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NATUML HISTORY OF ANIMALS.
CONTAINING
BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ANIMALS FIGURED ON TENNEY'S
NATURAL HISTORY TABLETS, BUT COMPLETE
WITHOUT THE TABLETS.
BY
SANBOBB TENNEY AND ABBY A, TENNEY.
ILLUSTRATED WITH FIVE HUNDRED WOOD ENGRAVINGS,
CHIEFLY OF NORTH AMERICAN ANIMALS.
NEW YORK:
CH'ARLES SCRIBNER & CO., 654 BROADWAY.
1868.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by
ABBY A. TENNEY,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.
TROW & SMITH BOOK MANUF'O CO.
46, 48, Si OREENE ST., N.T.
THIS BRIEF ACCOUNT
OF
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED
TO THE YOUNG.
PREFACE.
THIS little volume contains a brief account of the
Animal Kingdom, and it is hoped that it may aid
Parents and Teachers in interesting the young in the
delightful and important study of Natural History.
As indicated on the title-page, it serves the purpose
of a key to the Natural History Tablets, but is also
complete in itself without the Tablets.
It is proper to add,* that the engravings are the
same, with few exceptions, as those in Tenney's " Man-
ual of Zoology," and that those of the Mammals are
mainly from Schinz. Audubon & Bachman, and Rich-
ardson ; of the Birds, mainly from Audubon and
Wilson ; of the Reptiles and Batrachians, mainly
from Holbrook , of the Fishes, from Storer, Holbrook,
DeKay, and from nature ; of the Insects, from Harris,
Emmons, Say, Sanborn, and from nature ; of the Crus-
taceans, mainly from nature and Reports ; of the Mol-
lusks, from Binney, Woodward, Gould, Lea, Conrad,
Vlll PREFACE.
and from nature ; of the Echinoderms, from nature,
Agassiz, and Miiller ; of the Acalephs, from Agassiz ;
of the Polyps, from Dana, Milne-Edwards, Verrill,
and from nature ; and of the Protozoans, mainly from
Ehrenberg and Huxley. »
Both this volume, and the "Elements of Zoology"
already announced by Messrs. Scribner & Co., and
which will combine the study of the Anatomy and
Physiology of Animals with that of Descriptive Zo-
ology, are intended to precede the Manual mentioned
above.
VASSAR COLLEGE, POUGHKEEPSIE, N.
August, 1866.
CONTENTS.
Page
A GENEEAL IDEA OF ANIMALS .... 1
VERTEBRATES, OR BACK-BONED ANIMALS . . 8
MAMMALS 11
Man , 11
Monkeys, or Quadrumanes "12
Flesh-Eaters, or Carnivores 16
Plant-Eaters, or Herbivores 27
Whales, or Cetaceans • 38
Bats, or Cheiropters 43
Insect-Eaters, or Insectivores 44
Rodents, or Gnawers 46
Edentates, or Toothless Animals 54
Marsupials, or Pouched Animals 55
Duckbills, or Monotremes 57
BIRDS , 58
Birds of Prey, or Raptores 60
Climbers, or Scansores 66
Perchers, or Insessores 70
Scratchers, or Rasores , 86
Waders, or Grallatores 89
Swimmers, or Natatores . 94
REPTILES 100
Turtles 100
Lizards, or Saurians 103
Serpents, or Snakes 104
BATRACHIANS 106
Frogs and Toads 107
Salamanders, Tritons, &c -. 108
FISHES 110
Spine- Finned Fishes .112
Soft-Finned Fishes 114
Tuft-Gilled Fishes 120
Puffers, &c 120
Sturgeons 122
Sharks, or Selachians 122
Cyclostomes . . .' . 122
X CONTENTS.
ARTICULATES, OR JOINTED ANIMALS . . . 125
INSECTS .125
Hymenopters, or Bees, Wasps, &c. . . . . 129
Lepidopters, or Butterflies and Moths . . *. .138
Dipters, or Flies, &c 154
Coleopters, or. Beetles 159
Hemipters, or Bugs, Cicadas, &e 167
Orthopters, or Straight-Winged Insects . . . .171
Neuropters, or Net- Winged Insects 175
Spiders, or Arachnids 179
Centipedes, or Myriapods 183
CRUSTACEANS . . . . , 183
Ten-Footed Crustaceans, or Crabs, Lobsters, &c. . . 183
Fourteen-Footed Crustaceans, or Sand-Fleas, &c. . .187
Barnacles and Horse-shoe Crabs 187
WORMS 189
MOLLUSKS, OR SOFT-BODIED ANIMALS ... 190
CEPHALOPODS, OR ARGONAUTS, CUTTLE-FISH i-;s, &c. . .192
GASTEROPODS, OR SNAILS 197
ACEPHALS, OR HEADLESS MOLLUSKS 210
Bivalves 210
Tunicates 216
Brachiopods 217
Polyzoans 217
RADIATES, OR STAR-SHAPED ANIMALS . . . 218
ECHINODERMS 218
Holothurians 218
Sea-Urchins 219
Star-Fishes 222
Ophiurans 224
Crinoids 226
JELLY-FISHES, OR ACALEPHS 227
Ctenophorag 229
Discophorai . . . . . • . . . . 230
Hydroids 232
POLYPS .237
Gorgonias, &c. - . 240
Sea- Anemones 243
Madrepores, &c 244
PROTOZOANS • 250
CONCLUSION . 253
INDEX 257
TENNEFS NATURAL HISTORY TABLETS.
THE Natural History Tablets referred to on the title-page are five in
number.
No. 1. MAMMALS.
No. 2. BIRDS.
No. 3. REPTILES AND FISHES.
No. 4. INSECTS, CRUSTACEANS, AND WORMS.
NO. 5. MOLLUSKS OR SHELL- FlSH, SEA-URCHINS, STAR-FlSHES, JEL-
LY-FISHES, SEA-ANEMONES, AND CORALS.
These Tablets are adapted for use in Schools and in the Family, where
it is believed that they may be efficient aids in interesting and instructing
the young in the important subjects which they illustrate. Both the popular
and the scientific names are generally given under each animal figured. The
page where the animal is described in this book may be readily found by ref-
erence to the Index.
It is hoped that Teachers who desire to give " Object Lessons" in Natural
History will find in the " Tablets" and "Natural History of Animals" such
helps as they most need.
NATURAL HISTORY OF A
A GENERAL IDEA OF ANIMALS.
ANIMALS are living beings which feed upon plants,
— or, in many cases, upon animals whose food is
plants, — and which have the sense of feeling and
the power of motion. The kinds of animals are very
numerous, — more numerous -than the kinds of trees in
the forest and the flowers of the meadows and fields ;
and they are of all sizes, from those so minute that
thousands can sport in a drop of water, to those of
large dimensions, like the Horse and the Ox, the Ele-
phant and the Whale ; and their forms are as various
as their sizes and kinds. But the name Animal is
given to them all, whatever their size or form, and
whether they swim, creep, fly, walk, or run.
Animals are most interesting objects for study, and
the child as well as the man is delighted with learning
their forms, structure, color, habits, and names, and
soon becomes as eager as a naturalist to find a new
Bird or a new Butterfly.
Some kinds of animals, as Man, Cattle, Deer, Sheep,
Beasts of Prey, Birds, Turtles, Lizards, Snakes, Frogs,
and Fishes, have a backbone containing a spinal cord,
which is enlarged at the forward end into an organ
SOME OF THE FORMS OF ANIMALS.
^iir. 1 . — Deer — American Elk.
Fig. 2. — Bird — x)uck,
SOME OF THE FORMS OF ANIMALS.
called the brain ; and as the backbone is made up of
parts called vertebrae, these animals have been named
VERTEBRATES. See Figures 1-6.
Fig. 3. — Turtle.
Fig. 5.— Frog.
Fig. 4. — Snake.
Fig. 6. — Fish.
Other kinds of animals, as Bees, Butterflies, Flies,
and all other Insects, together with Crabs, Lobsters,
SOME OF THE FORMS OF ANIMALS.
Fig. 7. — Butterfly.
Fig. 8. — Lobster.
Fi°:. 9. — Worm.
Shrimps, and Worms, are made up of a series of rings,
or joints, and hence are called ARTICULATES, from a
word which means jointed. See Figures 7-9.
SOME OF THE FORMS OF ANIMALS.
Fig. 10. — Squid.
Fig. 11.— Land Snail.
Fig. 12. — Snail Shell.
Fig. 13.— Fresh- Water Mussel.
Other kinds of animals, as Squids, Snails, Mussels,
Clams, and Oysters, have neither a backbone nor a
jointed body ; but the whole body is soft, sometimes
with a shell outside, and sometimes without a shell,
and they are called MOLLUSKS, from a word which
means soft. See Figures 10-13.
6
SOME OF THE FORMS OF ANIMALS.
Still other kinds of animals, as Sea-Urchins, Sea-
Stars, Jelly-Fishes, Sea-Anemones, and Coral-Polyps,
Fig. 14. — Sea-Urchin.
Fig. 15. — Sea-Star or Star-Fish.
are star-shaped, or flower-shaped, their parts radiating
from a common centre or axis, and hence these animals
are called RADIATES. See Figures 14-19.
SOME OF THE FORMS OF ANIMALS.
Fig. 16.— Jelly-Fish,
Fig. 18. — Coral-Polyps.
Fig. 19. — Coral-Polyps.
VERTEBRATES, OR BACKBONED ANIMALS.
THE Vertebrates, as stated on the first page, have a
backbone made of parts,
each one of which is called
a vertebra. This back-
bone is the most important
portion of a bony frame-
work called a skeleton.
Upon this skeleton is
placed the flesh, and out-
side of the whole is the
skin, which is naked, or
covered with hair, fur,
feathers, or scales, accord-
ing to the kind of ani-
mal. Within the head is
a wonderful organ called
the brain, which has a
branch called the spinal
cord, extending the whole
length of the body, and
contained in a tube formed
in the upper part of the
backbone. From the spi-
nal cord there are little
Fig. 20. — Skeleton of the highest branches, called nerves,
which reach to all parts
of the body. . The brain,
Vertebrate — Man.
b, 6, backbone.
A single vertebra, the
rotmd white space show-
ing the place of the spi-
nal cord.
Fig. 21.
spinal cord, and nerves
are called the Nervous
System, which is much
the same in its general
VERTEBRATES.
character in all vertebrates. This system as it appears
in Man, the highest vertebrate, is shown in Fig. 22.
Besides the brain
and spinal cord, the
skeleton protects the
organs for breathing,
digestion, and other
organs peculiar to
animals.
As the brain and
spinal cord are alike
in their position and
general outlines in
all vertebrates, only
differing in extent
and in degrees of
perfection, so also
are the skeletons of
all vertebrates alike
in their principal
features. The back-
bone of one, in its
position and general
outlines, corresponds
to that of all the
others ; so with the
head, the neck, and
limbs. The arm of
Man, the arm of a
Monkey, the wing
of a Bat, the leg of a Mole, the leg of a Dog, the paddle
of a Seal, the leg of a Sheep, the paddle of a Whale,
the wing of a Bird, the leg of a Turtle, and the fin of a
Fig. 22. — Nervous System of the highest
Vertebrate — Man.
a, principal brain, called the hemispheres 5 ft,
smaller brain ; c, spinal cord giving off its branches
of nerves.
Arm of Man.
Arm of Gorilla.
Wing of Bat.
Leg of Mole.
Leg of Dog.
Leg of Turtle.
Fin of Fish.
. MAN. 11
Fish, correspond to one another in their most important
features, each being modified according to the use for
which it was made. This is quite plainly seen by study-
ing Figs. 23-33, and observing that the corresponding
parts are marked with the same letter.
The Vertebrates are divided into Mammals, Birds,
Reptiles, Batrachians, and Fishes.
MAMMALS.
The Mammals are vertebrates which bring forth liv-
ing young and nourish them with milk. Man, Mon-
keys, Beasts of Prey, Hoofed Animals, Whales, Bats,
Moles, Squirrels and Rats, Sloths, Kangaroos and Opos-
sums, and Duckbills, come under this head. They all
breathe air by means of organs called lungs, have warm
blood which is sent throughout the body by means of a
heart constructed like that of Man, and the neck has
only seven vertebrae.
MAN.
Man is at the head of the Animal Kingdom. He is
the only animal to whom the upright position is nat-
ural ; the only one which has a perfect hand ; the only
one whose forward extremities — arms and hands — are
not used for locomotion ; the only one that laughs ; the
only one that speaks a language ; and his brain is larger
than tkat of any other animal,* and he can live in all
countries. But Man is also far more than an animal.
He has a Mind and a Soul. He can learn much about
the things which God has made, and understand the
Bible which He has given.
* The brain of the Elephant and of the Whale is said to be larger than
tit at of Man.
12
VERTEBRATES : MAMMALS.
MONKEYS OR QUADRUMANA.
Monkeys are animals whose four feet are hand-like,
and hence their scientific narile, Quadrumana, which
means four-handed. But though these hands are well
Fig. 34. — Chimpanzee.
adapted for grasping and climbing, they are much infe-
rior to the perfect hand of Man. Some kinds can stand
upright, but not firmly, for the soles of their feet nearly
face each other, and cannot be brought flat to the ground
MONKEYS.
13
like the foot of Man. About eighty kinds of Monkeys
live in the forests of the warm parts of Asia and Africa,
and even more kinds in South America. Those of Af-
rica and Asia have thirty-two teeth, their nostrils near to-
gether, and their tail, even when present, is not capable
Fig. 35. — Orang-Outang.
of grasping objects. Most of the Monkeys of America
have thirty-six teeth, the nostrils far apart, and many
of them have the tail capable of grasping objects, and
thus of being used in climbing and in picking up objects
14
VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS.
which cannot be reached by the hand. Monkeys live
mainly on the trees, and feed upon fruits, nuts, eggs, and
insects. They are selfish, mischievous, and thievish.
The Chimpanzee of "Western Africa is one of the
monkeys which has no tail, and is called an Ape, and,
of all its tribe is thought to be the most like Man ; but
the great African Ape, called the Gorilla, is a larger
species. Although when in an upright position the
Chimpanzee somewhat resembles a human being, its
long muzzle and other characters separate it widely
even from the lowest tribes of the human family. The
Orang-Outang is an ape which inhabits Borneo, and
much resembles the Chimpanzee. Each of these is
about as tall as a man. The Kahau of India is about
the size of a large dog,
and is named from its pe-
culiar cry. The Baboons,
often called. Dog-headed
Monkeys and Mandrills,
have a very long muzzle,
Fig. 36.- Skull of Baboon. like that Qf a dog? ag shown
Fig. 37. — Kahau. Fig. 38. — Spider Monkey.
by Fig. 36. They are common in Africa, and some of
MONKEYS. 15
them are very large and ferocious, and in appearance
are the ugliest of all the Monkeys. The Spider-Monkey
of South America is so called from its sprawling legs.
Its long tail is of great aid in climbing. The Marmosets
of Brazil are very small and curious monkeys, with long,
Fig. 39. — Marmoset. Fig. 40. — Lemur.
soft, and beautifully colored fur. The Lemurs, or
Makis, are pretty monkey-like animals, which live in
Madagascar. The tail is quite bushy, and in many re-
spects they much resemble
common four-footed animals.
The Aye-Aye is a curious
monkey-like animal, about
as large as a cat, which lives
in Madagascar, and burrows
in the ground. Its teeth
resemble in some respects
those of the Rodents or
Gnawers, like Squirrels,
Rats, <fec.
Some kinds of Monkeys Fig. 4i7—
imitate the actions of men,
16 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS.
and their efforts of this sort are often exceedingly lu-
dicrous. In - imitation of its master an ape has sat at
table, using knife and fork, and drinking wine. It is
stated that an ape owned by a French priest once fol-
lowed him to church and hid upon the sounding-board,
— a fixture over the pulpit, — and, when the sermon
was going on, advanced to the edge of the board, and,
observing the actions of the preacher, began to perform
also, and his imitations were so perfect that the whole
congregation were unable to suppress their laughter.
The priest was shocked and indignant at such levity,
and commenced to give his audience severe reproofs ;
but seeing all his efforts failing, his action became more
violent and his voice louder; but his violent gestures
were taken up by the ape with no less animation than
that shown by his master, and at this apparent compe-
tition of the two the people burst into laughter louder
than before.
FLESH-EATERS, OR CARNIVORES.
These animals have their teeth and claws very sharp,
and they capture and devour other animals for food.
Their back teeth, or mo-
lars, have sharp edges, and
those in the two jaws shut
by each other like the blades
of scissors, and thus cut
the flesh into pieces fit
for swallowing. Cats, Hy-
enas, Dogs, Civets, Wea-
Fig. 42. -Teeth of a Flesh-Eater. sels> Bears> and Seals are
the principal Carnivores.
CARNIVORES: CATS.
CATS.
17
Of all the Carnivores the Cats have the keenest
senses, the quickest movements, and they are the most
rapacious. Their tread is noiseless, — the bottoms of
their feet being like a cushion ; they stealthily ap-
proach their prey, and when near enough seize it with
a sudden spring. The name Cat is not only given to
Fig. 43. — Puma.
the domestic varieties of this sort, but also to the Lion,
Tiger, Panther, Leopard, Puma, Lynx, Jaguar, and
Wild-Cat. The Lion, Panther, and Leopard inhabit
Africa and Southern Asia, and the Tiger is found in
India; the first and last being the largest of all the
Cat tribe. The Puma is found from Canada to Pata-
gonia, and is larger than the largest dog, and preys
upon deer, sheep, hares, and sometimes attacks human
beings. It climbs trees, and often lies upon a limb in
wait for prey. The Jaguar inhabits Texas, and is found
as far south as Patagonia. The American Wild-Cat
18 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS.
and Canada Lynx much resemble each other, but the
Lynx is the larger, being about three feet long, and the
Fig. 44. — Canada Lynx.
ears are tipped with long black hairs. They feed upon
small quadrupeds and birds, sometimes pursuing the
latter into the tops of trees.
HYENAS.
Hyenas live in Africa and Asia, and are about the
size of a very large dog. They live in dens and caves,
coming forth at night in search of food, feeding mainly
on animals which they find dead. They are ferocious
and greedy, and have such stout teeth and powerful jaws
that they are able to crush the bones of the largest prey ;
and they swallow the fragments without masticating
them.
DOGS, WOLVES, AND FOXES.
The Dog is the. only animal that has followed man to
all parts of the world. The varieties are numerous, and
differ from one another greatly in their appearance and
habits. Some of the most distinct varieties are the
Greyhound, St. Bernard, Newfoundland, Esquimaux,
CARNIVORES: DOGS, WOLVES, AND FOXES. 19
*•
Shepherd's Dog, Fox-hound, Stag-hound, and Blood-
hound, Spaniel, Setter, Pointer, Poodle, Terrier, Mas-
tiff, &c. The Dog is noted for his sagacity, courage,
and faithfulness, and if there were room many interest-
ing stories might be related illustrating these qualities.
Mrs. Lee tells the following story of a Pointer belonging
to her father : " Clio stood with her hind legs upon a
gate for more than two hours, with a nest of partridges
close to her nose. She must have seen them as she
jumped over the gate, and had she moved an inch they
would have been frightened away. My father went on,
and having other dogs did not miss Clio for a long time ;
at length lie perceived she was not with the rest, and
neither came to his call nor his whistle ; he went back
to seek her, and there she stood, just as she had got
over the gate. His coming up disturbed the birds and
he shot some of them ; but Clio, when thus relieved,
was so stiff that she could not move."
Wolves are ferocious and greedy animals, about the
Fig. 45. — American White and Gray Wolf.
size of a large dog. They often hunt in companies or
packs, and thus are able to kill animals which singly
they could not master. In newly settled parts of the
20 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS.
0
country they destroy sheep, calves, and other animals
of the farm. The White and Gray Wolf is found in
nearly all the thinly settled regions of North America.
The Prairie Wolf is common in the regions west of the
Mississippi River.
Foxes are distinguished from all the rest of the Dog
family by their pointed muzzle and large bushy tail.
They are the most sly and crafty of all animals, contriv-
ing to steal turkeys, geese, chickens, and whatever they
want to eat, and carry them away to their lurking-places
in the woods and thickets. They are hunted with
hounds which go in swift pursuit, while the hunter,
knowing the habits of the animal, conceals himself in
some valley or other locality where the fox will be al-
most sure to pass, and when he comes near enough
shoots him down. But it must be stated that in many
cases the shrewd movements of the fox deceive both the
hunter and the dogs. If captured alive, which rarely
happens, and struck while it is in a situation from which
it cannot escape, the fox feigns itself dead, though un-
hurt, and when its captor is off his guard, will jump up
and run away.
CIVETS.
Civets are about the size of the house cat, and with
one exception belong to the
Old World. The Civet-Cat
of Texas and California is of
a grayish color, its tail white
with black rings. It lives
upon the trees, is lively and
playful, and, though shy, is
easily tamed, and the miners
Fig. 46. - Civct-C.it.
CARNIVORES: MARTENS, WEASELS, ETC. 21
FISHERS, MARTENS OR SABLE, WEASELS, OTTERS, &c.
These animals have, in most cases, a slender body,
long soft fur, especially in winter, and they are very
quick and graceful in their movements, and exceed-
ingly destructive to other small animals.
The American Fisher is about the size of a cat, but
with a much more slender body, and is nearly black.
The American Sable, or Pine Marten, of the Northern
-~^
Fig. 47. — Weasel. Fig. 48. — American Sable.
States and Canada, is much smaller than the Fisher, of
a blackish brown color, and is celebrated for its beau-
tiful and valuable fur, which is generally called the
Hudson's Bay Sable. The fur known as the Russian
Sable comes from a very similar animal which lives in
Siberia. The Pine Marten delights in dense woods,
where it pursues and captures hares, birds, and squir-
rels, swiftly following the latter even among the tree-
tops. Its retreats, especially in winter, are hollow
trees, and it" is often seen by the hunter sitting with
the head just out of its hole. If shot while in this
position, it falls back into the hole and is lost ; so the
hunter, knowing its habits, walks slowly around the
tree ; the sable comes out to gratify its curiosity by a
look at the hunter, and is then shot and falls to the
ground. More than a hundred thousand skins of
this animal have been collected in Northern North
America in a single year.
True Weasels vary from five inches to a foot in length,
22
VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS.
and are generally brown in summer and white in win-
ter, the tail tipped with black. There are a half-dozen
kinds in North America. The fur known as Ermine
is furnished by the Weasels, the most valuable coming
from Siberia. Weasels are generally bold, courageous,
and extremely bloodthirsty, eagerly attacking animals
much larger than themselves. They destroy rats and
birds, and commit great havoc among poultry, a single
individual having been known to kill fifty chickens in
one night and the evening of the following day ; and
to kill several chickens in a coop m near which a man
was standing!
Minks are about a foot and
a half long to the tail, and are
dark brown or black. They
are found about ponds and
streams, and their fur is very
beautiful, and is often sold
under the name of American
Fig. 49. — Mink.
Sable.
The Wolverine, found in the Northern States and
Fio\ 50. — Wolverine.
CARNIVORES: OTTERS, &c.
23
Canada, and in the northern parts of Europe and Asia,
is about three feet long, of a dark color, and is very
powerful and ferocious when attacked. It is very trou-
blesome to Sable hunters, breaking down their wooden
traps, and eating the bait and game. It is so shrewd
that it scarcely ever enters the trap, and hence one is
seldom caught.
Otters live in and about the water, and feed upon fish.
They are sportive in their disposition, and amuse them-
Fig. 51. — American Ottei*.
selves by " sliding down hill." Selecting a steep bank
of a river, they slide head foremost into the water, and
repeat the operation many times, apparently with great
delight. Otters are three or four feet long from the
nose to the tip of the tail, the color dark brown, and
the fur is of two kinds, one short, fine, and thick, the
other long, coarse, and scattered. When taken young,
Otters are easily tamed, and become so familiar that
they will lie in the lap like a cat.
24
VERTEBRATES : MAMMALS.
Fig. 52. — Skunk.
Skunks are found only in
America, and are notorious on
account of their disagreeable
odor. They are a foot and a half
long to the tail, and the color is
black and white. They live in
burrows, and seek their food at
night, eating beetles and other
small insects, and eggs.
The Badger of Western North
America is about two feet long, with a stout body and
vVi'.
Fig. 53. — American Badger.
short tail, and its color is gray. The hair is long, ex-
tending on the hind part of the body so as nearly to
conceal the tail. Badgers live in burrows, and dig with
astonishing rapidity.
BEARS AND KACCOONS.
Bears and others of this family walk on the whole
sole of the foot. They feed upon flesh, berries, and
roots.
The Raccoon of the United States is about as large
as a middle-sized dog, with a thick body, looking some-
CARNIVORES: BEARS.
25
Fig. 54. — Grizzly Bear.
26 VERTEBRATES : MAMMALS.
wliat like a little bear
with a long tail ; the
color grayish, and the
tail ringed with black
and dingy white.
Bears are very large.
Fig. 55. -Raccoon. The Qrizz]y? Of tlie
Rocky Mountains, is six or eight feet in length, and
weighs in some cases eighteen hundred pounds, and
the nails or claws are six inches long! It is the most
powerful animal in America, and when wounded is
very dangerous to the hunter. It has been seen to
drag away a large bison, after killing it. The Black
Bear of the Northern States is much smaller than
the Grizzly, and less ferocious, seldom attacking men
when not molested ; but if disturbed when accompa-
nied by its young, which are called cubs, it fights very
savagely.
SEALS AND THE WALRUS.
The Seals and the Walrus live in the sea, but often
come upon the rocks and ice-banks to lie in the sun-
shine. The head of the Seal much resembles that of
Fig. 56. — Seal.
a dog, and its eyes are beautiful and intelligent in ap-
pearance. When taken young, seals are easily tamed,
and become attached and obedient to those who feed
HERBIVORES, OR PLANT-EATERS. 27
them, coming at call, and performing curious feats ac-
cording to their master's directions. A few years ago,
in a large tank of sea-water in the Aquarial Gardens
at Boston were two Seals called "Ned" and ^Fanny,"
which were so tame that they would come to the keeper
at call, and allow him to handle them, would shoulder
a miniature musket, turn the crank of a hand-organ,
shake hands with the by-standers, and "Ned," especially,
would even "throw a kiss" to the ladies. Seals feed
upon fish, and always eat in the water. They are from
three to twenty feet long. The Walrus has a body as
large as the largest ox, and is covered with short brown
hair. Two of its upper teeth, the canines, or eye-teeth,
grow to be tusks two feet long. These tusks assist in
climbing upon the ice-banks, and serve as a means of
defence, and to aid in securing food.
HERBIVORES, OR PLANT-EATERS, OR HOOFED
ANIMALS.
These are mammals which feed wholly upon vegeta-
tion, and which have hoofed feet, and use their limbs
only for standing, walking, and running. Some of
them, as the Deer, Antelopes, Sheep and Goats, and
Oxen, have the foot divided or cleft, forming an even
number of toes ; and all herbivores of this sort chew the
cud, and from the latter fact are known as Ruminants,
a name which means cud-chewers. Others, as the Horse
and Ass, have only one toe to each foot, and are hence
called Solipedes or Solid-hoofed animals. Others, as
Elephants and the Mastodon, have five toes, and a long
flexible snout or proboscis, and from the latter fact are
called Proboscidians.
28
VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS.
DEER.
The Moose, Reindeer, Deer, and Elk all belong to
the Deer family. The males have solid horns called
antlers, which they shed once a year ; new and larger
ones growing to take the places of those which have
been shed.
The Moose is the largest of all the Deer kind, being
as large as a horse, and with an exceedingly long head,
Fig. 57. — Moose.
large flattened horns, and very long legs. It travels
with an awkward gait, but with great speed, easily mak-
HERBIVORES: DEER. 29
ing its way through deep snows, bushes, over brush-
heaps, fallen trees, fences, and whatever obstructions lie
in its path. It is quite common in some parts of Maine,
Northern New York, and Canada. Color grayish brown.
The Reindeer is a much smaller animal than the
Moose, being about five feet long and three feet high.
It has become celebrated for the services it renders the
Laplanders, who keep large herds of Reindeer, using
them for beasts of burden and for drawing their sledges,
— a sort of sled, — their milk and flesh for food, and
their skins for clothing. They are very hardy animals,
Fig. 58. — American Reindeer, or Caribou.
and subsist on the coarsest fare, eating the tender por-
tions of shrubs in summer, and in winter scraping the
snow from the ground and feeding upon the " Reindeer-
moss." The American Reindeer, or Caribou, of Maine
and Canada, and other northern parts of North Amer-
30 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS.
ica, is by some thought to be of the same kind as the
one found in Lapland. Unlike their relatives, both the
male and female Reindeer have horns.
The American Elk, or Wapiti, is another kind of
Deer which lives in the wooded regions of the northern
parts of North America, and which is about as large as
the Moose, and has horns five or six feet long, and very
much branched.
Fig. 59. — American Elk, or Wapiti.
The Common Deer, of the wild regions of the United
States, is one of the most beautiful and graceful of all
its family. It is very timid, and, when alarmed, bounds
swiftly away. It is about the size of a sheep, but with
a much more slender body and much longer legs. It
HERBIVORES: DEER.
31
is hunted in the autumn and winter, and great num-
bers are sent to the markets. Its flesh is called ven-
ison, and is highly prized for food.
Fig. 60. — Common or Virginia Deer.
The Musk Deer inhabits Thi-
bet, and is smaller than the
Common Deer, and has. no
horns. In each side of the
upper jaw are long canine or
eye teeth, like tusks. The
musk used in making perfum-
ery is furnished by this animal.
It is contained in a pouch, or
sack, on the under side of the
body.
Fig. 61.— Musk Deer.
ANTELOPES.
Antelopes are found in Europe, Asia, Africa, and
North America, but are most numerous in Southern
32 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS.
Africa, where there are many kinds, and where herds
of ten thousand or more are sometimes seen together.
Their horns are round, variously wrinkled and curved,
and black. Antelopes vary in size from those as small
as a deer to those as large as a horse. The large kinds
belong to Africa.
The Pronghorn Antelope, of the Rocky Mountains,
is larger than a sheep, with much longer neck and legs.
Its hair is coarse and thick. It gets its name from the
Fig. 62. — Pronghorn Antelope.
prong, or branch, on each horn. This animal is found
at times in large numbers, herds of a thousand and
more having often been seen.
The Mountain Goat, of the Rocky Mountains, is an
antelope, and not a true goat, as one would suppose
from its name. It is entirely white, except its horns
and hoofs, which are black. Its fleece is long and very
fine, being equal in quality to that of the celebrated
HERBIVORES: ANTELOPES.
33
Cashmere Goat. It inhabits the lofty peaks of the
mountains, frequenting the steepest places.
Fig. 63. — Rocky Mountain Goat.
t"
The Gazelle, of Africa and Asia, is about the size of a
small deer, and is celebrated for its beautiful and grace-
Fig. 64. — Gazelle.
Fig. 65. — Chamois.
ful form, and for its large, dark, and lustrous eyes.
The Orientals, or inhabitants of the East, compliment
a lady by comparing her eyes to those of the Gazelle.
When taken young, though wild and timid, it is easily
2*
34
VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS.
tamed, and becomes a great favorite. The Chamois,
of the high mountains of Western Europe, is about
the size of a goat, of a dark brown color, and its horns,
towards the summit, are bent backwards like a hook.
It is very shy, and on the slightest alarm bounds
swiftly away over rocks, glaciers, along dizzy heights,
up and down precipices, where it would seem no ani-
mal could get a foothold, often leaping upon a rock
just large enough to receive its four feet placed close
together.
SHEEP AND GOATS.
Sheep have the horns angular and directed back-
Fig. 66. — Mountain Sheep, or Big-Horn.
ward, then spirally curved forward, and yellowish-
HERBIVORES: OXEN. 35
brown in color, instead of round and black, as in Ante-
lopes. The Mountain Sheep, or Big-Horn, of the Rocky
Mountains, is much larger than the domestic sheep,
and with very large horns. The hair is of a gray
color and very coarse. The hunters say that this ani-
mal will leap from a height of fifty feet and strike upon
the tips of the spiral horns, receiving no injury.
Goats have the horns directed upward and back-
ward, and the chin usually has a long beard. The
wild kinds live upon the high and rugged mountains
of Asia. The Wild Goat of Persia is supposed to be
the parent of the common domestic goat. The Cash-
mere Goat of Thibet is celebrated for its fine wool. Its
hair is long and silky, and under this is a delicate
gray wool, of which the costly Cashmere shawls are
made. Three ounces are obtained from a single animal.
OXEN.
The Musk Ox, of Arctic America, is of the size of a
small cow, with very long dark-brown silky hair. It
Fig-. 07. — Musk Ox.
feeds upon grass in the mild season, and in winter upon
36 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS.
mosses and lichens, which it gets from the steep sides
of hills that are blown bare by the winds, and up which
it climbs with the agility of the chamois.
The Bison, or Buffalo, of the Western plains, is the
largest quadruped of America, being of the size of a
large ox. It is covered with a thick coat of dark hair,
that about the head and shoulders being long and
Fig. 68. — Bison, or American Buffalo.
shaggy. At the time of the discovery of America the
Buffalo was found even to the shores of the Atlantic,
but it has been driven back until it is now found only
beyond the Missouri and the head-waters of the Mis-
sissippi. Here it is n$t uncommon to see the prairies
covered with Buffaloes as far as the eye can reach ; and
travellers have passed through herds of them for days
and days in succession, with scarcely any apparent les-
sening of their numbers. Their paths resemble trav-
elled roads ; and as their routes, in most cases, extend
in a straight line from one convenient crossing-place
of a river or ravine to another, taking springs or
HERBIVOKES: CAMELS AND LLAMAS. 37
streams in their course, they frequently serve as the
highways of travel across the prairies. Though nat-
urally timid, the Buffalo, when wounded, is furious,
and dangerous to the hunter. It is estimated that
five hundred thousand of these animals are killed every
year ; many being slaughtered merely for sport, or per-
haps for the sake of the tongue alone, but most of them
for their skins, which make the well-known buffalo-robes.
CAMELS AND LLAMAS.
The Camel is a native of Central and Southern Asia,
and, from the earliest times, has rendered such impor-
Fig. 69. — Llama.
taut services to the inhabitants of the East in carrying
merchandise across the deserts, that it has been called
the " Ship of the Desert." Its feet are fitted for trav-
elling in the sand, its strength and power of endurance
are very great, and it can live on the coarsest and most
scanty vegetation, and travel for days without drinking.
It can carry from five hundred to one thousand pounds,
and kneels to receive and to be relieved of its load.
38 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS.
The Camel is larger than the horse, and stands very
high. There are two kinds, — one with two large humps
upon the back, and the other with only one hump.
The Llamas inhabit the Andes of South America, and
are much smaller than the Camel, being only four or
five feet high, and they have no hump. They live in
herds, and are tamed and used as beasts of burden.
The Alpaca is a variety of Llama with long woolly hair,
which furnishes material for valuable fabrics.
WHALES, OR CETACEANS.
These mammals live in the water, have their limbs
paddle-like and fitted for swimming, and their whole
appearance is fish-like ; but they are true mammals,
nourishing their young with milk, breathing air for
which they come often to the surface of the water, and
their blood is warm. Most of them are large, and some
of them are the largest of living animals, and they are
covered with a smooth skin. They breathe through a
hole, or holes, on the top of the back part of the head,
and through these some kinds blow or spout water to
the height of thirty, and sometimes even to fifty feet.
RIGHT AND SPERM WHALES.
The Greenland or Right Whale attains the length of
sixty or seventy feet. It has
no real teeth, but in the upper
jaw are rows of upright horny
plates, called whalebone,
which are fringed on their
inner edges. Its food is small
marine animals. Swimming
Fig. 70. — Skull of the Ki-ht through schools of these, the
Whale, showing the whalebone. Whale takeg millions into
CETACEANS: RIGHT WHALE.
39
I
I
s
o
40 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS.
his mouth at once. This Whale supplies the world
with whalebone, and also, furnishes more oil than any
other. Its home is in cool and frigid seas.
The Great Sperm Whale, of the warm parts of the
ocean, is fully equal to the Right Whale in size. The
upper jaw has neither teeth nor whalebone, but the
Fig. 72. — Head of Sperm Whale.
lower has teeth. In the upper portion of the head there
are cavities filled with oil which hardens when cool, and
is known as spermaceti. The body yields sperm oil.
Ambergris, a substance used by chemists in making
perfumery, is found in the intestines of this whale.
The spouting, or blowing, is different in these two
whales ; for the Right Whale has two blow-holes on
the top of the head, and spouts water as well as the
warm moist air of the lungs ; while the Sperm Whale
has only one blow-hole, and spouts only the moist breath
of the lungs, which, on contact with the air, forms a
white mist that instantly vanishes.
Through the kindness of Hon. William Mitchell.
Mr. Tenney has been permitted to make very interest-
ing extracts from letters written by Captain William
Barney of Nantucket, illustrating the habits of Whales.
One of these extracts is here given, which shows how
RIGHT AND SPERM WHALES. 41
quickly the Sperm Whales find out when their compan-
ions are in difficulty.
" I have been looking over in my mind some of my
voyages in the Pacific, and one circumstance is now
fresh in mind. In the year 1824, when I was second
mate of the ship Maria, of New Bedford, while cruising
near the Marquesas, or Washington Islands, the look-
out at the masthead saw a large Sperm Whale off our
lee bow, about three fourths of a mile distant, going
with moderate, speed the same course the ship was then
steering. There was no other whale then in sight.
The ship was laid aback, the boats were lowered, and
the chief mate and myself went in pursuit. The whale
went down before we reached him ; and while he was
down a signal was made from the ship that another
whale was in sight, two miles ahead of the ship, and
going the same course. Soon the whale which we
were in pursuit of came up, and the mate pulled on
and struck him. I pulled up to assist the mate, when
a signal was made from the ship that the whale ahead
was coming towards the boats and the struck whale.
I left the fast whale with the mate, and prepared to
receive the other. Soon we saw him coming at the top
of his speed, or < eyes out/ as the whalemen say. He
came directly to the fast whale, lashing the water with
his flukes, and floundering around violently. I soon
got an opportunity, and struck him, whereupon he
turned upon my boat and tried to stave it to pieces,
but after a hard struggle I succeeded in conquering
him. When we got to the ship we found that the in-
stant, the first whale was struck by the mate, the other
whale ahead of the ship struck his flukes in the water
and disappeared, but in a few moments was up again,
42 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS.
and coming with great speed towards the fast whale
and the boats. No doubt that when the first whale
was struck he perceived it, and turned from his course
and came to assist or defend his partner.
" Two schools of whales may be two or three miles
apart, and both thrashing the water with their tails,
and apparently taking no notice of each other ; but let
one of either school be struck, and those of the other
seem to know it instantly."
DOLPHINS, PORPOISES, AND WHITE WHALE.
These animals live in herds, and prey upon fishes.
The Common Dolphin is about eight feet long, black
Fig. 73.— Dolphin.
above and white below. The ancients believed this
animal to be very docile and fond of music. The
White Whale lives in the Northern Seas, and is from
Fig. 74. — White Whale.
ten to twenty feet long. It often ascends rivers, and
is frequently seen in the St. Lawrence. One of these
BATS, OR CHEIROPTERS. 43
animals, about ten feet long, was kept for two years in
the Aquarial Gardens in Boston. He was quite docile,
knew his keeper, and would come and take food from
his hand. He was trained to a harness, and drew a
young lady in a car prepared for the purpose.
The mammals already described are mostly of large
size ; we now come to the smaller ones.
BATS, OR CHEIROPTERS.
Bats are animals which have a thin skin reaching
from the neck to the hind legs, and extending to the
ends of their long fingers. By means of this skin they
can fly as easily as birds, and their flight is noiseless
Fig. 75. — Hoary Bat.
and rapid. The body is covered with soft fur. Their
eyes are very small, ears large, and the thumb has a
sharp hook. In the daytime they stay in caves, hollow
trees, or other dark places, hanging by their hooks, or
by the sharp claws of their hind feet. Bats can fly
through the most winding and crooked passages with-
out harm, even after their eyes have been destroyed.
Some of the larger ones of the East Indies eat fruits
and birds, but most kinds feed upon insects, which they
are catching when we see them flitting and turning
hither and thither in the dusk of evening. The Red,
and the Hoary Bat, three or four inches long, are com-
mon species in North America.
44
VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS.
INSECT-EATERS, OR INSECTIVORES.
The Insect-Eaters include the Shrews, Moles, and
Hedgehogs. Many naturalists also place here the Gale-
Fig. 77. — Teeth of an Insect-
Eater.
Fig. 76. — Galeopithecus.
opithecus, a curious bat-like animal found on trees in
the Indian Archipelago. Insectivores sleep during the
day, and go forth at night in search of food. In cool
regions, many of them sleep all winter.
SHREWS.
Shrews are little mouse-like animals, — but smaller
than the smallest mice, — with a long and tapering
head and soft silky fur. They live under rubbish, and
Fig. 78. — Thompson's Shrew. Fig. 79. — Water Shrew.
in holes which they dig in the ground. They are very
quarrelsome ; and if two are confined together theVeak-
er is soon killed. There are more than a dozen kinds
in North America.
INSECTIVORES: MOLES AND HEDGEHOGS.
45
MOLES.
Moles have a stout, thick body, short, strong legs,
short tail, and very large fore feet fitted for digging.
Their eyes are very small, and their fur is soft, thick,
and velvet-like. The Shrew Mole of North America is
of the size of a very large
mouse, and its eyes are so
small that many suppose
it to be blind. The hole
for the eye is only about
the size of a liair, and the
Fig. 80. — Shrew Mole.
eyeballs are smaller than a mustard seed. It is said
that this mole comes to the surface of the ground every
day at noon. The Star-nosed Mole is about the size of
Fig. 81 . — Nose of Star-nosed
Mole.
Fig. 82. — Skull of Star-nosed
Mole.
the Shrew Mole, and is so named from the form of
the end of the nose, which is star-shaped.
HEDGEHOGS.
These animals are short and thick, and the back is
Fig. 83. — Madagascar Hedgehog, or Tenrec.
covered with spines. When alarmed, they take the
form of a ball, presenting the spines in every direction,
46
VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS.
to ward off attacks. They sleep during the day in con-
cealed places, and come forth at night to feed upon in-
Fig. 84. — European Hedgehog.
sects, fruits, and roots. In cold climates they sleep all
winter. They live in the Old World. They are all
small, the European Hedgehog being only nine or ten
inches long. The animal in America which is called
Hedgehog is a Porcupine.
RODENTS, OR GNAWERS.
The Rodents are readily known by their teeth. Tn
each jaw they have the two front ones chisel-shaped,
and between these and the grinders
there is a wide space without teeth.
The front teeth wear in such a man-
ner that the more they are used the
sharper they become, and they grow
Fig. 85. — Skull of at the base as fast as they wear away
a Rodent. ftt ^ top ^-Qre tjian g«x hun(Jre(J
kinds of Rodents are known, most of which are small ;
the Beaver, with one exception, being the largest.
The Rodents include the Squirrels, Gophers, Wood-
chucks, Rats and Mice, Porcupines, Hares, &c.
RODENTS: SQUIRRELS.
47
SQUIRRELS.
Squirrels are small and very pretty animals, with
large bright eyes, long ears, divided upper lip, and long
bushy tail. They are lightly built, agile, and live upon
trees, and feed upon fruits and nuts. There are about
fifty kinds in America, and twelve or more in the United
States. The most prominent kinds are the large Fox
Squirrels of the Middle, Southern, and Western States,
and the well-known Gray, the Red, and the Flying Squir-
rels found over a large part of the United States. Gray
Squirrels are noted for their
occasional extensive migra-
tions. Assembling in large
numbers, they make their
way across the country, swim-
ming rivers, and turning aside
for no obstacle. Gray squir-
rels occur of every shade from
gray to jet black.
The Red Squirrel is seen at
all seasons and in all weath-
ers. In the Northern forests
the deepest snows of winter
are soon covered with its
tracks, and penetrated by
holes bored to find the cones
of spruce and pine, and the nuts scattered beneath, or
hidden the previous autumn. It often sits for. hours
upon a stump or limb of a tree close to the trunk, and,
holding a cone or nut in its fore paws, gnaws it briskly
till it gets all the food it contains. If disturbed while
upon the ground, this squirrel runs up the nearest tree,
leaping from branch to branch, and from these to an-
Fig. 86. — Gray Squirrel.
48
VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS.
other tree, and soon passes out of sight. Sometimes,
when startled, it commences chattering with great fury,
and leaping about as if in defiance of the intruder.
The Flying Squirrels have a thin skin, or membrane,
covered with fur, which extends along the sides of the
body between the fore and hind legs, and which, when
spread out, serves as a support in leaping from tree to
tree, and enables them to perform a sort of flight. They
are nocturnal, and therefore not often seen. Their nests
are made in the hollows of trees,
where* large companies often live
together. The Common Flying
Squirrel of the United States is
about five inches long, and the fur
is soft, silky, and yellowish brown.
It is quite easily tamed, and, being
gentle and very beautiful, makes
a pleasant pet.
The Striped Squirrels have cheek-pouches, in which
they carry grain and niits to their holes, and they have
a shorter and less bushy tail than the others. The
Fig. 87. — Flying Squirrel.
Fig. 88. — Striped Squirrel, or Chipmunk.
Common Striped Squirrel, or Chipmunk, is about five
inches long to the tail, and the color is yellowish gray,
with five black stripes on the back and sides. In au-
tumn the Chipmunks may be seen with their cheek-
RODENTS: SQUIRRELS. 49
pouches full of nuts or grain, which they store up for
their food in winter, at which time they always remain
in their holes.
The Striped Gopher, of Michigan and southward, is a
very beautiful animal, about the size of the Red Squir-
rel, of a dark brown color, with light lines and rows of
light spots. It lives in burrows, and when alarmed pops
into its hole with a chirp. The Prairie Dog is larger
Fig. 89. — Striped Gopher. Fig. 90. — Prairie Dog.
than the Striped Gopher, appearing somewhat like a
small woodchuck. It utters a sharp chirp, called bark-
ing, and hence its name. It lives in burrows, and large
numbers are found in the same locality, forming com-
munities called "Dogtowns." Before each hole is* a
little hill of earth, upon which is almost always a Prai-
rie Dog on the lookout for -intruders, and upon the
slightest alarm it dives into its hole, but soon appears
again. Their holes are also the home of the Burrowing
Owls and of Rattlesnakes.
Beavers are about three feet long to the tail, and are
the largest of the Rodents, excepting an animal called
the Capybara which lives about the rivers of South
50 .VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS.
America. Beavers have a flat, scaly tail, and are wholly
aquatic in their habits, and their food is chiefly bark
and aquatic plants. Their teeth are very sharp and
Fig. 91. — American Beaver.
powerful, enabling them to gnaw down trees of the
hardest wood. Beavers prefer running water, in order
that the wood which they cut may be carried to the
spot where it is to be used. They keep the water at a
given height by dams, which they build of trees and
branches mixed with stones and mud ; and they build
winter houses with the same materials. Each house
consists of two stories ; the upper story is above water
and dry, and serves as a shelter ; .the lower is beneath
the water, and contains their stores of bark and roots.
The only opening to the hut is beneath the surface of
the water. The color of the beaver is reddish-brown,
and the fur is soft and fine. It lives in the unsettled
parts of North America.
The Pocket Gopher, Pouched Rat, or Geomys, of the
prairies of the Western States, is nine or ten inches
RODENTS: RATS AND MICE. 51
long, with large front teeth, strong fore feet, and short
tail. Opening on the outside of the mouth are large
Fig. 92. — Pocket Gopher.
cheek-pouches, which reach back even to the shoulders;
and these pouches are lined with fur, and are entirely
different from the much smaller cheek-pouches of the
Striped Gopher, which open within the mouth. The,
Pocket Gopher throws up a mound of earth which, in
some .instances, is ten feet in diameter, and two feet
high ; and within this mound is its nest, where it rears
its young ; and from the mound it digs numerous gal-
leries in different directions, one or two feet below the
surface of the ground. It uses its curious pouches for
carrying food, and for carrying away the earth which
it removes in digging its galleries. Coming to the sur-
face with its pouches full of earth, it empties them so
quickly as to puzzle the looker on, and instantly re-
treats into its hole. Pocket Gophers feed mainly upon
the roots of plants. They fight savagely with one an-
other, and offer battle when met by man. If two are
placed together, they instantly attack each other, and
the stronger eats up the weaker.
RATS AND MICE.
There are more than three hundred kinds of these
animals, all of which are small. More than fifty kinds
inhabit North America. They devour all sorts of edi-
52 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS.
ble substances, animal as well as vegetable, and some
even attack living animals.
The largest, except the Muskrat, is the Norway,
Brown, or Wharf Rat, originally from Asia, but now
exceedingly abundant in Europe and in this country.
The Black Rat, which was introduced into this coun-
try from Europe more than three hundred years ago,
is nearly as large as the Brown, and was formerly the
most common large rat in stores, houses, barns, and
other buildings, but is now rapidly disappearing before
its more powerful rival, the Brown Rat, which pursues
it, captures it, and even devours it. If the two kinds
be placed together in a cage, the brown rats are sure
to feast upon their darker companions. If one of their
own number gets wounded, instead of aiding him,1 they
fall upon and devour him. The Roof Rat, of the
Southern States, originally from Egypt, where it lives
in the thatched roofs of the houses, the House Mouse,
originally from Asia, but now found in all countries,
Fig. 93. — White-footed Mouse.
the Harvest Mice, the White-footed Mice, the Field Mice,
and the Jumping Mice, are other kinds which are found
in the United States, but which cannot be described
here for want of room. For further description, see
Tenney's Manual of Zoology. The Jumping Mouse,
however, is too interesting to be omitted. It is found
over a large part of North America, and is about three
inches long to the tail, which in some instances is even
RODENTS: PORCUPINES. 53
six inches in length ; and the color yellowish-brown,
lined with black, the lower parts white. It moves
Fig. 94. — American Jumping Mouse.
by very long and rapid- leaps. It is found in the mead-
ows and grain-fields.
The Muskrat, mentioned above, is very common about
ponds, rivers, and brooks in North America. It is a
foot long, besides the tail, which is about as long as the
body, and the color is dark brown above and rusty brown
below. The fur is now sold under the name of River
Sable, and is much used for collars and muffs. Musk-
rats build winter hquses of mud, sticks, and grass, the
entrance being beneath the water, and leading to a dry
apartment above.
PORCUPINES.
Porcupines are distinguished from all other Rodents
by their spines, or quills, which are very sharp. The
North American Porcupine is about two feet long, the
color brown with long white-tipped hairs, and the tail
and upper parts are covered with white spines. It lives
in hollow trees and in holes among the rocks, and read-
ily climbs trees. It eats bark, leaves, and green corn.
It is often called the Hedgehog. See Figure 95. The
Crested Porcupine, of Southern Europe, has quills
nearly a foot long. These ouills are used for pen-
holders.
54 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS.
Fig. 95. — American Porcupine.
HARES.
Hares are found in nearly all countries. In America
there are about twenty kinds. They are timid, and
have a habit of stamping with the hind feet when
alarmed. The Common Hare, or White Rabbit, about
twenty inches long, is brown in summer, and white in
winter. It lives in the thick swamps, rarely enters
holes when pursued, but depends for safety upon its
fleetness. It follows the same paths year after year,
both in winter and summer. The Gray Rabbit is a
smaller kind, which does not turn white in winter.
EDENTATES.
The Edentates are Sloths, Armadillos, and Ant-eaters.
Some of these animals have no teeth, and others are
only destitute of front teeth. Many of them have a
bony or scaly covering. They live in warm countries.
MARSUPIALS. 55
ARMADILLOS.
The word Armadillo means clad in armor, and is
given "to these animals on account of their bony or
horny covering. They live in the warm and hot parts
Fig. 96. — Nine-banded Armadillo.
of America, dig burrows, and feed upon vegetables, in-
sects, and worms. The Nine-banded Armadillo is about
two feet long, and is found as far north as Texas.
MARSUPIALS.
The Marsupials have a pouch, or sack, beneath the
body, in which the young are kept for a time after they
are born, and even after they are able to walk they re-
sort to the pouch of the mother when danger is near.
With the exception of the Opossums of America, all the
Marsupials are found in Australia.
OPOSSUMS.
Opossums are small animals, the
largest being scarcely larger than the
common cat, and the smallest but
little larger than a mouse. They
feed upon birds, bird's eggs, insects,
and other small animals. The tail
is long and is capable of being
twisted around objects, thus aiding
in climbing. The Opossum of the
United States is about the size of a
cat, the hair whitish with brown tips. rig. 97. — Opossum.
56
VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS.
It often lies motionless for hours in the warm sunshine.
When slightly wounded it has the habit of feigning
itself dead, or " playing possum," and in that way
often escapes from the inexperienced hunter.
KANGAROOS.
Kangaroos are marsupials which are remarkable for
the great development of their hinder parts, — the hind
Fig. 98. — Kangaroo.
legs and tail being very long and powerful, and the fore
legs very short, weak, and but little used in locomotion,
which is accomplished by leaps of enormous extent.
They live in troops, feed upon vegetation, and are harm-
less and easily tamed. They vary in size from that of a
rabbit to that of a deer.
Tig. 99. — Wombat. Fig. 100. — Skull of Wombat.
The Wombat is a very curious animal of Australia,
DUCKBILLS. 57
about the size of a woodchuck, and which, in its struct-
ure, resembles both the Rodents and the Marsupials.
Its body is thin, legs short, and the tail is wanting.
The Wombat feeds upon grass, and burrows in the
ground.
DUCKBILLS, OR MONOTREMES.
These are animals which vary much .from all other
mammals, having their organic structure in some re-
spects much like that of Birds. They belong to Aus-
tralia. One of the most interesting kinds is called the
Fig. 101. — Duckbill, or Platypus.
Duckbill, or sometimes Platypus. Its muzzle is flat
and appears very much like that of a Duck, its legs
short, feet webbed, and its body is covered with short
brown fur. It is less than two feet long, lives about
ponds and streams, and digs burrows in the banks. .
3*
58
VEKTEBRATES: BIRDS.
BIRDS.
Of all animals perhaps none are more interesting to
both young and old than Birds. Their presence in the
fields and hedges, in the groves and forests, their beau-
tiful, and, in many kinds, splendid colors, their sweet
songs, and their curious and wonderful habits, charm
and delight every one.
Birds are vertebrates which are covered with feathers,
furnished with a bill, and fitted for' flight, — their form
as well as their structure being adapted for easy and
rapid movement through the air ; even their bones are
Occiput-
Ear region
Nape,
•• Crown.
• Forehead.
.-Nostril.
Man di-
bble.
Throat.
-Fore neck.
Interior toe.
Middle "
Exterior "
Fig. 102. — Showing the names of some of the principal parts of a Bird.
hollow, hence very light in proportion to their size.
The general 'form of a Bird, and the names of some of
the principal external parts, are shown in Figure 102.
The skeleton and the names of the principal parts are
shown in Figure 103. It is an interesting fact that the
form and the skeleton of a Bird suggested the right way
BIRDS. 59
in which to build a ship in order to combine strength
with swiftness. »
Although the body of Birds is covered with feathers,
these do not grow from the whole surface, but are ar-
ranged in rows and patches, with bare spaces between.
Feathers are made up of a hard central portion or shaft,
and a vane, the latter being the broad portion which con-
Fig. 103. — Skeleton of a Bird.
h, head ; nu, neck vertebras •, c, wrist •, th, thumb ; me, metacarpus, or hand ; ph,
phalanges, or fingers ; r, radius ; M, ulna ; A, humerus ; sc, scapula, or shoulder-blade ;
cd, corocoid bone 5 c/, clavicle, or " wish-bone " •, st, breast bone, or sternum ; /c, femur,
or thigh bone ; p, pelvis ; ft, fibula and tibia united ; i, tibia, or leg ; ts, tarsus, or in-
step ; /?s, phalanges, or toes.
sists of delicate plates that are united by minute barbs
along their edges, and thus made firm, — the plates not
separating from one another when pressed against the
air, as in flying. There are, however, downy feathers
60 VERTEBRATES: BIRDS.
on every bird, or such as do not have the plates united.
The pjumage of Birds is made water-proof by the oil
with which they dress their feathers, and which is ob;
tained from a gland situated on' the tail. They shed
their feathers twice a year, and in many kinds the win-
ter plumage differs in color from that of the summer.
In most birds the colors of the male are much more
brilliant than those of the 'female.
Birds swallow their food without chewing it, and it is
first received into a sack called the crop ; then it passes
into another sack, where it is moistened and softened ;
then it passes to the gizzard, where it is digested. The
gizzard generally contains gravel and other hard sub-
stances, which these aninjals swallow to aid digestion.
Birds lay eggs and sit upon them to hatch them, and
most birds build nests in which to rear their young,
those of the same kind building alike. The young bird
in the egg has a horny point at the end of the bill, with
which it breaks the shell. This point is plainly seen
on the bill of the newly-hatched chicken ; in a few days
it falls off.
The number of kinds of Birds is ten or twelve thou-
sand, and there are about seven hundred kinds in North
America. Birds of Prey, the Climbers, the Perchers,
the Scratchers, the Suntiers, the Waders, and the Swim-
mers are the large groups into which Birds are divided.
BIRDS OF PREY, OR RAPTORES.
These are the Vultures, Eagles, Hawks, Falcons, and
Owls. Most of them capture birds and other animals
for food. They are mostly of large size, and have a
f-trong hooked bill, sharp claws, great spread of wing,
aiid very powerful muscles, and the females are gener-
BIRDS OF PREY: VULTURES.
61
ally larger than the males. They live in pairs, and
choose their mates for life.
VULTURES.
Vultures have the head nearly naked or thinly cov-
Fig. 104. — California Vulture.
ered with feathers, and, unlike the other rapacious birds,
seldom capture prey, but feed upon dead and decaying
62 VERTEBRATES: BIRDS.
animals, which they trace by sight or scent at great dis-
tances. They make no nest, but deposit .their eggs on
the ground or naked rock. There are three or four
kinds in the United States. The celebrated Condor
of the Andes, and the Lammergeyer of the Alps, are
vultures of the largest kind. The latter attacks lambs,
goats, and the chamois. The California Vulture is the
largest bird of prey in North America, being as large
as the largest Turkey ; the color is black, the head
orange and red. See Figure 104.
1
FALCONS, HAWKS, AND EAGLES.
%
These birds have the head clothed with feathers, and
their talons are very sharp. Their flight is rapid, and
they attack their prey with great ferocity, capturing
chickens, ducks, grouse, quails, hares, rabbits, squir-
rels, and other small animals. The species are numer-
ous, about seventy kinds of Eagles being known in all
countries ; and more than thirty kinds of Falcons and
Hawks inhabit North America. The true Falcons have
a distinct tooth in the upper mandible, as seen in Fig-
ure 105.
Fig. 105. — American Peregrine Falcon, or Duck Hawk.
The Duck Hawk, or Peregrine Falcon, of North
America, pursues its prey with almost inconceivable
BIRDS OF PREY: EAGLES.
63
.SP
-
64 VERTEBRATES: BIRDS.
velocity through all its turnings and windings, and
when within a few feet," protrudes its talons, grasps the
prize, and bears it away* to some secluded place and
devours it. Sometimes it sweeps over the water and
catches up ducks and other swimming birds. This
falcon is about a foot and a half in length. The Pere-
grine Falcon of Europe, very much like this species,
was formerly much used in falconry, a fashionable
sport of kings, nobles, and fair ladies.
The Sparrow Hawk, of Amer-
ica, is the smallest of the hawks,
being but little larger than the
common robin. It preys upon
small birds, mice, and insects.
* It becomes attached to a partic-
ular locality, and may be seen
day after day on the same tree
or stump watching for prey.
- The Bald, or White-headed*
Fig. 107.-Sparrow Hawk.
found along the sea-coasts, lakes, and rivers, and usu-
ally makes its nest on some tall tree. Although called
Bald, its head is clothed with white featluers. Its prin-
cipal food is fish, which it obtains mainly by robbing
the Osprey, or Fish-Hawk. Seated on a dead limb of
a large tree that commands a view of the waters, it
watches the Fish-Hawk as he descends and plunges into
the deep, and, as he emerges with his prey and rises into
the air, the Eagle gives chase ; each moves with its ut-
most speed, but the Eagle rapidly gains, and as it is
about to reach the Hawk, the latter drops the fish ; the
Eagle sweeps downward, snatches it before it reaches
the water, and bears it away to the woods.
BIRDS OF PREY: OWLS.
OWLS.
65
Owls are birds of prey which, in most cases, are ac-
tive by night, and rest during the day. Their large
head, and large staring eyes, and the tufts of feathers
resembling ears, which many of them have, give to the
face a strange, cat-like expression. Their plumage is
soft and loose, and their flight is almost noiseless.
Fig. 108. — Great Horned Owl.
They prey upon birds, hares, squirrels, mice, and in-
sects. There are about forty kinds of Owls in Amer-
ica, varying from the size of a robin to that of a small
turkey. The Great Horned Owl has large ear-tufts
standing up like horns ; the Screech Owl is small, and
is noted for its tremulous, doleful notes ; the Long-
66
VERTEBRATES: BIRDS.
eared Owl has very long ear-tufts, and its cry is pro-
longed and plaintive, consisting of two or three notes
repeated at intervals ; the Gray Owls are very large ;
the Saw Whet Owl is small, and its notes sound like
the noise made in filing a saw ; the Burrowing Owls
are very small, and live in the burrows of the Prairie
Dog ; and the Snowy Owl is large, and, unlike the pre-
Fig. 109. — Snowy Owl.
ceding ones, hunts in the daytime as well as at twilight.
It lives in the cold regions, and is seen in the United
States only in winter.
CLIMBERS, OR SCANSORES.
These birds have the toes in pairs, two in front and
two behind. Parrote, Cuckoos, and Woodpeckers are
the principal kinds.
CLIMBERS: CUCKOOS.
PARROTS.
67
Parrots have a stout, thick bill, hooked at the tip.
Many of them are adorned with the most gorgeous-
colored plumage ; and this, together with the ease with
which they are trained to speak, has made them objects
of great .interest. They live in the warm regions,
where the trees are always green, and fruits and seeds
never fail them.
Fig. 110. — Carolina Parrot
The Carolina Parrot of the Southern States, about as
large as a dove, is our only species.
CUCKOOS.
The Cuckoos of the United States are about a foot
long, with the upper parts of a metallic olive green
color, and the under parts white. They are shy, con-
cealing themselves in the thick foliage of trees, where
68
VERTEBRATES: BIRDS.
they sit for hours uttering their unpleasant notes, which
sound like cow-cow, eight or ten times repeated. They
Eig. 111. — Cuckoo.
feed upon insects, and also eggs, which they steal from
the nests of other birds.
WOODPECKERS.
These birds have a straight, sharp bill, with which
they cut into bark or wood in
search of insects. The tongue is
very long and capable of being
greatly extended, and is armed
towards the tip with barbs. By
means of this instrument they
pierce and drag forth insects
from their hiding-places. Twenty
or thirty kinds are found in North
America, varying in size from the
sparrow to that of a crow. They
build their nests in holes, which
they make with their bills in
trunks or branches of trees.
Fig. 112.— Red-headed
Woodpecker.
CLIMBERS: WOODPECKERS. 69
The Ivory-billed Woodpecker, of the Southern States,
is the largest, and has the body black, with white upon
the wings and neck, the crest scarlet, and the bill ivory
white. The Black Woodcock, of the Northern States,
is smaller, greenish-black in color, with a scarlet crest.
The Hairy and Downy Woodpeckers, or Sapsuckers, are
small, and black and white. The Red-headed Wood-
pecker has -the head and neck crimson, the back, pri-
maries, and tail black, the rump and a band on the
wings white. The Golden-winged Woodpecker is larger
Fig. 113. — Golden-winged Woodpecker.
than a robin, and is one of our most beautiful birds.
On the first sunny days of spring the Woodpeckers of
this species appear on the tops of decayed trees, and
as they hop about, striking with their bills here and
there, make the woods resound with their loud, clear
notes. Soon they pair, and both male and female begin
70 VERTEBRATES: BIRDS.
to make a hole in a tree for the nest. The female lays
from four to six beautiful white eggs for each brood,
and two broods are reared in a season.
PERCHERS, OR INSESSORES.
These make up a large part of the most 'common
birds, as Humming-Birds, Nighthawks, Kingfishers, Fly-
catchers, Thrushes, Warblers, Creepers, Titmice, Spar-
rows, Grosbeaks, Larks, Blackbirds, Jays, Crows, &c.
HUMMING-BIRDS.
These are birds of the smallest size and of the most
gorgeous plumage to be found in the feathered race.
The beauty of their colors defies description ; and from
their brilliancy they are often called "flying gems.'5
Figs. 114 and 115. — Ruby-throated Humming-Bird and Nest.
There are about four hundred kinds, and they all be-
long to the continent and islands of America, and are
most numerous in the warm regions. Their feet are
very small, their wings long, and their power of flight
very great ; and they can balance themselves in the
air, or beside a flower, with perfect ease. Their food
consists of insects and the honey of flowers. Their
nests are usually made of cotton, thistle-down, delicate
fibres, and other soft materials, woven into a cup-shaped
cradle, and placed on a branch of a tree not many feet
from the ground ; and the outside is covered with lich-
PERCHERS: WHIPPOOR WILLS AND NIGHTHAWKS.
71
ens in such a manner as to make the nest appear like
a natural growth/ The eggs are pure white.
WHIPPOORWILLS AND NIGHTHAWKS.
The Chuck-will's Widow, whose curious notes are
heard in the evening and in the early morning in the
Fig. 116. — Whippoorwill.
Southern States, and the Whippoorwill and Nighthawk
Fig. 1 1 7. — Nighthawk.
of the United States generally, are closely related to
72 VERTEBRATES: BIRDS.
each other. The last two are each about ten inches
long, and of a dark color marked with white. The
Chuck-will's Widow gets its name from its notes, which
sound like the words chuck-will's widow, and the Whip-
poorwill its name from a resemblance of its notes to
the syllables whip-poor-will, which are also uttered in
the evening and at early dawn. They make no nest,
but lay their eggs on the ground, or on a flat rock.
KINGFISHERS.
These birds feed upon fish, and make their nests in
holes which they dig in the banks of ponds and streams.
They have a long, straight bill, and short legs. The
Belted Kingfisher, of North America, is nearly as large
Fig. 118.— Belted Kingfisher.
as a small dove, the head crested, the color blue above
and white below, with a blue belt. Sitting on a branch
PERCHERS: FLYCATCHERS. 73
or decayed tree near the water, it watches intently for
fish ; and at the proper moment it plunges into the
water, seizes its victim, flies to the nearest tree, swal-
lows the fish, and is immediately on the lookout for
another.
FLYCATCHERS.
There are about thirty kinds of these birds in North
America. The bill is broad and bent down at the tip,
and the sides of the mouth have stiff bristles. The
Kingbird, Pewees, and Great-crested Flycatcher are
some of the most common and best known species. The
Kingbird is somewhat smaller than a robin, and is dark
Fig. 119. — Kingbird.
above and white below, with a hidden crest of orange,
vermilion, and white. It is common in open fields
and orchards, where it is seen perched upon a stake,
tall weed, or low tree, watching for insects, which it
darts down upon with sure aim. It is very courageous,
eagerly attacking crows, hawks, and other large birds.
The Pewee, or Phoebe Bird, is smaller than the King-
bird, and its color is dark above and yellowish below.
74 VERTEBRATES: BIRDS.
It lingers around bridges, old buildings, and caves.
Here in some secure spot it builds its nest of mud,
grass, and moss, with a soft lining within for the eggs,
which are pure white with reddish spots near the
larger end. The Wood Pewee is rather smaller than
the Phoebe, and is found in the quiet retreats of the
forest.
THKTJSHES.
The Wood Thrush, Hermit Thrush, Wilson's Thrush,
Robin, Robin Redbreast, &c., come under this head.
The Wood Thrush is smaller than a robin, brownish
above, white below, marked with triangular black spots.
Fig. 121. — Kuby-crowned
Wren.
Fig. r20. — Wood Thrush.
It is found in groves and woods, and its sweet singing
has made it celebrated among all lovers of birds. Its
nest and eggs much resemble those of the robin.
The Hermit Thrush is smaller than the Wood Thrush,
which it somewhat resembles, but it is rather darker
above, and its breast is yellowish-white, and the dark
spots beneath are less distinct than in the latter; and
its soft, liquid, plaintive notes excel in sweetness those
of any other American bird. It is heard in shady glens
and deep woods.
PERCHERS." THRUSHES. 75
The American Robin is one of the most common of
the Thrushes, and its song in the early morning and
at the close of the day is one of the pleasaiitest sounds
that come from our groves and orchards.
The Robin Redbreast, of Europe, is about half as
large as our robin, of a brown color, with a red breast.
It loves to be near man, and often enters his dwelling.
It is easily tamed, and is a great favorite. In severe
weather it comes into the house, and, selecting a perch,
warbles its song when the day is clear or when the fire
burns brightly.
The American Bluebird is sky-blue above, and the
breast chestnut-colored. Its nest is usually made in a
hollow tree or post, and its eggs are from four to six,
pale blue. It is a loving, gentle bird, and its soft war-
ble is very pleasing. The Ruby-crowned Wren, which
is now placed with the Thrushes, is scarcely more than
four inches long, and is known by a patch of scarlet
feathers on the crown. Its song is clear and sweet.
The Water Ouzel, of the Rocky Mountains, is smaller
Fig. 122. — Ouzel. Fig. 123. — Nightingale.
than the robin, and of a dark lead-color. This curious
Thrush frequents mountain streams, into which it walks
or dives, and moves about beneath the water in search
of insects and other small animals upon which it feeds.
76 VERTEBRATES: BIRDS.
WARBLERS.
Warblers are among the smallest, most beautiful, and
interesting of singing birds. Many kinds are generally
found in the same locality, and may be seen gliding
among the thick foliage, busily engaged in catching
minute insects which hide beneath the leaves and -in
the buds and blossoms, and which often escape the
sight of other and larger birds. Some of the Warblers
are the sweetest of songsters, as the celebrated Nightin-
gale, of Europe, shown in Figure 123. More than fifty
kinds are found in the United States; and their very
names are beautiful, and give us some idea of the ap-
pearance of these charming little creatures. Some of
the more common are the Maryland Yellow-throat, the
Fig. 1 24. — Maryland Yellow- Fig. 125. — Blackburnian
throat. Warbler.
Blue-winged Yellow Warbler, the Golden-winged War-
bler, the Orange-crowned Warbler, the Golden-crowned
Warbler or Thrush, the Black-throated Green Warbler,
the Yellow-rump Warbler, the Bay-breasted Warbler,
the Chestnut-sided Warbler, the Blue Warbler, the
Black Poll Warbler,-the Yellow Warbler, the Black and
Yellow Warbler, the Yellow Red Poll, the Yellow-throat-
ed Warbler, the Blackburnian Warbler, &c.
SWALLOWS.
These beautiful birds have long wings, short legs,
and short, wide bill, and they spend much of their time
PERCHERS: SHRIKES AND VIREOS. 77
upon the wing, skimming over fields and ponds, catch-
ing small insects, which constitute their food. One
kind builds its nest upon the rafters in the barn, and
is called the Barn Swallow ; another builds its nest
under the eaves, and is called the Eave Swallow ; an-
other under cliffs, and is called the Cliff Swallow ; an-
other digs a hole in a sandbank .for its nest, and is
called the Bank Swallow ; and the Purple Martin comes
and makes its nest in the Martin-houses which we place
for it near our dwellings. Some persons suppose that
these birds, which require air and sunshine as much as
we do, spend the winter in the mud at the bottoms of
ponds !
SHRIKES AND VIREOS.
The Shrike, or Butcher-Bird, is about as large as a
robin, of a bluish color, with black wings and tail.
Although belonging to the song-birds, it is a hawk in
Fig. 126. — Shrike, or Butcher-Bird.
its disposition, preying upon sparrows, warblers, and
other small birds, as well as upon insects. It often
imitates the cries of other birds, perhaps to call them
from the trees and bushes, that it may get a chance
to seize one of their number. It is called Butcher-
Bird from its habit of impaling or hanging up its prey
78 VERTEBRATES: BIRDS.
upon thorns and other sharp points, as a butcher hangs
up his meats upon sharp hooks in his stall. It builds
a large nest of twigs, grass, and moss, in the forks
of a tree.
The Vireos are much smaller
than the Shrike, and mostly
olive-green above and light
below. The Red-eyed Vi-
reo has the iris of the eye
red. Its loud, clear notes
are heard in the tree-tops
f . ,.,, ,. . Fig. 127. — Warbling Vireo.
from spring till late in au
tumn. The White-eyed and the Warbling Vireo are
small species, and their notes are very pleasant.
MOCKING-BIRDS, &c.
These birds are closely related to the Thrushes, and
are very sweet singers. The Mocking-Bird, of the
Southern States, is about the size of the robin, with a
Fig. 128. — Mocking-Bird.
very long tail, and the color is ashy. It sings with
great sweetness, and readily imitates the songs of all
the birds which it hears. It is a very common pet in
cages.
PERCHERS: CREEPERS, NUTHATCHES, &c. 79
The Cat-Bird, of the Northern States, is smaller than
the robin, and of a dark color, and in spring and the
early part of summer its song is very mellow and sweet.
Like its relative, it easily imitates the notes of other
birds, and may be properly called the Mocking-Bird of
the North. President Hill, of Harvard College, states
that, having whistled a strain of Yankee Doodle two
or three times in the presence of this bird, it imitated
him perfectly. In the latter part of summer its notes
are very harsh and disagreeable, sounding like the yawl
of a cat.
Wrens are small birds, about the size of the War-
blers. The Carolina Wren is one
of the largest. It is reddish-
brown. The House Wren de-
lights in being near the habita-
tions of man, and often makes its
nest in a hole in the timbers or
walls. The Winter Wren is one
of the smallest, and of a brownish
color. It is very active, and may *«• '^.-Winter Wren,
be seen in twenty attitudes in the course of a minute.
CREEPERS, NUTHATCHES, AND CHICKADEES.
Creepers and Nuthatches are very small birds, which
may be seen in North America at all seasons of the
year, running along the trunks and branches of trees,
and looking, at a little distance, much like little Wood-
peckers. The American Creeper is light brown, with
lighter streaks. The White-bellied Nuthatch is blue,
with the under parts white, and the top of the head and
neck black. The Red-bellied Nuthatch is a smaller spe-
cies, and has the under parts red. Both kinds attach
80
VERTEBRATES: BIRDS.
their feet to the bark, and sleep with their heads down-
ward. The Chickadee is one of our smallest birds, and
sings its simple chickadee-dee-dee in winter as well as in
Fig. 131.— Chick-
adee, or Titmouse.
Fig. 132.— White-bellied Nut-
hatch.
Fig. 130. — Amer-
ican Creeper.
summer, and in all sorts of weather. Its color is ashy
above, whitish below, and the top of the head and throat
black.
SKYLARKS.
The Skylark, or Shore Lark, is the only bird of its
Fig. 133. — American Skylark.
family in North America. It is smaller than the robin,
PERCHERS: FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, AND SPARROWS. 81
and sings sweetly while on the wing, but its song is
short. The Skylark of Europe is almost as celebrated
for its song as the Nightingale. It often rises vertically
to a great height, and when rising or falling it sings its
varied and powerful song.
FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, BUNTINGS, SPARROWS, AND
GROSBEAKS.
The Purple Pinch is about as large as the Bluebird,
and of a beautiful crimson color ; the female brown
above and white below streaked with brown. The nest
is built in a tree close to the ground, and the eggs are
four, of a rich green color. The Yellow Bird, or Amer-
Fig. 134. — Purple Finch. Fig. 135. —White-winged Crossbill.
ican Goldfinch, is of a beautiful yellow, the crown and
wings black, tail and wings marked with white. The
nest is very handsome, made of lichens, and fastened
to a twig ; eggs white, with a bluish tinge, and spotted
with brown at the larger end.
Crossbills have the points of the bill much curved
and crossing each other. By means of this curious
instrument they can open the cones of pine and spruce
with great facility, and thus secure the seeds, upon
4* F
82
VERTEBRATES: BIRDS.
which they feed. Crossbills are about as large as the
Bluebird ; and there are two species in North America,
— the Red Crossbill and the White-winged Crossbill,
the latter having white bands upon the wings.
Sparrows are plain-colored
birds, generally dull brown,
variously striped and marked,
and are the most common
in open fields, orchards, and
about low bushes. There
are many kinds in North
America, all of which are
small, the largest scarcely ong Sparrow,
equalling the common Bluebird in size. Some of the
principal kinds are the Bay-winged Bunting, the Yel-
low-winged Sparrow, the White-crowned Sparrow, the
White-throated Sparrow, the Black Snow-Bird, the
Tree Sparrow, the Chipping Sparrow, the Song Spar-
row, the Swamp Sparrow, the Fox-colored Sparrow, &c.
The Grosbeaks have the bill
very large, and hence their name,
which means great beak. The
Rose-breasted Grosbeak is one of
the most beautiful of the North
American birds. It is smaller than
a robin, and the color is black and
white, the breast a rich carmine.
The female has no black or car-
mine. The song is loud, clear,
and sweet.
The Ground Robin, Towhe Bunt-
ing, or Chewink, is about two
Fig. 137.— Rose-breasted thirds as large as a robin, the-
Grosbeak. coior black and white. The fc-
PERCHERS: BLACKBIRDS, LARKS, &c. 83
male is brown and white. It is seen almost every-
where, in low bushes, in fields, or by the wayside, and
Fig. 138. — Chewink.
is easily found out by its sweet chewink, which it utters
every few moments. Often near the close of day in
spring it mounts the topmost twig of a small tree, and
sings with a sweetness that charms all who listen to it.
It makes its nest upon the ground, and lays from four
to six eggs of a light color with dark spots.
\.
BLACKBIRDS, LARKS, &c.
The Bobolink, Cow-Bird, Blackbirds, Larks, and
Fig. 139.— Bobolink.
Orioles all belong to one family. The Bobolink, or
84 VERTEBRATES: BIRDS.
Rice-Bird, is larger than a Bluebird, of a black and
cream color, the female yellowish brown. It is seen in
meadows during the summer; and its jingling song, ut-
tered from a low tree, or bush, or tall weed, or upon the
wing, is familiar to all who live in the country. Late
in the summer they fly southward, and are seen" in
immense flocks around grain-fields and along the mar-
gins of creeks and rivers, where the tops of the reeds
are bent with ripe seeds. Thousands are shot by the
hunters and sold in the markets, where they are called
Reed-Birds.
The Cow-Bird is larger than the Bobolink, and, in
respect to its habits, is the most singular bird in North
America. For some reason which is not understood
it never makes a nest, but, like the European Cuckoo,
stealthily lays its eggs, only one in a place, in the nests
of Warblers, Flycatchers, Bluebirds, Sparrows, and the
Golden-crowned Thrush. The egg is grayish blue,
marked with brown dots and short streaks. And it is
a curious fact that this egg hatches before the eggs of
the bird in whose nest it is laid. Just as soon as the
young Cow-Bird is hatched, the foster-parents leave
their own eggs and fly off to get food for it, and hence
the young in their eggs die, and the eggs are soon
thrown from the nest. Then the young Cow-Bird re-
ceives the whole attention of those that have been
compelled to adopt it, and they feed it till long after it
can fly, and until it is larger than the foster-parents
themselves. The head and neck of the Cow-Bird is of
a chocolate color, the rest of the body lustrous black ;
the female is light brown.
The Red-winged Blackbird is about as large as the
robin, shining black, with the shoulder and a part of the
PERCHERS: CROWS, JAYS, &c. 85
wing bright crimson. The female is of a dusky color.
It is common about ponds and marshes, and builds its
nest in low bushes or tufts of sedges.
The Meadow Lark is rather larger than the robin ;
the upper parts brown and brownish white, the under
Fig. 140. — Meadow Lark.
parts yellow, with a black crescent upon the breast.
The nest is built at the foot of a tuft of grass, and is
covered over, except an entrance just large enough to
admit the owners.
The Baltimore Oriole, or Hangbird, is about as large
as a sparrow, the color black and orange red, and is
one of the most beautiful birds in the United States.
Its song is loud, full, and mellow. Its hanging nest
is woven to the outer-drooping twigs of the elm and
other trees. It is made of fibres from the silkweed.
CROWS, RAVENS, JAYS, AND MAGPIES.
These are rather large birds. The Raven is the
largest. It is seldom seen east of the Mississippi River.
The Crow is known to all, and farmers regard it as
their enemy, because it pulls up the young corn ; but
it does much more good than harm, by destroying a
86 VERTEBRATES: BIRDS.
great number of grubs, which would injure the crops.
The Blue-Jay is a bird of wonderful beauty, but its
notes are harsh, and it eats the eggs of other birds, and
even destroys young birds, swallowing them as greed-
ily as would a hawk. The Magpie is about as large
Fig. 141. — Magpie.
as a dove, black and white, and the tail is very long.
There are two kinds in North America, and one in
Europe.
SCRATCHERS, OR RASORES.
Doves, Wild Pigeons, Turkeys, Hens, Grouse, Pheas-
ants, and Quails are the principal Easores. Most of
SCRATCHERS: PIGEONS AND GROUSE. 87
them live mainly upon the ground, and all feed upon
seeds, grain, nuts, and berries. The Rasores are very
important to man, their flesh furnishing him with some
of his choicest food. Excepting the Doves and Pigeons,
they are able to run as soon as hatched.
PIGEONS.
The Wild Pigeon, of North America, is about as large
as a dove, with a very long tail, and the color above is
Fig. 142. — Wild Pigeon.
blue, under parts reddish, and the neck glossy golden
violet. It flies very rapidly, and sometimes millions
move together, darkening the air like a cloud, and, on
alighting, fill forests, and even break down large trees
by their weight.
GROUSE.
The Prairie Chicken, Ruffed Grouse, Ptarmigans,
&c. come under this head.
The Prairie Chicken, as large as a common hen, has
88 VERTEBRATES: BIRDS.
an air-sack on each side of the neck by which it is
able to produce a loud booming sound, which can be
heard a mile. It is abundant on the Western prairies.
It is easily tamed. Audubon once caught sixty iij the
autumn, and, having clipped the tips of their wings,
put them in a field. Within a week they became so
tame that they were not afraid when he came near
them, and before winter was over would eat from the
hand. The Ruffed Grouse, or Partridge, of the United
States, is about the size of the Prairie Chicken, with
beautifully barred and spotted plumage.
QUAILS.
These birds are much smaller than the Grouse, and
about forty kinds are found in America. The Quail
Fig. 143. — Quail.
has a body about as large as a pigeon, and its color is
reddish brown. In Pennsylvania and southward it is
called the Partridge. Its notes are a sort of whistle.
WADERS, OR GRALLATORES. 89
The nest is built near a tuft of grass, and the eggs are
from ten to eighteen, pure white.
Fig. 144. — Mountain Quail.
The Mountain Quail is found in Oregon and Cali-
fornia.
WADERS, OR GRALLATORES.
The Waders have a long bill, long neck, and long legs.
They are the Qranes, Herons, Ibises, Plovers, Turn-
stones, Stilts, Woodcocks, Snipes, Yellow-Legs, Godwits,
Curlews, Rails, and Gallinules. They live mainly in
wet places, or upon marshes or shores, and are adapted
by their long legs for wading in shallow waters. They
feed upon worms, sliell-fish, and other aquatic animals.
Figures 145-157 show some of the common kinds.
HEEONS.
The Great Blue Heron, of North America, frequents
ponds and creeks, where it may be seen standing for
hours, upon a rock or stump, watching for fish. When
90
VERTEBRATES: BIRDS.
wounded it is dangerous to approach it, as it strikes
with its bill, and generally aims at the eye. This
Fig. 145. — Great Blue Heron.
Heron is three feet and a half long. It builds its nest
on a large tree, in a dense swamp.
WADERS: HERONS AND IBISES. 91
The Bittern, or Stake-Driver, and the Night Heron,
Fig. 146. — Bittern, or Stake-Driver.
with its long, white plumes, are much smaller species.
IBISES.
The Wood Ibis is nearly as large as the Great Blue
Fig. 147. — Wood Ibis.
92
VERTEBRATES: BIRDS.
Fig. 148.— Plover.
Fig. 149. — Turnstone.
Fig. 1 50. — Yellow-Legs. Fig. 151.— American Woodcock.
Fig. 152. — Wilson's Snipe.
Fig. 153. — Stilt.
WADERS: PLOVER, TURNSTONE, YELLOW-LEGS, &c. 93
Fig. 154. — Godwit.
Fig. 155. — Curlew.
Fig. 156.— Kail. * Fig. 157. — Gallinule.
94 VERTEBRATES: BIRDS.
Heron, and lives in the swamps of the Southern States.
In order to obtain food, it moves about in the shallow
waters until these become muddy;, when the fishes rise
to the surface, and are struck and killed by fts bill.
SWIMMERS, OR NATATORES.
These birds are fitted to live in and about the water.
Their feet are webbed, and the plumage is thick and
made water-proof by the oil with which they dress it.
They swim with great ease, and most of them are ex-
pert divers. Swans, Geese, Ducks, Pelicans, Petrels,
Gulls, Divers, Auks, and their relatives, belong in this
group.
SWANS, GEESE, AND DUCKS.
The Swans have the neck very long, and they are
much larger than the largest goose. There are two
species in North America, — the American Swan and
the Trumpeter, both pure white.
The Wild Goose is larger than the common goose,
of a brownish color, with black head, neck, bill, feet,
and tail. Wild Geese are seen in early spring in large
flocks, moving northward, where they rear their young,
returning south in autumn. The peculiar noise made
by a flock as they pass over is familiar to all. They
are sometimes tamed, but. often manifest a desire to
join the migrating flocks. Wilson says a wild goose
was captured by a farmer on Long Island, and kept
all winter with a flock of common geese. The follow-
ing spring it joined a party of its own kind which was
passing over. The next autumn, as a. flock of wild
geese was returning southward, and passing directly
over this man's farm, throve of the number separated
SWIMMERS: DUCKS.
95
from the others and alighted in the yard. They proved
to be the long-lost goose and two of her young.
The Mallard, or Greenhead, is about two feet long,
and has the plumage of the head bright green ; there
is a white ring around the neck, and the general color
of the body is brownish. This is the parent of the
domestic duck.
The Wood Duck is smaller than the Greenhead, and
its plumage excels in beauty that of all other ducks.
Fig. 158.— Wood Duck.
It builds its nest in a hollow tree or limb ; and if the
nest is over water, the young, as soon as hatched, drop
into it ; if not, they fall to the ground, and are led
or carried to the water by the parent.
The Canvas-Back is about the size of the Wood
Duck, with a chestnut-colored head, and the other parts
white and black.
The Eider Duck is one of the largest of the Ducks ;
colors black and white. It lives in the cold regions of
96 VERTEBRATES: BIRDS.
the North. Eider-down is obtained from the nests of
Fig. 159. — Canvas-Back.
Eider Ducks, the birds having plucked it from their
breasts to place around their eggs.
ALBATROSSES AND PETRELS.
The Albatrosses are the largest of web-footed birds ;
Fig. 160. — Sooty Albatross.
SWIMMERS: GULLS AND TERNS.
97
the Petrels, in many cases, are very small. Both live
on the ocean, but come on shore to rear their young.
The voice of the Albatross is as loud as that of an Ass.
The Stormy Petrels, or
"Mother Carey's Chick-
ens," are the smallest
of web-footed birds ; but
they are able to fly about
during the most terrific
storms. While flying
close to the water they
extend their legs, and
thus appear to walk. upon
Fig. 161. — Stormy Petrel.
its surface. The word Petrel means little Peter.
GULLS AND TERNS.
The Gulls and Terns have long and pointed wings,
and are common upon the shores of all countries, and
Fig. 162. — Tern.
also on the larger rivers and lakes. They swim well,
but do not dive. The Gulls are generally light-colored,
98 VERTEBRATES: BIRDS.
and they vary in size from that of a dove to that of a
goose. The Terns have the tail very long and forked.
They are generally light below, black, and bluish above.
They are of the size of a dove and smaller, some being
no larger than a robin. They feed upon small marine
animals.
DIVERS.
The Great Northern Diver, or Loon, is almost as large
Fig. 163. — Great Northern Diver, or Loon.
as a goose, black above, beautifully
spotted with white, and white be-
low. It is exceedingly keen-sighted
and wary, and it dives so quickly
that, seeing the flash of the gun, it
is often under water before the shot
reaches it.
Grebes are ' divers which are
smaller than the Loon, and in the
spring have the head ornamented
with tufts of feathers. When
alarmed, they remain beneath the
surface of the water, exposing only
Fig. 1 64. — Crested Grebe. , , , . , ,
the bill.
SWIMMERS: AUKS, PUFFINS, AND PENGUINS. 99
AUKS, PUFFINS, AND PENGUINS.
These belong to the cold regions, and the Penguins
to the Southern Hemisphere. The Great Penguin of
Patagonia is larger than a goose. Its wings are so
Fig. 165. — Patagonian Penguin.
small that it cannot fly, and it stays in the water, ex-
cept when it crawls on shore to lay its eggs and rear
its young. Penguins hatch their eggs by holding them
between their thighs, and move away with them if dis-
turbed when sitting.
100 VERTEBRATES: REPTILES.
The Great Auk of the
Arctic regions is as large as
the Penguin. Other kinds
are much smaller, and those
called Puffins are not larger
than a dove. Puffins make
their nests in burrows in
the ground, and each bird
lays but one egg in a sea-
Fig. 166. — Puffin. son>
REPTILES.
Reptiles are vertebrates which have cold blood, and
are covered with hard plates, called scales, and which
lay eggs in holes that they dig in the ground ; these
eggs hatch without being brooded by the parent, and
the young, as soon as hatched, look just like the par-
ents, only smaller. Reptiles are such as Turtles or
Tortoises, Lizards, and Serpents or Snakes.
TURTLES.
Turtles, or Tortoises, are reptiles which have a shell
into which they can more or less completely withdraw
their head, legs, and tail. Some of them live wholly
upon the land, like those called Gophers in the South-
ern States, which dig burrows in the ground that are
dangerous pitfalls for horsemen, and the Box Turtles,
which live in the woods, and which can shut their shell
so tightly as to entirely hide their extremities, as seen
in Figure 169. Others, like the Painted Turtle, with
its colors of black, yellow, and red, the Wood Tortoise,
with its beautifully carved scales, the Speckled Tortoise,
TURTLES.
101
with its black shell ornamented with orange-colored
dots, and the Snapping Tur-
tle, live in fresh-water ponds
and streams, coming at times
upon the land. Others, like
the Salt-water Terrapin, so
much prized for food, live
in salt-water creeks. Oth-
ers, like the Hawk-bill Tur-
tle, the Green Turtles, and
the Soft-shelled Sphargis,
live in the ocean, and only
come on shore to lay their
eggs. The land and fresh
water turtles of North Amer-
ica have the shell from four
Fig. 167. — Skeleton of a Turtle.
to six or eight inches long ; excepting the Gophers and
Snappers, which are much larger, having the shell a
foot and a half or more in length, and, in some cases,
the Snapping Turtle is four feet long from the nose to
the tip of the tail. This turtle has the head and neck
very large, and the jaws strongly hooked, and it is
exceedingly powerful, and very voracious, devouring
smaller reptiles, fishes, young ducks, and other small
animals. When molested it raises itself on its legs,
opens its mouth wide, and, throwing the body forward,
snaps its jaws upon its enemy with fearful power. See
Figure 170.
The Hawk-bill Turtle, Figure 171, lives in the warm
parts of the Atlantic Ocean, and weighs about two hun-
dred pounds, and its scales furnish the material for the
beautiful and costly tortoise-shell ornaments.
The Green Turtles weigh two or three hundred
102
VERTEBRATES: REPTILES.
Fig. 168. — Wood Tortoise.
Fig. 169.— Box Turtle, shut
up and on its back.
Fig. 170. — Snapping Turtle.
Fig. 171. — Hawk-bill Turtle.
pounds, or more, and are caught at night when they
come on shore to lay their eggs.
LIZARDS, OR SAURIANS. 103
The Sphargis, or Soft-shelled Sea Turtle, lives in the
Atlantic Ocean and in the Mediterranean Sea, and is
the largest of all the turtles; sometimes weighing two
thousand pounds! It is covered with a thick leather-
like skin instead of a hard shell.
LIZARDS, OR SAURIANS.
Lizards have a long body, long tail, no shell, and the
mouth is large and armed with teeth. Enormous liz-
ards, thirty feet long, live in the river Nile, and are
called Crocodiles. The Alligators, of the Southern
Fig. 172.— Alligator.
States, are lizards which are five, ten, or fifteen feet
long, and which have a head shaped something like
that of a pickerel. They are numerous in the creeks
and sluggish streams, and devour all kinds of small
animals which come in their way.
The Six-lined Lizard, of the Southern States, is only
nine or ten inches long, with six yellow lines along its
sides and back. It is harmless, runs rapidly, and feeds
upon insects. The Green Lizard, of the Southern
States, is a smaller species which is common abou
104
VERTEBRATES: REPTILES.
gardens and buildings, often entering houses, and mov-
ing over the furniture, up and down the walls and
Fig. 173. — Six-lined Lizard.
window-panes, and along the ceilings, in its search for
flies, upon which it likes to feed.
The Horned Toads are Lizards found in the south-
ern and western parts
of North America.
They have the head
armed with spines,
and the body cov-
ered with tubercles.
The Horned Toad,
Fig. 174. —Horned Toad.
of Texas, is less than
five inches long, and is lively in its movements. It is
sluggish when kept in a cage.
SERPENTS, OR SNAKES.
Serpents are reptiles which are exceedingly long in
proportion to their size, and which have no feet, yet
they glide over the ground with very great speed.
Their mouth, throat, and body are capable of being
greatly distended, and hence they are able to swallow
animals whose bodies are much greater in diameter
than their own. They do not masticate their food,
and hence their teeth are suited only for seizing, kill-
SERPENTS, OR SNAKES. 105
ing, and retaining prey. The tongue is long, and
capable of being run out much beyond the mouth, and
it can be concealed within a sheath at its roots. They
shed their skins every year, and most of them lay eggs
from which the young are hatched. There are more
than a thousand kinds of snakes, and more than a
hundred kinds in North America. Some of the largest
Fig. 175.— Black Snake.
in the Tropical regions, as the Boas and Anacondas
of South America, and the Pythons of Africa and In-
dia, are thirty or forty feet long, and are able to swal-
low dogs, deer, and even oxen after they have crushed
them in their powerful folds.
The Black Snake and the Striped Snakes are the
most common kinds in North America. The former
5*
loe
VERTEBRATES: BATRACHIANS.
is from three to five feet long, and lustrous black. It
runs very fast, and climbs trees and bushes with great
ease, where it seeks bird's nests and devours the young.
It is feared by most persons, but it is harmless.
The Rattlesnake, of North America, is found on
rocky hills and mountains, and its bite is almost al-
ways fatal to men and animals. It has two very sharp
fangs in the Cupper jaw, and these fangs are hollow or
grooved, and connected with a bag of poison, so that
when the snake strikes them into an animal, the poison
is forced into the wound.
BATRACHIANS, OR FROGS, TOADS, SALAMAN-
DERS, &c.
These are reptiles which have no scales, and which
lay their eggs in the- water, and the young resemble
Fig. 177.
Fig. 178.
Fig. 176.
Fig. 179. Fig. 180. Fig. 181.
Figs. 176-181. — Changes in the form of a Frog from the time of
Hatching.
fishes more than they do their parents. The young
breathe by means of gills, like fishes, but the adults
breathe by lungs, like those reptiles which have scales.
For example, the young frog or tadpole, when first
FROGS AND TOADS. 107
hatched, appears as in Figure 176, with the gills in
tufts on the two sides of the neck ; later, it appears as
in Figure 177, where the gills are concealed; later, it
appears as in Figure 178, where it has hind legs ; later,
as in Figure 179, with four legs ; later still, as in Fig-
ure 180, where the tail has mostly disappeared; and
later still, it becomes a perfect frog.
FROGS AND TOADS.
These have the body short and thick, and the tongue
is long and fixed to the fore part of the jaw, and its tip
is turned backward into the mouth, from which it can
be darted forth quicker than a glance of the eye ; and
it is by means of the tongue that frogs and toads snap
up insects and worms, which form their principal food.
The Bull-frog is our largest kind, and is well known by
its croakings, which may be heard a mile. The Green
Fig. 182. — Leopard Frog.
Frog, Leopard Frog, Pickerel Frog, are other kinds that
are found about ponds and streams. The Wood-frog
is found in the woods, and goes to the water only in
spring, when it lays its eggs. The Tree-frogs, often
called Tree-toads, have the toes so formed that they
108
VERTEBRATES: BATRACHIANS.
are able to move along the trunks, branches, and leaves
of »trees. Here they live, except when they go into the
water to lay their eggs. One of the tiny Tree-frogs,
named Pickering's Hylodes, makes the
high piping note, which in spring is
heard in New England and in the
Middle States throughout the night.
It is found upon plants near to stag-
Fig. 1 83.— Picker- nant pools, and in woods.
ing's Hylodes. The American Toad is famiHar tO
all. It is very useful to the farmer and gardener, de-
stroying great numbers of insects.
SALAMANDERS, TRITONS, SIRENS, &c.
Salamanders are batrachians which have a long body
and long tail, and which live upon the land, except
when they go to the water to lay their eggs. There
Fig. 184. — Salamander.
are many kinds in North America, varying from three
to twelve inches long. They are found mostly under
Fig. 185. — Triton.
stones, fallen trees, and rubbish. Tritons have nearly
the same form, but live in the water. Both cor-
respond in form to the Lizards among the true Rep-
tiles. Tritons have the most wonderful power to
SALAMANDERS, TRITONS, SIRENS, &c.
109
repair or renew injured or lost parts. The legs may-
be cut off, and in less than a year they will grow again ;
and the limbs thus formed may also be cut off, and oth-
ers will grow in their places ; and even if the eye be
destroyed another will grow to supply the loss ! In the
Southern States is found
the Congo Snake, an ani-
mal which is related to the
Salamanders and Tritons.
It is about two feet long,
and lives in muddy waters.
The Sirens have the gills
in tufts, as in Figures 187,
188; thus even in the adult
state they are like the young of Frogs and Toads.
Fig. 187. — Menobranchus, or Mud Puppy.
They live in the water. The Menobranchus, or Mud
Tig. 188.— Axolotl.
Puppy, of our Northern Lakes, the Siren, of the South-
ern States, and the Axolotl, of Mexico, are of this kind.
The two last are six to twelve inches long.
110 VERTEBRATES: FISHES.
FISHES.
Fishes are vertebrates which have cool blood, and
live wholly in the water, and breathe by means of gills.
Most of them are scaly, but some are covered with a
smooth skin, others have spines, and others still are cov-
ered with bony plates. The jaws are generally armed
with teeth, and, in many cases, all parts of the month
also, and even the gullet. Their movements are gen-
erally rapid, and their forward motion is mainly pro-
duced by the movements of the tail. The parts which
correspond to the arms and legs of quadrupeds are very
short, and are called fins; and their use is mainly to
balance and direct. The flesh is light-colored or white.
In general, the eye of Fishes has no motion, and the
pupil is always of the same size, both in light and dark-
ness ; and the ear is wholly enclosed by the bones of the
head, and hence it is generally believed that they hear
only the loudest sounds. They are very voracious, feed-
ing mainly upon smaller fishes, and other small animals,
which they usually swallow whole. Those which feed
on shell-fish crush their food by means of the teeth in
the gullet. Most fishes lay eggs ; a few kinds bring
forth living young. Nearly all seem to have no care
for their young, but eat them as greedily as they do
other food. The number of eggs laid by a single fish
in one season is often very great, — the Salmon some-
times laying twenty thousand, and the Cod more than
nine millions! The colors of Fishes are very beauti-
ful, exhibiting a lustre like that of the metals, and the
brilliancy of precious stones, and the delicate tints of
flowers ; they are indeed the gems of the waters, as the
humming-birds are the gems of the air. The wonder-
SPINE-FINNED FISHES.
Ill
Fig. 189. — Yellow Perch.
Fig. 190.— Bream.
Fig. 191. — Striped Bass.
Fig. 192. — Star-Gazer. Fig. 193. — Sea Robin.
Fig. 194. — Stickleback.
Fig. 195. — Darter. Fig. 1 96. — Sea-Raven.
112 VERTEBRATES: FISHES.
fid power and swift motion of some, the wholesome
and delicious food furnished by many, and the exciting
sport of their capture, combine to render Fishes objects
of great interest to almost every one. The number of
known kinds is about ten thousand.
SPINE-FINNED FISHES.
Spine-finned Fishes have spines in the back or dorsal
fin, and often in the lower fins. The Perch, Sea-Bass,
Pond-Fish or Bream, Star-Gazers, Sculpins, Stickle-
backs, Porgees, Mackerel, Sword-Fishes, and a host of
others belong to this group ; for it is the largest of all
the groups of Fishes.
The American Yellow Perch, of our ponds and rivers,
is known to every boy. The Striped Bass is caught in
the sea near the shore, and the largest weigh seventy-
five pounds each. The Pond-Fish or Bream is found in
every pond, and the round cavities, which it makes for
its nest, may be seen in great numbers near the shore.
The Star-Gazers live in the sea, and have the eyes on
top of the head, so that they appear as though look-
ing at the heavens. The Sculpins live in the sea, and
are often called Sea Robins, Sea Ravens, &c. The
Sticklebacks are very small fishes which inhabit both
the sea and streams, and are very active and greedy,
a single one having devoured seventy-five young fish in
less than half a day! They construct very curious
nests. The Weak Fish and Porgees live in the Atlan-
tic Ocean, and are caught for food. The Mackerel lives
in the sea, and is caught on the coast of New England
in immense numbers. The Sword Fish has the upper
jaw very much extended, forming a powerful and dari-
SPINE-FINNED FISHES.
113
Fig. 203.— Blue Fish.
114 VERTEBRATES: FISHES.
gerous weapon, with which it attacks Whales and other
large animals of the sea. The Blue Fish is found in
nearly all seas, and makes excellent food. The Dolphin
lives in the Mediterranean, and in the Atlantic, and is
celebrated for its beautiful colors, and for the brilliant
tints which it Has when dying. The Surgeon has a
sharp spine or lancet on the side of its tail ; it lives in
the sea. Mullets are small fishes which live in the sea,
and in fresh waters. Eel-Pouts are long, somewhat eel-
shaped fishes, which the fishermen catch when fishing
for cod. The Goose Fish, of the Atlantic, is large, some-
times weighing seventy pounds, and with such a big
mouth that it swallows fishes almost as large as itself.
Gulls and other sea-birds are often found whole in its
stomach! The Toad Fish, of the Atlantic, is about a
Fig. 204. — Toad Fish. Fig. 205. — Conner.
foot long, and seems to care for its young. The Conner
is very abundant on the coast of New England, and is
caught in great numbers both with the hook and net.
&OFT-FINNED FISHES.
These Fishes have no spines in their fins. They are
the Carp, Dace, Shiners, Suckers, Pike, and Pickerel,
Gar-Fishes of the Sea, Flying-Fishes, Salmon, Herring,
Cod, Eels, &c.
The Common Shiner, found in most ponds, lakes, and
rivers, is from three to six inches long, and of a golden
color. The Pickerel, so well known in the fresh waters,
SPINE-FINNED FISHES.
115
Fig. 206. — Blunt-nosed
Shiner.
Fig. 209. — Dolphin.
Fig. 210.— Eel-Pout.
Fig. 211. — Angler, or Goose Fish.
116 VERTEBRATES: FISHES.
is a handsome fish, of fine flavor, and the sport of its
capture is very exciting. The Gar-Fish lives in the
sea, and has an extremely long head and body ; the
jaws are pointed, and armed with many small teeth,
and its bones are green. Flying Fishes have the fins,
which are directly behind the gills, so large that they
are able to sustain themselves in the air for a few mo-
ments, thus appearing to fly. They live in all warm
and temperate seas, and are from three inches to a foot
in length. The Blind Fish is found in the waters of
the Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, and is about three
inches long. Its eyes are under the skin, so that the
fish is perfectly blind, and thus adapted to the dark
waters of the cave. The Horned Pout, from six to ten
inches long, and common in ponds and sluggish streams,
has the head armed with sharp spines, which inflict a
smarting wound on the hand of the careless fisherman.
The Salmon is a most beautiful fish, whose home is
in the Arctic seas, but it comes southward and as-
cends rivers for the purpose of laying its eggs, and is
caught in large numbers. Its flesh is delicious, and it
weighs from ten to thirty pounds or more. The Lake
Trout inhabits our Northern lakes, and is from two
to five feet long, of a gray color with lighter spots. It
is sometimes called the Longe. The Brook, or Speckled
Trout, is found in most of the clear streams of the tem-
perate parts of North America, and is very beautiful,
being dark above, silvery below, and the sides dotted
with red and yellow. Its flesh is delicate. It is very
shy, and its capture often requires much skill. The
Herring lives in the Arctic seas, and comes southward
in spring to lay its eggs. It is about a foot long. The
Gar-Pike has a long body and long jaws, which have
SOFT-FINNED FISHES.
117
Fig. 212. — Pickerel. Fig. 213. — Shiner.
Fig. 214. —Flying Fish. Fig. 215. — Gar-Fish.
Fig. 216. — Blind Fish.
Fig. 217. —Horned Pout.
Fig. 218. — Salmon.
Fig, 219. — Herring. Fig. 220. — Speckled Trout.
118 VERTEBRATES: FISHES.
teeth over their whole inner surface, and a row of long,
pointed teeth on their edges. It is found in the North-
ern lakes and in the Western and Southern rivers.
Fig. 221. — Gar-Pike.
The Cod inhabits the North Atlantic, and attains a
weight of even a hundred pounds in some cases. It
is taken in immense numbers on the Banks of New-
foundland, and when salted and dried is carried to all
parts of the world. The Flounders are marine fishes
which have the body flattened on the sides, and both
eyes are on the same side of the head, and the side
upon which the eyes are placed is always uppermost,
and is dark colored, while the opposite side is white.
They swim, therefore, on one side, and they keep close
to the bottom. Flounders are from six inches to two
feet long, and are caught in great numbers, even from
the wharves. Halibuts are shaped like the Floun-
ders, and in some cases weigh six hundred pounds.
The Flounders and the Halibuts are the only back-
boned animals which have the right and left sides
unlike. The Lump Fishes are those whose ventral
fins are so joined as to form a sort of cup, by which
they are able to attach themselves firmly to rocks or
other objects. Pennant, the naturalist, says that he
put one into a pail of water, and it adhered so tightly
to the bottom that he lifted the whole pailful by taking
hold of the fish by the tail. It lives in the North At-
SOFT-FINNED FISHES.
119
Fig. 222. — American Cod.
Fig. 223. — Flounder.
Fig. 224.— Burbot.
Fig. 226. — Lump Fish.
Fig. 225.— Eel.
Fig. 227. — Top of
Head of Kemora.
Fig. 228. — Remora.
120 VERTEBRATES: FISHES.
lantic. The Remora has a flattened head, so constructed
that it is able to attach itself by this part to other
marine animals. It is a foot or more in length. Eels
have a long, round body, which is covered with a thick,
soft skin. They live in both fresh and salt waters, and
keep near the bottom, often lying concealed in the mud.
TUFT-GILLED FISHES.
These fishes have their gills in tufts, and are known
as Pipe-Fishes and Sea-Horses, on account of their sin-
gular forms. Pipe-Fishes have a very long and slender
body covered with hard plates, and long snout with the
mouth at the end. They live in the warm seas. After
the eggs are laid, the male takes them in a sort of sack
and carries them about with him till they are hatched.
Sea-Horses have a short body, which is covered with
spiny plates, a tail adapted for grasping small objects,
and the head and neck have some resemblance to those
of a horse. They are from three to six inches long,
and live in the sea.
PUFFERS, TRUNK-FISHES, &c., OR PLECTOGNATHS.
Puffers have the body covered with spines, and can
swell themselves like a balloon by swallowing air. The
Common Puffer lives in the Atlantic Ocean, and is about
a foot long.
The Sun-Fish, of the Atlantic, grows to the length
of four feet, and weighs five hundred pounds.
The Trunk-Fish has the head and body covered with
bony plates, so firmly attached to each other that they
form a shield, and the mouth, tail, and fins are the
only movable parts. Two or three kinds are found on
the Atlantic coast of the United States.
TUFT-GILLED FISHES AND PUFFERS, &c. 121
Fig. 229. — Sea-Horse.
Fig. 231. — Puffer.
Fig. 230. — Pipe-Fish.
Fig. 232. — Trunk-Fish.
Fig. 233. — Sun-Fish.
Fig. 234. — Sturgeon.
122 VERTEBRATES: FISHES.
STURGEONS.
Sturgeon's are fishes whose skeleton is a sort of carti-
lage, instead of being bony, as in those already described.
They are also covered with bony plates placed in rows
along the whole length of the body, and the mouth is
under the snout, and can be much protruded. They
inhabit lakes and the ocean, and ascend rivers. They
are from three to ten feet long. See Figure 234.
SHARKS, OR SELACHIANS.
These are marine fishes which have the skeleton
cartilaginous, and which, in many cases, are very large,
and in most cases very ferocious. The different kinds
vary from four to thirty feet in length, and their teeth
are very numerous, sharp as lancets, and inflict the
severest wounds. The smaller marine animals and
even men fall a prey to them.
The Rays, or Skates, have the body broad and flat,
and are from two to six feet or more in length, and as
wide or wider than the length. Those called Vampires
are sometimes sixteen feet wide, and weigh several tons!
One kind of Ray, called Torpedo, gives violent electrical
shocks when touched. See Figures 242 and 243.
SUCKERS, OR CYCLOSTOMES.
The true Suckers are the least perfect or lowest of all
the fishes, and their tongue moves forwards and back-
wards like the piston in a pump, enabling them to pro-
duce a vacuum, and thus to fix themselves to other
fishes. The Sea Lamprey, two or three feet long, the
Hag or Myxine, six or eight inches long, and the Am-
phioxus, or Lancelot, are of this kind. The last two
also live in the sea, and are^ seldom seen. The Lam-
prey ascends rivers, and piles up heaps of stones, among
which it lays its eggs. See Figures 244 — 246,
SHARKS.
Fig. 237.— Dog-Fish Shark.
Fig. 238. — Head of Mackerel
Shark.
Fig. 239. — Head
of Hammer-head.
Fig. 240. — Hammer-head Shark.
124
VERTEBRATES: FISHES.
Fig. 241. — Saw-Fish. A Shark.
Fig. 243. — Torpedo.
Fig. 242. — Ray, or Skate. Fig. 244. — Lamprey.
Fig. 245. — Hag or Myxine. Fig. 246. — Amphioxus.
ARTICULATES: INSECTS. 125
ARTICULATES, OR JOINTED ANIMALS.
THESE are animals which have no internal skeleton,
nor backbone, but whose hard parts, when these exist,
are upon the outside, and whose body is made up of a
series of similar rings. Articulates include the In-
sects,— Bees, Butterflies, Flies, Beetles, Bugs, Grass-
hoppers, Darning-Needles, <fcc., — Lobsters and Shrimps,
and Worms.
INSECTS.
Insects are articulates which breathe by means of
air-holes along the sides of the body ; and these air-
holes are the openings of air-tubes which branch
throughout the body and carry air to every part. The
term Insect comes from a Latin word which means
cut into, and is given to these animals because they
seem to be cut into, or notched. True Insects, Spi-
ders, and Centipedes are of this kind.
True Insects have the body divided into three parts,
— the head, middle body or thorax, and hind body
or abdomen. Upon the head, and near to the eyes,
are placed two jointed members, called antennae, which
it is supposed are connected with the sen'se of hearing,
or of touch, or of both of these senses ; to the middle
body or thorax are attached the legs and wings ; and
the hind body contains the organs of digestion, and to
this part belongs also an organ called the sting, or
piercer. Insects either bite their food or suck it.
Those which bite their food have an under and upper
lip, between which are two pairs of jaws which move
sidewise, and four to six little feelers, which they use
126 ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
to touch and examine the food. Those insects which
suck their food have either a long tube, as Butterflies
and Moths ; a piercing sucker, as Mosquitoes ; a softer
one, used for lapping, as Flies ; or a jointed one,
which is doubled under the breast when not in use,
as Bees. The eyes of insects appear to be only two
in number, but each is composed of many single eyes
— often thousands, and in some cases the astonishing
number of twenty-five thousand — closely united. Many
winged insects have also one, two, or three single eyes
on the crown of the head. The legs are six in num-
ber, and are attached to the under side of the thorax ;
the wings are two or four, and vary greatly in form
and thickness, in veinings, and in the manner of fold-
ing when at rest. The hind body is the largest por-
tion, and the air-holes are found on this part. Insects
are produced from eggs. A very few do not lay their
eggs, but retain them in the body till hatched ; others
always lay their eggs where the young will find a plen-
tiful supply of food. Most insects undergo great and
wonderful changes in form and habits; so great, that
the same insect, at different ages, might be taken for
as many different animals. For example : a caterpil-
lar, after feeding upon leaves until it is fully grown,
casts off its skin, and appears as a much smaller, oval
body, which neither moves about nor takes food. After
remaining awhile in this state, there is motion within,
the skin bursts open, and there comes forth a butterfly,
or a moth, whose wings expand, and harden, and are
soon able to bear it away in search of flowers, upon
whose honey it feeds, fin its first state it is called a
larva, — a word which means a mask, — because its
future form is masked, or concealed; in the second
ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
127
Fig. 247.— Larva.
Fig. 248. — Pupa of
Fig. 247.
Fig. 249.— Imago of Figs. 247, 248.
Fig. 250. — Larva.
Fig. 251. — Pupa of Fig. 250.
Fig. 252. —Imago of Figs. 250, 251.
128 ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
state it is called a pupa, — a word meaning infant, —
from a slight resemblance that some insects in this state
bear to an infant clothed with bandages, according to a
custom among the Romans ; and it is also often called
a chrysalis, from a Greek word which means gold, be-
cause some of the pupa3 are adorned with golden spots ;
in the third state it is called a perfect insect, or imago,
from a word which means image, because the image
concealed in the skin of the pupa has come forth.
These different states are plainly shown on page 127.
Some caterpillars spin a silken covering, which is
called a cocoon, from a word which
means a shell ; all the silk of the
world comes from the cocoons of
these little creatures. Insects
which pass through the changes
Fig. 253. -Cocoon. ^ degcribed are gaid to undergO
a complete transformation ; but there are some insects
which do not change their form so completely. Grass-
hoppers, for instance, are active during their whole
lives, never passing through an inactive pupa state.
When hatched from the egg they have legs, but no
wings ; later their wings begin to grow, and at length,
having shed their skin several times, each time appear-
ing with longer legs and more perfect wings, they reach
their full growth, shed the skin for the last time, and
appear as perfect, or adult grasshoppers. Such insects
undergo only a partial transformation.
Insects are the most numerous of all the classes of
animals, there being several hundred thousand kinds.
And the study of Insects is one of the most interest-
ing and fascinating in which one can engage. The
study of Insects is also very important, that we may
HYMENOPTERS: BEES. 129
know which are injurious to the farm, orchard, and
garden, and to the granary and closets, and by know-
ing their habits be able to resist their attacks ; and that
we may know which are of use to man ; for God has
so made the Bee that it gives us delicious honey, and
some of the Beetles, so that they are of use to the sick,
some of the little Bark-Lice, as the Cochineal, so that
they yield the richest dyes, and some of the Caterpil-
lars, so that they may furnish all the world with silk.
BEES, WASPS, ICHNEUMONS, &c., OR HYMENOPTERS.
These insects have four wings which are more or
less transparent, the hind pair being the smaller, and
all with a few branching veins. They have two pairs
of jaws, — the upper pair fitted for biting, and the lower
pair with the lower lip adapted for collecting honey.
The females have either a sting or a piercer. They
surpass all other insects in the number and variety of
their instincts. The word Hymenopter means mem-
BEES.
Bees have a hairy body, and their mouth is length-
ened into a sort of proboscis, which is jointed and can
be folded under the head, and the first joint of the
hind legs is often very large, and fitted for collecting
and carrying the pollen of flowers.
The Hive or Honey Bee is originally from Asia, but
has now spread over Europe and America. It is seen
almost everywhere in hives, and it is also quite com-
mon in a wild state, and often far from human dwell-
ings. In a wild state. Bees of this kind have their
home in hollow trees and in clefts of rocks. In every
nest or hive there are three kinds, a female or queen,
6* I
130 ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
males or drones, and workers. In- a well-stocked hive
there are two thousand males, fifty thousand workers,
but only one queen. The workers are the smallest;
Fig. 254. — Queen. Fig. 255. — Worker. Fig. 256. — Drone.
Hive Bee.
they fly over the surrounding country and collect all
the materials to form the structure called the comb ;
they build the cells and store them with honey ; they
feed and protect the young ; they wait upon the queen ;
they do all the work of the hive. The males or
drones have a thicker body, and no sting; they per-
form no labor, but are siipported by the workers. The
queen is much larger than the others, has a sting> and
is the sole mistress of the hive. She lays all the eggs,
and seldom goes out except to lead a swarm. The
honey-comb is one of the most interesting of insect
structures, and is arranged in the hive in the most
regular manner. The cells are six-sided, and are built
in just the shape to save all the room, and to be the
strongest, and to contain the greatest amount of honey,
and iii the shape which requires the least amount of
wax in their construction.
There are certain cells in which the queen lays her
eggs, depositing one in each cell ; and when the eggs
are laid, the workers fill the cells with the pollen of
flowers mixed with water and honey, — this is food for
HYMENOPTERS: BEES. 131
the larvae. In about two days the eggs hatch into small
white larvae, and in five or six days these begin to spin
a cocoon, and soon go into the pupa state. A queen
comes forth from this state in sixteen days, workers in
twenty days, and drones in twenty-four days. As only
one queen can live in a hive, whenever a young queen
is hatched she is carefully guarded from the old one by
the workers, till it is settled whether the old queen will
be wanted to lead forth a swarm. If a new swarm is
not to go forth, the old queen is allowed to approach
the young queen and royal cells, and destroy the brood,
which she does by stinging them. If the old queen
leaves with a swarm, the young queen immediately en-
deavors to destroy her sisters, but is prevented by a
guard of workers, while there is a prospect of another
swarming ; if she departs with a swarm, another queen
is set free, and so on till further swarming is impossi-
ble ; then the young queen is allowed to kill all her
sisters. If two queens hatch at the same time, they
instantly engage in conflict, the other bees favoring the
battle, and when one is killed, the survivor is recog-
nized as queen. When a hive loses its queen, there is
the greatest confusion ; after several hours they be-
come quiet, and if there are no eggs or larvae in the
cells from which a new queen may be hatched, they be-
come discouraged, cease to labor, and the whole colony
soon dies. If there be eggs or larvae in the cells, the
bees select one, — the larva of a worker, — and destroy-
ing the cells adjoining, so as to make a royal cell, they
supply the grub with the sort of food prepared for
queens, and in this way soon raise another queen.
The Humble Bees are larger than the Hive Bees,
and their bodies are very hairy. There are more than
132 ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
forty kinds in North America. They build nests in
the ground, or under stones, or in deserted mouse-nests,
and their cells are large and egg-shaped. Sometimes
there are four hundred bees in a community, the de-
scendants of one female bee which lived -through the
winter and founded the colony in the spring. The Car-
penter Bees are also large, and they cut tubular holes
in posts and stumps, and lay their eggs there, arrang-
ing them in layers of the pollen of flowers. The Ma-
son Bees make their nests of sand, in crevices.
WASPS.
Wasps usually live in colonies composed of males,
females, and workers. Unlike Bees, they prey upon
other insects. They build nests under ground, or in
holes, or attach them to bushes, trees, fences, or build-
ings. The nest is usually made of a substance which
they gnaw from wood, and which, by the action of their
Fig. 257. — Wasp.
jaws, they reduce to a pulp, which hardens into a sort
of paper. The Wasps were the first paper-makers, and
they were the first to show that paper can be made of
wood. The combs lie horizontally in the nest, and are
made of the same paper-like material as the nest, and
HYMENOPTERS: WASPS. 133
each is attached to the one below it by a sort of pillar.
The cells contain no honey, but are built for places in
which to rear the young. The colony is dissolved on
the approach of winter, the males die, and the females
seek a sheltered winter retreat. Each female that sur-
vives the cold founds a new colony in the spring, builds
a few cells, lays her eggs, from which are hatched only
workers, which assist the parent, and at length, in au-
tumn, three generations have been produced, the last
composed of males and females, and the nest has grown
from a few cells to one containing thousands. The
Hornet is one of the largest of the wasps, and was
brought to this country from Europe.
Some kinds of wasps build an open nest of a few
cells, and attach it to some object by a short stem.
Other kinds build their nests of mud, and store them
with insects for the food of the larvae ; these are the
Mud- Wasps. They have the hind body joined to the
thorax by a long stem or pedicel, and their color is
shining blue, or black, or black and orange, or brown
and red. One of the black and orange Mud- Wasps
has just built two beautiful mud-cells in the corner of
my room. She worked very industriously and rapidly,
building a cell in a few hours. Flying in at the open
window, with a ball of mud in her mouth, she moved
quickly around the room, then flew up to the spot
where she was building, and, depositing her mud,
shaped it with her jaws with all the care and regular-
ity of a perfect mason. The day after she finished
the first cell, she filled it with spiders and sealed it
over with mud. On opening it to examine the insects
stored within, quite a large hole was accidentally made;
this she very soon discovered, and began to repair it,
134 ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
and in about five minutes she had completely closed
it. The second cell was soon finished, and sealed like
the first. Here is a sketch of them,
as they appeared before the second
was filled with spiders and closed.
One very large wasp, the Stizus,
an inch and a half long, and of a
black and yellow color, makes its
nest in the ground, and stores it
Fig. 258.— Mud- Wasp's with insects. One of these, now
nest. in the Zoological Collection of
Vassar College, was caught by S. M. Buckingham, Esq.,
in his garden, while carrying into its hole the Dog-day
Cicada or Harvest-Fly, Figure 317.
ANTS.
Ants live together in colonies, which are often very
large, and made up of males, females, and workers.
The workers have no wings, but the males and females
have wings, and the females have the power of throw-
ing them off. Some kinds of ants make their nests in
the ground ; others raise large ant-hills ; and others
live in stumps and trunks of trees. The workers have
the care of the nest and of rearing the young, they go
abroad in search of food, communicate with and assist
each other, feed the larvae, and take them into the sun-
shine in fair weather, and back again on the approach
of a storm, or at night, and watch over them earnestly
and faithfully. Ants are fond of sweet things, and
make pets of Aphides, or Plant-lice, — little insects
which live upon the juices of plants, and yield a honey-
like fluid. Some kinds of ants collect large numbers
of aphides and keep them that they may eat the sweets
HYMENOPTERS: ICHNEUMONS. 135
which they produce. There is generally but one kind
of ant in each nest, but in some cases the workers pro-
cure help by visiting the hills of other species, and for-
cibly taking the larvae and pupae, and bringing them
back, where they are tended and reared by workers of
the same kind which have before been stolen in the
same way. Ants are very warlike, and engage in
pitched battles, after which the ground is strewn with
the dead.
ICHNEUMONS.
These insects have a long, hard, slender body, long
antennae, and the ovipositor is usually long ; the lat-
Fig. 260.— Ich-
neumon.
Fig. 259. — Ichneumon laying her eggs in holes
bored by the Boring Saw-Fly, Figure 262.
ter is sometimes two or three times the length of the
body. They lay their eggs in the eggs, larvae, and
pupae of other insects, and thus destroy great numbers
of them. Sometimes the eggs are laid upon the outside,
but usually inside. When laid on the outside of the
pupae, the ichneumon, as soon as hatched, eats its way
into its victim ; when laid inside, the young ichneumon
136 ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
feeds upon the substance of the body, but attacks no
vital part, so that the insect does not die till the ich-
neumon is ready to enter upon the pupa state.
GALL-FLIES.
These are very small insects, and the females have
a long, slender ovipositor, with which they insert their
eggs into leaves and other parts of plants. These punc-
tures cause outgrowths called galls, which vary in size,
form, and solidity, according to the nature or part of
the plant that is wounded, and ac-
cording to the kind of gall-fly that
makes the wound. Some are shaped
like an apple, as the gall of the oak ;
some like a bunch of currants ; some
are almost as hard as iron ; and some
length the eggs hatch, and the larvae
feed upon the vegetable matter which surrounds them.
Some galls have only one tenant, others contain many,
and usually these insects undergo all their changes
within the galls, and, gnawing through the shell, fly
away ; but some kinds gnaw through at the end of
their larval life, and enter the ground to go into the
pupa state. Some produce no galls themselves, but
live in galls made by others, and are called Guest
Gall-Flies. The nut-galls used in making ink, in col-
oring, and in medicine, are caused by an insect which
punctures a species of oak common in Western Asia.
The Rose-bush Gall-Fly punctures the stems of rose-
bushes, producing excrescences, or woody galls, upon
them. One of the largest species is- the Willow Gall-
Fly ; its galls are found at the ends of the twigs of the
basket- willow.
HYMENOPTERS: SAW-FLIES. 137
BORING SAW-FLIES.
The Boring Saw-Flies have a long body, and the
hind body is blunt, and ends in a horny point. Ex-
tending from beneath the hind body is a long, saw-
Fig. 262. —Boring Saw-Fly, or Pigeon Tremex.
like, and powerful borer, which is used to make holes
in trees, in which to lay their eggs. In the larva state,
they live in the trunks of trees.
TRUE SAW-FLIES.
The females of the true Saw-Flies have an ovipositor
composed of two saws, enclosed between two horny
pieces, which serve as a sheath. These saws are pro-
jected and withdrawn when
the insect is cutting a place
for her eggs ; but not togeth-
er, for while one is pushed
forward, the other is with-
drawn. When the hole is
cut deep enough, the egg is rig 263._rir.tre; Saw.FIy>
deposited within. Saw-Flies enlarged.
138 ARTiCULATES: INSECTS.
are sluggish, and fly only in the warmest days. The
larvae are found together in large numbers on the
leaves of the birch and alder. When disturbed, they
take very curious attitudes, appearing to stand upon
the head, or they curl into the form of an S, or coil
themselves up with the head in the centre, and look
somewhat like a snail-shell.
BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS, OR LEPIDOPTERS.
The word Lepidopter means scaly-winged, and is
given to these insects because their wings are covered
on both sides with minute scales. These are removed
by the slightest touch, and to the naked eye look like
a mealy powder; but when seen under a microscope,
they are found to be little scales attached to the skin
by a short stem. The tongue is long, and adapted for
suction ; when not in use it is rolled up like a watch-
spring beneath the head, and partly concealed on each
side by a little feeler. They have six legs, the first
pair being short, and, in some cases, folded under the
breast ; and the feet end in a pair of claws. The
young of Butterflies and Moths are called caterpillars,
and these have from ten to sixteen legs. Most cater-
pillars feed upon the leaves of plants. Some eat buds,
blossoms, seeds, and roots, and others eat the solid
wood. Some eat woollens, others furs, others meat,
.lard, wax, and flour. Some kinds herd together in
great numbers, and build nests in which they live, or
to which they retire for shelter ; others live in solitude,
either in the light and air, or sheltered in leaves folded
over them, or in silken sheaths which they make ; and
some conceal themselves in the ground, coming forth
only to eat. In the middle of the lower lip there is
LEPIDOPTERS: BUTTERFLIES.
139
a little tube, from which the caterpillar spins silken
threads. Two long slender bags within the body,
ending in the spinning tube, contain the material from
which the silk is made; this is a sticky fluid, which
£•
hardens into a thread as soon as it comes to the air.
Some caterpillars spin but little silk, others produce
it in abundance. Caterpillars change their skins about
four times in coming to their full growth as caterpil-
140 ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
lars ; and when about to change into the pupa or chrys-
alis state, they cease eating, and many of them spin
around their body a silken covering called a cocoon,
others suspend themselves by silken threads, without
making a cocoon, and others enter the ground. When
the caterpillar is prepared for the change, it bursts the
skin on the back, draws out the forward part of its
body, and works the skin backward until it throws it
off; and now it is a chrysalis, shorter than the cater-
pillar, and at first sight it appears destitute of head
and limbs ; but on looking more carefully we perceive
traces of head, tongue, antennae, wings, and legs.
Some chrysalides are angular, but most of them are
smooth, rounded at one end, and tapering at the
other ; they remain motionless, or only move the hind
part of "the body when touched. At length the en-
closed insect is ready to come forth, and by many
movements it bursts the skin of the back, and the
Butterfly or Moth appears. At first it is soft, weak,
and moist, with small and shrivelled wings ; but soon
the moisture passes off, the limbs become firm, the
wings expand, and the perfect and beautiful insect
goes forth to feed upon water and the honey of flow-
ers. Butterflies and Moths do not increase in size ;
they are full grown when they emerge from the pupa
skin; and after having laid their eggs, they soon. die.
Butterflies fly in the daytime, have their wings erect
when at rest, and their antennae are thread-like, with
a little knob at the end, and their larvae do not spin
cocoons. Moths fly mainly at night, have their wings
when at rest more or less sloping like a roof, and their
antennae are variously formed, but never knobbed at
the end.
LEPIDOPTERS: BUTTERFLIES.
141
PAPILIO BUTTERFLIES.
The Turnus Butterfly is one of the largest in North
America. Its color is a beautiful yellow, with black
markings, and the hind wings are tailed. The cater-
pillar feeds upon the leaves of the apple and wild-
cherry trees, folding them up so as to make a case for
itself. When fully grown, it is about two inches long,
green above, with rows of blue dots, and yellow and
black marks, and its head and legs are pink. It be-
comes a chrysalis early in August, and comes out a
butterfly the next summer. See Figure 264.
Fig. 265. — Asterias Butterfly,— Larva.
Fig. 266. — Pupa of Fig. 265.
Fig. 267.— Asterias Butterfly.
The Asterias Butterfly is black, with two rows of
142 ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
yellow dots on the back, and two rows of yellow spots
across the wings; the hind wings are tailed, and have
seven blue spots between the two rows of yellow ones,
and an eye-like spot of an orange color with a black
centre. The female is much larger, and has fewer
yellow spots on the upper surface. The caterpillar
lives upon such plants as the carrot, parsnip, celery,
and anise. It is" green, with a band made up of yel-
low and black spots on each ring. When touched, it
thrusts out from the head a pair of soft, orange-col-
ored horns, which have a disagreeable odor. In July
it reaches its full growth as a caterpillar ; then it seeks
a sheltered spot on the side of a building or fence,
spins a tuft of silk, fixes its hind feet in it, then makes
a loop of silk, and, passing its body through it, rests
upon it as a support ; soon it casts its caterpillar skin
and becomes a pupa or chrysalis, Figure 266. In about
a fortnight the chrysalis bursts open, and the perfect
butterfly, Figure 267, appears.
WHITE, AND YELLOW BUTTERFLIES.
The Philodice, or Yellow Butterfly, expands about
two inches, and is common in fields and by roadsides
throughout the summer. The White Butterfly, or
Pieris, is of about the same size, and is also common.
NYMPHALIS BUTTERFLIES.
These butterflies are remarkable for their beautiful
colors. The Misippus Butterfly has the wings tawny
yellow, veined with black, and a black border spotted
with white, and the fore wings have near their tips a
black patch spotted with white, and on the hind wings
there is a curved black band. The caterpillar lives on
LEPIDOPTERS: BUTTERFLIES.
143
the poplar and willow ; its color is pale brown, marked
with white on the sides, and on the second ring are
Fig. 268. — Misippus Butterfly.
two blackish horns. The butterfly is seen in June and
September.
Other North American Butterflies are the Arthemis,
Archippus, Idalia, Aphrodite: Bellona, Myrina, Phae-
ton, Tharos, Thistle, Hunter's, Atlanta, Lavinia, An-
tiopa, White- J, Milbert's, Semicolon, Comma, &c., each
of which is beautiful, and has an interesting story, but
which must be omitted here for want of room.
SATYRUS BUTTERFLIES.
These have their wings broad
and rounded, and those called Hip-
parchiaris have the wings of a deli-
cate brown color, with beautiful
eye-spots. They are very com-
mon in groves and about bushes
late in the summer. Closely re-
lated to these is the Mountain
Butterfly, which is found only on
Mount Washington, in New Hamp-
shire.
Fig. 269. — Mountain
Butterfly.
144 ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
SKIPPERS.
Skippers are butterflies which have a short body,
large head, and large eyes ; and the antennae have the
knob at the end either curved like a
hook or ending in a little point bent
to one side. They are called Skippers
because they fly with a jerking mo-
tion. They are generally of a rich
Fig. 270. -Skipper, brown color, marked with spots of
yellow, and expand from an inch and a half to two
inches and a half.
The Tityrus Skipper is one of the largest and most
beautiful species. Its wings are brown, and the for-
ward ones have a yellow band across the middle and
yellow spots near the tips, and the hind wings have a
broad, silver-colored band across the middle of the
under side. It is found about clover and other flow-
ers in June and July. The females lay their eggs on
the leaves of the locust-trees. The caterpillar*, when
full grown, is about two inches long, of a pale green
color, with cross streaks of darker green ; the head and
neck are red, with a yellow spot on each side of the
mouth.
AZURE AND COPPER BUTTERFLIES.
These are small, expanding only an inch. The
Azure Butterflies are blue or brown ; and the Copper
Butterflies red, spotted with black.
HAWK-MOTHS, OR SPHINGES.
These moths are large, and have the antenna thick-
est in the middle and usually hooked at the tip, and
the wings long and narrow. During the morning and
evening twilight, they may be seen flying from flower
LEPIDOPTERS: HAWK-MOTHS. 145
to flower with great swiftness, and are easily mistaken
for humming-birds. A few kinds fly by day and in
7 j
146
ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
bright sunshine. The caterpillars are very large, and
are remarkable for their curious attitudes, which re-
minded Linnaeus of the Sphinx, a sculptured monster
of the Egyptians.
The Five-spotted Sphinx expands about five inches,
and is of a mixed grayish and blackish color, and on
each side of the body there are five orange-colored
spots surrounded by black. Its tongue, when fully
unrolled, is five or six inches long, but when not in
use is coiled up nearly out of sight. The caterpillar
is known as the potato-worm, and is green, with ob-
lique whitish stripes on the sides, and a thorn-like pro-
jection on the tail. It attains its full length, three
inches or more, in August, and then buries itself in
Fig. 272. — Larva of Five-spotted Sphinx.
the ground. Here, in a few days, it throws off its
skin and becomes a chrysalis, of a bright brown color,
Fig. 273. — Chrysalis of Five-spotted Sphinx.
with a long tongue-case bent over from the head, its
end touching the breast, and somewhat resembling the
LEPIDOPTERS: MOTHS.
147
handle of a pitcher. It remains in the ground all
winter, and in the following summer the large moth
crawls out of it, comes to the surface, mounts a plant,
and waits till the approach of evening, when it flies
away in search of food.
CLEAR-WINGED SPHINGES, OB SESIAS.
These are known by their transparent wings and
Fig. 274. — Clear-winged Sesia.
broad tails. They are seen in the daytime hovering
over flowers, like humming-birds. They are very beau-
tiful.
PEACH-TREE BORERS.
The Peach-tree Borer, in its winged form, resembles
a wasp. The general color is steel-blue, with yellow
markings, and the male has all the
wings transparent ; but the female has
the fore wings blue and opaque. The
eggs are laid upon the trunk of the tree,
near the roots. When hatched, the
Iarva3 bore into and devour the inner Fig. 275.— Peach-
bark and sap-wood. When about a
year old they make their cocoons, become chrysalides,
and come forth as moths from June to October.
148
ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
SILK-WORM MOTHS.
These moths have the head small, antennae generally
feathered or toothed, tongue short, thorax woolly, and
the fore legs hairy. Most of the caterpillars spin co-
coons. Some of these moths are small, and others are
the largest of the Lepidopters.
One of the most elegant kinds is the Beautiful De'i-
opeia. Its fore wings are yellow, crossed by white
Fig. 276.— Beautiful De'iopeia.
bands, on each of which is a row of black dots, and the
hind wings are scarlet with an irregular black border.
The Salt-marsh Moth expands about two inches ; the
fore wings are white, hind wings and hind body yellow,
Fig. 277. — Salt-marsh Moth, — Larva.
Fig. 278. — Salt-marsh Moth, —
Pupa.
Fig. 279. — Salt-marsh Moth.
and the wings spotted with black, and the hind body
has a row of black spots above, a row below, and two
LEPIDOPTERS: MOTHS. 149
rows on each side. The female has all the wings
white, or all light gray, with the black spots.
The common Silk-Worm is celebrated as the insect
which produces the greater part of all the silk used in
the world. It is the larva or caterpillar of a moth,
— Bombyx mori, — which expands about two inches,
and which is of a- light color, with two or three obscure
streaks, and a spot on the upper wings. It feeds upon
the leaves of the mulberry-tree, and spins a cocoon
about an inch and a half long, of a yellow color, and
which contains about one thousand feet of silk. - This
silk-worm is a native of China, but is now raised ex-
tensively in Europe, and, to some extent, in this
country. The larvae of several other moths, most^of
them of large size, are now raised, not only in Asia,
but also in Europe and in the United States, for the
purpose of producing silk.
The Cecropia Moth, the Prornethea Moth, the Luna
Moth, and the Polyphemus Moth are all large and
magnificent species, — the largest in North America.
They have the antennae broadly feathered on both sides,
and beautiful eye-like spots on the wings. All but the
Promethea expand five or six inches, and the latter
expands about four inches. They appear in June.
The Cecropia is dusky
brown, and near the mid-
dle of each wing is a dull
red spot with a white cen-
tre and a narrow black
edging, and beyond the
Spot a dull red band bor- ^- 280.- Chrysalis of Cecropia,
cocoon removed.
dered on the inside with
white, and near the tips of the fore wings is an, eye-
150
ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
like black spot. The caterpillar is light green, with
red and yellow warts covered with short bristles. The
cocoon is very large, three inches long, and fastened
to the side of a twig; the outer coat looks like strong
brown paper, and inside of this is loose strong silk sur-
rounding an inner cocoon, which contains the chrysalis.
The Promethea is brown with a wavy whitish line
near the middle, and with a wide clay-colored border,
LEPIDOPTERS: MOTHS. 151
marked by a wavy reddish line, and near the tips of
the fore wings there is an eye-like spot. The caterpil-
lar feeds upon the sassafras-tree. Before making its
cocoon, it fastens to the twig, with silken threads, the
leaf that is to cover its cocoon, so that it shall not fall
in autumn ; then it spins its cocoon on the leaf, bend-
ing over the edges to cover it.
The Luna, or " Pale Empress of the Night," is of a
delicate light green color, and the hind wings are pro-
longed into a tail, and each wing has an eye-spot, which
is transparent in the centre and surrounded by rings
of white, red, yellow, and black. The caterpillar lives
on the walnut and hickory, and is bluish green, with
a yellow stripe on each side, and yellow stripes across
the body. It draws together two or three leaves and
spins its cocoon inside of them. The cocoon falls with
the leaves in autumn, and the next June the beautiful
Luna appears.
The Polyphemus Moth is reddish yellow, with a trans-
parent eye-spot, divided by a slender, line and encir-
cled by yellow and black, on each wing, and on the
hind wings adjoining the eye-spot is a large blue spot
shading into black.
The American Tent-Caterpillar Moth expands an
Fig. 282. — Tent-Caterpillar Moth. Fig. 283. — Cocoon of Fig. 282.
inch and a half, and is reddish brown, the fore wings
crossed by two oblique whitish lines. The caterpillars
152 ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
abound in neglected orchards and upon wild-cherry
trees. The eggs from which they hatch are placed in
a cluster on the smaller branches, and are covered with
a water-proof varnish. * They hatch about the time the
leaves unfold. The little caterpillars immediately form
a small tent between the forks of the branches. As
they grow, they enlarge the tent, surrounding it with
new layers. They feed at stated times, and return to
their tents when they have finished eating. In crawl-
ing from one twig to another they spin a silken thread,
which serves to guide them on their way back. They
rest in their webs at noon and in stormy weather.
When full grown, which is about the middle of June,
they leave the trees, separate, wander about for a time,
and at length, in some sheltered place, spin their co-
coons, which are oval and loosely woven, and the meshes
are filled with a thin paste, which, on drying, becomes
a yellow powder. They remain chrysalides about fif-
teen days.
GEOMETERS, OR SPAN-WORMS.
The Geometers are moths whose caterpillars seem to
measure the surfaces over which they pass. They are
obliged to move in this way, because
they usually have only ten legs, six
true legs on the fore part of the
body, and four prop legs at the hind
Fig. 284. — Geometer, extremity. Geometers live upon
or Span- Worm. 11^ i
trees, and let themselves down to
to the ground by a silken thread which' they spin from
the mouth while descending. When not eating, many
of them stand on the hind legs, with the body extended,
and in this attitude may easily be mistaken for a twig.
LEPIDOPTERS: MOTHS. 153
Often when disturbed, they let themselves down, hang
till the danger is past, and then climb up by the same
thread.
The Canker-worm Moth expands about an inch and
a quarter, and the wings are large, thin, and silky.
The females have no wings. The larvae, called Canker-
worms, the most destructive of insects, make their ap-
pearance about the time the leaves of the apple-tree
begin to start from the bud. They hatch from clusters
of eggs which have been placed upon the fruit and
shade trees at various time^ in and since the autumn
before. They immediately commence to eat. They
first pierce the leaves with small holes, but as they
grow they enlarge -these holes, and by and by little
more is left than the midrib and veins. When not
eating, they lie stretched at full length beneath the
leaves. When about four weeks old they reach their
full size, about an inch long. They now quit eating,
descend to the ground, and, entering to the depth of
a few inches, each makes a little cavity, and soon passes
into the chrysalis state. Here they remain till after the
first frosts of autumn, when they begin to come forth
in the moth state, and continue to do so, whenever the
weather is mild enough, throughout the remainder of
the autumn and the winter. They rise in the great-
est numbers, however, in the spring. They come out
of the ground mainly in the night. The females crawl
up the nearest . trees, where they are joined by the
males, and soon begin to lay their eggs, which they
place in rows, forming separate clusters of sixty to a
hundred or more, each cluster being the product of a
single female.
J54 ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
LEAF-ROLLERS. „
The Leaf-Rollers are moths which, in the caterpillar
state, roll up the edges of leaves, fasten-
ing them with threads of silk, and leav-
ing the ends of the roll open. The moths
are small, with the fore wings prettily
Fig 285 —Leaf- banded, an(l sometimes adorned with
Roller. golden spots.
TINEANS.
These moths, in the larva state, gnaw winding pas-
sages in the substances upon which they feed. They
devour some of the fragments, and fasten together oth-
ers with silken threads, thus making a covering for
their tender bodies. They are the smallest of the Lepi-
dopters, and are generally very beau-
tiful. They enter through the cracks
into closets, drawers, and chests, they
Fig.286.-Tinean. get under the edgeg of carpetS) and
into the folds of curtains and garments, and here de-
posit their eggs. In about fifteen days the eggs hatch,
and 4he larvaB immediately begin to gnaw whatever is
within reach, covering themselves with the fragments,
and shaping them into hollow rolls, and lining them
with silk. They generally live in these rolls through
the summer, but become torpid in autumn, change to
chrysalides in spring, and in twenty days come forth
winged moths.
TWO-WINGED INSECTS, OR DIPTERS.
Flies, Mosquitoes, the Hessian Fly, Bee-Flies, Horse-
Flies, and all their numerous relatives, have only two
wings, the place of the hind wings being occupied by
DIPTERS: FLIES.
155
two small knobbed threads, called balancers. Mosqui-
toes have a long bill composed of bristles sharper than
the sharpest needles, with which they pierce the flesh
of men and animals, and secure the blood upon which
they so much delight to feed. The female lays her
Fig. 287. — Horse-Fly.
^Fig. 288.— Bee-Fly.
Fig. 289. — Asilus-Fly.
Fig. 290.— Bot-Fly.
eggs on the surface of the water, and the larvae may
be seen in great numbers, throughout the summer, in
all stagnant pools. They are very lively, and move
with a wriggling motion. They rest with the head
downward, and with the hind extremity of the body —
through which they breathe — at the surface of the
water. At length they shed their skins and enter upon
the pupa state, in which they live at the surface of the
water, and breathe through two tubes on the thorax.
In a few days the skin splits on the back, the winged
insect appears, and, after resting awhile on its empty
skin as it floats upon the water, spreads its wings, and,
humming its war-note, flies away in search of a vic-
tim whom it may pierce for blood.
-7T
156 ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
HESSIAN FLY AND WHEAT FLY.
The Hessian Fly expands only about one fourth of
an inch, and has the head, antennae,
f and thorax black, the wings black-
I \ \l I ish and fringed with short hairs.
The hind body is tawny, with black
on each ring, the legs brownish, and
feet black. Two broods appear in a
year, — one in spring and one in au-
tumn. The females lay their eggs
on the young blades of wheat, both
Fig. 29i.— Hessian Fly. jn spring and fall. The eggs are
only about one fiftieth of an inch in length, pale red,
and they hatch in about four days, producing pale red
maggots. The larvae immediately crawl down the leaf
till they come to a joint. Here they rest a little below
the surface of the ground till they have undergone their
transformations. They injure the plant by sucking its
sap. The larvae reach their growth in five or six weeks,
and are then covered with a hardening brown or chest-
nut-colored skin, and the insect is then said to be in the
flax-seed state, from its resemblance to a flax-seed. In
April and May they complete their transformations, and
come forth in the winged state, and soon begin to lay
their eggs iipon the spring wheat, and upon that sown
the autumn before. The maggots hatched from these
eggs pass down the stem as before stated, take the flax-
seed form in June or July, and in autumn most of them
are transformed into winged insects; others remain
through the winter, and are transformed in the spring,
as before stated. These flies sometimes move in im-
mense swarms in search of fields of their favorite grain
where they may lay their eggs. The Hessian Fly re-
DIPTERS: FLIES. 157
ceived its name from the belief that it was brought to
this country in straw by the Hessian troops under the
command of Sir William Howe.
The American Wheat Fly is about one tenth of an
inch long, orange-colored, wings transparent, eyes black
and prominent ; antennae long and blackish, those of
the male being twice as long as the body, and con-
sisting of twenty-four joints, and those of the female
about as long as the body, and consisting of twelve
joints. The wheat insects, in their perfect form, ap-
pear between the first of June and the last of August.
They often move in immense swarms, taking wing in
the morning and evening, and in cloudy weather, at
which times they lay their eggs in the opening flowers
of the grain, of barley, rye, and oats, as well as wheat.
The eggs hatch in about eight days, producing little
yellow maggots, which are found within the chaffy
scales of the grain. The eggs are laid at different
times, so that all do not come to maturity together;
but they appear to come to their growth in about four-
teen days. They prey upon wheat in blossom and in
the milk, and do not touch the kernel after it has be-
come hard. At length they cease eating, and soon after
shed their skins, after which they become active again,
and in* a few days descend to the ground. Here they
burrow, remain through the winter in the larva form,
pass into the pupa state in early summer, and in a few
days afterwards come forth in the winged state.
HORSE-FLIES.
These are generally large flies, having a proboscis
enclosing very sharp lancets, with which they readily
pierce the flesh of horses and cattle, in order to suck
158 ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
their blood. They have very large eyes, occupying
nearly the whole head. There are several species,
and some of the largest are nearly an inch long. The
larvae live in the ground. Figure 287.
ASILUS-FLIES.
These are very long-bodied flies, and are covered
with stiff hairs. They are very rapacious, seizing and
bearing away other insects. In the larva state they
live in the roots of plants. One kind feeds upon the
roots of the Pie Plant, or Rhubarb, of the gardens.
Figure 289 shows a common kind of Asilus.
BEE-FLIES.
These flies are so named from their general resem-
blance to bees. They have a very long proboscis.
They frequent sunny places in the woods, in the spring,
and fly swiftly, but stop every little while and balance
themselves in one place in the air.
BOT-FLIES.
These flies, in the larva state, live in various parts
of the body of the ox, horse, and sheep, and occasion
great suffering, and sometimes death, to these useful
animals. One kind of Bot-Fly lays her eggs "on the
fore legs of the horse, another upon the lips, another
upon the neck ; by biting the parts, the horse gets the
eggs into *his mouth, swallows them, and the young
hatch and cling to the walls of the stomach. The Ox
Bot-Fly lays its eggs on the backs of cattle, and the
larvae live in burrows in the skin. The Sheep Bot-
Fly lays its eggs in the nostrils of the sheep, and the
larvae crawl into the head, and often cause the death
of the animal. Figure 290 is the Horse Bot-Fly.
BEETLES. 159
BEETLES, OR COLEOPTERS.
Beetles are insects whose forward or upper wings are
hard and horn-like, and meet in a straight line along
the top of the back ; and there is generally a little tri-
angular piece between the bases of the wings, called the
scutellum. The hind, or under wings, are thin, and
when the insect is not flying are folded and concealed
by the horn-like upper wings. The colors of beetles
are -often exceedingly beautiful and brilliant, rivalling
even those of precious stones and the plumage of birds.
Beetles have two pairs of jaws, which move sidewise,
by means of which they bite their food, which in some
cases consists of other insects, in others of leaves or
other parts of plants. In the larva state beetles are
called grubs. The kinds are very numerous, probably
not less than a hundred thousand in all.
TIGER BEETLES.
These are very common in warm sandy places, and
may be seen in the roads in the country every pleas-
Fig. 293. — Tiger
Beetle, larva.
V Fig. 294. — Hairy-necked
Fig. 292. - Common Ti B fl
Tiger Beetle.
ant day. They are, very beautifully and often splen-
didly colored, and have a large head and large eyes,
160 ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
and toothed jaws. They run rapidly, and fly when
approached, but soon alight again. They devour great
numbers of other insects for food, thus benefiting the
farmer and gardener. The larvae, or grubs, are soft,
white, and are furnished with jaws like the adults ;
and, like the latter, feed on other insects, which they
secure by digging holes in the ground, in which they
remain, the head just closing the opening of the hole ;
and when some insect comes near enough, they seize
it, draw it into the hole, and devour it.
GROUND BEETLES, OR CARABIDS.
These also prey upon other insects, and the kinds
are very numerous. They have the jaws very long
and hooked, and very long legs. • Some of them have
no under wings. One kind is called the Caterpillar
Fig. 295. — Caterpillar Hunter.
Hunter, because it destroys so many larvae of other in-
sects. It eats great numbers of the canker-worm, the
most destructive insect which has appeared upon our
beautiful fruit and shade trees, and which is described
BEETLES.
161
on page 153. It appears about the time the canker-
worms leave the trees and come to the ground. The
Glowing Caterpillar Hunter is a smaller kind, and is
black, with six rows of sunken brilliant red spots.
WATER BEETLES.
These beetles live in the water, and
their long hind legs are well fitted for
swimming, being fringed on their inner
side. They are very voracious, and de-
vour other insects, and, in some cases,
young fishes. Some of the species are
Fig. 296. — Water more tnan an incn l°ng- The Whirli-
Beetie. gig Beetles which are found on the
surface of still wafers, where they look like brilliant
spots gliding in all sorts of curves, are much smaller,
and belong to another family.
CARRION BEETLES.
.Carrion Beetles live together in great numbers in
the bodies of decaying animals. Some kinds have the
habit of burying the small animals which they find
dead, and it is remarkable how quickly
they find out where such animals are.
If a dead frog, or mouse, or bird be
placed upon the ground, these beetles
will be seen about it in a few hours ;
and beginning to dig beneath it, they
soon sink it out of sight. The females
then lay their eggs in it, so that when
the young hatch they find themselves
amidst a supply of suitable food.
Fig. 297. — Carrion
Beetle.
162
ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
ROVE BEETLES.
These are long and narrow, with stout
jaws, and the hind body much longer
than the wing-covers. When they run
they raise the hind body and move it in
different directions. They are found
about decaying substances. The larvae Fig. 298.— Rove
closely resemble the perfect insect.
Beetle.
HORN-BUGS.
Horn-Bugs are beetles which have the body very
hard and oblong, the thorax and head very large, and
the upper jaws large and often curved and branched.
Fig. 299. — Horn-Bug.
They keep in their hiding-places in the daytime, and
fly about at night. In the adult state they eat the
leaves of trees; but the grubs live in the trunks and
roots of trees, and some kinds thus live in the larva
state for six years before they become perfect beetles.
SCARAB^EIANS.
The beetles known as Scarabaeians have the antennae
ending in a knob, which is made up of three or more
BEETLES. 163
leaf-shaped pieces, and they have a sort of plate which
extends forward over the face like the visor of a boy's
cap, and their legs are toothed on the outer sides, and
thus fitted for cogging. Some live on the ground and
are called Ground-Beetles ; others live upon trees,
whose leaves they eat, and are called Tree-Beetles ;
others feed upon the sweets of flowers, and are called
Flower-Beetles. ' Some kinds are very large, as the
Fig. 300. — Goldsmith Beetle. Fig. 301 . — Phanasus.
Hercules Beetles of South America, which are five inches
long. Many are brilliantly colored, and the Phanaeus
has a horn-like projection on the head. The May-Bee-
tles are brown-colored Scarabaeians, which, attracted by
the light, fly into our rooms in the early part of sum-
mer ; in the grub state they live in the ground, and
are white, with a brownish head. The Goldsmith Bee-
tle is of a beautiful golden color above, and copper color,
with whitish wool, below. It feeds upon leaves, among
which it hides by day, flying in the morning and even-
ing twilight. The Spotted Pelidnota is found on the
grape-vine in July and August. It is about an inch
long, brownish yellow above, with three black dots on
each wing-cover, and one on each side of the thorax.
Many of these beetles not only injure the foliage of
164
ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
shrubs and trees, but in their grub or larva state they
devour the roots of grasses and other plants, and thus
do immense injury to the crops. Fortunately, how-
ever, they are kept in check by thescrow and many
other animals, which eagerly devour them.
BUPRESTIANS.
These beetles, in the larva state, live in the trunks of
trees, eating holes in all directions,
much to the injury of the tree.
Some kinds bore the peach, others
the plum, others the oak, and others
the pine. The perfect beetles are
long and very solid, with a sunken
head, and often with metallic colors.
Fig. 302. — Buprestis.
SPRING OR SNAP BEETLES, OR ELATERS.
When placed upon the back, these beetles at once,
with a snap and a jerk, throw
themselves upwards ; and they re-
peat the operation till they come
down right side up. They per-
form this feat by means of a spine-
like organ situated on tlje under
side of the breast. Snap-Beetles
vary from half an inch to two
inches in length, and the head is
almost concealed in the thorax.
One of the most curious kinds has
Fig. 303.— Eyed Spring two eye-like spots on the thorax,
as seen in Figure 303.
Some of the Elaters, and others closely related to
them, give out a brilliant light at night, and are known
BEETLES.
165
as Fire-Flies. They are common in meadows in sum-
mer. Some of the tropical kinds emit such a brilliant
phosphorescence — as their light is called — that a few
of them placed in a glass vessel give light enough for
a person to read by.
CURCULIOS, OR WEEVILS.
These beetles are hard, generally rather small, some
being minute, and in most cases they have a long,
slender snout. In some, however, the fore part of the
head is broad. They feign death when disturbed, and,
Fig. 304.— Plum
Weevil.
Fig. 305. — Rice
Weevil.
Fig. 306. — Pea
Weevil.
Fig. 307. — White-Pine Weevil. Fig. 308. —Long-snouted Nut Weevil.
if upon a tree, fall to the ground and remain motion-
less till all is quiet. The Pea Weevil lays its eggs on
the pea blossoms, and the grub enters the pea through
the green pod, and remains there till the next spring,
when it comes out as a perfect beetle or weevil. The
Baltimore Oriole splits open the pods for the sake of
obtaining the grubs contained in the peas. • The White-
166 ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
Pine Weevil, in the larva state, lives in the trunk of
the pine, in which it cuts passages in various direc-
tions. The Long-snouted Nut Weevil, in the larva state,
lives in nuts. The Plum Weevil, when shaken from
the tree, looks like a dried bud. This weevil makes a
crescent-shaped wound on the surface of the plum, in
which it lays an egg ; from the egg there hatches a
whitish grub, which burrows into the plum, even to
the stone. The Rice Weevil feeds upon rice, wheat,
and Indian corn. It is about one tenth of an inch
long, with two red spots on each wing-cover.
LONG-HORN, OR CAPRICORN BEETLES.
These beetles have very long and generally curved
antennae. When we catch them they make a squeaking
Fig. 309. — Painted Fig. 310. — Apple-tree Fig. 311.— Apple-tree
Clytus. Borer, larva. Borer, adult.
sound, by rubbing together the joints of the thorax
and hind body. In the larva state they live in the
trunks of trees and in timber, and are called borers.
As they eat their way in the timber they fill the pas-
sages behind them with their cuttings, which the car-
penters call powder-post. Some, however, as the Ap-
ple-tree Borer, keep the end of their burrow open,
out of which they cast their chips. They remain in
the larva state from one to three years.
BUGS, CICADAS, AND TREE-HOPPERS. 167
Fig. 312. — Broad-necked Prionus, a Capricorn Beetle.
CHRYSOMELANS AND LADY-BIRDS.
These are either egg-shaped or hemispherical, and
are remarkable for their beautiful colors. The first are
Fig. 313. —Ladder Fig. 314. — Cucumber Bee- Fig. 315. — Lady-
Chrysomelan. tie, a Chrysomelan. Bird.
blue, green, or golden ; the latter are black, red, or
;^llow, with dark spots. The Lady-Birds devour plant-
lice, and are thus of great benefit to the gardener.
BUGS, CICADAS, AND TREE-HOPPERS, OR
HEMIPTERS.
These insects have a slender, horny beak, which,
when not in use, is bent under the body and lies upon
the breast.
CICADAS, OR HARVEST FLIES.
The Cicadas, or Harvest Flies, have a very large
head, large eyes, and three minute eyes on the top of
the head, and their wings are large, thin, and very
168
ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
distinctly veined. The males make a very loud buz-
zing sound by means of curious organs resembling
kettle-drums, one being placed on each side of the
hind body near the thorax. The ancient Greeks loved
to hear the buzzing of the Cicadas, and kept them in
cages that they might enjoy their rude music. These
people also ate Cicadas. The females have a very
curious piercer for making holes in trees, in which to
lay their eggs. This piercer consists of three pieces,
the two outer ones grooved on the inside and toothed
on the outside like a saw, and a central borer which
plays in the groove formed by the other two.
Fig. 316. — Seventeen-year Cicada.
The Seventeen-year Cicada is about an inch long,
the general color black, with the eyes, larger veins, and
Fig. 317.— Dog-day Cicada, or Harvest Fly.
forward edges of the wings red. This is generally
HEMIPTERS: TREE-HOPPERS. 169
called the Seventeen-year Locust, but it is in no sense
a Locust, and should not be called by this name. The
name " Seventeen-year " is given to it from the belief
that it appears in the same place only once in seven-
teen years.
The Dog-day Harvest Fly is over an inch long, the
body black above, marked with green, and the under
side covered with a white substance resembling flour.
It appears at the beginning of dog-days, and its sing-
ing may be heard among the trees through the middle
of the day. The pupa3 of this species and of the Sev-
enteen-year Cicada, as they come out of the ground
and crawl up the trees, look like beetles. Soon the
pupa-skin splits on the top of the back, and from the
opening thus made the perfect Cicada comes forth,
leaving the brown pupa-skin attached firmly to the
tree, and at a little distance looking as when alive.
TREE-HOPPERS.
These insects are remarkable for their curious and
Fig. 318. — Tree-Hopper. Fig. 319. — Same enlarged.
often grotesque shapes. They live on the sap of trees
and herbs, and imbibe it in such quantities that it
oozes out of the body, often concealing the insect in a
mass of frothy matter or foam. Figure 318 shows one
of the common kinds, as seen when looking upon its
back, and Figure 319 is the same in profile, and con-
siderably enlarged.
170 ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
APHIDES, OR PLANT-LICE.
These insects have the body short, and at the hind
extremity there are two little tubes, from which come
minute drops of a very sweet fluid. Aphides inhabit
all kinds of plants, the leaves and softer portions being
often completely covered with them.
The young are hatched in the spring,
and soon come to maturity, and, what
is remarkable, the whole brood consists
Fig. 320. -Aphis. of wingless females; and what is still
more remarkable, these females bring forth living
young, each female producing fifteen or twenty in a
day. These young are also wingless females, and at
maturity bring forth living young, which are also all
wingless females, and in their turn bring forth living
young ; and in this way brood after brood is produced,
even to the fourteenth generation, in a single season.
But the last brood in autumn contains both males and
females, which stock the plants with eggs, and then
perish. Reaumur, a celebrated naturalist, has proved
that a single aphis, in five generations, may have about
six thousand millions of descendants ! Wherever plant-
lice abound, ants collect to feed upon the honey-like
fluid produced by them ; and the most friendly rela-
tions exist between these two kinds of insects. An
aphis has been known to give in succession a drop
of the fluid to each of a number of ants waiting to
receive it!
SCORPION BUGS.
These bugs live in the water, and can sting severely.
They devour other insects, which they seize with their
fore legs, which act as pincers.
ORTHOPTERS: EARWIGS.
171
Fig. 321. — Scorpion Bug, or Nepa.
Fig. 322. — Squash Bug.
SQUASH BUGS.
The Squash Bug passes the winter in a torpid state,
and when the leaves of the squash appear it lays its
eggs in clusters on the under side of them.
STRAIGHT-WINGED INSECTS, OR* ORTHOPTERS.
These insects have wings which lie straight along
the top or sides of the back. They do not pass through
the marked stages of larva and pupa in coming to the
adult state ; but the young are constantly active, feed-
ing and growing, and .differ from the adults only in
size, and in having only rudiments of wings, and in
frequently changing their skins. After having shed
their skins six times, they come forth perfect insects.
EARWIGS.
These insects have a pair of sharp-pointed nippers
Fig. 323. — Earwig. Fig. 324. — Cockroach.
at the hind part of the body, which they can open and
172 ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
shut like a pair of scissors. They are foftnd under
stones, and under the bark of old trees, and fly only
at night. They are believed by some to crawl into
people's ears, but there is probably no good reason for
this belief.
COCKROACHES.
Cockroaches are found in forests, and some species
infest kitchens, store-rooms, and closets, devouring all
kinds of food, and even clothes. Figure 324 shows one
of the kinds common in this country, although it origi-
nated in Asia.
WALKING-STICKS AND WALKING-LEAVES.
The Walking-Sticks are insects which look like dry
twigs ; and the Walking-Leaves have wings that look
almost precisely like leaves. They belong mostly to
Fig. 325. — Walking-Stick.
the warm parts of the globe, but several kinds of Walk-
ing-Sticks are found in the United States. They are
from three or four inches to a foot long. Figure 325
shows one of our most common species, about one half
its natural size.
MANTES.
The Mantels are grasshopper-like insects which have
the fore legs suited for seizing and holding prey. They
ORTHOPTERS: CRICKETS.
173
are found upon plants and trees, where they sit for
hours, holding up their fore legs, ready to seize any
Fig. 326. — American Mantis.
insect which comes within reach. Some of the super-
stitious inhabitants of the East believe that at such
times the Mantis is engaged in religious devotions.
Figure 326 represents the only kind found in the
United States.
CRICKETS.
Crickets have a flattened body, long antenna, and
long appendages behind. The males chirrup to at-
tract their mates, and this familiar
sound is often heard throughout the
night. It is produced by rubbing the
wings against one another. The most
common crickets of the fields are dark-
colored, but some, like the Climbing
Crickets, are white. The Mole Crick-
ets have fore feet resembling those of
the Mole, and well adapted for digging.
They burrow in the ground, and prey
upon other insects. Some kinds of crickets take up
their abode in houses, and the sound of " the cricket
on the hearth " is a familiar one to people who live
in the country.
Fig. 327. — White
Climbing Cricket.
174
ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
Fig. 328. — Mole Cricket.
LOCUSTS.
These are grasshopper-like insects which have very
long antennae, a long ovipositor, and many of them
Fig. 329. — Katydid.
produce a grating noise by rubbing their wing-covers
together. They are known as Katydids, Leaf-winged
Grasshoppers, Sword-bearers, and Meadow Grasshop-
pers. None are more interesting than the Katydids,
whose curious notes are heard at early twilight or on
moonlight evenings, and in cloudy days, throughout
NEUROPTERS. OR NET-WINGED INSECTS. 175
the autumn. These insects are about an inch and a
half long, and the wings shut around the body like the
two valves of a pea-pod. They produce sounds resem-
bling the words " Katy did." These are made by
means of a thin membrane. stretched in a strong frame
which is situated in the overlapping portion of each
wing-cover. The rubbing of the frames against each
other, as the insect opens and shuts its wings, makes
the sounds.
MIGRATOKY LOCUSTS.
These are grasshopper-like insects which have the
antenna? short, and no long organ for laying eggs.
The kinds are many, and some of the tropical ones are
Fig. 330. — Clouded Locust,
three or four inches long. The most common grass-
hoppers of the United States belong in this group, and
are familiarly known as the Red-legged Locust, Caro-
lina Locust, Coral-winged Locust, Yellow-winged Lo-
cust, and Clouded Locust.
NET-WINGED INSECTS, OR NEUROPTERS.
These insects have four thin, finely net-veined wings,
stout jaws, and no sting. In the larva state they live
in the water. The Stone-Flies, Figure 331, and Ephem-
eras, Figure 332, have long appendages at the hind
part of the body.
176
ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
MAY-FLIES, OR EPHEMERAS.
Though these insects live only for a few hours or a
day in the perfect state, their existence in the larva
and semi-pupa state extends through two or three years,
Fig. 331. — Stone-Fly, half natural size.
Fig. 332. — May-Fly.
and all this time they live in the water. When about
to go through their final changes, the pupae crawl to
the surface, cast off the pupa-skin, and appear at first
to be fully developed ; this is the sub-imago state ; they
then fly with difficulty to the shore, affix themselves to
plants and trees, and cast off a very delicate covering.
After this the wings are brighter, and the tails greatly
increase in length. May-Flies appear in such im-
mense swarms in some parts of Europe, that the peo-
ple collect their dead bodies into heaps to enrich the
land. They are common in this country. One of our
species is shown in Figure 332.
DRAGON-FLIES, OR DARNING-NEEDLES.
These insects have a long body, large, lustrous, gauze-
like wings, large head, and very large eyes. They at
once arrest our attention by their large size, light and
NEUROPTERS: DRAtfON-FLIKS. 177
graceful form, variegated colors, and the great velocity
with which they speed their way over fields and mead-
ows, or skim the surfaces of the pools or ponds in
Fig. 333.— Dragon-Fly.
search of flies, mosquitoes, and other insects, upon
which they feed. In the larva and pupa states they
live in the water, and are rather long, broad, and flat,
with long sprawling legs, and they crawl about, or pro-
pel themselves by ejecting water from a cavity situated
at the hind part of their body. They are very vora-
cious, devouring other insects and even one another.
When the time comes for the last change, they crawl
up the stems of plants, and, having withdrawn from
the pupa-skin, which remains clinging to the plant,
and dried themselves a little, they spread their wings
and dart swiftly away. Though they bite quite fiercely
with their jaws, they are without any sort of sting,
and are perfectly harmless to man.
CORYDALIS.
The Horned Corydalis expands five or six inches,
and the male has two long, horn-like pincers.
178
ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
Fig. 334. . Fig. 335.
Larva and Perfect Insect of Horned Corydalis, one half the natural size.
LACE-WINGS, OK ANT-LIONS.
The Ant-Lion is so called because, in the larva state,
it preys upon ants and other insects, which it secures
in the following manner: it makes a pitfall, or cavity,
Fig. 336. — Ant-Lion.
Fig. 337. — Larva of Ant-Lion,
enlarged.
Fig. 338. — Pitfall of Ant-Lion.
Figure 338, at the bottom of which it conceals itself,
excepting its jaws, and there awaits its prey. When-
ever an insect falls into the pit, the ant-lion rushes
it and devours it.
SPIDERS. * 179
CADDICE-FLIES.
On account of their curious appearance and habits,
these insects are the most interesting while in the larva
state. They live at the bottom of ponds and streams,
Fig. 339. — Caddice-Fly.
in cases which they construct of bits of wood, or grasses,
or of grains of sand, or of fragments of broken shells,
and which are lined with silk, which they spin from
their mouths. They sometimes load one side of the
case with heavier pieces, in order to keep that side
downward.
SPIDERS, OR ARACHNIDS.
Spiders have the body divided into only two well-
marked portions, — the head and the hind body. They
have eight legs, and two palpi or feelers resembling
legs, but no wings, and they do not change their form
in passing from the young to the adult state. Most
kinds feed upon insects.
True Spiders have, at the hind part of their body, a
most wonderful organ, called the spinneret, by which
the delicate threads of the spider-web are spun. It
consists of four to six knobs, with a thousand or more
holes in each knob. Through these the invisible silken
threads pass out, — more than four thousand at a time,
— and at a little distance from the knobs all these
180 ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
unite into one, forming the single line of spider-web
which all are so familiar with. As the threads issue
from the knobs they are a sticky fluid, — which has
Fig. 340. — Spider — Lycosa.
been secreted in little bags in the abdomen: but this
hardens into silk as soon as it comes to the air. The
length of the line which a spider is able to produce is
truly wonderful. Dr. Wilder wound nearly two miles
of silk, in less than a day, from his celebrated Nephila
plumipes, — a spider which he discovered in South Car-
olina. The kinds of Spider are very numerous, and
most of them spin some sort of a net-like web, in or
near which they live, and by means of which they cap-
ture insects for food. The House Spider spreads a flat
net in the corners of rooms. The Geometric Spider
spreads a vertical net, which is made in the most beau-
tiful manner, radiating lines running from the centre,
like the spokes of a wheel, and these connected by a
spiral line, which at a little distance gives the appear-
ance of lines arranged in circles from the centre out-
SPIDERS. 181
wards. Some kinds of Spider have, near the princi-
pal web, a silken retreat, or den, where the owner
hides till the quivering spider-lines which run into its
office telegraph the fact that a fly has become entan-
gled ; instantly the spider rushes out of its retreat,
pounces upon the victim, and bites it, if possible, put-
ting into the wound a fatal poison. If the insect be
too powerful for the spider, the latter waits till the
insect gets more entangled, and finally exhausted, by
its efforts to escape, then binds it with silken bands, and
begins to devour it. The bite of an ordinary spider
will kill a fly ; the bite of some of the large kinds in
South America kills the humming-bird ; and some-
times men are killed by a spider's bite. The female
spiders lay eggs and enclose them in silken sacs. Some
kinds carry the egg-sac about with them ; others spin
it in a safe place, and, in some instances, stay near to
guard it, and to tear open the egg-sac as soon as the
young are hatched, that they may escape. One of the
most curious of these egg-sacs is that shown in Figure
341, and which was made by some spider which we do
Fig. 341.— Egg-case of a Spider, — the Vase-Maker.
not yet know, but which may properly be called the Vase-
Maker. Two " vases," like the one in the woodcut,
were found standing about a foot apart on the stem
of a grape-vine. The outside of the vase looks like
brown paper, or it is in appearance and in tough-
182 ARTICULATES: INSECTS.
ness like the outside of the cocoon of the Cecropia
Moth, and the vase is fastened on to the vine by a vast
number of threads of silk passing from one side of the
vase to the other around the vine ; and the threads
ar*e so nicely arranged that the vase cannot turn nor
slip from its place. On opening this curious structure,
it was found to be filled with the finest silk and a great
number of newly-hatched spiders. This rare and won-
derful specimen of spider-building and of spider-case
for its young was presented to the Zoological Cabinet
of Vassar College by S. M. Buckingham, Esq., of Pough-
keepsie, New York.
SCORPIONS.
The Scorpions are confined to warm regions, and live
among ruins of buildings, under rubbish, and some-
times in houses. They have a long body ending in a
Fig. 342. — Scorpion.
curved, sharp sting, with which they inflict dangerous
and sometimes fatal wounds. They can run quite rap-
idly, and can bend the hind body or tail in any direc-
tion, and use it both for attack and defence. The one
here figured is found in Texas.
CRUSTACEANS. 183
CENTIPEDES, OR MYRIAPODS.
These are very long and worm-like, and divided into
very numerous rings or joints, each one of which gen-
erally bears two pairs of feet. In the temperate parts
of the globe the kinds are not more than two or three
Fig. 343. — American Myriapod, Fig-. 344. — American Earwig,
or Galley- Worm. or Lithobius.
inches long ; but tropical species are a foot long in
some instances, and the bite of these is often very poi-
sonous. All prey upon insects.
$
CRUSTACEANS.
These articulates have a crust or shell, the head and
thorax united into one piece, and they live in the
water and breathe by means of gills. Some kinds,
however, live upon the land. They feed upon all
sorts of animal food, and shed and renew their shell
many times.
TEN-FOOTED CRUSTACEANS, OR CRABS, LOB-
STERS, AND SHRIMPS.
Crabs can walk forward, backward, and sidewise.
The tail, or hind body, is small, and is doubled under
the forward part of the body, where it fits into a groove.
The kinds of Crab are very numerous, and some are
found on every sea-coast. They vary in size from that
of a penny to those which, with the legs outspread,
cover a space a yard square. Some kinds are very
184
ARTICULATES: CRUSTACEANS.
much prized for food ; the one shown in Figure 347
is sold in great numbers in the markets of New
York and Philadelphia. Hermit Crabs have the hind
Fig. 345.— Fiddler Crab.
Fig. 346 — Bait Shrimp.
Fig. 347. — American Edible Crab.
part of the body long, soft, and tapering, and they
take up their abode in empty univalve" shells, which
they drag about with them wherever they go, and
they look as though they were the real and original
owners of the houses which they live in. When a
Hermit Crab becomes too large for the shell which it
LOBSTERS, &c. 185
has chosen for its home, it abandons it, and begins its
search for a new one, inserting itself backwards into
one shell after another till one is found which suits it.
When not moving about, or when alarmed, it retreats
as far as possible into the shell, and closes the opening
with its larger claw.
Lobsters and Shrimps have the hind body, often
called the tail, large and long, and generally turned
forward, as seen in Figure 348. The American Lob-
ster is from one to two feet long, and- weighs from
three to ten pounds or more. It is very abundant on
the coast of New England, and great numbers are
caught in lobster-pots baited with fish, and are sold in
the markets of Boston, New York, and other cities.
Two of the forward leg-like appendages of lobsters
are greatly enlarged, and end in powerful claws or
pincers. One of these is provided with blunt teeth,
or tubercles, suited for crushing shells, and the other
with exceedingly sharp teeth suited for biting. So
powerful are these organs that with them a lobster
can easily bite off a man's finger; and if one were to
get hold of your hand, you could release it only by
breaking off the lobster's claw. The fisherman, well
knowing their biting powers and habits, puts a wooden
plug into the joints of their pincers, so that they can-
not open them ; if this were not done, the lobsters,
when confined in the lobster-car, — a large box in the
water where lobsters are kept after they are caught, —
would bite off the limbs of one another. In crawling
the lobster moves rather slowly, but sometimes, by a
single stroke of its powerful tail or hind body, it darts
through the water, backwards, a distance of fifteen or
twenty feet, with the swiftness of an arrow. When a
186
ARTICULATES: CRUSTACEANS.
lobster or other crustacean loses a leg or other organ,
another like it grows to supply its place. But one of
the most remarkable facts about lobsters and other
crustaceans is, that from time to time they shed the
shell in one piece, so that the cast-off shell looks ex-
actly like the perfect animal, — antennas, eyes, jaws,
legs, paddles, and even every hair, are all just as they
were when they covered the live lobster ! The lobster
Fig 348. — American Lobster.
comes out of its shell through a rent on the back, and
is. at first very soft; it at once increases in size, and
in a few days its skin becomes as hard as the shell
which it cast off. This shedding of the shell is neces-
sary for the growth of these animals, for while the
shell remains the lobster or other crustacean can grow
only just large enough to completely fill it. When a
lobster is ready to shed its shell, there are two hard,
stone-like bodies at the sides of the stomach, and it is
supposed that these furnish a part of the solid matter
SAND-FLEAS, &o.
187
for the new shell ; for they immediately begin to grow
smaller after the moulting, and soon entirely disappear.
The Craw-Fish, or Fresh-water Lobster, much re-
sembles the American Lobster, but is only three or
four inches long, and lives in brooks. One kind is
common on the Western prairies, where it lives in
holes which it digs in the ground deep enough to find
water.
SAND-FLEAS, &c., OR FOURTEEN-FOOTED CRUS-
TACEANS.
Beach- or Sand-Fleas are little shrimp-like crusta-
ceans which are very common on the sea-beach. They
Fig. 349. — Sand Flea.
Fig. 350. — Trilobite.
have seven pairs of feet. Closely related to these are
the curious Trilobites, found imbedded in the solid
rock, and which lived and died ages ago.
BARNACLES AND HORSE-SHOE CRABS.
The Barnacles are of many kinds. Some resemble
bivalve shells, and grow in clusters, attached by stems,
as seen in Figure 351 ; others, as in Figure 352, are
acorn-shaped, and are fixed directly upon the rocks,
shells, lobsters, or ship-bottoms. They are all provided
188
ARTICULATES: CRUSTACEANS.
with feather-like arms or feet, which they regularly
protrude and withdraw, — a sort of grasping motion as
though they would secure any little animals or parti-
cles of food that might be within their reach. Some
kinds of Acorn-Barnacle completely cover the rocks
between high and low water mark; others delight in
deep water. In long voyages barnacles sometimes be-
come so numerous on the bottom of a vessel as to seri-
ously hinder its progress. Although in the adult state
Barnacles or Cirripeds are fixed and stationary, the
young swim freely about.
Fig. 35 1 . — Duck Barnacle. Fig. 353. — Horse-shoe Crab.
The Horse-shoe Crab is found in all seas. Some are
two feet in length, and in all cases the body ends in a
sharp spine, which some of the savage tribes use for
spear-points. This curious crab walks and eats with
the same organs ! — the lower part of the first six
pairs of legs being used for walking, and the upper
parts of the same legs being provided with teeth-like
organs, and used for jaws.
WORMS. 189
WORMS.
Worms are long animals, which are made up of
many similar rings. The nerves are distributed in
knots or clusters throughout the whole length of the
animal, and hence worms are not killed when cut in
pieces ; and in some cases the several pieces become
distinct worms. The kinds of worm are very numer-
ous, but they are most abundant in the sea and in fresh
waters. Most of the animals which look like worms
are butterflies, or moths, in the larva
state, and are caterpillars instead of
worms. One of the most common
kinds of sea-worm is the Serpula,
which lives in tubes that are found
incrusting stones and other bodies.
The breathing organs are in tufts
near the head, and there is a little
round body, shown in the cut, which
serves to shut the animal in when it
withdraws itself into the tube. The
Angle- or Earth-Worm, common in ^ig. 354. - Serpula.
rich soils, is well known to all boys, and is used as
good bait for trout and other fishes. One of the most
Fig. 355. — Earth- Worm.
common of the fresh-water worms is the Gordius, or
Hair- Worm. It is called by the last name because
many persons, ignorant of its history, have supposed
that it is a horse-hair which has been transformed into
190
MOLLUSKS.
MOLLUSKS.
THE term Mollusk comes from a word which means
soft; and these animals have a soft body with no back-
bone nor internal skeleton ; nor is the body divided
into rings or joints, as in the Articulates. Most of
them have a hard covering called a shell, and are of-
ten called Shell-Fish; but they are in no way related
to Fishes. The shells are the parts which we oftenest
see ; for when the animal is dead, the soft parts soon
disappear, and only the shell remains. Curious and
wonderful as the shells are, they often give only the
faintest idea of the appearance of the animals when
alive. See the differences between Figures 356 and
Fig. 356. — Helix, — alive.
<>57, where the first represents the shell alive ^,nd the
animal expanded, the second the shell as when dead,
or when the animal is concealed
in the shell. It is important to
know that the shell is a part of
the animal, and not a mere house
which it enters arid leaves at
pleasure ; although it readily ex-
pands much beyond the limits of
the shell, and withdraws itself wholly within the same
Fig. 357. — Helix, — dead.
MOLLUSKS. 191
again. Mollusks have, in a greater or less degree, the
senses of the higher animals, though they greatly
differ among themselves in this respect.
The kinds of mollusk are very numerous, — not less
than fifteen or twenty thousand. They abound in the
sea, on the marshes, in pools, streams, ponds, and lakes,
and on the land ; and they are full of interest when
we study them, and all serve some important purpose.
They are the food of many other animals. The Right
Whale feeds upon small kinds which swim freely in the
open sea ; the Cod and Haddock and many other use-
ful fishes fatten upon those gathered near or on the
bottom ; and sea-birds feast upon those left bare by
the tide. Man reckons the Oyster, Clam, and Scallop
among his choicest dishes ; and in seasons of scarcity
the poor inhabitants on many a sea-coast depend upon
mollusks for a large part of their daily food. These
animals also furnish the bait for all the extensive fish-
eries of the North Atlantic. Some of them yield rich
dyes. The celebrated Tyrian purple of the ancients
was obtained from shell-fish.
The shells of mollusks are limestone, or carbonate of
lime. Pearly within, and even without when polished,
and of soft and delicate colors, they are often exceed-
ingly beautiful, and are eagerly sought for. The child
gathers them for toys, and thinks he hears the roaring
of the sea as he puts them to his ear ; the savage
wears them as ornaments, and some of them as marks
of chieftainship ; some kinds are gathered by civilized
nations and used instead of money in trading with bar-
barous tribes ; other kinds are gathered and wrought
by skilful hands into almost numberless articles of use
and luxury; and the true naturalist, more enthusiastic
192 MOLLUSKS: CEPHALOPODS.
than all others, traverses sea and land, and cheerfully
endures hunger, thirst, and fatigue, that his collection
of shells may lack neither "Argonaut" nor "Nauti-
lus," "Cone," "Cowry," nor " Wentle-trap," "Helix"
nor "Limnaeid," "Pecten," " Mother-of-Pearl," nor
" Unio," nor any other which will enable him to un-
derstand more clearly this department of the animal
kingdom, and the works of God as revealed in these
wonderful objects.
ARGONAUTS, CUTTLE-FISHES, SQUIDS, AND
NAUTILI, OR CEPHALOPODS.
These animals all live in the ocean, have a mouth
armed with a stout beak, resembling that of a par-
rot, a large eye on each side of the head, and sur-
rounding the mouth are long, muscular arms, or ten-
tacles, covered with cup-like suckers, by means of which
they cling with the greatest firmness to whatever they
lay hold of, — it being easier to tear away an arm than
to release it from its hold. They have within the
body a sac containing an ink-like fluid, with which they
cloud the water, and thus conceal themselves whenever
they wish to escape from an enemy. The word Cephal-
opod means head-footed, and is given to these mollusks
because their locomotive organs are attached to the
head, as just described. Cephalopods vary from a few
inches to several feet in length, according to the kinds.
They have a most wonderful power of changing their
colors, — their hues varying almost every moment.
They swim by means of their arms, or with them crawl
on the bottom with the head downwards. They are
very voracious, eagerly devouring fishes and other ani-
mals, whose flesh they readily tear in pieces by their
stout hooked beaks.
PAPER-SAILORS, OCTOPUS, AND SQUIDS. 193
Fig. 358. — Argonaut, or Paper-Sailor. Much reduced.
Warm Seas.
Fig. 359. — Octopus, or Poulpe. Much reduced.
• Mediterranean.
Fig. 360. — Squid or Loligo. Much reduced.
Atlantic Coast of United States.
9 M
194 MOLLUSKS: CEPHALOPODS.
If all accounts of them are true, cephalopods some-
times reach an enormous size. Aristotle tells us of
one which was five fathoms in length ! In. 1853 a
cuttle-fish, whose tentacles were five or six inches in
diameter, was cast upon the shores of Jutland. In
1861 the officers and crew of the French steamer Alec-
ton saw one, forty leagues northeast of TenerhTe, which
was estimated to be at least fifteen feet in length, with
arms five or six feet long, and a beak a foot across.
PAPER-SAILORS.
The Argonauts, or Paper-Sailors, Figure 358, have
a very delicate and beautiful shell, and they swim by
placing two of their arms, which are webbed, close to
the sides of the shell, and the others close together,
and then ejecting water from the funnel seen just be-
low the eye. The Argonaut is often called Nautilus,
— the true Nautilus is another animal, — and it has
frequently been stated that it sails on the sea by spread-
ing its sail-shaped arms to the breeze ; a pleasant
story, but one which naturalists no longer believe.
OCTOPUS.
The Octopus, or Poulpe, Figure 359, has no outside
shell, and the arms are united at the base by a web.
It varies from one or two inches to two feet in length,
and has only eight arms.
SQUIDS, OR LOLIGOS, AND CUTTLE-FISHES.
Squids have a long body, and broad, fin-like organs
at the* hind extremity, and they have a long and slen-
der internal shell which, from its shape, is called a
"pen." They are from one to two feet and a half
SPIRULAS. NAUTILI, AND AMMONITES.
195
long, and, like cuttle-fishes, have ten arms, two of which
are longer than the others. By filling their body with
Fig. 361. — Ammonite.
Fig. 362. — Spirula.
Fig. 363. — Pearly Nautilus. Much reduced.
Pacific and Indian Oceans.
water, and then forcibly ejecting it, they send them-
selves backwards through the water with the swiftness
196 MOLLUSKS: CEPHALOPODS.
of an arrow. Immense numbers are used for bait in
the cod-fishery. ^J&~
Cuttle-Fishes resemble Squids, but have two of the
arms or tentacles much lengthened and expanded at
their tips ; and they have a broad, internal shell, called
cuttle-bone. This is the " cuttle-bone " which is given
to canary-birds. On the coasts of the Eastern Mediter-
ranean cuttle-fishes are so abundant that the cuttle-
bones are thrown up by the waves into ridges miles in
length. Like other cephalopods, cuttle-fishes have the
power of clouding the water by ejecting an inky fluid
into it when they wish to escape. This ink, when dried
and prepared, is the "sepia" used in painting.
SPIRULAS.
The Spirulas resemble those just described, but have
a coiled shell inside, Figure 362, and the shell is di-
vided by partitions into chambers.
NAUTILI AND AMMONITES.
The Nautilus is the only living Cephalopod which has
an external chambered shell. Figure 363 stows the
Nautilus as it appears when cut open ; the animal is
in the outer chamber, which communicates with all
the others by means of a tube called the siphuncle.
The animal has occupied each chamber in turn, mov-
ing forward, and making a partition behind as often
as it outgrew its old home.
Ammonites, Figure 361, are chambered-shelled Ceph-
alopods that lived in the seas ages ago ; hundreds of
kinds of these ; from an inch to a yard in diameter,
are found imbedded in the rocks of this and other
countries.
SNAILS, OR GASTEROPODS.
197
SNAILS, OR GASTEROPODS.
The term Gasteropod means stomach-footed, and is
given to these animals because the lower side serves
them as a sort of foot, by means of which they creep
along. But this " foot " is in no way related to the
feet of the backboned animals. Most of the Gastero-
pods have a shell ; and as this is made of only one
piece, or valve, they are often called Univalves. Some,
however, have no shell in the adult state, though all
have a shell when first hatched. Most Gasteropods
have a lid or door, called the operculwm, with which
they close the opening to the shell when they withdraw
within. It is a horny plate, sometimes strengthened
by shelly matter. Their eyes are two, and generally
on long stalks, as seen in Figure 356 ; they perceive light,
Spire. W, whorls.
Umbilicus
Columella.
Outer lip.
-Aperture.
Canal.
Fig. 364. — Names of the parts of a Gasteropod Shell.
but probably cannot distinguish objects. Many of the
Gasteropods have horny jaws ; but one of the most
curious parts of these animals is the tongue, or lingual
ribbon, which is a band armed with a great number of
198 MOLLUSKS: GASTEROPODS.
glossy silicious teeth, which are arranged in rows in
the most regular manner, and differently in different
kinds. The tongue of some kinds contains one hun-
dred and sixty rows of teeth, and one hundred and
eighty teeth in each row, or more than twenty-eight
thousand in all!
Many of the Gasteropods feed upon vegetable sub-
stances, and these have the aperture of the shell en-
tire. The others feed upon animal substances, and
have the aperture notched, or drawn out into a canal,
as in Figures 365-377. Some of these feed upon dead
animals which they find ; others attack living mollusks ;
and though the latter are shut tightly within their
shells, the hungry Gasteropod, with its rasp-like tongue,
files a neat round hole through the shell, and then
leisurely feasts upon its contents. Thus clams and
other large mollusks fall a prey even to some of the
very small carnivorous gasteropods.
The Gasteropods are divided into Air-breathers or
Pulmonifers, as Land-Snails, and the Water-breathers
or Branchifers, as the Sea-Snails and River-Snails. The
first look like the parents, only smaller, as soon as they
are born ; the young of the latter differ from their par-
ents, and, instead of creeping, swim with a pair of fins
springing from the sides of the head.
STROMBS, CONCHS, OR WING-SHELLS, &c.
These are large marine shells, some of them the
largest of the Gasteropods. One kind, called 'the Foun-
tain Shell, is extensively used for making shell-cameos ;
three hundred thousand of this kind were carried from
the West Indies to Liverpool in a single year. The
interior of the conch is of the richest rosy hue.
STROMBS AND MUREX SHELLS.
MUREX SHELLS.
199
Murex and its relatives are marine, and prey upon
other mollusks. The Spiny Murex of the Moluccas,
the Pyrula and Tritonium of the coast of the United
Fig. 365. — Scorpion Shell, or Pteroceras. Much reduced.
Chinese Seas.
Fig. 367. — Stromb, or Conch.
Much reduced. West Indies.
Fig. 366. — Aporrhais.
Coast of New England.
States, and the Frog Shell of Australia, are some of
the principal ones. The ancients obtained the Tyrian
purple dye from the Murex gasteropods.
200
MOLLUSKS: GASTEROPODS.
Fig. 369. — Pyrula. Much reduced.
Coast of United States.
Fig. 368. — Murex. Much
reduced. Molucca.
Fig. 370. — Tritonium. Coast
of New England.
Fig. 371. —Frog Shell, or Kanella.
Reduced. Australia.
WHELKS.
The Whelk is one of the most common of the Gas-
teropods. Figure 372 shows one species as it appears
when crawling up the glass sides of the aquarium
with the foot towards you. The Fusus, of the coast
of the United States, may be found upon the shore
after storms. The Harp Shell, of the Pacific, is always
WHELKS, &c.
201
Fig. 372. — Whelk, or Buccinum.
North Atlantic.
Fig. 373. — Harp Shell.
Reduced. Mauritius.
Fig. 374. — Oliva. Beduced.
Panama.
Fig. 375. — Fusus. United States.
Fig. 376. — Cone Shell. Reduced.
China.
9*
Fig. 377. — Ricinula.
202 MOLLUSKS: GASTEROPODS.
admired for its beautiful form and its delicate colors.
The Olive Shell, of Panama, is very beautiful, and is
taken alive by bait attached to lines.
CONES.
There are nearly a thousand kinds of these Gastero-
pods, which are shaped like a cone with the top down-
wards.
VOLUTES.
The Volutes, Mitre-Shell, and Marginella belong un-
der this head. Figures 378-380.
COWRIES.
The Cowries are abundant in the warm seas, and
are found on reefs and under rocks. The shell has a
shining enamelled surface, and many kinds are beau-
tifully spotted and clouded. The Asiatic islanders use
them to adorn their clothing, and for sinkers to their
fishing-nets, and in trading. One kind, called the
Money-Cowry, is brought in immense quantities from
the Pacific to England, and then carried to Western
Africa, where it is used for money in trading with the
natives. This is a small kind scarcely an inch long.
The Egg-Cowry and the Cyprsea of the Indian Ocean
show the general form of these shells. Figures 381-
383.
NATICAS, PYRAMID-SHELLS, CERITHIUMS, &c.
The Naticas are sea-snails which have the shell some-
what globe-shaped. The Pyramid-Shells are so named
from their shape. The Cerithiums are named from a
word which means a horn. The Melanias are fresh-
water shells, common in the Western and Southern
States.
VOLUTES, COWRIES, &c.
203
Fig. 379. — Marginella.
Reduced. W. Africa.
Fig. 378. — Volute. Much
reduced. West Indies.
Fig. 380. — Mitre Shell.
Much reduced. Ceylon.
Fig. 382. — Trivia.
Britain.
Fig. 381. — Cowry, or Cy-
prsea. Much reduced.
Indian Ocean.
Fig. 383.— Egg Cowry,
Much reduced. New
Guinea.
Fig. 384. — Sigaretus.
West Indies.
Fig. 385.— Natica.
Coast of N. England.
Fig. 386.— Fig. 387.—
Pyramid- Pyramid-
Shell. Re- Shell,
duced. Britain. W. Indies.
204
MOLLUSKS: GASTEROPODS.
Fig. 388. — Cerithiura.
Much reduced. Molucca.
Fig. 389. — Melania.
Western States.
Fig. 390. — lo.
Southern States.
Fig. 391. — Tower-
Shell, or Turritella.
West Indies.
Fig. 392. — Wentle-trap.
Reduced. China.
Fig. 393. — Worm-
Shell, or Vermetus.
West Indies.
Fig. 394. — Fig. 395. —
Periwinkle, Lacuna,
or Litorina.
Fig. 396. —
Valvata.
IT. States.
Fig. 397. — River Snail-Shell,
or Paludina. United States.
WENTLE-TRAPS, &c. 205
WENTLE-TRAPS, &c.
The Tower-Shell and the Worm-Shell of the West
Indies, and the true Wentle-traps of the tropical and
temperate seas, belong in this group. The Royal
Staircase, or Wentle-trap, Figure 392, was formerly
very valuable. A specimen has been sold for a hun-
dred pounds sterling, although it is now worth only a
few dollars.
PERIWINKLES.
Periwinkles live in the sea near the shore. Two
species are shown in Figures 394 and 395. They feed
on algae, — marine plants.
RIVER SNAILS.
These live in fresh waters, and have the shell cov-
ered with a green akin. They bring forth their young
alive, and the little embryo snails, even before they
are born, and when so small that they can scarcely be
seen without a microscope, have a perfectly formed
shell, a " foot " and operculum, delicate tentacles, and
distinct black eyes.
VIOLET-SNAILS.
The Violet-Snails live together in large numbers, in
the open sea, where they float by means of many air-
vessels, which form a raft, a, Figure 404. The shell
is thin, the base deep violet color, and the spire almost
white. They yield a violet dye.
LIMPETS.
Limpets are found clinging tightly to stones and
other shells, and move about but little or not at all.
206 MOLLUSKS: GASTEROPODS.
They are all marine. On the coast of England the
Limpet is much used by fishermen for bait, and on
the coast of Berwickshire twelve millions have been
collected' yearly for this purpose. In the north of Ire-
land the people collect it for food. On the western
coast of South America there is a kind of Limpet which
is a foot across, and the natives use its shell for a
basin.
LAND-SNAILS.
Land-Snails are very numerous, more than four thou-
sand kinds being already known. Figures 409-414.
They all feed upon decaying plants. One of the
largest and one of the most common is the Helix albo-
labris, Figure 409. It is easily found by searching
under old logs, stumps, and leaves. In warm, damp
weather, snails of this and similar kinds come out
of their hiding-places, and may be seen crawling over
the leaves and up the trunks of trees. In early sum-
mer they lay their eggs in the loose soil beside logs
or stones, and in twenty or thirty days the young
hatch. When the cold weather of autumn comes they
seek a sheltered spot, close the mouth of the shell with
a thin membrane which they secrete, and at length
become torpid, and remain in that condition till the
warm days of the following spring.
POND-SNAILS, OR LIMNJEIDS.
These live in fresh waters, and lay their eggs in
transparent masses on aquatic plants and on stones.
They have a thin and horn-like shell. Figures 415-
417. They feed on plants, and glide along the sur-
face of the water shell downwards. They thrive well
in an aquarium, where they are also very useful, as
LIMPETS, VIOLET-SNAILS, &c.
207
Fig. 398. — Neri- Fig. 399. — Nerita. Fig. 400. — Trochus. Britain,
tina. Pacific. Scinde.
Fig. 401 . — Ear-Shell, or Fig. 402. — Cup-and- Fig. 403. — Key-hole
Haliotis. Reduced. Saucer Limpet. Limpet. West
Britain. Philippines. Indies.
Fig. 404. — Violet-Snail. Atlantic. Fig. 405. —
a, raft ; b, egg capsules ; c, gills ; d, tentacles and eye-stalks. Chiton. Coast
of N. England.
Fig. 406. — Rock Limpet,
or Patella.
Coast of New England.
Fig. 407. — Tooth-Shell.
Fig. 408. — Crepidula. New England.
208
MOLLUSKS: GASTEROPODS.
Fig. 409. — Helix.
Fig. 411. — Chrysalis
Shell or Pupa.
Florida.
Fig. 410. — Buli- Fig. 412. — Sing, or
mus. California. Liinax. N. England.
Fig.416. — Planorbis.
United States.
Fig. 415.— Physa.
United States.
Fig. 413. — Succinea.
Western States.
Fig. 414.— Helix. North-
ern States.
Fig. 417. — Limnaea.
United States
they eagerly devour the green confervas that grow on
the sides of the glass.
SEA-SLUGS, HETEROPODS AND PTEROPODS.
209
Fig. 418. — Heli-
cina. U. States.
Fig. 422.— Bui-
la. U. States.
Fig. 420.—
Acicula.
Fig. 419.— Britain. Fig. 421.—
Clyclostoma. Tornatella.
United States. Britain.
SEA-SLUGS.
These have no shells, and many of them only slightly
resemble the Gasteropoda before described. See Fig-
ures 423-426.
Fig. 425. — Elysia.
Britain.
Fig. 423. — Eolis.
Britain.
Fig. 427. — At-
lanta. South
Atlantic.
Fig. 426. — Tritonia.
Britain.
HETEROPODS AND PTEROPODS.
These live in the open sea. Some of them move in
immense swarms, miles in extent. Figures 428-430.
They much resemble the young of ordinary sea-snails.
They form the principal food of the Right Whale. One
kind, the Clio, Figure 430, is said to have upon the
head three hundred and sixty thousand suckers!
210
MOLLUSKS: ACEPHALS.
Fig. 428. — Hylea.
Atlantic.
Fig. 429. — Limacina.
South Polar Seas.
Fig. 430. — Clio.
Arctic.
ACEPHALS, OR HEADLESS MOLLUSKS.
These mollusks seem to have no head, this part of
the body being concealed within, and only faintly
shown, as in Clams, Oysters, Mussels, <fcc.
BIVALVES.
These are acephals which have a shell composed of
Fig. 431. — One valve of a Bivalve Shell, showing the names of the parts.
a, anterior retractor muscle ; d, posterior retractor -, t, lateral teeth ; c, cardinal tooth ;
/, lunale ; «, umbo ; A, hinge ligament ; s, retractor of siphons 5 #, pallial impression.
two pieces, or valves, joined together on one side by a
hinge, and held tightly together by one or two strong
BIVALVES. 211
muscles which pass from one valve to the other on the
inside. When the animal relaxes these muscles the
shell is forced open by an elastic body called a liga-
ment, situated at the hinge. Some kinds live in the
sea, others in brooks, rivers, ponds, and lakes. Some
idea of them all may be gained by studying the com-
mon mussel, Figure 437, of the brooks, or the common
clam, Figure 452, of the sea-coast- Take the clam:
place it in a large basin of sea-water, and soon it will
begin to put out a dark-colored organ as long as the
shell, — it can stretch it out two or three times the
length of the shell. This is supposed by most persons
to be the head, but it is not ; the head is within the
shell and at the opposite end. At .the end of the dark
organ are two holes, — one larger than the other, —
these being the openings of two tubes which are en-
closed in the dark-colored sheath ; and around each
opening there is a row of fringes or tentacles. A cur-
rent of water is all the time flowing into the larger
opening, and another current flowing out of the smaller
opening. The first carries in pure water to supply air
to the gills, and minute plants and animals to supply
the mouth and stomach with food, and the outgoing
current bears away the impure water together with
the waste particles which the animal throws off. The
currents are caused by a vast number of hair-like
fringes which cover the gills within the mollusk, and
which are constantly in motion. T^ie position and
appearance of the siphonal tubes in fresh-water mus-
sels are seen in Figure 437.
Though mainly small, or of ordinary size, a few bi-
valves are very large. In the church of St. Sulpice,
in Paris, the valves of a Tridacna weighing five him-
212
MOLLUSKS: ACEPHALS.
dred pounds, and two feet across, are used as vessels
for the holy water. The Tridacna lives in the Pa-
cific and Indian Oceans.
Fig. 432. — Pecten. From Cape Ann
southward.
Fig. 433. — Mytilus. Both
shores of the Atlantic.
Fig. 434. — Avicula. Fig. 435. — Leda.
Reduced. Mediterranean. New England.
Fig. 436. — Cardicum.
Reduced. New England.
OYSTERS, PECTENS, MUSSELS, PEARL-OYSTERS, &c.
Oysters are more highly prized for food than any
other mollusks. They occur in the greatest quanti-
ties on the coast of the Middle States, especially in
Delaware and Chesapeake Bay.
Pectens, or Scallops, Figure 432, are also prized for
BIVALVES: UNIOS.
213
Fig. 440.
Figs. 437 - 441 . — Unios. Reduced. United States.
214 MOLLUSKS: ACEPHALS.
food. Their beautiful shells are known to almost
every one ; for they are much used in making card-
holders, pin-cushions, and other little articles both
useful and pleasant to see. The pecten swims rapidly
by opening and shutting its valves.
Sea-Mussels, Figure 433, inhabit mud-banks which
are uncovered at low water. They multiply rapidly,
and grow to their full size in one year. By means of
a collection of horny threads, called a tyssus, they at-
tach themselves to rocks, or to the ground.
Pearl-Oysters, or Aviculas, Figure 434, have shells
which make the beautiful material called "Mother-of-
Pearl," which is extensively used for ornamenting fine
cabinet-work, and for making knife-handles, paper-cut-
ters, buttons, and a great number of other useful and
beautiful articles. They also yield the Oriental pearls.
UNIOS, OR RIVER-MUSSELS.
These mollusks abound in brooks, rivers, ponds, and
fresh-water lakes. They are sometimes called Na'ides,
and there are very many kinds. It would take sev-
eral books larger than this one to describe all the
kinds found in the United States. A few of the forms
of Unios are shown in Figures 437-441. Sometimes
beautiful and valuable pearls are found in these mol-
lusks. One of the pearls in the Royal Crown of Eng-
land came from a river-mussel.
RAZOR-SHELLS, CLAMS, &c.
The Razor-Shells are very long and smooth. They
burrow in the sand, and are good for food. The Com-
mon Clam burrows in sand and mud, and is exten-
sively used for food, and for bait for cod.
BIVALVES: PHOLADS AND SHIP-WORMS.
215
Fig. 443. —
Sphaerium.
Northern
States.
Fig. 442. — Astarte.
Coast of New England.
Fig. 446. — Cytherea. Reduced.
West Indies.
Fig. 444. —
Thyasira.
Coast of
N. England.
Fig. 445. — Sphagnum.
Northern States.
Fig. 447. — Mactra. Britain.
Fig. 449. — Tel-
lina. Our coast.
Fig. 450. — Tellina.
Our coast.
Fig. 448. — Tellina. Britain.
Fig. 451. — Razor-Shell, or Solen. Much reduced. Both shores of the
Atlantic.
PHOLADS AND SHIP-WORMS.
Pholads have the shell very hard and rough, like a
rasp, and they burrow in all sorts of substances, even
in stone. Ship -Worm? are long mollusks, looking like
216
MOLLUSKS: ACEPHALS.
worms. The common kinds are about a foot long, but
one kind is three feet in length. They bore into the
timber of ships and ^wharves.
Fig. 452. — Common Clam. Re-
duced. Coast of New England.
Fig. 453. — Pandora.
Fig. 454. — Gastrochsena.
Galway.
Fig. 455. — Watering-pot Shell,
reduced.
Much
Fig. 456. — Pholas. Reduced.
* India.
Fig. 457. — Pholas. New
England and eastward.
Fig. 458. — Tunicate.
TUNICATES.
•
These are mollusks which have no
shell, but are covered with a tough
tunic, or skin. Sometimes they grow
in clusters, attached by a stem to sea-
weed, rocks, or floating timber. They
vary from the size of a pea to an
inch or more in diameter. They
are sometimes called Ascidians, from
a word which means a leather bag.
BKACHIOPODS AND POLYZOANS.
BRACHIOPODS.
217
These mollusks have* the twp valves of unequal size,
and in one of them there is a hole through which passes
Figs. 459. — Terebratula, — a Brachiopod. Fig. 460. — Brachiopod.
.461. — Lingula, — a Brachiopod. Reduced. Philippines.
a fleshy stalk, by which the shell is attached to the
rocks. The word Brachiopod means arm-footed, and is
given to these animals on account of the long, fringed
arms growing from the sides of the mouth, and by
means of which they make currents in the water and
thus secure their food.
POLYZOANS.
These are very small or minute mollusks, growing
in clusters upon shells, rocks, and other objects, both
in. the sea and in fresh waters, and which look very
much like Polyps. They are often called Bryozoans.
Dr. Leidy and Captain Hyatt have described and
beautifully figured many of our fresh-water kinds, and
we hope you will some time see and read their inter-
esting and instructive papers.
10
218 RADIATES: ECHINODERMS.
RADIATES.
•
THESE animals are s6 constructed that their parts
radiate from a centre or central axis. In most of
them the radiation is very plain. They all live in the
water, and nearly all live in the sea, and are known
as Echinoderms, Jelly-Fishes, and Polyps.
ECHINODERMS.
The word Echinoderm means hedgehog-skin, and is
given to these animals because many of them have the
outside covered with spines ; thus reminding us of the
hedgehog of the fields, which was described on page
45. It is an interesting fact that in the Radiates the
parts are generally arranged according to what is called
a reigning number; in Echinoderms this number is
generally five; that is, the parts of each kind are five,
or some multiple of five.
HOLOTHURIANS.
The Holothurians, or Sea-Cucumbers, have no spines,
Fig. 462. — Holothurian, or Sen-Cucumber.
but are covered with a tough skin capable of great ex-
SEA-URCHINS. 219
pansion and contraction, and containing particles of
limestone. There are many kinds, varying from an
inch to a foot in length. They live in the sea and are
exceedingly interesting, and very beautiful when the
long and delicate fringes around the mouth are ex-
panded. When taken from the water they shrink and
lose their beauty of form and color. They must be
seen in the ocean, or in the aquarium, in order to get
a good idea of them. Figure 462 shows one kind
which is very common at Grand Menan, and Eastport,
and other places in the North Atlantic. The Chinese
call these animals Trepang, and use them for food.
SEA-URCHINS, OR ECHINOIDS.
True Sea-Urchins are hemispherical, or flattened,
and have a hard shell composed of plates which are
regular in form and firmly bound together. Upon
Fig. 463. — Sea-Urchin.
these plates are tubercles, and on these tubercles hard
spines. In certain plates there are rows of holes
through which pass fleshy organs called suckers, or
ambulacra, with the end slightly expanded. By means
of these suckers, which can be extended much beyond
the spines, these animals can cling firmly to other
bodies, and thus move about over the rocks, even up
and down their smooth sides, as well as on level sur-
220 RADIATES: ECHINODERMS.
faces. So much can these suckers be extended that a
Sea-Urchin has been seen to put them forth from the
top, and, bending them downwards, cling to the bot-
tom of the basin in which the animal was lying ! Fig-
ure 463 shows a common kind of Sea-Urchin as it ap-
pears when alive. When the animal dies, the skin,
which covers the shell and holds the spines in their
Fig. 464. — Top View of Sea-Urchin. Spines removed.
places, dries up, and the spines fall off, and then the
shell, with all its beautiful structure and markings, is
plainly seen. In the one represented in Figure 464
we find ten double rows of plates which run along the
curved surface from the bottom to the top of the shell.
In five of these double rows the plates are large, with-
out holes, and are covered with large tubercles. Al-
ternating with the double rows of large plates are five
double, rows of smaller ones, bearing few and small
tubercles, and each plate is perforated with the holes
for the suckers. The plates which bear the holes are
called the ambulacra! plates, — from a Latin word which
means a walk, or alley ; and the large plates without
holes are called the interambulacral plates. At the
termination of each of the five belts or zones of ambu-
lacral plates there is a little triangular plate with a
SEA-URCHINS.
221
minute opening which marks the place of the eye.
Alternating with these ocular plates, so called, are five
larger plates, each being perforated with a larger hole
through which the eggs are laid. One of these plates
is much larger than the others, and is filled with very
minute holes, and is called by naturalists the madre-
poric body. It is believed to serve as a filter or
strainer to the water which passes through it into the
body of the animal. The mouth, at the under side,
is armed with five strong pointed and polished teeth,
which form the outer part of a remarkable dental
apparatus, which is called Aristotle's lantern. In a
sea-urchin of ordinary size there are five or six hun-
dred plates, all fitting together in the most perfect
manner, and bearing more than four thousand spines ;
and the suckers number nearly two thousand !
Besides the spines and the suckers, there are scat-
tered over the body and around the mouths of Sea-
Urchins a great number of curious little organs called
Pedicillarice. They look like a stem ending in a knob,
but the knob is com-
posed of three pieces or
blades, which open and
shut tightly, thus form-
ing a sort of pincers.
The uses of these or-
gans are not well un-
derstood.-
The number of kinds
of Sea-Urchins is quite
large, and they vary in
Size from an inch to Fig. 465._Echinarachnius. Northeast
three or four inches . coast of North America.
222
RADIATES: ECHINODERMS.
Fig. 466. — Mellita. Southeast coast of United States.
in diameter, and have
spines from a quarter
of an inch long to
three or four inches
in length. Some of
them are capable of
making holes in hard
substances, even in
limestone and granite.
Other kinds, like
Figures 465, 466, 467,
burrow in the sand.
These are much flat-
tened.
STAR-FISHES, OR SEA-STARS,
Star-Fishes are common on all rocky coasts. They
are readily found by looking under the sea-weed in
pools that have been left -by the tide. They are so
named from their star-like form, the disk or central
Fig. 467. — Rotula. Coast of Africa.
STAR-FISHES.
223
portion gradually merging into the rays. Beneath
each ray there is a large number of locomotive suck-
ers, like those of the sea-urchins already described.
These tubes are seen in Figure 468, where the upper
Fig. 468. — Star-Fish.
part of the Star-Fish is towards you, and three of
the rays slightly turned backward. The mouth is
on the under side in the centre, and there is an eye,
or eye-spot, at the end of each ray. By means of
the ambulacral tubes Star-Fishes move slowly but
surely over the rocks and all kinds of surfaces, and
they can cling to the rocks so firmly that they are often
removed with difficulty, and will sometimes even allow
their ambulacra to be pulled off rather than let go
224 RADIATES: ECHINODERMS.
their hold. Their covering is not solid as in the Sea-
Urchins, but is composed of movable plates, so that
these animals are able to bend themselves in every di-
rection, and .thus work their way into lioles and fis-
sures in rocks where we should hardly expect to find
them. Star-Pishes feed upon mollusks and other ma-
rine animals, and when they feed they turn the stom-
ach out of the mouth and over the food to be devoured.
A curious spot is seen on the back near the junction
of two of the arms. This is the madreporic body de-
scribed in speaking of the Sea-Urchins. It is a sort of
minute sieve, and forms an entrance to a series of in-
ternal water-tubes, some of them connecting with the
locomotive suckers and supplying them with water.
Water is also admitted into the body through minute
pores which cover the whole surface of the animal.
Star-Fishes often lose one or more of their arms, or
rays, by being dashed against the rocks by the waves,
or the arm is bitten off by a fish. In all such cases a
new one sprouts out in the place of the old one, and
specimens may be found showing such new rays in all
stages, from those that have just begun to sprout to
those that have nearly reached their full growth.
OPHIURANS, OR SERPENT-STARS.
The Serpent-Stars, or Ophiurans, are so called from
the resemblance of their long slender rays to a snake's
tail. They are found on nearly all coasts, and are at
once distinguished by a small disk or central portion
from which the rays start off very abruptly, instead of
the gradual passage of the central part into the arms,
as seen in the true Star-Fishes. They move about
mainly by means of their spines. Nearly all have the
SERPENT-STARS. 225
arms simple, as seen in Figure 469, but some have the
Fig. 469. — Serpent-Star, or Ophiuran
Fig. 470. — Basket-Fish, or Astrophy ton.
arms much branched, as in the beautiful Astrophyton,
Figure 470.
10* o
226 RADIATES: ECHINODERMS.
CRINOIDS.
The word Crinoid means lily-like in form, and is
given to a large number of echinoderms on account
of their lily-like or plant-like appearance. Only a
small number of these animals is now living, and
of the few living ones only one kind has a stem in
the adult state, and this is the Pentacrinus caput-me-
dusce, of the West Indies, Figure 471. With the ex-
ception of this one, the living Crinoids much resemble
Fig. 471. — Living Crinoid.
the Star-Fishes and Ophiurans; but in the rocks, in
various parts of the United States and in other coun-
tries, the stemmed kinds are exceedingly abundant,
showing us that these animals lived in profusion in
the old ocean which ages ago covered a large part
ACALEPHS, OR JELLY-FISHES. 227
of our country. And the fossil ones — as those found
in the rocks are called — are so various in form, and
so beautiful in patterns and markings, that no words
can fitly describe them. The workman in the quarry
stops to admire them, and the learned naturalist is
fascinated by their beauty, and never grows weary
of studying them. They are the " gems " of the
geological collection, and their pictures are among the
prettiest to be found in the Geological Reports. May
every reader of these pages see at least one good col-
lection of fossil Crinoids.
Of the living free Crinoids, — that is, those without
a stem, — one of the best known is called the Coma-
tula, or Feather-Star. When young this too has a
stem, and looks not very unlike the Medusa's head,
Figure 471 ; but as it grows older it drops from the
stem, and lives a free life.
JELLY-FISHES, OR ACALEPHS.
Of all animals of the sea, perhaps none are more
wonderful than these. Their jelly-like bodies, curious
forms and structure, their beautiful colors of claret,
rose, and pink, their varied and almost magical move-
ments, as varied and graceful as those of the birds
arid insects of the air, their phosphorescence by night,
causing them to be called the "Lamps of the Sea,"
and their curious changes in passing from the young
to the adult state, have interested all intelligent visit-
ors to the seaside, and have caused these animals to
be carefully studied by some of the most eminent nat-
uralists of Europe and America. The word Acaleph
means nettle, and is given to these animals because
228 RADIATES: JELLY-FISHES.
some of them cause a stinging sensation when they
touch our flesh ; hence they are often called Sea-Net-
tles. They are also as often called Medusae. Their
Fig. 472.— Jelly-Fish.
common name, Jelly-Fishes, was given on account of
their jelly-like appearance and substance.
If we examine the structure of Acalephs, we find
a cavity, which is the stomach, hollowed out of the
mass of the body, and this cavity has an opening
which serves as a mouth ; the edges of this opening
are turned outwards and prolonged into delicate fringes.
And there are tubes which radiate from the centre of
the body and unite with a tube at the circumference.
The kinds of Jelly-Fishes are numerous, and they
vary in size from those scarcely visible to those which
BEROID MEDUSAE, OR CTENOPHOR^E. 229
a"re one or two yards in diameter, and with tentacles
thirty or forty feet long ; and Mrs. Agassiz, in her
beautiful book, " Seaside Studies," mentions one which
measured about seven feet in diameter, and had ten-
tacles more than a hundred feet in length !
Jelly-Fishes are a hungry race, and feed upon their
own kind, and other marine animals, which they se-
cure by means of their tentacles and lassos. On the
tentacles of Jelly-Fishes, and of Polyps too, there are
numerous lasso-cells, — too small to be seen without
the microscope, — each containing a long, spirally-coiled
thread or lasso, which can be instantly darted forth
and fastened upon the little shrimp or other animal
which is desired for food.
BEROID MEDUSA,. OR CTENOPHOR^
The Beroid Medusae are more or less spherical, or
egg-shaped, with eight rows of locomotive fringes divid-
ing the surface of the body as the ribs divide the surface
of a melon. Pleurobrachia is one of the most common
kinds on the northeast coast of the Uniteo1 States, and
in its movements and curious appendages is one of the
most wonderful of all the Medusas. It is transparent,
and besides the eight rows of fringes mentioned above,
it has two most extraordinary tentacles, one on either
side of the body ; and no form of expansion or con-
traction, or curve or spiral, can be conceived of which
these tentacles may not assume.
Bolina and Idyia are other ctenophorae common on
the northeast coast of the United States. The Rose-
colored Idyia is three or four inches long, and shaped
somewhat like a melon with one end cut off. The
mouth occupies the whole of the cut-off end, and the
230
RADIATES: JELLY-FISHES.
digestive cavity, or stomach, occupies a large part
of the interior of the animal. In summer it some-
times appears in such swarms as to tinge large patches
Fig. 473. — Pleurobrachia.
of the sea with a delicate rosy hue. It is very vora-
cious, and feeds mainly on other jelly-fishes, sometimes
capturing those nearly as large as itself.
TRUE MEDUSAE, OR DISCOPHOR^E.
These have the body in the form of a hemispheric
disk, more or less flattened. Of these disk-shaped ine-a
TEUE MEDUSA, OR DISCOPHORiE.
231
dusae none are more beautiful in their appearance or
interesting in their history than the Aurelia, or " Sun-
Fish," represented in Figure 477. This Jelly-Fish is
Fig. 475. — Scyphos-
toma of Aurelia.
Fig. 474. — Strobila
of Aurelia. Magnified.
Fig. 476. — Strobila of Aurelia.
Much magnified.
Fig. 477. — Sun-Fish, or Aurelia.
common on the coast of New England, and is about a
foot across, in the larger specimens, and it lives but a
single year. In the spring it is about a quarter of an
inch in diameter, and on pleasant days moves in large
232 RADIATES: JELLY-FISHES.
swarms near the surface of the water. About the
middle of summer they become full grown. Towards
the close of summer they lay their eggs, and in the
autumn .they perish. At length the eggs hatch, and
the little planulce, as the newly hatched jelly-fishes are
called, swim about in the water by means of little ap-
pendages which naturalists call vibratile cilia. Soon
each becomes attached to a rock, shell, or sea-weed,
and is then called Scyphostoma, Figure 475. Then
the body begins to divide by horizontal constrictions,
and soon appears as in Figures 474 and 476, and is
then called Strobila. At length the segments become
more and more separated, and the uppermost one
drops off, then the next one, then the next, and so on
till each in turn has separated from the one below it-
self. Each disk, as it separates, turns over and floats
away, and is known as Ephyra. Soon each Ephyra
assumes the form of a perfect jelly-fish, as shown in
Figure 477. Thus one scyphostoma which comes from
a single egg becomes a strobila, and this strobila di-
vides into numerous parts,* each of which becomes a
jelly-fish.
HYDROIDS.
The Hydroids are jelly-fishes which are almost more
wonderful in their mode of development than those
already described. Occurring, as they do in many
cases, in their early stages of existence, as mere dis-
colored patches on sea-weeds, stones, or shells, or in
appearance like little tufts of moss, or miniature shrubs,
the untrained eye might well mistake the fact that
they are animals. But naturalists have shown that
these plant-like forms produce medusa3-buds, which
HYDROIDS.
233
expand into genuine medusae or jelly-fishes. Figure
478 shows a little cluster of Hydroids attached to sea-
weed, and Figure 479 shows a single individual of the
Fig. 478. — Coryne. Cluster of Hydras grow-
ing on sea- weed.
Fig. 480. — Coryne. Adult.
Fig. 479. — Single individual of Fig. 478,
enlarged, showing a and b just ready to
drop off and become free medusas, like Fig.
480 ; c, a younger bud.
same very much magnified, with two of the buds much
enlarged, and a third quite prominent. Soon each bud
becomes detached, and floats away as a free jelly-fish,
like Figure 480, and is then known as Coryne, or, as
234
RADIATES: JELLY-FISHES.
it was formerly called, Sarsia, so named from Sars, a
Norwegian naturalist, who was one of the first investi-
gators of these curious kinds of jelly-fishes.
Nothing can excel the delicacy of Coryne. Soft as
the softest jelly, almost as transparent as the dew-drop,
yet it performs varied and rapid movements, contracts
and expands its tentacles, catches and devours other
medusae, and other marine animals, and to all appear-
Fig. 482. — Tiaropsis. Northeast
coast of North America.
Fig. 483. — Campanularian. The hydro-medu-
sae in the bell-shaped cups drop out and be-
come free medusa?, similar to Fig. 482.
Fig. 481. — Tubularia.
Massachusetts Bay.
m, medusae ; c<, coronal ten-
tacle ; p, proboscis.
ances jdelights in life as much as higher animals do.
They are abundant in the spring. In the middle of
summer they lay their eggs and perish. But the eggs
HYDROIDS. 235
do not hatch medusae like the parent, but each hatches a
little hydroid which is first free, then afterwards becomes
attached to a shell, sea-weed, or stone, and from this
Fig. 484.— Portuguese Man-of-War.
little hydroid others branch till a little community of
hydroids has grown up, as in Figure 478. From these
hydroids bud again the Coryne, Figure 479.
In some kinds, as Tubularia, Figure 481, the hydroid
236 RADIATES: JELLY-FISHES.
has a wreath of coronal tentacles, as they are called,
a projecting part called a proboscis, and the medusae
grow in clusters from just above the coronal tentacles.
In those called Sertularians and Campanularians,
Figure 483, the hydra has a stem which is covered by
a horny sheath, forming a cup around the head. In
a fertile cup there are a dozen or more hydro-medusae,
which at length drop out and become free medusae
similar to Tiaropsis, Figure 482.
In those called Siphonophorae, the hydroid acalephs
exist as free moving communities, each community
being made up of individuals of different kinds, yet all
so combined as to give the appearance of one animal.
The Portuguese Man-of-War, of the Gulf of Mexico, is
one of the most remarkable and best known of this
sort. It consists of a pear-shaped and elegantly crested
air-sac, floating lightly upon the water, and giving off
from its under surface numerous long and varied ap-
pendages. These are the different members of the
community, and fill different offices ; some of them eat
for the whole, others produce medusa-buds, and oth-
ers are the locomotive or swimming members, and
have tentacles that stretch out behind the floating com-
munity to the length of twenty or thirty feet.
It has recently been discovered by
Professor Agassiz, that there are some
kinds of Acalephs which produce cor-
al similar to that formed by Polyps,
described in the following pages, but
unlike the latter in having, in the
cells, a horizontal floor extending
Fig. 484 a. — Acale- ,, „ ,
phian Coral. fr°m Wal1 to WalL
SEA- ANEMONES AND CORAL ANIMALS.
23T
SEA-ANEMONES AND CORAL ANIMALS, OR
POLYPS.
These are marine radiates which have a sack-like or
Fig. 485. — Polyp. A Sea-Anemone.
Fig. 486. — Cluster of Coral Polyps in various stages of expansion.
tubular body, with a circular top, in the centre of which
238 RADIATES: POLYPS.
is an opening called the mouth, and around the mouth
are one or more rows of hollow feelers, or tentacles.
The mouth opens directly into an inner sack, which is
the stomach, and this stomach opens at the bottom into
the main body. The main body is divided by parti-
tions, which run from the bottom to the top, and from
the outer wall to the stomach. Through the opening
at the bottom of the stomach there is free communi-
cation with all the chambers formed by the partitions,
and these chambers connect with the tentacles ; so that
the food, after being digested, passes into the main
body, and thence into the tentacles, thus nourishing
every part. The food of polyps consists of small ma-
rine animals of various kinds, which are secured by
means of the tentacles and the curious and wonderful
lassos situated on the tentacles, and the nature of which
has already been described on page 229. The word
Polyp means many-footed, and is given to these ani-
mals on account of their numerous tentacles ; but it
must not be supposed that the latter are feet in any
true sense. Most kinds of polyps are attached to the
rocks, shells, or other bodies beneath the waves. Some
live singly, others in communities whose numbers are
often far more numerous than the leaves upon the
trees. Polyps increase by means of eggs, by budding
in a manner much like that of trees and shrubs, and
by division of one animal into two or more, so that the
largest communities arise from a single animal. The
eggs are formed on the vertical partitions, and pass
out, through the mouth, into the water. When first
hatched the young do not look like the parent, but are
little oval bodies which move freely about by means of
the fringe-like appendages, called vibratile cilia, with
POLYPS. 239
which they are covered. At length each becomes at-
tached to a rock, or shell, or sea-weed, and soon as-
sumes the form of the parent. If it be a kind which
buds, there soon grow from its sides or base others
exactly like itself, and from these, in turn, bud other
polyps of the same kind, and thus the community
goes on growing till it has reached its limits of in-
crease. If it be a kind which increases by division, it
widens as it grows upward, and at length the walls in
two opposite places begin to approach each other, and
soon the polyp is divided into two, so that there are
two mouths, and two circular disks surrounded by ten-
tacles, instead of one as before the division ; and the
polyps thus formed divide in the. same way, and this
process is continued till from a single polyp there is
formed a large and beautiful cluster.
Polyps readily reproduce lost parts, and even if cut
in pieces, each fragment will, in some cases, become
a perfect animal. Polyps vary in size from extreme
minuteness to those that are more than a foot across.
Some, like the Sea- Anemones, Figure 485, are wholly
soft ; others secrete a more or less solid framework,
which is called Coral; and those which secrete coral
are called Coral-Polyps, or Coral Animals. Some per-
sons suppose that coral is something that is built by an
insect, as the bee builds comb, or the wasp its nest,
and the industry of this supposed insect is often spoken
of. But it is not proper to give the name insect to the
Coral-Polyps, for they are in no way related to insects,
either in appearance, structure, or habits. Coral is
not something which is built, but something which
grows. It is the skeleton, or many united skeletons,
of polyps, and these animals exhibit no industry in
240 RADIATES: POLYPS.
forming it, any more than do other animals in form-
ing their own bones. Coral is not a house in which
the animal lives ; on the contrary, the coral is wholly
inside of the animals, and it is only when the polyps
die, wither, and disappear that we see the solid coral
itself. Polyps grow in various and most wonderful
and beautiful forms, imitating almost all kinds of veg-
etation, as lichens, fungi, mosses, ferns, grasses, herbs,
shrubs, and trees. A hundred years ago, or more,
they were thought to be plants, and even the great
naturalist, Linnaeus, regarded them as plant-animals,
that is, partaking of the character of both plants and
animals; but naturalists now regard them as true ani-
mals, although they are often called Zoophytes, a word
.which means Animal-Plants. The colors of these won-
derful animals of the sea are as beautiful and almost
as varied as their forms; and some of the polyp com-
munities equal, in splendor of colors, the most beauti-
ful flower-gardens of the land ; even beds of daisies,
pinks, and asters have their rivals beneath the waves
of the sea.
SEA-PENS, GORGONIAS, &c., OR ALCYONARIANS.
These are polyps which have eight long fringed or
lobed tentacles, around a narrow disk, — Figures 487-
489. — and which form compound clusters or commu-
nities by budding. The Sea-Pens, Verritillums, and
Renillas are polyps which are arranged on a more or
less expanded disk, which is connected with a sort of
stem or peduncle, by means of which the community
may move about or fix itself in the sand or mud.
The Sea-Pens are so called from their resemblance to
a quill. The Renilla, Figure 487, found on the coast
SEA-PENS, GORGONIAS, &c.
Fig. 488. — Single
Polyp of Renilla,
enlarged.
Fig. 490. — Sea-Fan.
Fig. 489. — Bed Coral. Portion of large frond.
Single Polyp, enlarged.
Fig. 491. — Verrucella.
Fig. 492. — Red Coral. Fig. 493. — Primnoa. Fig. 494. — Organ-pipe.
11 p
242 RADIATES: POLYPS.
of the Southern States and of South America, looks
like a broad leaf attached to its leaf-stalk ; and when
the purple disk is covered with the expanded polyps, as
seen in the cut, it is a very beautiful object. The exact
form of the separate polyps is shown in Figure 488.
The Gorgonias abound in tropical seas, but some
kinds are also found in temperate regions. The forms
are exceedingly various, Figures 489-494, and many
of them are very delicate and beautiful, often bearing
a very close resemblance to plants ; in all, however, the
polyps are short, and secrete a solid central axis of
coral. This axis is plainly shown in Figures 491 and
493. One of the most common and striking forms of
the Gorgonias is the Sea-Fans, which are more or less
broad and fan-shaped, the branches in many cases run-
ning together so as to form a network, Figure 490.
One form of the Gorgonias, the Primnoa, Figure 493,
is found even as far north as St. George's Banks and
the Bay of Fundy. But the one which has the great-
est popular interest is the Red Coral, Corallium rubrum.
It is obtained mainly in the Mediterranean. The coral
fishers go out in boats, and are provided with a large
wooden cross, which is loaded with stone in the centre,
and has hempen nets attached to each of its arms.
While one man is constantly raising and letting fall
this machine upon the coral beds, others row the boat
so that the branches broken off are caught up by the
nets. From time to time the cross and nets are raised,
and the branches of coral which have been entangled
in the meshes are secured.
Closely related to the Gorgonias are the Alcyonacea,
of which the Organ-pipe Coral, Figure 494, is one of
the most interesting examples. It is of a beautiful
SEA-ANEMONES.
243
red color, and gets its name from the fact that the
tubes of the coral somewhat resemble the pipes of an
organ.
SEA-ANEMONES, OB ACTINAKIANS.
These polyps are wholly soft, only a few secreting
from the base a horn-like substance. They are com-
mon on nearly all coasts, and vary from a quarter of
Fig. 495. — Same as Fig. 498.
Closed.
Fig. 496. — Same as Fig. 498.
Just opening.
g. 497. — Sea- Anemone.
Bunodes.
Fig. 498. — Sea-Anemone, or Fringed
Actinia.
an inch to a foot or more in diameter, as seen in some
of the tropical species. Our species seldom exceed two
244 RADIATES: POLYPS.
or three inches in diameter, and most of them are much
smaller, although some are six inches high. The Bu-
nodes, Figure 497, is found among the rocks on the
coast of Maine. The most common kind on the north-
east coast of North America is the Fringed Actinia, or
Metridium, Figures 495, 496, 498. When fully ex-
panded, it is about four inches high and three inches
across the disk, and is a most interesting object for study.
MADREPORES, PORITES, M^EANDRINAS, ASTHMAS,
&c., OR MADREPORARIANS.
These polyps are simple or compound, often exces-
sively branching, and they form coral in their walls, or
outer parts, in their radiating partitions, and often at
their base. The forms which the communities assume
are very beautiful and exceedingly various, and are
among the most beautiful objects in zoological cabinets.
The great group of Madrepores contains polyps which
have a definite number of tentacles, twelve or more ;
those called Porites, Figure 500, have the cells shal-
low, and not more than one twelfth of an inch in di-
ameter, and the coral in some cases branching, in oth-
ers massive, and always very solid. Massive specimens
of Porites are sometimes fifteen feet in diameter. In
the true Madrepores, Figure 499, the polyps do not
secrete coral at the base, and hence the cells of the
coral are very deep, and these corals spread and
branch into the most beautiful and varied forms, and
the polyp at the end of a branch, Figure 499, is al-
ways larger than the others.
In the great group of the Astraeans the tentacles oc-
cur in multiples of six. Those of this group, called
Brain Corals, or Maeandrinas, have the surface covered
MADREPORP:S, PORITES, &c.
245
Fig. 499. — Madrepore. Eight-hand branches alive.
Fig. 502. — Astroides. Coral Polyps in
various stages of expansion.
Fig. 503. — Dry Coral.
Same as Fig. 502.
246 RADIATES: POLYPS.
with winding trenches, Figure 504, on each side of
which there is a row of tentacles. The form of the
Mseandrinas is generally that of a hemisphere, and
some of these masses are twelve feet, in diameter.
The true Astrseans, or Star-Corals, Figure 506, have
the cells in the form of concave pits, and the common
forms of this coral are hemispherical or dome-shaped
masses, some of which are twenty feet in diameter;
and ihe polyps themselves are often an inch in diam-
eter. Most of them, however, are very much smaller.
One beautiful little Astraean, Dana's Astrangia, has its
home in Long Island Sound, where it occurs in little
clusters upon the stones and shells, from just below
low-water mark even down to ten fathoms in depth.
It thrives well in the aquarium, and eats little mol-
lusks and other small animals with a good relish. In
those coral polyps called Oculinas, the coral when
young spreads so as to form a broad base ; later beau-
tiful tufts and tree-like branches arise from this base.
A portion of one of these is shown in Figure 508.
In the great group of Fungus Corals, the coral is
broad and flat, looking like a toad-stool without a
stem, as in Figure 509. Polyps of this kind have
short lobe-like tentacles in multiples of six. Each
specimen, like Figure 509, is the secretion of a single
polyp, and similar specimens are sometimes a foot or
more in diameter.
But some of the most interesting facts about coral
polyps remain to be told. Hundreds of the islands and
.reefs in the ocean are made of coral, — the skeletons
of Polyps. These islands and reefs are most abundant
and most extensive in the Pacific and Indian Oceans,
M^EANDRINAS, STAR-CORAL, &c. 247
Fig. 504. — Masandrina.
Fig. 505. — Cladocera. Fig. 506. — Star-Coral, or Astraea.
Fig. 507. — Merulina.
Fig. 508.— Oculina
Fig. 509. — Fungus Coral.
248 RADIATES: POLYPS.
but the islands which skirt the coast of Florida — the
Keys — are also of coral formation, and according to
Agassiz a large part of Florida itself is made of coral.
Some reefs are small and have made only a little pro-
gress upward towards the surface of the water ; others
are miles in length and breadth, and come so near the
surface of 'the water that it is dangerous for vessels to
sail over them ; and others still rise above the surface
of the water forming islands which, in some cases, are
covered with coral sand, and in others with a more or
less luxuriant growth of tropical vegetation. Reefs
stretch north and south near New Caledonia for the
distance of four hundred miles, and along the north-
eastern coast of Australia for a thousand miles. When
a reef or bank of coral is near the shore, it is called a
Fringing Reef; when at a distance from the shore, a
Barrier Reef ; and when it surrounds a body of water,
as is often the case in the Pacific, an Atoll or Coral
Island. The corals which form the principal part of
the reefs and islands are Madrepores, Porites, Maean-
drinas, and Astraeas ; the frailer corals, such as the
Sea-Fans and other Gorgonias, adorn the reef as it
nears the surface of the water, but do not contribute
much to its growth.
From what has already been said, it is hoped that
it will be understood that the reefs and islands are not
something which the coral animals build, as a mason
builds a house, or as a bee or wasp builds her nest or
comb, but that the reefs and islands are made up of
the hard parts or skeletons of polyps that lived and
died where the reef or island now stands.
Only about an inch of a growing coral mass or reef
is alive, all the rest within is dead ; death goes on be-
CORAL REEFS, &c. 249
low as fast as growth goes on above. When the reef
at last grows up to the surface of the water, the polyps
die ; for they cannot live out of water. The winds
and waves do the rest ; they break fragments from the
sides of the reef and pile them nearer the centre ; they
bring sea-weeds and other floating materials, and cast
them over the whole ; plants at length spring up, and
in the course of years the island — except its broad
beaches of coral sand — is clothed with verdure, and
man, perhaps, comes there and makes his home. These
little polyps, then, are increasing the amount of dry
land on the surface of the globe ; and in this and
in other ways God makes their lives serve great and
important ends.
But a history of the polyps would be unfinished if
we should not mention their connection with some of
the rocks of the globe, — the limestones. It is a very
interesting fact that reef corals and limestone, or marble,
have essentially the same chemical composition ; and
it is well known that some of the coral reefs of the Pa-
cific, which have been lifted out of water by volcanic
forces, are nearly or quite as solid as ordinary marble.
From these facts, and many others, geologists believe
that a large part of the limestones of the globe are
made out of the coral reefs that grew in the old oceans,
which long before the creation of man covered the
countries where marble is now found. If this be true,
many of the rocks which underlie vast countries, the
marble temples and palaces of the East, the marble
monuments and public buildings of our own country,
the mortar upon the walls and ceilings of our houses,
and the marble tables and mantel-pieces so highly
11*
250 PROTOZOANS.
prized, have all come from the skeletons of these little
flower-like animals of the sea. Their skeletons have
furnished even the blocks of marble which the sculp-
tor chisels, and are thus inseparably linked with the
highest department of culture and of art in which the
mind and hand of man can engage.
PROTOZOANS.
THERE is a vast number of beings which are so
simple in their structure that naturalists are in doubt,
in many cases, whether to call them Plants or Ani-
mals. These are now called Protozoans, a word which
means first or simplest animals. A few of the forms
are shown in Figures 510-520, — all much enlarged,
except Figures 518, 519, 520. In most cases they
have neither mouth nor stomach, and, excepting the
Sponges and some others, are exceedingly minute and
mostly microscopic. They are doubtless more numerous
than all the other animals of the globe, for they live
in immense numbers in every ditch and pool, every
stream, pond, and lake, and in almost every part of the
sea. There is scarcely a drop of water that is not in-
habited by some of them. They were also exceed-
ingly abundant in the past ages of the world ; for their
skeletons, or hard parts, fill the rocks in many places,
and rocky strata hundreds of feet in thickness are
wholly made up of their remains.
One group of the Protozoans is called Infusoria,
from having first been found in vegetable infusions,
that is, in liquids in which plants have been immersed ;
of these, Vorticella, Figure 510, is a well-known kind.
There is another group called Rhizopods — a word
PROTOZOANS.
251
Fig. 511. — Gre-
garina. Fig. 512.— Fig. 513. — Portion of
Fig. 510. — Vorti- Sphaerozoum. Fig. 512, magnified,
cella.
Fig. 514. — Podocyrtis.
Fig, 515. — Lagena.
Fig. 51 6. — Amoeba. Fig. 518.— Nummulite.
Fig. 517. — Polystomella.
Fig. 519. — Sponge, alive. Fig. 520. — Sponge.
Protozoans.
252 PROTOZOANS.
meaning root-feet — because they throw out fibre or
root-like appendages, as in Figures 516, 517. Most of
these have a shell, and are often called Foraminifers,
from the pores or foramens in the shell, through which
the appendages just mentioned are thrust out. The
vast chalk-beds of Europe are almost wholly made of
the shells of Rhizopods, which are so minute that a
million are contained in a cubic inch of the chalk.
The Nummulite, Figure 518, is one of the Rhizopods
or Foraminifers, which has a shell half an inch or
more in diameter, in some cases, and divided into
chambers which resemble those of a Nautilus or Am-
monite. Extensive beds of limestone are made of
Nunimulites; that of which the Pyramids of Egypt
are built is filled with shells of this sort. The Amoeba,
Figure 516, is a Rhizopod which has no shell. It is a
simple, almost fluid mass, seen only by the aid of a
microscope, and it changes its form almost every mo-
ment. It has neither mouth nor stomach, yet on
coming to a particle of food it readily closes around
it, and digests it, any part of the body being formed
into mouth, stomach, or tentacles, as the occasion re-
quires !
Sponges are protozoans which have been regarded
by many as plants, but are now generally considered
to be compound animals. They are common in ponds
and lakes, as well as in nearly all parts of the sea, and
their forms are exceedingly various and often ex-
tremely beautiful. Some cover the rocks like a carpet
of mosses ; others grow in massive clusters ; others
branch like trees and shrubs ; and others still take the
form of the most elegant cups, goblets, and vases.
CONCLUSION. 253
CONCLUSION.
IN these few pages we have endeavored to make
you acquainted with some of the principal forms in
which animals have been created, and thus give you
some idea of the Animal Kingdom. Although only a
few kinds out of the many thousands now living have
beer^ mentioned, you have learned that all the Ani-
mals upon our globe may be divided into four, or at
most five, great groups, — the Vertebrates or Back-
boned Animals, the Articulates or Jointed Animals,
the Mollusks or -Soft-bodied Animals, the Radiates or
Star-shaped Animals, and perhaps a fifth group called
the Protozoans ; and it may be added that geologists
tell us that all the animals of past ages, which are
now known only by their remains, but which were
so numerous that in many places they fill the rocks
to the depth of miles, also belong to either one or
the other of these five groups. Naturalists call these
groups Branches. You have learned that the Ver-
tebrates are divided into Mammals, Birds, Reptiles,
Batrachians, and Fishes; that the Articulates are di-
vided into Insects, Crustaceans, and Worms*, that
the Mollusks are divided into Cephalopods, Gastero-
pods, and Acephals ; and that tfce Radiates are di-
vided into Echinoderms, Acalephs, and Polyps. Nat-
uralists call these groups Classes. You have learned
that the ' Mammals are divided into Man, Monkeys,
Carnivores or Beasts of Prey,- Herbivores or Plant-
eaters, Cetaceans or Whales, Bats, Insect-eaters, Ro-
dents or Gnawers, Edentates and Marsupials ; that the
Birds are divided into Birds of Prey, Climbers, Perch-
254 CONCLUSION.
ers, Scratchers, Runners, and Swimmers ; and that the
Reptiles, Batrachians, and Fishes, the Insects, Crusta-
ceans, and Worms, the Cephalopods, Gasteropods, and
Acephals, and the Echinoderms, Acalephs, and Polyps,
are also similarly divided into groups. Naturalists
call these groups Orders. The Orders are divided
into Families, — for example, the Order of Birds of
Prey is divided into the Family of Vultures, the
Family of Falcons and Eagles, and the Family of
Owls. Families are divided into Genera, — for ex-
ample, the Family of Falcons is divided into true Fal-
cons, Hawks, Eagles, &c. Genera are divided into
Species, — for example, the Genus of true Falcons is
divided into the Peregrine Falcons or Duck Hawks,
Pigeon Falcons or Pigeon Hawks, Sparrow Falcons or
Sparrow Hawks, &c.
You have gained some idea of the way in which
animals are distributed over the surface of the globe.
Each zone of the earth's surface, each zone of height,
each hemisphere, each grand division of the earth, has
its own kinds of animals ; even each of the different
parts of every country has animals peculiar to itself.
And it is so in the waters ; each ocean and sea, each
gulf aad bay, and each zone of depth, has its own ani-
mal forms, such as are found nowhere else.
But the words of a book cannot fitly describe the
living beings of our globe. We need to open our
eyes and study them in the world about us. We may
find them everywhere, — in forest and field, on the
mountain and in the sea, in every stream, pond, and
lake, in every pool and ditch and bog, and in every
glass of water from the spring. Every summer's day
brings scores of beautiful winged forms, and on every
CONCLUSION. 255
summer's night other not less beautiful forms flit
about our lamps, or look in at our windows, tempting
us to study and admire them. And how full of in-
terest is every one of them, whether it be the Deer
bounding through the forest or over the plain, the
Eagle soaring above our heads until lost amid the
clouds, the Butterfly flitting from flower to flower,
the Mussel plowing its way in the river's sand, or
the little Polyp beneath the ocean wave. And they
are interesting not merely on account of their varied
and beautiful forms and colors, wonderful structure,
and often marvellous instincts and habits, and great
variety of uses, but because they are the works of
God, — His thoughts expressed in visible forms. If
we study these wonderful objects in the right spirit,
we shall learn more of Him who made them*, and who
careth for them, — suffering not even a sparrow to fall
without His notice.
INDEX.
A. .
Bald-headed Eagle, 63, 64. ; Canker-worm Moth, 153.
Baltimore Oriole, 85. Canvas-Back Duck, 95, 96.
Acalephs, 227.
Barnacles, 187. Capricorn Beetles, 166.
Acephals, 210.
Basket-Fish, 225.
Carabids, 160.
Acorn Barnacle, 188.
Bass, 111, 112.
Caribou, 29.
Actinarians, 243.
Batrachians, 106.
Carrion Beetles, 161.
Albatrosses, 96, 97.
Bats, 43.
Carolina Parrot, 67.
Alcyonarians, 240.
Bears, 24.
Carnivores, 16.
Alligators, 103.
Beavers, 49, 50.
Cats, 17.
Alpaca, 38.
Beautiful DeYopeia, 148.
Cat-Birds, 79.
American Creeper, 80.
Bees, 129.
Caterpillar Hunter, 160.
American Earwig, 183.
Bee-Flies, 158.
Cecropia Moth, 149.
American Mantis, 173.
Beetles, 159.
Centipedes, 183.
American Myriapod, 183.
Belted Kingfisher, 72.
Cephalopods, 192.
American Toad, 108.
Beroid Medusa;, 229.
Cerithiums, 202.
American Tent-Caterpillar
Big-Horn, 34.
Cetaceans, 38.
Moth, 151.
Birds, 58.
Chamois, 33, 34.
American Swan, 94.
Birds of Prey, 60.
Cheiropters, 43.
American Woodcock, 89, 92.
Bison, 36.
Chewink, 82, 83.
Ammonites, 196.
Amphioxus, 122, 124.
Bittern, 91.
Bivalves, 210.
Chickadees, 79, 80.
Chimpanzee, 12.
Anacondas, 105.
Black Rat, 52.
Chipmunk, 48.
Angler, 114, 115.
Blackbirds, 83.
Chrysalis, 128.
Angle-worm, 189.
Blackburnian Warbler, 76.
Chrysomelaus, 167.
Anc-Eaters, 54.
Black Snake, 105.
Chuck-will's Widow, 71.
Antelopes, 31.
Blind Fish, 116, 117-
Cicadas, 167 - 169.
Ant-Lions, 178.
Bluebird, 75.
Civets, 20
Ants, 134.
Blue-Fish, 113, 114.
Clams, 214.
Aphides, 170.
Blue Jay, 86.
Clear-winged Sphinges, 147.
Aphis, 170.
Boas, 105.
Climbers, 66.
Aporrhais, 199.
Apple-tree Borer, 166.
Arachnids, 179.
Bobolink, 83, 84.
Bombyx, 149.
Boring Saw-Flies, 137.
Clio, 209, 210.
Clouded Locust, 175.
Cocoon, 128.
Argonauts, 192, 194. Bot-Fly, 158.
Cockroach, 171, 172.
Armadillos, 55.
Box-Turtle, 100, 102.
Cod, 118, 119.
Articulates, 4, 125.
Brachiopods, 217.
Coleopters, 159.
Ascidians, 216.
Bream, 111, 112
Conchs, 198.
Asilus-Flies, 158.
Broad-necked Prionus, 167.
Cones, 202.
Ass, 27.
Asterias Butterfly, 141.
Brook-Trout, 116, 117.
Brown Rat, 52.
Congo Snake, 109.
Conner, 114.
Astrseas, 244. 247.
Bryozoans, 217.
Copper Butterflies, 144.
Astrophyton, 225.
Buffalo, 36.
Coral, 239.
Astroides, 245.
Auks, 99.
Bugs, 167.
Bull-frog, 107.
Coral- Animals, 237.
Coral Reefs and Islands, 246.
Aurelia, 231.
Buprestians, 164.
Corydalis, 177, 178.
Aviculas, 214.
Burrowing Owls, 66.
Coryne, 233.
Axolotl, 109.
Butcher-Bird, 77. Cow-Bird, 84.
Aye-Aye, 15. ! Butterflies. 138. Cowries, 202.
Azure Butterflies, 144.
Crabs. 183.
Craw-Fish, 187.
C.
Creepers, 79.
B.
Crested Grebe, 98-
*
Caddice-Flies, 179. Crickets, 173.
Baboons, 14.
Camels, 37.
Crinoids, 226.
Badger, 24. Canada Lynx, 18.
Crocodiles, 103.
Q
258
INDEX.
Crossbills, 81.
Flycatchers, 73.
Hawks, 62.
Crows, 85.
Flying Fishes, 116, 117.
Hawk-bill Turtle, 101, 102.
Crustaceans, 183.
Flying Squirrel, 48.
Hawk-Moths, 144.
Ctenophofce, 229.
Foxes, 20.
Hedgehogs, 45.
Cuckoos, 67.
Fountain Shell, 198.
Helix, 206.
Cucumber Beetle, 167.
Fringed Actinia, 243.
Hemipters, 167.
Curculios, 165.
Frogs, 106-108.
Herbivores, 27.
Curlew, 93.
Cuttle-Fishes, 192, 194.
Fungus Coral, 246.
Fusus, 200.
Hercules Beetles, 163.
Hermit Crab, 184.
Cyclostomes, 122.
Hermit Thrush, 74.
G.
Herons, 89.
Herring, 116, 117.
D.
Galeopithecus, 44.
Hessian Fly, 156.
Darning-needles, 176.
Gall-Flies, 136.
Gallinue, 93.
Heteropods, 209.
Hipparchians, 143.
Darter, 111.
Gar-Fish, 116, 117.
Hive Bee, 129.
Deer, 28.
Gar-Pike, 116, 118. .
Holothurians, 218.
Deiopeia, 148.
Gasteropods, 197.
Honey Bee, 129.
Dipters, 154.
Gazelle, 33.
Hoofed-Animals, 27.
Discophorae. 230.
Divers, 98. '
Dog-day Harvest-Fly, 168,
Geese, 94.
Geometers, 152.
Geometric Spider, 180.
Horn-Bugs, 162.
Horned Corydalis, 177.
Horned Pout, 116, 117.
169.
Geomys, 50.
Horned Toad, 104.
Dog-Fish Shark, 123.
Gnawers, 46.
Hornet, 133.
Dogs, 18.
Goats, 35.
Horse, 27.
Dolphin, 42, 114, 115.
Godwit, 93.
Horse-Flies, 157.
Doves, 86.
Dragon-Flies, 176, 177.
Golden- winged Woodpecker,
69.
Horse -shoe Crab, 187, 188.
Hounds, 19.
Drone, 130.
Goldsmith Beetle, 163.
House Mouse, 52.
Ducks, 94.
Duck Barnacle, 188.
Goose Fish, 114, 115.
Gopher, 49.
House Spider, 180.
Humble Bees, 131.
Duckbills, 57.
Duck Hawk, 62.
Gophers, 100.
Gordius, 189.
Humming Birds, 70.
Hydroids, 232.
Gorgonias, 240.
Hyenas, 18.
Gorilla, 14.
Hymenopters, 129.
E.
Grallatores, 89.
Grasshoppers, 174.
Eagles, 62.
Gray Owls, 66.
I.
Earth-worm, 189.
Gray Squirrel, 47.
TU:aaa Q-l
Earwigs, 171.
Echinarachnius, 221.
Great Horned Owl, 65.
Great Blue Heron, 89, 90.
JLDlSGSj oJ..
Ichneumons, 129, 135.
Echinoderms, 218.
Great Northern Diver, 98.
Imago, 128.
Echinoids, 219.
Edentates, 54.
Eels, 119, 120.
Eel-Pouts, 114, 115.
Grebe, 98.
Greenhead, 95.
Green Frog, 107.
Green Lizard, 103.
Insects, 125.
Insect-Eaters, 44.
Insectivores, 44.
Insessores, 70.
Eider Duck, 95.
Elaters, 164.
Green Turtles, 101.
Grizzly Bear, 25.
Elephants, 27.
Grosbeaks, 82.
•
Elk, 30.
Ground Beetles, 160.
Jaguar, 17.
Ephemeras, 175, 176.
Ground Robin, 82.
Jay, 86.
Grouse, 87.
Jelly-Fishes, 227.
Guest Gall-Flies, 136.
Jumping Mouse, 52.
F.
Gulls, 97.
Falcons, 62.
K.
Finches, 81.
H.
Kahau 14.
Fire-flies, 164, 165.
Fir-tree Saw-fly, 137.
Fishes, 110. *
Fishers, 21.
Fish-Hawk, 64.
Hag, 122, 124.
Halibut, 118.
Hair- Worm, 189.
Hammer-head Shark, 123.
Kangaroo, 56.
Katydid, 174.
Kingbird, 73.
Kingfishers, 72.
Five-spotted Sphinx, 145,
Hangbird, 85.
146.
Hares, 54.
L.
Flesh-Eaters, 16.
Harp Shell, 200.
Flies, 154.
Harvest-Flies, 167.
Lace- Wings, 178.
Flounders, 118, 119.
Harvest-Mice, 52.
Lady-Birds, 167.
INDEX.
259
Lake Trout, 116.
Mountain Butterfly, 143.
Petrels, 96.
Lancelot, 122, 124.
Mountain Goat, 32.
Pewee, 73.
Land-Snails, 206.
Mountain Sheep, 34, 35.
Phanseus, 163.
Larks, 83.
Mountain Quail, 89.
Phoebe Bird, 73.
Larva, 126.
Mud Puppy, 109.
Pholads, 215.
Leaf-Rollers, 154.
Mud-Wasps, 133.
Pickerel, 114, 117.
Lemurs, 15.
Leopard, 17.
Mullets, 114, 115.
Murex, 199.
Pickerel Frog, 107.
Pickering's Hylodes, 108.
Leopard Frog, 107.
Lepidopters, 138.
Musk Deer, 3t.
Musk Ox, 35.
Pigeons, 87.
Pigeon Tremex, 137.
Limnseids, 206.
Muskrat, 53.
Pilot-Fish, 113.
Limpets, 205.
Mussels, 212.
Pine Marten, 21.
Lion, 17.
Myriapods, 183.
Pipe-Fishes, 120, 121.
Lithobius, 183.
Myxine, 122, 124.
Plant-Eaters, 27.
Lizards, 103.
Plant-lice, 170.
Llamas, 37.
Platypus, 57.
Lobsters, 183, 185.
N.
Plectognaths, 120.
Locusts, 174.
Long-horn Beetles, 166.
Long-snouted Nut Weevil,
165, 166.
Loligos, 194.
Loon, 98.
Lump Fish, 118, 119.
Luna Moth, 149, 161.
Lycosa, 180.
Lynx, 18.
M.
Natatores, 94.
Naticas, 202.
Nautili, 192, 196.
Nepa, 171.
Nephila, 180.
Net-winged Insects, 175.
Neuropters, 175.
Night-hawk, 71.
Night-Heron, 91.
Nightingale, 75, 76.
Norway Rat, 52.
Nuthatches, 79.
Pleurobrachia, 229, 230.
Plover, 92.
Plum Weevil, 165, 166.
Pocket Gopher, 50.
Pointer, 19.
Polyphemus Moth, 149, 151.
Polyps, 237.
Polyzoans, 217.
Pond-Fish, 112.
Pond-Snails, 206.
Porcupines, 53, 54.
Porgees, 112, 113.
Mackerel, 112, 113.
Nymphalis Butterflies, 142.
Porites, 244.
Porpoises, 42.
Mackerel Shark, 122, 123.
Portuguese Man-of-War, 235,
Madrepores, 244.
236.
Macandruros, 244.
*
Pouched Rat, 50.
Magpie, 86.
Octopus, 194.
Prairie Chicken, 87.
Mallard, 95.
Operculum, 197.
Prairie Dog, 49.
Mammals, 11.
Ophiurans, 224.
Prionus, 167.
Man, 11.
Mandrills, 14.
Opossums, 55.
Orang-Outang, 13, 14.
Proboscidians, 27.
Promethea Moth, 149, 150.
Mantes, 172.
Organ-pipe Coral, 241, 242.
Pronghorn Antelope, 32.
Marmosets, 15.
Orthopters, 171.
Protozoans, 250.
Marsupials. 55.
Otters, 23.
Pteropods, 209.
Maryland Yellow-throat, 76.
Ouzel, 75.
Puffers, 120, 121.
Mastodon, 27.
Owls, 65.
Puffins, 99, 100.
May-Beetles, 163.
Oxen, 35.
Puma, 17.
May-Fly, 176.
Oysters, 212.
Pupa, 128.
Meadow Lark, 85.
Purple Finch, 81.
Meandrinas 244.
Pteroceras, 199.
Medusae, 228.
P.
Pyramid-Shell, 202.
Melanias, 202.
Pythons. 105.
Mellita, 222.
Painted Clytus, 166.
Menobranchus, 109.
Painted Turtle, 100.
Mice, 51.
Panther, 17.
Q-
Migratory Locusts, 175.
Mink, 22.
Paper-Sailors, 193, 194.
Papilio Butterflies, 141.
Quadrumana, 12.
Missippiis Butterfly, 142,143.
Mocking-Birds, 78.
Parrots, 67.
Partridge, 88.
Quails, 88.
Queen, 130, 131.
Moles, 45
Patagonian Penguin, 99.
Mole Cricket, 173, 174.
Pea Weevil, 165, 166.
Mollusks, 5, 190.
Peach-tree Borer, 147.
R.
Monkeys, 12.
Pearl-Oysters, 212, 214.
Monotremes, 57.
Pectens, 212.
Rabbit, 54.
Moose, 28.
Mosquitoes, 155.
Penguins, 99.
Pentacrinus 226.
Raccoon, 24.
Radiates, 6, 218.
Moths, 138.
Perchers, 70.
Rail, 93.
"Mother Carey's Chicken,"
Peregrine Falcon, 62, 64.
Raptores, 60.
97.
Periwinkles, 205. ' Rasores, «(5-
260
INDEX.
Rats, 51.
Sea-Robin, 111, 112.
Striped Squirrels, 48.
Rattlesnake, 106.
Sea-Slugs, 20 .).
Strombs, 198.
Ravens, 85.
Sea-Stars, 222.
Stormy Petrels, 97.
Rays, 122, 124.
Razor-shells, 214.
Sea-Urchins, 219.
Seals, 26.
Sturgeon, 121, 122.
Suckers, 122.
Red-Coral, 241, 242.
Selachians, 122.
Sun Fish, 120, 121, 231.
Red-headed Woodpecker, 68.
Serpents, 104-106.
Surgeon, 114, 115.
Red Squirrel, 47.
Serpent-stars, 224.
Swallows, 76.
Red-winged Blackbird, 84.
Serpula, 189.
Swans, 94.
Reed-Bird, 84.
Sesias, 147.
Swimmers, 94.
Reindeer, 29.
Seventeen-year Cicada, 168.
Sword Fish, 112, 113.
Remora, 119, 120.
Sharks, 122, 123.
Renilla, 240.
Sheep, 34
Reptiles, 100.
Shell-Fish 190.
T
Rhizopods, 250, 252.
Rice-Bird, 84
Shiner, 114, 117.
Ship-Worms, 215.
Tenrec, 45.
Rice- Weevil, 165, 166.
Shore Lark, 80.
Tent-Caterpillar Moth, 151.
Right Whale, 38.
Shrews, 44.
Terns, 97, 98.
River-Mussels, 214.
Shrikes, 77.
Thresher Shark, 123.
River Snails, 205.
Shrimps. 183.
Thrushes, 74.
Robin, 75.
Silk-worm Moths, 148.
Tiger, 17.
Robin Red-breast, 75.
Sirens, 108.
Tiger Beetles, 159.
Rocky Mountain Goat, 33.
Six-lined Lizard, 103, 104.
Tineans, 154.
Rodents, 46-
Skates, 122, 124.
Toads, 106 - 10'8.
Roof Rat, 52.
Skippers, 144.
Toad Fish, 114.
Rose-breasted Grosbeak, 82.
Skunks, 24.
Torpedo, 122, 124.
Rose-bush Gall-Fly, 136.
Skylark, 80.
Tortoises, 100
Rotula, 222.
Sloths, 54.
Tower-Shell, 205.
Rove Beetles, 162.
Snails, 197.
Towhe Bunting, 82.
Ruby-crowned Wren, 74 75.
Snakes, 104-106
Tree-Frogs, 107.
Ruby - throated Humming-
Siap-Beetles, 164.
Tree-Hoppers, 167, 169.
Bird, 70.
Snapping Turtle, 101, 102
Tree-Toads, 107.
Ruffed Grouse, 88.
Snowy Owl, 66.
Trilobites, 187.
Ruminants, 27
Soft-finned Fishes, 114.
Tritons 103,109.
Soft-shelled Sphargis, 101,
Trout, 116, 117.
103.
Trumpeter. 94.
s.
Solipedes, 27.
Trunk Fishes, 120.
Sable, 21.
Song Sparrow, 82.
True Me.lusae, 230.
Salamanders, 106, 109.
Sooty Albatross, 96.
Tubularia, 234, 235.
Salmon, 116, 117.
Span- Worms, 152.
Tuft-gilled Fishes, 120.
Salt-Marsh Moth, 148
Sparrows, 82.
Tunicates, 216.
Salt-water Terrapin, 101.
Sparrow Hawk, 64.
Turnstone, 92.
Sand-Fleas, 187.
Speckled Tortoise, 100.
Turnus Butterfly, 139, 141.
Satyrus Butterflies, 143.
Saurians, 103.
Speckled Trout, 116, 117.
Sperm Whale, 40 - 42.
Turtles, 100.
Two-winged Insects, 154.
Saw-Flies, 137.
Sphinges, 144.
Saw-Fish, 124.
Spiders, 179.
Saw-whet Owl, 66.
Spider Monkey, 14.
U.
Scollops, 212.
Spine-finned Fishes, 112.
Unios, 214.
Scansores, 66.
Scarabseians, 163.
Spirulas, 196.
Spotted Pelidnota, 163.
Scorpions, 182.
Spring Beetles, 164.
.
Scorpion Bugs, 170.
Scorpion Shell, 199.
Scratches, 86.
Sponges, 252
Squash Bug, 171.
Squids, 192, 194.
Vampires, 122.
Vase-Maker, 181.
Vertebrates 3 8.
Screech-Owl, 65.
Sculpins, 112, 113.
Scupaug, 113.
Sea- Anemones, 237, 243.
Sea-Cucumbers, 218.
Squirrels, 47.
Stake-Driver, 91.
Star-Fishes, 222.
Star-Gazer, 111, 112.
Sticklebacks, 111, 112.
Violet-Snails, 205
Virginia D er, 31.
Vireos, 77.
Volutes, 202.
Vorticella 250.
Sea-Fans, 242.
Stilt, 92.
Vultures 61 .
Sea-Horses, 120, 121.
Stizus, 134.
Sea-Lamprey, 122, 124.
Stone-Flies, 175.
Sea-Mussels, 214.
Straight-winged Insects, 171.
W.
Sea-Nettles, 228.
Striped Bass, 111, 112.
Sea-Pens, 240
Sea-Raven, 111, 112.
Striped Gopher, 49.
Striped Snakes, 105.
Waders, 89.
Walking-Leaves, 172.
INDEX.
261
Walking-Sticks, 172.
Walrus, 26.
White-footed Mouse, 52.
White-Pine Weevil, 165, 166.
Wood Pewee, 74.
Wood Thrush, 74.
Wapiti, 30.
White Whale, 42.
Wood Tortoise, 100, 102.
Warblers, 76. White-Winged Crossbill, 81
Worker, 130
Warbling Vireo, 78. : Wild-Cat, 17.
Wasps, 129, 132. i Wild Goat, 35.
Worms, 189.
Worm-Shell, 205.
Water Beetles, 161.
Wild Goose, 94.
Wrens, 79.
Water Ouzel, 75. j Wild Pigeon, 87.
Weak-Fish, 112, 113. | Willow Gall-Fly, 136.
Weasels, 21.
Wilson's Snipe, 92.
Y.
Weevils, 165.
Wing-Shells, 198.
Wentle-traps, 205.
Winter Wren, 79.
Yellow-Bird, 81.
Whales, 38.
Wombat, 56.
Yellow Butterflies, 142.
Wharf Rat, 52
Wolves, 19.
Yellow-Legs, 92.
Wheat Fly, 156, 157.
Wolverine, 22.
Yellow Perch, 111, 112
Whelks, 200.
Woodcock, 92.
Whippoonvills, 71.
Wood Duck, 95.
White Butterflies, 142.
Wood Ibis, 91.
Z.
White-bellied Nuthatch, 80.
Wood Frog, 107-
White Climbing Cricket, 173.
Woodpeckers, 68.
Zoophytes, 240.
THE END.
Cambridge : Electrotyped and Printed by Welch, Bigelow, & Co.
APPENDIX.
THOSE who desire to learn to mount and preserve Mammals, Birds,
and other animals will do well to procure " THE TAXIDERMIST'S
MANUAL/' by S. H. Sylvester, Middleboro, Mass.
Artificial eyes of all sizes and colors can be obtained of C. F. A.
Hinrichs, Broadway, New York.
CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS.
THE BRANCH OF VERTEBRATA, OR VERTEBRATES.
THE CLASS OF MAMMALIA, OR MAMMALS.
ORDERS.
FAMILIES.
Genera.
HIM AN A
or MAN.
HUMAN
FAMILY.
Homo
or Man.
QUADRUMANA or MONKEYS.
SIMIAD^E
or
OLD WORLD
MONKEYS.
Troglodytes
Simla
Hijlobates
Semnopithecus
Presbytis
Cercopithecus
Colobus
Macacus
Inuus
Cynocephalus
or Chimpanzee & Gorilla.
" Orang-Outang.
" Gibbons.
" Solemn Apes.
" Tailed Gibbons.
" Guenons.
" Thumbless Apes.
" Macacos.
" Barbary Ape.
" Baboons.
CEBID^E
or
NEW WORLD
MONKEYS.
Mycetes
Aides
Lagothrix
Ctbm
Pitheda
CaUithrix
Nyctipithecus
Jacchus and Midas
or Howlers.
" Spider Monkeys.
" Glutton "
" Weepers.
" Fox-tailed Monkeys.
" Squirrel " '
" Night "
" Marmosets.
LEMURID.E
or
LEMURS.
Lemur
Indris
Loris
Galago
Tarsius
Chiromys
or true Lemurs or Makis.
" Indri.
" Lorises.
" Galagos.
" Tarsiers.
" Aye-Aye.
CARNIVORA or FLESH-EATERS.
FELID.E
or
CAT FAMILY.
Felis
Lynx
or Lions, Tigers, Panthers,
Leopards, Puma, Cat.
" Wild Cats, Lynx, &c.
HYENAD.K
Hyena
or Hyenas.
CANID.E.
Canis
Vulpes
or Wolves, Jackals, Dogs.
" Foxes.
VIVERRUXE
or
CIVET FAMILY.
Bassaris
Viverra
Herpesles
or Civet Cat.
" Civets and Genet.
" Ichneumons.
MUSTELIDJE
or
WEASEL FAMILY.
Mustela
Putorius
Gulo
Lutra
Mephitis
Taxidea
or Martens or Sable.
" WTeasels and Minks.
" Wolverines.
" Otters.'
" Skunks.
" Badgers.
URSID^E
or
BEAR FAMILY.
Procyon
Ailurus
Ursus
or Raccoons.
" Panda.
" Bears.
PHOCID.-E or
SEAL FAMILY.*
Phoca, $c.
Rosmarus
or Seals.
" Walrus or Morse.
* According to Professor Gill, the old family Phocidae really comprises three families :
PHOCID^E proper, including Phorn, Pagomys, Pagophilus, Erignathus, ffaltc/Kprus,
Monachus, Cystophora, Mncrorkmus, Lobofion, Stenorhynchus, Lfptonyx and Ommcf
tophoca; OTARIIB^E, including Otaria, Callorkinus, Eumetopias, Zalophus, and Arcto-
cepkalus ; and ROSMABID^:, including Rosmarus.
ORDERS.
VERTEBRATES : MAMMALS — Continued.
FAMILIES. Genera.
ELEPHANTID/E
or ELEPHANT
FAMILY.
Elephas
Mastodon
or Elephants.
(Fossil.)
RHINOCEROTID.K
Rhinoceros
or Rhinoceroses.
TAPIKID^ or
TAPIR FAMILY.
Tapirus
or Tapirs.
HYRACID^E.
Hyrax
or Damans.
O2
SUHXE
or
HOG FAMILY.
Sus
Phacocli&rus
Dicotyles
or Wild Boar, &c.
" Wart-bearing Hogs.
" Peccaries.
M
1
HIPPOPOTAMID^E
Hippopotamus
or " River Horse."
W
H
B
<1
EQUID.K.
Equus
or Horse, Ass, Zebra, &c.
J
AH
§
•<
M
CERVIDvE
or
DEEK FAMILY.
Alee
Rangifer
Cervus
or Moose & European Elk.
" Reindeer & Caribou.
" Common Deer, Wapiti,
Stag, &c.
HERBIVO
ANTILOPID^E
or
lOLLOW-HORNED
RUMINANT
FAMILY.
Antilope
Antilocapra
Aplocerus
Cctpra
Ovis
Oribos
Bos
or Antelopes.
Pronghorn.
Rocky Mountain Goat.
Goats.
Sheep.
Musk Ox.
Oxen, Buffaloes, &c.
CAMELOPARDAL-
ID.B.
Camelopardalis
or Giraffe.
CAMELID^E.
Camelus
Auchenia
or Camels.
" Llamas.
MOSCHID.E.
Moschus
or Musk Deer.
•
SIRENID^E.
Manntus
Balicore,
Rytina
or Sea-Cows.
" Dusrong.
" Stellers.
Ill
[VERTEBRATES : MAMMALS — Continued.]
ORDERS.
FAMILIES.
Genera.
1
MUTILATA or CETACEA or
WHALES, &c.
BAL.ENIIXE or
RIGHT WHALE
FAMILY.
Balcena
Balcenoptera
or Greenland Whale, or
Right Whale.
" Rorquals or Finners.
PHYSETERID.E
or
CATODONTIDJE.
Physter, or I
Catodon j
or Sperm Whales.
DELPHINID.E
or
DOLPHIN
FAMILY.
Beluya
Globicephalus
Plioccena
Ddphinus
Delphinorhyndtus
Ddphinajptt/-us
Soosoo
Jnia
or White Whale or White
Grampus.
" Bottleheads.
" Porpoises & Grampuses.
" Dolphins.
" Beaked Dolphins.
" Peron's Dolphin.
" Soosoos of the Ganges.
MONODONTID^E.
Monodon
or Narwhal.
CHEIROPTERA or BATS,
PTEROPODID.E Or
FRUGIVOROUS
BAT FAMILY.
Pteropus
or Rousettes.
MEGADERM-
ATID.E or
HORSE-SHOE
BAT- FAMILY.
Rhinowphus
Meyadtrma
Macrotus
cfc.
or Horse-shoe Bats.
" Megaderins.
PHYLLOSTOM-
ATID.E.
PJiyllostoma
or Vampire Bats.
NOCTILIONID.E.
Nyctinomus, cf c.
or Noctilios, &c.
VESPERTIL-
IONID.E
or
COMMON BAT
FAMILY.
Nycticejus
Lasiurus
Scolophilus
Vespertilio
Synotus
Antrozous
or Red and Hoary Bats.
" Carolina Bat, &c.
" Little Brown Bat, &c.
" Big-eared Bats.
" Pale Bat.
INSECTIVORA or INSECT-
EATERS.
DERMOPTERA.
Galeopithecus
or Galeopithecus.
SCANDENTIA.
Cladubates, $c.
or Banxrings.
SORICID.E or
SHREW FAMILY.
Neowrex & Sorex or S]irew«.
Blarina " Mole Shrews.
TALPID.E
or
MOLE FAMILY.
Scalops
Condylura
Tdlpa
Urotrichiis
Chrysochloris
or Shrew Moles. -
" Star-nosed Moles.
" European Mole.
" Bulb-nosed Mole.
" Golden-green Moles.
ACULEATA or
HEDGEHOG
FAMILY.
Erinnceus
Centetes
or Hedgehogs.
" Teurecs.
IV
[VERTEBRATES : MAMMALS — Continued.}
ORDERS.
FAMILIES.
Genera.
SCIURID^E
or
SQUIRREL
FAMILY.
Sciwus or True Squirrels.
Pteromys " Flying Squirrels.
Tamias " Striped Squirrels.
Spemwphilus " Spermophiles or Gophers.
t'ynomys " Prairie Dogs.
Arctomys " Woodchucks & Marmots.
Myoxus " Dormice.
Castor " Beavers.
Aplodantia " Sewellel.
OS
05
W
hi.
SACCOMYIDJE or
POUCHED
GOPHER
FAMILY.
nZf4fj « Pouched Gopher,
Dipodomys " Kangaroo Rats.
Peroynathus " Tuft-tailed Mice.
EODENTIA or GNAV
MURID^E
or
RAT FAMILY.
Dipus or Jerboas.
Jaculus " Ainer. Jumping Mouse.
Gerbillus " Gerbils.
Jl/ws " Rats.
Cricelus " Hamsters.
Reithrodon " Harvest Mice.
Hesperomys " White-footed Mice.
Neotoma " Wood Rats.
Sigmodon " Cotton Rats.
Arvicola " Field Mice.
Myodes " Lemmings.
Fi6er " Muskrat.
HYSTRICID^E
or
PORCUPINE
FAMILY.
Erelhizon&Hystrix or Porcupines.
Dasyprocta, " Agoutis.
Dolichotis " Putagonian Cavies.
Chinchilla " Chinchillas.
C'at-irt " Guinea Pigs.
Myopotamos " Couia.
Hydrochcerus " Capybara.
LEPORID^E.
Lepus or Hares and Rabbits.
Lagomys " Pikas.
&< £%
BRADYPODA.
Bradypus or Sloths.
Megatherium, Megalonyx, <$• Mylodon. Extinct.
Q< CG'<;
WH WH
EFFODIEXTA.
Dasypus, cfc. or Armadillos, &c.
Glyptodon (Extinct.)
Myrmecnphaqa, cfo." Ant-eaters, &c.
, 3
PHALANGISTIDJE.
Phalangista, <f c. or Phalangers, &c.
s 3
DASYURID.E.
Dnsyurus, <fc. or Bear Opossums, &c.
£3 o3
MACROPODID^E.
Macrajjus, cfc. or Kangaroos, &c.
5S«! co
•** M
PERAMELID^E.
Peramtleso or Bandicots, &c.
S <;
DlDELPHID^E.
Didelphys, tfc. or Opossums, &c.
IS
PlIASCOLOAIY-
<c
ID^:.
Phascolomys or Wombat.
MONO-
TREMAT
PLATYPUS or
DUCKBILL
FAMILY.
0°;?srtoi «" D«""x''-
Echidna " Porcupine Ant-eater.
THE CLASS OF BIRDS.
ORDERS.
FAMILIES.
Genera.
VULTURID.E OF
Vultur
or Condor, &c
VULTURE
Gypcetos
" Lgemmergver.
FAMILY.
Cathartes
" Korth Amer. Vultures, j
Fako
or Falcons.
Astur
" Goshawk, »Scc.
Accipiler
" Cooper's Hawk, &c.
Buteo
" Buzzards.
^
Archibuteo
" Kough-legged Hawk.
«
Asturina
&H
Nauclerus
" Swallow-tailed Hawk.
fei
FALCONID/E
Elanus
" White-tailed Hawk.
0
t/2
or
FALCON FAMILY.
Ictinia
Rostrhamus
" Mississippi Kite.
" Black Kite.
Q
Circus
«' Marsh Hawk.
M
Aquila
" Golden Eagle.
s
Halietus
" White-headed and Sea
g
Eagles.
Pnndion
" Fish Hawks.
t/2
w
Polyborus
" Caracara Eagle.
PH
o
Craxirex
H
Strix
or Barn Owls.
<^
Bubo
u Great. Horned Owls.
M
Scops
u Screech Owls.
STRIGID.E
Otus
Bracliyotus
" Long-eared Owls.
" Short-eared Owls.
or
OWL FAMILY.
Syrnium
Nyctale
" Gray Owls.
" Sparrow Owls.
A thene
" Burrowing Owls.
Glaucidium
" Pigmy Owls.
Surnia
" Da}' Owls.
PSITTACID.E.
Conurus; &c.
or Parrots.
RHAMPHASTID.E.
Rhamphastos
or Toucans.
<g
TROGONID^E.
Trogon
or Trogons.
w
w
CUCULID.E
Crotophaga
or Black Parrot and Ani.
OQ
or
Geococcyx
" Road Runner.
£3
J
CUCKOO FAMILY.
Coccygiis
" Cuckoos.
0
y-t
Campepkilus
or Ivory-billed Woodpeck-
0
ers.
in
Picus
" Hairy and downy Wood-
a
CV*
peckers.
PH
o
OQ
PICID^E
Picoides
" Three-toed Woodpeck-
ers.
K
<
0
co
or
WOODPECKER
FAMILY.
Sphyrapicus
Hylatomus
" Yellow-bellied Wood-
pecker, &c.
" Black Woodcock.
Centurus
" Red-billed Wood p., &c.
"
Melanerpes
" Red-headed Woodpeck-
ers.
1
Colaptes
" Golden-winged Wood p.
VI
[VERTEBRATES: BIRDS— Continued.]
ORDERS.
FAMILIES.
Genera.
CO
TROCHILID^E.
Trocltilus, $c.
or Humming-Birds.
w
P3
CYPSELID^E.
Qicetura, tfc.
or Chimney Swallows and
O
Swifts.
CO
53
Antrostomus
or Chuckwill's Widow and
PH
1^
CAPRIMULGID^E.
Whippoorwills.
Cfl
Choi'deiles
" Night-Hawks.
ALCEDINID.E.
Ceryle
or King-fishers.
PRIOXITID^E.
Momotus
or Saw-Bills.
co
Pachyrhamplius
or Rose-throated Flycatch-
td
ers.
pa
Milvulus
" Forked-tailed Flycatch-
o
H
^
"
COLOPTERID^E
Tyrannus
ers.
" King-birds, &c.
or
FLYCATCHER
Myiarchus
" Great-crested Flycatch-
_ P _
«1
*3
FAMILY.
Sayornis
ers, &c.
" Phoebe Bird or Pewee,&c
O
Contopus
" Wood PeAvee, &c.
Empidonax
" Least Flycatcher, &c.
Pyrocephalus
" Red Flycatcher.
CO
Turdus
or Wood & Hermit Thrush-
C"H
W
es, Robin, &c.
a
TURDHXE
Saocicola
" Stone Chats.
0
g
or
THRUSH FAMILY.
Erythaca
Sialia
" Robin Redbreast.
" Blue-Birds.
g
g
Reyulus
Hydrobata
" Rubv-crowned Wren,&c.
" Water Ouzels.
CO
Philomela
or Nightingales.
H
Anthus
" Tit Larks.
H
Neocorys
" Missouri Skvlark.
CO
Mniotilla
" Black & White Creepers.
CO
Parula
" Blue Yellow-backed
w
CO
Warblers.
g
Protonolaria
Geothlypis
" Prothonotary Warblers.
" Maryland Yellow-throat,
&c.
g
SYLVICOLID^E
Oporornis
" Connecticut Warbler,&c.
£3
or
Icleria
" Chats.
to
WARBLER
Helmitherus
" Worm-eating Warbler,
o
FAMILY.
&c.
Hf Iminihopliaga,
Stiurm
" Golden-winged Warbler.
" Golden-crowned Thrush,
&c.
Dendroica
" Yellow-rumped Warbler,
Blackburn ian, &c.
Myiodioctes
Cardellina
" Hooded Warbler, &c.
" Vermilion Flycatcher.
Setophnga
" Redstarts.
Pyranga
" Tanagers.
HlRUNDINID.E Or
Hirundo
or Swallows.
SWALLOW
Cotyle
" Bank Swallows.
FAMILY.
Profjne
" Purple Martins.
BOMBYCILLIDyE.
Ampdis
Myiadesles
or Wax-wings.
" Towrsend's Flycatcher, j
VII
[VERTEBRATES : BIRDS — Continued.]
ORDERS.
FAMILIES.
Genera.
1
LANID^E.
Collyrio
Vireo
" Shrikes.
" Vireos.
Mimus, $c.
or Mocking and Cat Birds.
LlOTRICHID^E
Harporhynchus
Catherpes
" Brown Thrushes.
" White-throated Wren.
or
MOCKING-BIRD
FAMILY.
Salpinctes
Thryothorus
Cistothorus
" Rock Wren.
" Gt. Carolina & Bewick's.
" Long-billed Marsh Wren.
Troglodytes
" House Wren, &c.
CERTHIAD.E.
Certliia
Sitta
or Creepers.
" Nuthatches.
PARID^E.
Polioptila
Lophophanes
or Blue Gray Flycatcher.
" Tufted Titmice.
Parus, (f c.
" Titmice.
DACNIDIDJE.
Certhiola
or Yellow-rumped Creeper.
ALAUDID^E.
Eremophila
or Skylarks.
^
Hesperiphona
or Evening Grosbeaks.
s
Pinicola
" Pine Grosbeaks.
••s
Carpodacus
" Purple Finches.
1
Clirysomitris
" Goldfinches.
>o
Curvirostra
" Crossbills.
1 ^
^Egiothus
" Red Polls.
CO 3
M •§
Leucosticte
" Gray-crowned Finch.
w if
ffi r§
Plectrophanes, cf c
Passerculus
" Snow Buntings, &c.
" Savannah Sparrow, &c.
O
C£ \
Pooecetes
" Grass Finch.
% 8
FRINGILLIDJS
Coturniculus
Ammodromus
" Yellow-winged Sparrow.
" Seaside Finch, &c.
o §
or
Chondestes
" Lark Finch.
co 3
w <«
FINCH and
SPARROW
Zonotrichia
Junco
" White-crowned Sparrow.
" Snow Birds.
« 0
FAMILY.
Poospiza
" Black-throated Sparrow.
o
CO
Spizella
' Tree Sparrow, &c.
i
CO
Melospiza
Peucaca
" Song Sparrow, &c.
" Bachman's Finch, &c.
g
Embernagra
" Texas Finch.
1—1
Passerella
" Fox-colored Sparrow,
Calamospiza
" Lark Bunting.
Euspiza
" Black-throated Bunting.
Guiraca
" Grosbeaks.
Cyanospiza, tfc.
Cardinalis. cf c.
" Indigo Birds, &c.
" Cardinal Birds.
Pipilo
" Ground Robins.
Dolichonyx
or Bobolinks.
ICTERID.E
Moloihrus
" Cow Birds.
or
Agelaius, $c.
" Blackbirds.
BLACKBIRD
Sturnella
" Larks.
FAMILY.
Icterus
" Orioles.
Quiscalus
" Grakles.
STURNID^E.
Sturnus
or Starlings.
CORVID^E
Corvus, $c.
or Ravens and Crows.
or
Pica
" Magpies.
.
CROW FAMILY.
Cynnura, $c.
« Jays.
vin
[VERTEBRATES : BIRDS — Continued.]
ORDERS.
FAMILIES.
Genera.
COLUMBjE.
COLUMBID^E
or
DOVE FAMILY.
Columba
Ectopistes
Ztnaida
Melopelia
Zenaidura
Scardafella
Chamcepelia
Oreopeleia
Starnoenas
or Doves.
' Wild Pigeon.
' Zenaida Dove.
' White- winged Dove.
' Carolina Dove.
' Scaly Dove.
' Ground Dove.
' Key West Dove.
" Blue-headed Pigeon.
CO
GOURID^E.
Goura
or Crown Pigeons.
w
53
PENELOPID.E.
Ortalida
or Chiacalacca.
0
H
MEGAPODID^E.
or Mound Birds.
<
M
0
(X!
g
CO ,?
PHASIANHXE
or
PHEASANT
FAMILY.
Meleagris
Pavo
Numida
Gallus
Phasianus
or WTild Turkeys.
" Peacocks.
" Guinea Fowl.
" Domestic Cock, &c.
" Pheasants.
RASORE
GALLING
TETRAONIDvE
or
GROUSE FAMILY.
Tetrao
Centrocercus
Pediocetes
Citpidonia
Bonasa
Logopus
or Spruce Partridge, &c.
" Cock of the Plains.
" Sharp-tailed Grouse.
" Prairie Chicken.
" Ruffed Grouse.
" Ptarmigans.
PERDICHXE
or
PARTRIDGE
FAMILY.
Ortyx
Oreortyx
Lophortyx
Callipepla
Cyrtonyx
Perdix
Coturnix
or Partridge or Quail.
" Plumed Partridge.
" California Quail.
" Blue Partridge.
" Massena Partridge.
" Europ'n Gray Partridge.
" European Quail.
1 CO
ww
DM
oo
co
STRUTHIONID^E
or
OSTRICH
FAMILY.
Struthio
Rhea
Casuarius
Apteryx
or Ostriches.
41 South American Ostrich.
" Cassowaries.
OTIDvE.
Otis
or Bustards.
co
GRUID^E.
Grus
or Cranes.
W
AKAMID.E.
Aramus
or Courlans.
RALLATORES or WAL
HERODIONES.
ARDEID^E
or
HERON FAMILY.
Demigretta
Garzetta
Herodias
Ardea
Audubonia
Florida
Ardetta
Botaurus
Butorides
Nyctiardea
Nyciherodius
or Egrets.
'* Snowy Herons.
" White Herons.
" Great Blue Herons.
" Great White Herons.
" Blue Herons.
" Least Bittern.
" Stake Drivers.
" Green Heron.
" Night Heron.
" Yellow-crowned Heron.
O
CANCROMID^E.
Cancroma
or Boat-Bills.
IX
ORDERS.
[VERTEBRATES : BIRDS — Continued.]
FAMILIES. Genera.
) *s
1
ClNCONID.-K.
Clnconia
Jabiru
or Storks.
1
TAJS-TALID^E.
Tantalus
Ibis
or Ibises.
k' Scarlet Ibis, &c.
O
PLATALEID^E.
Plataha
or Spoonbills.
O
1
PHCENICOP-
TERID^E.
Phoenicopterus
or Flamingo.
CHARADRID^E
Charadrius
or Golden Plover.
or
sEyialitis
" Kill-deer, &c.
>d
PLOVER FAMILY.
Squatarola
" Black-bellied Plover.
1
HJEMATOPOD-
Hcematopus
or Oyster-catchers.
|
ID^E.
Strepsilas
" Turnstones,
6
I
RECURVIROS-
Recurvirostra
or Avosets.
8
w
TRID.E.
Himantopus
" Stilts.
p
•<
PHALAROPID/E.
Phalaropus
or Phalaropes.
b
O
Philoliela
or Woodcocks.
W
Gallinago
" Snipes.
M
Macrorhamphus
u i<
O
Tringa
" Sandpipers.
H
Catidris
" Sanderling.
J (3
Ereuntes
" Semi-palmated Sandpip
<3 J
PH J
0 <J
SCOLOPACID^5
Micropalma
Symphemia
ers.
" Stilt Sandpipers.
" Willets.
M
or
G'lotlis
" Greenshanks.
O
SNIPE FAMILY.
Gambetta
" Yellow-legs.
Rhyacophilus
Heteroscelus
Tringoides
Philomachus
" Solitary Sandpiper.
44 Wandering Tatler.
" Spotted Sandpiper.
" Ruff.
Actiturus
" Field Plover.
Tryngites
Limosa
" Buff-breasted Sandpiper.
" Godwits.
Numenius
" Curlews.
Ralhis
or Rails.
RALLIIXK
Porzana
" Sora Rails.
or
Crex
" Corn Crakes.
RAIL FAMILY. ;J
Fulica
" Coots.
Gallinula
" Gallinules.
[VERTEBRATES : BIRDS— Continued.]
ORDERS.
FAMILIES.
Genera.
Cygnus
or Swans.
Anser
" White-fronted Goose.
Bernicla, cf c.
" Wild Goose, &c.
Anas
" Mallard, &c.
Dafila
" Pintail.
Nettion
Querquedula
" Green-winged Teals,
" Blue-winged Teals, &c.
Spatula
" Shoveller.
Chaulelasmus
" Gadwall.
Mareca
" Widgeons.
CO
Aix
" Wood Duck.
ANATID.E
Fulix
Ay thy a
" Scaup Ducks.
" Canvas-Back and Red-
CO
1
DUCK FAMILY.
BucepTiala
Histrionicus
Head.
" Golden-eye and Dipper.
" Harlequin Duck.
Harelda
" Longtail.
Camptolcemus
" Labrador Ducks.
Melanetta
Pelionetta
" White-winged Coot.
" Sea Coot.
CO
Oidemia
" Scoter.
M
Somateria, $c.
" Eider Ducks.
*s
Erismatura
" Ruddy Ducks.
H
Mergus
" Sheldrakes.
5
Lophodytes
Mergellus
" Hooded Merganser.
" Smew.
g
PELECANID^E.
Pelecanw
or Pelicans.
CO
SULID-E.
Sula
or Gannets.
1
TACHYPETID^E.
Tachyjjetes
or Man of- War-Bird.
H
PHALACROCOR-
Graculus
or Cormorants.
H
ACID^E.
PLOTID.E.
Plotus
or Snake-Bird.
PH^TONID^:.
Phceton
or Tropic Bird.
M
PROCELLARID^E
Diomedea
Procellaria
or Albatrosses.
" Fulmar Petrels.
O'
or
PETREL FAMILY.
Thalia sidroma
Puffinus
" Stormy Petrels.
" Shearwaters.
LARID^E
Stercorarius
Larus, $c.
or Jagers or Skua Gulls.
" Gulls.
GULL FAMILY.
Sterna, $c.
Rhynchops
" Terns.
" Black Skimmers.
Colymbus
or Divers.
COLYMBID^E.
Podiceps
" Grebes.
Podylimbus
" Pied Grebe.
Aka
or Auks.
ALCID^E
Aplenoclytes
-" Penguins.
or
Mormon
" Puffins.
AUK FAMILY.
Uria
•' Guillemots.
Mergulus
" Sea-Dove or Dove-Kie.
XI
THE CLASS OF REPTILIA OR REPTILES.
ORDERS.
FAMILIES.
Genera.
TESTUDINATA or T.UBTLES.
CHELO-IAMYDJS or FRESH- WATER AND LAND TURTLES.
Nil.
TESTUDIXINA or
LAND TORTOISE
FAMILY.
Xerobates
Testudo
or Gophers.
" Galapago Tortoise, and
European Tortoise.
EMYDOID^E
or
TERRAPIN FAM-
ILY.
Plychemys
Trachemys
Graptemys
Mala coclemmys
Chrysemys
Deirochdys
Emys
Nanemys
Calemys
Glyptemys
Actinemys
Cistudo
or Red-bellied Terrapin.
Map Turtles.
Salt-water Terrapins.
Painted Turtles.
Reticulated Turtles.
Blanding's Tortoise.
Speckled
Miihlenberg's Tortoise.
Wood
" Box Turtles.
ClNOSTERNOID^E.
Aromochelys or ;
Ozotheca J
Tliyrosternum
or Musk Tortoise. r, .
" Cinosternum or Mud Tor-
CHELYDROID^E.
Macroclemmys
Chelydra
or Alligator Turtle.
" Snapping "
HYDRASPID^.
Hydraspis
of South America.
CHELYOID/E.
Chelys
or Matamata, of S. America.
TRIONYCHID^E.
Platypellis
Amyda and Aspid*
or Soft-shelled Turtles.
ynectes.
CHELONIOIIXE or
LOGGERHEAD
FAMILY.
Chelonia
Eretmochelys
Thallassochelys
or Green Turtles.
" Hawk-bill Turtles.
" Loggerheads.
SPHARGIDID.*:.
Sphargis
or Leather-backed Turtles.
ii
B|
Iguanodon
Hylceosaurus
Megalosaurus
(Fossil.)
6§
0<5
« %3
§ §s
Alligator
Crocodilus
Gavialis
Cetiosaurus
Teleosaurus
or Alligators.
" Crocodiles.
" Gavials.
(Fossil.)
u
SAURIA or SAURI
ENALIO-! LACER-
SAURS. | TIANS.
Thecodontosaurus, Palceosaurus, Proterosaurus,
and Mososaurus (all Fossil).
Ameiva or Striped Lizards.
Iguana, tfc. " Iguanas, Monitors, Green
Lizards, Horned Toads,
Geckos, Chameleons,
Skinks, &c.
Ichthyosaurus
Plesiosaurus
(Fossil.)
O05
M«
wt>
H-<
d-Cfl
Pterodactyl
(Fossil.)
XII
[VERTEBRATES : REPTILES — Continued.}
ORDERS.
FAMILIES.
Genera.
BOID.E.
Boa
Python
or Boas and Anacondas.
" Pythons.
Eutania
or Striped Snakes.
Nerodia
" Water "
Reyina
Heterodon
4' Hog-nose "
Pituophis
" Pine "
Scotoplds
Ophiobolus
44 Chain Snakes and Chick-
CO
COLUBRIDvE
en Snakes.
H
or
Georgia
44 Indigo Snakes.
W
COLUBER
Bascanion
44 Black "
P5
FAMILY.
Masticophis
Leptojmt
44 Coach-whip Snakes.
44 Southern Green *'
CO
Chlorosoma
44 Northern Green *'
o
•
Diadophis
Rhinostoma
44 Ring-necked 44
41 Scarlet 44
3
Rhinocheilus
Q
Haldea ^
44 Brown "
3
Farancia, $c.
41 Horn 44 &c.
0
CROTALID^E
C'rotalus
or Rattlesnakes.
or
Crotalophorus
44 Prairie Rattlesnakes.
RATTLESNAKE
Ancistrodon
44 Copperheads.
FAMILY.
Toxicopbis
14 Water Moccasins.
VIPERID.E.
Viptra
or Vipers of the Old World.
ELAPID^E.*
Elaps
Naia
or Harlequin Snakes.
44 Cobra, Haje, &c.
HYDROPHID.E.
Hydrophis
or Venomous Water Snakes
of the Old World.
THE CLASS OF BATEACHIA OR BATRACHIAXS.
ORDERS.
FAMILIES.
Genera.
°^i
ccK
-<wo •
&»!<'£.
^d«5
O^H^3
^^
<~ CQ
RANID^E or
FROG FAMILY.
Rana
or Frogs proper.
HYLOID^E.
Hiila
Hylodes
or Tree-Frogs or Tree-Toads.
" Cricket-Frogs.
BUFONID-E Or
TOAD FAMILY.
Bufo
Scaphiophus
or Toads.
" Toad -Frog.
URODOLA
or
TAILED BA-
TRACH1ANS.
SALAMAXDRIU.E
or SALAMANDER
FAMILY.
Salamandra and
many other genera
or Salamanders & Tritons.
AMPHUMID.B.
Ampliiuma
Menopoma
or Congo Snake.
" Hell-bender.
SlRENID.E
or
SIREN FAMILY.
Siren
Menobranchus
Siredon
Proteus
or Sirens.
" Mud-Puppies.
" Axolotl.
A POD A or
FOOTLESS
RATRA-
CHIAXS.
C^ECILIID^E.
Ccedlia \
or Csecilians, Blind-worms.
XIII
THE CLASS OF FISHES.*
ORDERS.
FAMILIES.
Genera.
SELACHI or SELACHIANS or PLAGIOSTOMI.
SQUALI or SHARKS. RALE or RAYS or
SKATES.
[ CEPHALOPTER-
ID,E.
Cephaloptera, $c.
or Vampires, &c.
MYLIOBATID.E.
Myliobates, $c.
or Sea-Eagles, &c.
TBTOOHID^B.
Trygon, $c.
or Sting Rays, &c.
RAIID^E.
Raia, $c.
or Rays or Skates proper.
TORPEDINID^E.
Torpedo, cf c.
or Electric Rays.
RHINOBATID^E.
Rhinobatus, <fc.
or Rhinobats.
PRISTID/E.
Pristis
or Saw-Fish.
ZYG^ENID^E.
Zygcena
or Hammerhead Shark."
SQUATISID^E.
Squalina
or Monk Fish.
SCYMNID^E.
Scymnus, cfc.
or Nurse or Sleeper, &c.
SPINACID.E.
Acanthias, cj"-c.
or Spined Dog-Fish, &c.
NOTIDANID.E.
Hexanchus, tf-c.
RHINODCXNTIDxE.
Rhinodon
CESTRACION-
TIDJE.
Cestracion
or Cestracionts.
ALOPECIIP.E.
Alopecias
or Thresher Shark.
LAMNID^E.
Lamna
Selachug
or Mackerel Shark.
" Basking or Elephant
Shark.
GALEID.E.
Mustelus, $c.
or Topes and Hounds.
CHARCARID.E.
Carcharias
or White Shark, Gray
Shark, &c.
SCYLLIDJE.
Scyllium
or Dog-Fishes.
t
GANOIDEIor
GANOIDS.
STURIONIDvE.
Accipenser, fyc.
or Sturgeons.
AMIID.B.
Amia
or Mud-Fishes.
POLYPTBUID^E.
Polypterus
or Polypterus of the Nile.
LEPIDOSTEID^E.
Lepidosteus
or Gar-Pikes.
. °£~
S££S«
-33*°
SYGNATHID^;.
Si/gnathus, cfc.
Hippocampus, c/c.
or Pipe-Fishes, &c.
" Sea-Horses, &c.
P EG A SID /E.
Pegasus
or Flying-Horses.
TELEOS'
BONY FI
PLECTO-
GNATHI.
DlODONTID.-E.
Diodon
Tetraodon
Orihayoriscus
or Puffers.
it a
" Sun-Fish.
OSTRACIONID.E. ! Osfrctcion, $c.
or Trunk-Fish, &c.
BALISTID.K. Balisfes, <fc.
or File-Fishes.
* The classification here adopted is essentially that of Miiller, as modified by Owen,
and is taken from the Encyclopaedia Britannica.
t Owen places here Chimaeridas and Sirenidae, the latter represented by the Lepido-
siren.
XIV
^VERTEBRATES : FISHES— Continued.]
ORDERS.
FAMILIES.
Genera.
TELEOSTEI or BONY FISHES— Continued.
ACANTHOPTERI or SPINE-FINNED FISHES.
.
LOPHIID^E.
Lophius
Ckeironectes
Batrachus
or Angler.
" Hand Fishes.
" Toad "
BLENNIID.E.
Blennius
Zoarces
Anai'richas, cfc.
or Blennies.
" Eel-Pout.
" Wolf-Fish, &c.
GOBIID^E.
Gobius, cfc.
Cyclopterus
or Gobies, &c.
" Lump-Fish.
AULOSTOMID^E.
Fistularia, (j-c.
or Flute-mouths.
TEUTHYDID^E.
Acanthurus, (fc.
or Lancet-Fish, &c.
T^ENIID^.
Trachypterus, $t
. or Ribbon-Fish.
CH^ETODONTID^E.
Chcetodon, cfc.
or Chgetodonts.
ZEID.E.
Zeus, $c.
or Dories, &c.
SCOMBRID.E
or
MACKEREL FAM-
ILY.
Scomber
Thynnus
Xiphias
Pelamys
Naucrates
Temnodon
Gn^yphcena, cfc.
or Mackerels proper.
" Tunnies.
" Sword-Fish.
" Skip-Jack.
" Pilot-Fish.
" Blue-Fish.
" Dolphins, &c.
ATHERINID^E.
Atherina
or Silversides.
MUGILIIXE.
Mugil, c/c.
or Mullets.
LABYRYNTHI-
BRANCHID.E.
Andbas, c/c.
or Climbing Perch, &c.
SPARID^E.
Sargus
Pagrus, $c.
or Sheepshead.
" Scupaug or Porgee, &c.
—
Otolithus, c/-c.
Corvina
Umbrina
Pogonias, cfc.
or Weak-Fish.
" LakQ Sheepshead.
41 King-Fish.
" Drums, &c.
TRIG LID. E or
SCLEROGEN-
ID^E, &c. or
SCULPIN FAM-
ILY, &c.
Trigla
Prlonotus
Dactylopterus
Cottus
Hemitripterus
Scorpcena
Gasterosteus, cfc.
or Gurnards.
" Sea-Robins.
" Sea-Swallows.
" Sculpins.
" Sea-Raven.
" Sea-Scorpion.
" Sticklebacks, &c.
MULLID.E.
Mullus, cfc.
or Surmullets.
POLYNKMID^E.
Polynemus, <fc.
or Paradise Fish, &c.
THERAPONID^E.
Pomotis
Boleosoma, cfc.
or Breams.
" Darters, &c.
PERCID.E.
Perca
Lo.brox, cfc.
or Perch proper.
" Bass, &c.
URANOSCOPID.E.
Uranoscopus, cfc.
or Star- Gazers, &c.
XV
ORDERS.
[VERTEBRATES : FISHES - Continued.]
FAMILIES. Genera.
&
P LE URON E CTID^E.
Platessa
ffippoglossus
Rhombus <$• I
Solea, $c. /
or Flounders.
" Halibuts.
" Turbots and Soles, &c.
w
ECHENEIDID 35.
Echeneis
or Remora.
ANACAN1
GADID^E
or
COD FAMILY.
Morrhua
Merlangus
Merluccius
Lota
Brosmius
Phycis. $c.
or Cods and Haddock.
' Pollack.
' Whiting.
' Burbot.
' Cusk.
' Hake, &c.
OPHIDID^E.
Ophidia
or Serpent-form Fishes.
Q
AMBIOTOCID.E.
Ambiotoca
* §§
§ £^
LABKID^E.
Ctenolabrus
Tautoga, tfc.
or Conners.
or Tautog, &c.
•1 ^S
a ^°
i
SCOMBEKESO-
CID.E.
Belone
Scomberesox, cfc.
Exoccetus
or Gar-Fishes.
" Bill-Fishes, &c.
" Flying-Fishes.
03
GONIODONTID.E.
Goniodontes
or Goniodonts.
W
w
0a
SlLURID/E.
Silurus, tfc.
Pimelodus, $c.
or Silurus, &c.
" Cat-Fishes.
N
>*
CYPRINID^E.
Cyprinus, (fc.
Leudscus, $c.
or Carps proper, &c.
u Dace, Shiners, &c.
K
O
CATOSTOMID.E.
Catostomus
or Suckers.
PQ
ESQCIDzE.
Esox
or Pike and Pickerel.
8
3
CYPRINODON-
TID.E.
Fundulus cf
ffydrargyra.tfc.
or Mummachogs, &c.
H
C/2
MORMYRID.E.
Mormyrus.
g s
ELOPID.E.
Elops
or Silver-Fish.
1 H
CLUPESOCID.E.
Notopterus, t}c.
or Herring-Pikes.
g OH
r-1 Q
SCOPELID.E.
Scopelus, $c.
0
CHARACINID.E.
Salminus, $c.
or Salmon-like Fishes.
•«5
ij
SALMONID^B.
Salmo, (j-c.
or Salmon, Trout,Smelts,&c.
<
X
CLUPEID^E.
Clupea
Alausa, tfc.
or Herring* Pilchards, &c.
" Shad, Alewives, &c.
APH RODEIRID.E.
or L. Ponchartrain Fishes.
HETEROPYGII.
Amblyopsis
or Blind-Fish.
GYMNOTin.E.
Gymnotus, $c.
or Electric Eels.
OPHISURID.E.
Ophisurtts, cfc
or Snake-tailed Eels.
COXGERID^E.
Conger
or Conger Eels.
ANGUILLID.E.
Anguilla
or Common Eels.
MUR.ENIU.E.
Murcena, cfc.
or Roman Muraena.
SYNBRANCHID.E.
or Eel-like Fishes.
XVI
ORDERS.
[VERTEBRATES : FISHES — Continued.]
FAMILIES. Genera.
DERMOPTERI.
LEPTOCEPHALID.E.
Leptocephalus
or Slender-heads.
PETROMYZONT-
ID.E.
Petromyzon
or Lampreys.
MYXINID.E.
Myxine
or Hag.
AMJMOC.ETID.E.
Ammoc&tes
or Mud-Lampreys.
AMPHIOXID^E.
Branch iostoma
or Amphioxus.
THE BRANCH OF ARTICULATA, OR ARTICULATES.
THE CLASS OF INSECTA, OR INSECTS.
INSECTS PROPER.
LEPIDOPTERA or 1 HYMENOPTERA or BEES, WASPS, &c.
BUTTERFLIES and MOTHS. |
APIAKIE
or
APID/E.
Apis
Bombus
Xylocopha, <fc.
or Hive Bee.
" Humble-Bees.
" Carpenter Bees, &c.
VESPARI.E or
VESPID.E.
Vespa
Polisies, $c.
or Wasps and Hornets.
" Wasps.
CRABROSID.E.
Crabro, $c.
or Wood- Wasps, &c.
BEMBECID.E.
Bembex, $c.
SPHEGID.-E.
Sphex, $c.
or Mud Wasps.
SCOLIET^E.
Scolia, cf c.
FORMICARI.E.
Formica, <$*c.
or Ants.
CHRYSIDID.E.
Chrysis, cfc.
or Golden Wasps.
P RO CTOTRUPID.E.
Platygaster, $c.
or Egg-Parasites.
CHALCIDID-E.
Chalets, $c.
ICHNEUMONID^E.
Ichneumon
or Ichneumons.
EVANIALES.
Evania, $c.
CYNIPSERA.
Cynips, cf c.
or Gall Flies.
UROCERATA.
Tremex, cf c.
or Boring-Siuv Flies.
TENTHREDI-
NET^E.
Selandria, 1
Cimbex, cf c. )
or Rose & Elm Saw-Flies, &c.
PAPILIONID.E.
Papilio, cf c.
or Papilio Butterflies, &c.
PIERID.E.
Pieris
Colias
or White Butterfly.
" Yellow "
NYMPHALID.E.
Limenitis, Danais,
Argynnis, cfc.
SATYRID^E.
Satyrus, cfc.
or Hipparchians, &c.
LYC.ENID.E.
C hrysopkanus, cf c.
or Copper Butterflies, &c.
HESPERID.E, &c.
Hesperia, cf c.
or Skipper Butterflies.
SPHINGID.E.
Sphinx, cf c.
or Hawk-Moths, &c.
^EGERID^:.
Trochilium, cf c.
or Peach-tree Borers, &c.
ZYG^ENID^E.
BOMBYCID.E.
Eudryas, cf c.
or Wood Nymphs, &c.
Bombyx,Telen,tfc.or Silk- Worm Moths.
NoCTUELIT.E.
Ayroiis, cfc.
or Dart-Moths, &c.
PHAL.ENID.E.
Geometra, cfc.
or Geometers, Canker-
worms, &c.
PYRALID.E. «
Pyralis, cfc.
or Meal-Moth, &c.
TORTRICID.E.
Penlhina, cfc.
or Apple-worm Moth, &c.
TlNElD.E.
Tinea, cfc.
or Clothes Moths, &c.
PTEROPHORII.
Pterophoms
or Fen-ther-winged Moths
XVII
[ARTICULATES: INSECTS — Continued.}
ORDERS.
FAMILIES.
Genera.
DIPTERA or FLIES, &c.
CULICID.E
Culex, cfc.
or Gnats, Mosquitoes, &c.
TIPULARLE.
Ceidomyia, i
Tipula, $c. \
or Hessian Fly, &c.
TABANID.E.
Tabanus
or Horse Flies.
ASILICI.
Asilus
or Asilus Flies.
BOMBYLIARII.
Bombylius
or Bee Flies.
SYRPHID.E.
Syrphus, cfc.
or Syrphus Flies.
DOLICHOPID.E.
Dolichopus
or Long-legged Flies.
(ESTRnXE.
Gasterophilus, \
(Estrus, cfc. J
or Bot Flies.
MUSCID.E.
il/wsca, c/c.
or House Flies, &c.
HIPPOBOSCID.E.
Hippobosca, cfc.
or Spider Flies.
PULICID^E.
Pulex
or Fleas.
INSECTS PROPER — Continued.
COLEOPTERA or BEETLES.
ClCINDELID.E.
Cicindela
or Tiger Beetles.
CARABID.E.
Calasoma, cfc.
or Caterpillar Hunters.
DYTICHXE.
Dyiicus
or Water Beetles.
GYRINID.E.
Gyrinus
or Whirligig Beetles.
HYDROPHILID.E.
Hydrophilus
or Water-loving Beetles.
SILPHID.E.
Silplia
or Carrion Beetles.
STAPHYLIXID.E.
Staphylinus
or Rove Beetles.
HISTERID.E.
Hister
or Mimic Beetles.
DERMESTID.E.
Dermestes
or Skin Beetles.
BYRRHID.E.
Byrrhus
LUCANID.E.
Liicanus
or Horn-Bugs.
SCARABJEID^E.
Copris
Geotrupes
Macrodactylus
Lachrtosterna, cf
or Tumble Beetles.
" Earth-borers.
" Rose-chafers.
?. " May Beetles, &c.
BUPRESTID^E.
Buprestis
or Buprestians.
ELATERID^E.
Elater
or Snap or Spring Beetles.
LAMPYRID.E.
Lampyris
or Fire-Flies or Glow-worms.
MALACHHXE.
CLERHXE.
Clerus
or Bee-destroyers.
LYMEXII.LID.E.
Lymexylon
or Wood-destroyers.
PTIXID.E.
Anobius, cfc.
or Death- Watches, &c.
TENEBRIONHXE.
Tenebrio
or Meal-worms.
MORDELLID^;.
Mordella
MELOID.E.
Canlhctris, cfc.
or Cantharides.
STYLOPID.E.
Stylops, cfc.
or Bee-Parasites.
CURCULIONID.E.
Curculio, cfc.
or Curculios or Weevils.
CERAMBYCID.E.
Prionus, cfc.
or Capricorn Beef|p=.
CHRYSOMELID.E.
COCCINELMD.E.
Chrysomela, cfc.
or Chrysomelans, &c.
Cocdnella
or Lady-Birds.
XVIII
[ARTICULATES: INSECTS— Continued.]
ORDERS.
FAMILIES.
Genera.
2MIPTERA or
DAS, BUGS, &c.
ClCADARI^E.
Cicada
or Cicadas or Harvest Flies.
FULGORID.E.
Fulyora
or Lantern-Flies.
CERCOPID^E.
Membracis
or Tree-Hoppers.
APHID M.
Aphis
or Plant-Lice.
COCCID^E.
Coccus
or Bark -Lice, Cochineal, &c.
NOTONECTID^E.
Notonecta
or Boat Flies.
NEPID.E.
Nepa
or Scorpion-Bugs.
HYDROMETRID^E.
Gerris
or Water-Measurers.
INSECTS PROPER— Continued.
ORTHOPTERA or 1 II]
GRASSHOPPERS, &c. | CICA
COREID^E.
Coreus, $c.
or Squash-Bug, &c.
THRIPSID^E.
Tiirips
ClMICID^E.
Cimex
or Bed- Bug.
PEDICULID^E.
Ptdiculus, $c.
or Lice.
FORFICULID.E.
Forficula
or Earwigs.
BLATTARI.E.
Blatta
or Cockroaches.
PHASMIDA.
Diaphomera, $c.
or Walking-stick, &c.
MANTIDJS.
Mantis
or Mantis.
GRYLLIDES.
Gryllus, cf c.
or Field Crickets, &c.
LOCUSTARLE.
Cyrtophyllus, cfc.
or Katydid, &c.
ACRYDII.
Caloptenus, <$c.
or Red-legged Locust, &c.
THYSANOURA.
Lepisma, cfc.
or Spring-tails.
NEUROPTERA or
DRAGON-FLIES, &c.
TERMITID^S.
Termites
or Termites.
PSOCID^E.
Atropos
or Book-Louse, &c.
PERLARI^E.
Perla, $c.
or Stone-Flies.
EPHEMERID^E.
Ephemera
or May-Flies.
ODONATA.
Agrion, \
jfcschna, $c. j
or Dragon-Flies.
SlALID^E.
Coi-ydalis, $c.
or Corydalis, &c.
HEMEROBINI.
Hemerobius, <fc.
or Lace-wings.
PHRYGA^IDJE.
Neuronia, cf c.
or Caddice Flies.
ARACHNIDA
or
SPIDERS, &c.
ARANEID^E.
Lycosa, tfc.
or True Spiders.
PKDIPALPI.
Buthus, c/c.
or Scorpions.
PSEUDO-
SCO RPIONES.
Chelifer, cf c.
or Book Spiders, &c.
PHALANGITA.
or Daddy-long-legs.
ACARINA.
Trombidium, c/c.
or Velvet-red Mites, &c.
MYRIAPODA
or
CENTIPEDES.
GLOMERIDJE.
Glomeris
JULID^E.
Julus
or Galley- Worm.
POLYDESMID.E
Polydesmus.
LlTHOBIID^E.
Lithobius
or Earwigs.
SCOLOPKNDKID^E.
Scolopendra
or Centepedes.
GEOPHILID^:.
Geophilus
THE CLASS OF CRUSTACEA OR CRUSTACEANS.
ORDERS. FAMILIES. Genera.
DECAPODA or TEN-FOOTED CRUSTACEANS.
GASTRURANS or STOMAPODSI MACRURANS or 1 BRACHYURANS (including ANOMURANS) or CRABS,
or SHRIMPS, &c. | LOBSTERS, &c. |
MAIID^E or
SEA-SPIDER
FAMILY.*
Maia, cfc.
or Sea-Spiders, &c.
CANCRID^E or
EDIBLE CRAB
FAMILY.
Cancer, cfc.
or Edible Crab of Europe, &c.
PORTUNIDJE or
EDIBLE CRAB
FAMILY.
Lupa, fc.
or Edible Crab of U. S., &c.
GECARCINID.E or
LAND CRAB
FAMILY.
Gecarcinus, cfc.
or Land Crabs.
GELASMID<E or
FIDDLER CRAB
FAMILY.
Gelasmus, cfc.
or Fiddler Crabs.
PAGURID.E or
HERMIT CRAB
FAMILY.
Pagurus, tfc.
or Hermit Crabs.
PALINURIDJE or
SPINY LOBSTER
FAMILY.
Palinurus, cfc.
or Spiny Lobsters.
ASTICID.E or
COMMON LOB-
STER FAMILY.
ffomarus
Astacus, (f c.
or Common Lobsters.
" Cray-Fishes.
CRANGONID.E or
SHRIMP FAMILY.
Crangon, cfc.
or Shrimps.
PALEMONID^E or
PRAWN FAMILY.
Pqlemon, cfc.
or Prawns.
SQUILLID^E or
SEA MANTIS
FAMILY.
Squilla, $c.
or Sea Mantes.
MYSID^E or
OPOSSUMSHRIMP
FAMILY.
Mysis, cfc.
or Opossum Shrimps.
* Only the more common Families and Genera of Crustaceans are here given. The
same is true in regard to Worms, on page xxi.
XX
[ARTICULATES: CRUSTACEANS— Continued.]
ORDERS.
FAMILIES.
Genera.
APODA or FOURTEEN-FOOTED
CRUSTACEANS.
HIPODS (including IISOPODS (inclucl-
EMIDOPODS). |ing ANISOPODS).
ONISCIDJE or
WOOD LOUSE
FAMILY.
Oniscus
or Wood Louse.
ARMADILLID.E
or PILL-BUG
FAMILY.
Armadillo
or Pill Bugs.
CYMOTHOID.E.
Cymathoa
or Parasites.
BOPYRID.E.
Bopyrus
or Parasites.
ORCHESTID.E or
SAND- HOPPER
FAMILY.
Orchestia
or Sand-Hoppers or Beach-
Fleas.
GAMMARID/E or
FRESH-WATER
SHRIMP FAMILY.
Gemmarus
or Fresh-water Shrimps.
CAPRELLID^E or
MEASURER
FAMILY.
CapreUa
or Measurers.
1 r
CYAMID.E or
WHALE-LOUSE
FAMILY.
Cyaimts
or Whale-Lice.
Mil
iCANS.
CARCNOIDS
(including
SIPHONOS-
TOMES.)
CYCLOPID^E or
CYCLOPS
FAMILY.
Cyclops
ARGULID^E.
Arguhis
CALIGID^E.
Caligus
^ or ENTOMOSTRj!
OSTRACOIDS
(including
CIRRIPEDS).
CYPRID^E or
CYPRIS FAMILY.
Cypris
DAPHNIAD/E or
MONOCULUS
FAMILY.
Daphnia
or Mouoculus.
LlMNADIAD^E.
Limnadia
LEPADID^E.
Analifa
or Gee?e Barnacles.
BALANID^E.
Bnlanus
or Acorn Barnacles.
111
V2 ^.J
LIMULID^E.
Limulus
or Horse-shoe Crab.
ENTOMC
ROTIFER A.
XXI
ORDERS.
THE CLASS OF WORMS.
FAMILIES. Genera.
m
0<<
to a»~
§._«
ARENICOLID^E or
SAND-WORM
FAMILY
Arenicola or Sand-Worms or Lob-
Worms.
ANNELID
TERRI- TUBI-
COL.E. COL^E.
SERPULID,E or
SEHPULA
FAMILY.
Serpula or Serpulse.
LuMBRicnxE or
EARTH-WORM
FAMILY.
Lumbricus or Earth- Worms.
'%<
?i
HIRUNDINID.E or
LEECH FAMILY.
SH
S -3 C/2
gS M^
HS Hg
CESTOIDS or
TAPE-WORM
FAMILY.
Ttznia or Tape- Worms.
§
la§§
^O W H
Z;H W o
GORDIID.E or
HAIR-WORM
FAMILY.
Gordfut or Hair- Worms.
THE BRANCH OF MOLLUSCA OR MOLLUSKS.
THE CLASS OF CEPHALOPODA OR CEPHALOPODS.
ORDERS. FAMILIES. Genera.
DIBRANCHIATA or TWO-
GILLED CEPHALOPODS.
ARGONAUTID.E
or PAPER SAILOR
FAMILY.
Argonauta
or Argonaut or Paper Sailor.
OCTOPODID.E or
POULPE FAMILY.
Octopus
or Poulpes.
TEUTHID.E or
SQUID FAMILY.
Loligo
or Squids.
BELEMNITID/E
or BELEMNITE
FAMILY.
(Fossil.)
SEPIAD.E or
CUTTLE-FlSH
FAMILY.
Sepia
or Cuttle-Fishes.
SPIRULID.E.
Spirilla.
or Spirulas.
TETRABRANCHIATA
or FOUR-GILLED
CEPHALOPODS.
NAUTILID.E or
NAUTILUS
FAMILY.
Nautilus
or Pearly Nautilus.
ORTHOCERAT-
ID.-E or
ORTHOCERAS
FAMILY.
(Fossil.)
•
AMMONITID/E or
AMMONITE
FAMILY.
(Fossil.)
XXII
THE
ORDERS.
CLASS OF GASTEROPODA
FAMILIES.
OR GASTEROPODS.
Genera.
GASTEROPODA or GASTEROPODS PROPER.
STROM BID/E or
STROM ii
FAMILY.
Strombus
Pteroceras, (.fc.
or Shombs.
44 Scorpion Shells, &c.
MURICID.E or
MUREX FAMILY.
Murex
Pyrula, $c.
or Thorny Woodcock.
" Pyrulas, &c.
BUCCINID.E or
WHELK FAMILY.
Buccinum
ffarpa, $c.
or Whelks.
" Harp-Shells, &c.
CONID^E or
CONE FAMILY.
Cunus, $c.
or Cones, &c.
VOLUTID^E or
VOLUTE FAMILY.
Valuta
Mitra, $c.
or Volutes.
" Mitre-Shells, &c.
CYPR^EIDJE or
COWRY FAMILY.
Cyprcea
Ovulum, cfc.
or Cowries.
" Egg-Cowries, &c.
NATICID^E or
NATICA FAMILY.
Natica
Sigareius, tfc.
or Naticas.
PYRAMIDELLID^E
or
PYRAMID SHELL
FAMILY.
Pyramidella, tfc.
or Pyramid Shells, &c.
CERITHIAD.E or
CERITHIUM
FAMILY.
Cerithium, $c.
or Cerithiums.
MELANIADJE or
MELANIA
FAMILY.
Melania, cfc.
or Melanias.
TURRITELLID^E
or WENTLE-TRAP
FAMILY.
Turritella
Scalaria, c/c.
or Tower-Shells.
" Wentle-traps, &c.
LITORINID^E or
PERIWINKLE
FAMILY.
Litorina, <fc.
or Periwinkles, &c.
PALUDINID^E or
RIVER-SNAIL
FAMILY.
Paludina, c/c.
or River Snails, «&;c.
NERITIDJR or
NERITE FAMILY.
Nerita, $c.
or Nerites, &c.
TURBINID.E or
TOP-SHELL
FAMILY.
Trochus, cj-c.
or Top- Shells, &c.
HALIOTID.E or
EAR- SHELL,
FAMILY.
Haliotis
or Ear-Shells.
xxm
OEDEE&
IMOLLUSK3; GASTEROPODS- GtmMnwtt.l
FAMILIES.
GASTEROPODS PROPER— Continued.
JANTHINID^E or
VIOLET-SNAIL
FAMILY.
Janthina
or Violet Snails.
FISSURELLID.E
or KEY-HOLE
^IMPET FAMILY.
Fissurella, $c.
or Key-hole Limpets.
CAYLYPTRYEID^E
or BONNET LIM-
PET FAMILY.
Calyptrcea, cfc.
or Bonnet Limpets.
PATELLID.E or
LIMPET FAMILY.
Patella, $c.
or Limpets.
DENTALID.E or
TOOTH-SHELL
FAMILY.
Dentalium
or Tooth-Shells.
CHITONID^E or
CHITON FAMILY.
Chiton
or Chitons.
HELICID.E or
LAND-SNAIL
FAMILY.
Helix, $c.
or Land-Snails.
LIMACID^E or
SLUG FAMILY.
Umax, $c.
or Slugs.
LIMN^EID^E or
POND-SNAIL
FAMILY.
Limncea
Physa
Planorbis, $c.
AURICULID.E.
Auricula, cfc.
or Little-Ear Shells.
CYCLOSTOMID,E.
Cyclostoma, cfc.
or Round-Mouths.
ACICULID^E.
Acicula, tf-c.
or Needle-Shells.
TORNATELLID/E.
Tornatetta. $c.
BULLION.
Bulla, $c.
or Bubble-Shells.
APLYSIAD.E.
Aptysia. c/ c.
or Sea-Hares.
DORID.E.
Doris, (j-c.
or Sea-Lemons.
TRITONIAD^E.
Tritonia, cfc.
jEoLID.E.
JEolis, cfc.
ELYSIAD^E.
Elysict, cfc.
igi .
ps MM
W^JWQ
HQHO
wowtx,
KpnW
FIROLID^E.
Firola, cfc.
ATLANTID^E.
Atlanta, cfc.
PTEROPODA
or
PTEROPODS.
HYALEID.E.
Hyalea, cfc.
LIMACINID^B.
Limacina, $c.
CLIIDJE.
Clio, $c.
XXIV
THE CLASS OF ACEPHALA OR ACEPHALS.
ORDERS. FAMILIES. Genera.
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA or LAMELLIBRANCHIATES.
OSTREID^E Or
OYSTER FAMILY.
Ostrea, cfc. or Oysters.
Pecten, $c. " Pectens or Scallops.
AVICULID^E or
PEARL-OYSTER
FAMILY.
Avicula, $c. or Pearl-Oysters, &c.
MYTILID^E or
SEA-MUSSEL,
FAMILY.
Mytilus, <SfC. or Sea-Mussels.
ARCADE.
Area
Leda, $c.
TRIGONID^E or
TRIGONIA
FAMILY.
Trigonia, $c.
UNIONID^: or
POND & RIVER
MUSSEL FAMILY.
Unio
Anodon, $c.
CHAMIETS;.
Chama, cfc.
TRIDACNID^E or
TRIDACNA
FAMILY.
Tridacna
Eippopus
)
CARDIAD^S or
COCKLE FAMILY.
Cardia, <f c.
LUCINID^E.
Lucina, $c.
CYCLADID^E.
Cyclas, $c.
CTPRINIIXE.
Cyprina
Astarte, cfc.
VENERIIXE or
VENUS- SHELL
FAMILY.
Venus
Cytherea, cf-c.
XXV
ORDERS.
[MOLLUSKS: ACEPHALS — Continued.}
FAMILIES. Genera.
LAMELLIBRANCHIATES — Continued.
MACTRID^E.
Mactara, cfc.
TELLINID^E.
Tellina, cfc.
SOLENID.E Or
RAZOR- SHELL
FAMILY.
Solen, fc.
or Razor-Shells, &c.
MYACID^E or
CLAM FAMILY.
Mya, fc.
or Clams, &c.
ANATINID^E or
LANTERN-SHELL
FAMILY.
Pandora, cfc.
G ASTRO CH. EN-
ID ^E or WATER-
ING-POT-SHELL
FAMILY.
Aspergillum, cfc.
or Watering-pot Shells, &c.
PHOLAUID^E or
SHIP-WORM
FAMILY.
Pholas
Teredo
or Pholads.
" Ship- Worms.
THE CLASS OF BRACHIOPODA OR BRACHIOPODS.
TERREBRATUL-
ID^E.
Terebratula, cf c.
RHYNCHONELLI-
DvE.
Rliynchonella.
C RANI AD jE.
Crania.
DlSCINID^E.
Disclna.
LlNGULIDJE.
Lingula.
THE CLASS OF TUNICATA OR TUNICATES.
ASCIDIAD/E.
Ascidium
or Simple Ascidians.
CLAVELLINID^E.
Clavettina, cf c.
or Social Ascidians.
BOTRYLLID^E.
Botryllus, cf c.
or Compound Ascidians.
PYROSOMID^Z.
Pyrosoma
or Fire-bodies.
SALPID^E.
Salpa
or Salps.
THE CLASS OF POLYZOA OR POLYZOANS.
XXVI
THE BRANCH OF RADIATA OR RADIATES.
THE CLASS OF ECHINODERMATA OR ECHINODERMS.
ORDERS. FAMILIES. Genera.
2 M
§ §
HOLOTHt
or
SEA-CUCI
02
ij
0 «gj
W M
02
ASTERIOIDS
or
STAR-FISHES.
02
02 W
ft <
| s
a w
S «
w w
GO
O
S
XX VU
THE CLASS OF ACALEPHA OR JELLY-FISHES.*
ORDERS.
FAMILIES.
Genera.
,
BOLINID^E, «ScC.
Bolina, <fc.
s^i
OCYROE^E.
Ocyroe, $c.
i^gs
MERTENSID^E.
Mertensia, c/c.
£§§5
CYDIPPIDJS.
Plturobrachia, $c.
B s
BEROID^E.
Beroe, $c.
RHIZOSTOMID^K.
Rhizostoma, $c.
POLYCLONID.E.
Polyclonia, $c.
w
0)
AURELIAD^E.
Aurelia, $c.
0-72
STHENONI.E.
Sthenio, $c.
^W
CYANEID E.
Cyanea, $c.
rvq ^
PELAGID^E.
Pelagia, cfc.
«S
§*
THALLASAN-
THE.E.
Foveolia, $c.
Id
TRACHYNEMID.E.
Trachynema, cfc.
83
LEUCKARTID^E.
Liriope, $c.
QQ
Q
CLEISTOCAR-
PID.E.
Manama, tfc.
ELEUTHEROCAR-
PID^E.
Lucernaria, <fc.
OCEANID^E.
Oceania, $c.
EUCOPID^E.
Eucope, $c.
J£QUORID.E.
Rhegmatodes, cfc.
GERYONOPSID.E.
Tima, $c.
POLYORCHID.E.
Polyorchis, cfc.
LAODICEID^E.
Lafcea, $c.
MELICERTID.E
Melicertum, cfc.
PLUMULARID/E.
Plumularia, cfc.
CO
g
SERTULARID.E.
Sertularia, cfc.
o
NEMOPSID.E.
Nemopsis, cfc.
M
Q
BOUGAINVILLE.E.
Bougainvillia, cfc.
>H
NUCLEIFER.E.
Turris, cfc.
A
WILLIAD.E.
Willia, cfc.
0
SARSIAD^B.
Coryne, cfc.
^
Q
ORTHOCORYN-
ID.E
Corynitis, cfc.
O
M
PENNARID.E.
Pennaria, cfc.
Q
TUEULARID/E.
Tubularia, cfc.
W
HYDRAID.^.
Hydra, cfc.
HYDRACTINID^E.
Hydractinia, cfc.
DIPHYID.E.
Eudoxla, cfc.
AGALMID^:.
Nanomia, cfc.
PHYSALID^E.
Physalia, cfc.
VELELLID^E.
FeZefta, cfc.
PORPITID^E.
Porpita, cfc.
MlLLEPORIDJE.
MiUepora, cfc.
* According to Agassiz.
XXVIII
THE CLASS OF POLYPI OR POLYPS *
ORDERS.
FAMILIES.
Genera.
PENNATULID^E
or SEA-PEN
FAMILY.
Pennatula, $0.
PAVONARID.E.
Pavonaria, cfc.
VERETILLID^E.
Veretillum, $c.
CO
RENILLID^E.
Renilla, $c.
Jz;
<
GORGONID^E
or SEA-^'AN
FAMILY.
Gorgonia, tfc.
g
PLEXAURID^E.
Muricea, $c.
1
PRIMNOID^E.
Primnoa, $c.
<
g
GORGONELLID^E
Verrucella, $c.
w
ISID^;.
Isis, $c.
M
i
CORALLID^E
or RED CORAL
FAMILY.
Corallium, $c.
H
o
_5
BRIARID^E.
<3
ALCYONIDyE.
Alcyonium, $c.
XENID/E.
CORNULARID^;.
TUBIPORID^E
or ORGAN-PIPE
CORAL FAMILY.
Tubipora, $c.
CO
£2;
ACTINID^E or
SEA-ANEMONE
FAMILY.
Metridium, $c.
3
«
<j
THALLASSIAN-
THID^:.
K
H
MINYID.E.
0
<5
ILLYANTHID^E.
S
CERIANTHID^E.
-<
04
ANTIPATHID^:.
g
GERARDID/E.
H
o
<5
ZOANTHID.<B.
BERGID^B.
According to Verrill.
XXIX
ORDERS.
[RADIATES: POLYPS — Continued.]
FAMILIES. Genera.
MADREPORARIA or MADREPORARIANS.
1
EUPSAMMID^E.
Astroides, $c.
GEMMIPORID^E.
PORITID^E
or PORITES
FAMILY.
Porites, $c.
MADREPORID,E
or MADREPORE
FAMILY.
Madrepore, $c.
LlTHOPHYLLID^E
M^EANDRINAD^E
or MEANDRINA
FAMILY.
Mceandrina, <£c.
EUSMILLID^E.
CARYOPHYLL-
ID^E.
Caryophyllia, $c.
STYLINID.E.
ASTR.EID.E
or STAR CORAL
FAMILY.
Aslrcea, $c.
OCULINID.E
or OCULINA
FAMILY.
Oculina, $c.
STYLOPHORID^;.
CYCLOCLITID^E.
LOPHOSERID^;.
FUNGIBLE
or FUNGUS
CORAL FAMILY.
Fungia, $c. «
MERULINID^?.
Merv2ina, tf-c.
THE BRANCH OF PROTOZOA OR PROTOZOANS.
THE END.
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