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THE LIBRARY

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

PRESENTED BY

PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND
MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID

FTMBR1ATA

NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

Crinottiea,

oft

LILY-SHAPED ANIMALS;

WITH

OBSERVATIONS

ON THE

, Cutple, Comatula $ jjflarsupttesi,

ILLUSTRATED WITH FIFTY COLOURED PLATES.

J". g. MIIXETR, A. JL. S.

" Comme rieo ne pent ellster s'M ne reunit lea conditions qui rendent SOD existence possible, les differentes parties de chaqae £tr« dolvent
Hre coordonn^es de manure i rendre possible 1 etre total, non-seulement en lui-m^me, mats dans ses rapports avec ceux qul Pentou-
rent, et I'aoalysede ces condition! conduit souvcnt ^ des lois g^nerales tout aussi d£montr£es que cellet qui di'iivent du calcul, on
de I'expftrienc ." M. LE CHEV. CUVIKR Regne Animal, Tome l,p.6.

BRISTOL:

PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHOR BY C. FROST, BROAD-STREET ;

Sold also by

j. NORTON, BRISTOL; LONGMAN, HDRST, AND co. BALDWIN AND co.

RODWELL AND MARTIN, W. WOOD, L. RELFE, G. B. 8OWERBY, LONDON J CPHAM,
BAURATT, COLLINGS, BATH J AND OTHER BOOKSELLERS.

1821.

Bryan and Co. City Printing Office, Brittol.

\ \\ \

TO THE MEMBERS

OF THE

LINNEAN AND GEOLOGICAL SOCIETIES,
THIS WORK,

INTENDED TO ILLUSTRATE
THE HISTORY OF A CLASS OF ANIMALS
ESSENTIALLY CONNECTED WITH THE SCIENCES

WHICH IT IS THE OBJECT OF BOTH THESE INSTITUTIONS
TO PROMOTE,

IS MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED

THE AUTHOR.

PREFACE.

J.N an early stage of my inquiries into the structure of that interesting
class of Animals which forms the subject of the present treatise, I had
it in contemplation to limit them to the space of a brief memoir, which
I had intended to submit to the Linnean Society ; as, however, these
inquiries proceeded, aided by the acquisition of numerous new and
important specimens, and by the kind contributions of my scientific
friends, they gradually swelled to such a bulk (and more particu-
larly the plates requisite for their illustration increased so greatly in
number) that I could no longer flatter myself that a Society whose
objects are so general, would deem it expedient to sacrifice so large a
space in its transactions to a single branch of Natural History, and
still less to incur on such an account, so great an expense as regular
engravings of such numerous details would necessarily have entailed.

Under these circumstances, many of the friends to whose inspec-
tion I had submitted my collection of these remains, and whose
acquaintance with the subject entitled their opinion to an high degree
of deference, were kindly anxious that I should still communicate
the result of my investigations to the Public, by offering on the terms
of Subscription, a Monograph of this Class to which they related,
and applying the slender talent of drawing I possessed, to executing
myself the necessary illustrations in a series of Lithographical Plates,
as the only mode in which a private individual could bring forward

VI PREFACE.

such an undertaking, and one which, if less consistent with its beauty
as a work of art, might yet, it was observed, bestow an additional
degree of fidelity and precision on its anatomical details.

I did follow this advice, and it is to the kind exertions of the same
friends that I stand chiefly indebted for the highly respectable list of
Subscribers who have sanctioned this work by their patronage. Great,
however, as is the encouragement I have derived from this circum-
stance, I still feel how much I must require the indulgence of the
Public, in venturing to appear before it as anauthor and an artist, and
especially on a subject so imperfectly understood as the present.

I trust, however, that I may fairly consider myself as having
pointed out characters which throw a new and not unimportant light
on the class of beings under consideration, which mark with precision
the natural arrangements of their Genera and Species, and illustrate
many of the most essential features of their organic structure ; and
since the elucidations hence resulting, offer in many and material
instances new analogies, which may be usefully applied to the inves-
tigation of the other families of that important and hitherto imperfecly
understood natural division, the radiated Echinodermata, I am
willing to flatter myself that my researches may be considered as
adding a useful, though humble, contribution to the now rapidly
increasing stock of accurate Zoological knowledge.

Since the progress of these inquiries had brought to light numerous
Species hitherto unknown or incorrectly ascertained, it became
necessary to adopt, in part at least, a new nomenclature ; from this
consideration, and not from any desire of capricious innovation,
which must, wherever it is superfluous, prove also detrimental to
science, 1 have suffered myself to be swayed in this subject.

In the nomenclature I have thus proposed, I have therefore
retained the old and familiar derivation of the classic name from the

PREFACE. VII

Greek KPINOS, a lily ; prefixing for the name of each genus another
descriptive term from the same language ; thus hoping to produce an
association of ideas which a simple generic appellation could not
have conveyed, and which might become more readily impressed on
the memory of the student.

I still, however, regret that it was not possible for me to avail
myself of the very appropriate name Stylastritae (from rnrAOE, a
column, and ASTPON, a star, i. e. a stellated animal, supported on a
column) proposed by Mr. MARTIN (the author of a work on the
fossils of Derbyshire) in his outlines on the knowledge of extraneous
fossils. This name happily describes not only the general resemblance,
but also the place which this family should occupy in the natural
arrangement of organized beings ; but being a compound term, would
not have conveniently entered into any further combinations, and
therefore would have failed in the object above specified. I cannot
however pass it over without notice.

I have avoided imposing names on imperfect fragments which did
not yield a clearly distinct specific character, since this would only
have uselessly swelled the already voluminous nomenclature of
natural history.

The anatomical descriptions are, in every instance, drawn up from
actual and minute examination ; and it has been highly satisfactory
to me, to have been able to verify and confirm the results obtained
from the examination of fossil species, by comparison with the recent
Pentacrinus, and to have found myself materially assisted by the
analogies thus afforded, in investigating the allied genera Marsupites
and Comatula.

As a native of the once free Hanseatic town of Dantzig, I felt
myself long embarrassed by that imperfect knowledge of the p'eculiar
idiomatic forms of English composition, which must be supposed

VIII PREFACE.

to present formidable obstacles against the success of a foreigner in
every literary attempt. I have therefore submitted my manuscript to
the revision of a gentleman who has taken a warm interest in assisting
the prosecution of my inquiries. He has, however, in every instance,
advised me to retain my own expressions unaltered, as conveying with
the greatest fidelity and precision the ideas of my own mind, unless
where, from the very different genius of the German language, they
would have presented a meaning obscure, or liable to be mistaken by
the English reader. These observations will at once account for, and
it is trusted also plead for an indulgent allowance in behalf of, that
occasional harshness of construction and style, which it is felt must
still adhere to a work composed under such circumstances.

I have finally to acknowledge rny obligations to the Very Rev. the
Dean of BRISTOL; RICHARD BRIGHT, Esq. of Ham-Green ; the
Rev. W. D. CONYBEARE, of Brislington ; the Rev. Professor W.
BUCKLAND, of Oxford ; the Rev. Professor A. SEDGEWICK, of Cam-
bridge ; the Rev. R. HALIFAX, of Standish ; the Rev. Dr. COOK, of
Tortworth ; C. STOKES, Esq. of London ; JOHN HAWKER, Esq. of
Dudbridge ; and to all the Gentlemen in Bristol and its neighbourhood
possessing collections of organic remains, the richest perhaps in this
department which England contains, for their liberality in furnishing
me with specimens, and in giving every aid to my inquiries which a
free access to their cabinets and the assistance of their valuable
information could afford.

13, Hillsbridge-Parade,

Bristol, — September, 182 1 .

An * after the Xame siynifm a Sutx-ription for more than one Copy.

S. H. Arnold, L.L.D. F.R.S. M.G.S. London

Mr. W. M. Ariel, Bristol

Mr, C. Ash, Bristol

Humphrey Austen, Esq. Alderly

Messrs. J.& A. Arch, London*

R. Barclay, Esq. F. L. S. Berry Hill, near Dorking

Mr. W. Baker, Bridgewater

T. J. L. Baker, Esq. Hard wick Court

Messrs. J. Barrett & Son, Bath*

The very Rev. H.Beeke, D. D. Dean of Bristol,

F.L.S.
II. T. de la Beehe, Esq. F.R.and L.S. M.G.S.

Clifton

Miss Bennett, Norton House, Warminster
Col. Birch, Bath

Mr. Thomas Bird, Eyam, Derbyshire
Jos. Blisset, Esq. Hotwells, Bristol
J. F. Blumenbach, M. D. Med. Prof. F. R. & L. S.

Goettingen

Wm. Bowles, Esq. M. G. S. Abingdon, Berks.
Count de Bournon, F. R. & L. S. Ac. Paris
Monsieur de Basoches, de Falaise
R. Bright, Esq. II. M. G.S. Hamgreen*
R. Bright, junior, M. D. M. G. S. London
B.H. Bright, E«q. Bristol
G. \V. Braikcnridge, Esq. Bristol*
S. Brooks, Esq. F. L. S. Penhein
His Excellency Count Breunner, F.M. G.S.Vienna
RCT. William Buckland, Profes»or of Mineralogy,

F. R. & M. G. S. &c. Oxon.
J. Bush, Esq. Bristol
Rev. L. Carptnter, L.L.D. Bristol
F. Chantry, Esq. R.A. F. R. & A.S. M. G. S.

London

Mr. T. Clark, junior, Bridgewater
The Right Hon. Spencer Joshua Karl Compton,

I'rcs, G. S. 38, Lower Brook-str. London

J Miss Ann Congreve, Lyme
Rev. J. J. Conybeare, M. G. S. Batheaston, near

Bath
RCT. W. D. Conybeare, F.R.S. M. G. S. Brisling-

toi, near Briitol

Rev. Dr. G. Cooke, M. G. S. Tortworth
Mr. B. Collings, Bristol

R. T. Colebrook, Esq. F. R. & L. S. Argyle-street
Rev. G. Cookson, Writblington
Mr. Collings, Bath*
J. Cockbnrn, Esq. Wrington
J. C. Dale, Esq. M. A. F. L. S. &c. Glanvillc's

Wotton House, Dorset
C. G. B. Daubcny, M. D. M. G. S. Bristol
Miss Dawson, London
J. F. Davis, M. D. Bath

Daniel, Esq. Clare Hall

W. Danhy, Esq. Swenton, Yorkshire

The Hon. and Right Rev. Lord Bishop of Durham,

L.L.D. H.M.L.S.

The Right Hon. Lord Ducie, Woodchester Park
Exeter College Library, Oxon
Miss P. Foster, Bath
Mr. C. Frost, Bristol*
Mr. R. Frost, Wrington
The Book Fund of the Geological Society
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F.A. & L. S.*

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G. B. Greenough, Esq. F.R. and L.S. M.G.S.

London

T. Griffiths Esq. M. R. C. S. Bristol
Monsieur de Gcrville, of Valognes
Rev. R. Halifax, M. G. S. Standish Glocettershire
Mr. John Hare, junior, Bristol
Professor Hare, Philadelphia

SUBSCRIBERS.

Mrs. Hare, Shrivenhatn, Berks.

J. S. Harford, Esq. Blaze Castle, near Bristol

Win. Hale, Esq. Bristol

John Hawker, Esq. H. M. G. S. Dudbridge

Mr. G. Hawker, Stroud

Mr. R. Harding, Bristol

E.F. Hatton, Esq. F.A. & M.G.S. Lincoln's Inn

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Waterford
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lege, Cambridge
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J. P. Hicks, Esq. M. G.S. Eastington
James Johnson, Esq. M.A.S. Hotwells, near Bristol
J. R.Johnson, M.D. F. R. & L.S.&c. Hotwells,

near Bristol

Rev. John Ireland, Frome
J. J. Kelson, Esq. M. R. C. S. Bristol

Oxford

JohnKidd, M.D. Professor of Chemistry, M.G.S.
J. L. Knapp, Esq. F.L.S. Alveston
Col. Lewis, St. Pierre
Messrs. Longman, Hurst, & Co. London*
Ebenezer Ludlow, Esq. Bristol
Mr. W. Mallard, Bristol

G.MantclI.Esq. M.R.C.S. F.L. & M.G.S. Lewes
W. Morgan, Esq. Asiiton
Trevor Morris, M. D. Cliopstow
The Right Hon. Sir John Nicboll, F. R. & A. S.

M. G. S. 26, Bruton-street, London
Mr. John Norton, Bristol
Benj. Page, Esq. Bishford House
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Rev. R. B. Plumptree, Forthampton
Rev. F. C. Plumtree, University College, Oxon
Richard Powell, M. R. C. S. Bristol
Miss Pugh, Weymoulh
R. F. Rickards, Esq. M. G. S. Llanlrisscnt

Rev. C. J. Ridley, University College, Oxou

Samuel Rootsey, Esq. F.L.S. Bristol

Rev. G. Rowley, University College, Oxon

Rev. G. Rous, Laverton

Rev. T. E. Rogers, Lackford, Bury St. Edmund's

Edw. Waller Rundell, Esq. M.G.S. Wandsworth

Rev. A. Scdgewick, Woodwardian Professor,

F. R. and M. G. S. Cambridge
Henry Sheppard, Esq. Nunney, near Frome
Edward Sheppard, Esq. M. R. C. S. Bristol
J. Shrapnel!, Esq. M. R. C. S. Glocester
Thos. Smith, Esq. Easton Gray
Thos. Smith, Esq. F. R. and L.S. M. G. S. Paper

Buildings, London

Sydney Smith, Esq. Eardiston, Worcestershire
G. B. Sowcrby, F. L. S. &c. London*
Hon. W. T. H. Fox Strangways, M.G.S. Mel-
bury, Dorset
C. Stokes, Esq. F. R. and L. S. M. G. S. Verulam

Buildings, London*
ReT. J. M. Trahcrhe, M.A. F.L.S. M.G.S. St.

Hilary, Cowbridge, Glamorganshire
W. Calverley Trevelyan, Esq. M. G. S. University

College, Ojon, Wallington
Mrs. Valpy, Norwich

H. Warburton, Esq. F.R. & L.S. M.G.S. London
John Walcott, Esq. Polygon, Southampton
Miss Warne, Wey month
Werncrian Society, Edinburgh
W. H. West, Esq. Wor. Col. Oxon
Mr. White Watson, F. L. S. Bakewell
Thomas Weaver, M. G. S. &c. Tortworlh
W. Whewell, Esq. M.A. F.R.S. Fellow of Trinity

College, Cambridge
.!. Witson, Esq. M. G. S. Clapham
G. Williams, M. D. Reg. Prof. Bot. and Radcli.

vian I,il>r;ni;,n, F. L. S. Oxon
W. Wood, Esq. F.R. and L S. Strand, London*
Matthew Wright, Esq. Bristol.

: • - -if,

.- >. .V

INTRODUCTION.

1-HE late inquiries made by M. CUVIER, LAMARCK, and other Naturalists
in comparative anatomy, have extended the application of the results ob-
tained, to the animal remains found in the various strata of our globe. Nu-
merous genera and species of organic beings, of whose existence we had
no previous idea, have been thus satisfactorily ascertained, whilst others
.still require persevering and patient examination; and it has been proved,
that by a thorough knowledge of them, greater certainty may be given to the
facts resulting from geological observations.

As the environs of Bristol abound in strata replete with organic remains, I
was induced by these considerations to devote to them a large share of my
attention. The columns of the Encriuite so abundant in the black rock, {a fetid
mountain limestone) on the side of the river Avon, attracted my notice
particularly, and the sparry subrotund concretions dispersed throughout
the rock, made me hope that I might find in these the superior extremi-
ties of that animal which had been generally sought for in vain. This sus-
picion was soon after verified by the discovery of the fine specimen of ACTI-
KOOKINITES 30 DACTYLVS figured PL. n. fig. 1. and 2. A perusal of Mr.
PARKINSON'S work on the Organic Remains of a former World, showed
how much had been done, and what remained to be done, for the illustration
of the history of the Encririites, and M. CUVIER'S method in the identification
of animals by their skeletons, pointed out the mode to be pursued. I began
therefore to coJlect as many masses and fragments of these animals as I
could get. I extended my field of research gradually further around the
environs of Bristol, to the Transition and Mountain Limestone, the Lyas,
Oolite, Creensand, and Chalk : and began to arrange the specimens obtained
according to the strata and places where found. A few of these more perfect
and illustrative than the rest, enabled me to form an idea of the relative

position and arrangement of the numerous fragments in my possession, and
to make with these (as it were) disjointed skeletons. These fragments which
presented me often with characters, that in more perfect specimens are par-
tially concealed, pointed out that something more than the bony portion (or
rather internal bonelike concretions of these animals, which must in this
respect be considered as analogous in structure to the Star-fish) had been
preserved, and bad sustained the process of petrifaction, and that traces of
muscular covering investing them were clearly observable. I was thus led to
an inquiry into the myology of these beings, which combined with the former
observations, aided in obtaining a more satisfactory knowledge of their
economy, and a more correct determination of their genera and species. I
was much pleased, when on a subsequent examination of the Pentacrinus
caput medusae (the only recent, and very rarely occurring species) I was con-
firmed in the correctness of the conclusions which T had deduced from the
inspection of the fossil fragments. The course of these researches convinced
me that the animals described by Mr. PARKINSON as Encrinites and Pen-
tacrinites, and by M. LAMARCK and M. CUVIER arranged under the single
genus, JBncrinus, would readily and properly form a distinct and peculiar
family, comprehending several genera and species. The new order thus
constructed, requires to be separated from the POLYPI NATANTES of M. LA-
MARCK— an order to which its members were most unhappily referred by that
author, although they possess neither of the characters indicated by that name,
being in truth widely different from Polypi, and instead of floating freety, being
generally fixed to one spot. They form the natural transition to the stellerida;
family, but especially to the genera ALECTO of Dr. LEACH, and MARSUPITES
of GIUEON MANTELL,, Esq.

As the Zoological principles adopted in this Work coincide generally with
those of M. LAMARCK, but yet in many instances, exhibit modifications of them,
which would appear inadmissible were his opinions implicitly embraced ; it will
materially assist us in forming a clear view of the place which is assigned to
the present order in the scale of animated nature, and illustrate the observa-
tions which it may be necessary hereafter to introduce; to subjoin in this
place a brief review of that part of the system of this author, (who proceeds
from the lower and most simple to the more complicated and perfect animals)
which includes his lowest classes, those namely, which precede and accom-
pany that in which he places the genera of which we are now entering
upon the description. We must begin then by observing, that according to

M. LAMARCK, in the beings placed in the lowest or first stage of animal life,
we are unable to discover organs which demonstrate the existence of sensation,
a mere irritability of fibre is the whole that is allowed them according to
this view ; it is said that no brain, or nervous system proceeding from
it can be traced, and the inference that they possess no consciousness or
volition is hence hastily drawn. Yet if we argue with minds unprejudiced
by metaphysical systems, from the obvious phenomena, and guided by the
first rules of philosophizing, ascribe (in the absence of all direct evidence to
the contrary) similar effects to similar causes ; we cannot, I am persuaded,
hesitate to ascribe these faculties to the animals in question ; whether they
depend in them on some new and peculiar organization, or whether (which
considering our imperfect means of observation may well be supposed to be
the case) they actually possess a nervous system, which, from its minuteness
and distribution through their frame, has as yet eluded our discovery. The
vorticella, disturbed by the rays of light or want of food, hurries along till
it ceases to feel the cause that agitated it. Does this not demonstrate the
sense of feeling ? The irritability of the stomach excited by hunger alone,
could not spread the numerous tentacula of the Polypi to ensnare its prey,
and compel these to retain it and guide it to the mouth : no, this demonstrates
consciousness.

The arrangement of M. LAMARCK commences with the simplest forms of
animal life ; his first class consists of the INFUSORIA, or animals which may be
discovered in various infusions. The beings it contains are so minute, that
before the invention of the Microscope, we had no idea of their existence ;
and even now we know them very imperfectly. They are nevertheless
highly interesting, and demonstrate conspicuously how very minute an atom
of matter must be, that is capable of entering into their organic system, and
being appropriated to their wants. Were it not for the conviction of the im-
perfect knowledge we possess of these animals, and the insufficiency of our
means to obtain it, we might be almost led to doubt their continued propa-
gation, and to have recourse to the supposition of a spontaneous generation ;
but under these circumstances an hypothesis so contrary to the general ana-
logies of all animals which we have a full opportunity of observing, cannot
rashly be admitted.

The POLYPI constitute the next class of M. LAMARCK, and form a large
family of animals, in which we trace a gradual progress to a more compli-

cate<l organization. They, according to that author, have a gelatinous con-
tractile body, a distinct mouth, surrounded by tentacula, or branching arms,
and a simple alimentary canal or stomach, showing no vents ; they increase
by separation or internal spontaneous productions, and show no generative
organs. The greater parl of the species adhere one to another, an<l may be
considered as animals depending on mutual support. Some of them approach
closely to the infusoria (POLYPI CILIATI) whilst others more distinctly
formed (POLYPI DENUUATI) are capable of attaching themselves by means of
a pedicle, and in many instances able to detach aud affix themselves to new
spots.

The POLYPI VAGINATI are gelatinous like the former, but possess an epi-
dermis, capable of secreting horny or calcareous matter, which furnishes them
with a point of attachment, (SERTULARIA) ; with a sort of skeleton for the sup-
port of their aggregate and clustered groups, (GORGONIA); or which forms cells
in which the animal may partially conceal itself or retreat. The Polypi of this
order, some of which are very minute, form those elegant corneous plantlike
skeletons and calcarious POLYPARIA (as these cases investing the Polypi are
termed by Lamarck) which so frequently occur in the cabinets of scientific col-
lectors, and from whose different configurations, characters have been derived
which have enabled Naturalists to arrange them into different genera, as M AUK £-
PORES, MILLEPORES, TuBiPORES, &c. The fabrics of animals of this order,
occasion those coral reefs, so frequent in the seas of the southern hemisphere,
which, being first elevated by the spoils of successive generations to the surface
of the water ; then covered with sand derived from their own detritus, and that
of sea shells ; and lastly, affording a lodgment to seeds casually wafted; in time
assume the character of verdant islands. Thus strangely do the minutest
and seemingly least important inhabitants of the ocean become the parents of
new tracts of land. Their remains in earlier ages have contributed, in many
instances, to form those masses which constitute the rocky strata of our
present continents, and they are to be found in great variety and abundance
in the very first formations that exhibit any remains of the animal kingdom.

Passing by LAMARCK'S POLYPI TUBIFERI, we come to his POLYPI NATANTES.
It is in this order, which appears to me ill defined, that he places together
•with the genera PENNATULA, VIRGULARIA and UMBELLULARIA, the genus
ENCRINUS, describing two species, the ENCRINITES MONILIFOUMIS and the
PENTACBIMUS CAPUT MEDUSAE of the present Monograph. The character of

the order as laid down by him, <; Many Polypi united to an elongated free
fleshy living body, containing an inorganic axis" does not apply to the genus
EXCRINUS, and the definition he gives of this genus itself is also erroneous,
in stating that " The branches forming the umbel are filled with Polypi in
rows." These errors of M. LAMARCK'S are omitted in M. CuyiEit's REGNE
ANIMAL, where, however, he gives no new generic character, but only places
the genus ENCRINUS after the ASTERLE, in the division ZOOPHYTES, class
ECNINODERMES and order PEDICELLES. I must acknowledge I do not know
why 3V1. CUVIER should have suppressed the name VERMES applied by
LINNAEUS to the sixth class of animals, and preferred the term ZOOPHYTES,
adding " Ou AMMAUX RAYONNES," the Greek word so translated means
PLANTLJKE ANIMALS. The Swedish Naturalist used it, I think with propriety,
to denominate his fourth order of VERMES containing the Polypi of LAMARCK,
because their own figure and that of their Polyparia bore a great resemblance
to plants; but I cannot see the reason why it should be thus extended to
designate a division containing the ECHINI, INTESTINAL WOKMS, INFUSORIA, &c.

CRINOIDEA.

LILY-SHAPED ANIMALS.

Character of the Family.

animal with a round, oval, or angular column, composed of numerous
articulating joints, supporting at its summit a series of plates or joints forming
a cup-like body containing the viscera, from whose upper rhn proceed five
articulated arms, dividing into tentaculated fingers, more or less numerous^
surrounding the aperture of the mouth, situated in the centre of a plated
integument, which extends over the abdominal cavityr and is capable of
being contracted into a conic or proboscal shape. '

Some species of these animals ascertained to be permanently attached to-
extraneous bodies, whilst others appear to have been capable of locomotion.

Derivation of the Name of the Family*.

I have derived the name of this family from the Greek TA znA KPINOEIAEA
the lily-shaped animals, and have used this word, to form with another distin-
guishing term prefixed, the name of the genera.

Progress of the Study of the Animals now arranged in this Family.

The columns and columnar joints of the Crinoidea,by their frequent occur-
renceand remarkable figure, have attracted the attention of naturalists at an early
age. The round columns, and their depressed single perforated joints, marked
upon their upper and lower surfaces with radiating stria;, have acquired names

founded on superstitious ideas, their resemblance to other bodies, and the use
they were applied to ; as rosary beads, (K0SeNft?cUl>$t£tttf , Germ.) giant's tears,
(5)tinnentl)?aenen, Germ.) fairy stones, wheel stones, (Raefcersteme, Germ.) tor-
chites, entrochites, &c. The angular columns being generally star-shaped re-
ceived the names starstones, asteriae, &c.

AGRICOLA considered these bodies as inorganic infiltrations, similar to sta-
lactites. Other early authors regarded them as vertebral joints of fish, as
corals, &c. ; and some who had more accurately observed the column and its
termination, compared them to plants, whence the name of the stone lily (^tftll
ILlIf?, Gerrn.) was given to the superior extremities of our genus ENCRINUS.
LLIIUID! believe first considered them as appendages to star fish; and when this
idea was accepted by men of enquiry, and it was admitted, that they probably
belonged to the asteria, (now the STELLEKIDES EURYALE of M. LAMARCK,) and
might even exist in unexplored seas, researches were set on foot to discover
them in a living or recent state. A recent species of these animals was sup-
posed to have been detected, when the PENNATULA ENCRINUS of the immortal
JLiNNjEUS, of which ELLIS gives a description as an hydra, was first noticed.
But this, on closer examination, proved to differ so materially from the ENCRI-
NITE, that it furnished LAMARCK with the type of his new genus UMBELLULA-
KIA. Soon afterwards, however, a portion of an animal was found which bore
a great resemblance to the asterial columns occurring so frequently in lias and
oolite, possessing, indeed, an absolute identity of generic characters. LINN.EUS
improperly classed this species under the genus Jsis, as Isis ASTERIA, which
error M. LAMARCK corrected, and placed it in his genus ENCRINUS, as ENCRI-
NUS CAPUT MEDUSA, and which I have removed to the genus PENTACRINITES
(Pentacrinus) retaining M. LAMARCK'S specific name.

Geological Distribution of the Crinoidea.

Some species, as CYATHOCRINITES rugosus, &c. are found amongst the
earliest traces of organic remains, imbedded in the transition limestone for-
mation. Other species of the genera ACTINOCRINITES, PLATYCRINITES,
RHODOCRINITES, POTERIOCRINITES, and CYATHOCKINITES, occur in the moun-
tain and magnesian limestone deposits, where they are lost, (as far as I
have been able to ascertain,) and make room for the different species of
PENTACRINITES, which may be traced through the beds of the lias, oolite,
and chalk, and of which one species, the PENTACRINUS CAPUT MEDUSA

has continued from the formation of the lyas to our times, and is now met with,
though very rarely, in a recent state. The APIOCRINITES ROTUNDUS is only found
adhering to a bed of the oolite formation, and the APIOCRINITES ELLIPTICUS in
chalk.

It also appears that many species of Crinoidea have been very generally
distributed over our earth, whilst others (at least as far as our knowledge ex-
tends) were more local.

Observations.

The essentially distinguishing character of the family of Crinoidea, is the
column formed of numerous joints which separates them from the Polypi,
whilst the arras and fingers surrounding the mouth, prove their affinity to them
and the STELLERID^E.

The integuments of the Crinoidea appear to have had the power of forming
by .secreting a number of calcarious concretions, forming joints or ossicula,
composing what may be termed the skeleton of the animal. These can-
not, indeed, with strict propriety, be termed bones, since that denomina-
tion is almost limited by usage to the parts constituting the skeleton of ver-
tebral animals, whereas .the ossicular concretions of the Crinoidea in many
points (and probably also in their chymical composition) bear a nearer analogy
to the plates of the Echinus and the joints of the Star-fish. Yet entirely dif-
ferent both in disposition and arrangement, as are these ossicula from the
bones of vertebral animals, they manifestly are intended to subserve the same
general uses, to form the solid support of the whole body, to protect the
viscera, and as we shall presently see reason to believe, to form the basis
of attachment lo a regular muscular system. Having thus guarded my use of
the term ossicula against the misapprehension or objections that might other-
wise possibly arise, I shall, without scruple, employ that appellation to desig-
nate these bodies. By the depressions and foramina in the ossicula, it may be
proved that the gelatinous integument investing': them possessed muscular
powers, and was able to produce effects resulting from muscular action. The
movement of the aims, the fingers, and tentacula, could only have been effected
in this manner.

A Periosteum seems to have secreted and arranged the calcarious matter
of the ossicula, arid I think in some instances had the power of reabsorbitig it.

This last quality may account for the enlargement of the afimentary canal in the
columns of the ACTINOCRINITES, CYATHOCRINITES, &c. as the animal increased
in size.

On the summit of the column are placed series of ossicula, which, from
their position and uses may be termed the pelvis, scapula, costal, and inter-
costal joints or plates, varying in their number, and partly vr anting in some
genera. These form (with the pectoral and capital plates) a kind of subglo-
bular body, having the mouth in its centre, and containing the viscera and
stomach of the animal, from which the nourishing fluids are admitted through
a sphincter muscle to the alimentary canal in the column, and also carried to
the arms and tentaculated fingers.

These ossicula, when possessing a short and thick figure, and connected by
regular articulating surfaces, as in APIOCRINITES, or occasionally perhaps, an-
chylosing together, as in EUGENIACRINITES, I have denominated joints ; when
they assume a thinner and flatter form, and adhere only by sutures, lined by the
muscular integument, as in ACTINOCRINITES, I have termed them plates.

The difference of these modes of structure have enabled me to form four
divisions of the family of Crinoidea ; and as the number of plates or joints on
which the scapula rests, as also the number of fingers and arrangement of
finger bones varies, these, with the shape of the column, offer good characters
to form genera and determine species.

The food of the Crinoidea we may conjecture to have consisted in animals
less solid than themselves, probably infusoria, polypi, medusae, &c. This indeed
is rendered more certain by their possessing in their numerous tentaculated
fingers, such an admirable net-like apparatus for the detention of minute sub-
stances, since it is a rule in nature to suit always in its organic formations
the mechanism to the wants. The small mouth capable of elongating into a
kind of proboscis, also aids in confirming this conjecture.

I apprehend that the Crinoidea propagated by eggs only, their complicated
organic construction (so widely differing from that of the STELLERIIXE) not per-
mitting increase by separation of parts of the animal, or by buds, as is said to
be the case in Polypi, whose young are said to push forth from the sides of the
gelatinous contractile body. The inference drawn from this alleged fact,

however, appears to me, I confess, doubtful; and I am rather inclined to
believe that near the place where the young Polypi appear to push forth, the.
aperture of the ovary exists, from which the minute ovum having escaped, and
by means of its gluten adhering to the parent, thus forms a sort of placenta
from which the extruded animal draws for a period its vital sustenance. I sus-
pect that I have detected the aperture or apertures of the ovaries in APIO-
CRIMTES ROTUNDUS, between the angles near the adhesion of the joints of the
pelvis and costse, as also in the division,of INAUTICULATA between the scapula.

Whether the Crinoidea did or did not possess a vent, still remains doubtful.
Their organization appears to have been such as might, perhaps, have enabled
them to dispense with this part; since the sphincter muscle at the bottom of
the stomach (the apex of the column) permitted, probably, only those juices to
pass into the alimentary canal which were destined to be assimilated into the
system, and matter, not so applicable, may easily have been disgorged by the
mouth. Even the juices carried into the alimentary canal, too abundant for
the general recrements needed by the animal frame, may have been exuded
through vessels between the joints, and have been employed in repairing occa-
sional injuries, or forming additional lamina to strengthen the fabric.

The liability to frequent accidents to which animals formed of such numer-
ous parts as the Crinoidea must be exposed, renders their having a power of
repairing injuries sustained, and of reproducing portions lost, necessary ; and
that they have this is verified, beyond doubt, by the specimen of PENTACRINUS
CAPUT MEDUS.E, recently in the possession of the late Jotia-Tobin, Esq.

The mode in which the numerous ossicular concretions of these animals are
connected together by a gelatinous muscular substance only, renders their
separation after death easily accounted for, and explains the rare occurrence
of perfect specimens in a fossil state. The formation of all the ossicula by cal-
carious secretions, furnishes the reason why they have been so perfectly pre-
served in the mineral strata, although changed into foliated spar similar to that
which generally occurs in the remains of Echini and Asteria.

Where the muscle is preserved, or a portion of the animal oil, however
minute, intervenes between the fossil and the imbedding substance, or between
two joints, they easily separate, and if exposed to the gradual action of au
acid, not unfrequently muscular fibre itself may be developed.

Division and Classification of the Crinoidea.

In the proposed arrangements of the members of this family they will be
classed under four principal divisions, comprising altogether nine genera, each
containing several species, as particularized in the annexed table.

It is almost unnecessary to observe that a previous perusal of the detailed
account of the genera and species will be requisite, in order to furnish a clear
understanding of the synoptical and abridged view of their characters pre-
sented in the following table. The employment of letters of the same type,
and references of the same figure, to denote in every instance the characters
taken from the same parts, proceeds exactly upon the plan adopted by M.
LAMARCK, and will be at once understood by those familiar with his mode of
arrangement.

The Etymology of the names adopted will be found in the description of each genus and species.

I. DIVISION. ARTICULATA. Joints forming the supe-
rior cup-like body of the animal articulating to
each other.

A Pelvis formed of five joints.
3 Supporting five costal joints.
a Column enlarging at the summit.

a Fingers formed of a single series of joints. I. GEN. APIOCRIIUTIS.

* Column round

o Alimentary canal round.

§ Articulating surface of columnar joints radiated. 1 Sp.rutunJus.
** Column elliptic.

o Alimentary canal round.
§§ Articulating surface of columnar joints trans-
versely ridged. 2 Sp. eilipticus.
b Column not enlarging at the summit.
* Fingers formed «f a single series of joints.
*** Column pentangular,
o Alimentary canal round.

§§§ Articulating surface of columnar joints petal-
shaped. IHGEN.PENTACIIJUTES.
t Auxiliary side arms round.
| In single series.
[| Column smooth.

1 Columnar joints generally alternately

smaller and larger. 1 ftp. Caput Medusae,

S Columnar joints generally of more

uniform thickness. 4 Sp. Basaltiformi*.

H [| Column tuberculated. 5 Sp. tuberculatut.

J J Auxiliary side arms in double series.

|| Column smooth. 3 Sp. subangularit.

•ft Auxiliary side arms angular.

I Auxiliary side arms in single series.

H Column smooth. c Sp. Briareut.

b Fingers formed of two series of joint*. II. GEN. ENCRINITF.S.

* Column round.

o Alimentary canal round. 1 Sp. moniliformi*.

H. DIYMION. SEMIARTICULATA. Plate-like joints form-
ing the superior cup-like body of the animal, arti-
culating imperfectly to each other.
A Pelvis formed -of. iive joints

Mvtt*

9 Supporting five costal plates,
a Column not enlarging.

a Fingers formed of a single series of Joints.
* Column round,
o Alimentary canal round.

§ Articulating surface of columnar joints

radiated,
t Auxiliary side arms round.

J Auxiliary side arms placed irregular. IV. GKN. POTERIOCBINITES.

1 Joints of fingers thick. 1 Sp. crassus.

2 Joints of fingers slendec. 2 Sp. tenuis.

III. Division. INARTICULATA. Plates forming the su-
perior cup-like body of ihe animal, adhering by
sutures, lined by muscular integument.

N. B. In a young state PBTERIOCRIN ITES TEN vis may be erroneously
considered ai belonging to tins family,, on account of the
undeveloped state of the articulations,

A Pelvis formed of five plates,
a Supporting five costal plates.
a- Column not enlarged.

a Fingers formed of a single series of joints.
* Column round
o Alimentary canal round.

§ Articulating surface df columnar joints ra-
diated.

't Auxiliary side arms round.
.J Auxiliary side arms placed irregular. VI. GEN. CTATHOCKINITES.

1 Costal plates smooth.

2 Costal plates tuberculated.
oo Alimentary canal petal shaped.

§ Articulating surface of columnar joints radiated,
t Auxiliary side arms round.
I Auxiliary side arms placed irregular.
1 Costal plates with angular rugged

striae.
** Column pentangular.

ooo Alimentary canal pentangular.

§ Articulating surface of columnar joints radiated.
f Auxiliary side arms round.

J Auxiliary side arms placed irregular.
1 Costal plates smooth.

B Pelvis formed of three plates.

1 Sp.planus.

2 Sp. tuberculatus.

3 Si

4 Sp. quinqu angularit.

% }j* 4 j {{Hf

Five costal and one -Hrtercostal plate resting on the pelvis. VII. GEN. ACTINOCRINITBS.
b Column not enlarging near the summit.
b Fingers formed of two series of joints.
* Column round.

o Alimentary canal round.

§ Articulating surface of columnar joints ra-
diated.

t Auxiliary side arms round.
J Auxiliary side arms irregular.

1 Thirty fingers proceeding from five

scapulas.

2 More than thirty fingers proceeding

from five scapula.

1 Sp. triacontadactyfas.

2 Sp, polydactylus.

Five intercostal plates, resting on the pelvis, in whose

lateral angles five costal ones insert. VIII. GEM. RHODOCBINITBS

b Column not enlarging near the summit,
b Fingers formed of two series of joints.
* Column round.

oo Alimentary canal petal shaped.

§ Articulating surface of columnar joints radiated,
t Auxiliary side arms round.

I Auxiliary side arms irregular. * Sp. verus.

Costal, or intercostal plates wanting the five scapulae,

adhe'ing to the pelvis.
b Column not enlarging near the summit,
b Fingers formed of two series of joints.

V. GEN. PLATYCRINITES.

** Column elliptic.

o Alimentary canal round.
§§ Articulating surface of columnar joints

transversely ridged,
f Auxiliary side arms round.

J Auxiliary side arms placed irregular,

1 The five scapula? smooth, having

each four fingers.

2 The five scapulae rugose, having each

six Augers.
*** Column pentangular.

o o o Alimentary canal pentangular.

§ Articulating surface of columnar joints ra-
diated .

t Auxiliary side arms round.
J Auxiliary side arms irregular.

1 The five scapulas smooth
* * * Column not known.

1 The five scapulae tuberculated.

2 The five scapulae granulated.

3 The five scapula? striated.

1 Sp.

2 Sp. rugosua.

6 Sp. pentangularis,

3 Sp. tuberculatus.

4 Sp. granulatut.

5 Sp. striatus.

IV. DIVISION. COADUNATA. The joints of the pelvis

anchylose to the first columnar joint.
A Pelvis formed of five joints.

a Column enlarged at the summit,
o Alimentary canal round.

IX. GEN. EUGENIACRINITES.

1 Sp. guinqu angularis.

I. ®ttetott.

CRINOIDEA ARTICULATA.

Character of the Division.

L HE joints resting on the first, or superior columnar joint, and forming the
cup containing the viscera, articulate by liplike and transverse processes, having
a minute perforation.

Observation.

The name of the division ARTICULATA, is used in allusion to the articu-
lating insertion of the joints forming the cup containing the viscera.

I. GENUS APIOCRINITES.
PEAR-LIKE LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Generic Character.

t-ivHCifoL

A* animal with a column gradually enlarging at the 'apex, composed of
numerous joints, of which the superior is marked by five '^erging ridges
dividing the surface into as many equal portions, sustaining the pelvis, formed
of five sub-cuneiform joints, supporting others of a figure nearly similar,
from which proceed the arms and tentaculated fingers formed of simple joints,
having the figure of a horse shoe.

Observation.
The name of this genus is derived from the Greek AIIION, pear.

None of its species have as yet occurred in a living state, and those found
fossil, are of local occurrence, and confined as to geological place to strata
more recent than the lias.

One of the species is proved to be permanently adhering, whether the other
•was so has not been ascertained.

I. SPECIES APIOCRINITES ROTUNDUS.
ROUND COLUMN'D PEAR-LIKE LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Specific Character.

A Crinoidal animal, with a round column composed of joints adhering by
radiating surfaces, of which from ten to fourteen gradually enlarge at its apex,
sustaining the pelvis, costae, and scapulae, from which the arms and tentacu-
lated fingers proceed.

Base formed by exuding calcareous matter, which indurates in laminae, and
permanently attaches the animal to extraneous bodies.

Reference and Synonymes.

JOHN WALCOTT. — Description of the fossils near Bath, fig. 61. p. 46.
JAMES PARKINSON. — Organic remains, vol. 2. Bradford Pear Encrinite,
T. xvi. fig. l.liid-14.

HOZFER, junior. — In Acta Helvetica, vol. IT. tab. 8. fig. 6. and?.
TOWNSEND. — Character of Moses, vol. i. p. 268. PL. xi. fig. 6.-«wH5.

Locality.

Bradford in WilUhire, Abbotsbury near Weymoutb, Dorsetshire ; and
Soissons.J

2
.A

Description.

1 have derived the specific name ROTUNDVS, from the animal having a round
column.

The remains of the APIOCRINITES ROTUNDUS have as yet only occurred in a
fossil state, and no perfect specimen has been met with. At Bradford the al-
most shapeless bases (PL. ii. fig. Land 9.) of this species are met with, adhering
to the surface of the oolitic rock, of various sizes, inclosing portions of thecolumi>r
which are seen externally shooting forth from them. They are affixed in great
number to each other, and not unfrequently to testacea and other extraneous
marine bodies, which proves that the animal lived in the sea, and affixed itself
wherever chance directed its ovum. Portions of the column (PL. iv fig. 1.) the
animal's superior pear-shaped part (PL. i. fig. 2.) and the separate joints of
both are generally found in the clay which covers the oolite. As cellepores
shells and serpulte (PL. 11. fig. 9) adhere to them, they must have been of a
firm texture, and as these frequently occupy the inner surfaces of joints (PL. n.
fig. 1) the remains of these animals must have lain for some time in a dead and
separated state, before they were covered with the mass of the stratum in which
they are imbedded. The comparatively rare occurrence of portions of the
column, its short fragments, on which I never could trace the slightest mark
indicating side arms, and the bulky superior part, point out that the column at
no time could have been very long (PL. i. fig, 1.) since otherwise the animal
would have been continually in danger of mutilation from the over poising
weight of its superior part; and the more so as from its want of side arms it
could have possessed qo lateral support to counteract this weight.

The COLUMN, as has been observed, is formed of numerous round depressed
joints (PL. iv. fig. 1 and 6) pierced in the centre to afford a passage to the
alimentary canal (PL. iv. fig. 20. — PL. in. fig. 4.) Their upper and lower sur-
faces are striated in radii, of which the depressed spaces admit the elevated ones
of the next joint. The radii are at certain distances interrupted by concentric
of(more or less)elevated rings, parallel to the circumference of thecolumn, which
are more conspicuous towards its apex. (PL. IY. fig. 8, 9, and 14.) At each of
these interruptions the radii divide (forming sometimes minute tubercles) thus
increasing their number as the animal grows. This increase of the number o£

ridges and furrows which form new points of articulation or insertion in pro-
portion as the area of the joint itself expands, always insured an equal firmness
of adhesion, for had the number of radii contained within the tirst narrow circle
continued without dividing as they passed through those successively formed
beyond it, being thinly* scattered over a surface so much wider, they would
scarcely have been adequate to this purpose.

The nearly flat joints in the enlarged part of the column (PL. iv. fig. 7.
to 11) have on each side, near the centre, a concave depression, through which
the alimentary canal passes. To this a sphincter like muscle (Pi* iv. fig. 2L)
was probably affixed, sending off short fibres to the joint above, to aid longti-
tudinal action, and also radiating laterally, so as to spread in a thin membrane
over the space between the columnar joints attaching itself to their radii, and
more firmly adhering to the circular rings where these divide, and ultimately
perhaps connecting itself with the muscular membrane that covers the joints ex-
ternally. The sphincter seems to have been incapable of close contraction,
whereby it would have interfered with the free passage of the alimentary
canal, but its partial action on the radiating portion pulled downwards, or rather
more closely together the joints on one side, whilst its passive relaxation suf-
fered the other to rise, thus bending the column in various directions. The par-
tial contraction of the sphincter muscle between each two joints, together with
the longitudinal fibres, transmitted from one sphincter to the next, and thus pro-
ceeding through the interior of the whole column, formed a series of imperfect
balls or cones, distantly analogous to those gelatinous ones between the verte-
tebrac of fish, and not improbably here also tending to aid motion. Minute vessels
appear to have carried nourishment from the alimentary canal to the perios-
teum, or the investing membrane, which, by secreting calcareous matter, formed
the various joints. The growth or increase of these was effected by the con-
tinual application of fresh lamina?, as is demonstrated by the rings noticed
above intersecting the radiating stria, which may be also traced through the
interior by lines of a different colour, on forming transverse or longitudinal
sections. (PL. m. fig. 3.) They are fewer in small specimens, and more nu-
merous in large ones, resembling thus the rings which distinguish the growth
of trees. That the power of increase was nearly the same in all the animals of
this species of Apiocrinites, may be proved from a section showing 3 or 4 rings,
since these will occupy exactly the same space in the centre of one showing

"Eu.JtL

ten rings. I apprehend that a portion of animal matter remains always be-
tweeii the newly-formed ringand the former, perhaps interlacing with the radiat-
ino- muscle where it divides. A proof of this appears to be, that when decom-
position affects specimens, and converts them into a sort of .tchre, the rings
will separate, which could not happen, did not animal matter remain interposed
from their original formation.

The enlarged columnar joints (?L. iv. fig. 8 to 12} are considerably thicker
than the others, are concave below, and at their superior surface more or less
convex, with a depression in the centre. They become gradually thinner to-
wards the middle, and show more numerous and more delicate radiating strias,
their points of division and the elevated rings are very distinct; at the latter,
sometimes a series of minute tubercles occur, where probably the covering
periosteum adhered more firmly. In consequence of the concavity of the inferior
surface having a greater curvature than the convexity of the superior surface,
each joint is thinnest towards the centre, and hence a hollow lenticular space
of a concavo-convex figure is formed between the two contiguous joints, which
may be considered as an enlargement of the alimentary canal. The joints
adhere by the last-formed rings, which probably afford a firmer connexion
from their being less calcareous, and are kept together more firmly by the thin
exterior muscle interlacing with the radiating ones. Their circumference is
somewhat less below, and contracts a little at the superior and lower surfaces.
Near the point of junction of the enlarged and unenlarged portion of the
column, an alternation of thicker with thinner joints, may very generally be
observed (T. i. fig. 2). This is common to all the Crinoidea, and has been ex-
plained as a provision of nature, to allow a greater power of motion to the
portion of the column where it approaches to the parts destined to procure the
animal's food. But I am convinced that this was also the place where new
joints are continually formed, at least as long as the energy of life permitted,
thus increasing the length of the column, as will be proved when describing
PENTACRINUS CAPUT MEDUSAE.

The column at its lower extremity is more or less surrounded by calca-
reous matter of laminar construction, thereby adhering to extraneous sub-
stances ; this has been called by Mr. PARKINSON the PEDICLE or BASE. (PL. n.
fig. 1. to 10). I nave been fortunate enough to acquire a series of specimens

of this part from its earliest and youngest form, when it possessed a width and
elevation not exceeding one-fourth of a line, to its mature growth, and the size of
some inches. The very minute bases above mentioned/ adhere to a superior
columnar joint (T. ii. fig. l.)and possess in the centre a very minute column sur-
rounded by laminae which form a small regular cone. These, in combination
with numerous other specimens in different stages of growth, and with their lon-
gitudinal sections, prove that the exuded calcareous matter forming the pedicle
or base, became completely indurated soon after its deposition, since the
lowest columnar joints to be traced at the bottom of the base are very minute,
(PL. n. fig. 3. and 4.) not exceeding the proportions of the youngest specimens,
(and must therefore have been prevented from increasing and expanding in their
growth by the unyielding nature of materials surrounding them) whilst the
succeeding joints become in series at certain intervals of four, five, or even
more, successively larger and larger. It may also be seen that the inferior
portions of the alimentary canal enveloped in the base, become gradually filled
up and obliterated, being no longer required in this part of the animal (T. IL
fig. 4. and 10.) where all increase had long ceased*

The secretions of the indurating calcareous matter took place in consider-
able quantity when the animal grew up, and appears to have flowed abundantly
from vessels between the radiating surface of two joints. This is beautifully dis-
played in sections of large bases (T. n. fig. 10.) where the differently coloured
laminae demonstrate the gradual formation of this part, their lines and the man-
ner in which they spread over and encompass extraneous matter which happened
to be in their way, proving the original fluidity, or rather viscidity of the mass.

These lines prove also decidedly that the irregular conical mass of the base
is made up of distinct laminae, concentric and parallel to the outer surface of the
cone, placed one within the other, and resulting from successive or periodical
increase by deposition. In longitudinal sections, as we have already stated,
these lines are decidedly seen, but lines of separation are also seen traversing

* These very minute bases are interesting, as affording a proof that the propagation of these
animals must have been oviparous; since from their size they must hare belonged to the very
earliest and almost embryotic state of the animal ; and yet are found affixed, not to the parent's body,
but to a dead plate ; whereas the offspring produced by gemmiferous generation, nerer becomes de-
tached from the parent'j body till it has obtained a considerable »iie.

at right angles those parallel to the general conical surface, and likewise originat-
ing from each joint. As therefore, the first lines of separation generate a conical
surface pointing upwards, so this second set generate a conieal surface point-
ing downwards, and thus truncate, or rather excavate, by cutting into them
the apices of the first cones. When the base is in such a state that the
lamina: of which it is formed are disposed to separate (PL. n. fig. 15.) its de-
tached pieces, often present this excavated conical form, altogether resembling
models of the crater of a volcano. These second lines of separation do not,
however, extend to the exterior circumference of the base, except near its sum-
mit, but terminate in its interior, and are not all of equal lengths, but occur
insets, of which the lowest line is always longest, and those which succeed
4t, in proceeding upwards, gradually diminish for a series of from six to ten.
joints, until followed by the longest line of the set next above. Such are the
appearances ; the explanation I am inclined to offer of them is as follows. The
muscular membranes which are interposed between the columnar joints, may
irery probably have carried on them the vessels whence the exudation of the
calcareous matter forming the laminae of the base proceeded ; these membranes
may have continued to extend themselves in the direction marked by these
secoud lines. The original existence of such an interposed membrane will
readily account for the separation which, as we have seen, still takes place in.
this direction, in many specimens. And as we have already seen reason to be-
lieve that the exudation of the calcareous matter did not proceed continuously,
but was rapidly thrown out at certain periods; so we may suppose all the lines
of a single set to have been formed by the extension of the membranes during
one of these active periods, and their different lengths to indicate the size they
had attained when that action ceased.

The .quantity of matter accumulated round the base, indicates the degree
of adhesion and support the animal required ; and, perhaps, bears also pro-
portion to the quantity of calcareous substance accumulated in the alimentary
canal, and from which it became necessary to free it when inconvenient to its
economy.

Portions of the column (PL. i. fig. 1. and PL. n. fig. 2. to 14.) are not
^infrequently encompassed by a thick spreading ring of calcareous matter, in
every particular resembling that which covers them at the base, and forms their

secure adhesion to extraneous bodies. We may thence conclude that here the
office of this laminar ring-like concretion, was to repair an injury sustained
by the column.

The SUPERIOR ENLARGED COLUMNAR JOINT (T. iv. fig. 13. and 19.) resem-
bles in its inferior surface those preceding it. but as its centre commands the
entrance to the alimentary canal, it is provided with a sphincter muscle capa-
ble of close contraction, as is proved by a specimen, perhaps unique, in ray
possession, (T. iv. fig. 13. to 15.) where the folds produced by the action of
this muscle are distinctly seen. Its upper surface has five ridges diverging
from the centre, the space between which is, more or less, concave. The cir-
cumference of the superior margin is still somewhat greater than that of the
inferior, and the outer surface of the joint swells out in a trifling degree towards
the middle, being slightly contracted towards either margin. Sometimes the
upper surface of this joint is peculiarly convex (T. iv. fig. 16. and 18.) in which
case, generally, both these margins appear much compressed ; this is evidently
a result of contraction, and an additional proof of the original unindurated state
of the exterior part of the joint.

Before we proceed to examine in detail the separate pieces composing
the body, and completing together with the upper enlarged columnar joints
just described, the pyriform shape that characterises the superior portion of
this animal, it will add much to the clearness of the ensuing description, to
state in a concise manner, although at the expense of some repetition, the ge-
neral form and relations of this part and its constituent members. (See the
plate illustrating generic characters ).

In each of the four rows which succeed the upper enlarged columnar joint,
the circumference of the body becomes divided into five distinct and similar
joints; which although necessarily undergoing much subordinate variation of
figure, to fit them for their respective places and combinations, have yet many
general points of analogy in all these rows. They all have a wedge-shaped, or
rather truncated pyramidal form, being arranged round the central cavity of the
body, like the blocks of masonry which compose the courses of a cupola, present-
ing their broader ends or bases towards the exterior circumference, their nar-
row end or truncated apex towards the interior. Hence, in describing these
joints, we have always six surfaces to take into consideration; the EXTERIOR

Hi.

.JNT .

H
>_

~F. '

CIRCUMFERENCE, the INNER TRUNCATED EDGE, the UNDER SURFACE by which

they rest on the row beneath them, the UPPER SURFACE which they present
towards the row above them, and the two LATERAL SURFACES which they pre-
sent to the contiguous joints of the same row. These terms will be henceforth
used, without further definition, in describing each of these joints.

In each successive row, the inner surface recedes further and further from
the centre of the body, and opens more and more widely the internal cavity
which contained the mouth and viscera.

Each joint has near its inner edge various tubercular (sometimes TREFOIL
SHAPED) PROCESSES, with perforations destined apparently for the insertion and
conveyance of muscles and vessels, behind which there is either a remarkable
SUBTRIANGULAR RIDGE across the upper or lower surface, or a tubercle with an
elongated muscle. The outer surface is always plain ; the upper, under, and
lateral sides are always marked with radiating striae, interrupted by transverse
concentric ridges, in a manner exactly similar to those which have been already
described in speaking of the columnar joint, and forming a continuation of the
same system.

The joints of the first row, will, from the analogy of their places and offices,
be termed the PELVIS ; those of the second, the FIRST COSTAL; those of the
third, the SECOND COSTAL ; and those of the fourth, the SCAPI/LJE.

Above the scapulae a further subdivision of the circumference into ten dis-
tinct pieces takes place. The two first rows of this subdivided series may be
considered as ARM JOINTS ; the succeeding rows as FINGER JOINTS, which send
off smaller jointed tentacula, one from every finger joint.

A correct representation of all these pieces, sufficiently detached to show
their general form, but still arranged in their relative position, will be found in
the plate illustrating the character of the genus ; each piece will be seen se-
parately figured in PLATES v. and vi. and external and internal views of the
united body as composed of them, in PLATES i. and m.

The PELVIS (Pt. v. fig. 1. to 6. and 19.) is formed by five wedge-shaped or
truncated pyramidal plates, each resting by its inferior surface, which is con-
cave, upon one of the five concave spaces of the superior enlarged columnar

joint last described. They adhere by their lateral surfaces together, and the
whole row forms thus a kind of basin, having a subpentangular aperture in the
centre, arising from the truncated terminations of their inner edges. The
superior surface of each has a ridge in the centre sloping towards the lateral
surfaces, and thus, between every contiguous pair of joints, a depression is
formed for the insertion of the first costal joints.

There generally exists at the lower surface (Pi>. v. fig. 2.) a small slightly-
arched space, between the lateral surfaces, arising from their edges being
bevelled, which was occupied by an intervening muscular organization, and may
have facilitated a gradual sliding outwards of these joints, when the increase
of the central aperture became necessary to the growth of the animal; and
tended also to preserve a more free and easy motion of these parts. The ex-
terior circumference of each plate is contracted towards the angles, and swells
slightly to the middle. These joints become gradually thinner and narrower
towards the truncated points, each of them having moderately thick trefoil-
shaped elevations. The central leaf of this trefoil has a small tubercle on each
side (PL. v. fig. 19j?.) which serves by its insertion into a small concavity of the
first contiguous costal joint above, to aid its motion (PL. v. fig. 201..) to which
also a nourishing vessel extends (Pi,, v. fig. 20 <L.) from a perforation in each of
the side leaves of the trefoil elevation on the pelvis. (PL. v. fig. 19 j£).

The FIRST COSTAL JOINTS (Pi-, v. fig. 7. to 12. 20. and 21.) nearly resemble
those of the pelvis, and insert into the subconcave or subtriangular cavities
formed by them, yet so as to leave in the interior an open space. They have
also, like the former plates, an arched groove between their lateral sur-
faces, resulting from their bevelled edges.

Their inferior surface has an elevated ridge, their superior is concave.
Their exterior circumference is smallest at the upper part, and they do not
extend so far in the interior as the plates of the pelvis. The truncated point is
somewhat excavated ( PL. v. fig. 21.) and slopes off gradually towards the
upper and under surface, having beneath a lip-like process (PL. v. fig. 20.) over
which the depressing muscle slides, which is affixed to two side elevations
of the two contiguous joints of the pelvis, and divides as it proceeds (?L. v.
fig. 15. and 16.) leaving a swelling in the centre to attach to a lip-fike promin-
ence on the upper margin. At the lower surface, behind the lip-like process,
on each side of the dividing ridge, is a protuberance (PL. v. fig. 20 <L) perforated

APIOCKTNf TK.S ROTU/VJKr/7

Fl- IV

A PIOCRINITES

iu the centre, to admit a nourishing vessel and muscle, arising from the side
elevation on the central leaf of the trefoil-shaped swelling, on the inner margin
of the pelvis. Between these protuberances and the dividing ridge, on each
side extends a branch of the depressing muscle over the radiating surface to
the exterior margin. (PL. v. fig. 7. and 20. x.) In a specimen in my possession
(PL. v. fig. 8.) one part of this muscle has slid over the ridge, and its two
branches lie united together. At the upper surface (PL. v. fig. 12. and 21.) the
lip-like prominence extends laterally iu such a manner as to present the ap-
pearance of cordate petals, when the five joints are arranged in their natural
circular position. In the centre, between each two, is a very small elevation
inserting in a groove on the second costal joint, having behind it an oblong
irregular triangular ridge (Pi,, v. fig. 21. 03.) with a perforated centre, contain-
ing a muscle and vessel of nourishment formed by the union of those in the two
perforations noticed on the inferior side of this joint. (PL. v. fig. 20. $ .) The
short angle of the ridge extends to the lip-like process, and serves for the
attachment of an elevating muscle, which is to counteract the depressing one
noticed before ; the effects of their operations may be frequently seen in the
numerous rngi they formed across the truncated point.

On each of the two lateral surfaces by which the first costals adhere to each
other, is a curved continuation of the lip-like process, (Pi,, v. fig. 9. and 10.)
in whose centre we notice a perforated concave tubercle, which furnishes the
idea that here, perhaps, a mechanism existed to aid motion, on the principle
of a ball of fluid enclosed in the concavities of two approximating tubercles ;
analogous to the iatervertebral structure of fish. Sometimes a few smaller
unperforated tubercles continue the curved direction of the lip-like process, all
probably berving for firmer muscular adhesion.

The SECOND COSTAL JOINTS (PL. v. fig. 14. to 18.) bear also an affinity in
their general formation to the former, the larger inferior surface rests on the
former joints, whilst a similar superior one admits the scapula. The inferior
surface is convex, the superior concave, the lateral sides are bevelled, form-
ing spaces like those noticed when speaking of the first costal joints.
Their exterior circumference contracts above, and their interior withdraws 8till
further from the centre, thus enlarging the opening which now assumes the
form of a funnel shaped cavity (PL. in. fig. 1.) The inner or truncated edge
has below, near the margin, a lip-like process cut out in the middleof its infer
rior surface, and presenting a reflected curve, by which the joint rests Oft

the lip-like ridge of the former. Behind this, is again as on the superior sur-
face of the first costal joint, a transverse sub triangular ridge (PL. T. fig. 22. 02.)
•with its perforation, to which the depressing muscle of the lip of the second
costal joint is attached. Near the margin of the superior surface is an elevated
rim, having rounded corners, and an angular depression in the centre, behind
which is a perforated tubercle, and a muscle analogous to that on the lower
surface of the first costals.

The SCAPULA: (Pi,, vi. fig. 1. to 5.) contract so much at their upper circum-
ference, as to complete, in conjunction with the two following joints, the pyri-
form shape of the superior part of this species of Apiocrinites. At the inferior
surface they are convex, and have at the truncated or inner end a perforated
tubercle behind the margin, with a muscular elongation, similar to that on the
superior part of the second costal joint. The superior surface has an elevated
ridge, forming on either side two concavities for the insertion of the two first arm
joints. At the truncated end a lip-like process exists, behind which is situated
a trefoil-shaped elevation of a more extended, but somewhat similar, figure to
that before noticed in the pelvis, with two perforated lateral tubercles.

With the scapulae the division of the circular area of this part of the animal
into five joints ceases, and another of ten commences, which gives rise to that
number of arms and fingers.

The FIRST ARM JOINT (PL. vi. fig. 6. to 7.) resembles in every particular
the second costal joint, only that it is considerably smaller and thicker in pro-
portion, and that the perforated tubercle stands somewhat more towards the
side, which comes in contact with the fellow arm joint belonging to the same
scapula. This evidently results from an impeded increase, arising from want
of room for extension in that direction, and from the lateral power exerted by
the muscle proceeding through the perforation from the lower surface of the
scapula, where it begins to divide.

The SECOND ARM JOINT. (PL. vi. fig. 9. to 11.) As the first arm joint
was observed to resemble the second costal joint, so the second arm joint will
be found somewhat analogous to the first costal; excepting that it wants the
lower central ridge, that it is thicker, and like the joint on which it rests, abbre-
viated on the inner side, next to its fellow in the series arising from the same
scapula.

The subtriangular ridge on the superior surface stands in a more slanting
direction, and the superior circumference on the outerside of each arm joint,
or that towards which the series arising from two scapulae come together, is
much decreased, thereby indicating that they will in the next series adhere
no longer.

The FIRST FINGER JOINT (PL. vi. fig. 13. to 14.) is of a reniform shape,
but slightly convex on its inferior surface, and concave on the superior. On
the inside it is excavated, having slight lip-like processes, and behind these
at its lower surface, a somewhat obliquely transverse subtriangular ridge, with
a longitudinal groove at its apex for the admission of a similar but undivided
ridge of the second arm joint. On the upper surface, a simple subtriangular
ridge also appears, showing like that on the former, the aperture of the per-
forating tube; this joint is entirely free at its sides, and is generally the first
that sends off a tentacular process. I possess, however, a fine specimen of
APIOCRINITE, perhaps the finest ever found (PL. i. fig. 2.) where this took
place at the second arm-joint. In this individual, the tentaculum arises from
the arm-joint on the right-hand side of the scapula, and from its left side;
whereas in the case where the first finger sends it ofF, it arises from the right-
hand side of the joint over the left division of the scapula. The insertion
of the tentaculum takes place in a part of the joint which is obliquely trun-
cated on the right side near the superior surface, and forms a concave space
traversed by a ridge, having in its centre a perforated cavity.

The SECOND FINGER JOINT (PL. vi. fig. 15. to 17.) is also nearly reniform,
excavated in the centre of its interior side, and truncated at both extremities,
thereby giving insertion on the one side for a tentaculum, and on the other
allowing freer scope to that arising from the first finger joint. That side which
lies over the insertion of the tentaculum in the former joint, is somewhat
thinner than the other, which formation, as it is continued alternately through
all the following finger joints, presents an admirable contrivance to furnish an
additional dimension of adhering surface, and thence firmer insertion to the,
tentaculum, without an undue increase in its size. On the inferior surface,
where the second finger joint rests on the first, and also on the superior surface,
it has a subtriangular ridge perforated in the centre. It also shows at its
superior surface, numerous radiating stria?, with interrupted ring-like mark-
ings of growth similar to those in the former joints.

The other FINGER JOINTS (PL. vi. fig. 19. to 27.) assume more of a horse-
shoe shape, are traversed by a canal, and with regard to their superior surfaces
are of two distinct formations. Those of the FIRST FORMATION (PL. vi. fig. 18.
and 24.) have on the inferior and superior surfaces, a ridge placed in an oblique
direction, so that that on the inferior, crosses that on the superior surface.
The finger joints of the SECOND FORMATION (PL. vi. fig. 19. to2'i.) have on
one side the oblique transverse ridge, (fig. 24.) and on the other, two slender
ridges crossing each other at right angles, and sending off throughout the
exterior space to the circumference, from one to five less conspicuous radii (fig.
19. to 23.) The joints of the first and second formation are so arranged over each
other when forming the fiuger, (PL. vi. fig. 25.) that the radiated surfaces of two
joints of the second formation always adhere together, supporting one of the first,
en which again two of the second formation rest.

Although I have not a specimen showing the tentaculated fingers in an
entire state, yet from the general simple construction of the APIOCKINIIES
ROTUNUUS, and the non-occurrence of the cuneiform dividing joints in the
strata which afford these specimens, I conclude that the tentaculated fingers
were simple, and the animal had no more than two.

From the above observations we may be able to obtain a tolerably accurate
idea of the general form, appearance, and organization of this animal in its
original and perfect state, and form a restoration of the whole in the same
manner that the antiquary proceeds to restore a ruined temple.

We shall then (PL. i. fig. 1.) consider it as attached by its conical base to
some marine body at the bottom of a former ocean, whence arose its short and
slightly flexible column, terminated at the upper part by the swelling pyrifonu
body which contained its viscera and rnouth surrounded by ten fingers, each
fringed by numerous tentacula, either expanded like an opening flower when
the animal was in search of its prey, or contracted and closed when in a state
of repose.

If we next examine the interior funnel-shaped cavity (?L. in. fig. 1.) we
may trace two rows of orifices opening laterally, each row exhibiting five.
The inferior orifices open between the first and second costal joint (PL. IT.
fig. 14. and 15); the superior orifices open between the junction of the sca-
pula and the two incumbent arm joints (Pi., v. fig. 4.) Below the subpen-

tangular aperture formed by the truncated ends of the joints of the pelvis, at the
bottom of the funnel-shaped abdominal cavity, we observe the entrance to the
alimentary canal, protected by the sphincter muscle of the superior enlarged
columnar joint.

To the general idea thus obtained of the organization of this animal, it
should be added that the appearances presently to be stated indicate two other
important particulars; FIRST, that the upper-part of the funnel-shaped cavity
containing the viscera, was protected externally by series of small plates leaving
a central opening for the mouths, and SECONDLY, the existence of lateral open-
ing on the exterior of the circumference of the body, possibly forming the
mouths of the ovaries. The appearances leading to this conclusion are, viz. —

We often trace several nearly wedge-shaped four, five, or six-cornered plates
(PL. in. fig 2. — PL. 6. fig. 2. Q.) interposed between tl>e angles of the two second
costals, scapulae, and first and second arm joints,in aline with the lateral surfaces
of the scapulae; and in this part sometimes forming two series. These I con-
sider as analagous to the pectoral plates of the pentacrinites, actinocrinites, &c.
and thence conclude that this animal had also an external integument over
its abdominal cavity, rendered stronger by the interposition of numerous
minute adhering plates, which also spread over the excavated or channelled
portion of the arm joints, finger joints, and tentacula, as is the case in PEN-
TACRINUS CAPUT MEDUSAE, in treating of which this structure will more fully be
explained. That the abdominal cavity had, in this animal, really such a cover-
ing, is rendered further probable by the occurrence of round balls of clay rest-
ing sometimes within it, and evidently formed as casts in its interior; (which
are erroneously noticed by TOWNSEND in character of MOSES, vol. r. p. 269,
as opercula) of these the upper surface seems to have moulded against some
such covering.

I shall now state the appearances, which I think, may possibly be consi-
dered as indicating the mouths of the ovaries of this animal. In or between
the lateral surfaces of the joints of the pelvis and the insertion of the first costal
joints, we may frequently trace a violent contraction, rendering this part of the
animal subpentangular (PL. vn. fig. 12.) and in thesame parts we also observe
more or less elevated tubercles, (PL. vn. fig. 7. II. 12. 13 ) having a central per-
foration, which in one instance I have traced (fig. 7.) to pass through the joint of
the pelvis into the space between it and the costal joints, extending perhaps

thence into the funnel-shaped cavity. This has suggested to me the idea that
it might have led to an ovary having five ducts, somewhat similar to that of the
echinus.

Externally the superior portions of this animal are frequently marked with
minute indentations (Pi,, i. fig.2.) the points of adhesion probably of the epider-
mis, or rather periosteum, which secreted their calcareous matter. In some in-
stances I believe I have detected traces of this epidermis in a fine overlaying
pelicle.

If the periosteum of any single joint received an injury, the further secre-
tion in that part was discontinued, and the periosteum of the neighbouring
parts filled the vacancy thus occasioned ; this produced a wedge-like interpo-
sition and deformity of the joints of the column, which thereby appear as
if formed of several parts ; a similar distortion of the pelvis, &c. — PL. vn.
fig. l.toG. 8. to 10.

Although the whole skeleton of the animal is now changed into calcareous
spar, still, as has been observed, the difference of colour not mifrequently points
out the gradual formation of its various parts: hence we may, perhaps, reason-
ably conclude that the original colouring matter has been retained through all
the changes the substance underwent. In fine specimens this is a beautiful dark
purple, varying in a most elegant manner into a pale red purple, and to a more
or less dark gray, as may more particularly be seen in sections of the base.

These colours, however, appear only to have been retained in those speci-
mens which either were, or had very recently been, living at the period of their
becoming enveloped in the strata which now preserves them. Those which
had been at that period dead for some time, must have already from various
evident causes, lost much of the vividness of the original colours before they
•were thus inhumed. This appears to me to have been the case with those
specimens which so frequently occur, having an uniform gray colour, becoming-
tinged by further decomposition with yellow, and gradually converted into a
kind of ochre.

The calcareous particles which have filtered into the alimentary canal and
the various cavities between the joints (if these were free of extraneous matter)
often form there a nucleus of foliated spar, and sometimes occur as casts'

Frirtted &y Rctm-ey If forfrer 67 Ra.Zk&onf, fiaae-

sembling the screw stones well known in the chert accompanying th-3 moun-
tain limestone.

Since the above description of Apiocrinifes rotundus went to press, I have

•een c c. SMIUELS, M. D. aorsttllungfn ttnt^ti metftUJUtt&tgen Oe^tftnejun*

g0n, 1180, who represents (Pi,, vi. and vn.) an Apiocrhiites from the Canton
of Solothuru. This figure corresponds with HOFER, and suggests to me, that
the specimens from Swisserland are, if not a distinct species, at least a variety
of ApioiTinites rotundus. The thickness of the first costae, and less pear-
shaped form, appear to be characteristic. Should it prove a new species, I
propose for its name Apiocrinites elongatus. In the tabular arrangement of
the Crinoidea it will follow A. rotundus, rendering a further subdivision
necessary.

II. SPECIES APIOCRINITES ELLIPTICUS.
OVAL COLUMN'D PEAR-LIKE LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Specific Character.

A Crinoidal animal, having a column composed of oval joints articulating
by a transversely grooved surface ; the two upper joints of the column enlarged,
sustaining the pelvis, costae, &c.

The column provided with auxiliary side arms.

The base formed by numerous irregular columnar joints sending off fibres
for adhesion.

. Reference and Synonymes.

Bottle Encrinite— PARKINSON'S Org. Rem. vol. 2. PL. xin. fig. 75. and 76.

Strait Encrenite — (a young undeveloped species). — PARKINSON'S Org. Rent,
vol. 2. PL. xin. fig. 34. and 35.

Stag Horn Encrinite — (the base of A. ellipticus.) — PARKINSON'S Org. Rem.
vol. 2. PL. xin. fig. 31. 38. 39.

Chalk Bottles — vulgar name of the quarrymen.

Luidii Lithophylacii Britanicii,t 13. fig. 1163. and 116I1.

Locality.

The Chalk Pits of Wiltshire and Kent.
t jwioTq*. T/<>

Description.

The elliptical shape of the columnar joints has induced me to assign to this
animal its specific name. It is found only fossil, and always in a mutilated
state in beds of the chalk formation. It is a small neat species, whose column
was, I apprehend, in proportion longer than that of the former species. An idea
of its probable appearance when perfect, I have endeavoured to convey, fig. 6.
in the annexed plate, which representation is, however, less than the natural
size, having also omitted the terminations of the auxiliary side arms, of whose
formation I have not the slightest idea, and the tentaculated fingers as yet not
detected.

The COLUMN of thisCrinoidal animal offers a new field for inquiry, since its
joints appear to have consisted in a much greater degree of cartilaginous mat-
ter and muscular integuments, especially in younger specimens. Perhaps their
superior and lower surfaces alone, may, during the early stages of their
growth, have presented a solid calcareous mass.

The articulating surfaces at both extremities of each joint present ellip-
tical areas (14. to 18.) bounded by slightly raised rims surrounding an inner
oval, which again swells and becomes convex. In the direction of the
longitudinal axis are placed two narrow ridges, one on either side, in the
centre of which is a small round perforation, containing the alimentary canal.
(18). It should be remarked that the direction of the longitudinal furrows,
and indeed of the whole oval areas of the articulating surfaces, does not ge-

nerally coincide at the opposite extremities of the same joint, the longitudinal
axis of the one being placed obliquely when compared with that of the other,
as if the joint had been twisted round in opposite directions at its two extremi-
ties. (This is represented in fig. 18. by dotted lines.) I have never found a
single instance in which this obliquity was not observable, although there are
reasons for believing that when the animal was fully extended, the direction of
the opposite surfaces must have become coincident, as in the PLATYCRINITES.
This obliquity of the two elliptical surfaces, appears to have resulted from a
vermicular contraction extended from one joint to the other, through the
muscle surrounding the alimentary canal, which being inserted in the trans-
verse grooves, and acting on them like a screw driver, twisted them partially
round ; hence, from the compression thus produced, we see the circumference
of the joints sometimes barrelshaped (16.) or more or less round towards the
centre, while near the articulating surface it remains elliptical. The barrel-
shaped joints are thicker in proportion, and appear to have lost their soft carti-
laginous texture, having probably belonged to full grown animals ; this, indeed,
seems to be confirmed by some of the specimens exhibiting a formation in con-
centric rings, like that observable in Apiocrinites rotundus, and an exterior par-
tial separation. (16.) The alimentary canal is generally small, but appears to
have enlarged considerably in some parts of the column (22.) and in this case
elongated the joints containing it, and at the same time strengthened their adhe-
sion with the neighbouring joints by secreting and accumulating calcareous mat-
ter around it, (20. to 22.) In some specimens (20. to 22.) of this description, the
line of junction between two joints, instead of being as usual straight, be-
comes inflected and waved, apparently in consequence of having been acted
upon by a muscular contraction, and in one instance, the exuded calcareous
matter has completely obliterated the external mark of articulation between
two joints (19.) which have anchylosed therefore to each other. LATERAL
AUXILIARY ARMS (13.) appear to have proceeded occasionally from the column
at irregular intervals, the joints composing them are round, and probably
articulated by radiating surfaces, as is the case in PLATYCRINITES.

The ENLARGED COLUMNAR JOINTS at the summit of the column, I appre-
hend to have articulated similarly to those of ordinary size, and in a section (5)
in my possession I have traced the alimentary canal passing through their
centre, enlarging in the second joint.

In the disposition and general figure of the joints (1. to 3.) forming the upper

part of this animal, so far as the state of the specimens of this species have
allowed me to trace them, it perfectly resembles Apiocrinites rotundus. As hi
that species, the SUPERIOR COLUMNAR JOINT is on its upper surface divided by
five ridges, admitting in the concave spaces the five joints of the PELVIS, each of
these terminate above in an elevated ridge, and in the interstices between
them the insertion of the five FIRST COSTAL JOINTS takes place. The funnel-
shaped cavity in the centre, resembles that of the former species. The exterior
muscular integument sometimes appears to have hidden the insertion of the
joints, (4.) and its contraction will account for the folds which occasionally occur
on the surface. I have as yet seen no specimen continued beyond the first
costal joint, but apprehend that the following ones, the scapulae, &c. will also
be found to resemble those of Apiociinites rotundus.

The STRAIGHT BOTTLE ENCRINITE described by Mr. PARKINSON, is, pro-
bably, only a young individual of our species, or perhaps, a much contracted
specimen, having apparently hardly sufficient character to be considered as a

variety.

The STAG-HORN ENCRINITE of the same author, I apprehend to be part of
ihe column of our species, near the base sending off its auxiliary fibres, and
thereby forming a fascicular ramifying root, by which the animal attached itself
•to extraneous substances. That these specimens really formed the roots of our
present species, and not portions of a distinct animal, I am induced to believe
from having noticed that the mode of articulation of their joints when it can be
•clearly traced, appears to me to present the same character as has been noticed
in the columnar joints described above; and although the proportions of these
radical joints are much thinner, broader, and frequently irregularly bevelled, so
:as at first sight to militate against this appropriation ; yet a similar difference
(between the upper columnar and radical joints of other genera, will hereafter
[be pointed out.

II. GENUS ENCRINITES.
TRUE LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Generic Character.

A Crinoidal animal with a column formed of numerous round depressed
joints, adhering by a radiating grooved surface, and becoming subpentangular
near tin' pelvis, which is composed of five pieces, giving a lateral insertion to the
first series of costal plates, 1o which thesecond series and scapula? succeed, whence
the tentaculated arms or lingers proceed, formed by double series of joints.

Observation.

The animals of this genusliave not hitherto been found in a living state, nor
do I believe that their remains have been discovered in England. They ap-
pear to be of very local occurrence. As there occurs but one species Encri-
mis uioniliformis, its illustrative Plate n. forms also an explanation of the ge-
neric character.

I. 'SPECIES ENCRINITES MONILIFORMIS.
BEAD COLUMN'D TRUE LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Specific Character.

A Crinoidal animal with a column-formed of numerous round joints, alter-
nately, as they approach the pelvis, larger and smaller, becoming subpentan-
gular when nearly iti contact with it On the pelvis, formed of five pieces, ad-
here laterally the first series of costae, on which the second series of cost* is
placed, succeeded by the scapulae from which the ten tentaculated arms or
fingers proceed.

Animal permanently affixed by exuded indurated matter.

Reference and Synonymes.

Encrinus Liliiformis. — LAMARCK.
Stone Lily.

Encrine. — Lys de mer. — French.
Lilium Lapideum.

LACHMUND. — Oryctographia Hildersheimensis.
A. RITTER. — Oryctographia Goslariensis, 1738. tab. 1. fig. 3.
BRUCKMAN'S Thesauri Subteranii Ducatus Brunswigii.
F. BEUTH. — Julia; and Mantunn Subterranea, 1776, p. 85. fig. 2.
KNORR.— Petrif i. tab. 11. a. Supl. 7. e. 1.2. 4.
Kosinum tentamen de Lithozois, tab. 2.

J. C. HARENBERG. — de Encrino siv. Lilio lapideo, 1729, tab. 1. and tab.
1. Appendix (good figures).

^c|wl| ffietrad)tun0en berstefaerter gtesteme.

iQaturfijrscter §>tuecfe, 3. 6. 8. 1 1.

SBeptraege jur jBaturgtfc&fr&te "aitenbutg, 1774.

HOFER, Jun. — In Acta Helvetica, vol. 4.

PARKINSON'S 6rg. Remains, vol. 2. p. 14. fig. 1. to 3. roots 4. and 5.

Locality.

Hildersheim in Lower Saxony (LACHMUNDEN) Rakenberg, near Goslar, in
Lower Saxony. (RITTER.) Scwerven in Juliers, in Westphalia. (BEUTH). Obern-
scheden and Azzenheusen, not far from Gemenden, in lower Saxony. (Rosiuus.)
In a German publication, D0t JI3atU?f0?gt|)fr, 1 lth.g>tttfCfe. MEINECKEN states
that the remains of the stone lily are found abundantly at the village of Erke-
rode, in Brunswick, about two iniles from the town bearing this name, near a
wood called the Elm. The quarry is on the declivity of a hill overgrown with
•wood, on which account the inhabitants oppose the digging after them; the
•stratum containing them is hardly 15 to 18 inches in thickness. Under the
surface of the earth, is a friable, porous, argilaceous limestone, containing mil-
lions of columns, and columnar joints ; but many hours digging is necessary
before a good specimen of the superior part or stone lily can be procured, since
the moisture in the stone contributes to their rapid destruction, and their occur-
ing on large pieces of stone makes them liable to separation, which accounts
for themany mended specimens. In a publication 35egt?aejje fUt JftcltUiSTSrlHCfrte

ENCKINTTES

V..-

J, 1774, it is asserted that the Emperor of Germany offered 100 dollars
for a stone lily free from its matrix and attached to its column. Another and*
harder stratum under the above contains numerous crinital remains, hut
according to the quarrymen no stone lilies. Sohrapl*n<l near Ha

&t 3.) Farrenstadt near Querfurt (jQatUjfs^SCher, g>t. 6.)

There is good reason to believe that the formation in which these remains
are found near Brunswick, corresponds with the white lias of England, as it
appears to repose on the newer red sandstone, containing salt and gypsum.

Description.

The COLUMN (PL. 1.) of this animal, which is of considerable length, is
formed of numerous round, rather thick, joints, articulating by their striated
surfaces ; the radii marking them being near the exterior circumference, having
a central smooth area, through whose centre the small alimentary canal passes.
As the column proceeds upwards, this simple figure of the joints appears to be
interrupted (if we may judge from the fine specimen represented in K.NORR,
T. xi. a.) at every 6th or 7th articulation by a joint of wider diameter, and of
a globular depressed form, having above and below it a still more com-
pressed one. Nearer the summit the joints become thinner and rounded
externally, assuming the form .of a much depressed and oblate spheroid.
They are here disposed alternately, a small one between two larger ones, and
again every other larger joint considerably greater. When close to the pelvis,
the same alternation in size continues, but the joints assume a pentagonal
shape, to which the radiating striae accommodate themselves. (PL. n. fig. 3.
PL. in. fig, 1.) The middle of these has a pentapelalous impression or perfora-
tion, through whose centre the alimentary canal passes. It is not difficult to
see the reason why the columnar joints are pentagonal near the apex, since
this is the best figure for allowing additional free motion to the first costal
joints, which adhere to and project over the exterior side of the pelvis ; the
pentapetalous perforation or impression in the superior joints appears to be
plainly an enlargement, though a very trifling one, of the alimentary canal,
and also to result from the muscles acting on the interior points of the five
plates forming the pelvis ; hence this figure is obliterated in the lower joints.
The frequent alternations of the compressed globular joints near the upper ex-
tremity of the col umn, are evidently intended to permit a greater degree of
lateral motion, and their subsequent occasional occurrence allows its free con-

tinuation through a considerable length of the column, before it becomes con-
fined to a more limited flexibility.

From the fine specimen figured by KNORR, it is obvious that the animal
had no auxiliary side arms, and as the superior part is less ponderous than
that of Apiocrinites, we may easily account for its being sustained without
them on a longer column.

The BASE (PL. i. fig. 2.) ROSINUS HAKKENBERG, WALCH, and Mr. PARKIN-
SON, suggest the idea that the animal was permanently affixed by exuded cal-
careous indurating secretions, and figure specimens found in the same places
•where the lily-shaped superior portions of the animal occur. Although I have
not myself seen any of these bases, yet from these representations much resem-
bling the attaching laminar portion of Apiocrinites rotundus, I cannot hesitate in
admitting the accuracy of the observations of the authors above quoted. Hence
it is easy to explain the manner in which several of the encrini adhered together,
having early commenced life near each other, and become enclosed at the base
by the exuded calcareous matter as they grew up, yet without forming, one
animal as WALCH suggests.

SUPERIOR EXTREMITY. (PL. n.) This part in the number and disposition
of its joints, presents many general analogies to the corresponding portions in
the preceding genus Apiocriuites which have been already largely described, yet
with considerable subordinate variations of form, principally arising from ihe
upper joints of the column continuing of the same size with the lower, and the
consequent narrow area occupied by the pelvis, which in this species forms the
commencement of the swelling part, exhibiting a calix-like figure ; hence the
contiguous parts are obliged to undergo such modification, as may accommodate
them to this figure.

The FIRST COLUMNAR JOINT (PL. m. fig. 1.) is of a pentangular form, and
one of those of larger dimensions which alternate in the superior part of the
column it articulates, by its striated exterior rim, like the other joints, and has
in its centre the pentapetalous entrance to the alimentary canal probably
guarded by a sphincter muscle.

The PELVIS (PL. in. fig. 2. to 4.) is formed of five depressed rhombic joints,

ENCKINTTE-S MO NT JLE TOR MLS

one of whose points is somewhat truncated. These are so arranged round £
common centre, towards which their truncated points are directed, as to
occupy a small pentagonal area. At their truncated point they iiave a tnfo-
liated elevation (similar to, though less conspicuous than that noticed in the
former genus) sending off two lateral folds. Below that part of the prlvis
which projects beyond the circumference of the column, each joii.t has a small
subtubercular swelling, serving it as an abutment, fur tinner adhesion to the
first columnar joint. At the exterior circumference tach joint ot the pelvis is
angularly truncated, so that a pentagonal circumference is formed, whose sides
being somewhat excavated and faintly striated, give adhesion to the first cos-
tal joints.

The FIRST COSTAL JOINTS, (PL. in. fig. 5. to 7.) which enlarge outwards,
form by their union a pentagon surrounding that occupied by the pelvis, but
inconsequence of the contraction of the four outer marginal edges of these
joints, their external surface becomes convex, and in youn. specimens
almost tubercular ; thus, at the junction of the pelvis,* a cavity is left between
them and the column, sufficient to allow them space for a free power of motion
in that direction : (PL. n. fig. 3. and 4.) and as the animal grows, they gain
still farther room by the extension of the pelvis.

At the innur truncated point of each first costal joint, it is excavated trans-
versely in an angular manner, the lower side of this angle showing four folds, two
uniting to those noticed on the pelvis, and two to the lateral surfaces. From
the subconcave surface, a beautiful highly muscular lip-like process, much
plicated and scalloped, extends into the abdominal cavity ^ the centre of this
process is excavated so as to lead to a tranverse perforated ridge, thus bearing
a near analogy to the formation of the superior costal joint of Apiocrinites
rotundus, but being infinitely more delicate and elegant.

The SECOND COSTAL (PL. HI. fig. 8. to 10.) bears great resemblance to the
former in figure, in the contraction of the margins at the exterior circumfer-
ence, and its consequent convexity ; being almost tubercular in young spe-

* The pelvis on account of its smallness is buried in the cavity, and cannot be seen in a
'lateral view. (Pi, u.)

cimens, in which, if finely preserved, the muscular plicae of the external
integument may frequently be traced, extending over the former, this, and the
following- joints. At its inner truncated point it has an elegant lip-like pro-
cess, similar to that noticed on the former joints, the plicae of both assuming
a perfectly conformable disposition, it has at its lower surface the transverse
perforated ridge, which also appears to exist at its superior surface. How-
ever, this last fact I can only advance hesitatingly on the appearance of a single
specimen, and beg to observe, that it does not accord with the organization
noticed in the Apiocrinites rotundus, to which I have found (speaking in general
terms) the present species strictly conformable in this point.

The scapulae (PL. m. fig. 9. to 11.) rest on the subconcave surfaces of the
second costals, and being destined to support a row in which the division of
pieces is doubled, the upper surface is formed into an angular ridge, and the
lateral surfaces, in old specimens, are scarcely perceptible; so that in the ex-
terior circumference the margin of each joint is nearly triangular. At the in-
terior truncated point it is excavated, having in the centre a projecting pointed
process, on each side of which another excavation exists, behind which the sub-
triangular perforated ridge is placed in a slanting transverse direction. At
the lower surface a ridge also exists of a subtriangular figure, all the
angles are drawn in, and hence the joint has here again a convex form. The
scapulae evidently have lost all their analogy to the Apiocrinites, and point out
clearly in their formation a transition of organization to the next genus.

On the five scapulae rest the ten first arm joints (PL. n. 1. and 2.) two of
them articulating to each scapula, viz. one on either slope of its superior angular
ridge, the outer circumference of each arm joint forms a parallelogram con-
tracted and drawn in at the angles, and hence has not unfrequently in young
specimens a tubercular elevation.

To the first arm joint succeed several thinner joints, externally oblong,
straighten the lateral surfaces, and nearly flat on the upper and lower surfaces;
they are of a horse-shoe shape, and provided with tentacula on alternate sides.
Their number varies from six to eight, according to the age of the individual.

The following joints which 1 should feel inclined to call those of THE
FINGERS (PL. n. fig. 1.) have sloping surfaces, and thin off on the opposite

sides in the alternate joints, so that the line of junction in which they overlay
each other, becomes an acutely angular zigzag, and they are thus, as it were,
dovetailed together; at the same time they shorten their points, not reaching
much beyond the middle of the width occupied by the series rising from the
same arm joints, this shortening continues until the disposition of the parts
at length produce a regular division, extending in a crenated line through the
middle of each series, thus giving two joints instead of one to each arm, now
properly called fingers, arid consequently 20 joints to the whole circumference.

Each of these finger joints is of a semi-horse-shoe shape, and presents
externally a tubercular convexity towards the points of its dovetailed inser-
tion, in order to allow greater freedom and ease of motion to the contiguous
joints.

Each of the joints sends off laterally aTENTACULUM (PL. u. fig. 2.) formed
of a series of minute depressed horse-shoe shaped joints, tapering to a point.
Like the finger joints, the approaching sides of the alternate tenlacula are
insinuated or dove-tailed into each other, whence a sort of double serrated edge
appears. When the fingers are folded up, in which position the figure of this
part bears the nearest resemblance to that of a lily, the tentacula are all folded
together in the centre, and arranged in an angle with their points upwards,
thus forming a conical fasciculus.

Having thus described the appearance and character of the joints, I shall
proceed to a general survey of the abdominal cavity containing the viscera
{PL. u. fig. 3) which is formed by the pelvis, costae, and scapulas. In this
species it is not of a funnel-shaped figure as in Apiocrinites, but rather has the
form of a much depressed urn, being widest where the first costse are provided
with the lip-like processes-', then becoming saucer-shaped, and opening at the bot-
tom in a pentagonal aperture between the interior truncated points of the
pelvis conducting into the alimentary canal. There also exist two rows of
orifices in the cavity, formed by the two series of costas, and the scapula,
and first arm joints, as noticed when describing Apiocrinites rotundus. If
we may judge by analogy, and from a representation in HOFER'S account of the
Encrinite, (t. ix. fig. 13.) we may with considerable probability conjecture that
this abdominal cavity was also closed by an integument protected by nume-
rous plates, having in its centre the aperture of the mouth, and spreading
over the inner cavity of the arms, fingers, and tentacula, similar to that

which I shall demonstrate when speaking of the genus Pentacrinites. A fine
specimen in my possession, showing the double serrated edge of the tentacula,
proves this assertion, since it exhibits a similarly formed margin to that which
marks the adhesion of the plated integument in PentacrinusCaput Medusae.

Mr. PARKINSON calculates the number of joints forming Ihe superior por-
tion of this animal at 26,680, which would increase most surprisingly, were we
to take into account the minute calcareous plates, that are interwoven in the in-
tegument covering the abdominal cavity and inner surfaces of the fingers and
tentacula, and add them to the former.

As an instance how often a superficial examination may lead men of ability
into error, MEINECKEN in JlMlltftyScher §>ttiecfc, 8. p. 245. advances that the
tentacula so regularly arranged in the interior of the lily encrinite, have some
affinity to the septa in the orthoceratite, yet that these are formed of many
pieces !

The peculiarly fine lily encrinite figured by KNORK, tab. 11. a. was, it is
said, purchased (Jf3atUtfijrSdl)£t H>tU0Cfc 3.) from the labourers at the limestone
quarry at Schrapland, near Halle, by Inspector WILKENS, for32groschin, and
given to Professor LANCE, who sold it to Baron NIEGART. However in the
same publication (§s>tUWft 6.) it is stated that it was not bought by WILKENS, but
by Mr. VITIGO, at Farrenstadt, near Querfurt, for two dollars, and given to
LANGE, who sold it for three louis d'or. If my memory does not misgive me,
I think I saw the specimen about twenty years ago in the collection of the

, at Pantzic. Where is it now?

P£NTACRIN7T£:<S VMi PENTACRINW

A /

III. GENUS PENTACRINITES VEL PENTACRINUS.

FIVE ANGLED LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Generic Character.

ftu
A*- animal-wttk a column formed of numerous pentangular joints, articu-

lating by surfaces with pentapetalous semistriated markings. Superior colum-
nar joint supporting a pelvis of five joints, on which five first costals rest
succeeded by five second costals and five scapulae, from which ten arms pro-
ceed, having each two hands, composed of several tentaculated fingers.

Column long, having numerous auxiliary side arms.
Base unascertained.

Observation.

The generic name is derived from the five cornered shape of the column.
One of its species has occurred in a recent state, and furnishes a clue for
the illustration of many facts relative to the crinoidea. The genus ALECTO
of Dr. LEACH approximates the genus PENTACRINUS to the ASTERISK and
of M. LAMARCK.

There are instances of the column of this genus having sometimes a
tetragonal, or hexagonal form, these I consider as monstrous varieties. Of the
former figures exist in TOWNSEND'S Character of MOSES, vol. i. PL. xi. fig. 5.
PARKINSON'S Org. Rem. vol. n. PL. xm. fig. 59. HOFER, tab. vi. 77. of the
latter, TOWNSEND, vol. i. PL. xi. fig. 2. BRUCKMAN'S Thesaurus Subter. Due.
Brunsw. p. i. Cap. ix. p. 66.

I.SPE. PENT ACRINlTESviL PENT ACRINUS CAPUT MEDUSAE.
MEDUSA'S HEAD FIVE ANGLED LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Specific Character.

A Crinoidal animal having a column formed of numerous pentangular
joints, articulating by surfaces with pentapetalous ovate striated markings ;
five auxiliary side arms formed of round joints, proceeding from the column
at intervals. Superior columnar joints supporting a pelvis of five plates, to
which the first costals, second costals, and scapulae, succeed, from which ten
arms proceed, each supporting two hands, subdividing into three fingers.

Lower extremity or base unknown.

Reference and Synonymes.

Encrinus Caput Medusae, LAMAKCK.
Isis asteria, LIN.

WHITBHURST. — Inquiry into the original State and Formation of the Earth,
PL. vn. fig. 2.

PARKINSON'S Organic Remains, vol. H. PL. XYII. fig. 6. to 8. PL. xix. fig. 1.
f"/>>//£.

Locality.

The few RECENT INDIVIDUALS that have hitherto occurred, have been found
in the sea near the Islands of Barbadoes (Dr. HUNTER'S specimen) Nevis;
(J. TOBIN'S, Esq. specimen) and at Martinique (the Paris specimen). Those
•which have been brought to Europe are now preserved in the British Museum,
•which has purchased the specimen of the late J. TOBIN, Esq. ; at Surgeon's
Hall; the Geological Society; the Hunterian Museum, at Glasgow ; and the
Museum of Paris.

The FOSSIL REMAINS of this species occur in the lyas near Bristol, at
Keynsham, Hengrove, &c.

Description.

Through the favour of WM. CLAY FIELD, Esq. I have been enabled to ex-
amine the fine specimen once in the possession of the late JAMES (not JOHN as
stated erroneously page 11.) TOBIN, Esq. In the drawing it up from the bot-
tom of the sea near the Island of Nevis, in the West Indies, the animal has
clearly been broken off, leaving its posterior portion behind ; thus we have lost
the chance of ascertaining the fact, whether it adhered by a fixed base or had a
locomotive power. The same accident has befallen the other recent individuals
that have been mentioned when speaking of the locality of this species. How-
ever, judging from its analogy to the encrinus moniliformis, from its long
column, numerous auxiliary side arms, and the associated manner in which
groups of the following species are sometimes found preserved on the surface of
a single slab, with the columns all tending towards the same point, as if issuing
from a common base, I conceive that this species also adhered by a base to ex-
traneous matter. This idea gains some further ground, from all the recent
specimens hitherto found having broken abruptly off in the endeavour to re-
move them, as not being able to free themselves from the points of adhesion,
which certainly would have been the case, had the animal possessed a loco-
motive power. This inference acquires additional confirmation from the ob-
servations made by the late J. TOBIN, Esq. on another specimen, viz. — " Some
" years ago I was in possession of a larger pentacrinite, which was brought to
" me so fresh out of the sea that at the bottom (where it plainly appeared to
" have been broken off from the rock to which it was fixed) the blood* was
" actually oozing from the vertebrae. This specimen I endeavoured to pre-
" serve, but it was totally destroyed by the ants, who eat every cartilage, so that
" it fell to pieces."

I cannot admit the assertion of WALCH, that the pentacrinite is an animal
crawling along the bottom of the sea ; but conceive it to have generally stood
more or less erect in its watery element, yielding to the fury of the storm by
bending down, and adhering for additional security with its side arms to ex-
traneous matter, or closing them to the column, and thus offering the least sur-
face possible to the element. The latter is the most probable idea, since I have

* The fluid in the aliraentarj canal.

frequently met with specimens in that state, but as yet hare never seen any side
anus clasping round extraneous matter.

The COLUMN. (PL. i. and PL. n. fig. 24. and 26.) The place where the late
J. TOBIN'S, Esq. specimen broke off, was in a part of the column where its
joints had acquired a degree of maturity, and the fracture goes slantingly
through several of them, thereby demonstrating the small quantity of membrane
intervening between them, its tenacity, and also the thinness of the exterior
integument that surrounds the joints, which is now so dried up as to be al-
most imperceptible, being of a pale yellow, and intimately connected with
the calcareous laminar secreted matter forming them. As the column is not
broken in such a manner as to afford a correct idea of the adhering surface of
the joints, I must refer for this point to the fossil remains of this species occur-
ing in the lyas. The alimentary canal and its investing membrane are very
small. The shape of the column being pentangular, and more or less indented
between the five salient angles. (PL. n. fig. 24. and 26.) We trace on the in-
ferior and superior surface of each columnar joint five subovate petal-like
figures, marked by elevated ridges radiating round the margin of each of them,
the interior of each of these five petal-like figures forms an oblong, ovate,
smooth space, surrounded by the marginal radii, opening by a narrow groove
at the inner end, which is the most pointed, into the alimentary canal. On
joints not fully formed there is also a depression proceeding from the alimen-
tary canal, between the marginal radii surrounding the sides of the contiguous
petal-like division, to a smooth space beyond them, filling up the more or less
indented, and frequently contracted, intervals between them. If we consider
this construction in an early stale of growth, when the joints are very thin and
muscular, and the calcareous secretion is only commencing, and hence follow
the operation of nature, we may suppose that the calcareous deposit first
formed round the alimentary canal, in the space occupied by the five petal-like
divisions and their marginal radii, and thus continues to increase till the joint
has acquired a thickness consistent with the proportions and size of the animal.
The space between the five petal-like divisions continues muscular a consider-
able time longer, and begins only at a later period, and very gradually, to se-
crete calcareous matter to strengthen the deposit round the alimentary canal,
and to interpose thin layers to keep apart the petal-like divisions. The thin
muscular integument investing the alimentary canal, probably forms a sphinc-
ter at the junction of each two joints, dividing here into ten conspicuous por-
tions or muscular integuments, one extending to each of the spaces between

PElYTACRINUxS CATVT

i'L I.

the petal-like divisions, and one to the inner areas of each petal where it spreads,
insinuates between, and attaches itself to the marginal radii. These hitler five
portions of the muscular integument, effect the lateral motion of the column by
relaxing on one side and drawing in on the other, thus allowing to each joint a
slight motion tending to bend the column in a degree equal in quantity to the
thickness of the marginal radii, the other h've portions of the muscular integu-
ment, draw inwards the muscular space between the petal like divisions, whilst
a lateral contraction is effected from those investing the areas of the petals.

The smooth depressed space within the petal-like divisions and between
them, may furnish us with a reason why in the pentacrinite, the contrivance of
a ball of fluid enclosed between two concave cups, as noticed in the column of
Apiocrinites rotundus is done away; since the muscle covering them being
less divided at its central junction, can exercise a superior force, and by offer-
ing a smooth and yielding surface to the joints, can more readily effect and
aid a lateral motion of the column. The concave spaces resulting from the de-
pressed areas of each petal, and thus included between the contiguous joints,
are also sufficiently analogous to those inttrvertebral cavities, and calculated
for the same application where circular motion is not required.

Tn the late Mr. TOBIN'S specimens, the greater or less muscular state of
the column at different periods of growth is beautifully exhibited ; (Pi., i.) for
although near the fractured end, the joints (which, as has already been ob-
served, are partially consolidated, and tilled up by calcareous secretions) dis-
play very slight traces of muscular contraction between the petal-like divisions ;
yet higher up, this contraction becomes very conspicuous, the joints here become
thinner, and are alternately disposed, a smaller and thinner joint succeeding a
larger and thicker, to allow a greater freedom of motion, till near the apex this
change is so conspicuous that the small cues resemble thin leather-like inter-
positions,

It can also, I think, be asserted from this appearance, with great certainty,
that it is here the column of the animal grew during the energy of its life,
and elongated in proportion to other parts. The thin and highly muscular in-
terposing joints, gradually became thicker, being favourably placed, from their
greater vicinity to the abdominal cavity, to receive a more copious supply
of nourishing fluids and calcareous matter through the alimentary canal, than
the joints at a greater distance. I also apprehend that from the great tnuscu-

larky of the column near the pelvis, we may readily admit a continuing new form-
ation of joints, by the muscular integuments developing and increasing in size.

AUXILIARY SIDE ARMS. (PL. i.) In the late Mr. TOBIN'S specimen,
near the fractured end, at intervals of every 15th, 14th, or 12th joint, auxiliary
side arms proceed from each of the five spaces intervening between the petal-
like divisions; further up they come off from every 8th, 6th, and 4th, and near
the pelvis from every second joint. The intervening space between the petal-
like divisions being only near the centre calcareous, is peculiarly adapted to
supply the auxiliary side arms with nourishment, and to afford them points
of attachment, they have here also a more convenient space for action and
motion. Each of the columnar joints from which they proceed has five ovaU
transverse, and slightly concave impressions, surrounded by a rim sometimes
having a few radiating striae. Across the greatest diameter of the ellipticarea is a
ridge, having in its centre a perforation admitting the nourishing vessel, probably
supplied by vessels proceeding from the alimentary canal. Each auxiliary arm
(PL. ii. fig. 22.) when full grown is formed by about forty joints, of which those
near the column are more or less oval and thinner, the following becoming
thicker and rounder, but decreasing in size, their surface slants with an angle
of about twenty degrees from the perpendicular line of the column, admitting a
free motion upwards (on which side they also show a kind of fold) but op-
posing a movement downwards. The articulating surfaces (Pi.. H. tig. 15. to
17.) are surrounded by an elevated rirn, the interior is excavated into two cir-
cular concavities of unequal size, so disposed as to resemble the figure 8. the
two circles forming it, being separated by a small transverse ridge perforated by
the central passage of the nourishing vessel. (PL. n. fig. 23.) The termination
of the auxiliary side arms is a conic hooked joint, of a polished, greenish, en-
ameled appearance ; whereas the rest of the animal is of a pale yellow colour.
Near the summit of the column, about the fourth series of auxiliary side arms
from the pelvis, they become shorter and thinner ; here evidently showing
their greater muscularity, bend very slightly, and have their joints, particularly
those near the point (which as yet is not hooked) but faintly developed. (PL.
ii. fig. 21.) Those of the second series from the summit, are short, round, spine-
shaped, and particularly near the point so muscular, that not even the termi-
nating joint is discernible. (PL. 2. fig. 20) The first series of auxiliaiy side
arms (inserted on a joint which the lower protruding part of the first costals
almost touch) is still shorter, and almost resembles in appearance and thick-
ness a bristle. The formation of the lower side arms demonstrates the growth

PKNTACRINV-S CAPVT

oc.0

of these parts of the animal ; another curious fact is also proved by them,
namely, that the animal had the power of reproducing them when broken. Thus
in the late Mr. TOBIN'S, specimen, a joint broken transversely near the summit,
is seen to have pushed forth a small hook and three other joints. (PL. n. fig;
18. and 19.) The reproduction takes place from the centre of the old joint, the
new formed ones having in their centre the perforation, and as yet appearing
very weak. This is a new proof that this perforation serves as a passage to the
nourishing vessel, and not a nerve, as many authors have, I believe, suggested.

The PELVIS. (PL. n. fig. 9.) On the first columnar joints rests the pelvis,
formed of five nearly cuneiform joints having articulating surfaces probably
resembling those of the encrinite. Their five points meet near the alimentary
canal, they have each a central ridge above, and as the lower part of their exterior
circumference slopes downward to the salient angles of the column, they as-
sume externally a leaf-like appearance.

The FIRST COSTAL JOINTS. (PL. n. fig. 9.) In the five concave spaces
formed by the five joints of the pelvis, the first costals are inserted. They slope
at the inner truncated edge, thus forming a saucer-shaped cavity leading to
the alimentary canal: they have two (although less conspicuous) bevelled and
slightly plicated muscular lip-like processes; the central excavation of these,
leading to the perforated transverse subtriangular ridge in the concave space at
their superior surface, which has a slanting direction downwards toward the
exterior, and serves for the insertion of the second costal joint. The exterior
circumference is 1 limited in the upper part, as far as the costals adhere laterally
to each other, having on the inferior part a process which projects for a short
distance into the space between the angles of the column, and has a semi-conical
figure.

The SECOND COSTAL JOINTS. (PL, n. fig. 9.) The figure of these joints is
that of a horse-shoe, having in the interior an excavated truncated termination.
The exterior circumference is semicircular, and their lateral edges do not ad-
here to each othtr, but are united by the integuments cohering the abdominal
cavity.

The SCAPULAE (PL. n. fig. 9) rest on the second costal joints, are of a
horse-shoe figure, and adhere laterally to each other only by the integument
mentioned above. At the superior surlace, a central ridge extends with a

pointed termination to the interior truncated and excavated point, forming two
slanting sides for the adhesion of the first arm joint. Each of these are tra-
versed by a perforated ridge running in a slanting direction from the interior to
the exterior point.

The ARMS.— -The ten arms proceeding from the five scapulae, (two from each)
are each formed of five joints nearly of an horse-shoe figure, sending off from
their alternate sides the tentacula. The superior surface of the first arm joint
(PL. ii. fig. 4.) and the inferior of the second, are subconcave, perforated in
the centre, smooth, with fine radiating ridges at the circumference, and want
the transverse subtriangular ridge which exists in the following arm and finger
joints. In these it traverses the superior surfaces (PL. n. fig. 1. to 3.) in an
angle from near the place where the tentaculum sets off to the opposite exte-
rior circumference, and at the inferior surface in an opposite direction to the
former. On the inside the joint is excavated in the centre in a sharp angle,
it is thicker on the side which sends off the tentacula, being there cut in an ob-
liquely transverse section, of which the lower portion shows a ridge, the mark of
articulation, whilst the upper forms a slender lamina. The projecting point on
the other side is slantingly cutoff to permit room for the action of the tentacu-
lum from the joints below it. There are also several irregular rugaj on the ar-
ticulating surfaces, serving as points of adhesion to the muscular integument.

The upper or sixth joint of the arm (PL. n. fig. 11. to 14.) resembles in
figure the scapula; this, and those other joints bearing an analogy to it, I have
distinguished by the name of cuneiform joints, from their upper surface posses-
sing two opposite slopes, and, like a wedge, interrupting the further continu-
ing of a series of joints, and rendering it dichotomous.

The cuneiform joints never send off a tentaculum, and to obviate the
interruption or vacuity thus occasioned in the beautiful net-like apparatus
displayed when the hands and fingers with their tentacula are expanded, the
number of joints below the cuneiform one generally varies in the hands; thus
affording an opportunity for the insinuation of the tentaculum arising from
the neighbouring hand, into the vacant place if required.

The HAND and FINGERS. (Pi,, i.) These are twenty in number, two pro-
ceeding from the cuneiform joint of each arm. Each series proceeds through
about eight or nine joints, and then by means of another cuneiform joint gives

rise to a further subdivision. This I shall call the first cuneiform joint of the
hand, designating the lateral branch which proceeds from it, as the first finger,
and the continuation of the main series of joints, as the second series of the hand
joints. This second series, consisting of about twelve joints, terminates by a
cuneiform joint (the second cuneiform joint of the hand) which gives rise to the
second and third finger. Each of the fingers with its tentacula, bears a close
resemblance to the vane of a quill, becoming at its superior extremity highly
muscular.

The JOINTS of the HAND and FINGERS exactly resemble those of the arms,
only that they become gradually smaller as they approach to the point of the
fingers, and send off, like them, tentacula from the alternate sides.

The TENTACULA. (Pi,, n. fig. 5. to 7. and 25.) The tentacular series of
the arms, hands, and fingers, near the cuneiform joints in full grown specimens,
consist of about twenty joints gradually tapering to a point, but decreasing in
number and size near the apex of the finger, where they are formed of only one
or two joints terminating in muscular undeveloped points; proofs of their con-
tinuing growth through the whole life of the animal, and of their possessing a
greater power of action at these extremities. The joints of the tentacula are
nearly horse-shoe shaped, having the side where their series folds upwards
somewhat compressed, and less protruding.

The circumference of each tentacular joint, but particularly of those to-
wards the point of a series (?L. n. fig. 5. and 25 ) is smaller, or contracted
near the base; an admirable contrivance to assist motion, and also contributing
much to give this part of the animal an elegant and finished appearance. The
articulating surfaces present transverse ridges, pierced iu the centre by the
canal of the nourishing vessel.

The PLATED INTEGUMENT. (PL. n. fig. 8. and 9.) The sides of the second
costal joints and scapulae are tied together by an integument, strengthened and
protected externally by numerous calcareous angular plates, which extend over
the funnel-shaped abdominal cavity, having in its centre, probably, the minute
aperture forming the mouth, which in, the present shrivelled state of this part
in the late Mr. TOBIN'S specimen, it was impossible to ascertain. When
the animal was alive, this integument, probably, was capable of having its cen-
tsal part elongated and protruded by the action of its muscles, so as to form a

sort of proboscis for the sucking in of food. It spreads over the sulcated part
of the arms, hands, fingers, and tentacula, concealing under it nourishing ves-
sels, which may be sometimes traced spreading into the muscular integuments
between the fingers. The arrangement of its calcareous plates is peculiarly
elegant in the tentacula (PL. n. fig. 6. and 7.) where they form two series an-
gularly pointed at their inner edge, thus producing a serrated line of insertion
between each other. Their minuteness may be conceived from the observation,
that from ten to twelve are necessary to cover the excavated canal of a single
tentacular joint, which, taking the amount of these, would require about 200
plates for each full grown tentaculum.

I have in vain endeavoured to trace apertures at the terminating points of the
fingers and tentacula, although GOETARD alleges, that here orifices existed serv-
ing as mouths to the animal for the taking in its food. It appears probable to me
that from this assertion M. LAMARCK derived his generic character of EN-
CRINUS. " The branches forming the umbel are filled with polypi in rows."

The late Mr. TOBIN'S specimen, is in another point highly instructive.
The animal must have suffered material mutilation previously to its having been
taken from its marine abode, and hence affords a striking illustration of its
power of reproducing lost parts, to which I alluded when speaking of the auxi-
liary arms ; the most surprising instance of this, is, that the animal has repro-
duced from one of the scapula two new arms (PL. i.) each having its two hands
and six fingers, but as yet not an eighth part the size of the full grown ones.
They are highly muscular, and prove the gradual developement and formation
of the calcareous joints in the manner which I have endeavoured to explain,
when speaking of the superior portion of the column and the formation of the
auxiliary side arms. The pointed termination of tiie fingers is coiled, which
demonstrates the greater sensibility and flexibility of this part during the life of
the animal. The new formed arms protrude from near the inner concave or
channelled margin of the scapula over the central perforation, leaving the
rest of its slanting surface covered by a conspicuous yellow brown epidermis.
In a few other instances, new formed fingers proceed from the cuneiform joints
in different stages of growth, sometimes almost assimilating in size with those
whose place tht-y now supply. In one case two joints of a finder have been
broken transversely on one side, their parts somewhat displaced, ami the frac-
tureheuled by new secreted matter. The effects of an injury sustained by the._
investing membrane of the column, and the consequent irregularity of the

joints affected, is exhibited in one instance (PL. 11. fig. 10.) precisely in the same
manner as was before noticed jn the Apiocrinites rotundus.

COLUMNAR FRAGMENTS, smaller and rather neater than those of the species
just described, occur in the oolite at Dundry, the forest marble at Chippenham,
and the chalk near Lyme. It remains to be ascertained by the acquisition of per-
fect specimens, whether these belong to a variety of P. Caput Medusae, or pos-
sess peculiar characters sufficient to distinguish them as a new species.

II. SPECIES PENTACRINITES BRIAREUS.
BRIAREAN FIVE-ANGLED LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Specific Character.

A Crinoidal animal, having a column formed of numerous pentagonal
joints, alternately larger and smaller, articulating by surfaces with pentape-
talous compressed semistriated markings. Five auxiliary arms, formed of
much compressed suboval joints, proceeding at intervals from the column.
Five joints of the pelvis, supporting five first and five second costal joints, on
which the scapulae affix, from which ten arms proceed, each having two hands
formed of numerous fingers, sometimes amounting to sixteen.

Base unascertained.

Reference and Synonymes.

PARKINSON'S Organic Remains, vol. 2. 1. 17. fig. 15. to 17. t. 18. fig. 1. to 3.
KNORR. — Recueil de Monumens, Supl. t. 11. 6.

>>V»V|»8.

Locality.
In Lyas — at Lyme, Watchet, Keynsham, &c;

Description.

In general construction and muscular action it resembles the former species,
but differs materially in many particulars. Its COLUMN (PI. n. fig. 15. to 21.)
grows sometimes to the length of several feet, having its joints in all the spe-
cimens which I have seen, alternating, a thinner and smaller one, and a thicker
and larger one always succeeding to each other. They articulate by pentape-
talous striated surfaces, which are not of an ovate (as in P. Caput Medusae)
but an almost linear form (PL, n. fig. 19. to 20.) the space between them being

P F* JSPTA CRT N" I T K^

. ir.

in consequence greater, more muscular, and more liable to contraction, the effect
produced by this is (Ft. n. fig. 16. 17. and 21.) that the larger joints are some-
what flat at their exterior circumference, rounded near the articulating rim, and
slightly convex ; whereas the smaller and thinner joints are compressed, and
frequently so much so, as hardly to be distinguishable.whilst the corners to which
the striated petal-shaped markings extend are swollen and convex above and
below. The line of articulation between every two joints becomes, from this
disposition of convex and concave surfaces, elegantly waved. The angles of the
column are sharper than in the former species, and the thicker joints are some-
times externally slightly tuberculated, the results of muscular contraction.

AUXILIARY SIDE ARMS. (PL. n. fig. 15.) Near the summit of the column
auxiliary side arms set off from every thicker joint; (PL. n. fig. 1 1 .) hence, from
their excessive number, forming a marked and peculiar feature, whence this spe-
cies derives its name; farther down, the side arms proceed from every second
thicker joint, and the intervening number of joints increases to three or four of
each kind thicker and thinner towards the lower extremity. (PL. n. fig. I6i)
They are also inserted in the intervening space between the angles of the larger
the elliptic mark of insertion is not transverse, (Pi., n. fig. 22.) bat placed
with its greatest diameter perpendicularly, thereby gaining a greater power of
adhesion: its circumference, by contraction, sometimes becomingslightly lozenge
shaped, having a transverse perforated ridge across the shortest diameter. The
joints of the side arms (PL. n. fig. 23. and 24.) are thin, much compressed, sub-
elliptic, or rather lozenge-shaped, having both extremities sharply ridged, they
gradually decrease in size, till at the end of the series they terminate in a point.
(PL. II. fig. 15. and 25.) As they proceed from the column they alter their
position, their longest diameter becoming horizontal, and not perpendicular as
at the insertion. The length of the auxiliary side arms when fully grown, and
their frequent occurrence, give a singularly bushy appearance to the column.
They shorten as they approximate to the summit of the column, where their
joints become less developed. When the animal is contracted (PL. n. fig. 7,)
the superior auxiliary side arms overlay the pelvis, and reach with their slender
points to the fifth arm joint. In this case they all envelope the column in a close
fasciculus, and thus make it appear thick and undefined.

; The PELVIS (PL. n. fig. 1. 9. and 10.) is of the sartie formation as in the for-
mer species.

The FIRST COSTAL JOINTS (PL. n. fig. 2. 9. to 14.) are externally more mus-
cular, reaching downwards over a greater number of columnar joints, and
tapering to a point. They have each a longitudinal central ridge, which is
more clearly exhibited when in a contracted state, when also near the upper
portion between the ridge and the pointed angles of the pelvis, a tubercle ap-
pears on either side. (PL. n. fig. 13.) It here suggests itself to me that the
elongation of the first costals in the pentacrinites is intended to strengthen the
column in this place, where being most muscular, it is most yielding, and there-
fore requires strong abutments to bear the weight of the arms and fingers, and
sustain their various motions.

The SECOND COSTAL (PL. n. fig. 3.) the scapula? (PL. n. fig. 4. the JOINTS
of THE ARMS (PL. ii. fig. 5.) HANDS and FINGERS (PL. n. fig. 6.) are formed in a
similar manner to those of P. Caput Medusae.

The number of FINGERS in the smallest and youngest specimens f PL. i. fig. Q.)
I have seen, amounted to four; the length of the hands from the cuneiform arm
joint being scarcely an inch, and of the whole animal not above two inches.
These fingers showed, like those belonging to the reproduced arms on the late
Mr. TOBIN'S specimen, a certain immaturity. I have traced the increase of
the number of fingers to five and eight, arid ascertained that in full grown spe-
cimens the number amounts to sixteen, when each hand was about six inches
long. (PL. i. fig. 1.

After a careful examination, I succeeded in detecting traces of the PLATED
INTEGUMENT covering the viscera, between the costal joints, (PL. n. fig. 8.)
and scapulae, as also where it covers the channel of the tentacnla. I was
much gratified when, on a subsequent examination of Mr. PAKKINSON'S plate,
(T. xvin. fig. 2.) I found that his draughtsman (to whose talent of making faith-
ful and correct delineations I cannot omit to give my highest testimony,) had
also represented the plates of the integument between the costals and scapulfe.

Sections of the first Costals (PL. 11. fig. 14.) frequently demonstrate a
gradual increase from external laminae, as noticed in Apiocrinites rotundus.

I apprehend that perfect and full grown animals of this and the following
species, must surpass all others in their number of joints and plates, not even
excepting Euryale Caput Medusa?.

PL T

III. SPECIES. PENTACRIN1TES SUBANGULARIS.

SUBROTUND FIVE ANGLED LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Specific Character.

A Crinoidal animal having a column formed of numerous slightly pen-
tagonal joints, alternately thicker and thinner, articulating by surfaces with
pentapetalous semistriated markings, each petal being ovate, surrounded by
an elevated ridge ; five round auxiliary side arms proceeding at intervals from
the thicker joints, and alternately approaching the opposite sides of the space
between the angles of the column, so as to form double series. Pelvis, first
and second costal, and scapulae in successive series formed of five joints; from
which ten arms proceed, having two hands provided with numerous fingers,
amounting in each if the animal is fully grown, to about sixteen.

Reference and Synonymes.

PARKINSON'S Org. Rem. vol. n. PL. xin. fig. 48. to 51. and 60.
KNORK. — Recueil de Monumens, Supl. t. 11. c.

firieft aus Der gtaiM? gesc&rifben im 3fare 1763. t. 2. fig. h. and t. 6.

Locality.

In Lyas — at Lyroe, in Dorsetshire. In black Slate, in the kingdom of Wur-
ienburg, in Germany.

Description.

The COLUMN (?L. n. fig. l.toS.) of this animal is formed of alternately
thicker and thinner joints. Each of the five petal-like markings on the surface,
has a subovate form, and is surrounded by an elevated ridge, rendering the ex-
terior circumference subrotund.

AUXILIARY SIDE ARMS. (PL. n. fig. 1.) In a specimen in my possession,
from the space between each of the angles of every second larger joint ot the

fiO

column, an auxiliary side arm proceeds, formed of numerous minute round
jointn, depressed above and below. These side arms have, probably, a greater
number of columnar joints intervening, the further they are distant from the
pelvis. Their points of insertion are not disposed as in the preceding species,
directly over each other, but alternately approach the opposite sides of the
space between the angles, so as to form a double series. One or two colum-
nar joints above each point of insertion is grooved, for the purpose of admit-
ting a closer adhesion of the side arms to the column, when the animal is in
a state of contraction or rest.

In the P. Caput Medusas, the round side arms near the pelvis are short,
and as they lengthen, the distance between the series increases, thereby allow-
ing free motion without any other provision. ID P. Briareus, they are very
numerous and long, but in order that they may divide the space correctly with-
out infringing on the column or creating confusion, they are lozenge-shaped ;,
therefore when folding around it by packing together with the flattened sides
towards each other, many will go in a small circumference, and when extended^
the longest diameter of the lozenge being horizontal, a greater surface ior the
purpose of detention is produced. In the present species they are again round,,
but in more frequent series than in P. Caput Medusae ; hence their arrangement
in double rows, becomes necessary, and as they occupy more room, and intrude
on the angles of the columnar joints, the provision of a groove in those over them,
as noticed above, becomes necessary to enable them to adhere closely to the
column when contracted.

In a fine specimen of the superior portion of this animal, of an apparently
nearly full grown size, which I have had opportunity to examine, the FIRST
COSTAL JOINTS (PL. 1.) are acutely angular, and do not overlay so many of the
subjacent columnar joints.

The arms and hands resemble those of the former species, but the tentacula
set off rather differently. The first joint of each tentaculum is not only (as in
the former species) received into a depression of the finger joint above that
from which it proceeds, but also occasions a depression in the base of the third
finger joint above it, and from the upper part of which again another tentaculum
proceeds, thus producing a scale-like overlaying appearance. As stated be-
fore, the specimen from which my observation is taken, demonstrates consider-
able maturity of growth, and hence shows throughout a close structure, and

PEN TACKI N FTE & £ UBA/VCVUX, AJU>S

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BA5ALTTT FORMIC

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not that freedom of parts observable where room is left for increase. It is, per-
haps, owing to this that all the joints of the hand have laterally, where they
adhere near each other (Pi,, n. fig. 4. and 5.) a compressed figure, as also that
the first joint of the tentaculum intrudes on the second joint above it.

The PLATED INTEGUMENT (PL. 1.) covering the abdominal cavity, is in the
specimen alluded to, extended beyond the scapulae, connecting the sides of the
arm joints and the hands as far as the first finger joint together, hence de-
monstrating a considerable extension of the abdominal cavity. The plates are
neatly arranged, forming a sort of rose-like appearance, of which a minute
hexagon or heptagon forms the middle. A question here suggests itself, whether
the animal in age loses the tentacula of the arms, and those at the commence-
ment of the hand? It certainly can here readily dispense with an apparatus of
detention, its fingers having increased in size and length, and as the costa* and
scapulae do not grow larger in proportion, it is obvious the covered cavity be-
tween them can only be increased by extending the points of adhesion of the
integument between the arms, to which it already adheres where it covers the
grooved canal at their inner surface. By dispensing with the tentacula, which
are no longer required, their articulating surfaces on the arms, furnish favour-
able points for the angular insertion and adhesion of the plates of the integu-
ment. The increase of the size of the abdominal cavity is rendered imperious,
by the extension of the viscera necessary for the receiving and preparing of the
greater quantity of food, required by the organic wants of an animal materially
• increased in size and full grown. I am nearly confirmed in the correctness of
the above opinions, by having detected in a specimen of P. Briareus the integu-
ments adhering to the sides of the first arm joint, which also had no longer a
tentaculum, an instance of which is also represented in Mr. PARKINSON'S Or-
ganic Remains. VOL. 11. PL. xvni. fig. 2.

Fragments of an animal approaching to P. Subangularis, but of a smaller
and neater shape, occur in the oolite at Dundry, and in the forest marble. It
must remain for further favourable opportunities to ascertain what claim these
have to a specific distinction, or whether they belong to a variety of present
species.

62
ADDENDA.

Besides the Pcntacrinites described, I have met with columns and fragments
of animals belonging to this genus, but indicating plainly that they have a claim
to specific distinction. Not having, however, sufficiently perfect specimens to
enable me to draw up a specific character, I shall confine myself to a short des-
cription of as much as has come under my observation.

IV. SPECIES. PENTACRINITES BASALTIFORMfS.

BASALTIFORM FIVE ANGLED LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Reference and Synonymes.
PARKINSON'S Org. Reni. vol. n. tab. 13. fig. 54.

Locality.
In Lyas — at Lyme, also in the Chalk near Lyme.

Description.

I am acquainted with the column (see PL. n. of P. Subangnlaris, fig. I. to 6.)
alone of this species, which is peculiarly neat and slender, formed inva-
riably of joints of an uniform size and thickness, sending off at intervals
from fifteen to twelve (fig, 6.), and probably less near the pelvis, round auxi-
liary side arms.

In an early state of growth (fig 2.) when the space between the oval petal-
shaped secretions is muscular, they illustrate my views with regard to a gra-

dual deposition of calcareous matter in these places. It forms at this period
(fig. l.)a transverse round ridge, over which the muscular part is drawn in
acutely. In a more advanced stage of growth (fig. 4.) the petals increase so
much as nearly to efface the intervening space, and hence the crenated line of
adhesion between these joints, arising from the insertion into each other of the
radii and notches surrounding the petals, may be traced continuously round
the circumference, uninterrupted as in younger specimens by intervals where
the margin is smooth. The whole joint being at this period calcareous (having
only a muscular integument) the column has a smooth pentagonal appearance,
with a slight elevation near the junction of every two joints, leaving, however,
a trifling ridge between for the action of the small portion of muscle extending
to the exterior circumference, over and between the radii of the petal-like for-
mations. The ridge mentioned before has now disappeared, and in its stead we
trace a slightly elevated line (fig. 3.) waved conformably to the power exercised
on it by contraction of the muscles between the joints. A further contraction
(fig. 5.) breaks this line into three or four minute tubercles, and sometimes
by lateral contraction produces two other tubercles, one above and one below
the line.

I understand, that at Lyme, columns of from four to five feet long occur,
belonging to this species.

V. SPECIES. PENTACRINITES TUBERCULATUS.

TUBERCULATED FIVE-ANGLED LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Reference and Synonymes.

PARKINSON'S Organic Remains, vol. n. PL. xvn. fig. 11. (la this figure no
tubercles are however expressed). PL. xix. fig. 2. ?

WHITEHURST'S Inquiry into the Original State and Formation of the Earth.
PL. vii. fig. 1. 2.

Locality.
In the Lyas — at Pyrton Passage.

This species appears to be characteristic also of a bed of rubbly lias, near
the top of the series constituted by that formation ; this bed may be traced
from the vale of Belvoir, on the borders of Rutland, along the borders of Lei-
cestershire, to the tunnels of the Grand Union Canal at Husband Bosworth,
and at Crick; thence along the confines of Warwickshire and Northampton-
shire, by Branston tunnel (on the Oxford Canal) and Shuckborough Park, well
known for the abundance of these remains. The line of the Oxford Canal con-
tinues in the same stratum, past Wormleighton Tunnel as far as Claydon ; (in
all the places mentioned it is rich in these fossils), the same bed continues to
range round the base of the Cotteswould Hills through Glocestershire, but its
course has not here been so accurately traced.

Description.

I have only seen the column and auxiliary side arms of this species, they
are larger than those of any other species, and resemble closely those of

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P. Caput Medusas. The Column differs in its joints, being thinner, and their
having been covered all over with a more conspicuous muscular coat, which
shows itself in numerous minute tubercles, the result of its contraction.

I apprehend that the superior extremity figured in WHITEHURST and PAR-
KINSON, as mentioned above, belonged to this species. I also conceive that a
specimen in the possession of Mr. G. HAWKER, from the banks of the Severn,
but much disfigured by pyrites, appertains to it.

I If 18

II.

CRINOIDEA SEMIARTICULATA.

Character of the Division.

J. HE plate-like joints resting on the superior columnar joint, and forming
the cup containing the viscera, articulate by transverse processes, having a mi-
nute central perforation.

Observation.

Although I am acquainted with but one species strictly possessing the cha-
racter assigned to it (viz. that which serves me as the type for the genus
Poteriocrinites) yet I thought it advisable to constitute the division SEMIAR-
TICULATA, to mark in a more conspicuous manner the transition from regularly
articulating joints to plates adhering only by muscular sutures.

iv. aE.Nru.sr.

Tf . CKA.S.SI/.*. _

IV. GENUS POTERIOCRINITES.
VASE-LIKE LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Generic Character.

A Crinoidal animal, with a round column composed of numerous thin
joints, having in their centre a round alimentary canal, and articulating by sur-
faces striated in radii. Round auxiliary side arms proceeding at irregular dis-
tances from the column. Pelvis * formed of five pentagonal plate-like joints,
supporting five hexagonal intercostal plate-like joints, and five plate-like sca-
pulae, having on one of the intercostals an interscapulary plate interposed. An
arm proceeding from each of the scapulae.

Base, probably fascicular, and permanently adhering.

Observation.

The generic name is derived from FIOTHPION, a drinking vessel, having been
suggested by the resemblance of its figure to that of a common conical wine

glass.

This genus, as far as I have been able to ascertain, contains two species
only, P. Crassus, and P. Teuuis ; the former, as was observed, serves as a type
for the generic character, the latter bears analogy to it in general formation, but
from its plates only adhering by sutures, and not showing articulations, renders
the transition to the division INARTICUJLATA perfect. No recent individual be-
longing to this genus has been as yet discovered.

* It is with considerable hesitation that I describe these five plates as belonging to the Pelvis,
the analogy of their lower articulating surfaces, seems, perhaps, rather to indicate their belonging
to the first costal series. I have never yet bail an opportunity of seeing the connection of these
plates with the first columnar joint fairly developed, and it seems possible that the true pelvis
may be small and almost concealed. This doubt will be done away by the acquisition of more in-
structive specimens, and uiy thus stating the case must be considered as resulting from an anxious
desire to check errors. It is not unlikely that the real joinls forming the pelvis are so much abbrevi-
ated as not to be visible externally. Every one acquainted with fossils must be aware how difficult
it is to trace always organic details in them correctly, and bow many specimens are sometimes ne-
cessary to ascertain a single fact,

.a. ;rroq sugao .

1. SPECIES. POTERIOCRINITES CRASSUS.

THICK VASE-LIKE LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Specific Character.

A Crinoidal animal, with a column formed of numerous round thin joints,
articulating by surfaces striated in radii. The plate-like joints of the pelvis,
the intercostae, and scapulae, adhering at their upper and lower surfaces by ele-
vated transverse ridge-like processes.

Reference and Synonymes.

G. CUMBERLAND, iu Transactions of the Geological Society, VOL. v. p. 90.
PL. 3. fig. 2.

Locality.

In the Mountain Limestone, in Yorkshire. In Mountain Lime, at Bristol,
near the river Avon Bed Land 14. of Dr. BRIOHT'S Paper in Trans, of Geol.
Soc. vol. iv. p. 193. In the Magnesian Beds of the Mountain Limestone, Cleve
don Bay, Somersetshire.

The specimen mentioned in Dr. WOODWARD'S Catalogue of foreign fossils.
(page 19. 8. 1.) as coming from Syria, is of this species. I am indebted to the
Rev. A. SEDGEWICK, Woodwardian Professor, Cambridge, for ascertain-
ing this fact, he having kindly furnished me with a drawing made from the
original, now in Dr. WOODWARD'S Collection, and under his care.

Description.

The COLUMN. — ThisCrinite, which grows to a large size, is remarkable for
its thin, simple, finely radiating columnar joints (fig. 10. to 17.) has a few ir-
regularly placed, long auxiliary side arms, formed of rather thicker and less

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finely striated joints; having a contracted circumference of articulation. Its
column has sometimes numerous joints (hg. 18.) swelling gradually out, and
thus giving it a barrel-shaped appearance, generally pressed in on one of its
sides, and becoming there concave, with a central perforation evidently leading'
to the alimentary canal. This has all the appearance of acicatrized wound, and
as the alimentary canal in the column is not increased, the swelling can only
arise from a more rapid secretion from these joints, probably to strengthen it,
and to compensate thus for the injury probably sustained in one of its auxiliary
side arms. The cavity before mentioned, was probably produced by the loss
or separation of the stump of the injured auxiliary side arm from the column,
and the subsequent cicatrizing of the wound.

The BASE of the column is probably similar to that of the genus Cyatho-
crinites, which will be hereafter described.

The PELVIS (fig. 8.) — On the superior columnar joint rest, as far as I have
been able to ascertain, five plate-like joints, which I consider, though with
some hesitation, (for reasons stated in the note, page 67.) as forming the pelvis.
At their lower surfaces they are smooth, but have a transverse subtriangular
ridge, with a central perforation and a narrow lip-like extension. Their lateral
surfaces are slantingly truncated to admit the intervention of a muscle. A ridge
divides the upper surface into two angularly slanting planes, having each a
transverse ridge perforated by a nourishing vessel, and showing a lip-like pro-
cess near the inner surface. The superior and inferior surface is, near Ihe ex-
terior circumference finely striated for tlie adhesion and transmission of muscu-
lar portions, connecting with the exterior muscular covering of the crinite, and
capable of producing on contraction numerous minute tubercles, which may be
observed in well preserved specimens.

The FIVE INTERCOSTAL PLATE-LIKE JOINTS (fig. 6. 7. 9. the animal having no
costals), are oblong and hexagonal, one of them being somewhat longer, and hav-
ing one of the sides of its superior surface considerably larger. They insert
their inferior angle into the five angular spaces formed by the plate-like joints of •
the pelvis, articulating to them by nearly .similarly marked surfaces. They pre-
serve externally the subconical figure, and thus enlarge the abdominal cavity.

The SCAPULA (fig. 2. to 5.) are inserted into each of the superior angles of the
intercostals. They are thin, plate-like, and subpentagonal, adhering by subtrian-

-70

gular ridges to the iutercostals, and by their lateral surfaces to each other.
They are obliquely truncated at their superior surfaces, excavated, and have a
horse-shoe-like impression, with a subperforated elevated transverse ridge.

One of the hexagonal intercostal joints having one of the angular sides of its
superior surface elongated, has in a specimen in my possession (fig. 1.) a small
pentagonal interscapulary plate adhering, whose lateral edges connect with
the lower edges of the scapulae, and on whose superior surface another hex-
agonal interscapulary plate rests. To avoid an increased distance between the
the arms proceeding from the scapulae nearest to this interposed plate, they
themselves are smaller, and of a contracted form (fig. 5.) I cannot account for
this apparent irregularity in P. Crassus, but a similar one exists in the next
species, and in the genera in the division INARTICULATA.

The intercostals and scapulae where they articulate to each other, must have
been very muscular, hence a contraction may be traced which produces a
waved appearance.

I have not been fortunate enough to obtain a specimen extending beyond the
scapulae, but from the occurrence on the same slab, (see plate Poteriocrinites
Tenuis, fig. 10. and 1 1.) of joints of the arms, hands and fingers, which, in their
organic construction, resemble those of the Pentacrinites, 1 do not hesitate to
consider these as belonging to this species. I also have found small plates be-
longing to the integument extending over the cup-like abdominal cavity, and I
do not doubt its resemblance to that noticed in the Pentacrinites.

In one instance I have observed a proof of the softness or muscularity of
the inside of the pelvis, one of its plates having retained the impression of a
columnar joint, which, by accident, came in contact with it previous to its
petrifaction.

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II. SPECIES POTERIOCRIN1TES TENUIS.

THIN VASE-LIKE LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Specific Character.

A Crinoidal animal with a column formed of numerous round thin joints,
surface of articulation radiatingly striated. The plate-like joints forming the
cup-like body, articulating by minute strias. One arm proceeding from each
scapula supporting two fingers.

Locality.

In the Mountain Limestone of the Mendip Hills, and in the Black Rock
(the fourteenth bed of Dr. BKIGHT'S series; see Geol. Trans. VOL. iv. p. 193.)
near the river Avon, Bristol, belonging to the same formation.

Description.
It is a much neater and smaller species than the former.

Its COLUMN (fig. 1.) must have possessed near the summit a considerable
degree of muscularity, since the thin joints of this part appear to have yielded
to the impression of the lower part of the pelvis joints, and the pressure of the
muscle acting on them, so as to assume a slightly-waved marginal outline.

The PELVIS (fig. 2. to 5.) together with the five intercostals (fig. 6. and 7.)
and the scapulae (fig. 8. and 9.) adhere by slightly striated surfaces, and \vilh
the intervening pentagonal and hexagonal plates form a small and elegant trun-
cated cup.

The ARMS (fig. 12. to 21.) — From the scapula proceeds immediately the
cuneiform joint of the arm, it is very slender and loug, yet in general construe-

tion and articulation resembles the corresponding: joint of the Pentacrinites.
Its length, not unfrequently, exceeds its thickness six times, whence it bears a
distant resemblance to a split os humeri of a very small size.

FINGER JOINT. — From its summit proceed the first joints of two fingers,
(fig. 24. and 25.) they are equally slender, adhering near the base laterally to
each other. On these the following finger joints (fig. 22. and 23.) are inserted
in single series, they are much excavated at the inner surface, and by the
alternately inclining angle of their superior surface, indicate that the tentacula
came oft' alternately from the broader portion of every joint. The specimen
in my possession does not display the tentacula, nor have I been able to trace
their place of insertion on the finger joints, but I apprehend that these being
so thin, and not offering a safe point of attachment, a muscular adhesion
existed in this species. I have also found minute plates indicating that the
cup-like abdominal cavity, and the excavated sulci in the arm and fingers
have been protected by a plated integument, similar to that noticed in other
Crinoidea.

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CRINOIDEA INARTICULATA.

Character of the Division.

J. HE plates forming the superior cup-like portion of the animal, and enclos-
ing the viscera, adhering by muscular sutures.

Observation.

The muscular integument which connects the plates to each other, also ex-
tends over their interior and exterior surface, effecting by its contractile power
the movements of the arms.

It may be here observed as a geological fact, that as far as I have been able
to ascertain, theremains of the animals of the former and of this division havenever
occurred otherwise than in the inclined strata, from the grau wacke to the
new red sandstone ; whilst those of the first division belong to the horizontal
and more recent beds.

V. GENUS. PLATYCRINITES.

' tiia&hftlS .ill

BROAD-PLATED, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Generic Character.

A Crinoidal animal, with an elliptic or (in one species) pentagonal column,
formed of numerous jointe, having a few side arms at irregular distances. Pel-
vis, saucer shaped, formed of three unequal pieces, from which five large plate-
Jike scapulae proceed.

Base provided with numerous fibres for attachment.

Observation.
-

The generic name has been derived from ntATrs, broad or flat, with re-
ference to the form of the scapulas.

The want of costae supplied by the large plate-like scapulae gives the supe-
rior part of these animals a pentagonal appearance, and furnishes so conspi-
cuous a character, that they are readily distinguished from all other genera.

I. SPECIES. PLATYCRINITES L^VIS.

SMOOTH, BROAD-PLATED, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Specific Character.

A Crinoidal animal, with a column formed of very muscular elliptical joints
adhering by a transverse ridge. Round side arms, occasionally proceeding
from the column, whose joints adhere by radiated surfaces. Pelvis, saucer-
shaped, with the five scapula? adhering to it, from each of which an arm pro-
ceeds supporting two hands, having each two fingers.

Pelvis and scapulae smooth.

PLAT^CRTN

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Reference.

PARKINSON'S Organic Remains, VOL. n. t. 17. fig. 12.

G. CUMBERLAND, in Trans, of Geol. Soc. VOL. v. t. 5. fig. 8.

Locality.

In the Mountain Limestone of the Mendip Hills, the Black Rock (14th bed
of Dr. BRIGHT'S Series in Geol. Trans. Vol. iv.) near Bristol, Dublin, and
Cork.

Description.

The COLUMN (PL. n. fig. 1. 18. to 20.) of this animal is formed of numer-
ous elliptical joints, which near the pelvis are of an almost round figure (PL. n.
fig. 1. to 3.) and are for some distance from it placed alternately, so that a
larger and thicker joint succeeds a smaller and thinner. The articulation of
the pelvis with the column in this species (Pt. n. fig. 1. and 2.) affords an in-
teresting example of the manner in which the ordinary structure of the parts of
animals is changed, whenever the circumstances are such as to require a new
mechanism ; for the mode of articulation between the joints throughout the
rest of the column, is by means of a transverse ridge only, that mode
being most fitted for their elliptical form; but since the upper columnar joint
has to support a pelvis composed of three pieces, which could not, from their
mode of construction, be affixed to a single ridge, this plan is here abandoned
and a new one introduced, which consists in the joint assuming a round figure,
having at its upper surface a margin marked with radiating striiE, on which the
inferior striated surfaces of the three pelvis plates are applied in the usual man-
ner ; and the transverse ridge is here very faintly exhibited. Similar marginal
radii are seen, but more and more faintly, in several joints below (PL. n. fig. 3.
to 15.) and soon totally disappear, when the joints become of a true elliptical
form and thicker. The transverse ridge on the superior and that on the inferior
surface of the joint have (even when these are not thicker than a piece of writing
paper) a decided tendency to assume a direction oblique with respect to each
other, which is still more conspicuous when the joint is larger (Pi,, n. fig. 10. and
11.) This appearance has led me to suppose, that in a living state the inferior
and superior surfaces of each joint with their articulating ridge, were alone truly
calcareous, having a yielding muscular or cartilaginous substance interposed
between them. In consequence of the adhesion of the superior surface of each

joint to the inferior of that contiguous to it, ami their firm articulation by means
of the transverse ridge, the animal was capahle of producing through its muscu-
lar integument, a kind of twisting, vermicular spiral motion (PL. n. fig. 1. 18.
to 20.) shortening the column by compressing the muscle between the twoealcare-
reous plates of each joint, and elevating it by untwisting and restoring it to its
former elasticity. It is evident that this motion would, in many ways, render the
lateral motion of the superior part of the animal on its coluom less necessary;
and since the attachment of the pelvis to the column appears to have been
slight, and might have been endangered by such a motion, this may have been
the object of the contrivance. When the two hard elliptical surfaces, with their
elevated ridges are placed obliquely to each other, the joint evidently ap-
pears to be considerably compressed, and has a slight four-cornered appearance,
having the angles rounded ; while along the middle of the exterior circumference
the intermediate muscle is pressed out (PL. n. fig. 2 1. to ,10.) it forms a smooth
rim, which is sometimes studded at intervals with tubercles occasionally
elongated into a kind of pointed feelers, giving the joint some resemblance to
the rowel of a spur. (PL. n. fig. 25. to 26.) In general the protruding feelers
are longer near the ends of the greater diameter of the elliptical joint, sometimes
assuming an inclining direction (PL. n. fig. 28. and 30.) and having an indented
summit. The alimentary canal of the column is small, probably because the
muscular integument was more vascular.

The BASE. (PL. n. fig. 52. to 56.) The columnar joints are sometimes
rendered unshapely by exuded calcareous matter (PL. n. fig. 52. and
53) which, near the base, appears to have partially surrounded those
numerous muscular fibres which served the animal as organs of attachment.
(PL. ii. fig. 55. and 56.) In specimens where these fibres are decayed and lost,
many cavities are left behind in the indurated matter, demonstrating their
points of insertion. (PL. n. fig. 54.)

The AUXILIARY SIDE ARMS. From the ends of the greater diameter of the
elliptical columnar joints proceed the auxiliary side arms (PL. n. fig. 32. and
33.) formed of numerous round joints, perforated in the centre, and adheriiv
by surfaces striated in radii. I have specimens in my collection (PL. n. tig.
39. to 44. fig. 47. to 51.) which from their analogy to some side arms still at-
tached to the column, I consider as continuations of the same. They ai;e re-
markably neat, round, and prove their former muscularity by the contraction

of their exterior integument. Thus the smooth round joint of the side arm
shows at its external circumference an elevated rim (Pi,, n. fig. 39.) the first
vestige of contraction, which may be traced through a series of specimens, to
swell and increase more and more on one side, gradually becoming tubercular,
(?L. ii. fig. 40. to 42.) and sending off from about six to eight spine-like mus-
cular elongations (PL. ii. fig. 43. and 44) not [infrequently proving their former
muscular state by a curved inclination downwards. The more the muscle is
thus protruded, the closer it approaches to the superior surface of the joint; the
line of tubercles assuming a somewhat spiral turn, whereby the joint receives a
truncated conical figure, its superior surface forming the base of the cone. la
young undeveloped specimens the tubercles form a still greater spiral curve.
On the surface of the same mass of partially decomposed limestone, I have
met with very thin joints resembling those just described, only being very
small and much longer, which 1 apprehend belong to this species. (PL. ii. fig.
35. to 37.) Another portion of side arms has also occurred (PL. n. fig. 38. and
45.) where the joints are elliptically compressed, articulating by finely striated
surfaces, and having a sort of serrated projection near the upper margin of the
joint at the exterior circumference, within the line of curvature when the arm
is bent.

The PELVIS (PL. i. fig. 2. to 7.) is saucer-shaped, composed of three
plates, forming at their superior edge five concave spaces, which are generally
finely striated to give a firmer adhesion to the scapulae.

The SCAPUIJE (fig. 8. to 13.) are five, tile-shaped, thin plates, adhering by
their lateral edges to each other, truncated above, and angularly bevelled to
these lateral edges. In the centre, at the superior edge, they are excavated,
having a somewhat reniform or horse-shoe shaped impression on the exterior,
which presents a ridge of articulation with a central perforation for the reception
of the arms.

The ARMS(PL. i. fig. 1 . and 14. to 20.) are formed, each by a single cuneiform
joint which adheres to the scapulae.

The HANDS. (PL. i. fig. 21. to 25.) Two hands proceed from the cuneiform
joints of the arm, each is formed by a horse-shoe shaped joint, and a cuneiform
one.

Two FINGERS (PL. i. fig. 1.) set off from the cuneiform joint of each hand.
They are composed of two series of joints adhering at one of their lateral sur-
faces to each other by bevelled edges, in a manner similar to those of Encri-
nites moniliformis.

The TENTACULA. — From the joints of the hand and fingers the tentacula
proceed, which resemble those of other crinoidea.

An INTEGUMENT protected by numerous (sometimes very regularly formed)
plates, extends as usual over the abdominal cavity and the sulcus on the arms,
hands, fingers, and tentacula.

That the plates increased in size by laminar secretions formed externally
as in Apiocrinites rotund us, 1 have been able to ascertain from a decomposed
specimen. (PL. i. fig. 26. and 27.)

I have a joint (PL. 11. fig. 31.) of asubtriangular circumference in my col-
lection, which I apprehend may have been an unusual and monstrous form of
the superior columnar joints of this species. The central ridge of articulation
noticed in the joints described is here divided into three radii, each subdividing
where they approach the exterior circumference, into several fine ridges, and
thus rendering the margin crenulated.

In one instance (PL. i. fig. 28.) the pelvis and scapula? are covered with tu-
bercles indented at their centre, in my opinion the effects of disease.

I have noticed in the collection of RICHARD BRIGHT, Esq. of Ham Green,
near Bristol, numerous joints, probably appertaining to an animal forming a va-
riety of the former, or a distinct species. They came from Muir-kirk in Dum-
frieshire. The scapulas are shorter in proportion than those of the former spe-
cies, aud the columnar joints are finely tuberculated.

II. SPECIES. PLATYCRINITES RUGOSUS.

RUGGED, BROAD-PLATED, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Specific Character.

A Crinoidal animal, with an oval column, having round side arms at irre-
gular distances. Pelvis formed of three pieces, very flat, admitting at its upper
surface five depressed scapulae, from each of which an arm having two hauds
with three fingers each, proceeds;

Synonymes and Reference.
G. CUMBERLAND, in Trans, of Geol. Soc. VOL. v. t. 5. fig. 10.

Locality.

In Mountain Limestone at Caldy Island, on the south coast of Wales; and
at the Mendip Hills.

Description.

Its column (fig. 11. to 16.) is of a similar figure to that of the former spe-
cies, but of a superior size. The exterior tubercles on the columnar joints are
also placed near one end of the greatest diameter of their elliptical circumfer-
ence. They are sometimes depressed at their summit, showing a tendency to
form new auxiliary side arms.

The PEIVIS (fig. 2. to 6.) is. flat, considerably extending beyond the dia-
meter of the column, having at its lower surface the impression for the pur-
pose of articulation comparatively small.

The FIVE SCAPUUE (fig. 7.) adhere to the upper edge of the pelvis, are
thick, short, bevelled at the summit, with an excavation, and a horse-shoe
shaped impression for the insertion of the arms.

The pelvis and scapulae (fig. 1. to 7.) are thicker near the centre than at their
margin of adhesion, and display their muscularity in a conspicuous manner.
Previous to the exertion of the contracting muscular power of the animal they
are nearly smooth, sloping towards the sutures (fig. 1. 22. to 24.) On contrac-
tion, the bevelled edges become rounded, and the smooth surface undulating
and corrugated, (fig. 3. and 6.) On still further contraction, the A'arious
branches of the muscles become visible, and the pelvis shows two or three se-
ries of tubercles (fig. 1 . 4. and 7.) viz. four, three, and two, in the smaller plate of
the pelvis, and six, four, and two, on each of the two larger. In this case five or
six tubercles are arranged in a crescent on the scapula, below the horse-shoe-like
depression, having sometimes another similar series under them. In other speci-
mens I have observed each tubercle in this second or lower series, assuming an
oblong figure, (fig. 18. and 19.) and traced it until it connected with the tubercle
above it, and forming, together with it, a single ridge, (fig. 17. 20. and 21.) thus
displaying on each of the scapulae several radiated ridges. In a specimen in my
possession (fig. 5.) a still greater number of tubercles are visible, which are
irregularly arranged.

AKMS AND HANDS. — On each of the scapula is inserted a cuneiform joint,
forming the arm (fig. 8. and 9.) on which the two joints of the first series of the
hand affix (fig. 10.) having each at their summit a cuneiform joint, sending
off on the one side a finger, and on the other the second series of the hand, sur-
mounted by another cuneiform joint supporting two fingers.

The FINGERS (fig. 1.) are formed each of two series of joints resembling
those of Encrinites moniliformis, and sending offlike them series of tentacula.

The INTEGUMENT over the abdominal cavity is protected by large and
thick angular plates, and is capable of elongating itself in the centre into a pro-
boscis, analagous to that in Actinocriuites, which will be hereafter described.

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III. SPECIES. PLATYCRINITES TUBERCULATUS.

TUBERCULATED,BROAD-PLATED,LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Specific Character.

A Crinoidal animal, having its pelvis marked with saucer-shaped, five tu-
bercles. Scapulae of greater length than breadth, having each three series of
tubercles.

Column unascertained.

Locality.
The Mountain Lime strata.

Description.

The Rev. Professor BUCKLAND kindly allowed me to examine the Crinoidal
remains in the Ashmolean collection at Oxford, many of which once belonged
to Lluid. Among these I discovered the superior portion of this animal (fig.
1. and 2.) which I consider entitled to specific distinction; and although I am
well aware that the characters as above given, are scarcely sufficient to establish
this claim, yet I cannot doubt but that future researches will prove the correct-
ness of this suggestion.

* • *

IV. SPECIES. PLATYCRIN1TES GRANULATUS
GRANULATED, BROAD-PLATED, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Specific Character.

A Crinoidal animal, with a saucer-shaped pelvis. Scapula; nearly square,
with a very small impression for the adhesion of the arms. External surface
granulated. Column unascertained.

Locality.
In the Mountain Limestone of the Mendip Hills.

Description.

It is a small, slender, thin and neat species (fig. 1. to 3.) The granule

(fig. 3.) on the scapulas are sometimes regularly arranged in series forming radii
extending from the horse-shoe-like impression into which the arm was inserted.
From the smallness of the horse-shoe-like impression I conceive that the arms
were formed of several joints.

V. SPECIES. PLATYCRINITES STRIATUS.
STRIATED, BROAD-PLATED, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Specific Character.

A Crinoidal animal, with a pelvis formed of three pieces, drawn in near the
base, so as to form a projecting rim, by which it acquires a greater surface of
adhesion to the column. The five scapulae have only a small horse-shoe-like
impression at their tipper edge. Pelvis and scapulae externally striated.
Column unascertained.

v \

Locality.

Black Rock (14th bed of Dr. BRIGHT'S series in Geol. Trans. VOL. i\. p.
193.) near the river Avon, Bristol, belonging to the Mountain Lime formation.

Descrpition.

The saucer-shaped pelvis (fig. 1. and 2.) is externally marked by an elevated
ridge going to each of its five points, from which other ridges radiate to the
concave spaces between them. The ridges on the scapulae (fig. 3. and 4j radiate
from the horse-shoe-shaped impression at their summit, to the pelvis and their
lateral edges. From the neck-like contraction of the pelvis, near its point of
adhesion to the column, and its thinness, I suspect that it was covered by a
thick gelatinous epidermis, extending itself over the radiated surface to the
arm joints.

VI. SPECIES. PLATYCRINITES PENTANGULARIS.
FIVE-ANGLED, BROAD-PLATED, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Specific Character.

A Crinoidal animal, with a pentagonal column formed of joints alternately
thicker and thinner, articulating by a striated rirn. At the summit of the
column, a cup-shaped pelvis supporting five scapulae, from which five arms,
formed each of five joints and a cuneiform joint, proceed.

Locality.

In the Mountain Limestone of the Mendip Hills, at Weston-super-mare,
Black Rock near Bristol, and at Mitchel Dean; also occasionally in transition
Limestone of Dinevawr Park, and Dudley.

Description.

The pentagonal column of this Crinite and Cyathocrinites quinquangularis,
have led superficial observers to consider it as belonging to the genus Pentacri-

nites, and hence the assertion that, species of that genus occur in mountain
and transition lime-stone. But the absence of the pentapetalous serm'striated
articulation of the columnar joints, and the different formation of the pelvis and
plates resting on it, must remove them at once from this class, and place
them in their respective genera.

The COLUMNAR JOINTS (fig. 8). are alternately thicker and thinner, but dif-
fer very little in their width from each other ; they are externally smooth, flat,
and acutely angular. At the articulating surface they are surrounded by a
striated margin slightly arched, inwardly enclosing a smooth area perforated in
the centre by a pentagonal canal, whose points extend to the intervening spaces
between the angles of the circumference. In some of these joints the sphinc-
terlike contraction of the muscle near the alimentary canal, its adhesion to the
points of the pentagon, and its connection with the joints next below it by longi-
tudinal fibres, has produced a five-fold depression.

The PELVIS (fig. 3.) formed of three plates is cup-shaped, sustaining five
long scapulae (fig. 5.) each having a small horse-shoe-shaped depression at its
summit for the insertion of the arms. In one of my specimens (fig. 2. 6. and 7.)
the lateral sides of the scapulae bend in considerably, thereby producing an an-
gular indentation, and giving the summit a stelliform figure. In this specimen
may be traced the plates belonging to the integument that covers the abdo-
minal cavity.

An ARM (fig. 1.) proceeds from each of the scapulas, formed of four horse-
shoe-shaped, and one cuneiform joint.

VI.

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VI. GENUS. CYATHOCRINITES.
CUP-LIKE, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Generic Character.

A Crinoidal animal, with around or pentagonal column formed of numerous
joints, having side arms proceeding irregularly from it. On the summit ad-
heres a saucer-shaped pelvis of five pieces, on which are placed in successive
series, five costal plates, five scapulae, and an intervening plate. From each
scapula proceeds one arm having two hands.

Observation.

The name of this genus is derived from KTAeoz, a cup. None of its species
have as yet been -discovered in a living state, and all of them are consigned to
the transition and Mountain Limestone strata.

1. SPECIES. CYATHOCRINITES PLANUS.

SMOOTH, CUP-LIKE, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Generic Character.

A Crinoidal animal, with a round -column formed of numerous depressed
joints, articulating by radiating surfaces, and perforated by an alimentary canal,
pentagonal near the pelvis, which becomes round further from it. From each
of the scapulae, which rest on the summit of the cup formed by the pelvis and
cost*, proceeds an arm supporting two hands, each being provided with two
series of fingers.

Reference and Synonymes.

G. CUMBERLAND, in Transactions of Geological Society, VOL. v. PL. HI.
fig. 1.

* ' ,

Locality.

At Clevedon, in the Magnesian beds of the Mountain Limestone ; at Wood-
spring, Black Rock (14th bed of Dr. BRIOHT'S series in Geological Transac-
tions, Vot. iv.) near Bristol, in the same formation.

Observation.

The COLUMN (fig. 27. and 31.) of this species is of a round form, and its
joints, particularly near the summit, having been very muscular externally,
have their margin rounded inwards near the surface of articulation, evidently
the result of contraction. The alimentary canal is near the pelvis subquin-
quangularis (fig. 20.) becoming round further from it (fig. 21.) The centre of
the columnar joints is depressed and smooth, surrounded by a radiatingly stri-
ated rim towards the exterior.

Round SIDE ARMS (fig. 25. and 27.) came off" irregularly from the column,
they are of considerable length, and must have possessed an high degree of
muscularity, demonstrable by their frequently coiling up (fig. 26). and the mar-
gin of their joints being rounded inwards, as in the column.

The PELVIS (fig. 2. and 3.) is saucer-shaped, and composed of five plates,
forming in the centre a subpentangular perforation, the entrance to the alimen-
tary canal, which was probably once defended by a sphincter. At the inferior
part, the pelvis is excavated for the firmer adhesion of the columnar joint, with
•which it corresponds in its striated markings.

The COSTALS. (fig. 4. and 5.) At the summit the plates of the pelvis
are more or less angularly pointed, where, in the spaces thus formed, the cos-
tal plates insert. Four of these are subhexagonal (fig. 4.) and one is subhep-
iagonal (fig. 5.) from having its superior angle truncated.

The SCAPULAE (fig. 6. to 9. and 14.) which insert between the angular sum-

mils of the costal plates, are of a form similar to those of Poteriocrinites,and hare
also above a horse-shoe-like impression, with a transverse, perforated ridge, on
which is inserted the first arm joint (fig. 10. and 11.) to which the cuneiform
joint of the arm articulates.

The HANDS. — Several horse-shoe-shaped joints (12. to 13. fig. IB. to 19.)
closely resembling those of Pentacrinus Caput Medusae, articulate and arrange
in two series on the cuneiform joint. Each series has at its summit a cuneiform
joint, from whose upper angular portion the two first series of a double hand
set off, interrupted again by a cuneiform joint, from which a finger and a second
series of hand joints proceed, terminated by another cuneiform joint which
supports two fingers. Each hand, as far as I could ascertain, has six fingers,
the whole number of them, therefore, amounts to sixty; they are all tentacu-
lated at alternate sides, and resemble those of Pentacrinus Caput Medusae.

An hexagonal or heptagonal plate generally interposes between the sca-
pulae where the truncated costal occurs, from which the integument, protected
by calcareous plates, extends over the abdominal cavity and sulcy in the arms
and hands. In a specimen in the Ashmolean collection at Oxford (fig. 29. 30.)
this integument is swollen out, and gives the specimen a singular appearance.

The base of the column terminates in a fasciculum of muscular fibres.

A specimen has occurred to roe, where the columnar joints (fig. 22. to 24.)
are alternately smaller and larger. I am not aware whether it possesses suffi-
cient character to be considered a variety of the former species.

II. SPECIES. CYATHOCRINITES TUBERCULATUS.
TUBERCULATED, CUP-LIKE, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Specific Character.

A'Crinoidal animal, having a column formed of round compressed joints
•with radiatingly-striated articulating surfaces ; from each of the five scapulae
proceeds an arm supporting two hands. Externally tuberculated.

Locality.
Probably at Dudley, in Transition Limestone.

Description.

The specimen (fig. 1 .) from which I have derived the specific character,
was presented to uiebyT. SMITH, Esq. of Easton Gray, Glocestershire, through
the hands of the Rev. R. HALIFAX, of Standish.

It is very neat and small, indicating, however, that the species might pro-
pably increase to a considerable size. There is but little of the column left
which adheres to the pelvis. The costa and scapulae have each a double series
of tubercles, arising from the contraction of the muscular integument in such a
direction as might give motion to the arm, which is formed of two joints, a
common and a cuneiform one. From this two hands proceed, in which the
number of joints of the first series amount to two, supporting a cuneiform joint
which, on one side gives rise to a finger, and on the other, to four or five joints
continuing the hand and forming its second series, on whose summit a cunei-
form joint adheres and sends off two fingers.

Externally the arms, hands, and fingers, are ornamented with four or five
longitudinal impressions, the result of contraction.

C. STOKES, Esq. of London, had the kindness to send me a drawing (fig. 2.)
of the fingers of an Encrinite, from Dudley, which I apprehend belong to this
species, and as it conveys a correct idea of the manner in which the animal
contracted them, I have annexed a figure of it.

cavvr 11

K K C V

III. SPECIES. CYATHOCRINITES RUGOStiS.

RUGGED, CUP-LIKE, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Specific Character.

A Crinoidal animal, having a column formed of numerous joints articulating
by striated surfaces. The different plates forming the cup-like portion sur-
mounting the first columnar joint, externally ornamented with deep, rugged,
angular strias. The base formed of numerous muscular fibres.

Reference and Synonymts.
KNORR. — Supl. 7. c. fig. 5.

PARKINSON'S Org. Remains, VOL. n. 1. 15. fig. 4. and 5.

Locality.

In the beds of the Transition Limestone, in Shropshire, Herefordshire,
the Islands of Oeland and Gothland, and in Dalecarlia.

Description.

It is a species which grows to a very large size, showing strong marks of
great external muscularity.

The COLUMN (fig. 2.) is formed of considerably compressed joints, having
in the centre a pentapetalous passage for the alimentary can;il, and articulating
surfaces marked by radiating striae. They are alternately smaller and larger,
having their surfaces somewhat undulated, which becomes more conspicuous

near the base, showing at the circumference a swelling out of the surrounding
muscular covering, forming more or less regular and conspicuous tubercles
perforated at their summit. These are sometimes elongated into fibres, branch-
ing and dividing at intervals. The tubercles have at their summit around per-
foration, which extends through their middle when they are elongated into fibres.
It is difficult to explain of what utility they are to the animal, unless we consider
them as secreting tubes, or as feelers by which the animal might have explored
substances near it.

The BASE. (fig. 4.) The elongated subdividing fibres proceeding abun-
dantly from the lower portion of the column, form a kind of fascicular or rather
root-like base, and where two or more individuals occur near each other, these
fibres appear to have lost their muscularity, to have exuded calcareous matter,
or become themselves gradually converted into it ; and being no longer of utility
to the animal in any other way, they have become connected with the contiguous
individuals, forming with them one substance (fig. 3.) the animals so uniting, in
consequence losing their locomotive power.

The PELVIS is formed of five plates, is hollowed out at the bottom for the
reception of the upper columnar joint, adhering to it by its radiatingly striated
surface, and perforated in the centre for the pentapetalous passage of the ali-
mentary canal. The outer rim of its five plates bends upwards, forming a sort
of saucer, each plate being angularly pointed at its superior edge.

The FIVE COSTJE are inserted in the angular spaces formed by the pelvis,
four of them are hexagonal, and one is heptagonal, having its summit partly
truncated, to which a small hexagonal plate adheres.

The SCAVULJE are inserted in the angles formed at the upper edge by the
costa?, having at their summit a horse-shoe-like depression for the articulation
of the arm joints.

I have not seen a specimen by which I could ascertain the form of the arms,
fingers, and tentacula; but believe them in general form, analogous to those of
the former species, possessing also the muscular plated integument.

Externally the oufer surface of the portion of the plates of the pelvis where
they are turned up, the costse and scapulae (fig, 1.) are marked by rugged striae.

CY/VI'HOCBJNTT'TES

-p....

C . .

Tbe disposition of these striae is as follows ; from the centre of each plate a ridge
proceeds to each sido of the polygon formed by it, bisecting each of the trian-
gular areas into which it may be resolved ; all the other striae contained hi each
of these areas are parallel to this first. (See fig. 1.) The configuration of the
contiguous plates being similar and adapted to each other, the markings proceed
over them in the same direction, thus producing a series of triangular striae,
arranged in such a manner that the ramifications from three contiguous plates
contribute to compose a single triangle. This disposition, which is common to
this and nearly all the following genera, will be better understood by an inspec-
tion of the plate, than from any verbal description. These rugged ridges ap-
pear to have resulted from the ramifying structure and contraction of muscles
adhering to the centre of each plate, where a rough and granular surface indi-
cates the points of their attachment, and thence acting partly towards the arms
to produce their motion, and partly towards the pelvis and column.

The fibres at the base of this animal are frequently found entangled in the
branches of a coral, which I have called in my manuscript catalogue Hexapora
Cyathocrinoidea.

It is this species whose superior portion and the markings ofits plates bear
great resemblance to the Marsupite (a name proposed by GIDEON MAMTELL,
Esq. of Lewes, in his manuscript account of the Southdown fossils), or Tor-
toise Encrinite of Mr. PAKKINSON, which animal forms the approximating
genus or intermediate link between this family and the genus Euriale of
LAMARCK.

IV. SPECIES. CYATHOCRINITES QUINQUANGULARIS.

FIVE-CORNERED, CUP-LIKE, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Specific Character.

A Crinoidal animal, with a pentagonal column, whose joints adhere by an
elevated striated rim, enclosing a pentagonal depression with a similar-shaped
central column. The cup-like portion, formed by plates surmounting the column,
sending off five arms.

Locality.

Clevedon, in the Magnesian variety of the Mountain Limestone; in Moun-
tain Limestone, at the Black Rock, near the River Avon.

Description.
A comparatively small species.

The COLUMN (fig 2. to 8.) is formed of alternating large and small penta-
gonal joints, the former being also thicker than the latter, and drawn in near
the line of their adhesion to each other. Their centre is perforated by asubpen-
tagonal alimentary canal, surrounded by a similar depression, enclosed by a
striated rim, which articulates with a similar one on the joint above it. The
angles of the alimentary canal do not coincide with those ot the column, but

CYATH O CRI JV I

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• •

are directed to the space between them. The sphincter muscle, which pro-
bably exists near the canal, having points of adhesion at each of its five cor-
liers, sends off its dividing fibres across the smooth area to adhere to the stri-
ated rim, thereby effecting the movement of the column : hence the strias at the
outer margin do not incline to the centre.

The AUXILIARY SIDE ARMS (fig. 3. and 8.) are formed of numerous round
joints, proceeding at irregular intervals from the spaces between the angles of
the larger joints.

The CUP-LIKE PORTION (fig. 1.) on the summit of the column is formed by
plates resembling those of Cyathocrinites Planus, except that the lower sur-
face of the pelvis, where it articulates to the column, is somewhat pentagonal.

The FIVE ARMS are formed of one-arm joint and a cuneiform one, sup-
porting two hands, each composed of two joints, and a cuneiform one sending
off a finger, and probably also another series of the hand joints.

VIII. GENUS. ACTINOCR1NITES,

-hfe-<nff n; v, .;j. ,,!f

RADIATED, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Generic Character.

A Crinoidal animal, with a round column composed of numerous joints,
perforated by a round alimentary canal. At the summit of the column is placed
a pelvis formed of three plates, on which five first costals and one irregular
costal adhere; which are succeeded by the second costals and intercostals and
the scapulae, from whence five arms proceed, forming two hands, with several

tentaculated fingers.

-qn?

Round Side Arms proceed at irregular distances from the column, which
terminates at the base in a fascicular bundle or root of fibres.

Observation.

The Greek AKTIS, whence AKTINOTOS, radiated, furnishes the name of this
genus in reference to the radiated markings of the costal and intercostal plates,
which are peculiarly conspicuous in this genus. When the arms deprived of
their fingers project laterally from the subglobose body at the summit of the
column, they bear some resemblance to the rays or spokes fixed in the nave of
a wheel ; from whence Mr. PARKINSON applied the name of Nave Encrinite, to
one of the species of the animals belonging to this genus, which also may be
considered to have an additional allusion to the Greek generic name.

None have as yet been found recent, and the scientific world, I believe, is
exclusively indebted to Mr. PARKINSON for the discovery that the subglobose
body, with the fingers and tentacula attached, of the species arranged in this
genus, forms not the root but superior portion of the animal. It is this ingeni-
ous discovery and exposure of an error of former writers on Ihese animals,
which has greatly contributed to the better understanding of their economy and
anatomical details. Mr. PARKINSON'S able work on the Organic Remains of a
former World must indeed be considered as a publication of the greatest im-
portance in the study of these remains, and in particular as having given a great
impulse in England to their investigation.

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I. SPECIES. ACTINOCRINITES TRIACONTA DACTYLUS.

THIRTY-FINGERED, RADIATED, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Specific Character*

A Crinoidal animal, with a round column formed of many joints, on whose
summit is placed a pelvis of three plates supporting five hexagonal and
one pentagonal costal plate, on which the second costals, intercostals, and
scapulae, in series adhere, the latter sending off five arms, having each two hands
provided with three fingers.

Column sending off at irregular distances auxiliary side arms, and terminat-
ing at the base in a bundle of fibrous elongations resembling roots.

"Reference and Synonymes.
ROCK PLANT. — Beaumont in Philosophical Transactions, 1676.

LISTER in Phil. Trans. 1674. No. 100, who considers the superior part
of this animal as the root of Entrochi.

NAVE ENCRINITE. — PARKINSON'S Organic Remains, VOL. n. PL. xvn.
fig. 3. where the draughtsman has very correctly represented the pentagonal
costal plate, and the subsequent arrangement of the other series on it.

G. CUMBERLAND, in Phil. Trans. VOL. v. PL. 11. fig. 1. 4. 5.

Locality.

In Mountain Limestone at the Villages Broughton and Stokes in Craven,
Yorkshire (Lister, 1674.) Mountain Lime formation of the Mendip Hills,
(Beaumont), and the Black Rock, near Bristol, where the two finest specimens
of this species in my collection were found by Mr, JAMES BENTON, an intelli-

gent collector and dealer in fossils, to whose zeal and integrity in collecting and
preserving all Crinoidal remains which fell under his observation, I am much
indebted for acquiring a series of highly illustrative specimens.

/
Description.

The COLUMN (PL. i. fig. 1. PL. vi. fig. 1. to 22.) of this animal, is near
the pelvis formed of very thin joints, alternately a little longer and thicker, with
a still larger one intervening every second or third joint. This regularity is in-
terrupted further down by the intervention of four or five small joints, all ap-
pearing muscular, and as if they had not yet acquired solidity b y the secretion
of calcareous matter, which I consider as a proof of the formation and interpos-
ing of new joints during the life of theanimal between those already existing.
Still lower down the column the joints become of a more uniform thickness
and size, and vary but very little. In an early stage of growth they are ex-
ternally much contracted near the margin of adhesion, thence somewhat moni-
liform, which form is continued when they increase in size, though less conspi-
cuously showing itself, sometimes only in a slight central elevation. The arti-
culating surface of the joints (PL. vi. fig. 1.3. 5.) is very regularly striated or
grooved in radii, from the middle, producing externally a most regular and
beautiful suture of mutual insertion. (PL. vi. fig. 15.) Near the centre they
are excavated on both sides, forming a muscular edge, which surrounds the ali-
mentary canal. In sections we may sometimes see the alimentary canal of a
considerable size (PL. vi. fig. 14. and 16.) and not unfrequently observe it at
regular intervals more or less alternately contracted and dilated, yet always
leaving a large passage open. It is from the increased size of the alimentary canal
in columns of larger diameter, that I apprehend the epidermis or periosteum,
whose usual office was to secrete the calcareous matter forming the joints, had
also the power of absorbing and removing it ; for, without this, the passage for
the alimentary canal could not be enlarged, unless we indeed could admit that
the induration of the calcareous matter forming the joints did not take place till
the animal was full grown, which, however, is quite contrary to the operations
of nature in the other Crinoidea.

The COLUMN (PL. vi. fig. 17. to 22.) sometimes exhibits a swelling out of
several joints, which renders it barrel-shaped, and a lateral concave depression
with a central perforation as noticed in Poteriocrinites crass us, page 69.

Jet.

At the BASE (PL. vi. fig. 23. to 27.) of the column, the joints articulate simi-
larly, but are irregularly waved; sometimes only extending for half the diame-
ter of the column, then bevelling and insinuating under those near them. Their
external circumference is here marked by small perforations, from whence
muscular fibres appear to have protruded. A calcareous secretion has some-
times exuded on this part, surrounded the column, and concealed its articu-
lation, forming an inorganic investing mass, as appears on examining transverse
fractures. This exudation sometimes swells out into large knobs, which are
also perforated for the insertion of the before-mentioned muscular fibres.

AUXILIARY SIDE ARMS* (PL. Actinocrinites laevis fig. 28. to 39.) proceed
at irregular distances occasionally from the column. They have their origin
in a small tubercle (fig. 28.) placed at the articulation of two joints, containing
a vessel branching off from the alimentary canal ; as this tubercle increases and
extends, it forms joints in its progress articulating to each other by striated
•surfaces. The joints near the column produce in it a round concave impres-
sion, and as the side arms increase in size, this impression expands until it
spreads over five or even more columnar joints (fig. 31. to 33.) In the progress
of its growth a very remarkable circumstance takes place; the nourishing vessel
of the side arm, which appears in the early stage of growth to communicate, as
has been said, with the alimentary canal by passing along the interval between
two columnar joints (fig. 28. 29. to 36.) may now be distinctly traced (in some
well preserved specimens), passing through the middle of the substance of a
single columnar joint. (Fig. 31 . and 39.) If this observation can be relied on
(which the minuteness of younger specimens may render doubtful) it distinctly
proves that a new columnar joint (that namely through whose substance the
channel of the vessel now passes), has been gradually formed and interposed
during the growth of the animal.

The mechanism of the joints of the side arms, where these insert into the
column, is well worthy of notice, particularly in old specimens. In the earlier
stage of their formation, the side arms being very short, and having then little
weight, a less firm mode of adhesion to the column than becomes requisite at
a subsequent period, being then sufficient, we do not find more than one joint

* The An: iliary side arms of Actiuocrinites laevis are conformable to this species, hence I
refer to that plate.

lodged in a socket or concave impression on the column ; but when increase
of size renders a stronger support necessary, two or three succeeding joints of
the side arms become imbedded in this socket, (for which its extension as
already noticed, allows room) and these joints instead of being arranged in a
series branching off at right angles from the column, become oblique, their
direction inclining upwards so as to aid in bearing the additional weight. The
first joint of the side arms where thus obliquely inserted in the columnar
socket have that portion of their circumference which is presented towards
the upper part of the column, truncated, in such a curve as may fit
them to the concavity of the impression where they rest against it. (PL.
A. Isevis, fig. 29. to 33.) The surface of these joints which fit into the co-
lumnar impression is smooth (Pi. A.laevis, fig. 3 1 . 34. and 38.) being des-
tined for adhesion only, but the articulating surface betweeu the contigu-
ous joints (fig. 32. 33. and 35.) where motion also is to be allowed, exhibits the
usual mechanism of radiated ridges and furrows. These joints are convex on
the side nearest the column, and concave on that most remote. The auxiliary
side arms have sometimes others laterally branching from them, CA. laevis,
fig. 30.) I have, however, never been able to ascertain their termination.*

The PELVIS (Pi., in. fig. 1. to 8.) is formed of three plates and saucer-
shaped, presenting at its upper edge six depressions for the adhesion of as
many plates of the next series.

The Six FIRST COSTALS (PL. 11. fig. 3.) adhere to the upper edge of the
pelvis., are plate-like, and of two distinct forms ; five of them are hexagonal,
and one (the irregular first costal) is pentagonal.

The SECOND COSTALS. (PL. n. fig, 3. to 5.) On the upper edge of each of
the five hexagonal first costal plates, is placed an hexagonal second costal
plate.

* Since the mode of insertion of these side arms is such as would facilitate their becoming de-
tached, and the vessel by which they receive nourishment from the alimentary canal very smai!,
the idea once suggested itself to my mind, that these complicated side arms might possibly
be the rudiments of young animals, which after drawing their nourishment for a time only
from the parent, drop oft' and become independent. In our present state of ignorance concern,
iog the propagation of these animals, it seems improper to suppress the statement of this possi-
bility, which would at once be confirmed or confuted by the discovery of the termination of these
side arms ; since, if the conjectnre is correct, they must present the rudiments of the pelvis, &c.
On the whole, however, I am rather inclined to reject than adopt this idea.

•

TL HI

i/sr OCRI N rrE JT

The INTERCOSTALS (Pi. II. fig. 1. to 3.) are pentagonal, one of them is in-
serted between each of the second costal s, except over the pentagonal first
costal plate (PL. n. fig. 2.) where on account of its angle being unable to sup-
port a second costal plate, two intercostals adhere laterally to each other.

On each of the five second costal plates adheres a SCAPULA, (PL. n. fig.
4. and 5.) having laterally two hexagonal interscapulary plates interposed,
except over the enlarged interval, where, in the preceding series, the two inter-
costals laterally adhere to each other over the pentagonal first costal plate, and
where, in this series, instead of two only, three interscapulary plates intervene
between the scapula.

We have thus the figure of a cup completely formed, of which the arm-
joints adhering to the scapulae, and several multangular pieces (called by me
pectoral plates) belonging to the plated integument, form the rim.

That all these plates must have adhered by muscular attachment and liga-<
roents, since they have no regular articulating surfaces, is evident from neces-
sity. That the action of muscles extending over them, could only produce
the pulling down of the arms and contraction of the upper portion of the ani-
mal, may be readily supposed, and is fully proved by an examination of the
fossil remains. The muscular force acting from the adhesion of the pelvis to
the column as a fixed point, (PL. 11. fig. Land 2.) extends over the pelvis to
the suture of the first costals, and from thence to their centres. Now it
is evident as the pelvis consists of three pieces, and the first costal series of
six, that three costals will be placed over the divisions of the pelvis, and three
over the middle of each of its plates. The muscular action exhibits hence a
different form of contraction on the different costals arising from this variety of
position. A simple contraction produces two folds on those over the sutures of
the plates of the pelvis (PL. HI. fig. 9. and 17.) and a single one on those inter-
mediate. (PL. in. fig. 12. and 13.) A stronger action produces four folds on
the former (PL. in. fig. 11. and 18 J and three on the latter (fig. 14.) As this
action extends to the central adhesion of the muscles on each plate, and com-
municates from hence to its sutures and to the centres of the approximate
plates, it produces folds somewhat similar in general disposition to those
described in Cyathocrinites rugosus, page 90, but lessening in number as
they approach the scapula. (PL. iv. fig. 14. to 26.) Irregular and partial con-

100

fractions produce sometimes additional folds and elevations. (PL. iv. fig. 1.
to 1 1.) If any doubt should still be entertained whether these folds and mark-
ings on the plates are really derived from muscular contraction, on the ground
that they may have possibly resulted from the original configuration of the solid
calcareous matter which forms them ; a general view of their phenomena, and
change of figure under various circumstances, in a manner which may be readily
accounted for on the hypothesis of their muscularity, but not on any other,
will, I am persuaded, remove these doubts ; but I have it in my power to
adduce a proof still more decisive. There are some costal plates in rny pos-
session which appear to have been torn from the animal with violence while
living, or before decomposition took place. The consequence of this would
naturally be that the lacerated muscle would shrink from the edges of the
plates towards its point of adhesion in the centre ; and accordingly this is
exactly the appearance preserved in the fossil specimens ; the surface where
denuded of its muscle, being irregularly corrugated, (?L. m.fig. 15. 16. and
20.) whilst the muscular folds are gathered into the centre.

As the pelvis supports six plates, it might have been reasonably concluded
that it was the intention of nature to sustain six arms ; and as the animal has
actually only five, that the omission must either create a great vacancy,
or give rise to a necessary alteration of the general mechanism, in order to
render the circular net, formed by the arms and fingers when extended, com-
plete. Nature however is never at a loss, but accomplishes her purposes with
ease, notwithstanding the new difficulties that are created by continually vary-
ing structures. Thus in this animal the apparent difficulty so presented is
obviated by the change of form in the supernumerary costal which is penta-
gonal, while the other five are hexagonal. From the general arrangement of
the plates, these five hexagonal costals can only give rise to a series of second
costals, terminating in scapulae and arms, (PL. u. fig. 1.) while the irregular or
sixth costal plate intervening between them, (PL. n. fig. 2.) having a pentagonal
form, and presenting only the edges of its upper angle to the next row, supports
two series of intercostal plates occupying the interval, occasioned by its interpo-
lation, and so formed that this interval in the succeeding rows gradually
diminishes in proportion to the whole circumference, so that although there
is still a somewhat greater distance here between the two scapulae placed on
either side of it, than between the other scapulae, yet the irregularity is not such
as to occasion any material inconvenience or interruption of symmetry. The

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101

use of this interval, which, as has been observed, has something similar to it in
Poteriocriuites and Cyathocrinites, is yet unexplained. I have sometimes con-
jectured that it may have included the opening of the oviduct.

To the upper angles of the scapulae adhere two oblong cuneiform joints,
forming as it were a short double arm, having sometimes the point of
their inner angle truncated for the admission of a minute square plate. From
the superior angle of each of the cuneiform joints proceed (PL. i. fig. 1.) on
the sides approaching a series of joints forming the hand, and on the outer sides
a finger composed of two slightly horse-shoe shaped joints, on which a double
series of joints are arranged, bevelling off and dovetailed at their inner margin
into each other, and thus resembling the finger joints ofEncrinites moniliformis.

Thus the series of joints forming the HAND, (Ft. v. fig. 17. to 36.) proceed
each from the inner angle of the two cuneiform arm joints affixed to the
scapula: ; they vary in their form, the first joint being simple, convex towards
the middle of its outer margin, slightly excavated above, to admit the next or
second joint, which by the irregular form of its upper and lower edges resem-
bles a double wedge, (fig. 33. to 35.) Above this two half joints are inserted,
on which another cuneiform joint rests, sending off two fingers each like the
first, formed of a double series of joints.

The first joints of the hand adhere laterally at their approaching surfaces to
each other, and are here somewhat truncated to admit the minute square plates
mentioned before ; at their outer lateral surface they adhere firmly to the first
joint of the first finger, which again connects laterally with the pectoral plates.

The FINGERS (PL. v.fig.37. to 51. )are formed of two series of joints, adhering
where they dovetail laterally into each other by a muscular integument onl y : this
accounts for not unfrequently meeting specimens where their series have sepa-
rated in this part for a considerable length, and thereby neatly displayed the
interior formation and insertion of the first tentacular joint.

PECTORAL PLATES. (PL, iv. fig. 27. to 23.) Between the scapulae are inserted
several series of small hexagonal, heptagonal, and octagonal plates, connected
with the integument covering the abdominal cavity, so often already alluded
to in other specimens. These I have named the pectoral plates ; they seem to
be capable only of a very slight muscular contraction.

102

A srhall CLAVICULAR JOINT inserted between the two hands proceeding
from one scapula, separates the integument and vessels under it in their pro-
gress upwards. (PL. n. fig. 5.)

CAPITAL PLATES.— (PL. iv. fig. 30. to 39.)~-The plates forming the upper
part of the integument over the abdominal eavity, I have named capital plates;
they have like the pectoral plates different angles, but are covered by a thicker
muscle, which is connected (although only slightly so, as appears from the
pectoral plates not exhibiting those folds which result from strong muscular
action) with those proceeding from the pelvis over the first costals, and laterally
extending upwards over the intercostals and pectorals. It receives a new
impulse from a sphincter-like muscle placed in the centre, which is capable
of forcing up the margin of the mouth into an elongated and protruding
proboscis, and at the same time contracting the area between the arms,
and thereby enabled to pull these up, and bring the hands and fingers
together in a close fasciculus. Meanwhile the muscle or portion of muscle
covering each capital plate, is also able by its contraction to draw up
in the centre, and thereby to form a more or less elongated tubercle, whose office
it probably is to push on the food to the mouth, so that the whole integument
thus assumes an echinated appearance. When the contractile force is most
strongly exhibited, the proboscis also becomes studded with similar tubercles
(PL. n. fig. 1 . and 2.) but otherwise those tubercles are exhibited only on the
capital plates more remote from the centre, those near the proboscis remain-
ing smooth. (PL n. fig. 6. and 7.) On the relaxation of the muscles these
tubercles disappear — the proboscis gradually subsides — the space between the
arms widen — and the fingers are permitted to expand. Specimens in every
state of contraction occur in a fossil state, and most distinctly prove that the
markings and appearances described, can be ascribed only to muscular action.

103

II. SPECIES. ACTINOCRINITES POLYDACTYLUS.

MANY-FINGERED, RADIATED, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Specific Character.

A Crinoidal animal, with a round column formed of many joints, sur-
mounted by a pelvis of three plates, having affixed at their upper edge five
hexagonal, and one pentagonal costal plate, on which another row of second
costals and intercostal plates adhere. From the scapulae which rest on the
second costals, proceed five arms, each having two hands terminating iu
four or five fingers. Alimentary canal round. Base provided with elongated
fibres.

Reference and Synonymes.
Luidii Ichnographia, tab. 22. fig. 4. (bad) and centre figure, p. 130.

LHWYD'S Letter to Dr. LI&TER, in Philosophical Transact. No. S4&
fig. 16.

Locality.
Mountain Limestone of the Mendip Hills, and Caldy Island.

Description.

It is a smaller and neater species (PL. i. fig. 1.) than Ajntinocrinites tria-
contadactylus.

Its column and auxiliary side-arms however resemble it, and display the
same structure as has been noticed before.

The Plates at the summit of the column including the viscera, are similarly
formed aud arranged, but being more muscular offer a few rather different

104

characters. A simple contraction produces on every plate a nearly pointed star-
like figure, each ray being directed towards the sides. A partial contraction
extends the points of the rays, and a very powerful one forms a continuation
of the rays of the star on one plate, extending with an equal thickness to
the adjoining plate. It is this degree of contraction which permits our tracing
the direction which thr muscles pursue in acting on the arms and capital plates,
as may be fully seen in a fine specimen in my collection. (PL. n. fig. 1.) The
divided action from the three adhering joints of the pelvis produces two folds,
directed to the centre of the first costal plates, (resting upon the lines of their
sutures) ; here it unites and proceeds over the second costal to the centre of the
scapula, where the muscle divides and attaches to the first joint of each hand.
Another fold extends laterally on each side from the centre of the first costals
across the intercostalsnear it, to the first fingers of the opposite arms, each again
dividing at the second intercostals, and sending branches to the pectoral plates.
Other rays decisively point out lateral action. Another specimen in my col-
lection, shows the ridges produced by contraction slightly waved, (PL. IT. fig. 3.)
whilst a third specimen (PL.n. fig. 4.) exhibits two or three ridges, according
as the costals traversed by them are inserted over the suture of the pelvis, or
over the middle of its plates, sending double folds to each of the two lateral
angles, and producing a corrugation in the centre of the costals.

The PECTORAL PLATES (PL. n, fig. 7. to 14.) do not contract into a simple
tubercle, but form an elongation dividing at its summit into several points.

The first FINGER sets off from the outside of the cuneiform joints of the arm,
and the continuation of the hands consists of two or three series, each contain-
ing two common and one cuneiform joint, and terminating in three or four
fingers.

The proboscis-like mouth, is capable of very considerable elongation, as is
shown in the fine specimen figured by LHWYD : by the obliging kindness of the
Rev. Professor BUCKLAND, I have been enabled to examine and refigure
it(PL. i.fig.2.) with a more careful attention to those anatomical details to which
I have particularly directed my inquiries in investigating the history of these
animals.

I am indebted to the polite attention of the Rev. R. HALIFAX, (with whom I
made an excursion to the Mitcheldean Limestone Basin) for several detached

ii.

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105

plates and columns, of an actinocrinite occurring there, resembling Actino-
crinites triaconta dactylus. Its plates (fig. 1. to 10.) are, however, generally
speaking, more smooth than those of the former species, yet showing a great
degree of muscularity. In many instances they appear to have lost the mus-
cle (fig. 5. 8. and 9.) which covered them, and then beautifully display their
gradual formation in laminae successively applied to each other.

The columnar joints (fig. 1 1. to 27. and 47.) are remarkably neat, but fre-
quently display the results of injury and partial repair, in interposed por-
tions (fig. 44. and 45.) and irregular wrinkles, (tig. 46.)

The auxiliary side arms (fig. 28. to 38.) branch from the column irregularly,
and in one specimen (fig. 40. and 41.) a side arm comes off with a curve, hav-
ing its point bent back upon and adhering to the column ; this position was
probably occasioned by an irregularity in growth.

From a reluctance to increase without necessity, the number of species, I
confine myself at present to merely mentioning the singularities of these spe-
cimens ; but should further researches prove it a truly distinct species, I think

Actinocrinites laevis would form a good name.

106

VIII. GENUS. RHODOCRINITES.
ROSE-LIKE, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Generic Character.

A Crinoidal animal, with a round and sometimes slightly pentagonal co-
lumn, formed of numerous joints perforated by a pentapetalous alimentary
canal. The pelvis formed of three pieces supporting five square plates, in the
spaces of whose lateral bevelled angles five heptagonal first costals are
inserted. From the scapulae proceeds an arm supporting two hands.

Observation.

The name of this Genus is derived from the Greek word poA02> a rose, and
applied from the rose-like figure of the alimentary canal.

I. SPECIES. RHODOCRINITES VERUS.

TRUE ROSE-LIKE, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL.

Generic Character.

As only one decidedly ascertained species has occurred, the character of
the genus will identify it.

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107

Locality.

Upper Bed, No. 1, and one of the lower Beds, No. 15, of Dr. BRIGHT'S
Series, distinguishing the Mountain Limestone formation along the River
Avon, near Bristol ; the Mendip Hills ; Mitchel Dean ; and the transition
Limestone at Dudley.

Description.

In the COLUMNS (Pi. n. fig. 1. to 22.) which I consider as belonging to the
animals of this genus, I have noticed two different modes of organization,
which inclines me to suspect that although I am only able to treat of one
species as decidedly ascertained, yet two distinct species may really exist.
Thus, in regard to the surface of adhesion, some columnar joints display
numerous radiating striae proceeding immediately from the alimentary canal
to the circumference ; (fig 6. to 10.) 'other joints (fig. 1 . to 5.) have only a
narrow striated rim with a smooth central area ; and again some columns (fig.
11. to 15.) are formed of joints of uniform thickness, from some of which,
occasionally, several side arms proceed ; whilst other columns particu-
larly those from Mitchel Dean, (fig 17. to 22.) are formed of joints alternately
thicker and thinner, smaller and larger, much contracted at their margin of
mutual adhesion. In these every second or fourth joint is considerably thicker,
showing at its circumference five or six tubercles, which render it angular
and its surface waved, to which the joints above and below conjprm. The
alimentary canal in both the columns thus distinguished is pentapetalous,
a form which I have only noticed in Cyathocrinites rugosus, and in the upper
portion of the column of Platycrinites quinquangularis, and some of those
genera where the pelvis is formed of five pieces. The form of this pentapeta-
lous passage varies in different specimens from the angles being more or less
contracted, which renders it more or less conspicuous, and thereby proves the
muscularity in this place.

The AUXILIARY SIDE ARMS. (Pi,, n. fig. 11. to 15.) The tubercles ob-
served on some of the columnar joints may be traced on the suite of specimens
in my possession through various stages of increase, till at length they form
auxiliary side arms composed of numerous joints, articulating by radiating
strias, and perforated in the centre by a nourishing vessel which near the column.

ibs

is of an elliptical form, having the sides pressed in, but becomes round as the
arm elongates. The growth and insertion of the auxiliary side arms in the
column, is conformable to what was observed when speaking of Actinocrihites
triaconta dactylus. One specimen (fig. 8. and 9.) in my possession shows the
conical insertion of the first auxiliary arm joint very distinctly.

The pelvis (PL. i. fig. 5. and 6.) is saucer-shaped, composed of three plates,
having in the depressed centre where they articulate to the column, a pentapeta-
lous opening forming the entrance to the alimentary canal. At the upper edge
they are excavated, forming five slightly concave spaces, showing a finely
striated rim at the exterior margin for the firmer articulation of five intercostal
plates.

On account of the first INTERCOSTAL PLATES, which are of an oblong
square form, inclining outwards, an angle is formed between each two, into
which a first costal plate is inserted. .

' i *

The five FIRST COSTAL PLATES are heptagonal and pointed, supporting
each a hexagonal second costal plate, and a scapula.

On the first intercostal plates (PL. i. fig. 2.) rest a series of several hex-
agonal oblong intercostal plates, gradually decreasing in size upwards, hav-
ing in the angles between them and the costals a few irregular intercostals,
placed in a double series on the sides where (as in the former species) the
structure of the animal occasions that wider interval between two of the arms
than between the rest, for the purpose of which we are yet unable to account.
The intercostals and irregular intercostals mix above with the mass of minute
plates belonging to the integument over the abdominal cavity.

The ARMS and FINGERS. From each of the scapulae proceed two first arm
joints, and from these a second, between whose inner angles a clavicular plate
is inserted. C. STOKES, Esq. sent me a drawing of the superior portion
of this animal found at Dudley (PL. I. fig. 1.) which shows that the arms sup-
port two hands each provided with several fingers.

A radiating contraction (PL. i. fig. 2.) is capable of being formed by mus-
cular action on each of the costal and intercostal plates, similar to that noticed
in Actinocrimtes Poly dactylus. A powerful contraction (fig. 3.) arising from

RKODO C RI M

PL.F.

109

the muscles of the pelvis swells the first intercostal plates, forming a very
strong elevated rib across the costals, branching laterally from the scapula? to
the arms, at the same time that an elevated ridge is formed over the intercos-
tals, connecting laterally with the ridge noticed before, extending to the orifice
in the integument or mouth and rendering it subpentangular, (fig. 4.)

Should the variety pointed out above in the columnar formation, at a fu-
ture time enable me to establish two species, I should propose for that from
Mitchel Dean, the name of Rhodocrinites quinquangularis.

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Character of the Division.
JL HE joints of the pelvis anchylose to the first columnar joint.

Observation.

1 have been induced to constitute this fourth division from the occurrence
of a single species, in which the pieces composing the bulbous body of the
animal, instead of being connected by articulations or sutures as in the pre-
ceding division, are united together by a solid and continuous anchylosis ; it
will be seen, however, that some doubts may be reasonably entertained, whe-
ther the circumstances described may not arise from the imperfect develope-
ment of the separate pieces, in that cartilaginous state which characterises the
early stage of growth in these animals ; should this prove to be the case, the
genus which I have formed for the reception of the only species known to me,
and which forms the subject of the following article, would certainly fall under
the first division, and perhaps (as will hereafter be noticed) may be only the
younger state of a species belonging to the Genus Encrinus ; on these accounts
I have placed this division, which can only be considered as of a temporary
nature, at the end of the series, and marked it with a note of interrogation.

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IX. GENUS. EUGENIACRINITES?

CLOVE-LIKE, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL ?

Generic Character.

Superior Columnar joint, subpentaugular enlarging above, having the fire
plates of the pelvis adhering to it by a solid anchylosis.

Base, Column, Joints resting on the pelvis, and fingers unknown.

I. SPECIES. EUGENIACRINITES QUINQUANGULARIS ?

CLOVE-LIKE, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL,wiTH FIVE-ROUNDED

ANGLES ?

Specific Character.
As only one species is known, the character of the genus identifies it.

Reference and Synonymes.

Clove Encrinite, PARKINSON, Vol. II. t. xm. fig. 70.

Caryophyllus Lapideus.

Caryophyllite, KNORR, t. xxxvi, fig. 29.

112

Locality.

Switzerland, at Mount Randen (KNORR) ; also in the Canton Zurich and
Sehafhotisen.

^ J Description.

The first appearance of the enlarged columnar joint with its attached pelvis,
much resembles the unripe fruit of the clove-tree, Eugenia Caryophyllata,
(formerly Caryophyllus aromatica) so well known among common culinary
epices. From hence it has taken its name, having attracted from this circum-
stance and its frequent occurrence, particularly at Mount Randen, the atten.
tion of the earlier naturalist wbo considered it as a petrified fruit, until LLWYD
gave the first hint that it belonged to the crinoidal family.

. i

It is unfortunate that the other portions of this animal have not as yet been
identified, and I have further to regret that, from my want of opportunity and
connection in Switzerland, I have been hitherto unable to procure more illus-
trative specimens. I hope however at some future time to enter further in its
investigation, under more favourable circumstances.

The first COLUMNAR JOINT is slightly pentangular, where its inferior surface
covered with radiating striae has evidently articulated with the joint next below
it, and displays in the centre the perforation of the alimentary canal. Upwards
it enlarges, showing at the summit a pentangular circumference, arising from
the columnar joint accommodating itself to the frequent pressure of the lower
portion of the costal joints, which as in the Pentacrinite must have depended
over it. This joint must have originally possessed a yielding and cartilaginous
texture and consistency, which is indicated in the specimens by a slight curve,
evidently occasioned by the pressure resulting from a lateral inclination of the
superior part of the animal. Its upper surface is slightlyconvex, but it again
slopes downwards towards the centre, thus becoming concave where the en-
trance of the alimentary canal is situated.

The PELVIS. An anchylosis firmly connects with the first joint of the

column the five joints of the pelvis, which are of a depressed rhombic figure, and

1 arranged on it in a similar manner to those of Encrinus moniliformis. Each of

113

the joints is at the exterior circumference angularly truncated, so that a penta-
gonal circumference is formed, the sides of which are slightly excavated. On
each of the sides of the angle arising from the truncation of the joints of the
pelvis, at the exterior surface, a transverse ridge with a central perforation may
be traced, which unites with that from the neighbouring joint, and thus offers
a firm articulation in each of the five excavated spaces for one of the first costal
joints, which gain further support by resting against the column where they
occasion the impression noticed before.

I have no hesitation in saying that this animal when perfect must have borne
considerable resemblance to Encrinites moniliformis ; yet it appears to be suf-
ficiently distinguished from that genus by the enlarged first columnar joint,
and the firm adhesion and growing together of the pelvis with it. It is this
latter circumstance which at once accounts for the columnar joint never occur-
ring without the pelvis.

I cannot, however, omit to suggest a conjecture concerning these specimens,
•which has occurred to me as probable, with regard to the anchylosing of the
pelvis to the column. The Crinoidea in an early stage of growth, as I have shown
when speaking of Pentacrinus caput medusae, do not display the different joints
of which they are composed in so distinct and well marked a manner as on
mature age ; the calcareous matter forming their nucleus has not yet been
secreted in sufficient quantity, and remains so involved with the membranous
parts, as often to render it impossible to determine the line of separation
between one joint and the other. Now the specimens ofEuoENiA CRINITES quin-
quangularis, occur only of a very small size ; and I have before alluded to the
marks of original cartilaginous consistency exhibited by one in my possession.
Should then these remains be those of young animals, in which an insufficient
calcareous secretion has not as yet distinctly separated the plates, they might
very possibly assume the regular character of the germs Encrinites in a more
advanced stage of their growth. Of course in this case it would become neces-
sary to suppress this genus, and incorporate it in that indicated.

114

APPENDIX.

XN the course of my observations on the Crinoidal remains, several have oc-
curred to me which, although I as yet possess only fragments of them, I do
not >rish to pass over entirely without notice.

1. The superior portion (fig. 6.) of a Crinoidal animal, probably belonging
to the genus Cyathocrinites, from the Mountain limestone of the Mendip Hills.
It is on account of its decomposed surface that I am unable to speak positively
as to its generic character. What may be traced proves it considerably ana-
logous to Cyathocrinites planus, but having fewer joints interposed between
the cuneiform ones from which the fingers and continuations of the hand pro-
ceed. Should it belong to that genus and prove a distinct species, I should
feel inclined to name it CYATHOCRINITES ABBREVIATUS.

2. The pelvis of a Elatycrinites (fig. 4. and 5.) formed only of two plates,
presenting at their upper edge six excavations, and hence indicating the exist-
ence of six scapula;, from the Black Rock, near Bristol. I consider this as a
monstrous variety of Platycrinites laevis, analogous to those irregularities of
nature which occasionally render the column of the Pentacrini tetragonal and
hexagonal as noticed before, and which sometimes produce a six-fold division
of the pelvis in Encrinus moniliformis, as noticed by ROSINUS, or a four-fold
one of Apiocrinites rotundus, of which I have seen a specimen in the posses-
sion of a friend. ,

3. A column or auxiliary side arm (fig. 1. to 3.) of a Crinoidal animal,
formed of barrel-shaped joints externally tuberculated, articulating by striated
surfaces, and having in the centre a round nourishing vessel or alimentary ca-
nal. From some place in Germany, and on a slab of Mountain limestone from
the river Swale in Yorkshire, having alongside of it fragments of Actinocri-

CEKTVYTATJE'I? CRT /STOTIDA. n RJEMAT fit S

115

nites and of the column number 8, below. Mr. PARKINSON represents a sin-
gle columnar joint of this Crinoidin his Org. Remains, Vol.ii. t. 13. tig. 69.
DOLIFORMIS would be a good specific name after ascertaining the genus to
which it belongs.

4. Critioidal column (fig. 10. and ll.) formed of moniliform joints alter-
nately larger and thicker, articulating by a striated rim, having a central round
alimentary canal. A few small auxiliary side arms proceed from the larger
joints. Locality unknown, apparently Mountain limestone.

5. Portion of a crinoidal auxiliary side arm, (fig. 12. and 13) formed of
thin joints, articulating by a radiating rim, and in one instance a series of
them, each terminating in a tubercle on one end of the longest diameter.
From the Mountain limestone at the Mendip Hills.

6. Portion of a crinoidal auxiliary side arm, (fig. 14. and 15.) whose joints
are of equal thickness, articulating to each other by striated surfaces. The
external circumference shows a series of tubercles surrounding each joint, and
several folds the vestiges of muscularity. From the Derbyshire Mountain
limestone, and also figured in MARTIN'S Pet. Derb. t. 4. fig. 10.

7. A nearly round, remarkably smooth, pentacrinal column, (fig. 7 and 8.)
formed of joints swelling out at their point of articulation to each other. This
might be easily mistaken for an auxiliary side arm of Actinocrinites, were it not
for the pentapetalous semi-striated articulation. I feel inclined to consider this
column as appertaining to a pentacrinite, claiming a specific distinction, and
should propose for its name PENTACRI NITES L^EVIS. Locality unknown ;
probably lias.

8. A crinoidal column, formed of moniliform joints, articulating by surfaces
striated near the circumference, (fig. 9.) I never saw the superior portion
of this crinite sufficiently perfect to display the pelvis and plates resting on it
A slab in the possession of Mr. R. BRIGHT, from the transition limestone on
his estate, near the Malvern Hills, shows some fingers of this species. Mr.
G. HAWKEH has also a specimen from Dudley, showing the column and
several fingers ; and Mr. C. STOKES has transmitted me the drawing of a nearly
similar specimen from the same place. From the analogy of these fingers to
those of Actinocriuites triacouta dactylus and some other characters, I feel

116

inclined to consider it as belonging to that genus, naming it ACTINOCRINITES
MONILIFORMIS, from the moniliform figure of its columnar joints, which preserve
that shape throughout the column, although alternately larger and smaller near
the pelvis. It is a large species appertaining to the transition and perhaps
Mountain limestone, in which latter I have seen columns much resembling
these. It must be widely distributed, as I have seen its columns on slabs of
Mountain limestone from Swaledale, in Yorkshire, and on slabs of transition
lime from Foulhope, the Malvern Hills, Gliddenhill, Shelly Island, Lake
Huron, in Canada, and Melville Island, in the arctic regions. Mr. PARKINSON,
who has seen the specimen in Mr. HAWKER'S collection, informs me that it is
illustrative of what he calls the Plumose Encrinite, and which was in Sir ASH-
TON LEVER'S collection.

9. In the green sand formation, near Warminster, occur portions of a
Pentacrinite, (fig. 18.) with a rounded column, showing very little of the effects
of contraction in the interstices between the pentapetalous formations. These
columns display in some specimens an alternation of thicker and thinner joints,
and in others show a uniform thickness, the result of growth, as explained
before. At intervals larger joints are interposed, marked externally by five
transverse oblong depressions, from which round auxiliary side arms proceed.
I consider this a distinct species, to which I would assign the name
PENTACRINUS MONILIFORM is, from the bead-like shape of the interposed large
joints.

10. Very minute Crinoidal auxiliary side arms no thicker than a hair,
occur with retepora, &c. on slabs of Mountain limestone, from Mitchel Dean,
(fig. 19.) They are excessively small, show but obscure marks of organization,
and are changed into spar. One specimen is bent into a hook.

11. I understand Mr. JAMES SOWERBY, has found Crinoidal remains in the
London clay at Highgate, which I have not seen, and hence am unable to speak
to their generic and specific identity.

12. In the slaty gray-wacke where it comes in contact with the lower beds
of the transition limestone, occur the impressions of numerous organic re-
mains and Crinoidea, the substance of which has been decomposed and removed.
It is perhaps owing to a contraction or compression of this slaty formation, that
the Crinoidal impressions thus found have generally an elliptical form. Where

117

the articulating surfaces of joints were concave, striated, and had a small ali-
mentary canal, they have produced slightly convex impressions distantly re-
sembling a limpet, and thus probably have led to the assertion of the occur-
rence of that shell in beds below transition limestone.

13. Much has been said by the older writers on fossils regarding a petre-
faction called by them screwstones, which, although at first sight much resem-
bling a screw, show on examination that the incision around them is not spiral
but circular. They prove on reference to the columns of the Crinoidea to be
casts, formed in the alimentary canal, as in a mould, either by a harder
substance such as chert, which from its want of affinity to the surrounding
substance did not incorporate with it, and resisted decomposition after the
destruction of the column ; or by the infiltration of a highly saturated calca-
reous menstruum which filled the empty cavity, formed laminar spar, and took
its markings gradually, being prevented by the intervention of the alimentary
vessel itself from incorporating with the column, and enabled to preserve its
form after the decomposition of the column. I have seen casts in chert of the
round (Actinocrites, &c.)and pentagonal (Cyathocrinites rugosus and Rhodo-
crinite) alimentary canal of crinoidal columns, which displayed the effects of
sphincter contraction, and in which where the cherty matter had infiltrated
between the radiating adhering surfaces, a thin and elegantly striated rim sur-
rounded the thickest part of the cast. I also have a fine calcareous cast formed
in the upper part of the alimentary canal and the abdominal cavity of Apio-
crinites rotundus, where the now spathose matter has also entered the space
between the pelvis, costae, and scapulae.

The existence and preservation of the muscular portion of the Crinoidea, has
been proved by Mr. PARKINSON, who placed well preserved portions of columns
in diluted acid, and which gradually removed the calcareous matter, and left
the fine animal pellicle behind.

Since the printing of the description of the Crinoidea, I have received BARON
VON SCHLOTHEIM'S JDettefaCtenltUnOe, (SOtfra 1820. In it he gives page 327,

118

an account of the encrinital remains in his collection, applying names to those
varieties which appeared to him entitled to specific distinction. And although
he furnishes no anatomical details, yet his localities and synonymes are suf-
ficiently valuable to induce me to present the following extract from his work :

He places the family, according toBuJMENBAcn's arrangement in the order
of Crustacea, (meaning by that term those radiated animals which have crus-
taceous plates, an application which cannot be admitted in our system, where
it has been appropriated to the crab tribe) forming of it two genera, Penlacrinus
and Encrinus. He observes in a note, that they do not belong to the
Zoophytes with which LAMARCK has arranged them, but rather form a link
between the Crustacea and Zoophytes. In this I fully agree with him.

1. PENTACRINITES VULGAIUS. Is our P. CAPUT MEDUSA. The Baron gives
the following additional synonymes and reference. VORTICELLA PENTASONA
ELLIS and ESPER VORT. t. 3. fig. 1. — GUETTARD NUM. vol. in. Palma
animal ACTA PARIS. 1761. t. 8. p. 392. PARRA. HIST. NAT. HAVANA, p. 191.
t. 70. OCKEN'S 2-OOlOCJtC, p. 108. He mentions but one new locality, which is
the iWUSCf)elfl0rtjftalitStem, our lias, in the environs of Waltershousen. The
Baron observes that the fossil resembles the recent species, and that he possesses
columnar fragments in flint, which I suspect is the variety mentioned by me
p. 55.

2. PENTACRINITES BRITTANICUS. Our P. BRIAREUS. The Baron gives the
following additional synonymes and reference. VORTICELLA PENTAGONA
DAVILJE. ESP. PETRIF, t. 6 A. BLUMENBACH'S gbbfttnmgtn 11BtUrUef)er

e, 70. i. a. unto. b.

3. PENTACRINITES EXCAVATUS. From the (QtfbergangfcalUgtrfn, (tran-
sition limestone) in the neighbourhood of Prag. The Baron possesses only
some roots from which many columns (l|)auptai'in£ Main Arms) proceed; and

quotes SCHROETER'S Cmlefttmgen jur BaturgBEEcftfrfyte tier petrefactenkwiDe,

T. 3. p. 336. t. 4. fig. 2. It is distinguished from all other species of Encrinites
by its plate-like concave joints, ornamented externally with a fine projecting
rim. The Baron further says that, according to verbal information, its upper
columnar joints articulate alternately with pentagonal ones, displaying star-like
markings. Yet he suspects that it is not a Pentacrinite, but Encrinite ; I

119

should almost suspect it to belong to a species related to Cyathocrinite*
quinquangularis.

The Baron states that he is in possession of many pentacrinal columnar
fragments which appear to appertain to other species, and conjectures that if
KNORR'S Pentacrinite, p. 1. t. 11. c. (our P. subangularis) may be considered
distinct, the distinct species may at least amount to three. He confirms my
assertion in this monograph, that perfect specimens alone can be satisfactorily
referred to as furnishing correct characters of the column, which materially
differ near its summit.

4. ENCRINITES RAMOSUS. From the li)0?i)l?Uft&Ui£!t?m or cavern lime-
stone, not as yet precisely identified with any of the British strata, in the
environs of Gluecksbrunnen and Liebensteiri, in Meiningen. His description,
which by no means tends to furnish a specific character, leads me to suspect
with the Baron, that the specimen described by him presents the summit of an
encrinite, its hands and tentaculated fingers.

5. ENCRINITES RAMOSUS MAJOR. From Muggendorf, and the Canton Basel,
resembling the former, but larger.

6. ENCRINITES ECHINATUS. From the limestone at Basel ; in pebbles
penetrated by iron from Berrach, in Burgundy ; in hornstone from Amberg. —
From his reference to KNORR, p. i, t. 26, (say 36.; fig. 8. 1 consider this to be a
variety of Rhodocrinites, somewhat analogous to the Mitchel Dean variety.
He further refers to BOURG, t. 58, fig. 413. and 417.

7. ENCRINITES MESPILIFORMIS. From Gingen, and Heydenheim, in Suabia .
probably the jura formation. If I may judge from the figure (PL. xxix. fig. 5.)
the Baron furnishes, and which I have copied in my plate ADUITIONALCRINOIDAL
REMAINS, (fig. 17.) I must confess I discover but a very general similarity
between (he columnar joints of this species and the Bradford Eucrinite, (our
Apiocrinites rotundus) of Mr. PARKINSON, to whom he refers, V. u. t. 14. fig.
1 to 3 ; but I agree with the Baron in pronouncing it a distinct species, probably
not occurring in England.

8. ENCRINITES PAKKINSONII. Our APIOCRINITES ROTUNDUS. The Baron

120

refers to Mr. PARKINSON'S Org. Remains. V. n. 1. 16. fig. 4. and states that it
does not occur excepting in England.

9. ENCRINITES CARIOPHYLUTES. My EUGENIA CRINITES QUINQUANGULARIS,
from Swiss in aeltemt featfcStem, probably lias.

10. ENCRINITES ECHINOIDES. I apprehend this to be my RHODOCRINITES
VERUS, on account of the author's reference to PARKINSON, P. u. PL. xv. fig. 7.

Var. a. from Gothland.
Var. b. from the Eiffel.

11. ENCRINITES VERUCOSUS. My CYATHOCRINITES RUGOSUS.

12. ENCRINITES ORTHOCERATHOIDES. The Baron gives the locality from
Gothland and Neiualp, in Swiss refering to HOFEL, t. 7. fig. 2. 4. 4Werk»

touerWglteften aer fcan&gc&aft Easel, t. 20. fig. 33. t. 21. f. H. KNORR, t. 2.

t. G. 4. fig. 1. 2. SCHROETER'S Cat. n. vn. B. 20.

Var. a. Encrinites hyppuroides, from Bisance, in Bourgogne.

The description of these varieties are not sufficiently specific to enable me
to assign their synonymes in the present treatise, and the figures referred to as
far as I know them, represent only bases and columns.

IS. ENCRIHITES LILIFORMIS. My ENCRINITES MONILIFORMIS. Additional
localities from the ^USffcelflOetjItaUlStfta, (our lias) at Heimberg by Goettin-
gen, from Brunswig, from the Lohberg by Tonna, and Krauberg by Gotha.
The Baron acknowledges that the animal has no auxiliary side arms, but states
that he has two specimens which show thread-like, toothed, slender tentacula,
apparently proceeding from a crust surrounding the column. What he means
by this I am not able from my own observations to pronounce.

14. ENCRINITES CALYCULARIS. See a copy of the Baron's figure (PL. xxix.
fig. 4.) iu my plate, ADDITIONAL CRINOIDAL REMAINS, fig. 16. It comes from
the marley beds connected with and probably reposing ou the chalk at Aachen,
and is, I apprehend, related to Eugenia crinites.

121

'2-
15. ENCRINITES EPHITONIUS. See page 13 of this monograph. The com-

mon screw stone or cast formed in the alimentary canal of the Crinoidea, and
exposed by the decomposition of the column. Why the author should have
applied a specific name to the casts appears to me singular, since all the Cri-
noidea that have a round alimentary canal will form screw stones.

Of all the above varieties, the Baron has specimens in his collection, but he
subjoins the following list of others, which, though not in his own museum, he
considers worthy of specific distinction : —

1. ENCRINITES LORICATUS. Our ACTINOCRINITES TRIACONTA DACTYLUS.

2. ENCRINITES TESTUDINARIUS. Our MARSUPITES ORNATUS.

3. ENCRINITES FLOREALIS. PARKINSON'S Org. Remain*, vol. 2. t. 13.
fig. 36. and 37. an Echinite mistaken for an Encrinus, and found by me also in-
die Mountain limestone of the Mendip Hills. Specimens of it are also ia
R. BRIGHT'S, Esq. collection from Derbyshire.

4. ENCRINITES TESSERATUS. V. Huepsch, t. 4. fig. 28. and 29, from the
Eiffel.

5. ENCRINITES PHYTOLITES. V. Huepsch, t. 4. fig. 30. from Lothringen,

6. ENGRINITES PICTUS. Bourg, t. 58. fig. 207. to 209.

As the Baron gives no description of these, and as I have not seen the figure*
to which he refers, I am unable to give my opinion on them.

OBSERVATIONS

ON THE

GENERA,

INTRODUCTION.

.M.Y inquiries into the anatomical details of the Crinoidea, necessarily con-
ducted me to the investigation of several other organic remains, hitherto con-
sidered as belonging to the Encrinites, and also to an examination of the animals
arranged by LINNAEUS in the genera Asteria and Echinus, since these appear in
some parts of their structure, more or less allied to the former. I was still further
animated to enter into the details of this investigation, since M. CUVIER asserts
in his Regne Animale (vol. iv. p. 8.) " that their bony arrangement deserves to
be studied ;" which made me conclude that this part of anatomy has been as
yet left untouched by that great naturalist.

Of the Linnean genus Asteria, M. LAMARCK has formed a family
to which be has assigned the name STKLLERID^;, comprehending four genera,
arising from the subdivison of the above Lintiean genus. With a view to dis-
cover the animals which form a link between the Crinoidea and Asteria, I
dissected several individuals of the family Stellenda?.

124

The comparatively large abdominal cavity of the Crinoidea inarticulata, its
protection by plates, and their slender connection to the column, seemed to
indicate that an analogous animal might exist in nature without being provided
with a column or organs of permanent attachment, and therefore capable of
locomotion. I at first apprehended that this might be detected iu the Euryale,
but soon found that a greater conformity in organic construction ought to exist,
before the transition or link could be considered as perfect. I therefore again
referred to the general conclusions resulting from my previous inquiries rela-
tively to the Crinoidea, of which it will be necessary in order to guide our fur-
ther progress to subjoin in this place the following brief recapitulation.

The Crinoidea are animals provided with a column formed of numerous
joints, surmounted by five articulated arms, which enclose between them at their
base the viscera in a cuplike cavity.

The portion that encloses the viscera, although it may be considered as a
beginning of the arms, yet by being laterally connected is deprived of expan-
sion, or rather possesses it only in a very limited degree; hence it varies its
figure in conformity to the size of the viscera, which viscera must be again con-
formable (in accordance to general Zoological principles) to the nature and
quantity of food requisite to the animal economy.

It is this conformity of the exterior covering to the viscera, which, perhaps,
chiefly occasions the gradual transition from articulating joints (Crinoidea arti-
culata) to plates adhering only by sutures (Crinoidea inarticulata.,)

The analogy between joints and plates at the base of the arms, is preserved
by the similarity in position and number of those pieces which in both cases
have been denominated as costals and scapulae, as in the Crinoidea articulata,
and the genera Actinocrinites and Rhodocrinites, of the division Crinoidea
inarticulata.

The muscular action extended from the pelvis to the arms, is transmitted in
a similar manner in all the Crinoidea, only that in one instance (the articulata) it
is effected from joint to joint by means of attachment to the articulations, and
iu the other (the inarticulata) over the plates by means of adhesion and sutural
attachment.

125

In those Crinoidea where the costals are wanting, action is continued over
interposed intercostal plates or the enlarged scapulae, where as in Platy-
crinites these are made subservient to the use of costal plates. Where the regu-
lar number of costal plates exists, and intercostal, interscapulary, or pectoral
plates occur, as in Actinocrinites and Rhodocrinites, these can only be consi-
dered as analogous (yet infinitely more conspicuous and developed) to those
plates that cover the integument between the second costal and scapulas of the
pentacrinite.

In the Crinoidea, generally the articulation of the arms is" to the scapulae
resting ou the costals, which are inserted on the pelvis, whose joints adhere
to the column, and enclose a small perforation in the centre that leads to the
alimentary canal.

The alimentary canal is only a continuation of the stomach, (a sort of
coecum?) carrying nourishment to the further end of the column, and as it
proceeds, distributing it to the auxiliary side arms, by means of minute vessels
under the epidermis.

An integument protected by numerous minute plates extends over the
abdominal cavity, the channel in the arms, fingers, and tentacula, furnishing a
protection to the viscera and vessels extending under it.

It is this plated integument, where spreading over the abdominal cavity,
which has in its centre the mouth of the animal, apparently formed for suction
and gorging, and hence its surrounding muscle is able to protrude it under the
form of an elongated proboscis.

Numerous tentaculated fingers surround the mouth, and hence prove by
the closeness of the apparatus so provided, that the food detained by them
must be very small.

A mouth capable of being elongated into a proboscis, and fingers con-
structed for detention, indicate that the animal watched for its prey, and took
it in from above.

A perforation extending through the centre of the arm, finger, and tentacular
joints, indicates the passage of a nourishing vessel, analogous to those extend-

126

ing through the auxiliary side arms, which vessel was perhaps surrounded hy a
cuticle possessing the qualities of a nerve and muscle ; as appears very pro-
bab le in an animal where the nerves must have been so minutely distributed.

On examination of the conformation of the analogous parts in. the Stelleridae,.
it is at once proved,

That in the genera Ophiura?* Asteria, andEuryale, the ossicula forming the
arms proceed from an ossicular arrangement surrounding the mouth, whereas
in the Crinoidea the system of joints supporting the arm proceed from the base
of the cup containing the intestines, and are only loosely connected with the
muscle surrounding the mouth, by the plated integument covering that cup.

In the three genera mentioned, the mouth is pentagonal, and provided with-
teeth, of which there are no traces in the Crinoidea.

The following characters appear distinctive between the three above stated
genera of the Stelleridae, but still not such as to approximate any of them parti*-
cularly to the Criooidea : —

In the genus Ophiura, the abdominal cavity extends beyond the mouth in
a subglobose manner.

In the Asteria, the abdominal cavity extends laterally over the ossicular
arrangement of the arms to admit ten coeca.

In the Euryale, the protruding semiglobular abdominal cavity is formed by
ten plates, each two serving as a stay to an arm ; thus if the arms were removed,
these animals would exhibit by this arrangement of their plates in ten divisions,
and the teeth, a transition to the Echini.

In the Ophiura; ? Euryale, and Asteria3, there exists no perforation in the
arm joints, hence the vessel passing through it in the Crinoidea is omitted
or differently placed.

The inner lateral angles of the arms of the Asterire being provided with

here add a mark of interrogation, not having had opportunity to examine Ophiura
sufficiently in its anatomical details, and judging therefore from delineation only.

127

numerous spines and retractile muscular feelers, indicate a different mode of
detaining food and bringing it to the mouth, which is confirmed by theOphiurae
and Asteriaj crawling along with the mouth downwards, catching their prey,
and pushing it on along the space or groove between the inner lateral angles
of the arms to the mouth.

Although the numerous fingers of the Euryale, resulting from the repeated
bifurcation of the five arms, are well calculated to detain prey caught in a
floating attitude, yet the want of tentacula, still removes them from the Cri-
iioidea in organization.

These and other facts (too numerous to be incorporated in the present
monograph, but which, should circumstances favour my researches and give
them a degree of maturity, I intend at a future time to lay before the public)
resulted from my enquiries.

The comparison of these results with those obtained from the Crinoidea
made me anxious to examine the Comatulaj, the only remaining genus of
the Stelleridae, which from its general aspect seemed to promise a nearer
approach than any of the preceding to the family of Crinoidea, and in which
I therefore still hoped to find this connecting link of which I was in search.
The results were even more favourable than the first appearances had given
me reason to hope, presenting, indeed, a conformity of structure almost per-
fect in every essential part, (excepting the column which is wanting, or at least
reduced to a single plate) and exhibiting an animal which would be defined
with sufficient precision as a Pentacrinus destitute of the column. The details
of this genus follow.

128

GENUS. COMATULA.

An unattached animal, having a depressed orbicular body, formed of cal-
careous plates enclosing the viscera. The mouth in the centre (capable of
being elongated into a proboscis) surrounded by tentaculated arms or fingers
composed of numerous joints ; near the base of the body, below the fingers
or arms, many jointed auxiliary side arms terminating in a hooked point.

Observation.

M. LAMARCK applies the name Comatula (derived from coma, a lock of hair,
in allusion to the resemblance the cluster of auxiliary side arms bear to it) as a
generic name, to a series of animals once incorporated in the Lin. Gen. Asteria.
Dr. LEACH applies the name Alecto to the same series of animals, describing
three species in his Zoological Miscellanies. Yet as his character is inferior in
precision to that of LAMARCK, as the name Alecto is, in its application by
Dr. LEACH, simply equivalent to that of Comatula, as his generic character
does not exhibit any new division of the genus Comatula, and as it seems
desirable to avoid the unnecessary multiplication of scientific nomenclature, I
have retained the latter. But as the characters given both by Dr. LEACH and
LAMARCK were drawn up from a comparison with the family Stelleridse, and do
not allude to those parts of its organization which mark the link between- it,
and the Crinoidea, I considered it necessary to furnish the above new generic
character.

The Comatulae are not very numerous, but considerably distributed through
the various seas on our globe.

At first sight the observer acquainted with the formation of Pentacrinus
Caput Medusae, will be struck with the resemblance the Comatulae bear to
the superior portion of that animal. The tentaculated fingers and auxiliary
side arms bear so striking a resemblance, that we are at first led to suspect that

129

we shall find beneath the cluster formed by the latter, an abbreviated column
froiu which they proceed.

On dissection, we find that the Comatulae have series of calcareous secre-
tions or ossicula exactly similar in their general plan and arrangement to the
Crinoidea, and especially to the genus Pentacrinus, intended like theirs to
sustain muscular action.

PENTAGONAL PLATE. At the base of the subglobose body of the Comatulae,
exists a pentagonal unperforated plate, slightly convex externally, and concave
on the inside. It is analogous in situation to the first columnar joint of the
Crinoidea, but as it is not required to transmit the passage to the alimentary
canal (no prolongation of the column existing in this animal) it is without
central perforation.

The PELVIS. On the margin of the pentagonal plate, rests an annular
plate, resembling the rim of a basin, and forming with the former a basin-like
cavity. It appears to occupy the place of the pelvis of the Pentacrinite, it is
consequently necessary that it should increase in proportion with the contained
viscera, without altering materially its basin-like form ; yet as it is not formed
of separate plates, and cannot therefore increase laterally their margins,
another mode has been adopted, as I shall explain in proceeding. At
the upper edge this pelvis-like plate is pentagonal, having between each
of the angles a horse-shoe-like impression for the insertion of the first costal
joint. Externally numerous auxiliary side arms proceed from the pelvis-like
plate, which when they are broken off or removed, show the exterior surface
of the plate marked with concave impressions (the points of their insertion)
each surrounded by a hexagonal rim more or less perfect, according as their
situation is near the central or marginal circumference of the plate.

AUXILIARY SIDE ARMS. Across the middle of each of the concave im-
pressions on the pelvis-like plate, is a transverse ridge slightly perforated in
the centre on which the first joint of the auxiliary side arm is attached. These
arms, the formation of their joints, and their hook-like termination, resemble
in every particular those of Pentacrinus caput medusae, only that they are
much shorter, and formed of a less number of joints.

GROWTH OP THB PELVIS AND AUXILIARY SIDE ARMS. It is perhaps not

130

one of the least pleasures that an admirer of comparative anatomy enjoys,
when he finds that results which he acquired from one series of animals, will
apply also to those which most nearly approach them in the analogy of their
structure. The gradual increase of the plates or joints of the Crinoidea inclos-
ing the abdominal cavity, took place by an extension at their lateral edges, to
afford the room required by the viscera in the growth of the animal. The pro-
ducing of auxiliary side arms, and reproducing of parts lost, demonstrate the
formation of their joints, by a gradual secretion of calcareous matter from the
involving muscular covering. These are facts which, since the Comatula; arc
so nearly in conformity in their general structure to the Criuoidea, ought also to
be demonstrable in their organization.

The annular basin-shaped plate, which may be considered as the pelvis,
appears principally to increase towards its upper margin, as it is on this side
only that new auxiliary side arms can be traced as growing out of it, hence its
proportions become gradually deeper. This pelvis is (as has been already
observed) covered by numerous circular impressions, into which the side arms
are inserted ; these circular impressions are surrounded by hexagonal rims, the
result of an abundant secretion of calcareous matter from the muscular integu-
ment which surrounds and strengthens the adhesion of these side arms at their
base. The hexagonal form of these rims appears, as in many other instances,
to arise from the mutual pressure and accommodation of the contiguous circles
to each other. As this pelvis increases towards its upper edge, new arm joints
are there protruded. I have in my possession specimens in which near the
upper rim new cavities are formed, having in their centre minute, undeveloped,
auxiliary side arms, entirely similar to those of Pentacrinus caput medusae, and
where also the claw-like termination has not yet made its appearance.

The limited number of Comatulae which I have had an opportunity of
examining, have not enabled me to ascertain whether the perforation in the ridge
which traverses each indentation in the pelvis passes through into the abdominal
cavity, or whether the vessel arising from it branches off laterally, and obtains
its supplies from vessels under the epidermis which covers the plates
externally.

Each of the five depressiops at the upper rim of the pelvis is of a horse-shoe-
like figure, in which the first costal joint rests, to this the second costal joint
adheres, and on that a scapula is attached, The TWO COSTALS much resemble

131

the second costal joint of Pentacrinus caput medusas in general figure, yet here
the first costal joint is externally so much overlaid by the second, that it is only
visible at its lateral margins.

The SCAPULA resemble also those of that Pentacrinite, but are much more
angularly pointed at their superior surface, and are also tied laterally together
by an integument.

From each of the scapulae in the different species proceed either two arm-
like fingers, or two arms ; each of the latter formed of a common and cunei-
form joint, from which, on one side the first finger, and on the other side a con-
tinuation of the arm sets off, which, again, by the intervention of cuneiform
joints, divides into two or more fingers, and thus forms a hand like in other
Crinoidea. Each joint of the arms and fingers sends off from alternate sides a
tentaculum formed of many articulated small joints, resembling in formation
those of Pentacrinus caput medusas.

An integument extends over the abdominal cavity, the groove in the arms,
fingers, and tentacula, and is, like that in Pentacrinus, also protected by
numerous minute calcareous plates. In some species of Comatulas, this integu-
ment extends laterally in a fimbriated manner, connecting the tentacula, and
sometimes portions of the arms and fingers near their origin, together. In these
cases the integument is here excessively thin and transparent, having at the
margin of its fimbrise a few minute plates probably to add to its strength. I
apprehend that this lateral extension of the integument may probably have
existed in some of the Crinoidea, but it is almost impossible that we should
expect to detect so fine a membrane in a fossil state ; should it however,
favoured by peculiar circumstances, ultimately be detected, I feel confident it
would furnish a good specific character, and perhaps lead to the distinction of
species at present apparently similar.

An insufficient supply of specimens, and want of opportunity to examine dif-
ferent species, hasprevented me from ascertaining whether the groove in the
arms and fingers extends also along the tentacula. In the fimbriated Comatulae
I should apprehend it does not, since each of the joints forming the tentaculum
in those which I have seen has only a concave impression near the base, where the
fimbria is attached more firmly than above this depression. Hence I appre-

hend that the vessel passing along the groove in the tentacula of the Crinoidea,
and probably also iu the unfiinbriated Comatula, is in these placed near the ex-
terior margin of the fimbriae, where it is protected by the minute plates noticed
before.

I have not been able to examine the ComatuUe while alive, but the observa-
tions made by M. PERRON as stated by M. LAMARCK in his Animaux sans
Vertebres, are so satisfactory that I feel no hesitation to subjoin them in this
place, more especially, as that naturalist made them unprepossessed by any
idea of the resemblance which they bear to the Crinoidea. He notices the
power which the animal has of extending its mouth into a kind of proboscis,
which, reasoning from analogy, confirms the idea which I have before expressed
on the probability of a similar extension of the mouth of Pentacrinus caput
medusas. He also states that the animal suspends itself by its auxiliary side
arms from fuci or branches of polyparia, watches for its prey and detains it
with its spreading arms or fingers, guiding it to its mouth with its auxiliary
side arms.

LAMARCK has described eight species, which will require a new specific cha-
racter in conformity to the generic one furnished above ; but as his descrip-
tions are not sufficiently detailed, to enable me to draw from them that inform-
ation requisite to remodel them in this manner, as the major part were procured
by M. PERRON and LE SUEUR, and hence exist only in the French museums,
which I have no opportunity of seeing, I wave entering for the present
further on the subject.

I have had only an opportunity of examining a few specimens of a species
which occurs in Milford Haven, and which I have named

COJVIATULA FIMBRIATA.

Specific Character.

A Comatular animal with an orbicular depressed body, provided with
numerous auxiliary side arms,* and ten finger-like arms surrounding the mouth
which is in the centre. The arms and tentaculge are fimbriated, and in part
tied together by a thin transparent membrane, bordered at its outer margin with
minute scales.

133

Observation.

LAMARCK describes a small Comatula as C. fimbriata, found by M. PERRON
and LE SUEUR in the eastern seas, stating that it somewhat resembles the Stella
Barbata of LINKIUS, t. 37. No. 64. PENNANT quotes the same figure for his
Asterias decacnemos, but in his representation (Pi,, xxv.) does not express
the ti tub dated membrane, nor does his figure show the organic detail correctly:
he also represents a pentagonal mouth which I could not detect in my dried
specimens ; hence I do not know how far those figures and quotations afford
synonymes or reference.

A species of Comatula appears to occur in the Solenhofe slate, it has been
figured byKnoRR (PL.n. L. i.) and by vonScHLOTHEiwinhis JpftltfilCttnlUtnltf,
as Ophiurites pennatus, p. 28. (fig. 1. and 2.) but neither of these figures exhibit
that accurate attention to organic formation, which alone can enable us to
furnish a specific character.

OBSERVATIONS

ON THE

GENUS

$lar$ttptte0, or $e itors^iffee animate.

Generic Character.

An unattached animal with a subglobose body containing the viscera pro-
tected by calcareous plates, of which that in the centre at the base is angular,
having a series of costal plates resting on it, admitting intercostals at their
superior angles, these giving insertion to the scapulae from which the arms pro-
ceed. Space between the scapulae covered by an integument, protected by
numerous small plates.

Observation.

The Marsupites have not as yet been found in a living state, and may pro-
bably be considered as extinct animals. They furnish an instance, how much
an examination of the organic remains in the strata of the earth, enlarges our
zoological knowledge, tends to display new mechanism, and exhibits new links,
which render the transition between the species regular and gradual.

Thus the want of the column formed of many joints, separates the Crinoi-
dea from the stelleridae.

MARS U F IT ¥.

135

The Comatulae, as an approximating link, retaining the auxiliary side arms
observable in the Pentacrini, have them proceeding from the pelvis, and possess
no column. Yet these auxiliary side arms, the plated integument extending
over the abdominal cavity, having in its centre the mouth capable of elongation
into a proboscis, and the articulation and formation of the arm joints and ten-
tacula, indicate their retaining too great an affinity to the Crinoidea than to
render the transition to the Euryale satisfactory, and some intermediate link
seems still wanting.

The Marsupite, by having no column, no auxiliary side arms, and retaining
the integument, appears to form the immediate link between the Crinoidea
inarticulata and the Euryale.

Mr. PARKINSON, although perhaps somewhat inconsistently, after including
the column in his generic character of the Encrinites and Pentacrinites, has yet
retained (he Marsupite among them, and furnished a good figure and descrip-
tion of it, as the Tortoise Encrinite.

Mr. GIDEON MANTELL, the author of a work on the Southdown fossils,
which will shortly appear before the public, has (from his vicinity to the chalk
pits of Brighton, where the Marsupite occurs) given its remains a due share of
attention. It being generally found deprived of arms, and without the plated
integument spreading over the space between the scapulae, (thereby dis-
playing the interior of the abdominal cavity) and in this mutilated state some-
what resembling a purse, induced Mr.MANTELL to give it the name Marsupites,
from the Latin. I think this name so well chosen, that I have taken the liberty
to adopt it.

I know of but one species belonging to this genus ; but it may be well to
observe that, on account of an imperfect anatomical investigation, Cyathocri-
nites rugosus, of the transition limestone, from a similarity of markings on the
plates and conformity of shape in the costals and scapula, has been considered
as a species belonging to this genus, although it is evident that this Cyathocri-
nite possessed a regular column, which the Marsupite never could have done ;
and that the arrangement and number of the plates is very different in that
Cyathocrinites and the Marsupite.

136

I. SPECIES. MARSUPITES ORNATUS.

ORNAMENTED PURSE-LIKE ANIMAL.

Specific Character.

A Marsupial animal, having the central plate, at the base of its subglobose
body containing the viscera, pentagonal, supporting at its edge five similar
costals, which admit at their superior angles five hexagonal intercostals, into
the angles of which five scapulae are inserted sending off the arms.

All the plates ornamented by ridges proceeding from the centre, and form-
ing angular markings near the corners.

Synonymes.

TORTOISE ENCRINITE. PARKINSON'S Organic Remains, Vol. n. PL. xm.
fig. 24. MANTELL'S Manuscript on the Southdown fossils, t. xvi. fig. 6. to 10.
14. and 15.

Locality.

Ofl'ham Chalk-Pits, near Lewes ; Clayton Chalk-pits, Hurstpoint, Sussex ;
Preston Chalk-Pits, near Brighton ; (for the above localities, I am indebted to

Mr. MANTELL) ; Chalk-Pits of Kent ; and Chalk-Pits, near Warminster.

•

Description.

I have given the specific name ORNATUS to this species, (the only one
known to me as belonging to this genus) on account of its plates being beauti-
fully ornamented with radiating markings. I am indebted to GIDEON
MANTELL, Esq. of Lewes, in Sussex, whom I had occasion to mention in rny
observations on the genus Marsupites, for a fine specimen of the body of this
animal, which has enabled me, in conjunction with an examination of some

137

of the delineations intended to illustrate his work, ("which he obligingly lent
me) to draw up the following description : —

The CENTRAL PLATE* of the Marsupite may be considered as occupying a
similar situation to those plates which form the pelvis in theCrinoidea inarticu-
lata, since the other plates which cover the body of the animal are attached to
it in a regular series. But being single only, not perforated in the centre, and
having no concave impression at its exterior surface, we discover at once a
striking dissimilarity, which points out that there existed no passage through
the plate to an alimentary canal beyond it, and that consequently no columnar
joint could have been attached to it ; an inference which is confirmed by
observing that the lower surface of this plate exhibits no mark of adhesion for
a column. It is of a pentagonal form, somewhat elevated in its middle,
marked at the exterior surface with subcrenulated ridges, arranged like those
of Cyathocrinites rugosus, as described page 90.

Five PENTAGONAL COSTAL PLATES adhere to the lateral edges of the
central plate, and are marked externally like it.

In the superior angles formed by the costal plates, are admitted five
hexagonal INTERCOSTALS, also marked like the latter ; these, however, have
in -addition to the former markings, four conspicuous ridges radiating from the
centre to the two lateral edges(whicl) servefor the more firm adhesion of the inter-
costals to each other) and to the superior margins (where the pentagonal scapulae
adhere) over which they extend to the horse-shoe-like impression at their
summit.

The radiating subcrenulated ridges on the plates, the folds just noticed,
and the lateral adhesion of plate .to plate by simple sutures, plainly indicate
that a muscular integument extended over these calcareous plate-like con-
cretions; that this muscular integument was capable of contraction, and has
left the ridges and folds above described as marks of its action, and corre-
sponding with the appearances before observed in the Crinoidea, especially in
Actinocrinites and Cyathocrinites.

» I am now doubtful, however, whether it might not be preferable to consider this plate as
analogous to the upper columnar joint of the Crinoidea, the next series as the pelvis, &c. in
the manner proposed in the end of this article ; but the letters of reference employed in the plate
rendered it necessary to retain the above description also.

138

In each of the horse-shoe-like depressions traversed by a perforated ridge
atthe summit of the scapula;, is inserted the first ARM JOINT, of similar con-
tour to the depression, to whose superior surface adheres a CUNEIFORM JOINT,
(considered by Mr. MANTELL as analogous to the os humeri) and indicating
that the arm here divides, and sends off fingers in a manner analogous to what
we observe in the Crinoidea.

The space between the superior angles of the scapula?, is occupied by
numerous small polygonal plates, analogous to those noticed in the genus
Actinocrinites ; these indicate that, as in those animals, an integument protected
by numerous plates containing in its centre the mouth, extended over the abdo-
minal cavity containing the viscera. This is the more strongly confirmed by a
fine specimen in Mr. MANTELL'S possession, and engraved for his work, PL. xvi.
fig. 6. which also suggests the probability that the animal was capable of con-
tracting this integument into the form of an imperfect proboscis.

In two specimens which I have had an opportunity of examining, the
angular points of two of the costal plates where adhering to the central piece,
are, as well as the latter, truncated and otherwise distorted, admitting an
additional plate, the result of injury and restoration. But, even in this
instance, nature has not interrupted the general principle of muscular action,
continuing it over the interposed plate which is marked with ridges similar to
the costals.

The remains of this species as already observed, occur only in chalk-pits,
and show on fracture, that they are now converted into calcareous spar, thus
resembling the appearance of the fracture of Pentacrinites, Asteria, and
Echini, found in similar strata, and thereby proving the analogy which the
calcareous concretions or ossicula of these animals bore originally to each
other.

I entertain the hope that the parts of this animal of which I have been my-
self unable to speak with certainty, will be fully defined by Mr. MANTELL, who,
by his vicinity to the chalk-pits where it occurs, has every opportunity of
obtaining information and following up his inquiries.

I cannot omit to remark that there exists a considerable analogy in the
arrangement of the plates forming the cup-like portion of Marsupites and

139

Cyathocrinites, which I hesitated to point out before I had proved the non-
existence of the column in Marsupites. If we consider the lower pentangular
plate in this genus (which is similar in position to that in Comatula) to serve
in both as a keystone to their vaulted cup, or as a plate performing in part the
office of a first columnar joint, (since the other plates adhere to its edges) and
thus apply the anatomical nomenclature used when describing the Cyatho-
crinites, we shall find the five plates forming the pelvis in that genus truly
conformable to the five costals in Marsupites, differing only in their upper
edges being bent, to form as its were a concave rim, and the lower surface
being excavated to give articulation to the column. The five intercostal plates
in Marsupites correspond in figure and marking with the five costals in
Cyathocrinites, and the scapulae, integument, and commencement of the arms
exhibit a conformity conspicuous at first sight. It is truly pleasing by
this change of anatomical momenclature, to point out in a more striking
manner the method in which nature effects the transition from one being to
another. In the Comatula, the absence of the column showed the first link
from the Crinoidea articulata to the Stelleridae, in the Marsupite a similar link
is offered from the Crinoidea inarticulata to that family.

ADDENDA TO THE GENUS PENTACRINITES.

Mr. JAMES SOWERBY, of Lambeth, has kindly presented me with fragments
of the column of a Feiitacrinite, found by him in the London clay, about 6 or
8 years ago, at White Conduit-House, Islington ; adding that they also,
though rarely, occur at Richmond, and have been met with in digging a well
at Kensington ; but he further remarks that they are generally so much im-
pregnated with pyritical matter that they soon decompose and fall to pieces.

These columns much resembles in size and shape those of Pentacrinites
basal tiformis, but have the angles more rounded. From their exhibiting no
marks of muscular corrugation at their exterior surface, and the joints being
of uniform thickness, I apprehend the fragments before me to be full grown
columnar portions. I wave distinguishing it as a species, not having the means
of furnishing a specific character; yet, should it prove such, I should propose
for it the name Pentacrinites subbasaltiformis.

I apprehend this is the same species which is mentioned in Dr.
WOODWARD'S catalogue of the additional English native fossils, vol. n. p. 51.
x. d. 58. to 60. as having been found in the same stratum.

CONCLUSION.

The interesting fact observed in the Crinoidea of the preservation of the
investing muscular membrane, and the retention of the form produced by its
\arious contractions in a fossil state, which has been proved by the detailed
description of its traces in various specimens, created a wish to discover
whether similar traces might not likewise exist in the fossil Echini and
Cidares ; since in these animals the plates inclosing the viscera are covered by
an investing muscular membrane considerably analogous to that of the
Crinoidea, and employed in communicating motion to the spines.

Considering the figure of the Echini and Cidares attentively, I discovered
that by reversing the terms upper and lower surface (as usually applied)
and by placing the animal with its mouth upwards, a greater analogy than I

141

expected between it and the cup-like portion of the Criuoidea inarliculata, the
Comatula, Marsupites, and Euryale, became apparent.

The five plates at the bottom of the cup thus presented, pierced for the
passage of the oviducts, appeared to represent the pelvis, on which the plates
forming the area and areolte are arranged in series analogous to costals and
intercostals of the former, and from these (the scapulae and arms being deficient
in this order) a plated integument extends across the abdominal cavity inclos-
ing in the centre the mouth ; this, however, is armed with five teeth, inserted
in a complicated ossicular apparatus, a character which, as far as my know-
ledge extends, does not appear to have been possessed by any of the Crinoidea.

It is evident (hat the original texture of the ossicular plates of the Crinoidea,
Stelleridsr, and Echini, must have been similar, since the same peculiar struo
ture of calcareous spar is exhibited in the fossil remains of all these substances.

As the muscular integument over the plates does not extend over the whole
shell in an uninterrupted line as in the Crinoidea, where it is intended to effect
the movement of the arms, but is limited to short spaces from tubercle to tu-
bercle, each muscle having for its office the erection of a single spine, a similar
conspicuous appearance cannot be expected.

In recent specimens of Cidaris imperialis, we notice slight radiating
ridges on the areas surrounding the mamillaB, evidently the result of the depres-
sion of the calcareous matter during secretion, in consequence of the frequently
repeated contracting action of the fibres of the radiating muscle.

In fossil specimens of a similar Cidaris occurring in the coral rag, and
figured in PARKINSON'S Organic Remains, Vol. in. PL. i. fig. 9. we trace some-
times immediately below the mamilla a radiating marking. Is this not the
muscle in a petrified state ?

The corrugation of the muscular membrane investing the 'regions round the
vent, and the undeveloped spines near it, is, I apprehend, the cause of the sin-
gular appearance exhibited by some fossil specimens of a Cidarites from Wilt-
shire,asrepresented by Mr. PAUKiNSON.inhisOrg Remains,Vol.in.PL i.fig.13.

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The first requisite inflates illustrative of subjects in natural history is,
undoubtedly, that they should represent with fidelity the object under inves-
tigation, convey a correct idea of the whole, exhibit in a marked manner the
generic and specific characters, and display the anatomical details in different
points of view. The faithful execution and accomplishment of these objects,
will generally plead an apology in the estimation of those whose object is
scientific knowledge, for the want of that peculiar delicacy and finish in exe-
cution which is within the reach of the practised artist alone.

In the plates representing the generic character of the Crinoidea, I have
endeavoured by figuring separately the several parts of the cup-like portion of
the animal, yet preserving them in their natural series, to convey an idea of the
manner in which they are placed over and near each other in the living
animal, the dotted lines directing the eye to their points of adhesion and
insertion. In all these generic plates I have shaded, and in the Crinoidea
inarticulata also coloured differently from the rest, those plates or joints essen-
tial to the generic character, endeavouring by this means at once to direct the
eye to these parts. This, I believe, is a mode of representation not hitherto
attempted in plates on natural history, the public will judge of its effect. I
have applied it to other subjects of natural history, and found it very useful
\vhere the character of the genus or species is well defined, where this is not
the case, it has frequently led me to a further examination of the subject I have
wished to represent, and thus furnished some interesting results.

I have supplied from the combination of numerous specimens, a restored
figure of some of the Crinoidea, such as I conceive them to have been when
living, venturing, however, to indulge no further in this conjectural process,

144

than the results derived from my inquiry into their organic formation would
fully warrant. I have in some instances, particularly in the representations of
the tentaculated fingers, figured specimens as perfect, where well preserved
portions furnished me with data sufficiently clear and demonstrative, and thus
enabled me to save the reader the irksomeness and trouble of deciphering for
himself mutilated fragments. I have in most instances omitted the represen-
tation of the surrounding matrix, as unessential to a history of the organic
formation of the animals.

I have followed in all these points M. CUVIER, who, in arranging the bones
of the Paris bason, was enabled by his great knowledge of comparative
anatomy, to appropriate each single bone to its proper species and place, and
thus to re-unite and restore perfect skeletons from the scattered members dis-
persed in various separate blocks. By pursuing this method, he has enabled
every one tolerably acquainted with the subject, to form a general and correct
idea of the form of these long extinct species, and to assign to them their true
places and stations in the systematic order of nature, purposes which must
obviously have been accomplished in a far less satisfactory manner, even if they
had not entirely failed, had he contented himself by figuring each separate
slab, a process by which the most essential features would have been lost, and
buried beneath the accumulation of unessential details.

1 would indeed generally remark that I must always consider the repre-
sentations of mutilated fossil specimens imbedded in their mineral matrix,
prejudicial to the advancement of a real knowledge of organic remains, when-
ever sufficient certainty can be obtained to effect a perfect restoration of the
object without risking conjectural additions. This practice, at best, affords
only a fairer opportunity to the artist for the display of his art, while it mate-
rially detracts from the information which the representation is calculated to
afford to the physiological inquirer, who by a general figure acquires at
once an idea of the whole animal, and is at the same time enabled to judge
of its correctness, by referring to the representations of the anatomical details,
and to those general laws of organization which belong to the classes most
nearly approximating in structure to the individuals under examination.

In pursuance of the plan adopted in modern publications on natural
history, by M. CUYIEK, M. SAVIGNY, &c. I have used letters and signs denoting

145

in all the plates the analogous parts in each species of Crinoidea, the
Marsupites, and Comatulse. Their application is as follows : —

A Superior portion of the animal.

JE Column.

B Base of attachment.

C Fibres of attachment.

D Auxiliary side arms.

E Pelvis.

F Costal plate or joint.

G Intercostal plate or joint.

H Scapula.

I Interscapulary plate or joint.

J Irregular interscapulary plate.

K Arms.

L Cuneiform joint.

M The hand.

N The Finger.

O Tentacula.

CE Excavation in the arm joints, fingers, and tentacula, for the passage of

viscera, covered by the plated integument.
P Clavicle.
Q Pectoral plates.
R Capital plates.
S Mouth capable of being protruded into an elongated proboscis, by the

sphincter contraction of the plated integument.
T Plated integument covering the abdominal cavity, and the excavation in

the arms, fingers, and tentacula.
V Alimentary canal.
U Exuded indurated calcareous matter.
UE Entrance to the alimentary canal.
W Impression of the auxiliary arm joints on the column.
X Orifice of the mouth.
Y Supposed aperture of the ovary.
Z Undeveloped muscular cartilaginous parts.

146

Sphincter Muscle.

Perforation for the Passage of nourishing Vessels.

Ridges the effect of muscular contraction.

Corrugated Muscle.

Reproduced Parts.

Radiated insertion.

Ridge-like insertion.

Muscle which has slid from its regular position or is displaced.

Place where the Arms are broken off.
Cy Place where the Fingers are broken off.
It, Undulated insertion.

^7 Trefoil-shaped elevation on the truncated point of the pelvis, costals,
and other joints.

tyfe Depressing Muscle.

So Aperture between the joints under the plated integument.

a First.

^ Second.

d Joint or Plate.

f Enlarged.

a Crenulated suture.

/Irregular joint, the result of injury sustained by the membrane or
periosteum which secreted the calcareous matter.

Superior surface.
Inferior surface.

147

in> Lateral edge.

r Marks of increase or growth.

d Contraction.

'Z. Places where the calcareous deposits from the periosteum formed in
layers one over the other, have separated or decorticated.

v. Single.
w. Double.
& Insertion.

» & a. Section.
0

ae Triangular perforated ridge.

5 Muscular envelopment.

— Muscular elongation.

•=* Sphincter contraction.

2 Perforated tubercle.

/\> Larger than natural size, the number of inscribed triangles points out
how many times magnified ; this sign is not always used, as its
employment in one instance on a plate gives a criterion for all the
conformable parts.

xx Twisting contraction produced by muscular action.
xxx Undulating contraction.

148

Enumeration of the Plates, illustration of some of the Figures,

and Direction to the Binder.

PLATE'

— Genus. Apiocrinites to face page 17.

I. Apiocrinites rotundas, p. 19.

Figure 2. represents a fine specimen in my possession. I have indicated the probable
form of the fingers by dotted lines, having only seen portions of them, but none that
could furnish full information of their complete outline. I have indeed seen fingers made
up by gluing together finger-joints found at various distances from each other in the
Bradford clay, and arranged in a decreasing order ; but as in the Crinoidea each finger-
joint is not distinguished by an essential character as in those of Mammalia, such a
representation may prove only deceptive.

II. Apiocrinites rottindus, p. 21.

III. Apiocrinites rotundus, p. 25.

IV. Apiocrinites rotundus, p* 26.

Fig. 14. 20. and 21. arc magnified representations.

V. Apiocrinites rotundus, p. 27.

VI. Apiocrinites rotundus, p. 28.

VII. Apiocrinites rotundus, p. 32.

Fig. 13. shows the supposed aperture of the ovaries in a specimen drawn on an
extended line.

— Apiocrinites eliipticus, p. 34.

I. Encrinites moniliformis, p. 39.

Smaller than natural.

II. Encrinites moniliformis, p. 40.

Larger than natural.

III. Encrinites moniliformis, p. 41.

— Genus. Pentacrinites vel Peutacrinus, p. 45.
I. Pentacrinus Caput Medusae, p. 48.

Represents the upper part of Mr. TOBIN'S specimen rather larger than natural size,
with its fingers and arms affixed. In the specimen these are broken off with the
exception of the reproduced arm.

149

PLATE

II. Pentacrinus Caput Medusa;, p. 51.

All the figures, with the exception of 18. to 22. are considerably larger thin natural,

I. Pentacrinites Briareus, p. 56.

II. Pentacrinites Briareus, p. 57.

I. Pentacrinites subangularis, p. 59.
f Pentacrinites subangularis, "I
I Pentacrinites basaltiformis, J P*

— Pentacrinites tuberculatus,* p. 64.

— Genus. Poteriocrinites, p. 67.

— Poteriocriuites crassus, p. 68.

— Poteriocrinites tenuis, p. 71.

— Genus. Platycrinites, p. 73.

I. Platycriniles laevis, p. 74.

II. Platycrinites lacvis, p. 75.

Fig. 33. to 51. larger than natural size.

— Platycriuites rugosus, p. 79.
f Platycrinites tuberculatus, 1
j Platycriuites granulatus,

1 Platycriuites striatus,

I Platycrinites pentangularis, J

— Genus. Cyathocrinites, p. 85.

— Cyathocrinites planus, p. 86.

— Cyathocrinites tuberculatus, p. 88.

— Cyathocrinites rugosus, p. 90.

— Cyathocrinites quinquangularis, p. 92.

— Genus. Actinocrinites, p. 94.

I. Actinocrinites triaconta dactylus, p. 96.

II. Actinocrinites triaconta dactylus, p. 98.

III. Actinocrinites triaconta dactylus, p. 99.

* I regret, when describing Pentacrinites tuberculatus, not to have stated particularly that
its columnar joints when not fully formed, are like those of other Pentacrinites, considerably
lliinnrr than at a subsequent stage of growth, and alternately larger and smaller. I should also
hare further observed, that the exterior surface of the joints which, in the older specimens, as
represented in the plate, is studded with irregular tubercles, has in these young and thinner ones
only a single row of such tubercles ranging regularly round the middle. The cause of this appears
to be that as these tubercles arise from the contraction of the investing muscular membrane, they
are therefore more regular and distinct in the earlier and non-cartilaginous state of the joint.

150

PLATE

I ij» I E,«

IV. Actinocrinites triaconta dactylus, p. 100.

V. Actinocrinites triaconta dactylus, p. 101.

VI. Actinocrinites triaconta dactylus, p. 102.

I. Actinocrinites poly dactylus, p. 103.

II. Actinocrinites poly dactylus, p. 104:.

— Actinocrinites laevis, p. 105.

— Genus. Rhodocrinites, p. 106.

I. Rhodocrinites verus, p. 107.

II. Rhodocrinites verus, p. 108.

— Genus. Eugeniacrinites, p. 111.

— Unascertained crinoidal remains, p. 114.

— Comatula fimbriata, Frontispiece.

— Genus Marsupites, p. 134.

ERRATA.

PAGE 14 line 8 for five costal plates read five intercostal plates.

„ IS .... 16 for one intercostal plate read one irregular costal plate.'

17 .... ] 5 for An animal read A Crinoidal animal.

18 .... 20 for fig. 1. and 14. read fig. 1. to 11.

— .... 22 for fig. 6. and 15. read fig. 6. to 15.

45 .... 4 for Au animal with, read A Crinoidal animal having.

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