 0-9. Inteiiors of pedicle (tigs, 6, 7) and brachial (tigs. 8, 9) valves of a strongly costate shell ; sho\ving
the structure of the interioi'.
Niagara group (Halysites Ijed). Louixrille, Kentucky.
CONCIHUIUM MULTICOSTATUM, Hull.
See Plate 64.
Fig. 10. A profile of the onginal specimen, an internal cast.
Niagara ilolomites. Wauvaiitotta, fViftcoiiJiiii.
CONCHIlJll.M lilLOCULARK. LillJie.
Fig. 11. Dorsal view of an average example ; showing the form of the shell, character of the surface, and
retaining a portion of the deltidium.
Fig. 12. A profile of the same specimen ; showing the long, coiii'ave and smooth cardinal slopes.
Fig. 18. A natural longitudinal section of conjoiiHMl \al\'es; showing the relation of the spondylium and
septal ]ilates.
Fig. 14. Ventral view of the same individual ; showing the length of the meili.nn septum.
Upper Silurian limestone. Inland of Gntland.
CONCHIUIUM DECUSSATUM, WilitcilVOS.
See Plate 65, figs. 1. 2.
Fig 15. Dorsal view of a small example ; sho^ving the foi'm and exterior chai-actei-s of the species.
Niagara dolomites. Rapicls of the i?askatcheioan liUvr, British America.
CONCHIDIUM COLLETTI, j\IilU'|-.
Figs 16, 17. Ventral and proHle views of a pedicle-valve ; showing the line pliiation. freiiuent imiiricating
growth-varices, and the expanded anterior margin.
Niagara limestone. Indiana.
CONCHIDIUM GeORGI/E, .sp. IIOV.
Figs. IS, 19. Dorsal and cardinal views of the brachial valve ; showing the conspicuous median fohl and
the plication of the siu'face.
Clinton group. Trentim, Georgia.
PLATE LXVI— Ck)ntinued.
CoNCHiDiuM Greenii, sp. nov.
Figs. 20-22. Profile, cardinal and ventral views of a specimen somewhat restored about the margins ;
showing the short, ventricose valves and fine, duplicate plication.
Niagara dolomites Near Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
CoNCHIDIUM, tjJJ.
Fig. 23. An internal cast of the pedicle-valve of a probably undescribed species ; showing the character
of the plication and the length of the median septum.
Niagara dolomities. Hawthorne, Illinois.
CONCHIDIUM CRASSIPLICA, Sp. IIOV.
Figs. 24, 25. Dorsal ami profile views; showing the ovate form of the shell, the subequally convex valves,
short and depressed beak of the pedicle valve and the coarse, duplicate plication of the
surface.
Niagara group. Prohahl i) from the vicinity of Louisville, Kejitucky.
ID ia^'^:ii3fflip cDicj^.
Paleeont.N Y.Vol IVPt n- Vol. VIII
i'i;Nr.\Mi;iiiii.\.
1 lliistratiims
tel.XVT
E-Emmons del
j^rii-A&V:i*Ji.
PLATE LXVII.
(Kiguies 1, 2, U-IH by E. EMMONS ; 3-10, 20 liy G. I!. SIMPSON.)
Genus CONCHIDIUM, Linne.
Page 231.
CONCHIDIUM (?) OCCIDENTALIS, Hull.
Figs. 1, 2. Ventral iiml pruKlc views of a specimen retaining- a iiortion of the .«liell in a somewhat mace-
rated condition ; showing the form of the species and faint traitea of plications over the
anterior siii-face.
Fig. 3. A portion of the extei-ior surface enlarged ; sho%ving the irregular lamellose concentric growth
lines and the faint radial plications. X 2.
Fig. 4. Profile of the umbonal portion of both valves, that of the pedicle-valve retaining its normal con-
tour and showing its great elevation, conspicuous incurvature and uniform contour.
Fig. .5. Dorsal view of an internal cast of a somewhat distorted example ; showing the impre.ssions of
the septal plates in the brachial valve.
Guelph dolomites. Gait, Ontario.
CONCHIDIUM SCOPAKIUM, SD. IIOV.
Figs. 6, 7. Dorsal and venti'al \ lews of a specimen retaining much of the shell; showing the outline of
the species and preserving a very distinct and rather fine radial plication.
Guelph dolomites. Dwrham, Ontario.
CONCHIDIUM OBSOLETUM, Sp. IIOV.
Figs. 8, 9. Venti'al and dorsal views of an internal east of a species pos.sessing a few low and broad plica-
tions. The figures show the length of the median septum in the pedicte-valve, and the position
of the septal plates of the brachial valve, and also the adductor muscular scai-s of the latter,
a feature which is rarely retained with distinctness in this genus.
Niagara dolomites. Getwa, Ottawa county, Ohio.
Genus PENTAMERUS, Sowerby.
Page 236.
Pentamerus PERGIBBOSUS, Hall and Whitfield.
Fig. 10. A view looking into the umbonal cavity of conjoined valves ; showing the spondylium and its
supporting septum below, and the crural processes of the brachial valve above. The spondy-
lium is extremely narrow and deep, having scarcely, greater width than the supporting septum.
Niagara dolomites. Near Chicago, Illinois.
Fig. 14. Cardinal view of an internal cast of a large individual ; showing the relative depth of the valves
and the cavities left by the spondylium and septa.
Fig. 15. Profile ^ew of a similar internal cast ; showing the normal contour of the species.
Niagara dolomites. Near Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Fig. 16. Cardinal view of an internal cast of a small shell, which shows with much distinctness the posi-
tion and form of the deltidium.
Chert of the Niagara group. IVwcoimn.
Fig. 17. Profile of a small and gibbous internal cast, having somewhat the form of the P. obloiigu.'i, var.
Maquoketa (see tigs. 11-13), but less regularly convex.
Figs. IS, 19. Cardinal views of internal casts ; showing the variation in the convexity of the valves and
the position of the internal apophy.ses
Niagara dolomites. Near Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
PLATE LXVII— Continued.
Pentamerus oblongus, var. Maquoketa, vai-. iiov.
Figs. 11, 12. Dorsal and profile \-iews of an internal ca-st of a characteristic example ; showing the ovoid
and regularly convex valves.
Fig. 13. A cardinal view of another individual ; showing the position and e.xtent of the internal plates.
Niagara dolomites. Near Diibagite, Iowa.
Pentamerus oblongus, Sowerliy.
Fig. 20. The interior of the umbonal portion of a silicified shell ; showing the spondylium and median
septum.
Niagara dolomites. Hillsboiv, Ohio.
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Palceont N Y Vnl TVPl !i = Vo! VIII
I'll.N TAMl'.HIIl.V.
(i.-n.Tii lllusli.ilii)
Plate LXVII
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PLATE LXVIII.
(FigurCb 1-8 by E. EMMON8.)
Genus PENTAMERUS, Sowerby.
Page 236.
Pentamerus oblongus, Sowerby.
FigB. 1, 2. Dorsal views of two shells ; showing: the variation in outline assumed by the species at this local-
ity. Fig;. 1 (see also plate Ixix, fig. 7) apjiroaches the subquadrate outline of P. ohlongus, var.
suhrectus (see fig. 6 and plate Ixix, figs. 8-10), but has less conspicuous umbones and less con-
vex valves ; fig. 2 has a peculiarly triangular outline, which is I'eproduced with a strongly
trilobate anterior margin in the larger specimens from Yellow Springs, Ohio (see figs. 3-5).
Clinton group. MocJiester, New York.
Fig. 3. Dorsal view of a large, elongate shell, with a broad median lobe.
Fig. 4 Ventral view of another sjiecimen of similar character, the two lateral grooves defining the median
and lateral lobes Leing very strong. The .specimen shows the ca\-ity of a very short median
.septum.
Fig. 5. Dorsal view of a smallei' specimen, less distinctly trilobed, but with the umbo of the pedicle-valve
very broad, though slightly imperfect at the apex. (Compare in this respect plate Ixix, fig. 8.)
The lateral undulations on the brachial valve are actually \ery faint and have been made
much too conspicuous in the figure.
Niagara dolomites. Yellow Siyri?i,gs, Ohio.
Pentamerus oblongus, var. suhrectus. var. iiov.
See Plate Ixix.
Fig. 6. Dorsal view of a large individual of this vanety slightly imperfect at the anterior margin j show-
ing the subquadrate outline, medially convex and broadly lobed valves.
Niagara beds. Jones county, Iowa.
Pentamerus oblongus, var. cylindricus, Hall and Wliitlielcl.
Figs. 7, 8. Dorsal and ventral views of a characteristic example of this variety ; showing the extremely
elongate-elliptical outline and broadly trilobed exterior.
Niagara dolomites. Utiva, Indiana.
Palaoni N YVolIVPl li- Vol.Vm.
33 Ili^SSIHmiF ©iBJi^
I'ANTAMKIIID.Y
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Phil.Astlith.
PLATE LXIX.
(Kiguies 1-10, 13 liy G. B. SIMPSON; 11, 12 by K. P. Whitfield )
Genus PENTAMERUS, Sowerby.
Pago 236.
Pentamerus oblongus, Sowerby.
Fi^. 1. Dorsal view of an internal cast of a small shell, broadly trilobed and having- a similar outline to
young forms of the \-ariety suhrectus (see tigs. 2, 8) though with much shallower valves.
Niagara dolomites. Richmond, Indiana.
Pentamerus oblongus, vur. subrectus, vnr. nov.
See Plate 68.
Figs. 2, 3. Dorsal and ventral views of a small specimen of subquadr,ate outline, trilobed exterior, and
showing the single median septum in both valves.
Figs. 8-10. Dorsal, jirofile and ventral views of a normal matui'e individual ; showing the characteristic
subquadrate outline, prominent umbo of the pedicle-valve, trilobate exterior, and linear median
depression on both valves.
Niagara beds. Castle Gfrove township, Jones eounty, loioa.
Pentamerus oblongus, .Sowerby.
Figs. 4, 5. Dorsal and ventral views of a small elongate internal cast in chert, similar in contour and size
to a form occurring at Utica, Indiana, in association with the variety ryiindrii-us. This shell
occurs in the chert of the Ma(iuoketa region near Dubuc^ue, Iowa, liut not in immediate asso-
ciation with the var. suhrectus.
Niagara beds. Jones county, Iowa.
Fig. B. Dorsal view of the umbonal region of an internal cast in chert ; showing the cavities left by the
septum and septal plates, the deltidium and the latei'al divisions of the hinge-plate. X 2.
Niagai-a beds. Monmouth, loipa-
Fig. 7. Ventral view of a subquadrate shell with the lobation of the surface distinctly defined. The dor-
sal view of this specimen is given upon plate Ixviii, fig. 1.
Clinton group. Rochester, New York.
Pentamerus oblongus, vur. cyllvdricus. Hall iiiul Whitliekl.
Figs. 11, 12. Profile and dorsal views of the original specimen of this variety; showing the elongate form
and a faint trilobation of the exterior.
Niagara group. Near Louisville, Kentucky.
Pentamerus oblongus, Sowerliy.
Fig. 13. Dorsal view of an internal cast of a large and evenly convex shell having the ovoid form and
regular contour of the var. Maquoketa (see plate Ixvii, figs. 11-13), which, however, is a per-
sistently smaller form.
Niagara dolomites. Locality uncertain ; probably Northern Indiana.
Fig. 14. An outline sketch of a large brachial ^•alve having the broadly ovate form and trilobed exterior
of the specimens from Yellow Springs, Ohio, represented on plate Ixviii, figs. 3-5.
Niagara dolomites. Probably from the vicinity of Richinond, Indiana.
ID Ili^(B2IIS(DIP (BIB^
Paleeont. N Y.Vol TVPt n = VQLV!II
PENTAMKHIDA".
( 't'lUM-ir Illustr;iti(m*i
Plate LXIX
E Emmons del.
Phil.AsthUi.
PLATE LXX.
(Figures 1, 2, HI by E. Emmons ; 3, copy.)
Genus PENTAMERUS, Sowerby.
I'age -mi.
Pentamekus oblongus, Sowcrhy.
See plales Ixviii, Ixix.
Fig. 1. Dorsal view of an internal cast of a broadly ovate shell, with evenly convex valves.
Niaf^ara dolomites. Near .Vilwaukee, JVisivnshi.
Fig. 2. A natural longitudinal section through both valves ; showing the comparatively short median sep-
tum and septal jilates, the projecting spondylium and crui-al processes.
Clinton group. RocJiesttr, New York.
Fig. 3. A copy of the original figure of this species given by Murchi.son in "Silurian System," plate xix,
figure 10.
Fig. A. Dorsal view of a large, elongate-sviliovate shell, with trilobed surface, broadly shouldered um-
bones and closely incurved an(i depressed ventral beak.
Clinton group. liochtster, New York.
Pentamerus oblongus, v;ir. subrectus, vai-. iiov.
See plates Ixviii, Ixix.
Fig. 5. A somewhat weathered specimen in which the valves have been displaced from their normal posi-
tion, exposing the spondylium of the pedicle- valve, and, by the removal of the rock, also show-
ing a part of the united septal plates of the brachial valve. This spondylioid condition of
these plates is a normal feature of this variety.
Niagara beds. Jones connty, Iowa.
Genus CAPP^LLINIA, gen. nov.
Page 348.
Capellinia mira, .sp. uov.
Figs, t), 7. Ventral and cardinal views of an avei'age specimen : showing the i)redominant convexity of the
brachial valve, the smooth surface and the position and extent of the interna! plates.
Fig. 8. Cardinal view of another example in which the convexity and lunbonal incurvature of the Ijrachial
\-alve are still more conspicuously developed.
Fig. 9. Cardinal view of a pedicle-valve ; showing the inconspicuous, suberect beak and wide delthyrium.
Fig. 10. Ventral view of the same sjiecimen ; showing the length of the median septum.
Fig. II. Profile view of a normal individual ; showing the relations of the valves.
Figs. 12, 13. Ventral and profile views of anotner example in which the umbo of the pedicle-valve is ab-
ruptly depressed.
Fig. 14. A brachial valve, showing the length of the septal i)lates and a low radial plication over the uni-
bonal region.
Niagara dolomites. Near Milwaukee, Wiseon.nn.
m im ^ 'is HI 2 © 2P Q IS) ^
Palseont N.Y.Vol IVPt 11 = Vol.VlII.
i'i;.\r.\Mi;itii).v.
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Plate LXX
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PLATE LXXI.
(Figures l-;i (jopies ; i, .), H-XI l)y \l 1'. Wiiiti'ikld ; li-lll. 11-lH, 3-t-as hy G. li. Simpson ; 11-13, n-ii by K. Kmmons).
Genus BARRANDELLA, gen. nov.
Page 241.
Bakkandella linguifera, Sowerby.
Figs. 1, 2. Dorsiil and inolile views of a normal individual ; showing th« cliai-ai;toi- of the exterior and
the well defined median fold on the brachial valve.
Fig-. 3. A longitudinal median section of the valves ; showing the small sjiondylium and (ixtremely short
median septum of the pedicle-valve, and one of the septal plates of the brachial valve.
Wenlock limestone. Dudley, Enyland.
(Figui-es l-,5 after Davidson )
Bauuanuella ventkicosa, Hall.
Figs. 4, 5. Front and dorsal views of a typical example ; showing the fold upon the Virachial valve, its
faint plication, and the cavities of the median sejjta.
Niagara dolomites. Waukeslia, )Visco'i/^iii.
Figs. 6, 7. Ventral and profile views of a ventrico.se specimen \vith a low sinus on the pedii-le-valve.
Figs. 8-10. Dorsal, profile and front views of a smaller individual having the fold and sinus distinctly
plicate.
Niagara dolomites. Near Miiwaukee, WiscoTusm.
Bakkandella foknicata, Hall.
Figs. 11-13. Profile, dorsal and ventral views of the exterior of a specimen of avei'age size ; showing the
median fold on the brachial valve, the single broad plication in the sinus of the pedicle-valve,
and the faintej- plication of the latei-al slopes.
Clinton group. Lockport, Neio York.
Bareandklla Areyi, .s[). nov.
Figs. 14-16. Dorsal, profile and ventral views of a normal example ; showing the strongly plicated fold
and sinus on the brachial and jiedicle valves respectively, and the sharp plication of the lateral
slopes. X 2.
Clinton grou]i. Bocliesier, New Y(yrk.
Bakrandella Barrandii, Billings.
Figs. 17, 18. Dorsal and ventral views of a large and typically developed individual ; showing the broa<i
plication in the median sinus of the pedicle-valve and the corresponding median groove on the
o,[jposite valve ; also the finer plication of the medio-lateral region.
Figs. 19, 20. Dorsal and profile views of a smaller and more gibbous specimen.
This species, in its earlier growth stages, is very similar in form and contour to B fornicata
(figs. 11-13), but the rapid increase in size of the median plication in the sinus of the pedicle-
valve, during the later growth stages of the shell, has the etl'ect of reversing the relative
position of fold and sinus in the final condition of growth.
Anticosti group. Besde Biver, Anticosti.
PLATE LXXI— Continued.
Genus PKNTAMEKELLA, Hall.
Page 241.
Pentamerella arata, CoihikI.
Figs. 21, 22. Longitudinal profiles of pedicle-valves; showing the spomlylium and the variation in the
development of the siippoi-ting septum.
Fig. 28. The interior of the pedicle-valve viewed from in front; showing the spondylium and its support-
ing septum and the ovarian markings over the surface of the valve beneath the sijondylium.
Corniferous limestone. Near Junt-tion City, Kentucky.
Figs. 24-27. Ventral, dorsal, profile and anterior views of a characteristic individual ; showing the irregu-
lar dichotomou.s plication of the surface and the development of fold and sinus on brachial and
pedicle-valves respectively.
Schoharie gi'it. Albany county, New Yorlc.
Fig. 28. An interior of the brachial valve ; showing the completed spomlj Hum re.sting upon the liottora of
the valve.
Fig. 29. The interior of an incomplete pedicle-valve ; showing the form of the spondylium.
Corniferous limestone. Waterloo, New York.
Pentamerella Pavilionen.si.s, Hall.
Fig. 31). Dor.sal view of a large individual from which a portion of the brachial valve has been removed
exposing the inner surface of the sessile .spondylium.
Fig. 31. The exterioi' of a pedicle-valve ; shovring the well developed median sinus and the irregular
plication.
Hamilton shales. Canajidaigiux Lake, New York.
Pentamerella dubia, Hall.
Figs. 32, 33. Cardinal and profile views of the oi-iginal specimen; showing the form and proimrtions, and
the clearly defined cardinal area of the pedicle-valve.
Hamilton beds. Near Iowa City, Iowa
Figs. 34, 35. Dorsal and ventral views of a characteristic specimen from which the shell is partially exfoliate<l
on the pedicle-valve.
Figs. 36, 37, 38. Profile, doi-sal and ventral views of another example having the cardinal area obscurely
defined and the surface covered with tine, regular plications.
Hamdton Ijeds. Littleton, Iowa.
113 m ^ i£i m 11 w IF % m ^
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PLATE LXXII.
(Kigures 1-3, IS-20. 3J, ii by 11. P WHITFIELD; 4, 5 copies; li-9, -^4. 27-33 by E. Emmoss; 10-U by F. B. Meek; 15-17, 21, Jfl,
21) by G. K. Simpson.)
Genus SIEBEKELLA, CEhlert.
I'age 241.
SlEBERELLA NUCLEUS, Hilll Uiul Wllltficld.
Figs. 1-3. Doraal, profile and iVont views of the oritfinal specimen ; showing- the form of tlic shell and the
strong plication in the median sinus
In limestone of the age of the Clinton group. Near LouisviUe, Kentucky.
SlEBERELLA SlEBEKL VOll Bllcll.
Figs. 4, 5. Dorsal and front views of a typical mature example ; showing the strong plii'ation of the sur-
face and the sinus in the bi'achial valve.
Lower Devonian (Etage Fa). Koniepriis, Bohemia. (After Bakhande.)
SlEBERELLA RoEJiERi, uoiii, iiov. (Penknueiu.'i ffcdecUm, F. Roeiuci).
Fig. 6. Dorsal view of an individual of rather large size ; .showing the characteristic plication of tlie sinus
and lateral slopes aViout the margin, and their obsolescence in the umtjonal i-egion.
Upper Silurian. Perry county, TetiTiessee.
SlEBERELLA GALEATA, Dulnillil.
Figs. 7, 8. Dorsal and profile \-iews of a well-developed example, with transverse form, highly convex
valves, typically developed plicated .sinus and obscurely plicated lateral slopes.
Fig. 9. An enlargement of the external surface of the same specimen ; showing the tine, irregularly anas,
tomosing concentric raised lines.
Wenlock limestone. Dudley, England.
Figs. 10, 11. Profile and dorsal views of an elongat^; shell with plicated sinus and smooth lateral slopes.
Fig. 12. A view of the interior of conjoined valves ; .showing the spondylium and its sujiporting septum,
one of the sejital plates and its crural j. rocess.
Fig. 13. Cardinal view of a large intei-nal cast of both valves ; showing the cavities left by the spondyl-
ium and septum in the jiedicle- valve, and by the septal \ lates in the brachial valve; also the
genital markings in the umlxmal region of the pedicle-vane.
Lower Helderberg group. Tfte HeUlei'berg.f, Nexo York.
SlEBERELLA PSEUDOCiALEATA, Hall.
Fig. 14. Profile view of a typical specimen ; showing the absence of surface plications. Tlie representa-
tion of radial lines in the drawing is erroneous
Lower Helilerberg gr<iup (Upper Pentaraerus limestone). The Hetderhergs, New York.
Genus GYPIDULA, Hall.
Page 241.
Gypidula comis, Owen.
Figs. 15-17. Dorsal, ventral and profile views of a normal example ; showing the marginal plication of the
valves, their convexity and the development of median fold and sinus on pediide and brachial
valves respectively.
Upper Devonian. Lhiie Creek, Imm.
Figs. 18, 19. -Dorsal and cardinal views of a plicated specimen which retains a well defined cardinal area.
Fig. 20. Dorsal \'iew of the nmbonal region enlarged ; sho\ving the longitudinally striated and sharply
delimited cardinal area.
Upper Devonian. IndependeJice, Iowa.
PLATE I, XXII— Continued.
Fig. 21. Dorsal view of a somewliat elongate shell, willi full, pi'oininent uml)0, and destitute of siirfafe
plications.
Uji])!']' Devonian. Lime Civtk, lowri.
Figs. 22, 28. Front and profile views of a moi'e orbicular shell, als( without iilications. Should the smooth
.shells, now included undei- this name, be found to pie.sent i)ernianeut differences from the pli-
cated forms, they may be termed Gypidnta lOfvU.
Upper Devonian. Independence, lovM.
Fig. 24. The interior of the umbonal poi-tion of conjoined valves ; showing, above, the free sponilyliiun of
the pedicle-valve, and, beneath, the sessile spondylium of the br.achial valve.
Siliciotis beds. j)i'(il)ably of the :ige (»f the HaniiltOTi group, frntntf Indiana.
GyPIDULA LjEVIUSCULA, Hilll.
Figs. 25, 26. Dorsal and profile views of an avei-age specimen ; showing the smooth, evenly convex valves
and the almost complete obsolesence of fold and sinus.
Upper Devonian. TAine C'rei:k, hiwa,.
Gypidula Romingeki, sp. UOV.
Fig. 27. Cardinal view of a pedicle-valve ; showing a well defined cardinal area, the teeth and the form of
the spon(iylium.
Fig. 28. Dorsal view of the undjonal region of the siie<'imen represented in fig. 30, efilarged to show the
sharply defined cardinal area and the deltidial plates or remnants of the deltidinm. X 2.
Fig. 29. The interior of a bi-achial valve j showing the curved walls of the sessile spondylium.
Fig. 30. Dors.al view of an individa.al of average size, with an unusually flat brachial valve ; .showing the
cardinal area, jilates of the deltidium and coiu'se, irregulai'ly iluplicate plication of the surface.
Figs. 31, 32. Dorsal and profile views of a large specimen with a finer and more regular surface plication,
more conspicuous and deeply incurved ventral umbo and clearly denned sinus on the brachial
valve. The shell is largely exfoliated over the Ijrachial valve, exposing the broken base of the
spondylium and the genital markings about it on the surface of the cast.
Fig. 33. The inteiior of a large brachial valve ; showing the form and extent of the spondylium.
Hamilton group. Near Alpena, Michigan.
113 ua .j\. rs HI ij; ® 2? fffl aj ^
Palasonl. N Y. Vol IV- Pi ii = Vol . VIII.
I'ENTAMKltlD.V.
C'CIUMM llllisl] .,li.,n>.
PlateLXXli
E-Emmons del.
Phil.Asihili.
PLATE LXXIII.
(Kisures l-lii, H-['.> by E. Kmmdxs ; II liy (i. 1!. Simpson ; 12, l:i, iu by It. P. WiiiTFiKLU.)
Gknus STRICKLANDINIA, Hillings.
Stricklandixia multilikata, Wliittield.
Fi^s. 1, 2. Ventijil ami iloisiil views of an inti-rnal silii-ious cast. The Hjjures show the hIioH, straight
hing-e, the sharj) delimitation of the cardinal I'egion and the orbicular outline of the valves. In
figure 1 is seen the low median groove and the apex of the tilling of the spondylium ; figure 2
shows the median fold of the brachial valve and the cast of the small but prominent muscular
scar.
Niagara dolomites. Near Milwaukee, Michigan.
Stricklandinia castellana, Wliite.
Figs. 3-G. Doi-sal, profile, cardinal and vcmtral \ie\vs of a characteristic specimen ; showing the nearly
equiconvex valves, the strong, irregularly fasciculate or dujjlicate 'plication, and, in fig. 5, the
cavities left i)y the spondylium and low median septum of the pedicle-valve.
Fig. 7. Cai-dinal view of a partial internal cast, the pedicle-valve being represented beneath ; showing
the position of the spondylium and its supporting septum and the casts of the muscular im-
pressions on the brachial valve.
Niagara group. Jones county, lima.
StkicklaiNdima dkformis, Mcuk mill W'oriluii.
Figs. 8, 9. Profile and cardinal views of an internal cast ; showing the delimitation of the cardinal area of
the pedicle-valve and the filling of the spondylium.
Fig. 10. Dorsal view of the umbonal portion of a specimen, to show the short, straight hinge-line and the
subauriculate cardinal extremities.
Niagara group, A'i. Charles, Illinois.
Stricklan'ijinia Gaspensis, Uilliiig.s.
Fig. 11. Dorsal view of a large individual, drawn from a plaster cast of the original specimen; showing
the form of the shell, a jjortion of the car<linal area and the abundant plication of the surface.
Upper Silurian. (}a.-ipe, Nova i<cotia.
Stricklandinia Anticostiensis, Billings.
Fig. 12. The interior of the umbonal portion of a brachial valve ; showing the short, convergent crural
plates and the low median muscular ridge in the bottom of the valve.
Fig. 13. A view looking into the umbonal cavity of the pedicle-valve ; showing the spondylium and its
suppoi'ting se.ptiun.
Fig. 14. The interior of a j)edicle-valve, distorted by natuial growth, and .showing a sharply defined car-
dinal area, delthyriuin and spondylium.
Stricklandinia Davidsoni, Billings.
Pig. 15. Dorsal view of an average example ; showing its trilobed, medially elongate form.
Anticosti group. Anticosti.
PI.ATK LXXIIl— ContinaeU.
Genus AMPHIGENIA, Hall.
Page 25-i.
See Plate 74.
Amphigenia elongata, Vauuxein.
Pig. 16. Ventral view of a ca.st of the interior of the pedicle-valve ; Hhowing the tilling- of the spondylium
and the cavity of the sliort median septum.
Schoiiarie grit. iSchoharie, New York.
Fig. 17. The interior of the umboual portion of a brachial valve; showing the .'structure of the hinge-
plate, its apical jjerforation, and the crura with their jugal processes.
Fig. 18. Proiile view of the same .sjiecimen somewhat enlargeil to show the direction and extent of the
ci'ura, jugal apophyses and crural plates.
Fig. 19. The interior of the umbonal portion of the pedicle-valve ; showing the teeth and the entiie spon-
dylium.
Corniferous limestone. Le Roy, New York.
Fig. 20. The interior of the umbonal portion of a pedicle-valve ; showing vascular sinuses on the surface
of the valve beneath the spondylium.
Coi-niferous limestone. P)-om the drift of Southern Michigan.
113 mJ^.(BIII2®IF 'DmiJ^.
Palseont.N.y.Vol.IYPti
I'ENIAMKIIID.Y
( M'lMTir llluslr. limit-.
Plate I.XXIII
E.Emmons del.
PHlAst litii.
PLATE LXXIV.
(Figures 1-9 by R. P. WHiTriELD.l
Gknos AMPHIGENIA, Hall.
Page 252.
See Plate 73.
Amphigenia elongata. Viinii.xciii.
Fig. 1. Dorsal view of a pai-tial cast; showing- the muscular inijiressions and \-ascular sinuses of the
brachial valve, and the cavity left by the medially tlivided hing-e-plate.
Coniiferous limestone. Clarence, New York.
Fig. 2. Cardinal view of an intenial cast : showing the filling of the sj)Ondylium and of the visceral fora-
men, and the cavities left by the median septum and hinge-plate.
Fig. 3. Median longitudinal section of both \-alves ; showing the degree of development of the .spondy-
lium, median septum, and septal plates ; also the great thickness of the shell in the umbonal
region of the brachial valve and the length of the crura, with their convex terminal expansion.
Corniferous limestone. Le Hoy, New York.
Fig. 4. Dorsal view of an individual of medium size with regularly elliptical form and tinely striated
surface.
Fig. 5. An internal cast of the unil>oual portion of the brachial valve; showing the septal plates, the four
sharjily defined scars of the adductor muscles, the \ascular sinuses and genital markings.
Corniferous limestone. lVe,<itern New York.
Fig. 6. The exterior of a brachial valve having the characteristic subovate outline.
Figs. 7, 9. Dorsal and profile views of a shell of full medium size with giblious valves and finely striated
sui'face.
Corniferous limestone. Cayuga, Ontario.
Fig. 8. Internal cast of a large brachial valve ; showing the muscular impression and the cavity left by
the removal of the hinge-plate.
Corniferous limestone. Le Hoy. Ne%c York.
113 Si^CeSIHSS^ ®iE^
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PLATE LXXV.
(Figures 1-6 by G. B. Shhpson; 7, i) by F. B. Meek; 9 by E. Emmons. 1
Genus EENSSEL^RIA, Hall.
Page 255.
Renssel^ria Cayuga, sp. uov.
Figs. 1, 2. Dorsal and ventral views of a specimen which retains most of the shell ; showing- the fine sur-
face plication and the lenticular form of the valves.
Oriskany sandstone. Cayuga, Ontario.
RENSSELiERlA OVULUM, Sp. IIOV.
Fig. 3. An internal cast of the brachial valve ; showing the musculai- scars, the large cavity left by the
hinge-plate, and the genital markings in the umbonal region.
Fig. 4. An internal cast of the pedicle-valve ; showing the filling of the deep muscular cavity ami its
division by the diductor and adductor scars, and the cavities left by the teeth. This species
differs from the foregoing in is pei-sistently greater size, much more convex valves, and
coarser plication of the surface. It is a more orbicular and more regularly convex shell than
R. ovoides.
Oriskany sandstone. Cayxiga, Ontario.
RENLSEL.SRIA OVOIDES, Eatoil.
Tig. 5. An internal cast of the brachial valve ; showing the cavity of the hinge-plate, the branching
vascular sinuses in the umbonal region and the anterior and posterior divisions of the adductor
muscular impression, the surface of the posterior scars being strongly marked with ramifying
lines. The structure and arrangement of all of these parts is strikingly similar to that occur-
ring in Amphigenia (see plate Ixxiv, fig 5).
Oriskany sandstone. SdioJiarie, Neiv Tork.
Fig. 6. An internal cast of a pedicle-valve having a regularly oval outline, and showing the tilling of the
muscular impression and the cavities left by the teeth.
Oi-iskany sandstone. Sj'i'ingpcn-t, Cayuga cowiity, Neio Yoi-k.
Fig. 7. The exterioi- of a pedicle-valve, having the characteristic inflexion of the lateral margins ante-
riorly, and showing the fine surface plication.
Fig. 8. Profile of conjoined valves ; showing the usual convexity of the species. The shell of the
brachial valve has been exfoliated, losing its surface plication.
Oriskany sandstone. The HeJderhergs, New York.
Fig. 9. A brachial valve which is broadly flattened in the umbonal region and greatly narrowed anteriorly.
The shell has been lost except about the umbo, exposing a portion of the muscular scars.
Oriskany sandstone. Knux, New Tm-k.
33 iii>^(siiiaa)ip oiEic^
Palasont , N Y.Vol. IV Pt 11= Vol VIU
IIKNSSKI.AKHin.V.
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Plate LX XV
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PLATE LXXVI.
(Figures 1 3a. 'J, .il-:;4 by It. 1'. WiinriKLD; 4-7, 20 by E. Emmons; 8, U-l'), 17, iV28 Ijy F. B. Mkkk; 10, 16, 18, I»
l)y G. B Simpson.)
Genus RKNSSEL^RIA, Hall.
I'age 2.')+.
liENSSELiKUI.V MUTABILIS, H:lll.
Pigs. 1, 2. Dorsal and profile views of a ratliL'r larfji" and somewhat elongate shell.
Fig. 3. An outline sketch showing the loop and its relative length.
Fig. 3a. The loop enlarged to show its form in more detail, the elongate triangular expansion formed by
the union of the descending lamelUe, and the median ridge along the line of coalescence of these
))arts, produced upwardly and po.steriorly into a free exti'emity.
Lower HeUlorberg gi'oup. Bc.i-raft's Muuiitahi, Columbia county, JYeio York.
Genus TRIGERIA. Bayle.
Page 265.
Trigeria Portlandica, Billiiig.s.
Figs. 4, 5. Dorsal and venti-al ^aews of the original specimen of Mensselaeria Porllitiidku. Billings, which
is tentatively referi'ed to the Genus TRinERiA.
Lower Helderberg group. Square Lake, Maine.
Trigeria Gaudryi, OEhlert.
Figs. 6, 1. Dorsal and profile views of an internal cast, provisionally referred to this species ; showin.;- the
form of the shell, the fine and simple plication of the exterior and the cavities left by the
removal of the dental pla'es in the pedicle valve and the median septum in the brachial valve.
In fig 7 the convexity of the valves is not satisfactorily represented, the bi-achial valve being
too convex and the opposite valve not convex enough.
OrLskany sandstone. Cwmherland, Maryland.
Genus RENSSEL^RIA, Hall.
Page 254.
Renssel^ria Marylandica, Hall.
Enlarged view of the cardinal portion of the pedicle-valve; showing the foramcm and deltidial
plates.
Dorsal view of a typical exterior ; showing the fine surface plication and the oval outline of the
valves.
Dorsal view of another individual, less sharply plicated and having a less convex brachial valve.
The interior of a nearly complete pedicle-valve ; showing the deep and strong dental lamella?
restino' upon, though not consolidated with the bottom of the valve, and the elongate muscular
impressions.
13. Longitudinal section of the valves ; showing the loop in profile, its anterior extension and the ele-
vation of the crural apophyses ; also the depth of the dental plates in the pedicle-valve and the
umbonal thickening of the shell.
The interior of the brachial valve ; sh'owing the medially divided hinge-plate and the loop with
its long, acutely triangular anterior plate and median ridge with its short and fi-ee posterior
extension.
Profile of the specimen represented in fig. 11 ; .showing the convexity of the valves.
The cardinal portion of the brachial valve ; showing the form of the hinge-iilate, the obsolete N-is-
ceral foramen, and the anterior median division.
Fig. 19. The interior of the umbonal portion of a brachial valve of an old shell in which the hinge-plate is
much thickened. The specimen is projected backward to show the inner extremity of the
Fig.
8.
Fig.
10.
Fig.
11.
Fig.
12.
Fig.
13.
Fig.
14.
Fig.
15,
Fig.
17.
PLATE LXXVI— Continued.
visceral canal, the outer opening being visible at the apex of the plate. This canal is, how-
ever, closed by testaceous deposit, and the median division of the plate on its upper sui'face
largely obscured from the same cause.
Fig. 20. The interior of the uraljonal jiortion of the pedicle-\-alve ; showing the dental plates and muscular
impressions.
Oriskany sandstone. Cuiaherland, Maryland.
Gknus AMPHIGENIA, Hall.
Page ■'.W.
Amphigenia elongata. Hull.
See Plates 73, 74.
Fig. 9. The cardinal portion of the brachial valve : showing the form of the hinge-plate, its median
depression, the ojiening of the visceral foramen, a portion of the septal plates and the branch-
ing vascular sinuses.
Corniferous limestone. Le Hoy, New Ym-k.
Genus RENSSELJ^^RIA, Hall.
Page 254.
Renssel^ria ovoides, Eaton.
See Plate 75.
Fig. 16. The hinge-plate enlarged ; showing its foi'ni, the opening of the visceral canal, the highly
developed crural plates ; also the elongate dental sockets and outer socket walls. X 2.
Fig. 18. A cast of the hinge-plate ; showing the unbroken filling of the visceral canal.
Oriskany sandstone. The Helderbergs, New York.
Rensseljcria mutabilis, Hall.
See figures l-3a.
Figs. 21, 22. Dorsal and profile views of a broad, ovate form \vith elevated umbo, open delthyrium, well-
defined cardinal slopes and rather coarse surface plication.
Lower Helderberg group. Becraft's Mountain. Coluinhia county. New Yo)-k.
Rensseljdria jequiradiata, Conrad.
Figs. 23, 24, 2.5. Dorsal, profile and front views of one of the original specimens : showing the form of the
shell and the character of its plication.
Lower Helderberg group (Upjier Pentamei'us limestone). tSchoharie, New York.
Ren.ssel^kia elliptica, Hall.
Pigs. 26, 27, 28. Dorsal, profile and front views of the original specimen ; showing the form and convexity
of the shell.
Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone), fichohane, Neio York.
m m J:^ <s "Ji -J. :s) IF m m ^
Palffiont N.T.Vol.rv.Ptii = Vol,Vin
IfK.NSSKI.AKIIIDY.
Plate UaVI
RP.Whitf.elddei
Pnil.Ast iith.
Fig-
3.
Vig.
4.
Fit;-.
;').
FiRs.
15.
FifT.
8,
Fijr.s.
10,
PLATE LXXVII.
(Figures 1-ii, •2:i-'>a li.v K. 1!. 1\Ii:i:k ; 1", 11, 17-3-2 by G. B. SijipsoN ; li-U liy K. r. \V ii rn- 1 i;li> ; 20-28 by F. J.SWINTON.)
Subgenus BEACHIA, s.-gen. nov.
Page 2iiu.
Beaciiia Suessana, Hall.
Fii;: 1. Tlie interiors of two iiedlcle-valves, the upper retaining- the deltidial plates, the lower having-
lost tho?e 1 lutes, but sliowing- the dental lamellie. Both tig-ures show an obscure musculai'
area divided by a low median ridg-e.
Vig. 2. The interior of a biacUial "\alve -, showiiifT the hing^e-iilate. nicdi.-iUy de|>i'essed and pei-forated at
its a|iex liy tli(; visceral for.-inien, the dental sockets, and the form of the loop with the meilian
roil-like process extending- backward and npwai-d fi-om tlie anterior plate.
. Front view of conjoined valves ; showing the fine plication of the surface and the inflexion of the
lateral margins,
. Median lony-itiidinal section of conjoined valves; showing in profile the loop with its long, erect
(•rural apopliy.ses, the elevation and direction of the median proi-i>ss extending backward from
the anterior plate.
. Views of the interior of two brachial valves ; showing the inflei-ted lateral margins and some vari-
ation in the comlition of the hing-e- plate.
7, 9 Ventral, pi-ofile and dorsal views of a typical example ; showing the outline, contour and
plication of the valves and their lateral marginal inflexion.
. Profile of a smaller shel'. with tlie mai-ginal infiexion of the valves extending to the anterior ex-
tremity.
, 11. Views of the liing-e-]ilate in two individuals ; showing difterences due to age ami consequent
thickening of the parts. X '2.
Oriskany sanilstone. Owmherlanrl. Maryland.
(iENis MEGALANTERIS, Suess.
P.age ill.
Megalanteuls ovalis. Hall.
Fig. 12. An internal cast of the pedicle-v.alve ; show-ing the filling of the deep scar of the diductor muscles,
enclo.sing the small sub(;ordate addui-.toi- .scar, with traces of vascular sinu.ses and genital
markings.
Fig. 13. The dorsal side of an internal cast; showing the deep impression of the prominent hinge-plate
and cardinal process, and the ailductor muscular scars.
Fig. 14. A similar view of another .specimen to which a portion of the pedicle-valve adheres i showing the
cavity of the hinge-plate and the <livision of the muscular area into anterior and posterior
scars.
Oriskany .sandstone. St-lwharie, JVew York.
Fig. 15. The ventral side of another internal cast ; showing the impressions of the muscular scars and vas-
cular sinuses.
Fig. 16. Dorsal view of the same specimen; sh'-wing the deep cavities left by the grooved cardinal pro-
cess, crural bases, and adductor scars.
Figs, n, 18. Posterior and interior views of tlie cardinal portion of the brai-hial valve, enlarged ; showing
the hinge-plate and the stout, erect, bilobed and deeply grooved cardinal process, the broad
crural bases, and a porti(m of the muscular impression. X 2.
Figs. 19, 20, 21. Interior, profile and front views of a gutta-percha imjire-ssion taken from a natural cast of
the interior, having a vei-y highly developed cardinal process divided on its posterior face by
a single median groove ; showing also the crural bjises and muscular area divided by a low
median septum.
Fi"-. 22. The umbonal j^ortion of the brachial valve, drawn/rom a gxitta-percha impression taken from the
specimen represented in tig. 16 The two grooves on the posterior face of the c:irdinal process
are charactei-ized by series of tine, diverging lines.
Oriskany sandstone. Albany county. New York.
PLATE LXXVII— Coiitimieil.
Genus RENSSEL^RIA, Hall.
Page 254.
Renssel^ria Cumberlandi.4;, Hall.
Fig's. 23-25. Dorsal, profile and ventral views of one of the original specimens ; showing- the form and pro-
portions of the shell, the marg'inal plication of the sui'face, the deltidial plates and sharply de-
fined cardinal .slopes.
Oriskany sandstone. Cumberland, Maryland.
RENSSELJiRIA INTERMEDIA, Hull.
Fig. 26. Dorsal view of the exterior ; showing the form and character of plication.
Figs. 27. 28. Profile views of different individuals ; showing the convexity of the valves.
Criskany sandstone. Omnberlaiid, Maryland.
IB 33. =A S SI y: © IP © IE) ^
Palaeont.N y.VoMV.Pt,ii = Vol VII!
KKNSSKI.AKKII) V.
' NMUTU" lllu^ilr.itutii-^
Plate Lxxvrr
i w--'.iV.
■>4r
/i
f \
t^''\'W¥rA
v\Jl
X
/'■
RP.V\'hitlielddel
PkL.As". iii>L.
PLATE LXXVIII.
(rigiues 1-9, 17-23 by G. B. SiMI'Sos; 10-16 by U. 1' WmrFitLD.)
Genus NEWBERRIA. Hall.
Page 261.
Newberria Clayi'olii, Hiill.
Fig. 1. An internal ca.st of a portion of the pedicle-valve ; showing- the divergent impressions of the dental
lamella;; the irregularly divided scar of the adductor muscles ; the narrow anterior adductor
and strong vascular impressions.
Fig. 2. A portion of the interior of the bracdiial valve, drawn from a gutta-percha impression of a natui-al
internal cast ; showing the division of the hinge-plate, and the st'iated adductor impressions.
Fig. 3. An internal cast of a small pedicle-vaive in which the impressions of the vascular sinuses are very
strongly developed.
Fig. 4. An internal cast of a brachial valve preserving the usually elongate form of mature individuals,
and showing the muscular and vascular impi-essions.
Fig. 5. The interior of a pedicle-valve, from a gutta-percha impression ; showing an open delthyrium, the
divergent dental ) lates, the mus(udar and vascular impressions.
Fig. 6. An internal cast of the pedicle-v.alve ; showing the impression of the apical cup-shaped depression
of that valve. By the i-emoval of the tilling of the dental sockets, the cardinal slope is made to
appear unusually large and tiat.
Fig. 7. An internal cast of a large and symmetrical pedicle-valve.
Fig. 8. An internal cast of a large and somewhat deforaied brachial valve, which shows the usual size
and division of the hinge-plate and the character of the adductor scars.
Fig. 9. An internal cast of a pL>dicle-va!ve in which the muscular scars and vascular .sinuses, both pri-
mary and secondary, are highly developed.
Sandstones of the Hamilton group. PeiTy cotmtij, Pennsylvania.
Newberria Johannis, Hall.
Fig. 10. An internal cast of the umbonal portion of a pedicle-valve, with the muscular and vascular mark-
ings distinctly retained.
Fig. 11. An inteiTial cast of the upper portion of a brachial valve ; showing the ca\ity left by the di\ided
hinge-plate and the adductor muscular scai-s.
Figs. 12. 13. Doi-sal and ventral \iews of a large and chara<;teristic specimen ; .showing the elongate-oval
form, the decided median angulation of the valves and the rugose concentric growth of the
surface.
Fig. 14. The exterior of a pe<licle-valve of a small individual.
Pigs. 15, 16. Dorsal and profile views of a similar specimen ; showing the convexity of the vah'es.
Hamilton group. Waterloo, Iowa.
Newberria l^vis (Meek .sp.), Wliiteaves.
Figs. 17, 18. Dorsal and ventral views of an internal east of a very large and symmetrical individual ;
showing the striated anterior adductor scars on the brachial valve, and the elongate muscular
area, with the casts of the vascular sinuses in the umbonal region of the pedicle-valve. The
fine radiating stria; near the anterior margin of the specimen belong to the inner laminae of the
shell.
Figs. 19, 20. Profile and dorsal views of an individual retaining the shell, and showing the normal convex-
ity of the valves.
Hamilton group, RampnHs of the Mackenzie Miver, British America.
Newberria .Missouriensis, Swallow.
Figs. 21, 22. Ventral and dorsal views of an individual from which the shell is partially exfohated. exposing
the muscular and vascular impres.'^ions on the pedicle-valve.
Fig. 23. Profile of a large, gibbous individual.
Hamilton group. Moniteau county, Missouri.
Palceont.N Y.Vol IVFt 11 = Vol VIIl
w m ^ 'S iM '3. m IF m m ^
ItKNSSKI.AKmDY.
( 'fuiTK 1 lliisli-atioiis
PlateLXXVlll
G B.Simpsoii del
Phil, Ast litli..
PLATE LXXIX.
(Figures 1-20, 2i-24. 2ii, HO, 40 12 liy 1{ 1'. WiriTKirxD; 21, 28.3(>-38 by O.K. Simpson; 25-27, .U-M, 39 by K. Emmons )
Genus CENTKONELLA, Billings.
rase 265.
C'ENTHONEI.LA GLANS-FAGEA, Hull.
Fig-. 1. Dorsal vii'w of :i lai-g-e individual.
Figs. 2 -4. Doi-sal, V(?ntral and jirolile views of a small specimen, havinff a more elong-ate outline than the
preceding ; .showing the convexo-concave contour. X 3.
Schoharie grit. A/bany comity, Neio Ymk.
¥\^. 5, t). Dorsal and pnitile views of a very ventricose individual having the elevated character of
C. tumida, Billings, but of smaller size.
Corniferous limestone. Cayuga, Ontario.
Fig. 7. An internal cast ; showing impressions of the hinge-i)late, dental sockets and mnscular scars of
the brachial valve. X 2.
Schoharie grit. Albany co%mty. New Ymh.
Fig. 8. Dorsal view of a specimen having the brachial valve quite Hat. X 2.
Corniferous limestone Drift, near Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Figs. 9, 10. Protile and inner views of the loop and its attachment ; showing the di\-ided hinge-plate and
the narrow anterior expansion of the loop with its median I'idge. X 5.
Corniferous limestone. Tl'f.v/ertt New Tork.
Figs. 11, 12. Dorsal and protile views of a \ery gibbous shell, which shows the foramen and deltidial plates.
Corniferous limestone. Drift, near Ann Arbm, Michigan.
Fig. 13. An internal cast of the pedicle- valve ; showing the impressions of the teeth and the deep scar of
the_-pedicle-muscle. the anterior extremity of which is enclosed by the diductor scars. X 2.
Schoharie grit. Albany county. New York.
Fig. 14. Doi-sal view of an internal cast ; showing the muscular scars and the impression of the hinge-
plate. X 2.
Corniferous limestone. Drift, near Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Fig. 17. The interior of the umbonal portion of the brachial valve ; showing the thickened divisions of the
hinge-plate and the adductor scars. X 3.
Fig. 21. The interior of a brachial valve; showing the hinge-plate and the variation in the form of the
muscular scarb. X 3.
Corniferous limestone. Cayuga, Ontario.
Centronella Hecate, Billings.
Fig. 15. Doreal view of a specimen ; showing the elongate form and general similarity to C. impressa. Hall,
with which it may be identical.
Corniferous limestone. Cayuga, Ontario.
Centuonella impressa, Hull.
Fig. It). Dorsal view of an average individual ; showing the form and concave brachial valve.
Fig. 18. The interior of the pedicle-valve, retaining the deltidial plates and teeth.
Fig. 19. The interior of a brachial valve ; showing the greatly thickened divisions of the hinge-plate, and
the minute cardinal process.
Fig. 20. The interior of a brachial \-alve ; showing the divided hinge-plate, the elongate muscular scars
and the vascular sinuses. X 2.
Hamilton shales. Bellona, New York.
Centuu.vella alveata. Hall.
Figs. 22-24. Doi'sal, protile and ventral views of the original specimen ; showing the large size, elongate
form and deep median fold and sinus.
Onondaga limestone. Locality .' (New York).
I'LATE I.XXIX— Contiuueil.
Genus ORISKANIA, gen. nov.
Page '205.
Oriskania navicella, sp. nov.
Pigs. 25-27. Dorsal, profile and \entral viows of the exterior ; ■■showing- the elongate form and plano-convex
contour of the specie.s.
Oriskany sandstone. Hondaitt, Neio York.
Genus ROMINGERLNA, gkn. nov.
I'age 2().).
Romingerina Julia, A. Wiiichell.
Fig. 28. Dorsal view of a large internal cast ; showing the form of the shell and the impression of the
divided hinge-jilate, X 2.
Figs. 29, 30. Dorsal and profile views of a smaller internal cast ; showing the conv'exity of lioth valves. X 2.
Marshall group. Pointe aux Barques, Michigan.
Genus CRYPTONELLA, Hall.
I'age -2^6.
Crvptonella (?) iNCONSTANS, HciTick.
Figs. 31, 32. Dorsal and ventral views of a .small internal cast ; showing the form of the shell and muscular
mai-kings.
Wa\erly group. Medina county, Ohio.
Genus BEECHERIA, gen. nov.
I'age 300.
Beecheria D.4VIDSONI, iiom. nov.
Figs. 33, 34. Doi'sal and profile views of an average si)ecimen.
Fig. 35. Dor.sal view of a more elongate shell.
Fig. 36. The internal cardinal structure exposeil by the remo\al of a portion of the pedicle-vahe ; show-
ing the absence of dental plates in the valve, and the structure of the loop. X 3.
Carboniferous limestone. Windsor, Noin Scotia.
Genus HARTTINA, oen. nov.
Page i:n.
Harttina Anna, Hartt.
Figs. 37-30. Dorsal, profile and venti'al views of a well-jireserved example ; .showing the snbplano-convex
contour of the valves.
Carboniferous limestone. Windsor, Nova Scotia.
Genus CENTRONELLA, Billing-s.
Page -26.5.
Centronella (?) navicella, Hall.
Figs. 40-42. Dorsal, profile and ventral views of the original example, which is referred with doubt to this
genus.
Uliper Devonian. Rockford, Iowa.
113 m^GS3II2®T? fElJQj^i^
Palasont N-r.Vol.rv.Ptii = Vol,Vm-
(■,I■■..^••n.•().\•I■.l,l,ll),\•■.
(T,.niTH lllu^ll.,ll..H,
Plate LXXIX
RP, Whitfield de
il.Astlith.
PLATE LXXX.
(Figures 1-17, 23-35 by K. 1'. Whitkiklli; 18-22, 36-39 by K. Kmmons.)
Genus CEYPTONELLA, Hall.
Page 286.
Cryptonella KECTIROSTKA, HilU.
Figs. 1-3. Dorsal, ventral and protile views of a amnll sliell with characteristic outline.
Fig. 4. Dorsal view of a large, somewhat distorted specimen, retaining the deltidial jjlates.
Hamilton .shales. Canandaigim Lake, New Yoi-k.
Cryi'tonella planikostra, HmII.
Fig. ."). Doi-sal view of an average specimen retaining the tleltidial plates.
Figs. 6, 7. Dorsal and profile views of a large and much thickener! shell.
Hamilton shales. Weste)-n New York.
Figs. 8,9. Ventral and dorsal views of an internal cast ; showing the mu.scular impressions and vascular
sinuses.
Hamilton group. Hardy coimtij, Virginia.
Fig. 10. An enlargement of the cardinal portion of the pedicle-valve ; showing the foramen, deltidial plates
and teeth.
Hamilton group. Mo.<ivim, New York.
Cryptonella eximia, Hall.
Fig. 11. Profile view of a somewhat giblious shell ; showing the contoui- of the valves.
Fig. 12. An enlargement of the umbon.al portion of the vah'es ; showing the foramen, deltidial iilates and
cardinal slopet^. X 3.
Lower Helderberg group. The Helderhergs, Ne%o York.
SUBGENU.S CRA.NJ5NA, 8.-GEN. NOV.
Page 207.
Cran^na Romingeri, Hall.
Figs. 13-15. Dorsal, ventral and pi'ofile views of a typical example; showing the median sinus on the
pedicle valve and the anterior emargination. X 2.
Figs. 16, 17. The loop of this species, greatly enlarged ; showing the divergence of the descending branches,
their short recurvature, and the conspicuous crural apophyses.
Hamilton group. Thunder Bay, Michigan.
Figs. 18, 19. Dorsal and ventral views of a .somewhat broader foim.
Hamilton group. Iowa Cltij, Iowa.
Genus. DIELASMA, King.
Page 293.
Dielasma Calvini, Hall and VVhittield.
Figs. 20-'22. Dorsal, profile and ventral views of a mature individual ; showing the form and contour of the
valves and retaining the foramen and deltidial plates.
Hamilton group. Neio Buffalo, Iowa.
Subgenus EUNELLA, s. -gen. nov.
Page 290.
EuNELLA SULLIVANTI, Hall.
Fig. 23. An enlarged view, showing the loop. X 3.
Corniferous limestone. Cayuga, Ontario.
Figs. 24-26. Dorsal, \entral and profile views of one of the original specimens.
Corniferous limestone. Columbus, Ohio.
IT.ATK l.XXX— tontiiiued.
EUNELLA SIMULATOR. Hall.
Fig. 27. Dorsal view of a specimen which has been cut to show the h)oii, the recurved liranch of wliich is
not retained. X 2.
Hamilton group. IVicldei; dnlarhi.
EUNELI.A LlNCKL.ENI, HmII.
Figs. 28, 29. Dorsal and pi'otile views of a normal matui-e example.
Hamilton group. CanaiulaUjiia Lake, Neif York.
Fig. 80. The loop of a vai-ietal form of the species.
Hamilton grouj). Thundft)' Bay, M'wlngan.
Figs. 31 , 32. Ventral and dorsal \-iews of an intiM-nal cast ; showing the cavities left by tlie dental an'l liinge-
plates and the diverging muscular or vascular lines on lioth vahes.
Hamilton shales. Hamilton, New York.
EuNELLA HaRMUNIA, Hllll.
Figs. 83, 34. Dorsal and profile views of one of the original specimens.
Coniiferous limestone. Fallf! of t?ie Ohio.
Fig. 35. Doj'sal view of a broader shell, ground down to exjjose the loop.
Comiferous limestone. Cayuga, Ontario.
Subgenus CK/VN-^NA, s.-gen. nov.
Page 29".
C'RANiENA IowENSIS, Cillvill.
Fig. 36. Dorsal view of a lai-ge example from which the shell has been partially exfoliated, exposing the
muscular markings of the brachial valve.
Figs. 37, 38. Protile and dorsal views of a normal individual retaining the shell intact and showing the del-
tidial plates.
Fig. 39. Dorsal view of an internal cast ; showing the muscular scars of the brachial valve and the cavities
left by the dental lanielltE of the pedicle-valve.
Hamilton grouji. Rofkford. lottM.
113 m ^ i!^ 31 2 "B ':f dis^
Palaeont.N-Y.Vol.rvPtii-Vol.vm
ncii'ioNi.i.i.in.v.
t'.-luMli llliisliali..ii^
Plate L XXX
RP.T-niitfield del.
P'r.u.Astiim.
PLATE LXXXL
IFiguic- 1-3. 5-'il, 5B. 2SI-I3 liy E Kmmox.s ; ( Ijy U. B Simpson ; -22- .'5, 27, W by II. 1*. WiiitfikU) )
Genus DIELASMA. King.
I'age -I'xt.
DlELASMA TURGIDA, ILlll.
Figs. 1-3. Dorsal, ventral and profile views of an average specimen with median sinus on both valves.
Fig. 4. Profile of an old shell with hitrbly ventrieo.«e valves.
St. Louis group- Wax/iingtim county, Indiana.
Figs, .5, ti. Front and dorsal views of a small shell having the median sinus very broad. X 2-
Figs. 7, 8 Front and dorsal views of a specimen having a .single plication in the sinus of the pedicle-valve
and a corresponding groove on the opposite valve. X H-
Chester group, fipeneer cimnlij, Indlann
DiEl.ASMA BUKLINGTO.NEXSIS, Wililc.
Figs. 9-11 Pnrsal, profile and ventral views of a small shell.
(I"hert of the Burlingtim limestone. Lnititilaiui; MixKoiiri.
DiKLASMA FORMOSA, Htlll.
Figs. 12, 13. Profile and dorsal views of a small internal cist.
Fig. 14. Profile of a shell of about the same size, but with mure gibbous valves.
Fig. 13. Dorsal view of an internal cast ; showing that in these small shells the muscular jilatfoi'm of the
brachial valve is not clearly defined.
St. Louis gi'oup.
Fig. 16. A cast of the cardinal jiortion of the pedicle-\alve. enlarged to show the cavity left by the enfolded
margin of the pedicle-passage, the dental lamella; and deltiilial plates. X 2.
Fig. 17. An internal cast of the brachial waive ; showing the impression left by the base of the musculai-
platform, and the genital markings about the muscular area.
Figs. 18, 19. Profile and dorsal views of a specimen of medium size.
St. Louis group.
Fig. 20. Dorsal view of a large individual retaining the shell.
Fig. 21. Doreal view of a specimen cut to expose the loop.
Figs. 22, 23. Ventral and dorsal views of the loop of the same specimen enlarged. As is usual in these
shells the recurved lamella is not perfectly retained
Fig 24. Dorsal view of a large internal cast ; showing a portion of the Viase of the muscular jilatform, and
divergent, probably vascular impressions ovei' the adjoining surface.
Figs 25, 26. Profile and dorsal views of a characteristic and somewhat gibbous example.
St. Louis group.
DlELASMA ROWLEVI, \\'()rthoil.
Figs. 27, 28. Profile and dorsal views of an internal cast, referred with hesitation t(> this species ; showing
the muscular plattVirm of the lirachial valve, and the cavities of th(' dental lamellie.
Choteau limestone. Cfraydan Springs, Minsvuri.
DlELASMA BOVIDENS, Moftoil,
Figs. 29, 30. Dorsal ami pi-ofile views of a rather gibbous specimen ; showing the contour of the valves and
the i.jblique foramen The concentric surface lines appear to be to some extent color-markings,
and not infrecjuently faint traces of a radial coloration are discernible in the shelLs. This
specimen is of about the average size of the species as it oceui's at this locality.
Upjier Carbonifei-ous. Kansas Oity,J!i'IUsouri.
PLATE LXXXI— Continued.
Fijj. 31. Dorsal view of an internal cast of a narrow and elongate shell, in which tho impression of the
muscular platform of the brachial valve is sharply defined.
Fig. H2. A gutta-percha impression made from the same specimen ; showing the collar or inverted lamella
alKuit the foramen, a portiiin of the dental plates and the form of the muscular platform.
Upper Carbcmiferous limi'stone. iSontfiem Indiana.
Figs. 33-3.5. Profile, dorsal and venti'al views of a large and characteristic example ; showing the curvature
of the valves, the bi'oad concavity of the pedicle-valve and the reflexion of the anterior mar-
gins ; also the oblique foraminal aperture.
Upper Carboniferous lime.stone. HarHson nmnty, Missouri.
DiELASMA. .sp. ?
Fig. 36. Cardinul view of a specimen enlarged to show the obliijue opening of the jiedicle-passage and its
cross-striated surface. X 3.
Fig. 37. An internal cast of the brachial \al\e ; showing the form and striation of the muscular platfoi-m.
X3.
Chester gi-oup. Caldwell county, Kentucky.
DiELASMA OBOVATA, Sp. UOV.
Figs. 38-40. Doraal, profile and ventral views of a specimen having the aspect of D. fnrmosa, liut said to he
from the Coal Measures.
Coal Measures. Kentucky.
Genus CRYPTONELLA, Hall.
Page 281;.
Cryptonella subelliptica. s]). nov.
Figs. 41-43. Dorsal, profile and ventral riews of a large internal i'a.st in iron-stone ; showing the form, con-
tour and muscular .scars of the brachial valve.
Waverly group, ifs'ciotomlle, OMo.
m m j^ fs m :l "D IP ©icj^
Palaont N T.Vol IVPt 11 = VolVin.
i'i;"\'i'i().M-.i,i.ii).v.
( ii'iuTic 1 llustfjilums
Plate LXXXr
'^
J
PhiAsi-iuli.
E.Lmiiions de!
PLATE LXXXIT.
(Figures 1-K, 10-13, 18, 22, 23, 2.'j, 2(i Ijy G. IJ. Simpson ; 7, n liy E. IOmmiin.s ; s, :i, 14-17, l!i-:i, -.'7 38 liv U. I'. Win 1 1 iki.k.
Genus CCELOSPIRA. Hall.
Page l:iO.
CcELOSPIRA HEMISPHERICA, SoWOlliy.
Figs. 1, 2. Exteriors of two pedicle-valves ; showing the contour, character of pli(^ation and concentric
strise.
Figs. 3, 4. Exteriors of brachial valves.
Clinton group. Western New Yrn-k.
CcELOSPIRA PLICATULA, Hull.
See Plate 52.
Fig. f). The interior of a portion of the bi-achial valve ; showing the divided hinge-plate and median
ridge. X 2.
Clinton group. Wayne county. New York.
Genus ATRYPINA, gen. nov.
Page IBl.
Atrypina Clintoni, sp. IIOV.
See Plate 53.
Fig. 6. The exterior of a pedicle-valve. X 2,
Clinton group. Fi'om a boulder : Western, New York.
Genus ANABAIA, Clarke.
Page Ul.
Anabala. Paraia, Claikf.
Fig. 7. An internal cast of the brachial valve ; showing the impression of the cardinal process and the
marginal elevation of the median fold.
Middle Silurian. liio TroiiMtris. Brazil.
Genus VITULINA, Hall.
Page l.is.
VlTULINA PUSTULOSA, Hull.
Fig. 8. The exterior of a pedicle-valve of an average sjiecimen.
Fig. 9. The exterior of a brachial valve.
Fig. 10. Ventral side of an internal cast; showing the impressions of the teeth, adilui-tor and diiluctor
muscles. X 2.
Hamilton shales. Western New York-
Fig. 11. Ventral view of a preparation ; .showing three volutions of the spiral cone whicli is directed towai'it
the lateral margin of the shell.
Hamilton shales. Alden, New York.
Figs. 12, 13. Interiors of brachial valves ; showing the cardinal process and low crural plates.
Mid<lle Devonian. Erere, Brazil.
PLATE LXXXII— Continued.
Fig's. 14-16 Dorsal, profile ami ventral views; showing- the plication, contour and piistulose exterior. X B.
Fig. 17. The interioi' of a brachial valve ; showing the cardinal ai'ca, wide delthyrimn and well developed
teeth. X 2.
Fig. 18. A view looking into the umlKinal cavity of the ]icdicl('-valvc to .show the elevation of the teeth
X 3.
Fig. 19. Cardinal view of the specimen represented in tigs. 14-lti; .showing the cardinal area on each
valve, the open delthyrium and cai'dinal pi'ocess. X 3.
Fig. 20. The interior of a brachial valve. X 2.
Fig. 21. An internal cast of tlu> perlicle-vaho ; showing the muscular impressions. X 2.
Figs. 22, 23. Interiors of l.)rachial valves ; showing cardinal process and muscular impressions. X 2.
Fig. 24. Interior of a brachial valve ; showing the cardinal area and proce.ss, crural plates and muscular
scars. X 3.
Fig. 2,'). An enlargement of the external surface; showing the radiating rows of elongate pustules.
Hamilton shales. Prom various Jjealities in Western New York.
Genus TROPIDOLEPTUS, Hall.
Page :102.
Tropidoleptl's CARINATUS, C'oillild.
Fig. 26. The pedicle-valve of a very young shell ; showing the acuminate <-ardinal extremities and the
coarse, simple and sharp plication. X 3.
Hamilton groujj. Caiiandaigua Lake, New i'ork.
Fig. 27. An enlargement of an interior layer of the shell ; showing punctae.
Fig. 28. A horizontal section of the shell substance ; showing the radial rows of obliipic ttdiidcs jienetrat-
ing the fibrous shell substance.
Fig. 29. Cardinal view of the umbonal portion of the valves; showing the open delthyrium, the great de-
velojunenl of the chilidium, and the cardinal area X 3.
Figs. 30-32. Ventral, profile and dorsal views of an a\i!rage example ; showing the characters of the ex-
terior.
Fig. 33 An internal cast of a large pedicle-valve ; showing the impre.ssion of the area, pedicle-cavity, teeth
and dental ridges.
Fig. 34. An internal cast of a brachial ^■alve ; showing the impression of the cai'dinal process and crenu-
lated dental sockets.
Fig. 35. The interior of a pedicle-xiilve ; showing the cardinal area, open delthyrium and the prominent
crenulated teeth.
Fig. 36. The interior of a brachial valve; showing the cai'dinal process, crenulated dental sockets and
median sejitum.
Hanulton groiiu. Prma rarioim localities in the argillaceous and arenaceous shales of
Central and Western Neio York.
Tkopidoleptus occidens, Hall.
Figs. 37, 38. Dorsal and central views of the original specimen of the species.
Hamilton grouji. hnra ('itij, Iowa.
w ii:^ ^ 'G :ii :i Tf Is- dxi-tN,
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PLATE LXXXIII.
(Figures 1-8, 12, 13, 26-41 by G. B. Simpson ; 9 by C. K. Bkecher ; In, n by It. 1'. Wimtfikld ; ll-23by K Khmuk« (
Genus EICHWALDIA, Billings.
Piise 307.
ElCIIW.\LI)I.\ SCHIKIGONALI.-^, Billill';-.--.
Fig. 1. Doi'.sal view (if conjoineil valves, till' l)nicliiiil valve being so broken jis to expose the median
septum.
Figs. 2-4. Doi-sal, cardinal and front views ; showing the .smooth surface, and the " bare spot," or ped-
icle aperture. These figures are from the oHginal specimens of the species.
Black River limestone. Pauijuette's Rapids, Canada.
ElCHW.VLDI.V CO.NCMXNA, Hall.
Fig. 5. Dorsal view of tin- original specimen.
Niagara gi-oup. Perry county, Teime-ssee.
ElCHWALDIA GIBBOSA, Hall.
Fig. (5. Dorsal view of the original specimen.
Fig. 7. An enlargement of the external surface, showing the pimctic. X S.
Niagara group. Perry county, Teimessee.
ElCHWALDIA RETICULATA, Hall.
Fig. 8. The interior of the umbonal portion of the pedicle-valve ; showing the ti-iangular intei-nal apical
plate. X 2.
Fig. 9. Dor.sal view of the youngest specimen oliserve J. X 10. (After Beechek and C'i.akkk, Memoira
N. Y. State Museum, Vol. 1, No. 1.)
Figs. 10, 11. Cardinal and dorsal views of an average specimen; showing the pedicle-aperture and the
chai'acter of the external surface. X 2.
Fig. 12. The interior of the pedicle-valve ; showing the open delthjrium and the linear ridges on the lat-
eral margins. X 2.
Fig. 13. The interior of a bi'achial valve ; .showing the cardinal j^rocess and the marginal gi'ooves for the
reception of the ridges on the opposite valve. X 2.
Niagara gi-oup. Waldron, Indiana.
Genus AULACORHYNCHUS, Dittmak.
Page 311.
AuLACORHYNCHUS MILLEPUNCTATUS, Meek ami Wortlien.
Fig. 14. The exteidoi' of a pedicle-valve, from which a portion of the shell has been exfoliated, showngthe
inner sui-face of the triangular muscular platform.
Fig. 15. A very large brachial valve; showing tlje outline and sui-face characters.
Coal Measures. Croo/ced Creek, lllhwis.
Genus TRIPLEGIA, Hall.
Part 1, page 269.
Triplegia Niagarensis, .>]). nov.
Figs. 16-19. Cardinal, profile, obliiiue cardinal and front views of an internal cast; .showing the sharply
defined median fold and sinus on brachial and pedicle-valves respectively, the marginal plica-
tion, and the cavity left by the cai-dinal prt cess.
Fig. 20. View of the articulating processes, taken from a gutta-percha impression of the same specimen ;
showing the bifurcated cardinal process and the teeth. X ^■
Niagara dolomites. Near Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
PLATE LXXXIIl— Contiimed.
Genus TREMATOSPIRA, Hall.
Page 124.
Trematospira Tennesseensis, sp. uov.
FifTs 21-23. Dorsal, j>rofile and ventral views of the .shell ; showing the convexity of the valves and the
coarse plication.
Lower Helderberg grou]). Ptrry aniiitij, Tennessee.
Subgenus HOMCEOSPIRA, s.-gen. nov.
Page ll>.
See Pliitc .")().
HOMCEO.SPIRA APRINIFORMIS, Hall.
Figs. 24, 2,^. Dorsal and profile views ; showing the contour and character of plication.
Niagara group. Cumberland, Maryland.
Genus EUMETRIA, Hall.
Page 115.
See Plate 5L
EuMETRIA VeRNEUILIANA, Hilll.
Figs. 26, 27. Dorsal and profile views of a large, sharply costate individual.
St. Louis limestone, l^pergen Hill, Indiana.
Genus PTYCHOSPIRA, gen. nov.
Page 112.
Set- Plate .'>().
Ptychospira sex-plicata, White uikI Whitiield.
Fig. 28. The exterior of a pedicle-valve of the type specimen.
Kinderhook group. Burlington, Itnea.
Genus ZYGOSPIRA, Hall.
Page 151.
See Plate 54.
ZyGOSPIRA PUTILLA, S\). IIOV.
Figs. 29, 30. Dorsal and ventral views of a typical examjile.
Hudson River group. Pike county, Missouri.
Genus RHYNCHOTREMA. Hall.
Page 182.
See Plate 5G.
Rhynchotrema c^pax, Coiinid.
Fig. 31. Cai'dinal view of the pedicle-valve shown on plate 56, tig. 17 ; .showing the excavation of the
pedicle-pa,ssage and its opening through the substance of the shell. X 3.
Hudson River group. Iron Mid^/e, Wisconsin.
Genus GLASSIA, Davidson.
Page 1.^2.
GlASSIA RoMINGERI, tfj). uov.
Fig. 32. A preparation showing the introverted coils and the direction of the loop. X 3.
Figs. 33-35. Dorsal, profile and venti'al views of a specimen, showing the smooth exterior and bilobed
anterior margins of the valves. X 2.
Trenton limestone. In a drift boulder, "near Ann Arbor, Michigan.
m 31 ^ (B 211 2 © :i> © 23 ^
Palaeont.N r.Vol.rvPt ii- VoI.VIII.
Mrsci:i.i,Axi:ors
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Plate LXXX31I
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i B Siitipson del
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PLATE LXXXIII— Conlinueil.
Genus HALLINA, N. H. Winchell and Schuciiekt.
Pilgo 15(1.
Hallina Saffordi, N. H. Winclicll and Sclnuliert.
Fig-s. 36-38. Dorsal, pi-otile and ventral v-iews of a tyijical exami)ie. X ■').
Trenton limestone. Lebmum, Ttniwsste.
Genus ATHYRIS, McCoy.
Pago Si.
See Plate.s 45-47.
Athyris incrassata, Hall.
Fig. 39. The interior of a pedicle-valve (jf average size ; showing the pedicle, adductor and diduclor im-
pressions, and the thickened shell-margins.
Warsaw limestone. Desmoines Rioei; Iowa.
Genus STRICKLANDINIA, Billings.
Page 249.
See Plate 73.
Stricklandinia Chai'mani. sp. nov. (Compare Billings, Pala^izoic Fos.sils, vol. ii,
l)t. i, pi. vii, Hg. 3).
Fig, 40. An incomplete internal cast of the pedicle-valve ; showing the impre.ssion left by the highly de-
veloped cardinal area.
Niagara group. Hamilton, Ontario.
Subgenus CRANiENA, s,aEN. nov.
Page 2y7.
(.;KAN.i;NA loWENSIS, Calvill.
Fig. 41. A preparation showing the structure of the loop, the a-scending branches being but partially re-
tained X 2.
Middle Devonian. Fayette, lima.
PLATE LXXXIV.
(Figures !-♦, 14-1!1. 23-25, 29, 3r,, 37, 41-46 by G. B. Simpson ; .V13, 20-22, 30-36, 38-40 liy E, KMMONS ; 2.i-28 copies.)
Protorthis, sp. ?
Fig-. 1. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing' the small spondyliinn made by the vinion of the short
dental plates, the low median ridge and the muscular impressions X 2.
FifT. 2. A portion of the same specimen drawn so as to .show nioi'o clearly the converg-ence of the <lental
lamella?.
Calciferoua hori/on. I^trt Cafis-iii, Vei-nwnl.
ORTHOTROPIA, grn. nov.
OrTHOTROPIA DOLOMITICA, .sp. 1U)\ .
Fig. 8. Ventral view of an internal cast, natni-al size ; showing- th(> fonu of tin- shell, the .short, straight
hinge, and the conspicuous muscular scars.
Fig. 4. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; showing- the cardinal area, open dcltliyiiini], niusi-ular scar and
short meilian septum.
Figs. 5-7. Ventral, doi-sal and canlinal views (thi' last wilh the pi'dicle-valve above) of an internal cast;
showing the form of the mu.--cular imjiressions, the median septimi in each valve, and the ele-
vation of the cardinal area, X 2. Tin' external surface of the shell is unknown.
Niagara dolomites. Near MUwaiikrc. Wisconsin.
The genei'ic chai-acters of this shell are so distinctly unlike tho.se of any exi.sting genus that it is
here proposed to distinguish it liy the new lerni OrthcitmiI'ia.
Orthi.s ? GLYPTA (C<>iHi):irc 0. Loveni, Lin(l.->tioiii), sp. iiov.
Fig. H. A partial internal cast of the pediidi!-valve ; showing the outline of the .shell, its surface ornamenta-
tion and the form of the muscular impression.
Fig. !). A similarly preserved shell with but a sing-le .sej'ies of radial jilications and showing tho pecidiar
reticulating surface sculptiu-e. X 2.
Niagara dolomites. Near Milwaukee, IViicoiiMn.
Orthis flabellites, Hall, var. Sjxniia, var. iiox-.
See plates 5 and 20.
Fig. 1(1. An internal cast of a pedicle-valve, having the expression of 0. JlaheUite.t, but with scarcely more
than one-half of the number of jilications itsual in this species.
Niagara dolomites. Near Milwaukee. Wiseunsin.
Stropheodonta (Pholidostrophia) nacrea, Hall.
See Plate 1.").
Fig. 11. The interior of a brachial valve ; showing the muscular scars and vascular sinuses. X 2.
Hamilton shales. Livonia Salt iihaft, Neio York.
Stropheodonta (Brachypuion) profunda, Hall.
See Plates 12 and ■20.
Fig. 12. A piu'tlon of an internal cast of a large pedicle-valve ; showing the cardinal area, the partial filling
of the delthyrium, the .'imall adductor and large diductor impressions.
Niagara dolomites. Near MilvMukee, Wiseon.nn.
Stropheodonta (Douvillina) Cayuta, Hall.
See Plate 15.
Fig. 13. The interior of a pedicle-valve ; .showing the elevation of the muscular scar into a well deKned
platform ; also the abrasion of the cardinal area by the teeth of the opposite valve.
Chemimg group. Steuben county. New York.
Stropheodonta (Brachyprion) corruoata, Hall.
See Plate 15.
Fig. 14. A portion of an internal cast of the pedicle-valve enlarged to show the crenulations of the hinge-
plate, near the beak. X 2.
Clinton group. Rochester, New York.
m ni^osjii©!? ©11)^
Palffiont N Y.Vol rVPtii'VolVni-
MiscKi.i.ANKois
( '»ni».'l'i(" lllustr.'ilitHis
Plato LXXXN^
¥r
!t. — <i>ja&n
V
'^-tllij**,^'
G.B.Simpson del
i'r.ii.AsUiui.
I'l.VTK I.XXXIV— C'oiitiimed.
StUOI'IIOMCLLA COSTATULA, S)). MOV.
Fig^s. 1"), It'i. Dorsal and pi'dtile views nt' tlie slicU ; .sliinving' tlie reveitteil convfxily nf tlii- vulvex iiml tin-
sharply rouiuled, irref^iilarly diclidtoniizing' |. ligations.
Niaffara tfi'(Hi|>. £,(iiii.sinllt', Kentiuky.
Had'inesquina alteknata. Coiintd.
Fig*. 17, 18. Enlargements of unibonal portions of internal rast.s of the peiliile-valve. to»how the Kllin|{' of
the pedicle-passage. In tig. 18, which represents the older shell, this tillini; is wen to be the
smaller and is constricted at its liasi;, evincing thus the tendency of the shell to close thin pax-
sage at its inner extremity. X 3.
Hudson River grouji. lirratic blockx in xcestent Nmo York.
PrODUCTELLA NAVICELLA, Hall.
See Plate 17.
Fig-. 19. A .small pedicle-valve preserving the spines in a perfect condition and showing (he convergent-
of the cardinal spines. X 5.
Hamilton group. Caiiandaigua Lake, New York.
Strophalo.sia Rockfordkxsi.s, sp. IIOV.
See Plate 17a.
Figs. 20, 21, 22. Ventral, dorsal and cardinal views of a specimen ; showing the general external characters
and the umbonal cicatrix
Upper Devonian. liarkfard, Iowa.
Plectambonites prodocta, sp. IIOV.
Figs. 23, 24, 2.^. Cardinal, jirohle and front views of an internal cast of a pedicle-valve ; showing the form
of the teeth and muscular impre.ssions, the short hinge and the gi-eatiy pi-oduced anterior
margin.
Niagara dolomites. Yellow l^prings, <)hU>.
Hyattef.la conoesta, Hull.
See Plate 40.
Figs 2(i-28. Doi'sal, front ami profile views of one of the original specimens (Palicontology of New York,
vol. II. pi. xxiii, tigs. 1, f, g, i).
Clinton group. Monroe county, New York.
Spirifer l.en'is. Hall.
See Plate 38.
Fig. 29. A portion of the cardinal region enlai-ged to show the peculiar structure of the deltarium, which
bears a circular perforation with elevated margins, anil is surrounded by an elongate, smooth
area, at the edges of which the growth lines are sharply interrupted. X 3.
Chemung gi-oup. Near Ithaca, New York.
.•^E.MINUI.A .'iUBQUADRATA. Hall.
See Plate 47.
Figs. 80, 31 . Dorsal and profile views of the original specimen.
Kaskasia limestone. Chester, Illinoli.
Cliotiiyris ROYSSII, L6veille.
Fig. 32. The interior of a brachial valve ; showing the form of the hinge-plate.
Coal Measures. Tournal, Belgium.
Athyris concextrica, von Biicli.
Fig. 33. An enlargement of the hinge-plate ; showing its form, tripartite division, and apical perforation.
Middle Devonian. Ferques, Brittany.
PLATE LXXXIV— Continued.
TORYNIFEK, gen. nov.
ToHYiMFEU CKITICUS, !i[). IIOV.
Fig's. 34. o5. A iVag^inent of a ptiiicle-valve, with well fietined cai'dinal area, iu'dinineiit teeth, ccnvergent
(iental lamella' foi'miiiu' a liistinct .'spondyliuni smijmi'tetl liy a nieUian septum. Nothing'
further is known of this peouliar shell. Its general relations are probably less athyroid than
orthoid. X 2.
Though hut this fragment is known, it beai-s the critical structure which separates it fiom othei-
g'enera, antl may heiKre a< well receive a distinctive desigfnation now as hereafter, when its
other characters shall have been determined.
St. Louis g'roup. La Rue, Kentucky.
Spirifeu (cf.) niETU.s, White and WliitHcld.
See Plate 4li.
Fig:. 30. A pedicle-valve, .showing the compound spines at the concentric growth-lines.
Fig-. 37. A portion of the same specimen enlarg-ed, to show more distinctly the character of these spines.
Waverly g'l'oup. Hii-lifiuld, Ohio.
NUCLEOSPIRA COXCINNA, Hall.
See Plate 48.
Fig. 38. Posterior cardinal view of the brachial valve ; .showing: the e'evation and curvature of the cardinal
process. X 3.
Hamilton g'rou]). Clarke (•ounty, Indiana
NUCLEOSPIRA VENTRICOSA, Hall.
See Plate 4S.
Fig. 39. View of the cardinal process. X 13.
Fig. 40. The same specimen projected backward to show the elevation of the ci'ural bases.
Lower Helderberg- group. SchohaHe, New York.
Cyktina XEOGENES, SJ). IIOV.
Fig. 41. The pedicle-valve of a very tran.sverse SpiRiFERiNA-like species, broken so as to siiow the median
septum suppoi'ting convergent dental plates.
Chert of the Burlington limestone. Burlingtan, Iowa.
It is important to observe that this shell, with the external a.spect of Spihiferlna and the interior
structure of Cystina, is the palieozoic precursor of numerous Triassic species passing under the
name of Spiui1''ERIna, though assiu'edly not of that genus.
Camarella Volborthi, Biliiiig.s.
See Plate .
Fig. 4'J. A fragment of the umbonal portion of the shell, showing the spondylium of the pedicle-valve and
the lateral walls of that of the brachial \'alve. X 3.
Black River limestone. Pauquctte's Rapids, Catiada.
.\na.strophia Verneuili. Hall.
See Plate .
Fig. 43. Carilinal view of a normal example, represented \vith the i)edicle-valve above.
Fig. 44. The interior of a brachial valve ; showing the spondylium and adductor scars.
Lower Helderberg group. Albany county, Ntnv York.
Camarophoria ringens, Swallow.
Fig. 4.1. C'ai'dinal view of an internal cast of conjoined valves, retaining the tine radial surface striae.
Burlington limestone. Loui.s-iana, jMis.smin.
Barr.\ndella ventricosa, Hall.
See Plate .
Fig. 4ti An internal cast of a pedicle-valve ; showing divergent muscular or vascular riilges.
Niagara dolomites. tSouthem Wiscansin.
QH Natural history of New York
105
N'^3
V.30
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