' u jf
yrf
Trinity University
LIBRARY,
h \.No.l
THE
NATURAL HISTORY
OF
PLANTS.
VOL. III.
THE
NATURAL HISTORY
OF
PLANTS.
BY
H. BAILLOK
PRESIDENT OF THE LINN. FAX SOCIETY OF PARIS,
PROFESSOR OF MEDICAL NATURAL HISTORY AND DIRECTOR OF THE BOTANICAL GARDEN
OF THE FACULTY OF MEDICINE OF PARIS.
TRANSLATED BY
MARCUS M. HABTOG, B.Sc. (Lond.) B.A.
SCHOLAR OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.
VOL. III.
MENISPERMACE^E, BERBERIDACE^E, NYMPH^ACEiE,
PAPAVERACE^E, CAPPARIDACEJS, "CRUCIFER.E, RESEDACE^E,
CRASSULACE^E, SAXIFRAGACE^E, PIPERACE^E, URTICACE^E.
LONDON :
L. REEVE & CO., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
1874
^rary
NOV 2 8 W69
Ife/TY Of ^
ft*
*$>
97
^•5
**j
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
XIII. MENISPEEMACE^.
I. COCCULUS SERIES.
The great genus Cocculus1 was formerly held to include the greater
part of this order, and to it were referred the plants that produce
Anamirta Cocculus.
Fig. 1. — Male flowering branch (|).
5 C. Bauh., Pinax, 511, ex DC, Syst., i.
515 ; Prodr., i. 96. — Spach, Suit, a Bvffon, viii.
VOL. III.
13._Endl., Gen., n. 4687 (part.). — B. H.,
Gen., 36, 961, n. 16. — Miees, in Ann. Nat~
B
XATTBAL EISTOEY OF PLANTS.
the Indian Berry [fig. l\ and Colombo Eoot (fig. 16), &c. ; but it is
now reduced to a far more limited number of species, generally
remarkable for their trimerous flowers, with calyx, corolla and
androceuni each formed of two whorls. In Cocculu* proper, as in all
known Menispermaceie, the flowers are small and dioecious, with a
small convex receptacle. If, for instance, we analyse those :
carolinus,'- which flourish in our gardens, we usually find2 in the
Coccml** carolimus.
m s
! V^ £ *)\
Fie-, a.
^. 3.
Fie- I
.- • " - : ■ - -■ •
male flowers (figs. C-4 an outer calyx of three sepals, and an inner
calvx of three more, alternating with the former, and like them
■
valvate in the bud and petaloid. Internal to these come three
petals superposed to the outer petals, and three more superposed to
the inner ones - re all similar to one another, shorter and
: ticker than the sepals, concave inside, and with their _ - indexed
to partially envelope the sir sed stamens. These, forming two
wd rlsj and all simila: isist ach of a free filament, dilated
above, and a basifixed introzse four-lobed two-celled anther, of
longitudinal dehiscence.3 The cent. the flower is occupied by
three or six lit: je bodies, repres _ idimentary carpels. In
ffist^ ser. 3, six. 19.— 3" L "... 7
Cockimc': ' — Ef baferimm F - \ar.
Gf. '-. — Wemdlamdir. W_ Spec. .PL, ii.
-"— Cecatla FcatSK, jF -T '._; i.-A -.;3., 171.
— Leal i ] 173 — ■ ."mlidimm
- _H, lac cit^ 16. — Ademoc&etc _ . in
1- — Xepiroiec MlKBS, in Amu.
. mL, ser. i _ — if
loc eit. (ind. : IHploel Mrj ss, Limaeia
3., PericampyiusllitZ' 7 :idtoeah
IX.).
1 DC, S*st.,\. 534; ZV "-.. L 98,1 85.—
Memisptrmmm carolimmm L„ Sp-ee^ 14' - -
iiammm Her: — -tdlamdia jpopmlifolia
■. -. a D
- E-: not constantly, for the :en
accompanied by three, or even six, others,
:;: :..:.:>_. - I. .~ .--. ::-- ._'-'.-. i '
'. :.: -' - -r ' ■ - - .:. t : .: r-. ii :ir .::e:
sepals, only differing in their smaller sire. It
is the presence of these extra whorls that leads
- : doubt the value of the Australian genus
7 fkfcxeig nxx, Fngm. Piiff. Am-
*fr»; _- ;_b. E -. ■ i" —
Hist., ser. 3, six. >7>, un-
known to us, but of which Bs>~tp <¥ says,
.-.•-■ Jo valde affine, diftVrre videtur imprimis
- -- : .: -
3 Despite outward appearances, there are really
only two cells, in each of whicL -act rudi-
mentary septum perpendicular to the true
MENISPERMA CEM. 3
the female flowers the perianth is the same ; but the androceum
differs by the absence of the anthers or their becoming narrow,
elongated and sterile.1 The gynseceum consists of three carpels,
each consisting of a free ovary surmounted by a reflexed style that
tapers to its stigmatiferous apex. In the ventral angle of the
single cell of each ovary is a placenta bearing, on anthesis,2 a single
descending anatropous ovule, whose micropyle looks upwards and
outwards. The multiple fruit consists of three rounded reniform
drupes, with the scar of the style brought down near the base.3 Under
the thin fleshy mesocarp is a stone whose depressed sides send
inwards an unequally perforated or solid projection {condyle of
Miers), the base of which is near that of the fruit. The back of
the seed is uneven and tuberculate ; its cavity contains a bowed
seed, moulded on the internal prominence of the stone. Within the
seed-coat is a fleshy albumen, containing in its axis a narrow curved
embryo, with linear, somewhat flattened cotyledons, and a superior
conical radicle.
The fruits of C. macrocarjpus* are obovate and more elongated than
usual ; this species has been made into a distinct genus Diploclisia?
which we only retain as a section. In C. incanits* the styles, of
variable form, are often subulate and bipartite ; this too has been
made into a distinct genus Pericampylos? Ln C. cuspidatus* and some
allied species,9 the stamens, more swollen at the apex, have their
cells more elongated and nearer the vertical, while the internal pro-
minences of the stone contain a more distinct cavity ; this dis-
tinguishes Limacia,10 whereof we propose to make another section of
the genus Cocctdtus, as their organization is otherwise similar.
1 The two cells and the groove separating * Wight & Ar>-., Prodr., i. 13. — Walp.,
them may often be distinguished, bat there is no Rep., i. 94-, n. 15.
pollen, in the cultivated plants hermaphrodite 5 MzBBS, in An,i. Xaf. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 42 ;
flowers occar (fig. 3), with ovules in the ser. 3, xix -
ovaries, and a variable number of fertile 6 Colebe., in Trans. Linn. 8oc, xiii. 57 '. —
stamens. Ch/pea corymbom Bl., Bijdr^ 24. — M
2 When youn? there are two ovules, and spermum cillosum Roxb., Ft. Ind., iii. 812 (nee
Pateb (Traite d'Organog. Comp. de la Fleur, Lake.). — CUsampetos Wallichiana Wall.,
243, t. 53) noticed them in Coeculus, lTe,,i- Cat., n. 4980 (nee DC).
tpertmum, and Cissampelos. We have seen them " aTxees, in Ann. Xaf. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 40 ; ser.
{Adawonia, ii. 320) in Burasaia madagas- 3, xiv. 369. — B. H.. Gen., 37, 961, n. 17. — Legne-
cariensis and Jateorhiza strigosa Miees (Adan- phora aIiees, in Ann. Xat. Hint., ser. 3, xiv. - -.
ionia, v. 365), and Geiffith has in Fibraurea. (A doubtful synonym of Pselium, p. 20, not. 6.)
We shall see that they persist all along in Ade- 8 Wall., Cat., n. 4!> .
liopsus. 9 Such as C. velutinm Wall., triandrtu
3 This incurvation of the pericarp is thus Colebe., oblongus Wall.
comparable with the campvlotropv of ovules. 10 Locb., FL CocMnch., 62r>. — M^iees, in
B 2
4 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Thus circumscribed/ the genus Coccuhs includes some twenty
species,2 all inhabiting all the warm regions of America, Asia,
Africa, and Oceania.3 They have slender stems, woody at the base,
rarely erect, more frequently sarmentose and climbing, covered
with alternate simple petiolate exstipulate leaves, sometimes peltate
or cordate at the base. Their flowers form axillary supra- axillary
or lateral, or more rarely terminal racemes, simple or more frequently
ramified, and then consisting of little cymes, with each flower axil-
lary to a usually caducous bract.
The Moon-seeds (Fr., Menispermes,4 figs. 5-11) have all the charac-
Menispermum dahuricum.
tfH0S
Fig. 6.
Hale flower (\).
Fig. 5.
Male floriferous branch.
Fig. 7.
Long. sect, of male flower.
ters of Cocculus ; the same perianth, gynseceum, and fruit. But
their male flowers contain a much larger number of stamens, from
Ann. Nat. Hist, ser. 2, vii. 43 ; ser. 3, xiv. 363. —
B. H., Gen., 36, 961, n. 15. — Hypserpa Miehs,
in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 40 ; ser. 3, xiv.
365.
l
/l. Fucocculus.
2 ? Tristichocalyx.
3. Cebatha.
4. Diploclisia.
5. Limacia.
.. 6. Pericampy his.
2 Wendl., Hort. Herrenh., t. 16 (Wend-
Cocculus.
Sect. 6.
landia).— Deless., Ic. Sel., i. t. 94, 97.— A.
Geat, Gen. III., t. 28.— Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., i.
p. ii. 82. — Benth., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v.
Suppl., 49; Fl. HongTcong., 12; Fl. Austral, i.
56 {Pericampylvs). — 'WAVF., Ann., iv. 126
(Hypserpa), 128 (Pericampyltts), 127.
3 Two doubtful Brazilian species have been
described by Eichleb (in Mart. Fl. Bras.,
Menisp., 183).
4 Menispermtim T. in Mem. Acad. Par*
(1705), 237.— Adans., Fam. des PL, ii. 364.—
MENISPERMACEtfl. 5
ten or twelve to twenty-five or thirty.1 The fruits are bowed, laterally
compressed, and the reniform stone has a slightly prominent dorsal
crest, and is concave laterally with imperforate internal prominences
on both sides. Only two species of this genus are known, one from
Menispermum dahuricum.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 9.
Female flower (^).
Fruit (f ).
Long. sect, of fruit.
Loug. sect, of female flower
East Asia,2 the other North America;3 both are cultivated in
Europe. Their broad leaves are often slightly peltate and palmati-
lobed, or with angular incisions.
Abuta1' has also nearly the flower of Cocculus, but without petals.
The three inner sepals are the larger, sometimes petaloid and valvate
or imbricated. The fruit is elongated, divided by a thin vertical
septum across which the seed is folded ; the embryo is transversely
ruminated. The genus consists of seven or eight species5 of lianas,
from Tropical America, whose coriaceous leaves are 5-7-ribbed at the
base. The flowers form racemes, simple or slightly ramified in the
female plants, much more branched in the males.
J., Gen., 2S5.453. — Lame., Dict.,\v.M; Suppl.
iii. 657; III., t. 824.— Schkuhe, Handb., t.
337.— DC, Prodr., i. 102.— Spach, Suit, a
Buffon, viii. 18. — Endl., Gen., n. 4685. — A.
Geay, Gen. III., t. 29.— B. H., Gen., 37, 962,
n. 18. — Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xiv.
367. — Trilophus Fisch. — ? ? Selwynia F.
Muell., Fragm., iv. 153.
1 The pollen consists of ellipsoidal grains, with
three grooves, which in water become narrow
bands. (H. Mohl, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii.
325.)
- M. dahuricum DC, Prodr., n. 2. — Deless.,
Ic. Sel., i. t. 100. — Trilophus ampelisagria
Fiscu.
3 H. canadense L., Spec, 1468. — SlMS, in
Bot. Mag., t. 1910.— DC, Prodr., n. 1.
4 Babeebe, Fr. Mquin. (ex J., nee Loue.). —
Afbl., Guian., 618, t. 250, 251. — J., Gen.,
286.— DC, Syst., i. 542; Prodr., i. 103.—
Spach, Suit, a Buffon, viii. 14 (?). — Endl.,
Gen., n. 4687 {Cocculus).— B. H., Gen., 35,
961, n. 12. — Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3,
xiv. 254. — Batschia Thunb., in Nov. Act.
Upsal., v. 120, t. 2 (nee Gmel., nee Vahl.) —
Trichoa Pees., Syn., ii. 634. — DC, Prodr., i.
103. — Endl., Gen., n. 4691. — Anelasrna Mieks,
in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, vii. 42 ; ser. 3, xiv. 259.
5 Pcepp. & Endl., Nov. Gen. et Spec, t, 188. —
Geiseb., in Journ. Linn. Soc, iii, 108. — Benth.,
in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. Suppl., 48. — Teiana &
Pl., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 45. — EicnL.,
in Mart. Fl. Bras., Menisp., 172, t. 39-42.
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Spirospermum1 has the male flowers of Cocculus, but with more
vertical anthers of submarginal or slightly introrse longitudinal
dehiscence. The female flower is unknown, but the fruit is charac-
teristic ; it is flattened and orbicular, and rolled round itself in a
plane into a spiral ; while the thin albumen and embryo, contained
in the stone, are rolled up with it. S. penduliflorum Dup.-Th./ the
only known species of this genus, is a climbing glabrous shrub from
Madagascar. Its leaves are oblong coriaceous ; and its flowers form
racemes, which have more ramified and slenderer axes in the male
plants than in the females.
Tiliacora3 has nearly the flower of Cocculus ; but the three inner
sepals are much longer than the others, and nearly petaloid. The
stamens have elongated introrse two-celled anthers of vertical dehis-
cence. The fruit consists of drupes, of which there may be as many
as twelve ; each is short and club-shaped ; the stone is folded
lengthwise over a vertical septum, over which the albuminous seed
is also folded. The only known species, except a doubtful one from
Africa,4 is Indian.5
Syiiclisia6 scabridci' is a plant from the west of Tropical Africa, whose
place will remain uncertain so long as the female flower and fruit
are unstudied ; its male flower has nine sepals, whereof the three
innermost are much more developed than the rest ; six small petals ;
and six stamens, only coherent towards the base, and bearing
anthers with sublateral longitudinal cells. Herein it comes very near
Tiliacorus, differing chiefly in that its three large inner sepals are
united edge to edge nearly all the way up, into a sort of tube simu-
lating a gamopetalous corolla.
In Anomospermum,* the flowers again resume nearly the symmetry
1 Dup.-Th., Gen. Nov. Madag., 19, n. 63.— ser. 3, xiv. 252.— Braunea W., Spec, iv. 797
DC, Syst., i. 514 ; Prodr., i. 96.— Endl., Gen., (part.).
n. 4690.— B. H., Gen., 39, 11. 30 ; 962, n. 17 b.— * T. ? funifera Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 44.
Miees, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, xiii. 125.— H. 5 T. acuminata.— T. racemosa Colebe., loe.
Bn., in Adavsonia, viii. 154. cit., 53, 67.— Men ispermum acuminatum Lamk.,
2 Cocculus milleflorus DC, Syst., i. 530 ; Diet., iv. 101.— M. radiatum Lamk., loc. cit.—
Prodr., i. 99, n. 42. (C. gomphioides DC, M. polycarpiim Koxb., Fl. Ind., iii. 816.—
Prodr.., n. 42, does not belong to this genus, as Cocculus acuminatus DC, Prodr., i. 99, n. 34. —
we at first thought. Its leaves are nearly those Deless., Ic. Sel., i. t. 95.— C. radialus DC,
of S. penduliflo, <um, but the fruits are neither Prodr., n.35.— C. bantamemis Bl., Bijdr., 26.—
bowed nor coiled in a spiral. Though unripe, C. polycarpus Wall., Cat., n. 4958 (part.).—
the seeds appear to resemble those of the Chas- Braunea menispermoides \\ ., loc. cit.
n.adherea. 6 Bemh., Gen . 36, n. 14.
3 Colebh., in Trans. Linn. Soc, xiii. 53.— '' Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xx.
Endl., Gen., n. 4687 (Coccu/m).— B. H., Gen., 171.— Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 4!).
36, 961, n. 13.— Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., s Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 39;
MENISPERMACEvE. 7
of Cocculus. But the inner sepals are still very large as compared
with the outer ones. The petals are short thick and fleshy, each
surrounding the foot of its superposed stamen ; by their approxi-
mation they simulate a sort of large triangular disk, hollowed into
six pits. The fruit, moreover, is remarkable for being straight.
The inside of the stone bears only a vertical projecting blade, which
makes a straight groove down the inner face of the seed, whose
OCT '
ruminated albumen is divided into horizontal lamelke. The three
or four species known come from Tropical America.1
Sarcopetalum1 has the same fruit as Cocculus or Menispermum, and
the same linear albuminous embryo. The perianth, too, is some-
times similarly formed of six sepals and six petals. In this case the
genus is only distinguished by the thickness of its petals, compar-
able to those of Anomospermum, and forming thick wrinkled irregularly
obovoid fleshy masses ; and by the androceum, which consists of a
central erect fleshy column, divided above into from two to four
short diverging branches, each bearing the two adnate cells of the
horizontal anther. However, botanists have placed this genus in
the Cissampelidece3 because the number of pieces in its perianth often
falls below that given above ; the number of petals and sepals being
reduced to two or three of each. 8. Haroeianum F. Muell, the
only known species of this genus, is an Australian liana, with alter-
nate cordate leaves, and flowers forming solitary or fascicled simple
lateral racemes.
II. PACHYGONE SERIES.
In flowers and vegetative organs Pachygone* has all the characters
of Cocculus ; and the only reason for making it the type of a distinct
series is that its seeds are exalbuminous. The embryo is large and
curved like a horseshoe, with a short superior embryo, and thick
ser. 3, xiv. 101. — Benth., in Jourrt. Linn. Soc, Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xix. 90. —
v. Suppl., 48.— B. H., Gen., 35, 961, n. 11.— Benth , Fl. Austral, i. 56.
? Elisarrhena Miees, in Ann. Nat. Eist., ser. 3, 3 We, however, remove it hither because the
xiii. 124. regularity of its double perianth may be perfect,
1 Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Menisp., 169, t, and the female flowers lack the unilateral
37 3g_ arrangement characterising those of Cissampe-
'2 F. Muell., PI. Indig. Col. Vict., i. 26, 221, lideee.
t. Suppl. iii.— B. H., Gen., 37, 962, n. 19.— 4 Miees, in Ann. Nat. Mist., ser. 2, vii. 43
ser. 3, xix. 319.— B. H., Gen., 38, 963, n. 23.
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Parity gone ova (a.
Fig. 12.
Fruit (f).
Fig. 13.
Long. sect, of fruit.
fleshy or subcorneous cotyledons (figs. 12, 13). We cannot make a
distinct genus for Hyperbana? which has somewhat more elongated
carpels with thinner bowed styles. We make it only a section of
the genus Pachygone, which thus
constituted contains half a dozen
species2 from Tropical Asia and
America. All the species of Hyper-
ban a are American.
Pycnarrhena and Hamatocarpui
come very near Pachygone, whereof
they have the general organization.
The latter has a calyx of from
three to five trimerous verticils, and six stamens incurved above
with lateral anther-cells. The only known species is Indian.4 Pycnar-
rhena'' has nine short stamens, inserted on a swollen subglobular
receptacle, and the two anther-cells blend below on dehiscence. Two
or three species are known,6 natives of India and the neighbouring
islands of Oceania.
Cliondodendron' is also nearly allied to the preceding genera. It
may have as many as six whorls to the calyx, and the three innermost
stamens are large and petaloid, reflexed at the apex. The anther-
cells are lateral, with an apiculate intlexed connective. The fruits are
stipitate drupes. This genus contains half a dozen American species.8
tSychnosepalum,9 also American, is nearly allied to the last genus.
Its flowers possess an indefinite number of stamens superposed in six
vertical rows, with terminal anthers and unprolonged connectives ;
all or certain of the filaments cohere together ; their fruits are also
coherent at the base. Three species have been described.
1 Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 44 ;
ser. 3, xix. 92.— B. H., Gen., 38, 963, n. 24.
2 Deless., Ic. SeL, i. t. 96 (Cocculus).—
Wight, Icon., t. 824, 825.— Benth., in Journ.
Linn. Soc, v. Suppl., 50 (Hyptrbana). — Gei-
SEB., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., 10 [Cocculus); PI.
Wright., 4 (Anomospermum, sect. Apabuta). —
Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Menisp., 195, t.
47 [Pachygone). — Walp., Ann., iv. 133.
3 Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xix. 194.
B. H., Gen., 964, n. 28.— Baierium Miees (ex
ips., loc. cit., 194).
4 Hook. & Thoiis., Fl. Inch, i. 204 (Fi-
Iraurea).
5 Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 44. —
B. H., Gen., 38, n. 25.
6 Walp., Ann., iv. 134.
7 K. & Pat., Prodr., 132 (nee alior.).—
Miers, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xix. 187.—
B. H., Gen., 963, n. 26. — Botryopsis Miees, in
Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 43. — B. H., Gen.,
38, n. 26.
8 Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Menisp., 199,
t. 48 (Botryopsis).
9 Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Menisp., 202,
t. 49. — Mieks, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xix.
192.— B. H., Gen., 963, n. 26 a.—Detandra
Miees, loc. cit., 124.
MENI8PEBMAGEJE.
Triclisia
subeordata.
Only the female flowers of Sciadotania1 are known. They come
very near those of the preceding genera, possessing a triple or quad-
ruple calyx and six petals, to which as many sterile stamens are super-
posed. But the fruit consists of a variable number of drupes (some-
times as high as twelve), supported on club-shaped feet, and free or
connate at the base ; each contains a horseshoe shaped seed. The
three described species2 inhabit Guiana and the neighbouring parts
of Brazil.
Pleogyne? whereof only a single Australian species4 is known, has
a double or triple calyx, the three internal sepals of
which are the largest, as in Chondodendron. The
androceum is reduced to three stamens alternating:
with these large sepals. The fruit consists of from
three to six drupes with the scar of the style lateral,
containing a reniform seed with superficially confer-
ruminate cotyledons.
Triclisia? a genus confined as yet to the west of
Tropical Africa, has a calyx of from nine to twelve
stamens, with the three innermost largest and more
or less petaloid and valvate. The corolla is wanting and the
androceum consist of six stamens or of only three,6 through
the absence of those superposed to the three innermost sepals.
The filaments are free ; the connective is apiculate or muti-
cous, gibbous and thickened above and outside, and the anther-
cells are introrse but nearly lateral. The fruit consists of an
unknown number of drupes, and is characterized by their beino-
straight, with the scar of the style nearly terminal/ while the
prominence of the inner wall of the stone near the attachment of
the seed is very slight. The fleshy embryo, straight or bowed,
consists almost wholly of a single much developed cylindrical coty-
ledon ; the other cotyledon being very small and occupjdng the
Fig. 14.
Embryo (A).
1 Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 43 ; 4 P. aiistralis Miees. — Benth. Fl Austral
ser. 3, xix. 325.— B. H., Gen., 3D, 964, i. 58.
n. 29. 5 Benth., in B. H., Gen., 39, 963, n. 27.—
2 Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Menisp., 201, H. Bn„ in Adansonia, is. 316.
t. 47. 6 Only in one doubtful species. T. ? patens
3 Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 43 ; Olit.
ser. 3, xix. 22. — B. H., Gen., 963, n. 27 a. — "' In T. subeordata Olit., the only species in
Microclisia Benth., Gen., add., 435, n. 27 a. which it has been possible to study them.
10
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
summit of the seminal cavity, together with the radicle. Four
species of this genus have been described ;l most are only known by
their male flowers.
Rameya capitata.
Fig. 15.
Female floriferous branch (~).
We have described a genus under the name of Uameya (fig. 15),2
of which the flowers are very imperfectly known ; but the carpels
are very numerous, collected on a globular receptacle, the whole
being comparable to a young Blackberry. It seems probable that in
this genus the exalbuminous embryo is formed like that of Triclisia
1 Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 48.— Miees, in
Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xix. 328.
H. Bn., in Adansonia, ix. 313, t. 11.
MENI8PEEMACEJE. 11
with but one well developed cotyledon,1 but this is closely folded on
itself, as in Hyperbaric!., and Chondodendron. Rameya consists of
Lianas from Madagascar, with entire leaves, three-ribbed at the base,
and with its flowers collected in small numbers on the wood of the
branches.
III. CHASMANTHEBA SEKIES.
Chasmantherd (figs. 16, 17) has nearly the male flowers of Cocculus ;
but its stamens are monadelphous over a variable extent ;3 in the
female flower they are represented by six sterile rods. The three
carpels are formed as in Cocculus, with a reflexed style of variable
form. The fruit and seed present peculiarities which alone justify
the formation of this very artificial series. The three drupes are
nearly ovoid, flattened on the face towards the centre of the gynae-
ceum. Here the stone is depressed by a deep hemispherical or
vertically elongated pit. The walls are thus pushed into the
true cell, which is moulded on their convexity to form a meniscus,
concave internally, convex outside. The seed is similar in form,
contained in the ovary cell ; within its very thin coat is contained
a fleshy ruminated albumen of no great thickness, which may
divide into two la}rers, one thrust into the other. Between them
is the incurved embryo. This is very peculiar in form ; its radicle
is superior and cylindrical, and the two very thin cotyledons are
parallel to the two faces of the seed, and are divaricated, or widely
separated at the base to form an angle with its apex superior ;
here it is that the two layers of albumen come in contact.4
The first Chasmanthera described was C. dependens Hochst., from
Tropical Africa, possessing broad digitiveined leaves, cordate at the
base. Its flowers form axillary or supra-axillary racemes, grouped
in cymes in the axil of each bract in the male plants, but usually
solitary in the females.
1 This is at least the case in one species, which 3 The anthers are formed as in Cocculus, and
we can only doubtfully refer to this genus under after dehiscence show four low chambers, broadly
the name of R. 1 loucoubensis. We have also sug- open above, and separated from one another by
gested, not unhesitatingly, that Tinospora ? four low septa intersecting in a cross.
funifera Oliv. (Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 44) might
belong to this genus. 4 All these characters of the seed and embryo
2 Hochst., in Flora (1844), 21. — EkdIi., are not figured here because they are the same
Gen., n. 46%1.— B. H„ Gen., 34, 960, n. 3.— in Anamirta Cocculus (figs. 20, 21).
H. Bn., in Adansonia, is. 305.
12
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
The genus Jafeorhiza, distinguished from Chasmanthera chiefly
by the form of its male flowers, contains, among other species,
/. strigosa,1 from the west of Tropical Africa ; this has the female
flowers, prickly fruits and seeds formed as in Chasmanthera dependens,
Chasmanthera Columba.
Fig. 16.
Male floriferous branch (i).
while its stamens are monadelphous ; so that these two plants differ
in no point of generic value. Nay, they are far closer to one
another than to the Colombo-root plant, which has been named
/. Columba" (figs. 16, 17), and which no one has thought of putting
in a different genus to that of /. strigosa. Yet it has free stamens,
its male flower becoming quite that of a Cocculus. The female
1 Miebs, Niger, 213, t. 18. — Cocculus ? ma- 2 Miees, Niger, 214, not. — Cocculus pal-
cranthus Hook. F., loc. cit. — Chasmanthera mains DC, Syst., i. 522 ; Prodr., i. *J8, n. 22. —
strigosa H. Bn., iu Adansonia, v. 361. Menispermum Columba Roxb., Fl.Ind., iii.807.
MENISPERMACE&.
13
Chasmanthera Columba.
flowers, fruits, and vegetative organs are quite those of the
preceding species. Tinospora1 has also free stamens with all the
other characters of C. Columba, only the anther-cells are more lateral or
even slightly introrse ; a detail which is certainly not of a kind to
allow us to make Tinospora anything more than a section of the
genus Chasmantliera. This, so constituted,2
contains some twelve species, found in the
east and west of Tropical Africa and in
Tropical Asia.3
The American plant called Calycocarpum
Lyoni* has nearly the female flowers and
fruit of Chasmanthera ; but its male flowers
differ,5 usually possessing over six, and
even as many as twelve stamens, with
elongated basifixed introrse anthers, opening by two longitudinal
clefts. The leaves are large and palmatilobed, cordate at the base.
The flowers form lax elongated, axillary supra-axillary or lateral,
compound racemes. ,
Next to these genera come four others which have the same
general organization and embryos with divaricating cotyledons :
Tinomiscium, Odontocarya, Fibraurea and Burasaia.
Of Tinomiscium* two species are known, one Indian,7 the other
Javanese;8 their calyx has three or four verticils ; the fruit is com-
pressed, apiculated by the scar of the apical style, possessing a
stone whose inner surface is flat, with a straight, internal pro-
minence.
Fig. 17.
Male flower (f).
Sect. 4.
1 Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 38 ;
ser. 3, xiii. 486.— B. H., Gen., 34, 960, n. 5.—
H. Bn., in Adansonia, ix. 306.
2
rl. Fuchasmanthera.
Chasmanthera. \ 2. Jateorhiza.
3. Colombo.
[4. Tinospora.
3 Wight, Icon., t. 485, 486 {Tinospora). —
Gr/iLL. & Pere., Fl. Sen. Tent., i. 12, t. 4
{Cocculus). — Miees, in Hook. Niger, 212, t.
18; in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 38 {Tino-
spora, Jateorhiza); ser. 3, xiii. 132 [Jateorhiza),
315 [Tinospora), 486 {Chasmanthera). — Thw.,
Fnum. PI. Zeyl., 12.— Olit., Fl. Trop. Afr., i.
40-43.— Bot. Mag., t. 2970.— Waxp., Rep., v.
18 {Chasmanthera) ; Ann., ii. 21 {Jateorhiza);
iv. 124 {Tinospora).
4 Nutt., ex Toeb. & Ge., Fl. N. Amer., i.
48.— A. Geat, Gen. III., t. 30.— B. H., Gen.,
35, 961, n. 8.— Chapm., Fl. S. Unit. St., 16.—
Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xiii. 50. —
Walp., Ann., ii. 20. — Menispermum Lyoni
Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept., ii. 371.— DC, Frodr., i.
103, n. 4.
s They are said to have six flattened petals,
shorter than the calyx. I have been unable to
see them.
6 Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 44;
ser. 3, xiii. 489.— B. H., Gen., 34, 960, n. 6.
7 T. petiolare Miees. — Hook. & Thoms., Fl.
Ind., i. 205. — Walp., Ann., iv. 135.— Cocculus
petiolaris Wall., Cat., n. 4964.
8 T. javanicum Miees.
H NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Odontocarya} is American.2 The staminal filaments are halfway
up, and the anther-cells are distinct. The form of the internal pro-
minence of the fruit-stone resembles that of Chasmanthera.
Fibraurea,8 whereof only one Asiatic species4 is described, has six
free club-shaped stamens, slightly incurved towards the apex, and
the ventral surface of the fruit-stone bears a well marked hollow
internal prominence.
Burasaia" consists of four species6 of plants from Madagascar,
which were formerly referred to Lardizabalece. We were the first
to show that they are quite similar to the preceding genera in the
structure of the fruit, the stone bearing a longitudinal groove
outside and a semi-ovoidal prominence inside on the ventral face.
But they are very sharply distinguished from all the allied types by
their trifoliolate leaves.
The two Indian genera Paraba/ia7 and Aspidocarya? each repre-
sented by a single species, have, with the same female flowers and fruit,
a quite distinct androceum, formed of a vertical cylindrical column,
on top of which are found six sessjle anthers. This column is
dilated at the top into a circular platform in the latter genus and is
capitate in the former.
Anamirta* (figs. 1, 18-21) has apetalous flowers with a perianth
of two, three, or four trimerous verticils, whose leaves increase in
size as they are more internal. In the male flowers is a sort of head
formed by the indefinite stamens which are arranged in six vertical
rows. Each stamen has a subsessile vertically compressed anther
divided into four more or less distinct lobes ; it opens by a
1 Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 38 (part.) ; 96. — Dcne., in Arch. Mus., i. 197, 1. 13 (fig. c). —
ser. 3, xiv. 97. — B. H., Gen., 34 (Chondoden- Endl., Gen., n. 4699. — H. Bn., in Adansonia,
dron), 960, n. 4. ii. 316.— B. H., Gen., 39, n. 31; 960, n. 6 a.
2 Miees admits seven species, all united in 6 Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xiii. 490.
one by Eichleb (in Mart. FL Bras., Menisp., 7 Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 39 ;
167, t. 36, fig. 2). ser. 3, xiv. 51.— B. H., Gen., 34, 960, n. 2.—
3 Lous., Fl. CocUnch., ed. Ulyssip. (1790), Hook. & Thoms., FL Ind., i. 181. — Walp.,
626. — Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xiii. Ann., iv. 123.
487.— B. H., Gen., 960, n. 7 a. 8 Hook. & Thoms., FL Ind., i. 180.— B. H.
4 F. tinctoria Loue., loc. cit. — Hook. & Gen., 33, 960, n. 1. — Miees, in Ann. Nat.
Thoms.,.FZ. J»rf.,i.204. — WALP.,^n«.,iv.l33. — Hist., ser. 2, vii. 39; ser. 3, xiv. 52. — Walp.,
Coceulus Fibraurea DC, Prodr., i. 99. MlEES Ann., iv. 123.
admits three species in this genus, which are not 9 Anamirta Colebe., in Trans. Linn. Soc,
distinct according to Bentham, and reduces to xiii. 52. — Endl., Atakt., t. 39, 40, n. 4693. —
F. tinctoria Loue. B. H., Gen., 35, 961, n. 9. — Miees, in Ann.
5 Dup.-Th., Gen. Nov. Madag., 18 ; in Diet. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xiv. 49.
Sc. Nat., v. 266.— DC, Syst., i. 514 ; Prodr., i.
MENISPERMACEM.
15
horizontal cleft. In the female flowers there are only six or nine
free staminodes ; and the gynaeceurn formed of three, or more rarely
six, carpels resembles Cocculus. The fruit consists of several sub-
ovoid reniform drupes. Inside the cavity of the stone is a bilobed
projection on which the seed is moulded. The horny albumen may
be divided into two unequal sheets (fig. 21), between which is lodged
the embryo, like that of Chasmanthera. Anamirta consists of Lianas
from Tropical Asia and the Indian Archipelago. Their leaves are
large, often cordate at the base. The flowers come out early from
the wood of the branches in large pendulous compound racemes
(fig. 1). As many as seven species have been admitted.1
Anamirta Cocculus.
Fig. 18.
Fig. 19.
Fig. 20.
Fig. 21.
Male flower {\).
Long. sect, of male flower.
Fruit (f).
Long. sect, of fruit
Coscinium2 belongs to this series through its embryo with divari-
cated cotyledons. But these are laciniate and sinuous, and the sur-
rounding albumen is ruminate. The seed is depressed by a stipitate
capitate prominence of the stone. The male flowers have six fertile
stamens, whereof the outer are free, with one-celled anthers, and the
three inner are monadelphous with two-celled anthers. Two species
of this genus have been described,3 natives of Tropical Asia, with
large peltate leaves, and with the flowers collected in large numbers
on a pedunculate globular capitulum.
1 The number given by Miees. Bentham
& Hooker reduce them to one (or two ?). Aen.,
in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, ii. 65, t. 3. — Wight &
Aex., Prodr., i. 446. — Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p.
ii. 79. — Walp., Ann., iv. 125.
s Id Trans. Linn. Soc, xiii. 51 (nee E>'dl.). —
Endl., Gen., n. 4692.— B. H., Gen., 35, 961, n.
10. — Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xiii.
125. — Pereira Lindl., Fl. Med., 370.
3 G^etn., Fruct., i. 219, t. 46 (Meni-
spermum). — Hook. f. & Thoms., Fl. Ind., i.
178.— Roxb., Fl. Ind., iii. 809.— Walp., Ann.,
iv. 122.
16 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLAXTS.
IV. CISSAMPELOS SEEIES.
Cissampelos1 (figs. 22-30) has dioecious flowers. The males
(fi^s. 22-24) are regular and hermaphrodite and tetramerous, with
a double perianth. The outer whorl is a calyx of four valvate sepals,
within which is a sort of short cupule of a single piece." The
androceum is represented by a short vertical column, expanding
above into a discoidal platform ; on the rim of this are borne four
horizontal anther-cells3 of transverse dehiscence. The female flower
(figs. 27, 28) bears on top of a little club-shaped pedicel, one single
unilateral sepal, a small superposed petal,4 entire or bifid,5 and a
carpel articulated at the base, and consisting of a one-celled ovarj'-
tapering above into a style with three stigmatiferous branches or
teeth, whereof two are superposed to the petal and sepal (figs.
27, 2S). It is on the same side that is found the parietal placenta,
which when adult6 supports a descending subanatropous ovule,
whose micropyle looks upwards and away from the placenta. The
fruit is a sub-globular or flattened-orbiculate campylotropous drupe,
with the cicatrix of the style near its base. Its stone is compressed,
tuberculate behind, with hollowed sides, and an imperfect false
septum projecting inside, on whose convexity is moulded the horse-
shoe-shaped seed, whose linear embiyo is surrounded by a fleshy
albumen. Cissampelos consists of shrubs, usually climbing, rarely
humble and erect with alternate, entire or incised leaves. The
flowers are small and numerous, forming axillary supra-axillary or
lateral fascicled leaves. The male racemes are much ramified, con-
1 L., Gen., n. 1138. — J., Gen., 2S5. — Lame., tetrandrous; the cells alternate with the petals;
Diet., v. 9, Suppl., iv. 299 ; III., t. 830. — Sw., the pollen has the same form as in Menisper-
Observ., t. 10, fig. 5. — Dttp.-Th., in Jov.rn. macece in C. mauritiana and orbiculata, accord-
Bot., ii. 65, t. 3, 4.— DC, Syst., i. 352 ; Prodr., ing to H. Mom.
i. 100. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, viii. 23. — Endl., * This has often been termed a sepal, what we
Gen., n. 4695. — B. H., Gen., 37, 962, n. 21. — describe as such being then regarded as a bract.
Caapeba Plum., Gen., 33, t. 29. — Adass., Fam. 5 Specially bifid with the species from Mada-
des PI., ii. 357. — Antizoma Miebs, in Ann. Nat. gascar, wherefrom Miebs took the type of his
Hist., ser. 2, vii. 41; ser. 3, xvii. 266. — Disso- genus Dissopetalum. Hence the hypothesis that
petalum Miebs, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xvii. the petal of Cissampelos, even when entire, con-
267. sists of two leaves.
'-' It is sometimes entire, sometimes crenulate, 6 At first there are two ovnles; and that
often rather fleshy in consistency. It has been which disappears more or less completely mav
frequently described as a gamopetalous corolla. persist even very long in certain species, such as
3 These, perhaps, represent only two anther C. Pareira (fig. 26).
cells ; the androceum is generally termed di- or
MENISPERMACE&.
17
sisting of numerous cymes. The female inflorescences have each a
simple axis; this bears alternate bracts, usually broad rounded,
axillary to which the floral pedicels are arranged in two parallel
series between the bract and the axis (figs. 25, 26), becoming
shorter from within outwards.' All the known species2 inhabit the
tropics.
Cissampelos Pareira.
Fig. 22.
Male inflorescence.
Fig. 25.
Female inflorescence.
Fig. 23.
Male flower (j).
Fig. 26. Fig. 24.
Diagram of female inflorescence. Long. sect, of male flower.
1 The very singular structure of these flowers,
which seem like only parts of a single regular
flower each more or less elevated on a hranch or
division of the floral receptacle, and tbe position of
the placenta relative to the sepal and petal, are
facts which deserve the full attention of botanists,
especially those who are in a position to observe
the organogeny of the female flowers of Cissam-
pelos.
2 Miees (in Ann. Nat. Hist., xvii. 128) ad-
VOL. III.
mits sixty-nine, besides five species for Antizoma
and one for Dissopetalum. Bentham &
Hooker reduce them to some eighteen. — A.S.H.,
PI. Us. Brasil., t. 34, 35; Fl. Bras. Mer., i. t.
ii.— Deless., Ic. Sel., i. t. 98, 99. — Geiseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., 10 ; PI. Wright., 5.— Haev. &
Sond., Fl. Cap., i. 10, 11 {Antizoma). — Eichl.,
in Mart. Fl. Bras., Menisp., 183, t. 43-46. —
Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 45.— Walp., Rep., i. 96;
ii. 749 j v. 17 ; Ann., i. 18 ; ii. 22 ; iv. 130.
18
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Next to Cissampelos come Cycled and Stephania. In the former
genus the male flowers have a cornet- or bell-shaped calyx ; and the
females resemble those of Cissampelos, but have two lateral petals
instead of one. The genus is composed of Lianas from Tropical
Asia.2
Cissampelos Pareira.
Fig. 27. Fig. 29. Fig. 30. Fig. 28.
Female flower (f). Fruit (f). Long. sect, of fruit. Long. sect, of flower.
Stephania* has the female flower of Cyclea ; but the calyx of the
males (figs. 31, 32) consists of from six to twelve free leaves. The
androceum though triandrous resembles that of Cyclea, being repre-
sented when adult by a cylindrical column, at the apex of which is
seen a circular platform edged by an apparently single anther,"
which dehisces by a continuous marginal horizontal cleft. Stephania
consists of plants from Tropical Asia, Australia, and Africa.5
Thus constituted, and containing moreover a large number of
doubtful genera,6 and others whose place in these series is uncertain
1 Abn., in Wight III., 22. — Miebs, in Ann.
Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xiv. 17.— B. H., Gen., 38,
963, n. 22. — Lophophyllum Gbifp., Notul., iv.
313. — Phaptomeris MiEES, in Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 2, vii. 41. — Peraphora MiEBS, in Ann. Nat.
Hist., ser. 3, xviii. 20.
2 There are eleven species according to Miees ;
only three according to Bentham & Hookee. —
Hook. p. & Thoms., Fl. Ind., i. 201— Waxp.,
Ann., iv. 131.
3 Loue., Fl. CocMnch., 608. — Endl., AtaM.,
t. 49, 50 ; Gen., n. 4694 ?— B. H., Gen., 37,
962, n. 20. — ClypeaHL., Bijdr., 26. — Ileocarpus
Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 40. —
Homocnemia Miees, loc. cit. — ? Perichasma
Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xviii. 21
4 It is always triple when young, and each
anther has originally two distinct cells (figs. 31,
32). Later the clefts of the different cells unite
by their extremities. Bentham & Hooker
have seen the cells distinct in the buds of S. ?
[Perichasma) Icetificata; and they are so even
in the adult flower. The same union of the anthers
into a double platform with a circular cleft be-
tween the two parts occurs in the closely analo-
gous androceum of certain species of Phyllanthus.
5 Hook. & Thoms., Fl. Ind., i. 195. — Wight,
Icon., t. 939.— Benth., Fl. HongJc., 13; Fl.
Austral., i. 57.— Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 46. —
Walp., Ann., ii. 21 ; iv. 129.
6 1. Adeliopsis Benth., Fl. Austral., i. 59. —
B. H., Gen., 964, n. 30 ?.— Miees, in^»». Nat.
Hist., ser. 3, xiii. 125. — H. Bn., in Adansonia,
viii. 153. — Sepals 5-9; 2-4 outer small bract-
like. Petals 3, unequal concave, shorter than
calyx. Stamens 9-12, central; filaments free,
MEXISFEBMACEJS.
10
because all their essential organs are not yet known, this order was
established in 1788 by A.-L. de Jussieu, in his Genera Plantarum} It
included Leceba and Epibaterium Forsk., which are not distinct genera,
Cissampelos of Linnaeus and Abuta of Barrere and Aublet.2 This
erect, linear-terete or subcompressed, thickened
towards apes, tapering antheriferous at very top ;
anthers globose didymous; cells sublateral rimose.
Female flower : perianth of male. Stamens 0.
Carpels 3, free ; ovules 2, superposed descending
on ventral angle, one subabortive; style rather
thick, at apex reflexed, papillose, stigmatose on
inner side. A shrub (habit of Pleogyne) ; leaves
alternate ovate ; flowers in short gloinerules along
rachis of axillary spikes. (Species 1, Australian :
A. decnmbens Bexth.)
2. Antitaxis Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser.
2, vii. 44. — " Perianth-leaves decussate ; petals 2.
Stamens 2 in male flower." A doubtful Euphor-
biad according to B. H„ Gen., 33 ; but not so
according to Muell. aeg., Prodr., xv. 1258.
(Species 3, thereof 1 doubtful from Timor : A. 1
longifolia Miees.)
3. Clambus Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser.
3, xviii. 16.— B. H., Gen., 962, n. 21. — Appa-
rently a male specimen of some Mexican Phyl-
lanthus, allied to P. laxijlorus Benth. and P.
glaucescens H. B. K.
4. Disciphania EiCHl.., in Mart. Fl. Bras.,
Menisp., 168, t. 36.— B. H., Gen., 960, n. 6 b?. —
" Sepals 6, subequal, 2-seriate. Petals 6, much
smaller, nearly equal to one another in length,
fleshy depressed, united into a 6-gonal-subor-
bicular disk. Stamens 3, very short, free ; an-
thers subsessile; connective thick, cells sub-
globose discrete, dehiscing by an introrsc vertical
lid. Interior rudiment (of inner series of sta-
mens or of gynseceum ?) always present, nodular.
Female flower and fruit. . . . ? — A shaggy
villous climber ; leaves broad cordate, 3-lobed ;
spikes elongated." — (Species 1: D. lobata Eichl.,
which recalling Jateorhiza in habit, Anomo-
spermum in its petals, is however of very uncer-
tain position, owing to our ignorance of the
fruit.)
5. Penianthus Miees., in Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 3, xiii. 124.— B. H., Gen., 959.— Oliv., Fl.
Trop. Afr., i. 50. — Male flowers ? . . . . Female
flower : calyx 6-leaved ; sepals 2-seriate, imbri-
cate. Petals 0. Stamens 6, free ; anthers effete.
Carpels 3 ; ovules 2, unequal descending ; micro-
pyle superior extrorse ; style finally dilated into
a ciliate-laciniate horizontal blade. A glabrous
shrub; leaves lanceolate acuminate subcoriaceous;
flowers in small axillary or supra-axillary pedun-
culate umbels. (Species 1, from Western Tropical
Africa : P. longifolius Miees.)
6. Pselium Loub., Fl. Cockinch., 621. — This
genus, distinct according to Miees, in Ann. Nat.
Hist., ser. 3, 371, is in part the same as Peri-
campylns according to B. H., Gen., 37, n. 17
(a very doubtful genus).
7. Quinio cocculoides Schltl., in Linn&a,
xxvi. 732 (flowers 5-merous) ?? (East Indies).
8. Rhigiocarya Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 3, xiv. 100.— Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 47. —
The genus is summed up by B. H. {Gen., 960),
in these words : " The genus is made from a
fragment collected by Barter in Tropical Africa,
and preserved in the Hookerian Herbarium. It
consists of a leaf, a piece of the inflorescence,
and a few drupes of some Menispermad (appa-
rently Chasmantkera nervosa Miees) with two
leaves and a twig of a totally different plant,
perhaps a species of Smilax." (Species 1 :
B. racemiftora Miees).
9. Somphoxylon Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras.,
Menisp., 205, t. 37.— B. H., Gen., 959. —
"Sepals 6, 2-seriate; outer smaller, united at
base. Petals 6, smaller than sepals, outer con-
cave, united at edges; inner nearly flat. Stamens
3, high-united ; anther cells discrete, opening by
a vertical cleft. — Quite glabrous. Leaves mem-
branous penniveined. Flowers minute along
twigs of a full fascicled panicle." (Species 1 :
S. Wullschla^gelii Eichl.)
10. Syrrhonema Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 3, xiii. 124.— B. H., Gen., 959.— Oliv., Fl.
Trap. Afr., i. 50. — Male flower : sepals 9-12 ;
3-6 outermost smaller ; inner ones gradually
larger. Petals 0. Stamens 3, more rarely 4—6,
connate into a tubular column widening out
above ; anthers included within apex of tube,
4-locellate introrse. Female flower. . . . ? — A
tomentose pubescent climber; leaves broadly
cordate; flowers pedicellate fascicledal nodes.
(Species 1, from the Island of Fernando Po : S.
fasciculatum MlEES.)
11. Tripodandra H. Bn., in Adansonia, ix.
317, not. 1. — Male flower : sepals 6, subequal.
Petals 6, shorter, unequal, rather fleshy, concave
inside. Stamens 3, filaments connate at base
into a slender column 3-fid, nearly halfway down ;
lobes finally reflexed, at apex passing into a linear
fuseate connective ; cells 2, lateral adnate, 2-
lobed, extrorse vertically rimose. Female flower
and fruit ? — A climber, with all parts
hirsute- tomentose; leaves petiolate ellipsoidal;
male flowers crowded on much-branched slender
axillary racemes. (Species 1, from Madagascar :
T. Thouarsiana H. Bn.)
1 284, Orel. XVII. Menisperma. Adanson
(Fam. des PL, ii. 364) had placed Menispermum
in his family of the Anones.
2 1741 and 1775.
C 2
20
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
group in turn was called Menispermoidea? and Menispermece? while De
Candolle in 18243 gave it the name Menispermacea. In this order
he ranged the then known Lardizabalete, Burasaia and Spirospermum
of Dupetit-Thouars,4 Cocculus,5 Pselium* Cissampelos, Menispermum,
Abuta, Trichoa, and Aydestis,1 besides Schizandra which is a Magno-
liad ; thus he only knew six of the genera that we now consider as
distinct undoubted members of this order. When Endlicher wrote
his Genera* he added Stejohania of Loureiro,9 Coscinium and Anamirta
Stephania hernandifolia.
Fig. 31.
Young male flower (^).
Fig. 32.
Longitudinal section of male flower.
of Colebrooke,10 besides three genera of Phytocrenea, and Meniscota
which is a Sabiad. It is to Miers that we owe the most important
and conscientious studies on this order of plants, which he has
investigated so deeply during twenty-five years," and wherein he has
created so many new genera. Among those that we deem it right
to retain the following ten are due to this observer : Tiliacora, Anomo-
spermum, P achy gone, Hamatocarpiis,Pleogyne,Sciadotania, Tinomiscium,
Odontocarya, Parabtena, and Pycnarrhena ; while he shed new light
on the genera Chondodendron of Euiz & Pavon,12 Calycocarpum of
Nuttall,13 and Cyciea of Arnott.14 Hochstetter had published the
genus Chasmanthera in 1844 ; J. Hooker & Thomson published
Aspidocarya in 1855. Sarcopetalum is due to E. Mueller,15 Synclisia
and Triclisia to Bentham,16 Sychnosepalum to Eichler.17 We demon-
1 Vent., Tall, iii. 78.
- Jeaume, Expos. Fam., ii. 82, t. 86.
3 Prodr., i. 95.
4 Nov. Gen. Madag., 18, 19 (1806).
5 Batjh., Pinax (1596), 511.
6 Lotje., Fl. Cochinch. (1790), 621.
1 "Phytolaccacea" (B. H.).
8 825, Ord. CLXXI1. (1836).
9 Fl. Cochinch. (1790), 608.
10 In Trans. Linn. Soc, xiii. 65, 66 (1821).
11 In Lindl. Yeg. Kingd. (1846) ; in Ann. Nat.
Hist.,ser.2,\n. (1851), 38; ser. 3, xiii. xiv.
xvii.-xix. (1864-68).
12 Prodr. Fl. Per. (1794).
13 Ex Toee. & Ge., Fl. N. Amer., i. (1838).
14 In Wight III., 22 (1831).
15 PI. Indig. Col. Tict., i. (1860-62).
16 Gen,, 36, 39 (1862).
V In Mart. Fl. Pros., Menisp. (1864).
MENISPERMACEM. 21
strated in 13621 that Burasaia is a true Menispermad, and have
recently added the genus Rameya f thus completing the tale of
thirty genera, besides the uncertain types.
The order contains some hundred and thirty-five species,* nearly
all tropical. Some few only extend northward in the east of Asia
and America, up to 55°. At the south of the Equator a small num-
ber are found in South America and the Cape, from 35° to 38° and
even as far as 42° in New South Wales. Of the thirty genera that
we have given as undoubted members of this order, nineteen belong
exclusively to the Old World, and the four genera Cocculus, Cissampelos,
Menispermum, and Pachyyone are found in both Worlds. Hence
America possesses only the seven genera Abuta, Anomospermum,
Calycocarpum, Chondodendron, Odontocarya, Sciadotania, and Sychno-
sepalum. Of these, Calycocarpum alone is stationed in North America.
Of the Old World genera, Synclisia and Triclisia are confined to
Tropical Africa. Burasaia, Spirospermum, and Rameya have only
been found in Madagascar and the neighbouring islands of the east
coast. Pleoyyne and Sarcopetalum are confined to Australia, and
Coscinium, Tinomiscium, Aspidocarya, Anamirta, and Ha ma to carpus
have been observed only in the East Indies. The genera proper to
America comprise only a little over one-tenth part of the species
contained in the order.
These plants have some characters constant, others that are very
rarely wanting. The former are the alternation of the leaves, the
diclinism of the flowers, the freedom of the carpels, and the direc-
tion of the ovules, which are always descending, with the micropyle
upwards and outwards.4 The latter are the ternary number of the
members of the flower-whorls and the multiplicity thereof,5 the
simple leaves,6 the freedom of the perianth-leaves/ and the dicoty-
1 In Adansonia, ii. 316. perianth of dimerous verticils. In Cissampelos
2 In Adansonia, ix. 313 (1870). the male flowers are tetramerous, and there is but
3 Miees admits a much larger number. " He a single piece in the female flowers to represent
has enumerated 320 species, ranged in 59 genera; either calyx or corolla. In the other Cissam-
it seems right to reduce the former to 100, pelidece the flowers are no nearer being regularly
the latter to 35." (B. H., Gen. 958.) trimerous.
4 Probably the originally binary number of 6 Burasaia is the only genus with compound
the ovules is also constant, but of course this leaves.
character is irrelevant to the adult state. 7 The perianth of Cissampelos has heen snp-
5 In the genus Antitaxis Miers describes a posed to consist of a double leaf whose parts are
22 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
ledonous embryo.1 These constant or nearly constant characters are
those of the order. To split it into tribes or series others have
been used, which, though no doubt not unexceptionable, are the
only ones at present available in the study of a group usually
represented in collections by more or less imperfect specimens.2
We have hence adopted provisionally the classification proposed by
J. Hooker & Thomson, based mainly on the structure of the fruit
and seed.3 In certain Menispermacea the embryo is exalbuminous as
in Tacliygone ; in others the albumen envelops it. In Cocculus and
Menispermum, the two cotyledons are applied to one another by the
whole extent of their inner faces, while in Chasmantfiera or Burasaia
they diverge at their very insertion, leaving an angular space of
variable breadth into which the albumen penetrates. Hence we get
the three series, Cocculece, Cliasmantherece, and Pacliygonece ; the fourth
series, Cissampelidea, rests on totally different characters, drawn from
the structure of the flower and the number of its parts. These are
not regularly trimerous.4 At the same time the androceum consists of
stamens which cohere for a certain distance to form a column on top
of which the anthers, sessile or subsessile, are united into a sort of
terminal cap. The gynseceum is unsymmetrical, reduced to a single
unilateral unilocular ovary.5 We may then sum up the general
character of the four series as follows.
I. Coccule^. — Seed with a narrow embryo, whose cotyledons are
applied to one another, surrounded by albumen. Drupe with stylar
cicatrix subterminal or more frequently brought down near the base
of the incurved fruit. Stone with an internal projection of variable
form from the ventral angle on which the seed is moulded bowed or
inflexed. Carpels 3-6, more rarely 9-12 (8 genera).
more or less intimately united. This view seems 2 Whether because only the male or female
to be purely theoretical. In the other genera, plant of a given specimen is there ; or while the
where the jierianth leaves are united, some ap- flowers are well known, the characters of the
pear to show true gamosepaly, like Cyclea ; but embryo are unknown ; or again, because the only
more commonly the sepals that are united for a examples are on the contrary fructiferous,
certain distance, as in Synclhia, TUiacora, &c, 3 " Distrib. in trib. (forte minis artificiales)
appear merely to stick together by their edges. imprim. ad fruct. v. sem. limitat." (B. H.,
1 Only one cotyledon is well developed in Gen., 30.)
Rameya and Trlclisia. Mr. Mieks informs 4 " Flores non regulariter trimeri." (Hook.
me that he has shown this in the latter genus, et Thoms.)
and that the same thing occurs in Spirosper- 5 The top of the style is however usually di-
mum. vided into three branches.
MENISPEKMACE^. 23
II. Pachygone^;. — Seed with a fleshy exalbuminous embryo.
(All other characters of Cocculece) (9 genera).
III. Chasmanthere^:. — Seed with a thin albumen, concavo-convex
from within outwards, surrounding an embryo with thin foliaceous
laterally divaricated cotyledons. (All other characters of Cocculea
and Pachygonece (10 genera).
IV. Cissampelide^e. — Flowers not regularly trimerous, their
anthers united on top of a common column. Carpels solitary excen-
tric (3 genera).1
In each of these series the genera are distinguished by the essen-
tially variable characters presented by the total number of verticils
of the perianth and androceum, and the presence or absence of a
corolla, the definite or indefinite number of the stamens, and their
freedom or union, the number of carpels, the form of the fruits, and
especially of the stones and their internal projection ; the straight
curved or hippocrepiform direction of the long axis of the seed
and embryo, the form of the albumen and its continuity or seg-
mentation into ruminate lobes ; the equality or extreme inequality
of the two cotyledons.2
The structure of the stems in this order has often been described
on account of its great anomalies. The variation often found
in matters of detail in passing from one genus to another,
do not seem to affect the general type of histological structure
usually ascribed to the stems of Menispermads. This structure is
such that Lindley was formerly inclined to separate this order from
the Exogens, recognising at the same time their striking analogies
with those of the Aristolochiads. Decaisne, taking up the study of
1 These plants might he classed by their male all those observed in the flowers of both sexes,
flowers, and this is what Bent-ham & Hookeb And this has been done to some extent by Miebs
have tried to do (Gen., 32). But as yet, not who proposes (in Ann. Nat. Mist., ser. 3, xiii.
only have as many difficulties been found in 122) to divide Menispennacece into seven tribes:
rendering these characters practically available 1. Heteroclinece (nearly the same as our Chas-
es, with those drawn from the carpels, but their mantherece) ; 2. Anomospermece (the single genus
use is just as artificial. Thus, it is quite certain Anomospermum) ; 3. Tiliacorea (which we con-
that to separate, because of the seed-structure, fine to Tiliacora and Chaimantherd) ; 4. Hyp-
genera with fundamentally similar male flowers, serpece (Limacia) ; 5. Leptogoneee (including
sucli as Cocculus, Pachygone, and Hcematocarpus, Assampelideee and some of the Cocculea:) ; 6.
is a most artificial course. No less so is it, how- Pl-atygonece (formed chiefly of the genus Cucculus
ever, to group together from characters taken and its numerous sections which are raised to the
from the androcenm alone, genera differing so rank of genera) ; and, 7. Pachggonece (Pachygone
widely in the organization of the female flower and Sarcopetalum).
as, for instance, Stephania, Sarcopetalum, and - Miees thinks, moreover, that the nervation
Aspidocarya. Evidently we should view at the of the leaves in this order may form a differential
same time both, not merely single characters character of great value,
taken from the flower of one sex alone, but of
o4 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
this question in 1837,' found that in Menispermum canadense, for
instance, a young branch in its first year, while the tissue is still
herbaceous, presents the same general organization as that of any
other Dicotyledon ; but that " this structure, after succeeding years
of o-rowth, differs widely from that of other deciduous Dicotyle-
dons. In fact, on observing a two-year-old branch, no new layer is
found, but instead of this, an elongation of each vascular bundle
whose obovate form is still more marked ; at its outer part are still
distinguishable the semilunar layer of rudimentary wood, and the
layer of liber of the same form. This liber is the same unchanged ;
but the formerly rudimentary wood is now perfect wood and has
produced afresh a layer of cambium. So this mode of growth
goes on indefinitely, without the deduplication of any of the fibro-
vascular bundles or the addition of any fresh ones, their number
remaining unaltered. " Each of these bundles has grown chiefly at
its outer parts, to which new fibres and vessels are constantly added.
During all this the liber remains stationary, and in a stem of consi-
derable growth only very small bundles are formed outside the
segments of the woody zone. In a non-climbing species with
persistent leaves, like Cocculus lauriflorm, the primitive structure of
a young branch is the same, and the fibro- vascular bundles are
narrow in proportion to the progressively increasing breadth of the
medullary rays. After several years have passed there make their
appearance in the cortical parenchyma, outside the first fibro-vascular
bundles and alternating with them, an equal number of fresh
bundles ; these, however, differ histologically, possessing no spiral
vessels and having no liber outside them. Later on, a third
formation of vessels takes place, alternating with the second,
and of identical structure. Thus may further appear in turn
a fourth circle, a fifth and so on.2 The growth of the stem
1 In Arch. Mus., i.154, t. 10. cells of the primary bark, or else from these and
2 Tr£cul was the first to explain (in Ann. Sc. from their immediately external neighbours."
Nat., ser. 3, xix. 265) the formation of these He has also shown that " the secondary vascular
secondary bundles, saying, " Tbey are the cells bundles are never connected with the leaves." —
at a certain depth in the youngest utricular layer See also on this question NiGELi, Beitr. zu Wiss.
of the bark, which have first enlarged and then Bot., i. 16. In this memoir the Menispermads
been divided by septa." Radlkofeb (in Flora are taken as the type of the Dicotyledons with
(1858), 193 ; in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, x. 164) successive limited zones of cambium in the
has also referred their origin to a new cambium " protenchyma."
formed at a certain age " from the innermost
MENISPEEMAGE^J. 25
may thus become very uneven, because the later sets of bundles may
not, after a certain age, be produced all round a bough, but only on
the side where some rather large branch comes off. Hence the
appearance of certain old stems whose pith is excentric or even close
to one side ; because the unilateral development of a large number of
woody zones (seen as crescents in transverse section) throws the
greater part of the woody body to the same side.1 Cissampelos Pareira
is accordiug to Decaisne organized like Cocculus. J. Hooker &
Thomson2 have generally confirmed the above facts, and have shown
that the structure of the most closely allied types may differ as much
as it agrees closely in most widely different genera.3 The pith may,
they say, form from one-fifth4 to three-quarters5 of the thickness of
the stem, and the number of fibro-vascular bundles varies from twelve6
to seventy.7 They are formed of dotted fibres mixed with vessels.
The liber bundles are more or less widely separated, and form a
crescent of variable curvature in transverse section ; but they
may be confounded into a continuous zone.8
To the above we must add three others, which have been im-
perfectly indicated, or passed over in utter silence in the study of
the Menispermad stems. The zone surrounding the pith is some-
times peculiar. Besides its being often greenish, and of a close
dense tissue (which characters often occur in the deep layers of the
cortical parenchyma, and in the medullary rays, wherewith it is
continuous), it is in Menispermiun formed of tough elongated
elements intermediate in external character between cells and fibres.9
In the next place, we find in Anamirta, for instance, that the fibro-
vascular bundles are intermixed with well developed laticiferous
vessels, forming long vertical courses in the stem, and filled with a
1 Hence the strange forms affected by the 5 In Aspidocarya.
stems of certain species in transverse section. 6 In certain species of Cissampelos.
(Dcne., loc. cit., t. x. fig. 17. — Gaudich., Rech. ' In Coscinium fenestratum.
sur VOrganis. . . . des Veg., t. 18, fig. 13. — 8 The structure of the stems in Menisper-
A. Rich., Elem., ed. 7, 154, fig. 86.) macece has been studied by a very large number
2 Fl. Ind., i. 177. — Oliy., Stem in Dicot., 4 of authors. — Lindl., Introd. to Bot., i. 214. — ■
\m Nat. Hist. Rev.,\\. (1862), 300]. The authors Maet., Gel. Anzeig. (1842), 387.— Griffith,
of the Flora Indica have studied the structure of Notul., iv. 305-319. — -H. Mohl, Ueb. d. Bau.
the stem in sixteen genera, and that usually in d. Rank. Scldingpfl. (1827), § 75. — Schacht,
specimens of various ages. Lehrb,, ii. 57; Die Pflanzenz., 284, t. 19; Der
3 Thus Anamirta and Pachygone resemble Baum, 95, 199. — Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras.,
Coscinium in structure ; while Parabana and Menisp., 207, t. 50, 51.
Tinospora are as dissimilar as possible in this 9 Recalling the elements of fibrous appeai-ance
point, though closely allied in flower and fruit. found in the medullary sheath of Lauracea.
4 In Parabcena sagittata.
26 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
copious yellowish-white juice.1 Thirdly, Anamirta, like Menispermum,
and many other genera of the same group, has two kinds of cells in
the adult pith, one soft and full of gas when old, the others isolated
or collected into small islets, transformed into rounded, elongate, or
fusiform sclerous sacs, with very thick and solid, highly refractive
walls, perforated by a large number of well-marked simple or ramified
canals, by which they communicate with one another, or with the
ordinary cells of the pith. No doubt these cells, which have been
for some time past so frequently observed in the chief so-called
polycarpic orders {Magnoliacece, Rosacea, Lauracece, &c.) are the active
organs of a special secretion ; for they are seen here as elsewhere to
be usually filled with a granular more or less coloured liquid.
Affinities. — Menispermacece show manifold affinities with Lau-
racece, Magnoliacece (chiefly through ScMzandrece), Anonacece, and
Myristicacece, Berberidacece (through the series Lardizabalece), and
lastly Euphorbiacece. Of the Lauracece they have the small and usually
inconspicuous flowers, with an almost constantly trimerous perianth
in both groups. True, the carpels are solitary in Lauracece, which
only occurs in such exceptional cases as Cissampelos among Meni-
spermacece ; and on the other hand, the anthers of the latter order
open by clefts, not valves. Moreover the floral receptacle is concave
in the former order, convex in the latter. But these differences lose
in importance when we reflect that Laurads are really only a part of
a larger natural group, where with valvicidal anthers may be found
a polycarpellary gynseceum and a scarcely cupulate floral receptacle.
The habit is sometimes the same in both groups. The non-climbino-
species of Cocculus, such as C. laurifolius, have the aspect and foliage
of certain Lauracece ; and among these last the llligerece thoroughly
recall Burasaia in the form of their digitate leaves. The true diffe-
rence between the groups is in their ovules, solitary in Laurads ;
usually, if not constantly, geminate at first in Menispermads : here
too they are descending with the micropyle extrorse ; there it looks
inwards. Among Magnoliads the ScMzandrece have far more of the
characters of the Menispermads, notably the convexity of the re-
ceptacle, the diclinism of the flowers, the direction and number of
the ovules, the habit, with sarmentose stems and exstipulate leaves.
H. Ex., in Adansonia, is. fase. 12.
MENI8PEBMACEJE. 27
When Menispermacece have like Schizandrece indefinite stamens and
albuminous seeds, the only absolute difference left between the two
groups lies in the form of the embryo ; which is short and relegated
to the extremity of the albumen in the latter, elongated with
flattened or leafy cotyledons, nearly equal in length to the albumen
itself in the former. Anonads, which so nearly approach Magnoliads
in almost their whole organization, must of necessity be very difficult
to distinguish absolutely from Menispermads ; and the more so as
the latter may occasionally possess a ruminated albumen. Anonads,
it is true, have often a polyandrous androceum, while this is excep-
tional in Menispermads ; but as the latter have not constantly six
stamens, and several Anonads may present a definite number, we
must look to the gynseceuni for a clear distinction : either the ovules
are indefinite in Anonacece, which is the case in no known
Menispermad, or there are but one or two ovules ; these however
are then ascending with the carpel looking downwards and outwards,
while in Menispermacece they are descending with the micropyle
upwards and outwards. The Nutmegs have, as we have seen, strong
analogies with those Menispermads whose albumen is ruminated ;
but they are easily distinguished by their simple perianth, their
completely diclinous flowers, their solitary carpel, and the direction
of the ovule, the same as in the uniovulate Anonads. Berberidacece
are closely allied to Menispermacece by the series Lardixabalece.
These have always compound leaves : which has been found in but
one genus of Menispermacece.1 The floral symmetry, like diclinism,
is the same in both types, but no Menispermad is known to possess
a multiovular ovary, which is constant in Lardizabalece? Moreover
a relation of uncertain degree has been indicated, not without good
grounds, between EupUorbiacece and Menispermacece. A. Saint-
Hilaire noticed that the male flowers may be quite the same in
both groups, especially when the stamens are monadelphous.3 But
the gynseceum and fruit are totally different. Finally, Menispermacece
may be considered at about the same distance from Lauracece
1 Burasaia, which as we have seen, with all especially in the sarmentose species and those
the fundamental organization of 3Ienispermacece, whose male floral glands are sufficiently developed
was long relegated to Lardizabalece. to simulate the small petals of the Menispermads;
2 Benthah & Hooker ((?e«., 30) also dis- accordingly several species of the group Phyllan-
tinguish Berberidacece by the valvicidal anthers ; thece have been referred to this order as new
but this does not apply to Lardizabalece, &c. generic types.
s This is peculiarly the case with Phyllanthus,
28
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
and Magnoliacece. Adanson1 placed them in his family of the
Anonas ; Jussieu2 placed them next in order, like De Candolle,3 and
Bentham & Hooker.4 Lindley5 put them between Schizandrece
and Cucurbitacece ; Endlicher6 between Ribesiece and Myristicacece ;
and J. G. Agardh7 between Piper acece and Artocarpece, far from the
above families, but close to Monimiacece?
The properties9 of 'Menispermacece are as uniform as their organi-
zation ; they are usually plants with bitter tonic stomachic juices ;
more rarely venomous, containing an acrid narcotic toxic latex.
The plant that furnishes the Indian-berry (Fr., Coque du Levant),
or so-called Cocculus Indicus, combines these qualities in the highest
degree. It is a liana, Anamirta Cocculus, from India and the neigh-
bouring regions.10 Its fruits are used by the natives to stupefy
fish ; but thus killed they may become a dangerous aliment."
They are very bitter, and are hence said to be used in England to
give a certain taste to the beer, to the great detriment of the public
health.12 The poisonous principle seems to be confined to the
albumen, which contains picrotoxine and a concrete oil composed
of elaine and stearine ;13 while the pericarp contains the insipid base
menispermine, which though emetic' is not poisonous. The root
and stem are used in India in fevers, under the name of Putrawalli ;u
1 Fam. des PL, ii. (1763), 364.
2 Gen., 285, Ord. XVII.
3 Syst., i. 509 ; Prodr., i. 95, Ord. V.
4 Gen., 30; 958, Ord. VI.
5 Veg. Kingd., 307, Ord. CIV.
6 Gen., 825, Ord. CLXXII.
7 Theor. Syst. PL, 241. " Menispermacece
sunt Dioscoreis, Aristolochieis, Lardizabaleis,
Anonaceis, Berberideis, Schizandreis, &c, vario
mode analogs, Monimiaceis potissimum collate-
rals, Piperaceis, ut videtur, affinitate proximal et
liarum formam superiorem constituentes."
8 De Candolle has also indicated relations
with Sterculiacece. Dioscorece have often the
habit, foliage, and flowers of Menispermacece.
So have the climbing Phytolaccacece, besides
possessing a polvcarpellary gynajceum.
9 Endl., Fachirid., 415. — Likdl., Veg.
Kingd., 308. — Guib., Drog. SimpL, ed. 6, iii.
726. — Pereira, Mem. Mat. Med., ed. 4, ii. p.
ii. 661. — Rosenth., Syn. Plant. Diaph., 581.
10 Wight & Arn., Prodr., i. 146. — Pereiea,
op. cit., ed. 4, ii. p. ii. 666. — Lindl., Fl. Med.,
371.— Guib., Drog. SimpL, ed. 6, iii. 732. —
H. Bn., in Diet. Encycl. des Sc. Med., W. 95. —
A. paniculata Colebb., in Trans. Linn. Soc,
xiii. 52. — A. racemosa Colebb., loc. cit., 66 (ex
Arn.). — Menispermum Cocculus L., Spec,
1468. — M. lacunosum Lamk., Diet., iv. 98. —
M. heteroclitum Roxb., Fl. Ltd., iii. 817. if.
monadelphum Roxb., Cat. Merc, t. 30.—
Cocculus lacunosus DC, Prodr., n. 11. — C.
suberosus DC, n. 12. — Bacca orientalis, Grana
Orientis, Cocculi indi, Cocculce officinarum,
Cocculus levanlicus s. piscatorius OS. — Mahez-
heregi, Maheirheza Avic;. (see pp. 1, 15, fig. 1,
18-21).
11 Meb. & Del., Diet. Mat. Med., ii. 329.
12 Pereira {loc cit., 668) estimates the im-
portation of these fruits into England at 2500
sacks in 1834. [It is to be hoped that the
stringent prohibitory clauses of recent Acts of
Parliament will stop this most shameful adultera-
tion.— Tbans.]
13 Guib., loc cit., 733.
14 This name is also applied to Cocculus crispus
(p. 30, note 2).
MENI8PEBMAGEJE.
29
these, like the fruit, when exhibited in proper doses, are an excellent
remedy in vomiting and other intestinal affections. The branches
are used as a yellow dye.
The two drugs supplied by this order, most extensively used after
Cocculus Indicus, are Colombo-root (Fr., Bacine de Colombo) and Pareira-
brava. The former is supplied by Chasmanthera Columba,1 which grows
in Madagascar, the east coast of Africa, and the East Indies.2 It is
a tonic subaromatic drug, containing columbine or columbin3 and
berberine, and which seems to be endowed with very active properties;
it has been recommended in colic, dysentery, dyspepsia, obstinate
sickness, and inertia of the stomach.4 Its chief succedanea are the
roots of Cocculus fiavesceni and pellatus.6 The root Pareira-brava,
also called Butua,7 comes chiefly from Brazil and the Antilles ; but it
might be obtained from all the tropical countries where the nume-
rous varieties of Cissampelos Pareira* to which it is ascribed, are
found. The stem appears to possess, though in a less degree, the
properties of the root, which is bitter, sweetish, very diuretic, and
mucilaginous, recommended in nephritic colics, and formerly sup-
posed to be an excellent solvent for renal or vesical calculi, and cure
for the bites of venomous animals. It is very little used at the pre-
sent day.9
1 H. Bn., in Adansonia, ix. 306 (see. p. 12,
figs. 16,17). — Jateorhiza Columba MlERS, Niger,
214, not. — Menispermum Columba Roxb., Fl.
Ind., iii. 807. — Cocculus palmatus DC, Syst., i.
522. — Gtjib., op. cit., 727. — Pereiea, op. cit.,
661, fig. 106.— Lindl., Fl. Med., 369.
2 It is said to be cultivated only in India and
Madagascar.
3 The latter is the name used by Pereiea.
4 Redi was the first to cite this as an alexi-
pharinic agent in 1675 (Exp. Circ. Var. res
Nat., 179).
5 Synon. according to LlNDLEY, of Anamirta
Cocculus (p. 28, note 10).
6 Synon. of Cyclea Burmanni (p. 30, note 9.)
7 Probably wrongly. The true Butuas from
Brazil and the neighbouring regions are generally
species of Chondodendron ; and the above name
seems to be also applied to true Abutas.
8 L., Spec, 1473 ; Cod., ed. Richt., 987, n.
7515.— Nees, PI. Off., t. 367.— C. Caapeba L.,
Spec, 1473 ; Cod., loc. cit., n. 7516. — C. con-
volvulacea W., Spec, iv. 863. — C. pareiroides
DC, Fss. Med., 78.— C. orbiculata DC, Syst.,
i. 537. — C. tomentosa DC. — C. heterophylla
DC. — C. microcarpa DC. — C. argentea H. B. K.
—C, guayaauilensis H. B. K. — C. orinocensis
H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec, v. 68. — C. austra'fis
A. S. H., Fl. Bras. Mer., i. 44. — C. gracilis
A. S. H. — C. littorulis A. S. H. — C. monoica
A. S. H. — C. Kohautiana Peesl, Bel. Hccnlc.,
ii. 81. — C. clemalidea Presl, Bot. Bern., 7. —
C. mucronata Guill. & Perr., Fl. Sen. Tent.,
i. t. 11. — C. obtecta Wall., Cat., n. 4981. —
C. hernandifolia Wall., loc. cit., n. 4977. — C.
acuminata Benth. — C. canescens Miq. — C.
apiculala Hochst.— C. nephrophylla Bar. — C.
comata Miers. — C. Vogelii Miers. — C. discolor
A. Gray. — C. eriocarpa Tr. & Pl., in Ann. Sc.
Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 42. — C. glaucescens Triana &
Pl. — C. grandifolia Triana & Pl. — C. myrio-
carpa Tr. & Pl. — C. scutigera Tr. & Pl.— C.
subreniformis Triana & Pl. — Cocculus orbicu-
latus DC. — C. membranaceus Wall. (part.). —
Caapeba s. Erva de nossa Senora v. Cipo de
cobras Marcgr., Bras., 25. — Batta-valli,
Cattuvalli Rheed., Sort. Malab., xi. 127. (For
the detailed synonymy of this species see Eich-
ler, in Mart. Fl. Bras., Menisp., 188.)— All the
forms of the plant used enjoy the same pro-
perties. (Guib., op. cit., 730. — Pereira, loc
cit., 670. — Lindl., Fl. Med., 372. — Eichl., in
Mart. Fl. Bras., Menisp., 221.)
9 Fromit is extracted cissampeline (C15H21N03)
30
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Several other Menispermads are or have been used medicinally in
hot countries, chiefly as bitter tonics. We may cite the following
from India : Chasmanthera cordifolia1 (the Gualancha), and Tinospora
crispa2 and malabarica? belong to the same genus; Coscinium fenestra-
tum* Fibraurea tinctoria,5 Stephania capitate? and rotunda? Tachygone
ovata,8 Cyclea Burmanni* and peltata,10 Cocculus ylaucus11 and Leaba^
Chasmanthera Bakis™ and Cissampelos mauritia?iau are used in Tro-
pical Africa for the same purpose, like the species of Chondodendron,15
Cissampelos ovalifolia™ and several forms of C. Pareira and Abuta ru-
or pelosine (Wigg., in Ann. Pharm., xxxiii.
81 ; — Schw., Chem. d. Org. Alk., 416), identical
with berberine according to Fluckigeb.
1 H. Bn., in Adansonia, ix. 306. — Cocculus
cordifolius DC, Prodi:, i. 97. — C. convolvulaceus
DC, loc. cit. (nee alior.) — Menispermum mala-
baricum |3 Lamk., Diet., iv. 96. — M. cordifolium
Eoxb., Fl. Ind., iii. 811. — Tinospora cordifolia
Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 38. —
Goluncha luta of the Bengalese; Tippa tiga of
the Cingalese.
2 Miebs, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 38. —
Menispermum crispum L., Spec., 1468. — 31.
verrucosum Eoxb., — Cocculus crispus DC. —
C. verrucosus Wall. — C. coriaceus Bl., Bijdr.,
25. This plant is considered as active a febrifuge
as cinchona in Malaysia.
3 Miebs, loc. cit. — Cocculus malabaricus
Lamk.
4 Colebe., in Trans. Linn. Soc, xiii. 65. —
Hook. & Thoms., Fl. Ind., i. 178. — Miebs, in
Pot. Mag., t. 4658 ; in Pharm. Journ., xii. 85. —
Menispermum fenestratum G^etn. — Pereiria
medica Lindl., Fl. Med., 370. — Woniwol,
Venivel, Bangwellgetta of the Cingalese. The
root infused in water is the best stomachic
known in Ceylon. It contains berberine (Gitib.,
op. cit., 728).
5 Loue., Fl. Cochinch., 769. — Cocculus
Fibraurea DC, Syst., i. 526. — Lindl., Fl. Med.,
367. The root is diuretic. The Malays use it
mainly in intermittent fevers and disorders of
the liver.
6 Clypea capitata Bl.
7 Loue., Fl. Cochinch., 747. — Hook. &
Thoms., Fl. Ind., i. 197. — Cocculus Roxburgh-
ianus Wall. — C. Finlaysonianus Wall. —
Cissampelos glabra Eoxb. — Clypea Wightii
Aen.
8 Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 43. —
Cissampelos ovata Poie. — Cocculus brachy-
stachyus DC. — C. leptostachyus DC. — C.
Plukenetii DC — C. Wightianus Wall. All its
parts, especially its fruit (figs. 12, 13), are bitter
and tonic.
9 Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 41. —
Cocculus Burmanni DC. — Clypea Burmanni
Wight & Aen. (part.). — Waltiedde G^etn.,
Fruct. ii. t. 180.— Lindl., Fl. Med., 372. The
root, besides being used in the treatment of re-
lapsing fevers and diseases of the liver, is em-
ployed in dysentery and piles in Malabar.
10 Hook. & Thoms., Fl. Ind., i. 201.— Meni-
spermum peltatum Lamk. — Cocculus peltatus DC.
11 Bosenth., op. cit., 581.
12 DC, Prodr., i. 99.— C. Cebatha DC— C.
Fpibatherium DC — Menispermum edule Vahl.
It is the Leceba and Cebatha of Foeskhal,
wrongly referred to Fuphorbiacea under the
name of Adenocheton. It is found from Malaysia
up to the borders of the Red Sea.
13 H. Bn., in Adansonia, ix. 306. — Cocculus
Bakis Guill. & Peee., Fl. Sen. Tent., i. 12, t.
4. — Tinospora Bakis Miebs. The root is very
bitter and diuretic. The negroes of Senegal use
it in the treatment of fever and urethritis.
14 Dup.-Th., in Journ. Bot., ii. 65, t. 3, 4.—
DC, Prodr., i. 101, n. 11. Made by Miees (in
Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. xvii. 267) the type of the
genus Dissopetalum. This species furnishes the
Pareira-brava of the Mascarene Islands, possess-
ing the same properties as the American drug.
Eichlee makes it a mere variety of C. Pareira
(p. 29, note 8).
15 C. tomentosum R. & Pav. {Prodr., 132 ;
Syst., 261 ; — Fpibaterium ? tomentosum Pees.,
Syn., ii. 561 ; — Cocculus Chondodendron DC,
Prodr., n. 19), and the other species or varieties
of the genus, especially Cocculus platyphylla
A. S. H. (Fl. Bras. Mer., i. 48 ; PL Us. Bras.,
t. 42) and C. cinerascens A. S. H. (Fl. Bras.,
Mer., i. 47), bear the vulgar name of Bufua or
Abutua, and have the same properties as Abuta.
Cissampelos Abutua Velloz. (Fl. Fltim., x. t.
140) is a Chondodendron.
16 DC, Syst., i. 537 ; Prodr., i. 102. To this
species Eichlee refers the following plants as
mere varieties : C. crenata DC— C. ebracteata
A. S. H., Fl. Bras. Mer., i. 41. — C. communis
A. S. H.— C. velutina A. S. H. — C. suborbi-
MENISPERMA CEM.
31
fescens1 in America. Cocculus vittosus is also considered a sudorific in
India. The fruits of C. Leceba are acrid, but the Arabs eat them,
and prepare from them a fermented drink which they name khumr
ool majnoon. The acid mucilaginous drupes of Chondodrendron convol-
vulaceumr are also eaten in Peru, under the name of Uva del monte?
cularis A. S. H.— C. subtriangularis A. S. H.—
C. rotundata Pohl. — C. amazonica MiebS. —
C. assimilis Miebs. — C. vestita Tbiaua & Pl.,
in Ann. sc. Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 44.
1 Aubl., Ouian., 618, t. 250. — Lindl., Fl.
Med., 373. — Rosenth., op. cit., 582. — White
Pareira-brava of Guiana.
2 Pcepp. & Endl., Nov. Gen. et Spec, 1. 190.
3 Several Abuta have been considered poison-
ous, only because according to Maetius {Reis.,
hi. 1155) they enter into the composition of the
Woorali poison. This he says is the case with
A. rufescens {Cocculus Pahni Maet.), A. Imene
Eichl. (in Mart. Fl. Bras., Menisp., 177), and
Cocculus toxiferus Wedd., whose flowers are
unknown, but which belongs to the genus Abuta
or Chondodendron.
32 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
GENERA.
I. COCCULE^.
1. Cocculus Bauh. — Flowers dioecious regular. Sepals free, 6 in
2 series, or more rarely 9-1 2 ; outer 3-6 shorter, bract-like ; aesti-
vation subvalvate or imbricate. Petals 6 in 2 series, shorter than
sepals, concave or involute around the filaments, entire or 2-fid.
Stamens 3 (barren in female flower), more rarely increased in num-
ber (7-10) in some flowers {Selwynia) ; filaments free ; anthers ter-
minal or lateral and subextrorse {Limacia), 2-celled, often 4-lobed,
2-rimose. Carpels usually 3, opposite outer sepals, free; ovaries
1-locular ; styles varying in form, cylindrical or compressed-dilated,
erect or recurved, stigmatiferous ; apex attenuate or variously
dilated, entire or 2-fid. Ovule solitary (or 2, one smaller and abor-
tive) descending, anatropous ; micropyle superior, extrorse. Drupes
subrotundate or obovate, rarely elongate {Diploclisia) , oftener late-
rally compressed ; scar of style a little way from base ; putamen
arcuate or hippocrepiform, concave on each side and more or less
intruded, back tubercular or cristate ; each process imperforate
{Pericampylos) or more or less perforate, intruded inwards on either
side and more or less above the base. Seed hippocrepiform ;
embryo elongate, in the axis of albumen ; cotyledons linear appressed.
Climbing shrubs ; stems sarmentose, or more often twining, woody, or
or more rarely subherbaceous ; leaves alternate petiolate exstipulate,
base entire or more rarely subpeltate or cordate ; flowers in simple
or more usually branched racemose cymes {All tropical and sub-
tropical). See p. 1.
2. Menisperrnum T. — Flowers of Cocculus. Stamens 12-ao (6 ste-
rile in female flowers ; anthers terminal, 4-lobed. Carpels 3-6 ;
styles flattened out and dilated; apex stigmatose. Drupes com-
pressed ; putamen reniform ; outer surface subcristate ; each process
imperforate, intruded inwards. Seed hippocrepiform ; embiyo slender ;
cotyledons appressed. — Leaves broad, often subpeltate, angular or
palraately lobate {Eastern Asia, North America). See p. 4.
MENISPEBMACE^E. 33
3. Abuta Barr. — Flowers almost of Cocculus, apetalous ; sepals
6-12, in 2-4 series, outer 3-9 small ; inner by far the larger, subpe-
taloid, valvate or slightly imbricate. Stamens 6 (sterile in female
flower) ; outer 3 free ; anthers 2-locular ; inner 3 free or connate at
base, anthers sub-4-lobed. Carpels 3 ; styles cylindrical recurved.
Drupes subovoid ; scar of style a little way from base ; cavity of
putamen divided at centre by a thin erect lamina ; seed induplicate
on lamina ; albumen transversely ruminated ; embryo linear, hippo-
crepiform ; cotyledons appressed. — Leaves coriaceous, 3-5-nerved to
base; flowers in subsimple (female) or branched (male) racemose
cymes {Tropical America). See p. 5.
4. Spirospermum Dup.-Th. — Perianth almost of Cocculus. Sta-
mens 6 ; filaments free thickened at apex ; anthers underneath apex,
vertical, subintrorse, dehiscence longitudinal submarginal. Female
flower. . . ? Drupes 3-9, shortly stipitate, orbiculate-circinate, com-
pressed ; scar of style a little removed from base ; putamen thin.
Seed smooth, spirally involute ; albumen little ; embryo shorter
than seed, linear, incurved-circinate"; cotyledons appressed (one
smaller, subabortive ?) shorter than radicle. — Climbing shrubs, leaves
oblong glabrous coriaceous; inflorescence elongate; branches pendu-
lous thin compound in male plants ; thicker simple in female
{Madagascar). See p. 6.
5. Tiliacora Colebr. — Sepals 6-9 ; outer 3-6 in 1, 2 series, small,
bract-like ; inner 3 much larger subpetaloid, valvate or slightly im-
bricate. Petals 6 in 2 series, small, cuneate, subcordate. Stamens
6, in 2 series ; filaments erect, free ; anthers elongate, introrse,
2- celled. Perianth of female flower similar to male. Carpels 6-12;
styles short subulate. Drupes oo, stipitate ; stalks connate at base ;
pericarp long-obovate, with a very short spur at base, laterally com-
pressed ; scar of style very near base ; putamen smooth sulcate.
Seeds uncinate-incurved. ; albumen ruminated; embryo almost as
long as seed; cotyledons appressed. — Stems climbing; leaves
ovate; inflorescence elongate {Tropical Asia, East Tropical Africa ?).
See p. 6.
6 ? Synclisia Benth. — Male flower. Sepals 9 ; outer 6, short
VOL. III. d
34 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS
bract-like in 2 series ; inner 3 much longer, connate high up into
a long conical bud, valvate; apex alone free. Petals 6, minute,
orbicular-glanduliform, in 2 series. Stamens 6-10, filaments con-
nate at base, clavate, erect ; anther-cells sublateral, adnate a little
beneath apex, longitudinally rimose. Female flower and fruit. . . . ?
Stems and branches slender ; leaves cordate 5-nerved, pilose with
red or brownish hairs. Male flower axillary ; pedicles slender soli-
tary or more seldom in pairs (Tropical West Africa). See p. 6.
7. Anomospermum Miers. — Sepals, outer 3 small ; inner 3 alter-
nate, much larger, thick fleshy orbicular imbricate. Petals 6, in 2 sub-
equal series, each folded round the superposed stamen, thick fleshy,
with very incurved margins. Stamens 6, free, wanting or sterile in
female flower, slender, longer than petals in male ; anthers introrse,
2-celled, 2-rimose. Carpels 3, free ; style very short, at once ex-
panding into a wide stigmatose head spreading downwards. Drupes
oblong, straight ; scar of style terminal ; a straight ventral vertical
thin lamina intruded within putamen. Seed oblong straight, tra-
versed by a groove receiving lamina of putamen ; albumen strongly
ruminated, incompletely septate transversely ; embryo (almost as
long as albumen) terete or slightly compressed, straight ; cotyledons
appressed, radicle superior. — A climbing shrub, leaves simple, coria-
ceous, entire, oblong-acute ; male flowers in solitary or fasciculate
racemes; female flowers solitary or subsolitary [Tropical America).
See p. 6.
8. Sarcopetalum F. Muell. — Sepals 6, or more rarely 3-5, un-
equal, 2-seriate. Petals 3-6, longer than calyx, thick fleshy, un-
equally obovoid, or obpyramidal, narrowed at base, depressed or sub-
globose and subrugose above. Stamens 2-4, inserted on erect column ;
apex with 2-4 slightly divaricating lobes ; anther-cells adnate, horizon-
tally parallel. Female flower: Perianth of male. Carpels 3-6;
styles reflected ; apex 2-3-lobed. Drupes compressed ; cicatrix of
style scarcely removed from base. Putamen seed and albuminous
embryo of Cocculus. — Stems climbing, leaves broad, cordate at base ;
flowers in simple lateral solitary or fasciculate racemes {Australia).
See p. 7.
MENISFEBMAGE2E. 35
II. PACHYGONE^E.
9. Pachygone Miers. — Flowers of Cocculus. Carpels 3 ; styles
somewhat thickened. Drupes reniform or subglobose, more rarely
oblong compressed (Hyperbana) ; scar of style scarcely removed from
base ; putamen slightly excavated on either side ; process intruded.
Seed hippocrepiform, exalbuminous. Embryo thick fleshy ; ra-
dicle short; cotyledons semicylindrical. — Leaves ovate or oblong,
subcoriaceous. Flowers in cymiferous racemes (Asia, Tropical
America). See p. 7.
10. Haematocarpus Miers. — Flowers almost of Pachygone;
sepals 9-15, in 3-5 series; the inner gradually larger. Petals 6.
Stamens 6, free, irregular, with apex more or less incurved, clavate ;
anther-cells lateral. Female flowers . . . ? Drupes large, ovoid,
smooth ; cicatrix of style slightly removed from base ; endocarp
thin ; process intruded. Seed hippocrepiform ; exalbuminous embryo
of the same form, suberose-fleshy. — Leaves coriaceous, ovate or
oblong ; petiole thickened at base and apex, flowers in branched
cymiferous racemes (East India). See p. 8.
11. Pycnarrhena Miers. — Sepals 6, in 2 series, concave. Petals
6, in 2 series, subsimilar, much smaller. Stamens about 9, ap-
proximated into a short mass nearly flat at summit, or else
distinctly free at base ; anthers erect ; cells confluent at apex, de-
hiscing by 2 longitudinal slits. Female flower. . . ? Drupes 3,
reniform, somewhat laterally hollowed; process of thin putamen
scarcely intruded ; scar of style lateral ; embryo incurved ; radicle
very short; cotyledons thick. — Stems climbing; leaves oblong
penninerved ; inflorescence either short and densely crowded, or
lax and slender pedunculate, collected in axils of leaves or at old
nodes (East India, Borneo). See p. 8.
12. Chondodendron Euiz & Pav. — Sepals 9-12, or more rarely
15-18, in 3 rows, gradually enlarging from base; inner 3 some-
times thickened at margin a little above base, subpetaloid, apex
reflexed. Petals 6, in 2 series, either shortly orbicular, or elongated
and much narrowed at base. Stamens 6 (sterile in female flower),
free or connate at base ; filaments inflexed at apex ; connective
d 2
36 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
incurved, apiculate ; anthers basifixed ; cells lateral, rimose. Carpels,
3-6 ; styles. . . ? Drupes stipitate, suboval ; scar of style slightly
removed from base ; lamina of putamen intruded from base. Seed
hippocrepiform ; embryo exalbuminous thick ; cotyledons semi-
cylindrical fleshy.— Stems climbing ; leaves large, 5-nerved at base ;
racemes subsimple ; sparsely branched, or more usually (male) much
branched, axillary, or coming laterally from the wood (Tropical
America). See p. 8.
13. Sychnosepalum Eichl. — Sepals co , in 3-ao series, gradually
enlarging from base. Petals 6, in 2 series; smaller than inner
sepals, concave. Stamens 6 (3-6 sterile in female flower), either all
connate at base, or inner 3 markedly 1-adelphous ; outer free,
shorter ; cells of 3 inner anthers lateral or extrorse, rimose ; outer
anthers usually smaller, introrse. Carpels 6, united at base ; styles
connivent into column ; stigmas short spreading. Drupes united
at base, outer surface convex ; scar of style a little way from base ;
process intruded from base of endocarp. Seed exalbuminous?
Embryo. . . ? — Stems climbing, tomentose ; leaves coriaceous,
3-5 -nerved ; flowers in racemes or simple or branched spikes
(Tropical South America). See p. 8.
14. Sciadotaenia Miers. — Male flower. . . ? Sepals of female
flower 9-12, in 3-4 series ; outer smaller, bract-like ; inner 3 much
larger, erect, valvate. Petals 6, in 2 series, membranous, oblong.
Stamens 6, sterile ; outer 3 lengthened, often thickened at apex into
a sterile anther ; 3 smaller or wanting. Carpels ao sessile, collected
into a sphere, mutually much compressed ; ovules 2, one small
sterile ; style slender, glabrous, reflexed. Drupes 6-1 2, long
stipitate ; stalks clavate, connate at base ; pericarp subglobular
compressed ; scar of style slightly removed from base ; process of
thin putamen intruded. Seed hippocrepiform ; embryo thick, fleshy,
albuminous. — Stems climbing, leaves ovate-acuminate, 3-5-nerved
at base, veined transversely; female flowers solitary axillary; peduncle
long slender nutant (Guiana). See p. 9.
15. Pleogyne Miers. — Sepals 7-9, in 3 series; outer 4-6 small
or subulate, bract-like, imbricate; inner 3 larger, apex recurved
MENISPERMACE2E. 37
spreading, valvate. Petals 6, in 2 series, short involute. Stamens
3, central, alternating with inner sepals ; filaments free terete sub-
reflexed with thickened apex ; anthers small, nearly didymous ;
2-rimose. Female flower. . . ? Drupes 3-6, reniform ; scar of style
lateral; putamen scarcely hollowed; intruded process 0. "Seed
reniform attached by centre of side ; embryo exalbuminous, reniform ;
cotyledons thick, almost conferruminate ; radicle hardly distinguish-
able."— Climbing shrub; leaves ovate; flowers in short branched
axillary racemes {East Subtropical Australia). See p. 9.
16. Triclisia Benth. — Sepals 6-15, in 2-5 series ; outer imbricate,
gradually increasing in size towards inner ones ; inner 3-6, larger,
subpetaloid, valvate. Stamens 3 or 6, incurved at apex ; anthers
lateral or subintrorse, 2-locular, rimose, apex muticous or apiculate.
Female flower. . . ? Drupes 3 (?)-oo , nearly straight or scarcely
reniform ; scar of style lateral ; putamen scarcely hollowed ; process
intruded, small ; embryo of similar shape, exalbuminous, thick,
fleshy ; cotyledons very unequal, one minute subabortive, the other
very thick, subcylindrical, slightly incurved. — Leaves ovate orbiculate
or cordate. Flowers in axillary or lateral cymes either short and
densely crowded or laxer with many flowers {West Tropical Africa).
See p. 9.
17. Rameya H. Bn. — Male flowers. . . ? Perianth of female
flowers of . . . unequal leaves. Stamens linear. Carpels co , globose-
capitate ; ovule 1, arcuate; style slender, linear subulate. Drupes
go, stipitate obovate -compressed hippocrepiform ; scar of style a
little way from base ; process of putamen intruded from base. Seed
uncinate-incurved, induplicate on lamina, exalbuminous. Embryo
of similar shape ; cotyledons markedly unequal ; the smaller
abortive, the larger hippocrepiform, fleshy, thick. — A climbing
shrub ; leaves alternate subcoriaceous 3 -ribbed at base ; flowers
inserted on the wood ; female flowers few subcymose {Madagascar).
See p. 10.
III. CHASMANTHERE-E.
18. Chasmanthera Hochst. — Flowers almost of Com^s; sepals
usually 6, in 2 series. Petals 6, much smaller, concave. Stamens 6
38 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
(sterile in female flower), either free {Tinospora, Colombo), or more or
less strongly 1-adelphous {Euchasmanthera, Jateorhiza) ; anthers
extrorse, lateral or subterminal; cells 2, rimose, more or less
confluent at apex. Carpels 3 (of Cocculus), styles narrow or dilated,
divided. Drupes destitute of prickles or aculeate, smoother within,
marked by cicatrix of style a little under apex ; putamen concave
within; process hemispherical or semi-ovoid, intruded, leaving an
empty false-cell. Seed meniscoid, convex outwardly; albumen
of same shape, fleshy, more or less ruminated or subcontinuous ;
embryo incurved; radicle superior cylindrical; cotyledons mem-
branous, divaricating laterally on each side between the lamina? of
albumen. — Stems climbing, smooth or pilose-aculeate; leaves
alternate cordate at base, entire or palmatilobate, rarely hetero-
morphous ; flowers in simple or branched racemes ; male inflores-
cence more branched {Asia, Australia, Tropical Africa). See p. 11.
19. Calycocarpum Nutt. — Sepals 6, subequal, thin, in 2 series.
" Petals 6, somewhat flattened." Stamens 6-10 (6, sterile in female
flower), free ; anthers basifixed introrse ; cells vertical, longitudinally
rimose. Carpels 3 ; styles lacerated ; apex stigmatose. Drupes un-
equally ovoid, rather flat within ; scar of style subterminal ; putamen
concave within ; process intruded hemispherical. Seed meniscoid,
markedly concave within ; albumen thin ; embryo of Chasmanthera. —
Stems climbing, leaves palmatilobate, cordate at base ; flowers in
narrow composite racemes {North America). See p. 13.
20. Tinomiscium Miers. — Sepals 6-9 ; outer 3 smaller, bract-
like. Petals 6, a little shorter than sepals, suborbicular erect.
Stamens 6, free, attenuate at base, clavate and expanded behind at
subincurved apex, subcarinate inside ; anther-cells lateral at apex.
Female flower. . .? "Drupes ovate-oblong, very compressed; scar
of style terminal ; putamen with a flat surface ; lamina intruded,
projecting a little." Seed. . . ? — Leaves often large, coriaceous,
3-5-nerved at base ; flowers in lengthened simple or sparsely
branched racemes {Tropical Asia). See p. 13.
21. Odontocarya Miers. — Flowers almost of Chasmanthera; 3
inner sepals thinner. Petals 6 ; shorter, somewhat flattened.
MENI8TEBMACE2E. 39
Stamens 6, filaments united more than halfway up the middle;
anthers erect terminal ; cells extrorse parallel. Female flower :
" Carpels 3 ; stigma foliaceous, deflexed." Drupes ovoid, somewhat
compressed from the outer surface ; scar of style subterminal ;
putamen filamentous or woolly outside, with a hollowed surface ;
process intruded, oblong, hemispherical. Seed meniscoid j albumen
fleshy; cotyledons divaricating. — Leaves cordate or hastate. "Flowers
in simple slender elongated subfasciculate racemes " {Tropical
America). See p. 14.
22. Fibraurea Lour. — Sepals 9 ; outer 3 small, bract-like ; inner
layer subequal. Petals 0. Stamens 6 (sterile in female flower),
free, attenuate clavate about the incurved apex ; anther-cells adnate
at apex, diverging below. Carpels 3 ; stigmas excentric, small.
Drupes oblong, somewhat compressed ; scar of style terminal ;
surface of putamen sulcate ; process high-intruded. Seed similar in
form, surface hollowed; albumen ruminated. — Leaves ovate or
oblong coriaceous 3-nerved. Flowers in very much branched
racemes, solitary pedicellate on branches {Malaysia, Indian Archi*
felago). See p. 14.
23. Burasaia Dup.-Th. — Sepals 6-15, in 2-5 series; outer
smaller, bract-like. Petals 6, smaller, oblong-ovate. Stamens 6
(sterile in female flower) ; filaments short, connate at base ; anthers
longer, 2-celled ; cells introrse subparallel close to apex. Carpels 3 ;
styles foliaceous, reflexed ; apex shortly 2-fid. Ovules 2 ; smaller
abortive. Drupes unequally ovoid, scarcely compressed; scar of
style terminal ; putamen straight, filamentous- woolly outside, surface
Ion o-itudin ally sulcate ; process intruded, obtuse. Seed of the same
form as its situation, surface more or less hollowed ; albumen
fleshy, abundant, ruminated; cotyledons membranous, flattened,
divaricate. — Feeble shrubs ; leaves alternate long-petiolate
3-foliolate coriaceous ; flowers in axillary few-flowered racemes
{Madagascar). See p. 14.
24. Parabsena Miers. — Flowers almost of Chasmanthera ; sepals
6 ; petals 6, shorter obovate or 3-lobed. Stamens (sterile free in
female flower) united into a central column; anthers 6 coalesced
40 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
into a terminal subglobose head, dehiscing transversely. Carpels 3 ;
styles subulate, recurved. Drupes ovate ; scar of style subterminal ;
putamen tuberculate on outer surface, rostrate above, deeply hollowed
within ; process intruded hemispherical. Seed meniscoid ; albumen
fleshy homogeneous ; embryo curved ; radicle long ; cotyledons
ovate, laterally divaricate. — Leaves sagittate. Flowers in axillary
dichotomous cymes {India). See p. 14.
25. Aspidocarya Hook. & Thoms. — Mowers of Parabana;
sepals 6-1 2, in 2-4 series ; inner ones wider. Petals 6, shorter,
cuneate. Stamens 0, united into a peltate column ; anthers hori-
zontal, sessile at margin. Carpels 3; styles short, subcapitate.
Drupes compressed from the back ; scar of style subterminal ;
putamen carinate at back ; flattened within, scarcely intruded. Seed
oblong, conspicuously marked inside by raphe ; albumen fleshy ;
embryo inverted; radicle short; cotyledons flattened, divaricate at
base, parallel at apex. — Leaves cordate or subpeltate. Flowers in
branched elongated racemose cymes {Himalaya). See p. 14.
26. Anamirta Colebr. — Sepals 6, in 2 series, or 9-12; outer
3-6 much smaller, bract-like. Petals 0. Stamens (6-9, sterile,
free, in female flower) go ; anthers capitate 6-seriate on top of a short
vertical column, crowded and compressed, 4-lobular, horizontally
rimose. Carpels 3 (rarely 4-6) ; stigmata subcapitate. Drupes
stipitate, obliquely ovate-reniform ; scar of style a little way from
base ; putamen woody, glabrous ; process intruded within, strongly
2-lobed. Seed externally subglobose, hollowed within ; albumen
subcorneous (scattered in farinaceous lumps) ; embryo incurved ;
radicle cylindrical superior; cotyledons very thin, divaricating,
shorter than albumen. — Stems climbing; leaves large, usually
cordate at ba^e ; flowers in elongated branched racemes hanging
from the older branches {Tropical Asia). See p. 15.
27. Coscinium Colebr.— Sepals 9, in 3 series, inner larger, sub-
petaloid. " Stamens 6 (sterile in female flower); outer 3 free;
anthers 1-celled; inner connate as far as middle; anthers 2-celled.
Carpels 3-6; styles subulate, recurved." Drupes subglobose;
putamen bony ; process intruded near base, stipitate and peltate.
1IENISPEBMAGE2E. 41
Seed subglobose, hollow within ; albumen ruminated, fleshy, oily,
embryo almost straight ; radicle small ; cotyledons divaricate, deeply
laciniate. — Stems climbing j leaves large peltate ; flowers capitate ;
capitula globose pedunculate {Tropical Asia). See p. 15.
IV. CISSAMPELIDEJS.
28. Oissampelos L. — Flowers dioecious. Calyx of male 4-leaved,
valvate. Corolla (?) short, cupuliform, subentire or crenate. Stamens
connate into a short peltate column at apex ; anther-cells 4, sessile
at margin, transversely rimose. Female flower unsymmetrical ;
sepal 1 (" bracteole ") unilateral ; petal 1, opposite sepal, entire or
2-fid. Carpel 1, excentric, free; ovary 1 -celled; ovules 2 inserted
on placenta placed before petal and sepal ; one hemitropous, de-
scending ; micropyle superior; other minute abortive, or even 0;
style 3-dentate or 3-fid ; lobes 2-fid. Drupes subglobose or
obovoid, very hippocrepiform ; scar of style a little way from base ;
putamen campylotropous compressed, tuberculate at back ; hollowed
on each side ; process intruded. Seed hippocrepiform ; albumen
fleshy, delicate ; embryo linear ; cotyledons oppressed. — Shrubs or
undershrubs, climbing or rarely erect ; leaves alternate, varying ;
male flowers in much-branched cymes ; female flowers in often
shorter cymiferous racemes ; inflorescences small, usually fascicled at
axils of rounded bracts ; or more rarely cymes of either sex short
and few-flowered [Throughout the Tropical Region). See p. 1(3.
29. Cyclea Arn. — Sepals of male flowers 4-8 united into a cam-
panulate tubular or inflated-globose calyx. Petals as many, more or
less united. Stamens connate at apex into a central peltate column ;
anthers as many as sepals, adnate at margin, 1-locular and trans-
versely rimose. Calyx of female flower with one sepal ; petals
2 lateral. Carpel 1 ; style 3-5-fid. Drupes ovoid or subglobose ;
scar of style a little way from base ; putamen tuberculate at back ;
process intruded from either side, enclosing 2 spurious cells. Seed
hippocrepiform ; embryo sparsely albuminous ; cotyledons appressed.
— Leaves peltate or cordate ; flowers in much-branched racemes
{Tropical Asia). See p. 18.
42 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
30. Stephania Lour. — Sepals of male flower free, 6-12, in 2
series. Petals 3-6, shorter, thick, somewhat fleshy. Stamens
connate at apex into a peltate column ; anthers sessile at margin, at
length confluent into a horizontal ring. Sepals of female flower 3-5.
Petals of male. Carpel 1 (of Cycled). Drupe of Cyclea ; putamen
hollowed on either side; process perforate, intruded. Seed of
Cyclea. — Leaves usually peltate. Flowers in simple or composite
umbels (?) {Asia, Tropical Australia). See p. 18.
XIV. BERBERIDACE^.
I. LARDIZABALA SERIES.
In the genus Lardizabala} (figs. 33-36) the flowers are regular
and dioecious. On the narrow convex receptacle are inserted the
calyx and corolla, both double and trimerous. The sepals are large,
rather fleshy, valvate or subirnbricate in the bud. The petals are
much smaller, and taking them as a whole, each superposed to a
sepal. The same is the case with the six stamens, whose filaments
Lardizabala biternata.
Fig. 33.
Male flower ({).
Fig. 34. Fig. 35. Fig. 36.
Diagram of male flower. Diagram of female flower. Long. sect, of seed (f ).
are united into a vertical tube, on top of which are inserted six ex-
trorse two-celled anthers, of longitudinal dehiscence, and each sur-
mounted by an acute prolongation of the connective.2 In the bottom
of the androceal tube are seen three little rudimentary carpels. The
perianth is the same in the female flowers as in the males ; but the
stamens are small and free, with sterile anthers. The gynaeceum
consists of three3 free carpels superposed to the outer sepals, and
each formed of a one-celled ovary tapering at the top and sur-
1 Ruiz & Pav., Prodr. Fl. Per., 143, t. 37 ;
Syst., i. 286.— DC, Syst., i. 511 j Prodr., i.
95. — Dcke., in Arch. Mits., i. 187, t. 11 A.—
Endl., Gen., n. 4703. — Miees, in Ann. Nat.
Mist., ser. 3, ii. 190, 431.— B. H., Gen., 42, n.
1. — Cogylia Mol., Sagg.,e&. 2, 300. — Boissiera
Domb., mss. — Thomnia Domb., mss. (ex Endl.).
2 In the genus Lardizabala, as in Lardiza-
bale<e generally, the pollen grains are elongated
with three equidistant longitudinal grooves.
3 There may be four or only two j I have once
seen six in two whorls, the three inner being
smaller, in L. biternata.
44 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
mounted by an elongated cone covered with stigmatiferous papillae.
The walls of the ovary bear a variable number of anatropous ovules1
inserted all over the inner surface, and arranged a few together (four
to eio-ht) in distant vertical rows. The ovarian wall is more or less
thickened and prominent between these rows.2 The fruit consists
of from one to three elongated, many-seeded berries. The seeds are
reniform, with a deep broad ventral cavity into which the thickened
funicle is inserted. Beneath the triple integument'' is a hard sub-
corneous albumen, bowed and very concave on the ventral side ;
near its organic apex is seen a very small oblique excentric cavity,
in which is lodged a minute embryo, with a conical radicle more
thickened than the cotyledons (fig. 36).
Under the name of Boquila* has been distinguished a Lardizabala,6
with a thinner perianth than in the other species, whose anthers are
muticous or obtusely apiculate, and whose carpels usually contain
only two lateral rows of ovules.6 It can only be made a section of
the genus Lardizabala. This will then include three or four species/
climbing shrubs from Chili and Peru. Their leaves are alternate,
trifoliolate, or bi- or tri-ternate, usually with broad lateral stipules at
the base. The flowers form axillary racemes, usually reduced to a
single flower on the female plant.
Next to Lardizabala come three Asiatic genera which differ therefrom
but slightly. Parvafia* of which only one Indian9 species is known,
has monoecious flowers and very numerous ovules scattered over the
1 With tw.o coats. line of the ovary, and the hilum and micropyle
2 The thickening is due to the interior cells of towards the lateral walls. Hence we have not here
the carpellary leaf, which enlarge hetween the a placentation that really corresponds with the
ovules, finally forming a sort of soft pulpy matrix, junction of the edges of the carpel in the ventral
wherein they are, as it were, framed. angle, as in Decaisnea. This is merely a Lar-
3 In those of L. biternaia are distinguished dizalala with the number of rows of ovules more
an epidermic layer, a brown, smooth, shelly layer, reduced than in the other species.
and a rusty internal membrane, which is solt and ' Vent., Toy. de Laperr., iv. 265, t. 6-8.
almost corky. Deless., Ic. Sel., i. t. 91, 92.— Miees, loc. cit. ;
4 Dcne., in Arch. Mus., i. 188, t. 11 B. — Contrib , i. 152-155, t. 28.— C. Gat, Fl. Chil.,
Endl., Gen., n. 4704.— 13. H., Gen., 42, n. 2. i. 68. — Hook., in Bot. Mag., t. 4501.— Pcepp'.
(" Should it not rather be held a sect, of Lar. & Endl., Nov. Gen. et Sp., ii. t. 189. Walp.
dizalala ?") Sep., i. 99 (Boqnila); Ann., ii. 22; iv. 142.
5 L. irijoliolata DC, Syst., i. 513.— Deless., s Dcnk., in Arch. Mvs., i. 190, t. 12 A.
Ic. Sel., i. t. 92— Dcne., loc. cit., 189. — L. Endl., Gen., n. 4702. — Hook. & Thoms., Fl.
discolor Kze. & Pcepp., Nov. Gen. et Spec, ii. Ind., i. 214.— 13. H., Gen., 42, n. 3.
61, t. 189. — Pilpii 'Boquil, Boquil bianco of the 9 P. Bntnoniana Done., loc. cit. Walp.
Chilians. Ann., iv. 140.— Slaunlonia Brunoniana Wall.,
6 There are usually from three to five in each Cat., n. 4952.
row. Their chalaza looks towards the median
BEBBEBIBACEM.
45
lateral walls of the ovary,1 Decaisnea,2 also a monotypic Indian
genus,3 has apetalous flowers, with the ovules forming two verti-
cal rows4 in the ventral angle of the ovary and pinnate leaves.
Two species of Stauntoniab have been described, one Indian, the
other Chinese :6 both have di-
• i i • ffolboellia laiifolia.
gitate leaves, monoecious ape-
talous flowers, monadelphous
stamens, and the ovules inserted
as in Parvatia ; but their berries
open ventrally instead of re-
maining indehiscent.
Holbcettia1 (figs. 37-40) is
closely analogous with Staun-
tonia, though easily distin-
guished by the complete free-
dom of the stamens. The six
sepals are large and valvate. The
petals are small,8 superposed to
the sepals. The anthers, rudi-
mentary in the female flowers,
are two-celled and extrorse in
the males. The latter flowers
have only a rudimentary gyn-
»ceum ; in the former each carpel contains a large number of ovules
attached all over its walls. The fruit consists of indehiscent berries,
whose seeds are lodged in thick fleshy pulp. The two known
species9 of this genus inhabit the Himalayas. They are Lianas
Fig. 37.
Inflorescence.
1 They are arranged nearly as in Akebia, but
over a smaller area, aud are the younger as they
approach the dorsal angle of the ovary. A
mucilage formed of softened cells enframes them
more or less completely.
a Hook. f. & Thoms., Fl. Ind., i. 212.—
B. H„ Gen., 42, n. 4.
* The only known species is D. insignis Hook,
p. & Thoms. — Hook, f., III. Eimal. PL, 1. 10. —
Walp., Ann., iv. 140. — Slackia insignis Gbiff.,
It. Not., 187, n. 977.
4 They have two coats; those of either row
have their raphes turned towards the other.
They are younger in order from above down-
wards.
5 DC, Syst., i. 513 ; Prodr., i. 96. — Dcne., in
Arch. Mus., i. 191, t. 11 C. — Endl., Gen., n.
4701.— B. H., Gen., 42, n. 5.
6 Thunb., Fl. Jap., 149 (Rajania). — Sieb.
& Zucc, Fl. Jap., i. t. 76.
' Wall., Tent. Fl. Nepal., 23, t. 16, 17.—
Dcne., in Arch. Mus., i. 193, t. 12 B. — Hook,
f. & Thoms., Fl. Ind., i. 213.— B. H., Gen.
42, n. 6.
8 They are triangular and depressed, almost
resembling short glands, especially in the female
flowers, but to question their existence is a
mistake.
9 Pot. Peg. (1846), t. 49.— Walp., Ann., iv.
41.
46
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
with digitate, 3-9-foliolate leaves, and monoecious flowers grouped in
axillary racemes (fig. 37). '
Holballia laiifolia.
Fig. 38.
Long. sect, of male flower.
Fig. 39.
Diagram of female flower.
Fig. 40.
Long. sect, of female flower.
The genus Media (figs. 41-45) 2 is the least regular in this series.
The monoecious flowers lack a corolla, and though often possessing
three valyate coloured sepals, may have as many as six. The
androceum is formed of a variable number of stamens ; there are
very often six, three superposed to the sepals and three alternating ;
but this number is frequently increased or diminished. They are
free and club-shaped, bearing on their upper dilated part two linear
extrorse cells of longitudinal dehiscence.3 The gynaeceum is rudi-
mentary in the male flowers, like the stamens in the females. But
these latter possess a variable number of carpels (from three to
twelve), which are free, each consisting of a multiovulate ovary,4
surmounted by a short style with a dilated stigmatiferous apex.
The fruit is formed of large berries opening like follicles by an
1 They are placed at the base of the young
twigs, axillary to the scales or undeveloped leaves
on the lower portion thereof. Higher up are
well-developed leaves, with only leaf buds in
their axils. The racemes are ebracteate; only
the axis is slightly swollen around the insertion
of the floral pedicel, which is articulated here.
The racemes bear only male or only female
flowers, or else a few females at the base, with
males above (fig. 37).
2 Dcne., in Arch. Hus., i. 195, t. 13, A, B. —
Endl., Gen., n. 4791 b.— B. H„ Gen., 42,
n. 7.
3 The pollen consists of whitish elongated
grains, bearing from one to three longitudinal
grooves.
4 The ovules have coats, and some become
finally anatropous, but most of them are hardly
quite so, or even retain the original orthotropy
that they have when the embryo sac already
forms a well-developed cavity in the nucleus.
They are inserted on the right and left walls of
the ovary, decreasing in age as they are more
distant from the ventral angle, where they first
appear, as in Solbodlia. The pulp surrounding
them is formed by the internal epidermic cells,
elongated into cylindrical or club-shaped, simple,
or separate hairs.
BEBBEBIDACEJE.
47
external longitudinal fissure. At the time of dehiscence the inner-
most layer of the pericarp separates from the outer layers, and rolls
up with the contained seeds into a long cylindrical mass in the
ventral angle of the fruit. The seeds concealed in this pulpy body
Akebia quinata.
Fig. 42.
Male flower
Fig. 44.
Female flower.
Fig. 43.
Long. sect, of male
flower.
Fig. 41.
Flowering branch.
Fig. 45.
Long. sect, of female
flower.
contain within their coats1 an enormous albumen, in whose organic
apex is lodged a very small oblique dicotyledonous embryo. Four
species2 of Akebia have been described, Lianas from China and Japan.
The leaves are alternate digitate, and the flowers form axillary
racemes with the females on the lower part.3
1 Inside a fleshy envelope is a smooth, glisten-
ing, blackish outer coat, and a soft corky inner
coat, membranous over the greater part of the
seed, much thickened all over the chalazal region.
The very small embryo is lodged near the apex
of the albumen, at about a quarter-circum-
ference from the hilum. Near this last is a
small whitish fleshy aril, besides the general
pulpy envelope.
Sieb. & Zucc, Fl. Jap., t. 77, 78. —A.
Lavall£e, in Sort. Fran<;., xix. 103, t. 4. —
Bot. Mag., t. 4864.— Bot. Reg. (1847), t. 28.—
Walp., Rep., i. 98.
3 The leaves are borne on flexible t« igs, which
spring from scaly buds every year. The petiole
is articulated at the base, and the petiolules at
both base and apex. Tn A. quinata the racemes
are axillary to the inferior scales of the annual
twigs. The female flowers are almost always
few in number.
48
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
II. EBYTHROSPEKMUM SERIES.
Erijthrospermumx (figs. 46, 47) has regular hermaphrodite flowers.
On the convex receptacle is inserted near its base a perianth formed
of from seven or eight to twelve or thirteen leaves. Externally are
three, usually described as sepals, and internal to these are from four
to ten others, broader and more membranous. All are imbricated
and petaloid, and it is impossible to distinguish clearly which are to
be considered calyx, and which corolla. The number of stamens is
JErythrospermum verticillaturn .
Fig. 46.
Flower (^).
Fig. 47.
Diagram.
also variable, from five to eight or nine ; they each consist of a free
filament and a basifixed anther, whose connective, flattened into the
shape of a horseshoe, bears on its edges the linear anther-cells ;
these open longitudinally. The short gynseceum is composed of a
one-celled ovary, surmounted by a short style, whose stigmatiferous
apex is entire or divided into as many short lobes as there are pla-
centae. These last are parietal, usually three in number, alternating
with the divisions of the style, and bearing an indefinite number of
little anatropous ovules. The fruit is thick, and is said to dehisce in
three or four valves ; it contains several seeds with pulpy envelopes,
enclosing an embryo surrounded by copious fleshy albumen. Ery-
tkrospermum consists of shrubs with alternate or verticillate simple
entire exstipulate leaves ; the flowers form simple or compound
1 Erythrospermum Lamk., III., ii. 407, t.
274. — Poie., Diet., Suppl., ii. 584. — Dup.-Th.,
Mist. Yeg. Afr. Austr., 65, t. 21.— DC, Prodr.,
j. 257. — Endl., Gen., n. 5083. — Clos, in Ann.
Sc. Nat., ser. 4, viii. 257. — Payee, sur les
Fam. Nat., 114. — B. H., Gen., 127, 972, n.
16. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, ix. 311.
BERBEBIDACi:.!;.
49
Berberidopsis corallina.
-AY
terminal racemes, which are sometimes umbellate. Each flower has
a pedicel which is articulated at the base, axillary to a bract, and
accompanied by two lateral bractlets. Seven or eight species are
known, one from Ceylon, the rest from the East Coast of Africa.
The Chilian plant,1 which has been named Berberidopsis curallitia,
appears to us to form a genus closely
allied to Erythrospermum. As in that
genus, the flowers (fig. 43) possess a
convex receptacle and a perianth of
from nine to thirteen leaves, imbricated
and arranged in threes, all coloured and
petaloid, and increasing in size as they
are more internal. Above them the
perianth is dilated into an irregular an-
nular disk. At this point2 it bears from
seven to ten free stamens with short
filaments, and erect elongated introrse two-celled anthers of sub-
marginal longitudinal dehiscence. The ovary is one-celled, with
three parietal placentas,3 bearing each several anatropous ovules ; it
tapers above into a short style whose apex bears three very short
stigrnatiferous divisions, alternating with the placentas. The fruit
is as yet unknown. Berberidopsis is a frutescent, slightly sarrnen-
tose plant, with alternate simple leaves, and terminal floral racemes.
Erythrospermea may, from what has been described above, be con-
sidered as Berberidacea, whose carpels are united edge to edge into a
unilocular ovary.4
Fig. 48.
Long. sect, of flower fe).
III. BERBERRY SERIES.
The Berberry5 (Fr., Vinetiier) has regular hermaphrodite flowers.
On the convex receptacle are inserted in due order from below
1 Hook, f., in Bot. Mag., t. 5343.— B. H.,
Gen., 964, n. 7 a. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, ix.
311.
2 The disk having grown broader on its outer
edge when adult, the stamens are inserted on its
inner superior edge.
3 J. Hooker has seen from two to four
ovules on each placenta, while we have counted
as many as fourteen on each. They become quite
VOL. III.
anatropous when adult, with two coats, and those
which are near one edge of the placenta look by
their raphes to those on the other edge. They
are sub-horizontal or ascending.
* Hence they occupy in this order the corre-
sponding place to that of Monodora in Anonacece,
Canellea in Magnoliacece, &c.
3 Berberis T., Inst., 614, t. 385.— L., Gen.,
n. 442.— Adans., Fam. des PI., ii. 433.— J.,
E
50
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
upwards six trimerous verticils, belonging two to the calyx,1
two to the corolla, and two to the androceum. The sepals are
Berberis vulgaris.
Fig. 49.
Leaf-bearing branch.
Fig. 50.
Flowering branch.
free and petaloid, imbricated in the bud, and caducous. The
petals, also imbricated in the bud, are apparently each superposed
Gen., 286. — G.&BTN., Fruct., i. 200, t. 42. — 1 There is often a third external verticil, and
Lamk., Diet., viii. 615; III., t. 253. — DC, even a fourth, complete or incomplete, to the
Prodr., i. 105. — Spach, Suit, a, Buffon, viii. calyx. The leaves of these whorls are shorter as
35, — Endl., Qen., n. 4814. — B. H., Gen., 43, they are more exterior or inferior, and have often
V)64, n. 8. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, ii. 272, 285, been deemed bracts. They are, however, quite
230. like the sepals.
BERBERIDACEM.
51
to a sepal, sessile, concave on the inside and possessing two late-
ral glands of variable size near their base. There are as many
stamens as petals, apparently superposed to them ; each consists of
a free filament, articulated at its base,1 and a basifixed muticous two-
Berberis vulgaris.
IA)
Fig. 51.
Flower (f).
Fig. 52.
Diagram.
Fig. 54. Fig. 56. Fig. 57.
Stamen dehiscing {\). Long. sect, of fruit {\). Seed ({).
Fig. 53.
Long. sect, of flower.
Fig. 55.
Bunch of fruit.
celled anther, originally introrse.2 Each cell opens by a longitudinal
slit which is prolonged towards the base and along the whole of the
dorsal edge of the outer part of the cell, so that this rises like a
valve to free the pollen.3 The inner half-cell is more or less com-
pletely abortive. The gynseceum is superior, free, and unicarpellary,
1 The irritability of these stamens is one of
the most curious facts in vegetable physiology.
See KffiLB., in Nov. Act. Acad. Sc. Petrop.
(1790). — H. Bn., Bes. Mouv. dans les Org.
Sex., thes., 1856, 30.)
2 It has often been described as extrorse, but
wrongly, in our opinion. (See Adansonia, ii. 273.)
3 The pollen of most of the Berberids in
which it has been studied is formed of ellipsoidal
grains, with three longitudinal folds. When
moistened they become spherical, with three
bands. (H. Mohl, in Ann. Sc, Nat., ser. 2, iii.
325.)
E 2
52 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
formed of a one-celled ovary,1 surmounted by a subcircular head,
which is depressed in the centre and covered with stigmatic papilla?.
Near the bottom of the ovary is seen the placenta, which is basilar
or somewhat oblique and parietal bearing a variable, usually small,
number of ascending anatropous ovules, with the raphe posterior
and the micropyles brought down near the base of the cell.2 The
fruit (figs. 55, 56) is a berry containing one or several seeds. These
contain within their coats a fleshy albumen surrounding a rather
lar^e embryo with its radicles inferior. The Berberries are shrubs
with alternate compound, uni- or plurifoliolate leaves. These are
persistent and pinnate3 in the species which have been termed
Mahomet? while in Berberis proper they are caducous, reduced to a
single leaflet. There are moreover here two sorts of leaves. On
the short twigs ended by the simple racemes we see as a rule only
membranous unifoliolate leaves, articulated at the base.5 But in
the longer twigs that do not end in an inflorescence,6 which develop
during the summer, the leaves are usually transformed into, finally,
woody spines. These spines have three, five or seven digitate
branches, each corresponding to a rib of the leaf. This hence lacks
parenchyma, and it is not articulated at the base. The young shoot
developed in its axil bears unifoliolate articulate leaves like those
we have described above. Between fifty and sixty distinct species
of Berberis are known,7 shrubs with yellow wood ; they are natives
s
1 This bears externally a longitudinal groove, 5 Below this articulation is a short dilated
often very ill marked, corresponding with the petiole, often bearing above, on either side, a
placentary side of the gynaBceum. little stipule-like tongue (rudiment of a lateral
2 Hence it is anterior and inferior. The ovules leaflet?).
have two coats. Those that are highest on the 6 This sometimes occurs reduced to a single
placenta are the oldest. In some species there flower.
are only two or three. < Pall., Fl. Ross., t. 67. — H. B. K., Nov.
3 The leaflets are opposite, sessile or pedi- Gen. et Spec, t. 430-133. — R. & Pay., Fl, Per.,
cellate, articulated at the base. Moreover, the t. 280-282.— Sibth., Fl. Grcec, t. 324. — Nutt.,
rachis is transversely articulated above the inser- Gen., i. 210. — A. S. H., Fl. Bras. Mer., i. 41, t.
tion of each pair of leaflets. In M. trifoliata 10. — Schrad., in Linncea, xii.460. — Wall., PL
Cham., there are on top of the common petiole As. Rar., t. 243. — Pcepp. & Endl., Nov. Gen.
three digitate leaves, articulated at the base. et Spec, t. 187.— C. Gay, Fl. Chil, i. 71. —
4 Nutt., Gen., i. 211.— DC, Syst., i. 18; Hook. f. & Thoms., Fl. Ind., i. 129.— Eichl.,
Prodr., i. 108.— Odostemon Rafin., in Amer. in Mart. Fl. Bras., Berb., 230, t. 52.— A. Okay,
Month/. Mag. (1819), 192. The flowers usually Gen. III., t. 31.— Gren. & Godr., Fl. de Fr., i.
form compound racemes, and the stamens are 54. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 102.— Bot. Reg., t. 487,
marked by the enlargement of the top of the 729, 1750.— Walp., Rep., i. 101; ii. 749; iv.
filament near the base of the anther into two 19; Ann., i. 19; ii. 23; iii. 813; iv. 142; vii.
lateral hooked prominences, with their points 71.
downwards. (See Adansonia, i. 337; ii. 275.)
BEBBEBIDAGEjE.
53
of Europe, Asia, and both the American continents, especially of
the western mountainous regions of South America.
Leo?iticel (figs. 58-60) has nearly the flower of Berberis, with six
or nine petaloid unequal imbricated stamens, and six shorter, thicker,
fleshier petals, concave on the inside.2 The stamens, six in number,
are stationed and formed as in Berberis. The gymeceum is also
Leontice (Gymnospermium) altaica.
Fig. 58.
Flower (f).
Fig. 59.
Long. sect, of flower (^).
formed of a one-celled ovary, tapering above into a hollow st}de,
which is stigmatiferous at the apex ; but the placenta is nearly
basilar and central ; it bears from two to four erect anatropous
ovules,3 with their micropyles downwards and outwards. The fruit
(fig. 60) is dry and vesicular, indehiscent,4 or more or less widely
open above.5 In the latter case the seeds become naked, each borne
on an erect funicle. Under the seed-coats, which are more or less
thick and fleshy, is a fleshy albumen of peculiar form, lodging near
its apex the embryo, protected more externally by an inward projec-
tion of the seed-coats.6
1 L., Gen., n. 423.— J., Gen., 287.— Lamk.,
Diet., iii. 464 ; III., t. 254.— DC, Prodr., i.
109.— Endl., Gen., n. 4810 (part.).— B. II.,
Gin., 43, 965, n. 10. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, ii.
277, 279, 285. — Leontopetalum T., Cor., 484. —
Lamk., III., t. 254, fig. 1.
- They have often been described as glands or
nectaries.
3 They have two coats. They are not all of
the same age.
4 This is often observed in L. Leontopetalum
L., but the parenchyma interposed between the
ribs of the pericarp may be absorbed near its
apex, leaving very irregular breaches into the
fruit.
5 This is the case in L. Eoersmanni Bge. and
altaica Pall., whereof Spach (Suit, a Buff on,
viii. 66) has hence made the distinct genus
Gymnospermium. The pericarp, broken open
above early, even before maturity, leaves the
seeds naked, and forms a sort of long frill around
the bases of their funicles.
G We have shown (in Adansonia, ii. 278) that
outside the embryo are found five distinct layers
in the seed of L. Leontopetalum. The internal
seed-coat is thickened into a sort of rim around
the eudostome, a phenomenon which we have
compared with the development of an internal
arillode. This internal prominence of the endo-
steal? later on, crowns the radicle of the embryo.
54
NATURAL niSTOBY OF PLANTS.
L. Chrysogonum* has been distinguished generically from the other
species under the name of Bongardia? because its petals are smaller
and more like sepals than in Leontice proper ; while it may have
from four to eight ovules. We only make this a
Leontice Leontopetaium. section apart; we follow the same course with L.
thalictroides,3 which was also formerly elevated to
generic rank,4 because while its petals are thin,
as in Bongardia, its pericarp is early destroyed
above, only forming a very short sheath around
the base of the funicles of the seeds ; and the
seed-coats are more fleshy in texture. Thus
formed of four sections,5 Leontice includes four or
five perennial herbaceous species,6 with a tuberous
rhizome ; they are nearly all natives of Central
or Eastern Asia. One or two species of Leontice
proper are found in the east of Mediterranean
Europe, and L. thalictroides inhabits North
America. From the rhizome spring alternate
leaves, pinnatisect, or pinnately bi- or tri-sect.
The flowers7 form ramified racemes on a
scape which is naked or bears a few leaves or
bracts.
Epimedium* (figs. 61-69) bears hermaphrodite regular flowers
formed of dimerous whorls. The calyx presents first two outer
sepals, next an inner alternating pair, within these a third super-
posed to the first, and so on ; there may be from eight to ten of
Fig. 60.
Long. sect, of fruit.
1 Spec, 447.— DC, Prodr., n. 1.— Chry-
sogonum Dioscoridis Rauw., It., 119. — Bon-
gardia Chrysogonum Spach, Suit, a Buffon,
viii. 65. — P. Bauwolfii Led., Fl. Boss., i. 80. —
B. Olivieri C. A. Met., Verz. Pfl. Cave, 174.
2 C. A. Met., loc. tit, — Endl., Gen., n.
4809.— J aub. & Spach, III. PI. Or., t, 396.—
B. H., Gen., 43, n. 9. — Chrysogonum Bauh.,
Hist., iii. 876, fig. 2.
3 L., Spec., 448.— DC, Prodr., n. 5.
4 Caulophyllum Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer., i.
204, t. 21.— B. H., Gen., 43, n. 11.— A. GfiAr,
Gen. III., t. 32.
fl. Leontopetaium DC
Leontice. J 2. Bongardia (C. A. Met.).
Sect. 4. I 3. Gymnospermium (Spach).
'4. Caulophyllum (Michx.).
6 R. Bk., in Trans. Linn. Soc, 143, t. 7
(Caulophyllum). — I)CNE., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser.
2, ii. t. 12 {Caulophyllum). — Nutt., Gen., i. 210
(Caulophyllum).— J aub. & Spach, III. PI. Or.,
iv. t. 396 (Bongardia). — Boiss., Fl. Or., i.
99.— Bot. Mag., t. 3245. — Walp., Pep., i.
100 (Bongardia) ; Ann., i. 19; iv. 149.
' All are yellow.
8 T., Inst., 232, t. 117.— L., Gen., n. 148.—
Adans., Fam. des PL, ii. 432.— J., Gen., 287. —
Lame., Diet., ii. 376 ; Suppl. ii. 570 ; III., t.
83.— DC, Prodr., i. 110.— Spach, Suit, a
Buffon, viii. 55. — Pater, Organog., 240, t. 52.—
Endl., Gen., n.4811.— B. H., Gen., 44, n. 14. —
H. Bn., in Adansonia, ii. 269, 271, 275.
BERBEEIDACE^.
55
these leaves. The four innermost are more petaloid and better
developed than the rest. The corolla is double, consisting of two
outer petals, and two alternating inner petals. Each petal bears a
little above its base, either a nectariferous pit or, more frequently, a
long spur.1 All these pieces are imbricate-decussate in prsefloration.
Epimedium (Macroceras) violaceum.
Fig. 61.
Flower.
Fig. 62.
Long. sect, of flower (\).
The androceum consists of four stamens, one in front of each petal,
they are formed of a free filament and a basifixed introrse two-celled
anther. The outer half-cell alone rises into a long flap, as in
Berberis. The gynaeceum Epimedium (Microceras) alpinum.
though like that of Berberis,
differs in the more elongated
ovary and style ; the end of
the latter is stigmatiferous.
The ovary contains in its
single cell a long parietal
placenta bearing two vertical
rows of more or less ascend-
ing anatropous ovules,* with
their micropyles downwards
and outwards. The fruit is dry, capsular, and many seeded ; it
opens by a vertical elliptical cleft, which separates from the placen-
tary part, a valve whose edges were before indicated by a con-
tinuous groove.3 The seeds, which possess an entire or laciniate
Fig. 63.
Flower (f).
Fig. 64.
Diagram.
1 On the length of this depends the division
of the genus into the sections Macroceras and
Microceras, established by Mokeen & Decaisne
(in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. ii. 352). We have added
a section Dimorphophyllum, whereof E. pinna-
turn Fisch. is the type. (See Adansonia, ii. 270.)
2 They have two coats ; the younger are
inferior. Above the hilus is already seen a rudi-
mentary aril.
3 It has been supposed, though wrongly, that
this flap represented a sterile carpellary leaf,
placed facing the ovuliferous one. The gynae-
ceum of Epimedium at no age consists of more
than one carpellary leaf, and organogeny demon-
strates this (see Adansonia, ii. 276.), We
think that the line of dehiscence of this flap
corresponds to the more horizontal cleft of de-
hiscence of the carpel of Jeffersonia.
56
NATURAL HISTORY OF TLANTS.
fleshy aril,1 contain within their coats a fleshy albumen whose axis
is occupied by an often bowed embryo, with its radicle inferior.
In the flowers of E. diphylfam? the petals have neither spur nor
nectariferous pit at the base ; it is on this
Epimedia^^P7li,llUm) character,3 of seemingly inconsiderable value
that the genus Aceranthus* has been founded ;
this should in our opinion be restored as a
section to the genus Epimedium.
E. hexandrumh is a North American species,
exceptional in the trimerous verticils of its
flowers. As all the other characters are gene-
rally speaking those of Epimedium it can only
be made a distinct section thereof; it has been
named Vancouveria.*
Thus constituted,7 this genus contains half a score of species,
herbaceous perennials with a subterraneous creeping rhizome. The
leaves are alternate, pinnately compound, rarely bifoliolate, more
frequently bi- or tri-sect. The flowers form terminal or leaf-opposed,
Fig. 65.
Flower (f).
1 This aril seems to us to be formed by a mere
fold of the seminal epidermis. (See Adansonia,
ii. 287.)
2 Lodd., Sot. Cab., t. 1358.
3 Not to mention that of the leaves, which can
have no generic value. The flowers of the other
Fig. 66.
species of Epimedium differ in their spurred
petals, but this character is insufficient in Aqiri-
legia to distinguish more than mere forms or
varieties. (See Adansonia, ii. 269.) L. Mab-
CHAnd has noticed (in Adansonia, iv. 127)
flowers of E. MusscUanum whose petals lacked
spurs, and became those of an Aceranthus. This
anomaly occurs in many species in our gardens,
especially E. niveum, which thus become ace-
ranthous (fig. 66).
4 Moer. & Dcne., in Ann. Sc. Nat., se'r. 2, ii.
349, t. 14.— Endl., Gen., n. 4813.— B. H Gen
44, n. 12.— Sot. Mag., t. 3448.— Walp.' ReZ
i. 101. r '
5 Hook., Fl. Sor.-Amer., i. 30, t. 13.
6 Moee. & Dcne., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, ii.
351.— Endl., Gen., n. 4812.— B. H., Gen., 44,
n. 13. — Waxp., Rep., i. 101. In cultivation we
occasionally find Epimedium flowers with five
petals (fig. 67), which serve as a passage between
Fig. 67.
the dimerous flowers of the rest of the genus
and the trimerous flowers of Vancouveria. (See
Adansonia, ii. 271.) We also find pentamerous
Berberry flowers. (See Adansonia, loc. cit.,
272.)
Epimedium.
Sect. 5.
1. Macroceras.
2. Microceras.
3. Dimorphophyllum.
4. Aceranthus.
5. Vancouveria.
bebberidacej:.
57
Epimedium (Aceranthus)
diphyllum.
simple or compound, racemes. The plants are natives of the tem-
perate regions of Asia, Europe, and the North of Africa.1
In Nandina,- which has sometimes been made the type of a small
distinct group, the floral verticils are
trimerous and numerous, formed of leaves
arranged in six radiating rows. They are
imbricated and become larger and more
membranous and coloured as they are inserted
higher up on the receptacle. Above these
are six stamens, each superposed to a
perianth leaf, and formed of a short filament
and a basifixed anther, whose two lateral
subintrorse cells dehisce each by a longitu-
dinal cleft. The gynaeceum is nearly that of a
Berberis, with an ovary whose
parietal placenta usually bears
only two3 nearly collateral
obliquely ascending ovules,
whose micropyles look down-
wards and outwards. The
style forms a slender hollow
cornet, whose mouth is in-
cised into fringed stiomati-
ferous lobes. The fruit is a
berry, containing one or two seeds formed like those of Leontice.
N. domestica, the only species4 of this genus is a Chinese and
Japanese shrub, with erect stems and alternate bi- or tri-
pinnatisect leaves. Its flowers form terminal or leaf-opposed
ramified racemes of cvmes.
Fig. 69.
Flower (f ).
Fig. 68.
Habit.
1 Sibth., Fl. Grcec, t. 130. — Reichb., Ic.
Fl. Germ., Hi. t. IS. — Jacqttem., Yoy., Bot., t.
8. — More. & Dcne., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, ii.
317, t. 12, 13.— Geen. & Gode., Fl. de Fr., i.
55.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 101. — Coss., in Bull.
Soc. Bot. de Fr., ix. 167.— Bot. Reg., t. 1906 ;
(1840), 43.— Bot. Mag., t. 3745, 3751, 4456.—
Walp., Rep., i. 100; v. 18; Ann., i. 19; ii. 23;
vii. 74.
2 Thunb., Diss. Nov. Gen., i. 14; Fl. Jap.,
9.— J., Gen., 329.— GiEETN., Fruct., ii. 69, t.
92. — Poie., Bid., Suppl., iv. 57. — Lamk., III.,
t. 261.— Banes, Ic. Kcemjof., t. 13, 14.— DC,
Frodr., i. 109. — More. & Dcne., in Ann. Sc.
Nat., ser. 2, ii. t. 12, fig. d.— Spach, Suit, a
Buffon, viii. 26.— B. H., Gen., 44, n. 12.—
H. Bn., in Adansonia, ii. 285.
3 Sometimes three or four are found in two
vertical rows.
4 Thunb., loc. cit. — Herb. Amat., t. 281. —
Bot. Mag., t. 1118. — Nandin K^MPF., Amcen.
Exot., 776. There are several cultivated varieties
of this species.
58
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
IV. PODOPHYLLUM SEEIES.
The genus Podophyllum} (figs. 70, 71) has been placed by various
authors in very different orders, and is in fact as closely allied to
Berberidacea as to Ranunculacea, and perhaps to Papaveracece through
Sanguinaria and Jefersonia. Several authors have attempted to cut
the knot by making a distinct group Podopliyllaceae. In any case,
even if it be made an abnormal series of Berberidacea, it has regular
Podophyllum peltatum {May Apple).
Fig. 70.
Habit &).
hermaphrodite flowers. On the conical receptacle are inserted s
calyx, a double corolla, two verticils of stamens, and a gynseceum
The calyx consists of from three to six free imbricated caducou;
petals. With these alternate the three imbricated petals oftheoute
corolla. The inner corolla consists of from four to six petals. J
six be the number, each of the petals is replaced by a pair of leaves;
1 L., Gen., n. 646.— Adans., Fam. des PI., ii. n. 4806.— B. H., Gen., 45, 965, n. 18.— H. T.,
432. — J., Gen., 235.— Lamk., Bid., v. 445 ; III., in Adansonia, ii. 275, 282, 284, 289. — +a-
t. 449.— DC, Syst., ii. 33 ; Prodr., i. 111. — podophyllum T., Inst., 239, t. 122.
Spach, Suit, a Suffon, viii. 70. — Endl., Gen.,
BEBBEBIDACE^J.
59
Podophyllum peltatum.
when there are four or five, it is due to the deduplication of only
one or two of these leaves. The stamens of the outer whorl, alter-
nating with the sepals, are also three in number ; while the inner
whorl behaves like that of the corolla, and is similarly composed of
a variable number of elements. Each anther consists of a free
hypogynous filament, surmounted by a basifixed two-celled anther,
which dehisces by two marginal clefts. The gynseceum is unicar-
pellary ; its ovary is surmounted by a short style whose apex ex-
pands into a stigmatiferous head, formed of
a blade repeatedly folded on itself. In the
single cell of the ovary is seen a longi-
tudinal parietal placenta, whereon are
inserted a large number of nearly vertical
rows of horizontal or ascending anatropous
ovules whose micropyles look outwards.
The fruit is an indehiscent many-seeded
berry. The seeds, more or less imbedded
in the pulpy tissue of the placenta, enclose in
their coats an embryo surrounded by copious
fleshy albumen. Podophyllum comprises two species of perennial
herbs, one from temperate India,1 the other from North America.2
The stem is a subterranean rhizome from which arise alternate
peltate digitiveined and digitilobate leaves. The flowers are
solitary on a sort of scape, which bears on its lower part one or
two leaves.
The flowers of Jeffersonia3 (figs. 72, 73) are formed like those of
Podophyllum, except that their anthers open by two valves, corre-
sponding to half-cells,4 as in Berberis. Moreover, the fruit is dry
and capsular ; it is urn-shaped with a groove on the side of the pla-
Fig. 71.
Diagram.
1 P. Emodi Wall., Cat., n. 814. — Hook. p.
& Thoms., Fl. Ind., i. 232. — P. hexundrum
Eoyl., III., 64. — Dcne., in Jacquem. Voy.,
Pot., ii. t. 9. — Walp., Ann., iv. 149.
2 P. peltatum L., Spec, 722. — Michx., Fl.
Por.-Am., i. 309.— Ntttt., Gen., 265. — A. Ghat,
Gen. III., t. 35, 36.— Walp., Pep., i. 100 ; Ann.,
ii. 22 ; vii. 75. — ? P. callicarpum Eafin., Fl.
Ludov., 14.
3 Bart., in Act. Soc Amer., iii. 334, ic. —
DC, Prodr., i. 111.— Endl., Gen., n. 4807.—
B. H., Gen., 44, n. 17. — H. Bn., in Adansonia,
ii. 276, 280, 285, 287, 291. — Plagiorhegma
Maxim., Prim. Fl. Amur., 34, t. 1.
4 Here the anthers are extrorse, for the cells
are directed obliquely, as seen in transverse sec-
tion, and the connective has its broader free
surface on the inside. But it is always the outer
half-cell which rises on each side into a flap,
while the inner is less developed, and remains
adherent to the connective.
60
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
c^J-ri
centa. The upper part of the carpellary leaf separates from the lower
by a transverse cleft, and represents the cover of the urn, while the
short style, crowned by a folded stigraatiferous head, does very well for
the knob. The ovules are numerous and arranged as Podophyllum, with
their raphes superior.1 AVhen
jeffersonia diphyUa. faQ ]"c| 0f 4jie capsule rises at
maturity the seeds are freed ;
they have a fleshy basilar aril3
and contain a little embryo near
the apex of the copious albumen.
Jeffersonia consists of perennial
herbs whose rhizome vegetates
like that of Podophyllum. The
leaves are alternate petiolate
digitiveined, usually bilobate or
bipartite.3 The flowers are
solitary, each borne on a naked
peduncle. Of this genus also two
species are known, one American4
the other from Northern Asia.
The flowers of Diphylleia5 also resemble those of Podophyllum,
possessing a perianth of from nine to twelve leaves, whereof the
inner are larger and more petaloid. The stamens, six in number,
open by valves as in Epimedium. The ovary contains some four
ascending ovules6 on a parietal placenta. The fruit is a few-seeded
berry. The only known species of this genus is D. cymosa, found
in North America and Japan. Its vegetative characters are those
of Podophyllum, but its flowers are numerous, grouped into an
umbelliform cyme on top of a terminal peduncle.
Fig. 72.
Gynaeceurn (±).
Fig. 73.
Long. sect, of gyuseceum.
1 They have two coats, and those of the outer
series are the younger, as are the lower ones in
each row.
2 Formed of cells springing from above the
hilum, and elongated into hairs. (See Adan-
sonia, ii. 287.)
3 They are really trifoliolate, hut the develop-
ment of the terminal lobe is early stopped, so
that it is represented by a very little tongue.
(See Adansonia, ii. 291.)
•' J. diphylla Pees., Syn., i. 418. — Michx., Fl.
Bor.-Amer., i. 236. — Nutt., Gen., i. 253. — Sims,
in Bot. May., t. 1513.— Walp., Sep., i. 100;
Ami., ii. 23 ; vii. 75.
5 L. C. Rich., in Micltx. Fl. Bor.-Amer., i.
903, t. 19, 20.— DC, Prodr., i. 110.— Nrrr.,
Gen., i. 209. — Endl., Gen., n. 4808.— A. Geat,
Gen. III., t. 33.— B. H., Gen., 44, n. 16.
6 When four in number they are arranged iu
two vertical rows, with their micropyles inferior ;
often there are only two or three.
BEBBEBIDAGEJE. 61
Finally, Aclilijs1 represents a reduced type of this group, wherein
the perianth has disappeared." The flower bears from six to eight
free stamens3 with two-celled anthers ; the walls of two of the half-
cells4 rise up into valves. The ovary, formed as in other Berberidacea',
is surmounted by a short style which swells into a large stigmatife-
rous head ; it contains a single ascending anatropous ovule, nearly
basilar. The fruit is dry one-seeded and dehiscent. Aclihjs con-
sists of two species of perennial herbs, one from the west of North
America,5 the other from Eastern Asia." Their rhizome and bi- or
tripartite palmiveined leaves are as in Jeffersonia ; the flowers are
collected into a terminal pedunculate spike.
The order Berberidacea thus includes at present sixteen genera.
It was founded in 1789 by A. J. de Jussiku,7 under the name of
Ordre de Vinettiers (Berberides). With Berber is, Lruntice, and Epi-
medium he placed a large number of genera,s which he knew imper-
fectly, belonging to very different groups ; he classed in Podophyllum
Ranuncidacece? and Tiiunberg's genus Nandina among the genera
ineertoe sedis.™ Lardizabala of Ruiz & Pa von, known as early as
1797, was made by De Candolle," in IS18, the type of a tribe of the
order Menispermacea ; Decaisne thought right to make it a distinct
order in 1837, '" putting with it Akebia, Parvaiia, Slauntonia, and
Waujcii's genus Holbcettia.™ D%phylleiaXA dates from 1803 ; De
Candolle placed among Podopliijllacece^ Barton's genus Jeffersonia
of the same date, and Ac/dp which he himself founded in 1818. To
Berberidacea Bentham & J. Hooker10 united Lardhabalece as a
tribe thereof, to which J. Hooker & Thomson had added Becamiea
1 DC, St/st., ii. 35; Prodr., \. 112. — Ekdl., 8 For instance, several Violariads, Hamamelis,
Gen., n. 4805. — B. H., Gen., 45, n. 19. an Anacardiad, Corynocarpas, &c.
'-' Around the base of the sexual organs the 9 Op. cit., 235.
axis only bears a small projecting rim. 10 Op. cit., 429.
3 The filaments are long-tapering towards the ll St/st., i. 509; Prodr., i. 95.
base. 12 Mem. sv/r la Fam. des Lardizalalees . . .
4 The two nearest the medium line of the pres. a I' Acad, des Sc. Seance du 4 Sept., 1837
anther. (in Arch. Mus., i. 143-213, t. 10-13).
5 A. triphyUa DC, Syst., ii. 35.^Hook., Fl. Vi Tent. Fl. Nepal. (1802-1803).
Bor.-Am., i. 30, t. 12. — Leontke triphyUa Sm., 14 L. C Rich., in Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am., i.
in Bees Cycl., n. 5. (1803) 203.
6 A.japonica Maxim. l5 Syst., ii. 31; Prodr., i. Ill,
7 Gen., 286, Ord. 18. 16 Gen., i. 33, 40 (1862).
62 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
in 1855.1 J. Hooker in 18672 discovered the new syncarpous genus
which he named Berberidopsis, to which we have added3 in the same
series the genus Erylhrospermum of Lamarck,4 a type hitherto referred
to Bixacea.
There are nearly a hundred species known, divided almost equally
between the two hemispheres.5 Hitherto the genera Zardizabala,
Berberidopsis, and Dip/iylleia, with the section Vancouveria of Epi-
med'mm, have only been observed in America. Nandina is confined
to China and Japan, and Erytlirospermum to the eastern islands of
Africa and Ceylon, omitting Lardizabala. All the other five genera
of LardizabaU(B, comprising half a score species, are from temperate
Eastern Central Asia. Aclilys, Jeffersonia, and Bodop/iyllum have
each one species in Asia, and one in North America. By far the
larger part of Berberis is American ; but this is the case with only
one of the four species of Zeontice, the others being Asiatic and
European. Europe possesses, moreover, representatives of Epi-
medium and Berberis. B. vulgaris extends to 60° N. in the north of
Scandinavia, and this is about the limit of the Chinese and Japanese
Berberidacete, Epimedium, Jeffersonia, Achlys, and Nandina. An Epi-
medium is also found in temperate Europe. In North Africa we find
a Berberis, an Epimedium, and perhaps a Zeontice. But no member
of the Order has been found in continental South Africa or Austra-
lasia. In South America Berberidopsis and Berberis extend to
50° S. in Valdivia and Patagonia. Only one species from Brazil has
been described, Berberis laurina.
As at present constituted this Order is one par enchainemcnt.
Accordingly it presents hardly one absolute character. No doubt
the placentation is almost constantly parietal or basilar, and the
ovary one-celled ; but the carpels are sometimes free, sometimes
united edge to edge, with several placenta? in the cell. The
seeds are always albuminous, but the form and consistency of
the albumen and its relations (in position and size) to the embryo
are most variable. The other characters are either nearly constant
1 Fl. Ind., i. 212. 2 Bot. Mag., t. 5343. 4 III,, ii. (1793), 407.
3 Stir les Affinites des Erytlirospermum (in 5 In the proportion of 52 to 45.
AJansonia, ix, (1870) 311).
BEBBEBIDAGE^J. 63
or variable. Among the former characters we may note that the
leaves are alternate, but verticillate in one Erythrospermum; they lack
stipules, which however cannot be overlooked in several Lardizabalas;
they are compound or deeply lobed, but simple in Ert/throspermum,
Berberidopsis, and certain species of Berberis ; the perianth is usually
multiple (with calyx and corolla both double) ; but in Akebia it may be
reduced to a single whorl, and in Achlys it is quite absent ; the type
of the flower is ternary, but binary in most species of Epimedium ; the
staminal filaments are free, but united into a tube in about half the
Lardizabalece ; the anthers mostly open by valves, but are rimose in
Lardizabalece, Nandina, Podophyllum, and Erythrospermea ; the ovary is
pluriovulate, but contains only one ovule in Achlys. The characters
that vary from one genus to another are the habit and consistency
of the stems, the pinnate or digitate nervation of the leaves, the
inflorescence, the consistency and dehiscence of the pericarp, the
presence of an aril, and its mode of formation when present.
In histological character Berberidacea present two distinct types
of organization, which one would hardly expect to find in the same
natural group, if one did not know that affinities of floral organiza-
tion do not carry with them identity of anatomical detail. The
first type is that of the Berberries and other woody plants of the
same group, whose organization may be easily studied in most of
the garden species of Berberis and Mahottia, as we have recently
done.' " The twigs of Berberis appear glabrous ; they are, however,
covered with conical or subcorneal hairs ;2 which long persist, and
then turning brown with the epidermic cells, finally come off with
them, leaving the bark only protected by a sort of periderm found
within the superficial parenchymatous layers. Internal to this is a
yellowish green cellular layer, whose elements usually end by
parting company. They are cells, which then leave irregular
lacunae between one another. On the walls of these spaces may be
seen projecting either isolated cells or strings of unequal more
or less rounded cells. With age the contents of these cells may
disappear ; but then in several species the wall remains coloured a
bright yellow, and appears to be saturated with the same pigment
as is found in the liber fibres. In a transverse section of a young
branch we see a small circle of fibrovascular bundles separated from
1 In Adansonia, ix. 320. - Especially in B. vulgaris.
64 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
one another by medullary rays. In each bundle the liber is repre-
sented in section by a crescent, outside of which is another cor-
responding to part of the generative zone. More internally is the
woody part of the bundle forming a triangle with its acute apex
inwards. The relative distribution of the vessels and fibres is
singular : the former, on the whole rather irregularly arranged, are
so placed as to be surrounded by fibres on every side, especially on
the inside." Besides the scattered vessels there is a central linear
series in each bundle. The tracheae are very scanty in the medullary
sheath. But towards this side of the bundle the woody fibres become
very numerous, dotted and perforated, and they are internal to the
parts that usually constitute the medullary sheath.1 In the medul-
lary rays is green matter, which also exists at first in the peripheral
cells of the pith. " Outside, the medullary rays are continuous,
without any line of demarcation between the wood and the bark,
passing between the liber bundles. It is in the substance of the
short unequally fusiform fibres that constitute these bundles that we
find the bitter yellow limpid colouring matter whose presence
characterizes all the species of Berberis:"
The second type is that of the Podopliyllece, whereof R. Brown
noticed3 that Podophyllum, like D/phy/leia, has in its stem irregularly
scattered fibrovascular bundles ; so that in this respect their structure
approaches far more nearly that of a Monocotyledon.4 In transverse
section we find in the common cellular matrix spots representing the
sections of as many isolated fibrovascular bundles, which are more
slender as they are more external, and are only absent in the centre.
1 These fibres cannot be regarded as other than softness of the liber bundles as compared with
woody fibres, for though they present several the woody consistency of the interposed parts of
differences in length and thickness, we find every the medullary rays.
possible transition. The tracheae are very few in 3 Congo, 442, not. ; Misc. Works, ed. Ben.v,
number, lying among the most internal vessels of i. 124, note i.
each layer. 4 J. G. Agardh (Theor., 75) says he has found
2 The sarmentose stems of the Lardizabalece that the stems of Podophyllum and Diphylh-ia
are formed on the same general plan. They are organized completely, as in Monocotyledons,
are remarkable for the clearness of the medullary "... fasciculos nempe vasorum omnes medvl-
rays, for the form and freedom of the liber lares et sparsos, singulos vero strato prosen-
bundles, and for the tardy multiplication of the chymatoso ambientc, vasisque cambialibus ex-
fibrovascular bundles, which recalls what occurs in trorsum, et spiralibus introrsum dispositis, coii-
Menispermacece. In Stauntonia Lindley men- stitutos. Biphylleia strato corticis aliquantulum
tions the curvature of the medullary rays (Intr. magis evoluto tantum a Podopl/yllo distat.
to Bot., i. 213). Is this normal ? In pretty old Monocotyledonea hac caulis structura Podo-
stems of Akebia qulnata we saw these rays phyllece ad Xgmpltceaceas tendere forsan
straight. We also notice the thickness and videntur."
BERBERIDACEA. 65
Each bundle has a layer of cortical fibres, a cambial zone, and woody
fibres, and vessels, among which are several tracheae. In Podophyllum
is another anatomical character which completes its resemblance with
certain Liliacea, Asparayaceee, and Smilacece ; inside the epidermis and
the first zone of cortical parenchyma is a sheath of tough thick-
walled elements. This zone is wanting in Leontice, which are hence
even the more close to Monocotyledons generally. Here the fibro-
vascular bundles are scattered through the axis, as in Podophyllum,1
and each consists of a cortical and a woody portion. In the centre
where they are absent the cellular tissue may be rarified and even
leave a fistular cavity.
Affinities. — All botanists are agreed that Berberidacea come as
close as possible to Memspermacea, and that they differ on the
whole from these in the hermaphrodism of their flowers, the small
size of their embryo, and the absence of an intruded prominence of
the endocarp. These differentiating characters are by no means
constant. In Lardizabalaceae the flowers are not hermaphrodite, and
in this respect the series is nearer to the Menispermacea, wherein
it was formerly classed. True, it is compound-leaved, like many
Berberideae ; but this character again we know is possessed by the
Menispermaceous genus Burasaia. To distinguish Lardizabalete one
might turn to the placentation ; yet in this Decaisnea is exceptional,
for its placenta is on the ventral angle as in Berberidea or Podo-
phyllea. The character of the embryo is a better one, no doubt ; but
the intruded process of the stone is not constant in Menispermads. A
better differential character, if one is to be sought in the pericarp, is
that this is drupaceous in Menispermacea;, while it is either dry or
fleshy right through in Berberidacea'. It is very difficult to make any
perfectly sharp distinction of Berberidacea; from the other surrounding
apocarpous orders. We need only recall how Podophyllum has been
placed among Ranunculacece, while Glaucidium, placed in this last
order, has, when its gynseceum is unicarpellary, quite the flowrer of the
PodojjhyllecB. The ternary type of the flower in this series cannot
1 In the parenchyma of the stem of Podo- cell containing a large subspherical crystal,
phylhim must be mentioned the presence of pretty regularly muricated.
numerous vertical rows of cylindroidal cells, each
VOL. III. • ^
66 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
be cited as a distinctive feature, for the same is found in several
species of the genus Ranunculus itself. But we may truly say that
the stamens of Podophyllece are arranged in ternary verticils, whose
symmetry is recognisable even when the elements of some of these
whorls are deduplicated. Thus the androceum of this series comes
far nearer that of Berberis (or, with a change to a binary type,
Epimedium), than that of Magnoliacece or Atwnacea, whose stamens
are so often indefinite and spirally arranged. And in the few
Anonads that have only three, six, or nine stamens, the albumen is
ruminated, which it never is in Berberidacece. Again, the stamens
often dehisce by valves in this order ; and this fact, though not
constant, is never found in any of the orders we have just named.
It occurs, however, in Lauracete generally, and here we must turn
for the remaining close affinity of the Berberidacea, especially when
they possess only a pauci- or uniovulate carpel, trimerous flowers,
and a fleshy fruit. By their compound leaves Lardizabalece are
like Bligereae, while by their pluricarpellary gyna?ceum they recall
the Monimiacece, which are equivalent to pluricarpellary Laurads.
We know, however, that the mode of formation of the valves is
quite different in Berberidacece and in Lauracea, and that the embryo
of the latter order is large and exalbuminous. Accordingly we may
place the order Berberidacece between Lauracea, Ranunculacete,
Schizandrete, and Menispermacece ; not omitting to note at the same
time its affinities with orders possessing a unilocular ovary with
several parietal placentas, to which it is linked by Berberidopsis,
and especially Papaveracece and perhaps Bixacea ; Sanguinaria
in the former order comes very close to Jeffersonia ; and placed
among the latter we have found in Erythrospermum a type whose
floral organization is identical with that of Berberidopsis.
Berberine is the principle which gives the chief properties to most
Berberidacece. This is a yellow substance, of alkaline reaction,
crystallizing in fine needles.1 Associated with it is found in the
roots of the Berberries a white friable acrid bitter crystallizable
1 Guib., prog. Simpl., ed. 6, iii. 726.— Fleitmann (in Ann, d. Chim. und Pharm., lix. 160)
made known its alkaline properties.
BEBBBBIBAGEM. 67
matter, called oxyacanthine. It is no doubt to the presence of these
principles that the common Berberry1 (Fr., Epine-Vinette) owes all
the virtues ascribed to it of old, which it shared with some other
species, especially the Lycium of Dioscorides. It served to arrest
" all kinds of flux," and to cure wounds ; it was even considered an
abortive. Its bitterness and stringency made it a tonic stomachic
and febrifuge. Its seeds, astringent and somewhat vinous in taste,
entered into the diascordium. The ruzot plant, now recognised as a
Berberis, B. Lycium? is also used as an astringent in the East, and
no doubt as being such is successfully prescribed in all cases of
ophthalmia. Ruzot is used as a tonic, either alone or combined with
alum and opium. Huziz is a sort of extract prepared from a
Berberis, which Royle has shown to be the Lycium of Dioscorides.
The Arab and Persian physicians have established " that the best
kind came from Nuggur-Kote, in the neighbourhood of Lahore."
According to the " information obtained from a Hindoo physician of
repute, ruzot is the inspissated extract made from a decoction of the
fresh wood of Dar-Kuld." This Sanscrit or Hindoo word signifies
" turmeric coloured wood." They add, in defining the word, that it
refers to an Indian tree with yellow wood from which ruzot is made.
Moreover, the druggists of the Indian bazaars assured Royle that
Dar-Kuld and ruzot are still imported in great quantities from
Nuggur-Kote. Continuing his researches on this matter, Royle
found on his journey to the Himalayas the tree called Dar-Kuld,
and assured himself that it was a Berberis. He found, too, that
the extract or ruzot was obtained from B. aristata, B. asiatica,
B. Lycium, and B. pinnata (Makonia nepalensis DC), indiffe-
rently. In fact, the wood of these plants cut into small pieces is
identical with Dar-Kuld, and the obtained extract with ruzot. Royle
adds some interesting particulars concerning these plants. " B. Ly-
cium is found as low as 3000 feet ; B. asiatica grows naturally in
30° of latitude, at elevations of from 5000 to 7000 feet; B. aristata
1 B. vulgaris L., Spec, 472.— DC, Fl. Fr., Fl. Med., 63— Rosenth., Syn. PL Diaphor.,
iv. 627.— Reichb., Ic., f. 4486.— W., Arb., 34.— 621.
Poit. & Turp., Arbr. Fruit., 59. — DC, Prodr., - Royle, III. Himal., 64; in Trans. Linn.
i. 105, n. 1. — Meb. & Del., Diet. Mat. Med., i. Soc., xvii. 83 ; in Ann. So. Nat., ser. 2, ii.
576. — Gttib., op. cit-, 725, fig. 771. — A.Rich., 181. — B. tinctoria Leschen. — B. Chitria
Flem. Hist. Nat. Med., ed. 4, ii. 460. — Peeeira, Ham.— B. umbellata Lindl.
FAem. Mat. Med., ed. 4, ii. p. ii. 665. — Lindl.,
F 2
68 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
at from 5000 to 8000 feet ; and B. pinnata is prevalent at from
6000 to 7000 feet. Leschenault be la Tour found B. tmctoria,
which is the same as B. asiatica, at the Neilgherries in 11° of
latitude at 8000 feet of elevation." In discussing the opinions of
authors on the origin of Lycium, Eoyle remarked that there was no
trace of a description of a Berberis in Dioscorides. Curious to know
whether the Arabs or Persians had written thereon, he investigated
their literature ; found good descriptions of Berberis, named Ambur-
barees, by Avicenna, with the Persian synonymes Zerishk, Zurunj, and
Zurak, words referring to the yellow colour of the wood and the flowers.
In India two useful species of Berberis are distinguished " by the
names of Kushmul1 and Chitra. The former growing at low eleva-
tions (3000 feet), and therefore easily acclimated in the plains of
India, has the leaves and branches paler-coloured, more thorny ;
flowers numerous ; racemes erect, appearing earlier in the season,
and having less pleasant tasted fruit ; while Chitra, which I conceive
to be the true B. aristata,' I have not found below 5000 feet of ele-
vation, with brownish coloured branches, smooth shining and almost
entire leaves, each flower much larger than those of Kushmul, though
less numerous, on each of the drooping racemes. The fruit of this
species, as well as that of B. nepalensis, is dried as raisins are in
the sun and sent down into the plains for sale." In our days berbe-
rine has been used under the name of quinoide as a succedanseum of
quinine in cases of intermittent fever, neuralgia, &c. The root of
the Berberis has been fraudulently substituted for Rhubarb and for
Pomegranate.3 The leaves and berries are acidulous. From the
latter are prepared wine, a syrup, and very pleasant subacid pre-
serves.4 The sugar contained in the pericarp makes it afford a
fermented liquor. This is especially the case with the Ma/ionias,*
1 This is the true B. Lycium Royle (B. 4 The same properties are found in the acidu-
angustifoha Roxb., Fl. Lid., ii. 183 ?— B. lous edible fruits of B. asiatica Roxb. {hypo-
flonbunda Wall., Cat., n. 1474?). It is chiefly leuca Likdl.), canadensis Mill., emarginata
used ior making ruzot in the Gursawal and at W., empetrifolia Lame., glauca H. B. K., ilici-
Sn'm°r.<;- folia Foest., lutea R. & Pav., microphylla
DC, Syst., 11. 8 ; Prod,:, i. 108 (B. CM- Forst., minor Foest., sibirica Pall., sinensis
tria Don, Tent. Fl. Nepal., 204;— Hook., Exot. Desf., tomentosa R, & Pav.
JJ.t.98)- "Arab.Ambtirbarees,--Pers.Zirishk. 5 Notably 31. Aquifolivm Xutt. (Berberis
The wood is named Dar-Kuld or Darchob ; the Aquifolium Puesh), of North America; M
extract hooziz, in Hindoo ruzot." nepalensis DC. (B. nepalensis SrEEXG.), and
Gtjibouet (Prog. Sinvpl., ed. 6, iii. 282) fascicularis DC. (B. pinnata Lagasc), fre-
has given their distinctive characters. quently cultivated in our gardens
BEBBEBIBAGEM 69
which, planted in the most uncultivated spots, may produce an abun-
dance of berries ; these may when fermented give 8 per cent, of
alcohol, while the roasted seeds are said to be a good substitute for
coffee. The root and bark of most of the species of Berberis are
prized for dyeing and for the preparation of morocco. The spiny
species, whose leaves are eaten by cattle, while the young shoots are
fit for human food, grow easily in arid and chalky soils where hardly
any other shrub will prosper, and they make excellent hedges.
Unfortunately there can be no doubt of their bad influence on
cereals ; subject to the attacks of the fungus, JEcidium Berberidis,
the Berberries may communicate one form thereof to our most
useful grasses.
The Podophyllum* have also edible berries, termed May-apple and
Mandrake in the United States.1 The stock of P. peltalunr is an
evacuant, a drastic purge of pretty rapid effect. A resin extracted
therefrom by alcohol, improperly named podophylline, serves the same
end. Jeffersonia diphylld? is also used in medicine in the United
States ; its blackish rhizome is purgative, prescribed in rheumatism
and syphilis. The uses of Leontice are different. The Mediterra-
nean species, L. Leontopetalum,4 is used in itch in the East. It was
formerly recommended in neuralgia and snake bites. The natives
call it Moiade, and its soapy stock, called Ischar or Levant-Soapwort
{Sapo?iaire du Levant), is said to be used to clean woollens and cash-
meres. L. Cliri/sot/ouuur has also a soapy mucilaginous root; it is
perhaps to be considered the Leontice of Dioscorides. Its leaves are
edible, prized as a vegetable by the Arabs. L. thalictroides,6 from
North America, is valued by the Indians. Its root is considered a
1 The fruit of P. peltaium, whereof P. mania- 4 L., Spec, 448. — Lame., Diet., Hi. 465;
nwmUL&BTS., and callicarpum Rajput, are probably 111., t. 254, fig. 1. — DC, Prodr., i. 109, n. 2. —
mere forms. P. hexandrum Royle (P. Emodi II. Bar., in Diet. Encycl. des Sc. Med., ser. 2, ii.
W \ll.), of the Himalayas, is also prized for its 159.
berries. Its leaves are said to be poisonous. 5 L., Spec., 447. — DC, Prodr., n. 1. — Ckry-
- L., Spec., 722. — Baet., Mat. Med., ii. t. sogonum Dioscoridis llxvw., It., 119. — Bon-
25. — Bigel., Med. Bot., ii. t. 23. — Peeeiea, gardia Chrysogotmm Spach, III. PI. Or., iv. t.
Mem. Mat. Med., ed. 4, ii. p. ii. 701. — Lindi., 396.— H. Bn., in Diet. Encycl. des Sc. Med., x.
-FY. Med., 13. — Guib., op. cit., 724.— Rosenth., 66. — B. JRamvolfii C. A. Met., Envm. PI. Cauc.,
op. cit., 620. 174. — B. Olivieri C A. Mey., loc. cit.
3 Pees., Syn.. i. 418.— DC, Prodr., i. 111.— 6 L., Spec, 448.— DC, Prodr., n. 5.— Caulo-
Sims, in Bot. Mag., t. 1513. — Guib., op. cit., pTvylhm thalictroides Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer.,
724. — Rosexth., op. cit., 620. — J. Bartonis i. 205, t. 21. — Rosenth., Syn. PI. Diaphor.,
Michx. — Podophyllum diphyllum L. (See pp. 621. — Guib., op. cit., 724. — Bentley, in Pharm.
58, 59, figs. 70, 71.) Journ., iv. 52.
70 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
demulcent and enimenagogue ; it is used in neuralgia and rheuma-
tism, and to facilitate parturition. The roasted seeds may be sub-
stituted for coffee. Several species of Epimedium, especially E.
alpinum,1 are thought useful in the treatment of pulmonary disorders.
Lardizabalece have few therapeutical virtues. But we find edible
fruits in Lardizabala triternata and trifoliata, Holbcellia latifolia? and
angustifolia, Burasaia Madagascar e?isis, Stauntonia Jieocajriiylla, and
Akebia quinata.3 The stems of these Lianas serve well for cordage.
Their flowers are often scented, especially in Holbcellia latifolia,
which smells like orange-flowers. Several species are cultivated for
ornament, like Berberidopsis corallina, Nandina domestica, and the
numerous species of Berberis, Mahonia, and Epimedium planted in
our parks and gardens.
1 L., Spec, 171.— Lamk., Ill, t. 83.— DC., Enchir., 418.— Lindl., Veg. FJingd,, 304. —
Prodr., i. 110, n. 1. — Rosenth., op. cit., 621. Gooplea, Baegal of the Indians.
' Wall., Tent. Fl. Nepal., t. 16, 17. — Endl., 3 See Rosenth., op. cit., 585.
BERBERIDACEJE. 71
GENERA.
I. LARDIZABALE.E.
1. Lardizabala B,. & Pav. — Flowers dioecious. Sepals 6, 2-seriate,
petaloid. Petals 6, 2-seriate, much smaller. Stamens 6, 1 -adelphous
free (sterile in female flower) ; anthers extrorse, 2-rimose, apiculate
or muticous. Carpels 3, free, rudimentary in male flower. Stigma
sessile, conical. Ovules go , anatropous, inserted on wall in 5-8 series,
more rarely in 2 lateral series (Boquila), scarcely sunk in the cellular
endocarp. Berries 1-3, indehiscent. Seeds go , subreniform ; albu-
men abundant, subcorneous, embryo minute excentric. — Climbing
shrubs, leaves alternate, usually 2-stipulate, 3-foliolate {Boquila), or
2, 3-ternate ; leaves penni- or sub-tripli-nerved ; flowers axillary ;
male flowers in racemes or 1-3 ; female flowers usually solitary
{Chili, Peru). See p. 43.
2. Parvatia Dcne. — Flowers monoecious, almost of Lardizabala.
Ovules co , few scattered on sides of both walls, at length sunk in
pulpy hairs. Berries ovate ; seeds go , sunk in pulp. — A climbing
shrub ; leaves alternate, exstipulate, pinnately 3-foliolate ; flowers in
axillary racemes {India). See p. 44.
3. Decaisnea Hook. f. & Thoms. — Flowers polygamous. Sepals 6,
petaloid, narrow. Petals 0. Stamens G (of Lardizabala). Carpels 3
(rudimentary in male flower) ; stigma obovate-oblong. Ovules go,
ventral, in 2 series. Berries finally gaping. Seeds co, embedded
in pulp. — An erect shrub ; leaves alternate, pinnate ; flowers in
terminal racemes {Himalaya). See p. 44.
4. Stauntonia DC. — Flosvers monoecious. Sepals 6, 2-seriate
outer 3 broader. Petals 0. Stamens 6 (of Lardizabala) ; filaments
1 -adelphous ; anthers apiculate (barren in female flower). Carpels 3
(rudimentary in male flower) ; stigma subcapitate ; ovules co at-
tached to hairy or cellular wall, co -seriate. Berries subglobular,
finally gaping ; seeds co , immersed in pulp. — Climbing shrubs ;
72 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
leaves digitate 3-7-foliolate ; flowers in axillary racemes {China,
Japan). See p. 45.
5. Holbcellia Wall. — Flowers monoecious. Sepals 6, 2-seriate ;
outer 3 valvate. Petals 6, small (very small in female flower).
Stamens 6, free ; anthers (small barren in female flower) apiculate
extrorse 2-rimose. Carpels 3 (or 4-6 ; rudimentary in male flower) ;
ovules oc , attached to pilose wall, go -seriate. Berries oblong inde-
hiscent ; seeds go , immersed in pulp. — Climbing shrubs ; leaves
digitate 3-7-foliolate ; flower in 1- or 2-sexual racemes ; pedicels
subtumid ; articulate at base {Himalaya). See p. 45.
6. Akebia Dcne. — Flowers monoecious ; sepals 3 or more rarely
4-6, petaloid sub valvate. Petals 0. Stamens of male flower 6 or
more rarely 3-12; filaments short, free, shortly expanding into sub-
clavate anther ; cells 2, linear extrorse rimose. Rudimentary carpels
2-6. Stamens of female flower small, sterile, 3-9. Carpels 3-12,
free ; ovules go , inserted on papillose wall ; style short, finally sub-
peltate, stigmatose. Berries large ; dehiscence follicular. Seeds
go , immersed in pulpy involute endocarp ; albumen abundant ;
embryo oblique, subapiculate, small. — Climbing shrubs ; leaves
alternate digitate 3-5-foliolate ; flowers in axillary racemes ; female
flowers inferior {China, Japan). See p. 46.
II. ERYTHROSPERME.E.
7. Erythrospermum Lamk. — Flowers hermaphrodite, or more
rarely subpolygamous. Leaves of perianth 7-13, ternately 3-5-seriate,
unequal, imbricate, increasing in size and more petaloid inwards
Stamens 5-9 ; filaments slender, free, subsagittate ; cells marginal
linear, longitudinally rimose at sides. Germen free, 1-locular
apex produced into a short subentire or 3, 4-fid stigmatose style
placentas parietal 3 or more rarely 4 ; ovules oo anatropous. Fruit
thick, at length with 3, 4 valves ; seeds go , surrounded by pulp
embryo small, straight or slightly incurved. — Trees or shrubs;
leaves entire alternate subopposite or verticillate ; flowers in simple or
branched axillary or terminal racemes {Madagascar, insular). See p. 48.
BERBERIDACE2E. 73
8. Berberidopsis Hook. f. — Flowers hermaphrodite ; leaves of
perianth 9-15, petaloid, unequal imbricate larger from without in-
wards. Stamens 6-10; filaments free, very short, inserted above a
rather prominent ring of receptacle ; anthers basifixed erect 2-celled
subintrorse rimose. Germen free, 1 -celled, tapering into a short trun-
cate 3-radiate stigmatiferous style ; placentas 3, parietal ; ovules co ,
anatropous. Fruit . . . ? — A shrub, subsarmentose evergreen ;
leaves alternate simple petiolate exstipulate, coarsely dentate; flowers
in terminal or subumbelliform drooping racemes ; bracts to each
flower; pedicels 2-bracteolate at base {Chili). See p. 49.
III. BERBERIDE^E.
9. Berberis L. — Flowers 3-merous; leaves of petaloid calyx 6-12,
2-4-seriate, larger from without inwards (outer small, bract-like),
imbricate. Petals 6, 2-seriate, often subsimilar to sepals, usually
2-glandular within at base imbricate. Stamens 6, 2-seriate, fila-
ments free, articulate at base ; anthers basifixed 2-celled introrse
2-rimose ; outer wall of each cell eventually dehiscing by upraised
valve. Carpel 1 ; style short ; apex peltate, stigmatose. Germen
1-locular; ovules usually few, inserted near base or more or less
obliquely on wall of placenta, ascending anatropous ; micropyle
extrorse inferior. Berry indehiscent. Seeds usually few ; albumen
fleshy; embryo rather large. — Shrubs; leaves alternate simple
(1-foliolate) and penninerved or pinnate; each pinnule articulated to
midrib, usually spinose-dentate or transformed into simple or much
divided spines ; flowers in racemes or solitary or in pairs, termi-
nating the yearly shoots or lateral leaf}' fascicles {Europe, Asia,
Tropical America). See p. 49.
10. Leontice L. — Sepals 6-9, petaloid; outer ones smaller; im-
bricate in aestivation. Petals 6, much smaller, like nectaries, trun-
cate or dilated-hooded at apex {Caulopliylluvi), more rarely subsimilar
to sepals {Bongardia). Stamens 6, free ; anthers muticous dehiscing
by 2 upraised valves. Carpel 1 ; ovules 2 or 4-8 inserted on basilar
or sublateral placenta, ascending anatropous. Capsule membranous
or bladder-like, indehiscent or gaping at apex even before maturity
{Gynmospermium), or more rarely evanescent {Caulophylluni). Seeds
74 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
few globular stipitate, sometimes naked before maturity (Caulo-
phyllum) ; integument more or less fleshy outside, intruded within
at base. — Perennial herbs ; rhizome tuberous ; radical leaves pin-
natifid, or twice or thrice trisected; cauline leaves few or bract-
like; flowers on a common scape in a composite or cymiferous
branched raceme {South Europe, Central and North-east Asia, North
America). See p. 53.
11. Epimedium T. — Flowers 2-merous or very rarely 3-merous
(Vancouveria) ; sepals petaloid, 2-6-seriate, imbricate ; outer ones
smaller, more or less coloured or bract-like. Petals 2-seriate, flat
or more frequently hooded or calcarate, nectariform (Aceranthus) at
base, imbricate. Stamens 4 (or very rarely 6), free ; anthers dehis-
cing by 2 upraised valves. Carpel 1 ; ovules co , in 2 series, parietal
ascending anatropous ; micropyle extrorse inferior ; style slender ;
apex concave, slightly dilated, stigmatose. Capsule a siliqua, 2-
valved ; dorsal valve deciduous smaller, exposing the larger seed-
bearing valve. Seeds oo , ascending, with a dorsal vesicular aril a
little above hilum ; embryo small, substraight or incurved. — Peren-
nial herbs ; rhizome creeping ; leaves alternate, 2-foliolate, or
more frequently once pinnate, twice or thrice trisected ; flowers in
simple or more rarely branched terminal racemes (Europe, North
Africa, Temperate Asia, North America). See p. 54.
12. Nandina Thunb. — Leaves of perianth oo , inserted in threes
on somewhat lengthened receptacle, gradually changing from the
outer coriaceous to the inner petaloid. Stamens 6, 2-seriate, free ;
anthers basifixed subsessile introrse, 2-rimose. Carpel 1 ; ovules
2, inserted at base of parietal placenta, ascending. Berry inde-
hiscent. Seeds 1, 2, concave or intruded at base; embryo very
minute. — An erect shrub ; leaves alternate, twice or thrice pinnatifid ;
leaflets entire ; flowers in terminal or leaf-opposed much branched
cymiferous racemes (China, Japan). See p. 57-
IV. PODOPHYLLE.E.
13. Podophyllum L. — Sepals 3-6, 1, 2-seriate, subpetaloid imbri-
cate caducous. Petals 6-9, 2-seriate. Stamens equal or greater in
BEBBEBIDACE2E. 75
number than petals, free ; anthers dehiscing longitudinally sub-
laterally. Carpel 1; style short; apex peltate-dilated; ovary 1-
locular ; placenta parietal, co -ovulate ; ovules anatropous, in oo
series, ascending. Berry indehiscent ; seeds go , each embedded in
the fleshy-pulpy aril (?) springing from placenta ; embryo small ;
albumen fleshy, abundant. — Perennial herbs ; rhizome creeping ;
leaves peltate, palminerved and palmately lobed ; flower solitary on
a scape-like branch, terminal, nutant beyond 1, 2 leaves (Temperate
Asia, North America). See p. 58.
14. Jeffersonia Bart. — Sepals 3-6, subpetaloid, caducous. Petals
about 8, larger than sepals, imbricate, caducous. Stamens 8, free ;
anthers basifixed ; anther-cells subextrorse, dehiscing longitudinally
sublaterally ; outer part of each cell eventually dehiscing by upraised
valves. Carpel almost of Podophyllum ; ovules oo , horizontal or
oblique, in go series ; raphe superior. Capsule coriaceous, dehiscing
by a horizontal or oblique apical operculum. Seeds go , with a short
torn aril at apex ; embryo small apical. — Herbs ; rhizome perennial ;
leaves radical alternate palmi-ribbed, 2-lobed or 2-partite ; flowers
solitary pedunculate (North America, Mantchuria). See p. 59.
15. Diphylleia Michx. — Flowers almost of Podophyllum ; sepals
petaloid ; petals 6. Stamens 6, free ; anthers dehiscing by 2 up-
raised valves. Carpel 1 ; ovules oo , in 2 series, ascending ; style
very short ; apex stigmatose orbicular depressed. Berry of Po-
dophyllum.— Perennial herbs ; rhizome horizontal ; leaves of Po-
dophyllum ; flowers oo in a terminal umbellate cyme at top of scape
(North America, East Asia). See p. 60.
16. Achlys DC. — Flowers hermaphrodite; perianth 0. Stamens
6-12 ; filaments free, filiform, unequal, dilated at apex ; anthers
basifixed, short ; anther-cells 2, dehiscing inwards by upraised valves.
Carpel 1 ; style slightly dilated into a stigmatose head ; ovule 1 ,
anatropous, suberect from base of ovary. Fruit capsular (" dehiscing
dorsally by 2 valves" ?). — Perennial herbs ; rhizome creeping ; leaves
radical, palmately ribbed 3-partite ; flowers naked, collected on
terminal spike (North-west America, North-east Asia). See p. 61.
XV. NYMPH^ACE^.
I. NELUMBO SERIES.
Nelumbtf (figs. 74-81) has regular hermaphrodite flowers. The
lower part of the receptacle forms a depressed cone, bearing the
Nelumbo nucifera.
Fia. 74.
Habit (^).
perianth and androceum. The former is like that of our Water-
1 T., Inst., 261. — Adans., Tarn, des PL, ii. Gen., 68.— Lamk., Bid., iv. 453 ; Suppl., iv.
76>— G^etn., Frvct., i. 73, t. 19.— Mieb., in 78; III., t. 463.— Tuep., in Ann. Hits., vii.210,
Ann. Mus., xiii. 465, t. 34; xvi. 448, t. 19. — t. 11.— Poit., in Ann. Mus., xiii. 359, t. 29. —
H. Bn., in Adansonia,x. i. t. 3. — Nelumbium J ., Cokeea, in Ann. Mas., xiv. 74, t. 8. — Eich., in
NYMPHJEAGE2E.
11
lilies, consisting of four1 unequal imbricate-decussate sepals, and an
indefinite number of imbricated dissimilar sepals arranged along
a spiral with very close turns.2 The stamens, inserted along the
continuation of this spiral, are also indefinite in number, each formed
of a free filament and a basifixed introrse anther, with two linear
cells of longitudinal dehiscence, surmounted by a long nearly club-
shaped process of the connective.3 Above the androceum the re-
Nelutnbo nucifera.
Fig. 75.
Flower without perianth.
Fig. 76.
Long. sect, of the gyna'ceurn.
ceptacle expands into a large inverted cone (figs. 75, 76), whose
upturned base is hollowed into a variable number of alveoli (from
five to seven), with circular mouths. Each of these includes a small
non-adherent carpel, formed of a unilocular ovary, surmounted by a
short style with exserted and capitate stigmatiferous apex." The ovary
has near the upper part of its back a gibbosity,5 and contains a sub-
apical placenta, which gives insertion to a usually single6 descending
Ann. Mus., xvii. 249, t. 9.— DC, Syst., Li. 43 ;
Brodr., i. 113. — SpaCH, Suit, a Biiffon, vii.
180.— Endl., Gen., n. 5026.— B. H., Gen., 47,
965, n. 8.— Dcne. & Lem., Traite Gen. de Bot.,
402.— Cyamus Sm., Exot. Bot., i. 59, t. 31, 32.
1 More rarely five.
3 We take the view that, as in Nymplicea,
they represent metamorphosed stamens.
3 The pollen consists of oval grains with
longitudinal grooves (H. Mohl, in Ann. Sc.
Nat., ser. 2, iii. 33). When the anther cells open
the lips of each cell roll up, one inside, one out-
side. The clubs surmountinsr the connective are
often folded inwards. Finally both these pro-
longations and the filaments themselves are often
twisted.
4 The study of development has shown us
that the carpels are at first free, as in a Ranun-
culad, inserted on a broad depressed receptacle,
but later on this grows and rises up between the
carpels, forming by its enlargement around them
the wells whose mouth is occupied by the style.
5 The top of which bears a little glandular
surface.
6 Some observers have occasionally seen two
ovules.
78
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
anatropous ovule,' whose micropyle usually looks upwards and in-
wards.- The fruit is multiple, formed of a variable number of carpels
lodged in the cavities of the
now woody receptacle. Each
carpel has a dry indehiscent or
imperfectly dehiscent pericarp,
containing one suspended seed.
Within the spongy seed-coat is
a large exalbuminous embryo.
Its two cotyledons form by
their approximation a fleshy
mass, in the centre of which
is a highly developed gemmule,
with alternate green leaves, inflexed above3 (tig. 78). Nelumbo
consists of aquatic perennial herbs. The stem forms a thick
rhizome, creeping in the mud, and bearing alternate polymorphous
Nelumbo lutea.
Fig. 77.
Achene.
Fig. 78.
Embryo (f ).
Fig. 80.
Achene (f).
Fig. 79.
Multiple fruit (f).
Fig. 81.
Long. sect, of achene.
leaves ; one kind are short and scale-like, hidden close to the stock
under water ; the others emerge, and are peltate, with long petioles.4
1 With two coats.
2 B. Clakke has put an interpretation of his
own on the floral organization of Nelumbo ; he
considers that the carpels are female flowers, with
the back of the ovary turned towards the centre
of the flower (in Journ. Bot. (1865), 127 ; A New
Arrang., 27).
3 In each leaf may be distinguished the petiole
and blade, and even sometimes its axillary bud.
Hence this embryo represents a complete plant
on a small scale.
4 Te£cul has made special researches (in Bull.
Soc. Bot. de Fr„ i. 18, 60 ; in Ann. Sc. Nat.,
ser. 4, i. 291) on the abnormal arrangement of
the leaves and stipules of N. codophyllum (the
same as Nelumbo lutea, — Nelutnbium luteum
W.). He thinks it a mistake to consider the
hyaline membrane that surrounds the gemmule
in the seed (fig. 81) a stipule. As regards the
leaves he admits that they have three stipules,
one axillary, and two others which he terms
extrafoliar. Moreover, all the leaves are uni-
lateral. He shows that the two extrafoliate
stipules are the axillary stipules of two aborted
leaves.
NYMPH 2E ACE, V.
79
Each flower is borne on a long peduncle.1 Only two species of this
genus are known : one, N. lutea? with yellow flowers, is American ;
the other, N. nucifera,3 with white or pink flowers, is found in the
fresh waters of the tropical and subtropical regions of the Old
World.
II. CABOMBA SERIES.
Cabomba* (figs. 82-86) has regular hermaphrodite flowers. The
Cabomba aquatica.
Fig. 84.
Diagram.
Fig. 82.
Habit.
Fig. 86.
Fruit (f).
very small convex receptacle bears a corolla, a calyx, a whorl of
1 The position of this peduncle is singular. I
have always seen it placed between the back of a
leaf (axillary to which is, on the other side, a bud)
and the upper surface of another appendage like a
bract or stipuliform appendage, to which the leaf
is superposed.
2 Nelumbium Interna W., Spec, ii. 1259. —
DC, Prodr., i. 114, n. 2.— Toee., Gen. PI. Fl.
Amer. Bor., i. 97, t. 40, 41. — Walp., Rep., i.
105 ; Ann., ii. 24. — ? N. pentaphyllum W., hoc.
cit. — N. codophyllnm Rafin., Fl. Ludov., 22, n.
64. — N.jamaicense DC., Syst., ii. 47; Prodr., n. 5.
3 GvEETN., hoc. cit. — Casp., in Ann. Mus.
Lugd.-Bat., ii. 242. — Nelumbium speciosum W.,
Spec, ii. 1258.— Roxb., Fl. bid., 647.— DC,
Prodr., n. 1. — Hook. f. & Thoms., Fl. Ind., i.
248. — Walp., Rep., i. 105; Ann., ii. 24, n. 2;
iv. 151, n. 1. — N. asiaticum Rich., in Ann.
Mus., xvii. 249, t. 9. — N. indica PoiE., Diet.,
iv. 453. — N~. caspicum.—Cyamus Nelumbo Sm.,
Exot. Pot., i. 59, t. 31, 32. — C. mysticus Salisb.,
Ann. Pot., ii. 75.
4 Aubl., Guian., i. 321, t. 124.— J., Gen.,
46. — L. C. Rich., in Ann. Mus., xvii. 230, t. 5,
80
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
stamens, and one of carpels. The calyx consists of three petaloid
sepals, imbricated or twisted in the bud ; the corolla of three alter-
nating, usually smaller petals, also imbricated or twisted in prseflora-
tion. The stamens are three in number, superposed to the sepals ; or
else, through deduplication, each is replaced by a pair.1 Each stamen
consists of a free hypogynous filament, and an extrorse two-celled
Cabomba aquatica.
Fig. 83.
Flower (f).
Fig. 85.
Long. sect, of flower.
anther of longitudinal dehiscence. The gynseceum normally con-
sists of three free carpels2 superposed to the petals, each formed of a
one-celled ovary tapering above into a style which ends in a little
stigmatiferous head. Around the gynaeceum is a little papillose disk.
Each ovary contains from two to four descending anatropous ovules
inserted on its walls, with their micropyles upwards and outwards.3
The fruit (fig. 86) consists of a few drupaceous carpels, within whose
thin mesocarp are one or two one-seeded stones.4 The seed is sus-
pended anatropous, and contains within its coats a copious farinaceous
albumen. At its apex is seen another, relatively smaller, fleshy
albumen, surrounding a little embiyo with a short superior radicle,
fig. 23; Anal, du Fruit, 46, 61, 62, 64.—
Tuep., in Diet. Sc. Nat., ii. t. 80.— DC, St/st.,
ii. 36 ; Prodr., i. 112. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon,
vii. 161.— Endl., Gen., n. 5024.— B. H., Gen.,
46, n. 1. — Nectris Scheeb., Gen., n. 610. —
Ntjtt., Gen. Arner., i. 230.
1 There are hence often six stamens, as in fig.
84, or three, as in fig. 83, or only four or five,
deduplication of all the stamens not being con-
stant.
2 Some flowers have only two; others have
four.
3 They have been described by most authors
as orthotropous, and they are so sometimes, as
shown in fig. 85. But we have demonstrated
(in Adansonia, ix. 374) that this is only due to
arrest of development, and should be regarded as
exceptional. Normally the final direction of the
micropyle is superior, and Schleiden made no
mistake.
4 These hardened parts of the endocarp have
often been described and figured as forming a
seed-coat.
NYMPH 'M 'AGE 'M. 81
and two large inferior cotyledons. Cabomba consists of aquatic
herbs, whose stock bears herbaceous branches, covered, like all parts
of the plant, with a mucilaginous juice, and bearing the leaves. The
lower leaves are submerged and the digitiveined blade is reduced to
its ramified veins ; the upper ones are peltate and float on the
surface (fig. 82). The flowers, white or yellow, rise into the air to
expand ; they are solitary axillary on long peduncles. Two or
three species of this genus are known, all natives of the warm parts
of America.1
Brasenia2 comes very near Cabomba, whereof it lias the general
organization : it differs in three points ; all its leaves are floating
and peltate ; the indefinite stamens have lateral anther-ceils ; and
there are six or more carpels. The only known species3 has been
observed in the fresh waters of nearly all tropical regions, in America,
Asia, and Oceania.
III. AVATER-LILY SERIES.
Two species of Water-lily (Fr., Nenuphar) are best known in
Europe : the White and the Yellow. The latter has been made the
type of the genus Nuphar,* and with it we shall commence the study
of this series. N. luteum* (figs. 87-92) has regular hermaphrodite
flowers. The receptacle is convex, and bears a double perianth, the
androceum, and the gynaeceum. The calyx usually comprises five fi
somewhat dissimilar sepals/ quincuncially imbricated in the bud.
The petals are numerous, small, and somewhat fleshy, inserted along
1 Torr. & Gr., Fl. N.-Amer., i. 54— Walp., 4 Sm., Prodr. Fl, Grcec, i. 361.— DC, Syst.,
Rep., i. 105. ii. 59 ; Prodr., i. 11G. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon,
" Schkeb., Gen., 372. — Endl., Gen., n. vii. 174.— Exdl., Gen., n. 5021. — A. Gray,
5025.— A. GRAY, Gen. III., t. 39.— B. H., Gen., Gen. III., t. 41.— B. H., Gen., 46, 965, n. 3.—
46, n. 2. — Ixodia Soland., mss. (ex Endl.).— Wymphosanthus Rich., Anal, du Fruit, 68 (nee
Hydropeltis L. C. Rich., in Ann. Mus., xvii. Lour.). — Nenuphar Hayn., mss. (ex Endl.).
230, t. 5, fig-. 22. — Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer., i. 5 Sm., loc. cif. — Dub., But. Gall., 20. —
323, t. 29.— DC, Syst., ii. 3S ; Prodr., i. 112. TrScul, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, iv. 286, t. 10-
3 B. nymphoides.—B. peltata Pursu, Fl. 13. — Gren. & Godr., Fl. de Fr., i. 56.— Nym-
Amer. Bur., ii. 389. — Walp., Pep., i. 105; phcea lutea L., Spec, 729; Fl. Dan., t. 603.
Ann., iv. 150. — Menyanthes nymphoides 6 Sometimes four or six.
Thunb., Fl. Jap., 82. — Limnanthemum pel- ' They become broader, thinner, yellower
tatum Griseb., in DC, Prodr., ix. 141 (ex Pl., and more pctaloid, as they are more enfolded in
in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, ii. 257). — Hydropeltis the bud; the exposed parts remain green and
purpurea L. C Rich., loc. cit. thick.
VOL. III. G
82
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
a spiral and imbricated in the bud.1 The stamens, also indefinite,
are hypogynous, dissimilar,2 each formed of a free filament and an
introrse two-celled anther, dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts.3
The superior gynseceum consists of a many-celled ovary, surmounted
Nuphar hdeum.
Fig. 87.
Flower (f ).
Fig. 90.
Fruit (i).
Fig. 89.
Long. sect, of flower.
Fig. 91.
Seed (f).
Fig. 88.
Diagram.
Fig. 92.
Long. sect, of seed.
by a style, whose expanded surface bears as many stigmatiferous
rays as there are cells. These last contain each an indefinite number
1 Payee (Traite d'Organog. Compar., 269, t.
59) has studied the development and arrange-
ment of these leaves ; he admits that at least the
greater part are metamorphosed stamens, and
that the flowers are double, as in Nymphcea. In
fact, we see on the inner surface of the innermost
petals, shorter and fleshier than the rest, two
projections, which look like representatives of
anther-ceDs.
2 The more internal they are the narrower are
their filaments, and the closer together their
anther-cells.
3 The pollen is at first elliptical (Tr£c, loc.
cit., 324) ; later on its grains become rounded,
and bristle with couical points.
NYMPH^ACE^. 83
of descending anatropous ovules inserted on the side walls of the
cells, with the raphe looking towards the median plane of the cell ;
while the micropyle is upwards, close under the attachment of the
ovule, and against the dissepiment.1 The fruit is a many- seeded
berry; it however finally opens, each carpel separating from the
epicarp and its neighbours by the splitting of the dissepiment.2
The seeds, plunged in a gummy mucus that fills the cells of the
fruit, contain within their coats a large farinaceous albumen, at
whose apex is seen a much smaller fleshy albumen, surrounding the
embryo (fig. 92). This is short and stumpy, consisting of a very
short tigellum and superior radicle, and two large cotyledons lodging
in their hollow the gemmule, wherein two leaves are usually distin-
guishable. The part of the seed lodging in the embryo is protected
by a little, circular, valve-like lid (fig. 91), which, at a certain period,
may come off from the rest of the seed-coats. Naphar consists of
herbaceous perennials, inhabiting fresh water. The stem is a thick
rhizome, creeping in the mud, and bearing the scars of adventitious
roots and of leaves. The leaves are alternate exstipulate, with long
petioles, and peltate floating blades, cordate at the base.3 The
flowers are yellow, solitary or geminate,4 supported on long pe-
duncles ; they expand in the air, where they ripen their fruit.
Three or four species are known,5 inhabiting the extratropical
regions of the Northern Hemisphere in both Worlds.
The White Water-lily c (Fr., Nenuphar blanc) has been left the type
of the genus Nymphaa 7 (figs. 93-98). Here the receptacle assumes
the form of a rather deep cup, containing the greater part of the
1 They have two coats. Bor.-Amer., ii. 370. — Ait., Sort. Kew., ed. 2,
2 " Carpels oo , immersed in a thick annular iii. 295.. — Pl., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, xix.
torus, and concrete therewith into an oo -locular 57. — Casp., in Ann. Mm. Lugd.-BaL, iii. 254,
ovary" (B. H., Gen., loc. cit.). Tr£cul (loc. cit., t. 8.— Walp., Ann., iv. 168; vii. 76.
326) has fully studied the septicidal dehiscence of G Nymphaa alba L., Spec, 729. — DC,
the Iruit. I do not think that any part of the Prodr., n. 14. — Gren. & Godr., Ft. de Fr., i.
receptacle enters into the formation of the walls 156.
of the gynseceum. ' T., Inst., 260, t. 137, 138 (part.). — L.,
3 For the detailed study of all these parts and Gen., n. 653 (part.). — Neck., Flem., n. 1828. —
the development of the vegetative organs see Rich., Anal, du Fruit, 69. — DC, Sgst., ii. 49 ;
Tr£ct/l's memoir {loc. cit., 287, 293, 305). Prodr., i. 114. — Spjch, Suit, a Buffon, vii.
4 " I have not heen able to recognise the in- 167. — Endl., Gen., n. 5020. — Pater, Organog.,
florescence; the flowers are grouped in pairs, 269, t. 59. — Pl., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, xix.
with one larger than the other, but whether 30. — A. Gray, Gen. III., t. 42, 43. — E. H.,
they arise from the axils of the leaves, as in Gen., 46, 965, n. 4. — Lexiconi/mphaa Boerh.,
Ntpnphcea alba, I am unable to say" (Pater, loc. Iugd.-Bat., 364. — Castalia Salisb., in Keen,
cit., 269). Ann., ii. 71 ; Par. Land., n. 14, 68.
5 Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 6. — Puesh, Fl.
G
9
84
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
adherent ovary, while the perianth and androceum are inserted on
its outside. The calyx is quite inferior, composed of four imbricate
sepals. The petals are indefinite in number, imbricated, and
unequal, becoming more similar to stamens as they are higher up.1
Nymphcea alba.
Fig. 93.
Flower (i).
Fig. 94.
Long. sect, of flower (perianth removed).
The stamens, also indefinite in number, are free, with a filament
which is the broader and the more petaloid as it is the nearer the
corolla, and an introrse, basifixed, two-celled anther, of longitudinal
dehiscence.2 The gynseceum consists of a large number of carpels,3
emerging by their upper part from the receptacular sac, and forming
around a central, conical, or globular process of the receptacle a
style, whose branches cohere into a funnel, and each end by a fleshy
incurved head. In each cell of the ovary are found indefinite ovules,
arranged as in Nitphar. The fruit is a spongy berry, covered on the
outside by the scars of the perianth and androceum (fig. 95). 4 It
finally opens irregularly to free a large number of seeds, immersed
1 " The corolla of Nympheea alba is composed
of the petals of the corolla proper, alternate with
the sepals, and of a large number of other petals,
which are only metamorphosed stamens
The flower of N. alba is therefore a double flower
in fullest sense of the word, but it is a normal1//
double flower, since it is not through cultivation
that it has become such" (Pater, loc. ciL, 270).
2 The pollen is ovoidal, with a longitudinal
groove, and small spines in XT. alba ; hemi-
spherical, with a circular groove, in K. Lotus
(H. Mohl, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii. 311).
3 Often from twelve to twenty.
4 It is surmounted by a sort of crown formed
of the indurated incurved stvlar branches.
NYMPHMAGEM.
85
in a gummy substance, that exudes into the cells. Each seed is sur-
rounded by a membranous sacciform aril, springing from around the
insertion of the funicle,1 and open below. Within the coats is a
double albumen and a small embryo, resembling the same organs in
Xgmphaa alba.
\
Fig. 95.
Fig. 96.
Fig. 97.
Fig. 98.
Fruit.
Seed without its
aril (f).
Long. sect, of
seed.
Seed, coats removed
Nwphar. Some twenty species of Nymphaa are known,2 inhabiting
all the tropics and the various parts of the Northern Hemisphere.
The vegetative organs and inflorescence are the same as in Nwphar.
Their flowers are large and handsome, white, pink, red, or blue, and
the fruits ripen under water.
In Barclaya? the floral receptacle forms a nearly cylindrical
tube, lodging the gynseceum below, while the upper part gives
insertion to the stamens on the inside, and by its mouth to an
indefinite number of perianth leaves. Most authors consider this
superior perianth as a polypetalous imbricated corolla, and regard
the calyx as represented by five leaves inserted right at the base of
the receptacular tube.4 The stamens are numerous, spirally disposed ;
1 Mieb., Nowo, Rech. d'Organ. Veg., t. 6, fig.
15, 16.— Pl., Dtv. et Car. des Ar., 17. Hence
to form the pulp inside the fruit there is
something besides the gummy mucilage also
found in Nwphar, and mentioned by Caetiel (in
Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, xii. 77).
2 Divided into 4 sections : 1. Lot ox ; 2. Cya-
nea ; 3. Hydrocallis ; 4. Castalia (Pl., loc. tit.,
32). — Deless., Icon. Sel., ii. t. 5. — Case., in
Annal. Mm. Lugd.-Batav., ii. 243, t. 7. — Walp.,
Ann., iv. 153 ; vii. 76.
3 Wall., in Trans. Linn. Soc, xv, 442, t.
18. — Endl., Gen., n. 5022. — Hook., Icon., t.
809, 810; in Ann. Sc. Nat., se'r. 3, xvii. 301, t.
21. — Hook, f., in Trans. Linn. Soc, xxiii. t.
21.— B. H., Gen., 47, n. 5.— Waip., Ann., iv.
167.
4 W. Hookee formerly considered these an
involucre, an interpretation which has been con-
tested by other authors (Pl., in Ann. Sc. Nat.,
ser. 3, xix. 57).
86 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
the uppermost are sterile, the rest formed of a recurved filament and
a descending anther. The carpels are numerous and multiovulate ;l
their styles are united into a short concave cone, cleft into as many
lobes as there are carpels, and stigmatiferous on the inside. The
fruit is a berry surmounted by the receptacular tube ; the contained
seeds are covered with prickles. The only known species, B. longi-
folia Wall., inhabits fresh water in Malaysia. From its short
rhizome spring petiolate, non-peltate leaves, and axillary (?)
] -flowered scapes.
In Euri/ale2 (figs. 99-101) the floral receptacle forms a deep cup,
except in the centre, where its organic apex rises into a little erect
cone. On the rim of the cup are inserted the perianth and andro-
_Ew rya le ferox.
Fig. 99. Fig. 100.
Seed without arille (f). Long. sect, of seed.
ceum, resembling those of Nymphaa, and thus perigynous. The
carpels form a circle below, applied to the whole inner surface of the
receptacle, their inner superior edges form prominent rays, oblique
from below upwards and outwards, marking out a funnel-shaped
cavity in the centre of which projects the apex of the receptacle.
Eight on top of each ray is an obtuse projection, which has been
described as a stigma. The ovary is plurilocular, and on the
dissepiments are inserted the indefinite descending anatropous
ovules, with their micropyles turned upwards and inwards.3 The
fruit is a spongy berry, covered outside with descending prickles ;
it bursts irregularly when ripe to free the seeds, surrounded by a
more or less pulpy sacciform aril. The double albumen, the embryo
Griffith (Notul., i. 218, t. 57, f) repre- 47, 965, n. 6.— Anneslea Andr., Bot. Rep., t.
Bents the ovules as orthotropous. 618.— Roxb., PL Coromand., iii. 244; Fl. Ind.,
- Salisb., in Keen. Ann. Bot., ii. 13.— DC, ii. 573 (nee Salisb., nee Wall.).
Syst., ii. 48 ; Prodr., i. 114.— Spach, Suit, a 3 Thev have two coats, and on the apex of
Buffon, vii. 166.— Endl., Gen., n. 5018.— Pi., the funicle is already visible a little ring, the
in Ann. Sc. IS at., ser. 3, xix. 28.— B. H., Gen., first rudiment of the aril, just as in Nympha-a.
NYMPH&ACEJE.
87
and operculum are the same as in NupJiar. E. feroae1 comes from
both India and China.
Under the name of Victoria2 (fig. 101) has been distinguished
another species3 from Equinoctial America, which has larger flowers
than in the Asiatic species, with the divisions of the gynseceum
Fury ale {Victoria) amazonica.
Fig. 101.
Longitudinal section of flower.
described as stigmas continuous with acute arcuate falciform external
prolongations, sometimes considered as interior sterile stamens.4
Omitting these singular bodies and some unimportant differences in
1 Salisb., loc. cit. — Casp., in Ann. Mas.
Lugd.-Bat., ii. 253. — Walp., Ann., iv. 153 ; vii.
78. — E. indica Pl., loc. cit., 29, n. 2. — Bot.
Mag., 1. 1447. — Anneslea spinosa Andk. — Lien-
Jcien, Ki-teou of the Chinese.
2 Lindl., Monogr., Lond. (1837), ic. ; in Bot.
Reg., Misc. (1838), 9.— Endl., Gen., n. 5019. —
Hook., in Bot. Mag., t. 4275-4278 ; Vict. Reg.,
folio (1851). — Pl., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3,
xix. 2. — B. H., Gen., 47, n. 7. — Casp., in Flora,
xi. 111.
3 E. amazonica Pcepp. in Fror. Notiz., xxxv.
9 ; ii. ; Reise, ii. (1835), 432. — Victoria ama-
zonica Sow., in Ann. Nat. Hist. (1850, part.). —
Pi., in Rev. Sort. (15 Fevr., 1853).— V. regia
Lindl., loc. cit. — Schomb., Views Int. Guyan.,
2.— HENFB.,in Gard. Mag. of Bot. (1850), 225,
ic. — V. regina Gray, in Mag. Zool. et Bot.
(1837); in Ann. Nat. Hist. (1850), 146.— V.
regina Hook., in Hook. Journ. (1850), 662. —
V. Cruziana d'Orb., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2,
xiii. 57. — NympTiaa Victoria Schomb., mss. (ex
Hook.).
4 There can at least be no doubt that these
acute prolongations form each one continuous
organ with the inner more obtuse body, which is
termed a stigma.
88
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
the form of the stamens,1 Victoria comes so near Euryale, that we
can only make it a distinct section. Thus constituted, Bury ale
includes two species of aquatic plants, that vegetate like the water-
lilies. The floating blade of the large petiolate leaves is orbicular-
oeltate, corrusrated-bullate above, covered below with a network of
very prominent ribs. The various parts of the plant, especially the
petioles, veins, peduncles, receptacle, and base of the calyx, are
covered with rigid prickles of variable structure.2 The flowers are
solitary on long peduncles ; they rise to expand above water, and are
more or less pinky in the American species, violet-purple in the
Asiatic plant.
IV. SAEEACENA SPECIES.
tSarracena'' (figs. 102-107) has regular hermaphrodite flowers.
On the convex receptacle are inserted a cal}Tx of five sepals of
imbricated praefloration,4 and a corolla of five alternating petals of
peculiar form,5 also imbricated in the bud. The stamens are indefinite
in number, and hypogynous ; each is formed of a free filament and
an introrse two-celled anther of lougitudinal dehiscence.6 The
gynseceuni is superior, formed of an ovary surmounted by a slender
cylindrical style, which shortly dilates into a sort of petaloid parasol,
with five angles superposed to the sepals. At the apex of each
angle is a notch in the bottom of which is a little tubercle project-
ing downwards, covered with stigmatic papilla?.7 The ovary is
more
much
1 In Euryale proper they possess a
slender filament, and a shorter anther,
more acute at the apex.
2 Some contain and others lack tracheae
(Tb£c, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 156).
3 T., Inst., 567, t. 476.— Adans., Tarn, des
PI., ii. 450. — Sarracenia L., Gen., n. 652. — J.,
Gen., 435. — Lame., Diet., vi. 544; Suppl., v.
39 ; III., t. 452. — Spach, Suit, a Bvffon, xiii.
329.— Endl., Gen., n. 5023.— A. Gray, Gen.
III., t. 45, 46.— H. Ex., in Aclansonia,\. 210. —
B. H., Gen., 48, n. 1.
4 They persist and thicken a little around the
fruit.
0 The hase forms a sort of spoon, with its con-
cavity inwards ; above is a contraction topped by
a more expanded blade. The spoon part is at
first applied pretty closely to the ovary, and the
upper part, removed where it is contracted,
is above again inclined inwards. The pollen is
usually whitish, composed of elongated grains,
fusiform, or sometimes as it were truncate at
both ends, bearing from three to seven or eight
longitudinal grooves. They are often united in
variable numbers end to end, thus forming a sort
of rod, which comes out of the anther in a single
piece. These whitish cylinders then often stick
to the inner faces of the petals, opposite the pro-
minences of the stylar expansion which bear the
stigmatic papillae.
6 The anther is at first straight, but becomes
more or less recurved with age, according to the
species. Then the upper part of the face turns
outwards. When young the stamens are smaller,
as they are more external.
1 In longitudinal section the fibro-vascular
NYMPH JE ACE JE.
89
divided by five dissepiments superposed to the petals into as many
usually incomplete cells ; each of these contains near its ventral
angle a bilobed placenta bearing a large number of anatropous
Sarracena Drumnwndi.
Fig. 102.
Young plant (l).
Fig. 103.
Habit (l).
ovules.1 The fruit is a loculicidal capsule; the seeds contain within
their coats2 a copious albumen, lodging at the apex a small embryo.''
Sarracena consists of perennial herbs, natives of the marshes of
North America. The stock creeps in the mud and bears alternate
exstipulate leaves, formed like an elongated urn or irregular cornet,
bundles may be seen to divide in the notch, some
going towards the edge of the blade, and others
bendino- down to the stigmatiferous tubercle.
This last is conical, bearing at its apex a tuft of
large bowed conical papillae.
1 When the cells are incomplete the septum
and its placenta have an arrow-head transverse
section. The placentary edges are often incurved
or involuted at the insertion of the ovules.
2 The outer seed-coat of S. purpurea is
yellowish and almost suberous, with the raphe
projecting from it. Inside is a thin translucent
membrane.
3 It is contained in a very distinct chamber.
Its small soft translucent cotyledons are often
separated from the tigellum by a very fine
annular rim.
90
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
willi a sort of lid over its mouth.1 The flowers are solitary,2 drooping
at the summit of a long peduncle. This bears below the calyx three
Fig. 104.
Habit (i).
Sarracena purpurea.
Fig. 105.
Flower (\).
Fig. 106.
Diagram.
Fig. 107.
Long. sect, of flower.
bracts, which form a sort of calyculus to the flower. Some half-
dozen species of Sarracena are known.3
The flower of Darlingionia califomica* has the same general or-
1 These organs form a sometimes very elon-
gated cornet, whose mouth has a dilatation on
the outside of variable form, which has often
been termed a lid or operculum, with a rather
prominent vertical crest running along the
whole of the internal angle of its outer sur-
face. Botanists were pretty generally agreed to
consider the lid as a blade, the urn representing,
as it was thought, a hollow petiole. However,
the sheathing concavity of the base of the petiole
exists towards the base of the leaf, quite distinct
from the cavity of the urn. In tracing the
development of these parts (in Compt. Rend.
Ac. Sc., lxxi. 630 ; in Adansonia, ix. 331, i.
380) we have seen that the leaf is depressed at
the top into a pit, representing the inner or
upper surface of the blade, and this pit it is that
afterwards deepens, like a peltate leaf, with its
concavity immensely exaggerated. The lining
membrane of the urn, covered with liquid-secret-
ing hairs, hence must be held to represent the
superior epidermis of the leaf. The operculum
represents the terminal lobe, more developed
than the rest of the edge of this blade, not the
whole of the blade itself. The vertical crest
along the ventral angle is analogous to the corre-
sponding prominences or ribs which are often
seen on the lower surface of the blade of a pel-
tate leaf, extending from the insertion of the
petiole to the basilar notch of the blade.
2 Terminating a large shoot found ending the
divisions of the rhizome ; the last leaves on them
are replaced by bracts. Later on a younger bud
seems to be formed on the side of the first, and
is also destined to end in a flower. Hence the
subterranean axis of Sarracena is probably a
sympodium.
3 Mill., Icon., t. 241. — Sm., Fxot.-Pot., i. t.
53.— Michx., Fl. Bor.-Am., i. 310. — Nutt.,
Gen., ii. 10 ; in Anier. Phil. Trans., ser. 2, iv.
49, t. 1. — De la Pyiaie, in Ann. Soc. Linn.
Fa*-., vi. 388, t. 13.— Hook., Fxot. Fl., t. 13. —
Ceoome, in Ann. Lye. N.-York, iv. 98, t. 6. —
Tore. & Ge., Fl. N.-Amer., i. 58.— Pot. Mag.,
t. 780, 849, 1710, 3515.— Waip., Rep., i. 108;
v. 20; Ann., ii. 25; iv. 169; vii. 82.
4 Tore., in Smithson. Contrib., vi. 4, t. 12. —
B. H., Gen., 48, 965, n. 2— Walp., Ann., iv.169.
NYMPH2EACEJZ.
91
ganization as that of Sarracena, but differs in some remarkable points.
The gynceceum consists of an obconical ovary of five cells superposed
to the petals and surmounted by a style, with five little branches,
each rolled up into a tube.1 The seeds are club-shaped, covered
with prickles.2 The incurved urn that forms the greater part of
each leaf is surmounted by a double membranous tongue.
Heliamphorc? has five (more rarely four) petaloid imbricated
sepals, no corolla, an indefinite number of stamens with introrse
anthers,4 and an ovary of three multiovulate cells.5 The style forms
a channelled hollow column, expanding slightly at its apex into a
little trilobate ring. The fruit is a loculicidal capsule ; the outer
seed-coat is loosely reticulated, dilated into a membranous wing.
//. nutans Benth., the only known species, is a perennial herb from
Mount Roraima, in Venezuela. The leaves are urn-shaped, and the
flowers, with drooping pedicels, are collected into small racemes,
naked at the base.
Salisbury, in 1S05,6 made a distinct order of the Nymphdeacece.
Before this the water-lilies had been classed by B. de Jussieu7 in
Papaveracece, by Adanson8 in his family " Ay-istoloches," by A. L. de
Jussieu9 in his order Morreniece between Ilydrocharis and Trapa.
Then botanists were generally agreed in referring these plants, whose
embryo was very little known, to the Monocotyledons ;w but there is
now no doubt as to their possessing two albumens,11 whereof the
smaller represents the contents of the embryo-sac, and includes an
embryo with two quite distinct cotyledons. De Candolle, in 1824,12
classed NymplicEacece just before Papaveracea, and after Berbcridacea*
and Podophyllacece, wherein he placed Cabombece under the name of
Hydropeltidece. He divided Nymphceacece into two tribes, Nelumbonece
and NympluBece. Endlicher 13 made his class Nelumbia of three
1 Each forms a strap, which is stigmatiferous
at its softened apex, and has its edges rolled
hackwards, and meeting above to simulate a tube.
2 They taper into a tube on the side next the
radicle (Dcne. & Lem„ Traite Gen. de Hot., 407).
3 Benth., in Trans. Linn, Soc, xviii. 432, t.
29.— Endl., Gen., n. 50231.— B. H., Gen., 48,
n, 3. — Walp., i. 109.
4 Later on they become versatile ; the cells ter-
minate below by a very slightly curvedmossy point.
5 The ovules are pluriseriate when adult.
6 In Kosn. Ann. of Bot., ii. 69.
7 In A. L. de Jussieu Gen., lxvii. (1759).
8 Fam. des PI., ii. 71 (1763).
9 Gen. (1789), 68, Ord. IV.
10 For the history of this question and the
affinities formerly ascribed to the Nymphseads
see the memoir of A. P. de Candolle in vol. i.
of the Trans, de la Soc. de Phys. et d'Hist.
Nat. de Geneve.
11 Mieb., in Ann. Mus., xvi. t. 29.
12 Prodr., i. 113, Ord. VIII.
13 Genera (1836), 898, Ord. CLXXXV.-
CLXXXVII.
92 NATURAL HISTORY OF FLANTS.
distinct orders : Nymphaacea, Cabombea of L. C. Kichard,1 and
Ndumbonece:2 At the present day Bentham.& Hooker3 consider these
three groups as onty tribes of the single order Nympltaacece, and
place them next to Sarracena cea, and distinct from it, herein following
De Candolle and Lindley.4 A. L. de Jussieu left Sarracena in his
Genera insertce sedis* but Endicher considered it a sort of appendage
to Nymphteacece* linking this order with Cabombea;, and we have
followed his example, making, not without some hesitation, the
SarracenecB into a fourth somewhat abnormal series of the order
Nymphaacea. Of this order, thus limited, Tournefort made the
genus Nelumbo in 1700 ; Linnaeus knew the two genera Nympliaa
and Sarracena. The genus Cabomba was made in 1775 by Aublet,
Brasenia, in 1789, by Schreber.7 In the early part of this century
Euryale was proposed by Salisbury,8 and Nuphar by Smith9 in the
same year, 1806. Wallich described Barclaya in 1826, and
Bentham published Heliamphora as a near relation of Sarracena in
1838. Torrey has recently made known Darlinytonia, another
member of the same small group. According to our views the
order Nymph aacece will thus comprise ten genera, including two-
score species. The eight species of the series Sarracenea are all
American.10 So is Cabomba ; but Brasenia pel fata is found in fresh
water in most parts of the tropics. Nelumbo and Euryale each one
species from either hemisphere. The two Bar clay as are Malaysian.
The two dozen species of Nymphcea and Nnpltar are to be found in
all parts of the globe from the south of Asia and South America right
up to Siberia, Swedish Lapland, and the Hebrides and Shetlands,
thus spreading over a zone of 110° of latitude.
The affinities are as variable as the structure in this order. By the
sjmcarpic types, like the Sarracenece and Nymp/ta'acea, it approaches
1 Anal, die Fruit, 68 (1808). — Cabombacece " Linncei Gen. PL, edit. 8, 372.
A. Geay, in Ann. Lye. N.-Torl", iv. 46. s In Keen. Ann. of Bot., ii. 73.
2 Lindley (Feg. Kingd., 408) bas also re- 9 Fl. Grcec. Frodr., she Plant. Omn. Fnum.
tuined these three groups ns so many distinct qvas inv. ... J". Sibthorp . . . Char, et Syn.
onlers, forming his alliance (31) Nymphales, Omn. Flab., J. E. Smith, ii. 361.
3 Gen. (1862), 45, Ord. VIII. 10 All arc North American (chiefly from the
4 Yeg. Kingd. (1846), 429, Ord. CLV. Eastern districts), except Heliamphora, which
5 Op. cit., 435. was found by Schombtjbgk on Mount Roraima
6 Op. cit., 901. in Venezuela.
NYMPIIJSACE2E. 93
Papaveracete ; all botanists have noticed this affinity, which becomes
the more striking on consideration of those species whose ovary is
imperfectly septate towards the centre, and those whose vegetative
organs contain laticiferous canals. On the other hand, the polycar-
pellary types are closely linked to PodophyUece and Panunculacece.
Besides the fact that Cabomhece were formerly referred to the latter
order, organogenic studies show that the flower of Nelumbo is at first
quite that of a Paaony or a Crowfoot. The carpels are at first free,
stationed apart on the top of the receptacle, and it is only in the
course of development that this gradually rises between the carpels
to form around them the sockets in which they are finally implanted.
And thus are explained the long-since suggested relations of Nyui-
phaacea? to Hydrocharidea and Alismacece. The latter, which come
very near the Crowfoots, cannot be far removed from Nywpliaacea,
though lacking the dicotyledonous embryo. As regards the sug-
gested relationship with Saururea and Piperacecs, which have a
double albumen, I fail to see wherein it lies ; and I am not alone1 in
saying as much of the supposed kinship of Sarracenece and Pirolece.
Each of the series we admit in this order comes nearest some one of
the above-mentioned orders by its own proper characters. These
may be given generally as follows : —
1. Cabombe/E. — Flowers 3-merous. Carpels free, inserted on a
convex receptacle. Ovules few, inserted in the ventral angle of the
ovary (floral organization like that of Alismacece). Double albumen
around the embryo. (2 genera.)
2. Nelumbeji. — Flowers 4-, 5-merous. Carpels free, surrounded
by the accrescent receptacle, each isolated in a separate cavity
thereof. Ovules 1, 2, inserted on top of ventral angle of ovaries
(alliance to Panunculeae). Albumen absent. (1 genus.)
3. Nvmphjse^;. — Flowers 4-, 5-merous. Carpels united on convex
or concave surface of a common receptacle. Ovules indefinite, in-
serted on the side-walls of the ovary cells (alliance to Lardizabalecs,
Podoplnjllece, &c). Albumen double. (4 genera.)
4. Sarracenece. — Flowers 4-, 5-merous. Carpels few, coherent
into an ovary, divided completely or incompletely into multiovulate
cells (alliance to Papaveracea, &c). Albumen simple. (3 genera.)
i «
Affinitus cum Pyrola iivoposita nos omnino effugit" (B. H., Gen., 48).
94
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
All these plants have remarkable vegetative organs ; all are peren-
nial herbs, whose rootstock creeps in the mud of marshes or river
beds ; all have alternate leaves, more or less singular in form, some-
times dissected like the aquatic Crowfoots, as in Cabomba, in other
cases submerged or floating, palmate, sometimes peltate, and more or
less concave above, presenting the form of a very shallow cornet in
Nelumbium. In the Sarracenea, as mentioned above, this form
is exaggerated into a long, narrow cornet, whose apex forms a vari-
ably-lobed lid. The histology of the vegetative organs has been
most carefully studied by Trecul,1 in Nelumbium, Nuphar, Nymphcea,
and Victoria, plants which in this point have often been regarded as
more or less comparable with Monocotyledons.2 " In Nuphar luteal
says this botanist, " we find all the characters ascribed to the stem in
Monocotyledons. There are no distinct concentric layers, the pith
is interposed between the fibrous bundles, without medullary rays,
the density of the stem decreases from the circumference to the
centre. All this is shown in a transverse section ; it is seen that
the parenchyma, homogeneous in the centre, grows denser externally.
At a certain distance from the periphery are bundles, arranged more
or less regularly in a circle. In the centre are found some few
scattered bundles in a young stem,3 the number increases with the
size of the rhizome. Outside the circular zone are other thinner
bundles going to the leaves. The whole is covered by a layer of
epidermic cells." The same general arrangement prevails in
Nympheeacea and Nelumbea. Trecul concludes from his observations
that "the structure of the rhizome in Nuphar is altogether that of the
Monocotyledons," as regards the longitudinal course of the bundles,
which behave as in the Date-palms, and springing from the circum-
1 In Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, iv. 288, t. 10-13;
Eiud. Anat. et Organogen. sur la Victoria regia,
et Anat. Comp. du Nelumbium, du Nuphar et
de la Victoria (in Ann, Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i 144,
t. 12-14).
2 See Mikb., in Ann. Mus., xiii. 465. — Endl.
& Ung., Grundz. d. Bot., 92.— DC, in Mem.
Soc. Phys. de Gen., i. 2. — Hook. f. & Thoms.,
Ft. Lid., i. 236.— Vaup., Ueb. d. Peripher.
Wachst. d. Gefassb. (1855), 23.— Henfr., in
Phil. Trans. (1852), 289, tab. ; in Ann. Nat.
Hist., ser. 2, x. 398.— Casp., in Flora (1857),
717 ; (1859), 118 ; in Bot. Zeit. (1857), 791.—
Olit., Stem, in Dicot., 5.
3 " At germination the tigellum of Nelumbium
codophyllum contains not a single central vascular
bundle, as in the young stages of Nuphar and
Victoria, but two zones of vascular bundles, one
central, one peripheral, above the insertion of the
cotyledons" (Tii£c., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i.
149, 169).
NYMPEJUACEuE. 95
ference, rise vertically and follow a more or less oblique course
through the stem to reach the leaves. At the same time adventitious
roots, " also with the structure and growth of Monocotyledons,"
appear on the rhizome at the bases of the leaves.1 Moreover, the
parenchyma, both of rhizome and petiole of NymphceetB and
Nelumbece, is traversed by enormous lacuna?. These contain gas,
with whitish masses of irregular mammilla ted cells projecting inside,
and the so-called radiating or stellate cells, with their rays free in
the cavity to whose wall their centre is fixed. These have been
considered as organs of support for the different parts of the
parenchyma ;2 in the leaves the rays extend so far that their points
reach the epidermis. Stomates are only to be found in the
Nym/phaem on those parts of the foliar epidermis which are in con-
tact with the air — i.e., the upper surface, in the species with floating
leaves. The lower surface bears either hairs, or in Euryale prickles,
the largest of which contain longitudinal fibres and vessels, and end
in a pore or osteole, which is probably an organ of absorption.3 The
leaf blade of Victoria is also completely traversed by narrow holes
termed stomatodes.4 Several Nymphceacece also contain laticife-
rous vessels, tubular, continuous, cylindrical and more or less irre-
gular.4
The histological structure of the Cabombea seems correlated with
their habitat. The submerged parts contain no true vessels,6 but
instead of these more or less elongated cells of variable form,7 con-
stituting a small number of bundles8 (usually two) in the stem and
branches. Outside is seen a parenchymatous tissue, which is here
1 "Nothing in theroots of a Ntiphar reaih those hedral tuberosities. The form varies greatly
of a Dicotyledon. They have no distinct bark, with the position and the species under obser-
any more than the stem, nor anything comparable vation.
to medullary rays. Their whole structure is, on 3 The same author shows Planchon "over-
the contrary, comparable to that of a Monocoty- stepped the truth in saying that the weakest no
ledonous root " (Te£c), in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. less than the strongest of these prickles contained
3, iv. 304. vessels ; they are confined to the strongest."
'2 Te£cul has studied the development of these * Pl., in Fl. des Serres, vi. 249. — Tafc, loc.
cells, which had been described by Guettaed in cit., 158.
1747, Amici, Rudolph, De Candolxe, Meyen, 5 Tk£c., loc. cit., 159.
Mirbel (in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, iv. 314, t. 12, . 6 Schleid., in Wiegm. Arch., ix. 230. —
fig. 19, 25). He saw that at their origin they Lindl., Teg. Kingd., 412, fig. 289.
were placed between two neighbouring cells, and ' Sometimes fusiform, sometimes cylindrical
formed a triangular cell, with its angles at first and truncate at either end ; no spiracle is found,
obtuse, and then elongated and ramified ; smooth s Usually two, as Brasenia and Calomba;
at first, the cell was afterwards covered with poly- and these are often but slightly distinct from the
06 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
also analogous to that found in submerged stems generally, to what-
ever group they may belong, presenting numerous cylindrical
lacunar interposed between the lax chlorophyll-containing elements
of the parenchyma. The whole is surrounded by an epidermis bear-
ing peculiar hairs.1 The absence of spiral vessels and tracheae in the
submerged leaves, as well as in the axes, is the most remarkable point
of their organization. The scape of Sarracena approaches that of
Leontice, and the Podophyllece in anatomical structure. It contains
fibro-vascular bundles2 near the circumference, scattered through a
jDarenchyma which is the sole constituent of the centre, where it
forms a kind of pith.3 In the rhizome the most central of these
bundles form a pretty regular circle, though separated from one
another by unequal breadths of cellular tissue.4
The general properties5 of the Nt/mjrfiaacea may be shortly
summed up : their vegetative organs are demulcent, sedative, and
astringent ; the quantity of starch deposited in rhizome, albumen,
and embryo makes these nutritive and analeptic. Nelambo nuci/era6
is the sacred Lotus so often seen figured on Egyptian and Indian
monuments. According to the Brahmin mythology Brahma sits
thereon, and on its floating leaves Vishnu was borne on the waters at
the day our earth was formed. With it the Egyptians adorned
the heads of Isis and Osiris. On the fresh waters of the East and
Tropical Asia, its elegant floating leaves and magnificent white or
pink flowers form a picture often copied by the Indian and Chinese
painters, and sung by the poets sacred and profane. The corolla
adds to its charming colour a scent of anise and a slight astringency,
which render it as precious as the rose. The Tamarama of the
Hindoos is moreover rich in farinaceous nutriment, a valued
surrounding tissue, wberefrom they only differ in considerable, and gorged with starch. The outer-
their more elongated elements. most bundles are slender, as compared with the
1 Conical, ascending, and often applied to the rest ; they early turn brown, and contain no
surface, possibly secreting the mucilage with trachea? that can be unrolled.
which the stems are covered. 5 M£e. & Del., Diet. Mat. Med., iv. 639. —
2 In these the fibres often surround completely Gttib., Drog. Simp!., ed. 7, iii. 719. — A. Rich.,
the separate vessels, which are collected in the Mem., ed. 4, ii. 422. — Exdl., Enchirid., 462,
centre; in other cases the fibres are confined to 464, 465. — Lindl., Veg. Kingd., 411, 412, 414;
the outside. Fh Med., 19.— Rosenth., Syn. PL Diaphor.,
3 Sometimes partially absorbed, making the 652, 1142.
stem fistular. 6 See pp- 76> 79> note 2> fig_ 74^73.
4 The central part occupied by the pith is here
NYMPH2EACEJE. 97
auxiliary in famine-times. The ancient Egyptians, too, ate these
' Egyptian Beans ' (Feces d' Egypte1) ; but they were forbidden
fruit to the priests and Pythagoreans. And the Chinese and
Hindoos of the present day eat the embryo roast or boiled, like the
American Indians eat that of N. luteal The starch gorging the
young stems shares these nutritive properties and uses in both
species. N. nucifera is also a drug; its stem has astringent pro-
perties. From the petiole and peduncle a viscid milky juice is
extracted which is used in vomiting and diarrhoea. Most other
Nympha?ads contain tannin ; and to this it is no doubt that Brasenia
peltata3 owes its slightly astringent properties. Its leaves are
thought of service in the treatment of dysenteiy, phthisis, and other
pulmonary affections. They are bitter and stomachic ; and are
sometimes used for food. So are several Ny)iipli«>t>(e, whose seeds and
rhizomes contain quantities of starch. This is the case with
Huryale ferocc,4 the Tien-kien or Ki-teou of the Chinese ; its root,
stock, and albumen have been eaten from the remotest times, and
the plant is still said to be cultivated for this purpose. E. anta.:vnicas
(the Victoria Reg/a), the magnificent queen of the fresh waters of
South America, has seeds of similar alimentary value ; it is the
Mararu of the natives. Nor was the value of the Nymphseas of the
Nile less noted among the Ancient Eg}rptians ; N. Loins shared the
name of water Lotos6 with the Nelumbo. The tuberous stock, of the
size and form of an egg, with a blackish surface and a yellow sweet
flesh, was eaten roasted or boiled, like potatoes nowadays ; and a
sort of bread was made from the seeds. No doubt the Blue Water-
lily of the " Nile ':; had the same properties ; it has a pear-shaped
tuberous stock, and beautiful light blue flowrers. The Arabs called it
Linoufar or Niloufar, whence is taken the French name Nenuphar,
applied to our White and Yellow Water-lilies. Their rhizome is
gorged with starch. That of the Yellow [Nuphar hdeum*) is large,
cylindrical, and whitish, covered with the scars of the adventitious
1 Kua/xos- nfyiimosTnEOPHR. (see Gvib.,Ioc. cit., 652. — Water-maize of the Americans (see
cit , 723).— Rosenth., op. tit., 654. above, p. 87, note 3, iig. 101).
2 See p. 89, note 2, figs. 79-81. 6 Gum., op. cit., 721.
s Ekdt.., Enchirid., 464. — Rosenth., op. cit., > NympTtaia caxulea Saw, Dec. Egypt., iii.
654. (See above p. 82, note 3.) 74— DC, Prodi:, n. 2.— Vent., Malm., t. 6.
4 See p. 86, 87, note 1, figs. 99, 100. s See p. 81, note 5, figs. 87-92.
5 Lindl., Teg. Kingd., ill.— Rosentu., op.
VOL. III. H
98 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
roots, and the larger ones of the leaf-stalks. It is said to be eaten
by the peasants of Finland and Eussia, as well as the petioles ; and
the fruits were eaten in Bceotia. It is, however, astringent enough
to be used for tanning, and when infused as a diarrhoea medicine.
The yellowish stock of the White Water-lily, Nymphaa alba,1 almost
black on the surface, has exactly the same properties. Its starch
has been used for food in times when cereals have failed. It is
mucilaginous, slightly acrid, bitter, and astringent ;2 hence its use in
dysentery, blennorrhcea, and several other fluxes, and the vulnerary
properties which have been ascribed to the leaf and flower-stalks.
Most of the other species of Nymjiliaa have the same properties.3
Some act by the tannin they contain, like N. Candida Presl., of
Bohemia, and N. odorafa Ait., of the United States, both astringents ;
N. sf el/a fa W., of the East Indies, recommended in cystitis and
dysuria ; N. Lotus L., pubescens W., and rubra Roxb., thought to cure
ophthalmia, haemorrhoids, and wounds. Others are rich in starch and
edible, as regards their seeds or rhizomes, which are eaten
cooked like potatoes. This is the case with N. edulis DC. and
N. rubra in India, N. gigantea Ho ;K., in Australia, and N. ampla DC.
in Tropical America. All these species have magnificent flowers,
white, pink, or blue, the ornaments of our aquariums, like the grand
Euryales or Victorias, whose brilliant, enormous flowers and strong
leaves, with projecting ribs covered with prickles, give them so high
a position. Some species have scented flowers, like the last-
mentioned, and NupJiar luteum, advenum, &c. All of them, especially
the beautiful White Water-lily, have the strange reputation, founded
it would seem on very slight grounds, of being refrigerant,
calmative, and anaphrodisiac ; qualities no doubt imaginary, but
proverbial throughout Europe.
The Sarracenas have a reputation4 which is perhaps equally
undeserved. The North American Indians consider their roots,
especially of S. purpurea' and variolaris,6 as a preservative against
1 Gttib., op. cit., 720.— Likdl., FL Med., Chapm., Fl. S. Unit. -St ales, 20, n. I.—Ctot.,
19-— Si'S^, Theophk.; NvficpaCa, Diosc. (see in Bof. Mag.,t. M9.—Bucanephyllum ameri-
above, p. 83, note 6, fks. 93-98). canum Pluk., Amalth., 46, t. 376 (see p. 90,
2 It is also considered slightly narcotic. figs. 104-107). — -Huntsman's Cup, Sidesaddle
Singers chew it, it is said, for relaxed uvula. Flower, Indian Cup of the Americans.
3 Rosenth., op. oil., 652, 1142. 6 MiCHX., Fl. Bor.-Amer., i. 310.— Chapm.,
4 Rosenth., op. cit., 1142. Fl. S. Unit.- States, 21, n. 6 (see p. 89, fig.
5 L., Spec, 728.— Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer., 103).— Spotted Trvr.rpet-kaf of the Americans.
i. 318.— A. Gbay, Man., ed. 5, 58, n. 1. —
NYMPHJEACEJ2. 99
small-pox, wherewithal they profess to cure it at any stage and
prevent pitting.' Can it be the whitish spots scattered over the
leaves of the latter species that have given rise to this opinior.
among these savages ? Several Sarracenas are cultivated amongst
us for the beauty of their flowers, and still more for the strange form
of their leaves ; but they are not wide spread on account of the very
difficulty of their cultivation.2
1 They are used in powder, infusion and syrup. These preparations appear to be very energetic
diuretics, and it lias been supposed that the variolous virus is thus eliminated.
2 E. Ramet, in Adansonia, vii. 310.
H 2
100 NATURAL HISTORY OF TLANTS.
GENERA.
I. NELUMBEjE.
1. Nelumbo T. — Flowers regular, hermaphrodite; receptacle
convex, soon much enlarged into an obconical mass. Sepals 4, 5,
inserted on receptacle imbricate. Petals go, imbricate, inserted with
co stamens on calyx ; filaments more or less petaloid ; anthers basi-
fixe 1 introrse 2-rimose ; connective produced club-shaped beyond
anther-cells. Carpels go, inserted in alveoli on flat top of receptacle,
free; germen 1-locular ; dorsum gibbous, glandular; style short
with a minutely projecting, capitate, stigmatose apex ; ovules 1, 2,
descending almost from apex of cell, anatropous ; micropyle superior,
introrse. Nuts go, nearly round, slightly protruding from pits in
the hardened receptacle, indelr'scent or obscurely dehiscent. Seed
pendulous ; skin thin ; embryo exalbuminous ; cotyledons thick,
fleshy, covering much developed leaf}^ plumule ; radicle superior very
short. — Perennial herbs ; rhizome thick ; leaves alternate, floating,
concavely peltate, "stipulate;" flowers axillary solitary pedunculate
(Asia, Australia, Tropical and Subtropical America). See p. 76.
II. CABOMBE^E.
2. Cabomba Aubl. — Flowers hermaphrodite, small ; receptacle
shortly conical. Sepals 3, petaloid, imbricate or contorted. Petals
3, alternate. Stamens 3, alternating with petals, or more usually 6,
in pairs opposite sepals, free ; anthers extrorse, 2-rimose. Carpels 3,
opposite petals, or more rarely 2, 4, free; germen 1-locular; style
capitate, depressed ; apex slender stigmatose ; ovules few (usually 3),
inserted on the sides, descending anatropous ; micropyle superior
extrorse. Drupes 1-3 ; mesocarp thin ; putamen thick, rough on
surface. Seeds 1-3, descending ; albumen double ; inferior farina-
ceous, superior (amniotic) fleshy, embracing short inverted embryo ;
cotyledons thick ; radicle superior, short. — Herbs ; stem slender
NYMJPHJEACEAL 101
covered with mucilage; leaves alternate ; floating ones peltate ; those
submerged palmately divided into filiform segments ; flowers axillary
solitary long-pedunculate {Tropical and Subtropical America). See
p. 70.
3. Brasenia Sciirer. — Flowers almost of Cabomba; stamens
] 2— oo. Carpels 6- co ; ovules of Cabomba. Fruit of co drupaceous car-
pels and seeds of Cabomba. — Stem branched, covered wi+h mucilage ;
leaves all floating peltate entire ; inflorescence of Cabomba {America,
Tropical Asia, and Subtropical Australia). See p. 81.
III. NYMPH.EA^3.
4. Nuphar Sm.-— Flowers regular ; receptacle convex. Sepals 5, 0,
unequal imbricate. Petals indefinite, unequal imbricate, the inner
resembling stamens (staminodes) inserted in a spiral series, together
with co hypogynous free stamens ; filaments flattened ; anthers
introrse, 2-rimose. Germen superior ; apex tapering into a short style,
peltate disk-shaped above; stigmas co, linear radiate; cells co; ovules
co ; descending, anatropous, inserted on the sides. Fruit ovoid,
corticate carpels baccate, separable in decay. Seeds co; embryo and
albumen double {Cabomba); micropyle operculate. — Perennial herbs ;
rhizome thick, sigdlate ; leaves alternate floating peltate; flowers
axillary, solitary or in pairs ; fruit emerged {The Northern Hemisphere
beyond the Tropics). See p. 81.
5. Nymphsea L. — Flowers regular ; receptacle concave cupuli-
form. Calyx 4deaved, imbricate, inserted with petals and stamens
of Nuphar, in a spiral series on the receptacle from the base to the
apex. Germen sunk in the receptacle, cc-locular, with a concave,
conical, or round process (the apex of receptacle) protruding vertically
from the centre ; styles free, exserted ; apex incurved, free. Ovules co
(of Nuphar). Berries spongy, surmounted by scars of perianth and
stamens, and by the style, pulpy, at length bursting irregularly.
Seeds co (of Nuphar) immersed in pulp, covered by a sacciform aril ;
operculum 0. — Herbs, with stem leaves and inflorescence of Nuphar ;
fruit maturing under water {All tropical regions, especially of Northern
Hemisphere). See p. S3.
102 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
6. Barclaya Wall. — Receptacle cylindrical, surrounded at base
by 5 (" calycine ") imbricate leaves, produced into a tube above
gynseceum. " Petals oo, imbricate, inserted at top of receptacle.
Stamens cr, inserted above gynseceum within tube of receptacle ;
outer sterile ; inner recurved ; anthers oblong pendulous. Carpels
up to 10, quite included in tube ; ovules parietal, descending, ortho-
tropous ; styles adhering into a cone, slit at apex, concave and
stigmatiferous within. Berries round, surmounted by petaliferous
tube. Seeds oo, prickly. — Rhizome short, leaves petiolate, oblong
or orbicular, not peltate; flowers (axillary?) long-pedunculate
{Malaysia). See p. 85.
7. Euryale Salisb. — Receptacle concave (almost of NywpJtaa),
prickly outside. Sepals, petals, and stamens oo (of NytuplicBa).
Carpels co, immersed in receptacle and adhering to form an inferior
oo-locular germen, concave above, extruding from the centre a conical
orbicular process (apex of receptacle); styles radiating, with their
apices stigmatiferous, obtuse or produced into an unciform process
{Victoria). Berries spongy, prickly, bursting irregularly. Seeds oper-
culate, covered with a pulpy aril ; double albumen and embryo of
Nymphaa. — Perennial herbs bristling with prickles ; stem floating
leaves and inflorescence of Nywp//rpa (Tropical Asia, Equinoctial
America). See p. SG.
IV. ? SARRACEKE^E.
8. Sarracena T. — Flowers hermaphrodite, regular ; receptacle
convex. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, alternate, imbricate, de-
ciduous. Stamens oo, hypogynous ; filaments free ; anthers introrse,
becoming recurved and versatile, 2-rimose. Germen free; cells 5,
alternate with petals, complete or incomplete ; ovules oo, anatropous;
style slender, soon expanding into a peltate petaloid umbraculum,
with 5 radiating nerves, and 5 alternipetalous, minutely papillose,
stigmatiferous angles. Capsule usually surrounded at base by
calyx, loculicidal, 5-valved. Seeds oo, albuminous, with a sometimes
prominent sub-alate raphe; embryo small apical. — Perennial marshy
NYMPHJEACE2E. 103
herbs ; rhizom rather thick ; leaves alternate exstipulate pitcher-
shaped or tubular ; flowers terminal solitary long-pedunculate ;
bracteoles 3, approximated into a membranous involucre under calyx
{North America). See p. 8S
9. Darling-tonia Torr. — Sepals 5, connate below the base.
Petals 5, subsimilar, spreading. Germen obconical, plano-convex at.
top ; styles erect, 5 -fid at top ; lobes spreading, recurved, stigmatose
at apex ; cells of ovary 5, alternating with sepals ; ovules a*.
Capsule loculicidal, 5-valved ; seeds go, clavate, narrowed into a tube
at base, setose aculeate outside. — Herbs ; rhizome and leaves almost
of Sarracena ; leaves finally 2-winged ; flowers solitary; scapes
bearing remote alternate subfoliaceous bracts ; calyx ebracteolate
{California). See p. 90.
10. Heliamphora Benth. — Sepals 4, 5, unequal petaloid imbri-
cate. Stamens oc ; filaments free ; anthers introrse, becoming
versatile. Germen 3-locular ; cells oc-ovuled ; ovules inserted
centrally, pluriseriate ; style erect, sulcate, tubular ; apex obtuse,
3-lobed, stigmatose. Capsule ovoid, loculicidal 3-valved; seeds co,
with a loosely reticulate skin extended into a membranous wing. —
Perennial herbs ; leaves pitcher-shaped ; flowers few in subnutant
racemes naked at base {Venezuela). See p. 91.
XYI. PAP AVE II ACE jE.
I. PLATYSTEMON SERIES.
We shall, begin this order by the study of the genus Platystemon l
(figs. 108-111), which, by its gynseceum, presents us with a tran-
sition between Banunculacea and Papaveracece. The floral receptacle
Plaiystemon californicus.
Fig. 109,
Diagram,
Fig. 111.
Fruit (|).
Fig. Ho.
Gynseceum ('■[■).
forms a little platform, slightly depressed and cupuliform at the
apex.2 This part is empty, while on the edges of the cupule are
inserted in due order a calyx and two corollas, all trimerous, and an
androceum and gynseceum, both formed of an indefinite number of
elements. The calyx is regular polysepalous and caducous, of con-
torted or imbricate pignoration. The petals are similar to one
another, twisted or imbricate, sessile ; the three outer alternate with
the sepals, to which the three inner are superposed. The stamens
are arranged in whorls of nine each ;3 they are free, each formed of a
1 Benth., in Trans. Jlort. Soc, ser. 2, i. 3 According to Pateb (Ice. cit., 220), " these
405. — Endx., Gen., n. 4832. — Benth., in Lin- nine stamens make their appearance in two stages;
ncea, xii. 661. — Payer, Organog., 217, t. 46. — first come six in pairs superposed to the outer
B. H., Gen., 51, n. 1. petals, and then three each in front of an inner
3 The top of the peduncle is slightly dilated petal." Some of the latter may be deduplicated.
below the insertion of the perianth.
PAT AVERAGES.
105
flattened petaloid filament and a basifixed extrorse two- celled anther
of longitudinal dehiscence.1 The gynseceum consists of a whorl of
carpels, indefinite in number. The stylar part of each is free, form-
ing a flattened band, with its inner surface and edges covered with
stigmatic papilla? ; the ovarian division forms a deep gutter, looking
inwards, united by its prominent edges to its neighbours to form
the projecting placenta?. On both sides of each of these very
imperfect septa (which divide only the peripheral part of the cell of
the ovary2), are seen the ovules, variable in number, ascending and
subanatropous, with the raphe upwards and inwards, and the'^micro-
pyle downwards and outwards.' On the outside deep vertical grooves
mark the limits of the several carpels. In the dry fruit even the
bottom of each groove splits, so that the carpels are isolated ((\g.
Ill), each thus resembling a little follicle, and containing several
superposed seeds, between which the peri-
carp has grown into transverse false-septa.
The fruit often breaks up even into one-
seeded joints in this way. There is a
copious fleshy albumen, near the apex of
which is a tiny embryo. P. californicus, the
only known species,4 is an annual herb, often
cultivated in our gardens. Its parts are
milky ; it has alternate simple entire ex-
stipulate leaves, which often become nearly
opposite or three-whorled towards the top of
the stem. The flowers are solitary, terminal,5 pedunculate.
Platystigmd' (fig. 112J has the perianth of Platy.stenwn, and pre-
sents but few points of generic difference. The stamens, indefinite
or subdefinite in number,7 have scarcely dilated filaments, and extrorse
Tlatystigma Hit are
Fig. 112.
Flower (f).
1 The connective, at first nearly flat, is later
on deformed, so as to be slightly hollow on the
outside. The pollen forms elongated grains, with
three equidistant longitudinal grooves or folds.
2 " Each placenta divides into two ; each half,
on which only one row of ovules developer,
inclines towards the neighbouring half of the
next placenta, forming with it a sort of chamber-
let containing the ovules" (Payee, loc. cit., 221).
3 These ovules have two coats. They are
usually enclosed in the imperfect canal or
chamberlet formed by the concavity of each
carpel. But here and there we see one or more,
inserted on the innermost edge of the placenta,
projecting into the central cavity of the ovary.
1 Lixi.L , in Hot. Reg., t. 1679.— BoL Mag ,
t. 3579, 3730.— Walp., Hep., i. 117.
' The floral peduncle bears three verticillate
bracts at a certain distance from the flower. One
of these is fertile, and bears in its axil a shoot
that pushes the flower on one side ; hence this
last appears opposite to the fertile bract.
6 Bexth., in Trans. Hort. Soc, ser. 2, i.
406. — Berxh., in Linncea, xii. 661— Endl.,
Gen,, n. 4830.— B. H., Gen., 51, n. 2.
7 In Meconella Xutt. (in Ton: $■ Gr. Fl.
106
NATURAL HIS TOBY OF PLANTS.
anthers of submarginal dehiscence. The unilocular ovary is sur-
mounted by three or four styles, and contains as many multiovulate,
scarcely prominent placentas. The dry fruit opens from above
downwards into three or four valves, bearing the seeds on their
edges. Of this genus three species are known1 from North America,
all annuals, with habit foliage and inflorescences of Platystemon.
Momneya caJiforniccf approaches the above plants in the freedom of
the numerous stigmatiierous tongues surmounting the ovary. Its
stamens are very numerous, with filiform filaments and extrorse
anthers. The fruit is a prickly capsule, divided inside by the seed-
bearing septa into numerous complete or incomplete cells. This
species is a branching herb, with pinnatifid leaves and terminal
flowers, like those of Argemone.
II. POPPY SEPJES.
In the Poppies3 (Fr., Pavois; figs. 113-124) the carpels have
quite lost their freedom ; the flowers are regular and hermaphrodite.
The convex receptacle bears a calyx of two" opposite, imbricated or
twisted, caducous sepals, and two corollas of two petals each, the
outer alternate to the sepals, the inner superposed to them ; all
the petals are twisted or imbricate, corrugated above, in the bud,
and caducous.* The androceum is represented by an indefinite
(usually very large)6 number of free h}rpogynous stamens/ whose
filaments support a basifixed anther, with two lateral cells, each
opening by a marginal or subextrorse longitudinal cleft.8 The
N.-Amer., i. 64), which, through M. calijhrnica
Torr., is inseparable from Platysligma.
1 Lindl., in Bot. Reg., t. 11)54— Ho K.,
icon., t. 38, 360 (Mecont!la).-—Bof. Mag., t.
3575.— Walp., Ann., i. 23.
2 Hary., in Hook. Journ., iv. 74, t. 3. —
B. H., Gen., 51, n. 3.— Walp., Rep., v. 21.
3 Papacer T\, List., 237, t. 119, 12o.— L.,
Gen., n. 648. — Adans., Fam. des PL, ii. 432. —
J., Gen., 236. — Gjektn., Frvct., i. 288, t. 60. —
Lamk., Diet., v. 110; Suppl.. iv. 335; 111, t.
451.— DC, Sgst., ii. 69; Proclr., i. 117 —
Spach, Suit, a Biffi.n, vii. 10. — Bernh., in
Linnesa, viii. 462.— Endl., Gen., n. 4823.
Pater, Organog., 218, t. 224.— B. H., Gen.,
51, 965, n. 4.— ? Closterandra B£l. (ex Esdl.,
Gen., 856). — ? Arctomecon Tour., in Frew.
R<p., 312, t. 2— 1*. H., Gen., 52, n. 58.
4 Trimerous flowers are of pretty frequent
occurrence, especially in cultivation, notably in
P. orienlale L., hraeteaium Lindl., &c.
s Their base is often marked by a dark,
blackish spot.
6 On very poor land tbe number may be almost
definite; we occasionally find Red Poppies with
only six or eight.
7 Payee [l< v. cit , 220) states that they appear
in succession from below upwards.
s The pollen grains are ovoid, with three equi-
distant longitudinal folds, which become bands in
water, and are usually narrow (H. ^ohl, in
Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii. 326).
PAPAYEBAGEJE.
107
gynseceum is separated on a short foot, and the one-celled ovary is
surmounted by a very short broad style, dilating rapidly into a
Pa/paver somniferum (nigrum).
■ 5 '<&>
''O'
; ;r>
A.
Fig. 113.
Habit (i).
circular head, hemispherical or forming a very depressed cone '
capping the ovary and divided at the edge into as many rounded
1 Often, though wrongly, described as a stignm,
108
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
teetli as there are placentas in the ovary. To each tooth corresponds
a groove, radiating- to it from the centre of the upper surface, with
its lips lined by stigmatic tissue. These lines correspond with the
Papaver somnifervm (nigrum).
^^S?
Fig. 115.
Seed ( 2T° ).
Fig. 114
Fruit.
Fig. 116.
Long. sect, of seed.
placentas. The latter, of very inconstant number, project inside the
cell to a variable distance (often very slight) from the centre. Hence
each forms an incomplete false septum, with both its faces covered
wholly or partially1 with a quantity of little anatropous ovules.2
The fruit (figs. 114, 118) is dry and capsular ; it usually opens3 near
the top, under the base of the style, by the depression of very short
valves, corresponding with the spaces between the placentas.4
Through these false pores escape a large number of little bowed
seeds (figs. 115, 110, 1:2:2, 123), reticulate or scrobiculate on the
surface, and containing in the upper part of the very copious oily
fleshy albumen a little straight or bowed embryo.
The little valves of dehiscence do not separate so far from the
1 In this case the ovules occupy the lower and
outer part of the placentas.
- They have two coats.
3 In P. somniferum, var. album (fig. 118), the
lines of dehiscence are marked, but no separation
takes place.
4 After dehiscence the discoid part of the style
is supported by as many short -columns as there
are placentas, separated by the triangular open-
ings through which the seeds pass.
PAPAVEPACE2E.
109
wall of the fruit in those species which have heen erected into the
genus Calomecon? and their flowers are often ternary in our gardens.
Papaver somniferum (album').
Fig. 117.
Diagram.
Fig. 118.
Long. sect, of fruit.
These, like the rest of the Poppies, are annual or perennial herbs,
glaucous and glabrous, or bristling with hairs of varying coarseness,
containing white milk}- juice, possessing alternate exstipulate leaves
that are almost always lobed or dissected. The flowers are nearly
always solitary, on a long terminal or leaf-opposed peduncle, the
top of which droops before the expansion of the flower.2 There
are some fifteen species3 of this genus, mostly natives of the
1 StACH, Suit, a Bujfon, vii. 7. P. oyientale
and bracteatuni are our cultivated representatives
of this section.
2 White, yellow, or violet.
3 Jacq., Ft. Ausir., t. 83. — Sibth., Ft.
GrcBc, t, 419, 492.— Lindl., Coll., t. 23.—
110
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
temperate or subtropical regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, and
North America. One inhabits South Africa, and another Tropical
Australia.
r
Fig. 119.
Flower.
Papaver Bhoeas.
1 — we*3S
Fig. 120.
Long-, sect, of flower.
Close to Papaver come the nearly allied genera Meconopsis and
Argemone? The former has a binary flower, with the perianth and
D „, androceum of a Poppy. But the number of placen-
tas is variable, from indefinite down to four or five ;
and they are rib-like or slightly prominent. The
style is distinct, and ends in a more or less depressed
club, with deflexed radiating lobes superposed to
the placenta. The fruit is a narrow elongated
capsule, surmounted by the style persisting above
the placentas, which are left bare when the walls
of the ovary separate in triangular valves from
above downwards. The seeds are scrobiculate,
naked, or with an arillary outgrowth from the raphe.
Meconopsis consists of annual or perennial herbs,
with a yellow latex, and entire or incised alternate
leaves. The flowers are, as in Papaver, borne on long drooping
peduncles. The flowers3 are sometimes solitary terminal, sometimes
Fig. 12"?.
Seed (LS).
Fig., 123.
Long. sect, of seed.
Vig., Papav., 35, fig. 5-7. — Deless., Ic. Sel>,
ii. t. 7. — Reichb., Icon., t. 352, 742-74fi. —
Eikan, Tent. Monogr. Gen. Pip. (1S39).—
Hook. f. & Thoms., Fl. Ind., i. 249. — Boiss.,
Fl. Or., i. 105. — Harv. & So>.D., F'. Cap., i.
15.— Oliv., Fl. Prop. Afr., i. 53.— A. Okay,
Man., 25. — Eichl., in Mart. Ft. Bras., Papav.,
315. — Benth., Fl. Austral, i. 63. — Gren.
& Gode,., Fl. de Fr., i. 57. — Walp., Pep., i.
110; ii. 750; Ann., i. 23; ii. 26; iv. 172; vii.
83.
1 Vig., Papav., 20, 48, fig. 3.— DC, Si/st., ii.
86; Prodr., i. 117; in Mem. Soc. Gen., i. t, 2,
fig. 11. — Beknh., in Linncea, viii. 162. — Endi.
Gen., n. iS22.— B. H., Gen., 52, n. 7.—
Cerastites Gray, Brit. PL, ii. 704 (ex Endi..).
2 Perhaps it would be as well to suppress the
genus Meconopsis,
3 Yellow, red, or blue, with a more or less
poisonous smell.
PAP AVE 'RACE 'M.
Ill
Papaver In/bridum.
arranged along a common branch, axillary to its bracts or ill-
developed leaves, so as to form a sort of large lax raceme, with the
secondary axes drooping before the llowers ex-
pand. 3f. cambrica? is European ; the seven
or eight remaining species^ inhabit the Hiina-
lavas and North America.
Argcmone* (figs. 125—127) has usually tri-
merous flowers, with a calyx,4 two corollas, and
indefinite stamens. It is distinguished from
Pf{p(wero\\\y by slight characters derived from
the gynseceum and fruit, especially from the
number of constituent carpels, the form and
arrangement of the stigmatiferous divisions
of the style, and the extent of the triangular
valves of dehiscence. The one-celled ovary
contains from three to six narrow multi-
ovulate parietal placentas, and is surmounted
by a short style, which soon expands into as
many5 stigmatiferous lobes, concave above and lined by velvety
stigmatiferous tissue. The fruit is an elongated capsule, opening-
above by the depression of as many valves as there are placentas.
These latter remain surmounted by the style to form a sort of cage,
between the bars of which the scrobiculate seeds escape. Arr/emone
consists of herbs with a yellow latex, possessing alternate incised
pinnatifid leaves, often covered with stiff bristles or sharp prickles,
like the peduncles, calyx, and ovary. The flowers6 are terminal. The
five or six known species7 are American ; but one of them is now
found all over the Tropics.
Fig. 124
Inflorescence.
1 Via., loc. cit.— DC, Fl. Fr., v. 586.—
Geen. & Godr., Fl. de Fr., i. 60. — Papaver
cambricum L., Spec, 1-1.
2 Hook, p., III. PI. Himal., t. S, 9.—B >/.
Mag., t. 4668, 5585.— Walp., Rep,, i. 110
(part.) ; Ann., iv. 170 ; vii. 86.
3 A.gemone T., Inst, 239, t. 121.— L., G n ,
n. 619.— Adaxs., Fain, des PL, ii. 432.— J.,
Gen., 236.— G.ERT.V., F.uct., i. 287, t. GO.—
Lamk., Diet., i. 287; Suppl., i. 417; 111., fc.
452.— DC, Prodr., i. 120.— Spach, Suit, a
Buffon, vii. 25. — Payee, Organog., t. 16. —
E.NDL., Gen., n. 4821.— B. H., Gen., 52, V6h, n.
6. — Echtras Louu., Fl. Cochinch., 314.
4 A little below the organic apex of each sepal
is an external prominence, a pointed cone ot
variable length, resulting from a localized de-
velopment of the midrib (rig. Ii5).
5 The stigmatiferous lobes are superposed to
the placentas, as in the Poppies.
6 White or yellow.
7 Hook f. & Thoms., Fl. Ind., i. 255. —
Eenth., Fl. Hongk., 15. — A. Guvr, Gen. III.,
t. 47; Man., 25. — Chapm., Fl S. U.iit. -States,
21.— Geiseb., Fl, Brit. W. hid., 12.— Ejchl.,
in Mart. Fl. Bras., Papai)., 315. — Oliv., Fl.
Prop. Afr.,\. hi.— Bat. R g., t. 1264.— Bot.
Mag., t. 2342.— WA1.P., Hep., i. 109; Ann., ii.
25; iv. 170 ; vii. 85.
112
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Cathcartia} has the flower of Argemone, with a dimerous perianth,
and a cylindrical capsular fruit with from four to six valves opening
all the way down to leave a sort of cage, of which the bars are formed
Argemone mexicana.
Fig. 125-
Flower-bud.
Fig. 126.
Flower.
Fig. 127.
Open fruit.
by the hardened placentas surmounted by the persistent style. C.
villosa is a Himalayan herb, with a yellow juice and the leaves
covered with tawny hairs, like those of certain Poppies, of which it
has the inflorescence.
Siylopliorunr has nearly the fruit of Cathcariia, with two, three, or
four placentas. The ovary is surmounted by an erect style which
expands above into a head with erect stigmatiferous lobes separated
by deflexed sinuses ; in other respects the dimerous flower and
vegetative organs are very near those of Chelidonium. Four species
of this are known,3 two are perennial herbs from North America;
a third4 is Himalayan; the fourth comes from Eastern Asia and
Japan.5
Sanguinaria canadensis* (figs. 128, 129) is a little perennial herb,
1 Hook, p., in Pet. Mag., t. 4536.— B. H.,
Gen., 52, n. 8.— Walp., Sep., iv. 175.
2 Nutt., Gen., ii. 7. — I'.eknit., in Linncea,
viii. 461.— Ejcdl., Gen., n. 4820.— A. Gray,
Gen. 111., t. 48.— 15. H., Cen., 52, n. 9.
3 DC, Prodr., i. 121 (Meconopsis). — Hook.,
in Sot. Mag., t, 4867.— Walp., Rep., i. 110
(Meconopsis) ; Ann., vii. 86.
4 S. lacfvcoides, wliereof J. Hookek & Tiiom-
eox (Fi. Ind., i. 255) have made a genus, Diera-
nostigma, because its gyr.seceuui is dicarpellary.
5 Chelidonium unifiorvm Steb. & Zrcc. (Ft.
Jap. Fam. Nat., i. 63), wliereof Maximovitz
(Prim. Fl. Amur., 36, t. 3) makes a genus Hi/lo-
mecon, giving it the specific name H. vernalix.
It has the fruit of Chelidonium, but its style is
that of the other species of Stylophorum. Perhaps
some day we shall be compelled to regard this as
only a section of the genus Chelidonium.
6 Sanguinaria Dill., Flth., t. 252. — L.,
Gen., n. 645. — J., Gen., 236. — Lamk., Diet.,
vi. 498; III., t, 419.— DC, Sgst., ii. 88 ; Prodr.,
PAPAVERACEJE.
113
whose rhizome produces in spring one or more aerial shoots ; eacli
usually consists of a well developed petiolate leaf with a palmi veined
Sanguinaria canadensis (JPuecoon).
Fig. 128.
Habit.
blade, several other leaves reduced to imbricate scales, and a peduncu-
late flower, almost ephemeral. This resembles in calyx and andro-
i. 131. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vii. 37. — 53, n. 10. — Belharnosia Sabbac, ex Adans.,
Bebnh., in Linncea, viii. 459. — Endl., Gen., u, Fam. des Pl„ ii. 432.
4818.— A. Geat, Gen. IU.,t. 49.— B. H., Gen.,
VOL. III. I
114
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Bocconia {Macleya) cordata.
ceum that of Chelidonium or Stylophorum. But there are from eight
to twelve petals, each piece of both corollas being replaced by
two or three unequal imbricate leaves
(fig. 1.29). The ovary contains two
multiovulate parietal placentas,1 and its
style ends in two deflexed adnate stig-
matiferous lobes. The fruit dehisces by
two valves, which separate all down
their edges, leaving the seeds suspended
on the placentary frame or replum.
These seeds are formed as in the Poppies,
but the raphe has an arillary crest as in
Chelidonium. This species extends over
a great part of North America.2
In the genus Bocconia* (figs. 130-133)
we see a greatly reduced type ; its
flowers are apetalous4 and its ovary
pauciovulate. In Macleya? which
cannot be separated from this genus, the
two placentas, which stand right and left,
bear each several ascending ovules
with the micropyle downwards and
inwards. But in Bocconia proper
(fi^s. 131-133) only one of them bears on its lower part an almost
basilar fertile ovule.6 The stamens are indefinite/ or subdefinite
in some species.8 The fruit is like that of Sanguinaria, with one
Fig. 130.
Inflorescence.
1 Tbe ovules have two coats, and are finally
arranged in several rows on each placenta.
» L., Spec, 723.— A. Gray, Man., 26.—
Chapm., Fl. S. Unit-Stales, 22.— Bot. Mag.,t.
162.— Walp., Hep., i. 109.
3 Plum., Gen., 35, t. 25. — Adaxs., Fam. des
PL. ii. 431.— L., Gen., n. 591.— J., Gen., 236.—
G^etn., Fruct., i. 204, t. 44.— Lahk., Diet., i.
432 ; I.ll,, t. 394. — DC, Sgsl., ii. 89 ; Prod,:, i.
121. — Beenh., in Linnaa, viii. 460. — Spacii,
Suit, a Buffon, vii. 40, 42. — Endl., Gen., n.
4816.— B. H„ Gen., 53, n. 11.
4 Payee has seen that the two imbricate or
twisted sepals (fij;. 132) "appear :lm>st simul-
taneously, and are lateral" (Organog., 218, t.
48).
5 R. Be., in App. Benli. Sf Clapp., 218.—
Endl., Gen., n. 4817.
6 The raphe at first looks towards the pla-
centa; later on it gets twisted, so that the raphe
looks to one and the inferior micropyle to the
other interstice between the placentas.
" In Macleya cordata R. Be. {Bocconia
cordata W.) the androceum usually comprises
four whorls of six stamens each (Payee, loc. cit.,
219, t. 48).
8 " The andrcceum of B. frutescens usually
consists of but six stamens, that make their
appearance at two successive periods" (Patee,
loc. cit.). In the specimens from the Antilles
the stamens are often more numerous.
PAPAVEBACEJE.
115
or few seeds possessing an arillary outgrowth above the base.
Bocconia consists of perennial herbs or shrubs, with a yellow or red
juice. The leaves are alternate, lobed ; the small flowers form
terminal compound racemes.1 Of the three known species one
inhabits China and Japan,0 and the others are spread over great part
of Tropical America.3
Bocconia fmiescens.
Fig. 131.
Flower (\).
Fig. 132.
Diagram.
Fig. 133.
Long. sect, of gynaeceuni.
Celandine4 (Fr., Chelidoine, figs. 134-136) has the perianth and
androceum of the Poppies,6 two caducous sepals, four caducous similar
petals, and an indefinite number of free hypogynous stamens with
introrse two-celled anthers of longitudinal dehiscence. But the
gynseceum is reduced to two alternisepalous carpellary leaves. The
elongated one-celled ovary ends in a short thick style, which divides
above into two short deflexed stigmatiferous lobes superposed to
the placentas.6 These last are superposed to the sepals, linear,
bearing an indefinite number of anatropous ascending ovules,
1 " They are racemes of flowers again grouped
into a raceme along a common axis. I may add
that in each of the smaller racemes (Fr., Grappe)
the chief axis of the inflorescence ends in a flower
which expands before the rest" (Payee, loc. cit.,
218).
2 B. cordata. Several forms from Japan are
now cultivated, especially Macleya iedoensis
Sieb. & Zucc. (Waxp., Rep., i. 109; Ann., vii.
87).
3 H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec, i. 119, t. 35. —
Bot. Mag., t. 1905.
4 CheUdonium T., Inst., 231, t. 116.— L.,
Gen., n. 647. — Adans., Fam. des PL, ii. 432. —
J., Gen., 236. — G^etn., Fruct., ii. 164, 1. 115. —
Lake., Diet., i. 73; Suppl., i. 208; III., t. 450. —
DC, Si/st., ii. 98; Prodr., i. 122.— Spach, Suit.
a Bnffon, vii. 34. — Endl., Gen., n. 4819. —
Payee, Organog., 217, t. 45. — B. H., Gen., 53,
n. 14.
5 The pollen is like that of Papaver.
6 The two lobes being the prominent papillose
portions, while the alternating deflexed rounded
prominences represent the summits of the carpels.
i 2
116
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
with their micropyles downward and inwards. The fruit is dry,
narrow, and elongate; in short, it is formed like a siliqua, recalling
in externals that of many Crucifers, but lacking the false septum ;
when mature the two valves separate from the placenta, which,
surmounted by the style, forms a narrow elongated frame, supporting
the ascending seeds. These (figs. 135-136) have the micropyle in-
ferior and contain copious
Chelidonium majus {Common Celandine). fleshy albumen ai'OUnd the
minute embryo, while the
raphe is dilated towards its
centre into a little arcuate
arillar crest.1 Chelidonium
comprises erect branching
herbs, with coloured latex.
The leaves are dissected,
their lobes varying greatly
in size with the form or
variety. The flowers form
an umbelliform cyme on
top of a common terminal
peduncle.2 Though bota-
nists have admitted several
species in this genus it
probably contains only one,3 which has been observed in Europe,
Temperate Asia, and North America.
We find the fundamental organization of the Celandine in the
Horn-Poppies4 (Fr., Glaucieres, Pavots coram ; fig. 137). But the
stigmatiferous lobes of the style are more marked, and persist,
extending into a four-lobed cupule above the apex of the seed. The
fruit is itself very long, cylindrical, more or less bowed. Inside it
Fig. 134.
Floriferous branch.
Fig. 136.
Long:, sect, of seed.
1 The cells of the surface are here hvper-
trophied, thus forming an aril of the raphe, which
has often been termed a strophiole.
2 Sometimes leaf-opposed, owing to the rapid
development of the axillary branch.
3 C. majus Mill., Diet., n. 1. — L., Spec,
723.— Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., Hi. t. 10. — Gkex.
& Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 62. — C. laciniatum Mill.,
Diet., n. 2. — C. quercifolium Willem., Fl. Lorr.,
ii. 613.
4 Glaucium T., Inst., 254, t. 130.— L.( Gen.,
n. 236. — Adaxs., Fam. des PL, ii. 432. — J.,
Gen., 236. — G.EETN., Fritct., ii. 165, t. 115.—
Lamk., Did., Suppl., ii. 209, 789.— DC, Syst.,
ii. 94; Prodr., i. 122. — Bebxh., in Linncea, viii.
463. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vii. 30. — Exdl...
Gen., n. 4826.— Payee, Organog., t.47. — B. H.,
Gen., 53, n. 12.
PAP AVER ACE ^.
117
Glaucium flavum.
project the two placentas covered with seeds and united by a thick
hard false septum, which is nearly cylindrical, with the seeds more
or less completely embedded in it. On dehiscence they remain in
this central column, while the two carpellary leaves diverge from it
from above downwards almost to the base of the fruit. The
seeds are scrobiculate but not arillate.
Glaucium consists of herbs with a
coloured juice, and lobed or dissected
alternate leaves. The flowers are in
terminal cymes, sometimes reduced
to a single flower. Five or six
species have been distinguished1 from
the Mediterranean, one inhabits the
seacoasts of Europe, Asia, and North .
Africa.
Rcemeria* has the perianth and
androceum of Glaucium or Papaver,
so that the flower is externally
quite that of the latter. But its
slender elongated ovary, with from two to four linear placentas,
is surmounted by a sessile slightly dilated stigma with deflexed.
adnate lobes. The seeds attached to the edges of long narrow con-
cave valves are quite those of a Poppy ; there is no false septum.
One or two species of this genus are known,3 herbs from Temperate
Europe and Asia, with the habit and inflorescence of Papaver.
Fig. 137.
Flower.
III. ESCHSCHOLTZIA SERIES.
Eschscholtzia* (figs. 13S-141) has regular hermaphrodite flowers.
The receptacle forms a hollow cone, whose mouth is surrounded by
1 Sm., Fxot. Bot.,\u t. 7. — Sibth., Fl. Grcec,
t. 488, 489. — Fees., in Mus. Senkenh., i. 1. 10. —
Reichb., It: Fl. Genu., iii. 1. 11, 12. — A. Gbay,
Man., 26 — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 119.— Geen. &
Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 61. — Walp., i. 115; ii.
750; Ann., i. 23 ; iv. 174; vii. 86.
2 Medik., in lister. Ann., iii. Pep. (1792),
15.— DC., Syst., ii. 92 ; Prodr., i. 122.— Endl,,
Gen., n. 4825.— B. H., Gen., 53, n. 13.
3 DC, in Mem. Soc. Gen., i. 224, t. 2.—
Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 8. — Sibth., Fl. Grcec,
t. 490 {Glaucium).— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 118.—
Walp., Ann., i. 23 ; iv. 174.
4 Cham., in Nees Hor. Phys. Berol., 73, t.
15. — DC, Prodr., iii. 344. — Spach, Suit, a
JSuffon, vii. 47. — Beenh., in Linncea, viii. 464. —
Endl., Gen., n. 4827. — Payee, Organog., 217,
t. 45. — B. H., Gen., 54, n. 17. — Chryseis LlNDl.,
in Pot. Keg., t. 1948.
118
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
a discoid rim more or less prominent externally,1 and bears a calyx
and tetramerous corolla, perigynous like the indefinite stamens;
while the g}maeceura is inserted down in the bottom. The two
valvate sepals cohere completely, and come off together at the base
by a circular slit, like an extinguisher. The petals are sessile and
caducous, imbricate or twisted. The stamens, also inserted on the
BschscJioltzia erocea.
Fig. 139.
Gynseceum (±).
Fig. 138.
Flower (f).
Fig. 140.
Gynseceum opened.
edge of the receptacle,- consist each of a free filament and a basifixed
introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence. The ovary is
free and one-celled, with two multiovulate parietal placentas ;3 the
terminal style ends in four, six, or eight branches, whereof two are
the continuations of the placentas,4 all covered with stigmatiferous
papillae at the apex. The fruit is a narrow elongated dry capsule,
traversed by ten longitudinal ribs, and dehiscing down to the base
into two rigid recurved valves which bear the seeds on their edges.
The albumen is copious around a small embryo. Eschscholtzia con-
sists of four or five species5 of glabrous glaucescent herbs from North
1 The development of this prominence is late ;
it can only be compared to tlie usually more
internal disks, which are due to hypertrophy of
the receptacle.
s Patek says (loc. cit., 219) they are "grouped
in alternating whorls of six ; in each whorl the
stamens appear at two successive times
Moreover .... the four first stamens of the
first whorl are in pairs superposed to the two
outer petals."
3 When adult the ovules are arranged trans-
versely or obliquely., in several rows.
4 As may be seen in figs. 139, 140, especially
in the latter, where the two carpellary leaves,
separated from the placentas, themselves end
each in two or three stigmatiferous processes
(Payee, Organog., 221). Hence we may say
that two of the divisions of the style are simple
and placentary (as in Cruciferce), while the
others, simple or lobed, represent the apex of the
carpellary leaves (as in Chelidofdwn).
3 Sot. Mag., t. 2S87, 3495, 4812.— Bot. Beg.,
t. 1168, 1677. — WAIP, Sep., i. 116; Ann., iv
175 j vii. 87.
PAFAVE11ACE.V.
119
JEschscholtzia ( Hunnemannia)
funi'irii -a Jul 'hi .
America. They have alternate exstipulate leaves with linear lobes.
Their flowers are solitary on long terminal or leaf-opposed peduncles.
In the flowers of E. tenuifolia? cultivated in our gardens, the
receptacle forms a sac without any external prominent rim. This
cannot, however, be separated generically from Esckscholtzia, any
more than the so-called Hunnemannia2
fumariecefolia (fig. 141), a Mexican plant
which has been made the type of a
distinct genus because its sepals separate
instead of remaining united edge to
edge ; we hence consider it a distinct
section of the genus Eschscholtzia?
Dendromecon rigidwm* has the flowers
of a Hunnemannia, with a style divid-
ing above into two short thick erect
stigmatiierous lobes, alternate with the
placentas. Its fruit is, moreover, nearly
that of an Esckscholtzid, narrow and elongated, dehiscing into two
long recurved valves that bear the seeds on their edges. But its
vegetative organs are very different ; it is a shrub (from California)
with alternate simple entire rigid reticulate leaves/' and solitary
terminal flower/'
Fig. hi.
Flower.
IV. FUMITORY SERIES.
The only reason that Fumitory (Fr., Fumeterre, figs. 142, 159-
1G5) should give its name to this series is that it is the most
common and the longest known type ; but it is, as we shall see later,
an irregular and reduced one. In fact, it is not easy to understand
its organization, till after the study of some other genera of the
1 Benth., in Trans. Hort. Soc, ser. 2, i. 408.
2 SWKBT, Brit. Fl. Gard., iii. t. 270 —
Hook., in But. Mag,,t. 3061. — Eis'DL., &en.,
n. -1828. — B. H., Gen., 54, n. 16.
3 The ovary bears ten longitudinal ribs, three
corresponding with each carpellary leaf, and two
with each placenta. The stigmatiferous lobes
are shorter than in Eschschollzia. There lire
often six of them, two placentary, four
carpellary. The dehiscence of the anthers
is nearly marginal. The pollen is orange-
coloured.
1 Benth., in Truns. Hurl. Soc, ser. 2, i.
4( '7.— B. II., Gen., 54, n. 15.— Hook., Icon., t.
37 ; in But. Mag., i. 5134.
5 Subsessile, elliptical, or lanceolate, penni-
veined, with a network of anastomosing libs.
6 With a yellow delicate corolla, opening in
sunshine, and closing in the shade, as in Each-
scholizia.
120
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
same group, such as Hypecoum1 or Dicentra. The former (figs.
143-150) has regular hermaphrodite flowers. On the little convex
Fumaria officinalis.
Fig. 142.
Habit.
receptacle are borne two antero-posterior sepals, two alternating
1 T., Inst., 230, t. 115 [Hypecoon). — L., Suit, a Bvffon, vii. 62. — Endl., Gen., n.4833.
Gen., n. 171. — J., Gen., 236. — Gm&TS., Fruct , Payee, Organog., 227; Fam. Nat., 128. — B. H.,
ii. 164, t. 115.— Lamk., Diet., iii. 160; Suppl., Gen., 54, 965, n. 18. — Mnemosilla Foksk., Fl.
iii. 82; III., t. 88.— DC, ffy**., ii. 101 ; Frodr., Mgypt.-Aral., 122.
i. 123. — Bekkh., in Litmcea, viii. 465. — Spalh,
PAPAVEBACE.E.
121
petals, and two more superposed to the sepals, all four usually trilobate.1
The androceum consists of four stamens superposed two to the outer
and two to the inner petals.2 Each has a free filament and an
Hypecoum procumbens.
Fig. 143.
Flower (a).
Fig. 145.
Flower unexpanded.
Fig. 144.
Lonjr. sect, of flower.
Fig. 146.
Flower dissected.
Fig. 148.
Fig. 147.
Fig. 150
Fruit.
Sexual organs (-*-).
Seed (f)
Fig. 149.
Long. sect, of part
of the fruit (f).
introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence. The free
gynaeceum consists of an elongated one-celled ovary, surmounted by
a style with two stigmatiferous branches, superposed to the outer
petals. The placentas, alternating with these, are parietal, each
1 In this case the three lobes are imbricated, of alternation, in two dimerous verticils as in
as though they were three distinct petals. JSpimedium.
2 For they are arranged according to the law
122 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
bearing a vertical row of ascending anatropous ovules, with their
rnicropyles turned downwards and away from the placenta.
The fruit is dry, partitioned off by transverse false-septa between
the seeds and often dividing into one-seeded segments, more rarely
dehiscing by two longitudinal valves.1 The ascending seeds contain
a large albumen, lodging on one side some way from its organic apex
a narrow bowed excentric embryo. The four or five known species2
of this genus are glaucous glabrous annual herbs, with alternate
multisect leaves of linear segments. They become smaller and oi'ten
opposite below the flowers, which are terminal or leaf-opposed, or
sometimes collected into a sort of leafy raceme, on a peculiar axis
with no leaves towards its base. All these plants are natives of the
Mediterranean regions of Europe and Africa, or of Temperate Asia.
Our knowledge of the floral organization of ffi/pecoum, makes that
of Dicentrc? (figs. 151-153) now easy. Both of the oppositisepalous
stamens are comj^letely deduplicated ; each lateral half, consisting of
a slender filament and an anther-cell, quits its fellow to adhere to the
edge of the alternisepalous stamen. Hence this appears formed,
above a certain height, of one broad flattened filament bearing at the
top four anther-cells, of which the two central alone belong to one single
stamen. Such is the origin of the apparent diadelphy that groups
the stamens in two bundles superposed to the outer petals (fig. 151).
These have above their base a sac-like or spur-like dilatation, while
the inner pair (fig. 153) are narrower and unguiculate, and cohere by
their tips which bear an external keel or wing. The ovary is sur-
mounted by a style with a two- or four-lobed lip,4 and contains a large
number of ovules5 on two antero-posterior parietal placentas. The
1 On this character is founded the genus Tent. Fl. Nepal., 51, t. 39. — Bernh., in Lin-
Chiazospermum Beenh. (in Linntea, viii. 465), neea, viii. 467. — Endl., Gen., n. 4835. Cap-
whose type is H. erection L. (Spec, 181), a norchis Pl., in Fl. des Serr., viii. 193. — Eu~
Daourian species, which can only be made a capnos Sieb. & Zucc, in Abh. Ak. Miin., hi.
distinct section of Hypecoum. 721, t. 1, fig. 2.
2 Sibth., Fl. Grcec, ii. 47, t. 156. — Reichb., 4 In the latter case we must distinguish be-
Ic. Fl. Germ., Hi. t. 9. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 121. — tween the two primitive lobes corresponding with
Geen. & Godb., Fl. de Fr., i. 62. — Walp., Rep., the apices of the carpellary leaves and the un-
i. 117 ; Ann., i. 23; iv. 176; vii. 88. equally flattened and expanded lobes with incised
3 Boekh., ex Bebnh., in Linntea, viii. 468. — edges, which vary in form with the species, and
Endl., Gen., n. 4836. — B. H., Gen., 55, n. 20. — are situated lower down, owing to a late hyper-
Dlclytra DC, Sy.it., ii. 107 ; Prudr., i. 125. — trophy of the sides of the style.
Payee, Organog., 227, t. 50 ; Fam. Nat., 127. s They are originally ascending, with the
(The name has often been wrongly written micropyle downwards and inwards; they have
Dielytra.) — Macrocapnos Rotle, in Lindl. two coats.
Introd., ed. 2, 439. — Dactylicapnos Wall.,
TAT AVERAGE M.
123
fruit is dry, flattened so that the placentas are brought close against
one another ; it dehisces longitudinally by the separation of the
placentas from the valves, which either leave them entirely or
remain clinging to one. The seeds, naked or with an arillary crest,
are formed as in Corydalis. About twelve species1 of Dicentra are
known, half American, half from Temperate Central and Eastern
Asia. They are perennials, often climbing ; the leaves are alternate
multisect ; the flowers are collected into terminal or leaf-opposed
simple racemes or racemes of cymes.
Dicentra spectabilis.
Fig. 152.
Long. sect, of flower.
Fig. 151.
Diagram.
Fig. 153.
Inner petal.
Adlumia cirrkosa,2 a climber from North America, is a Dicentra with
conferruminate petals ; it is in no other respect different.
Corydalii (tigs. 154-15S) may be denned as Dicentra with only
one petal prolonged above its base into a spur, sac, or gibbosity.
1 Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 9 B — A. Gray, Gen.
III., t. 50; Man., 27.— Chapm., Fl. S. Unit.-
States, 22.— Don, in Sw. Brit. Fl. Gard., ser.
2, ii. t. Vll. — Bot. Mag., t. 3031, 4458.—
Walp., Rep. i , 118 ; Ann., i. 24 ; iv. 177 ; vii. 89.
2 Rafin., in N.- York lied. Bepos., ii. hex. 5,
350 ; in Desrx. Journ. Bot., ii. 169. — DC, Syst.,
ii. Ill; Prodr., i. 126. — Bernii., in Linncca,
viii. 468. — Endl., Gen., n. 4837. — A. Gray,
Gen. III., t. 151 ; Man., 27.— Chapm., Fl. S.
Unit. -Slates, 22.— B. H., Gen., 55, n. 21 —
Bicuculla Bokkh., in Boem. Arch., i. 2, 46. —
Corydalis fungosa Vent., Ch. de PL, t. 19 (ex
Endl.).
3 DC, Syst., ii. 113; Prodr., i. 126.— Spach,
Suit, a Buffon, vii. 71—84. — Endl., Gen., n.
4839.— B. H., Gen., 55, n. 22.— Capnoides
Boerh., Lugd.-Bat., 391. — G^rtn., Fruct., ii.
163, t. 115.— T., Inst., 423, t. 237.— Adans.,
Fam. des PL, ii. 431. — Cysticapnos Boerh., loc.
cit. — Endl., Gen., n. 4812. — Neckeria Scop.,
Introd., n. 1436. — Bulbocapnos Bernh., in
Linncea, viii. 469. — Phacocapnos Bernh., loc.
cit., 664. — Sopliorocapnos TtJBCZ., in Bull.
Mosc. (1818), i. 570. — Cryptoceras Schott (ex
Walp., Ann., iv. 570). — Ceralocapnos Dur., in
Parlat. Giorn. Bot., i. 336.
124
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Hence the flower is made irregular by the unilateral projection.1
The ovary contains one or more ovules,2 and the one- or many-
Corydalis bullosa.
Fig. 154.
Inflorescence.
Fig. 155.
Flower (f).
Fig. 156.
Flower dissected.
seeded fruit opens as in Dicentra. The seeds have an arillary crest.3
Some seventy species4 of this genus have been described, erect or
1 When, as occasionally happens, the opposite
flower assumes a similar form, the flower Ik comes
accidentally regular, like that of a Dicentra.
This we have found the case in whole inflo-
rescences of C. cava. [See Gode., Mem. sur les
Fumariacees a Fleurs Irregvlieres et stir les
Causes de leur Irregtdarite, in Ann. Sc. Nat.,
ser. 5, ii. 272. See also, on the androeeum of
Fitmariacece, Caruel, in Bull. Soc. Bot. de F, .,
xiv. 228 ; and on the general symmetry of the
flowers in this group, Eichl., in Flora (1865),
433, 449, 497, 513, 529, 545, in Mart. Fl. Bras.,
Papav., 323, t. 68; — Buchen., in Flora (1866),
39.] — Pater {Organog., 227, t. 49, 50) has also
studied the symmetry of the parts by following
■up their development.
2 They have two coats.
3 Resulting from the excessive development of
a little group of cells near the base of the raphe,
on the opposite side of the hilum to the micro-
pyle ; it has often been termed a strophiole. In
this genus the seeds have often an enormous
albumen at the time the fruit dehisce-*, without
any embryo. This developes ulteriorly in certain
species, just as in Eratithis.
4 Deless., Icon. Sel , ii. t. 9, 10. — Reichb.,
Ic. Fl. Germ., iii. 5-8.— Wight, ///., 11.—
Harv. & Sokd., Fl. Cap., i. 16. — Boiss., Fl.
Or., i. 126.— Maxim., Prim. Fl. Amur., 37.—
A. Gray, Gen. III., t. 52 ; Man., 27. — Chapm.,
Fl. S. Unit.- States, 23.— Gren. & Godr., Fl.
de Fr., i. 64.— Wali\, Pep., i. 118; ii. 750; v.
23; Ann., i. 24; ii. 27, 29 {Ceratocapnos) ; iv.
1S4, 190 (Cryploceras) ; vii. 89.
P AP AVER ACE JE.
125
Corydalis solida.
climbing lierbs. When they are perennial the subterranean part is
often a tuberous rhizome of variable form (157, 158), the evolution
of which presents numerous specific peculiarities.1 The leaves are
alternate or subopposite, multisect exstipulate. The flowers form
terminal or leaf-opposed, simple or more
rarely ramified racemes. Corydalis inha-
bits Europe, Temperate Asia, North and
South Africa, and Temperate America.
Sarcocapnos" has altogether the flower of
Corydalis; but the number of ovules on
each of the two placentas is small3 or
often reduced to one only. The fruit is a
little, flattened, one- or two-seeded, inde-
hiscent achene. Three or four species4 of
this genus are known, low lierbs, from the
Mediterranean, Spain, and North-western
Africa. Their leaves are dissected as in
Corydalis, with usually larger fleshier segments,
terminal paucifloral racemes.
The Fumitories5 (figs. 142, 159-165) offer a reduced type of Cory-
dalis and Sarcocapnos. They have the same flower in perianth6 and
androceum,7 and the indehiscent fruit of Sarcocapnos. But the ovary
Fig. 157.
Long. sect, of
young bulb.
Fig. 158.
Long sect, of
older bulbs.
The flowers form
1 BlSCH., in Zeitschr. f. PJiys., iv. 146 ; in
Ann. Sc. Nat.,ser. 2, i. 117. — Marly, in Flora
(1838), 728. — E. de Bekg, in Ann. Sc. Nat.,
seY. 2, xiii. 158. — Michal., in Bull. Soc. Bot.
de Fr., vi. 779, 804; vii. 590.— Gerai., in Bull.
Soc. Bot. de Fr., vii. 590, 594.
2 DC, Syst., ii. 129; Prodr., i. 129— Endl.,
Gen., n. 4841.— B. H., Gen, 56, n. 23.—
Apl ectrocapnos Boiss., Diagn., v. 79.
3 I have often seen two ovules, on one pla-
centa, and only one on the other.
4 Lame., III., t. 597, fig. 4 (Fumaria). —
Desf., Fl. All., t. 173 (Fumaria). — Bernh., in
Linna>a, viii. 470. — Walp., Rep., v. 24.
5 Fumaria T., Inst., 422, t. 237.— L., Gen.,
n. 849. — Adans., Fam. des PI., ii. 431.— J.,
Gen., 237. — GiERTN., Fruct., ii. 162, t. 115. —
Lame:., Diet., ii. 566; Suppl., ii. 681; III., t.
115.— DC., Syst., ii. 129; Prodr., i. 129.—
Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vii. 85. — Endl., Gen., n. .
4843. — Pater, Organogen., 227, t. 49.— B. H.,
Gen., 56, 965, n. 24. — Hammar, Monogr. Gen.
Fumar., in Nov. Act. Soc. Beg. TJpsal., ser. 3,
ii. p. i. 257, t. 1-6. — Platycapnos Bernh:., in
Linnrra, viii. 471. — Endl., Gen., n. 4844. —
Discocapnot Cham. & Schltl., in Linncea, i.
569. — Bernh., in Linnaa, viii. 470. — Endl.,
Gen., n. 4840.
6 Flowers occur, which become regular (like
those in figs. 162, 163), because neither petal is
Fig. 162.
Fig. 163.
spurred. The petals, when affected by this
monstrosity, are usually somewhat greenish,
tapering at the base, and almost spathulate.
1 As in Corydalis, it sends down a glandular
126
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
at maturity contains only one subbasilar ascending ovule with its
micropyle downwards and outwards, inserted on the lower part of
one of the two parietal placentas. The other placenta remains
sterile.1 The fruit is a little drupe, whose skin finally dries up ; the
Fumaria officinalis.
Fig. 164.
Fruit (f ).
Fig. 159.
Fig. 161.
Fig. 160.
Flower (f). Flower, perianth Long. sect, of
removed. flower.
Fig. 165.
Long. sect,
of fruit.
stone contains a single seed. The Fumitories are glaucous herbs,
often annual, erect and much branched, or climbing. In leaves and
inflorescence they resemble Corydalis. Half a dozen species are
known," inhabitants of Europe, Asia, North and South Africa,
Australia, and North and South America.
The Papcweracea were made a distinct class, even in the list of
decurrent spear into the hollow of the gibbous
petal, like that of the androceuin of the Violet.
The form of the pollen grains is very remarkable
both in Fumaria and Corydalis (see H. Mohl,
in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii. 32G) ; it is poly-
hedral, or else spherical, with very large pro-
minent papillae that make it look polyhedral.
Thus in Fumaria officinalis and Alexaudrina,
and Corydalis capreolata, they form viscid opaque
spheres, with six or twelve regularly arranged
papilla?. In F. nohilis they bear three narrow
bands. In C. lutea and sempervirens they are
divided by narrow bands, " like a cube, triangular
prism, or tetradon ;" in F. spicata, " like a pen-
tagonal dodecahedron." The grains of F. offi-
cinalis have the general form of a cube with the
angles rounded ofi\ If one of the faces is pre-
sented to the observer four large papillae are seen,
forming a sort of hemispherical cap to each angle,
with a sort of ring round the base. Nearer the
centre of the face, and within these papillae, are
seen not more than four similar ones.
1 Or if at first it bears a few ovules, their
development is soon arrested, like those on the
fertile placenta that do not reach maturity.
2 Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., iii. t. 1-4. — Boiss.,
Fl. Or., i. 132.— Harv. & Sond., FL Cap., i.
18. — Habt., Thes. Cap., t. 10 (JDiscocapnos). —
A. Gray, Man., 28. — Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras.,
Fapav.,3l9.—C. Gay, Fl. Chil., i. 103.— Oliv.,
Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 55.— Gren. & Godr., Fl. de
Fr., i. 66. — Walp., Rep., v. 23 (Discocapnos) ;
Ann., ii. 27 ; iv. 178 ; vii. 92.
PAP AVERAGES.
127
B. de Jussieu1 in 1759. Besides the seven genera Bocconia, Sangui-
naria, Chelidonium, Argemone, Papaver, Hypecotim, and Fumaria, it con-
tained Podophyllum, Nymphcea, Sarracena, Monotropa, and Impatiens.
In 1763 Adanson'- included the same genera in his family Pavots
(Poppies), together with the then known Berberidacea?, the Actceece,
and Laurus ; but he excluded Monotropa. A. L. de Jussieu3 retained
only the first seven of the above genera and added Glaucium ; re-
legating Monofropa to the "genera incertce sedis" and Podophyllum
and Actcea to Ranuncitlacea. Papaveracece was then reduced to eight
genera, six with indefinite and two {ITypecoum and Fumaria) with
definite stamens. De Candolle, between 1S22 and 1824,4 made
Papaveracece and Fumariacece into two distinct orders. The former
included all A.L.de Jussieu's order, except Fumaria, besides Pcemeria
of Medicus5 and Meconopsis of Viguier ;6 the latter comprised
Fumaria, Adlumia of Ra.fi nesque,7 and Diclytrc? and Corydalis.9
When Endlicher10 drew up his "Genera Plantarum" some fifteen years
later, the order Papaveracece, including Fumariacece as a suborder,
comprised seven more genera: Macleya of R. Brown,11 Stylophorum
of Nuttall,12 Eschscholtzia of Chamisso,13 Dendromecon Platystemon and
Plafystigma of Bentham,14 and Sarcocapnos of De Candolle.15 To
these types have since been added Romneya by Harvey10 in 1845, and
Cathcartia by J. Hooker17 in 1851 ; besides two other doubtful genera,
one18 imperfectly described, the other19 of uncertain position, which
raise the tale of Papaveraceous genera to twenty-three, comprising
some hundred and sixty species.
These plants are very unequally distributed over the globe. The
1 In A. L. de Juss. Gen., lxvii.
2 Fam. des PI., ii. 425, Fain. LIII.
3 Gen. Plant. (1789), 235, Ord. II.
4 St/st., ii. 67, 105; Prodr., i. 117, 125, Ord.
IX., X.
5 In Uster. Ann., iii. (1792).
6 Hist. Nat. Med. et Econ. des Pavots et des
Arqemones, Alontpell., 1814.
7 In N.- York Med. Repos., ii. 350 ; in Desvx.
Jour 7i. Pot., ii. (1809).
8 DC, St/st., ii. (1822).
9 DC, Fl. Fr., iv. (1805).
10 Gen. (1836-1840), 854-861.
11 In Denh. § Clapp. App. (1826).
12 Gen., ii. (1818).
13 In Nees Hor. Phys. Berol. (1820).
14 In Trans. Hort. Soc„ ser. 2, i. (1835).
15 Syst., ii. (1S22).
16 In Hook. Journ., iv.
17 In Pot. Mag., t. 4596.
is pteridophyllum Sieb. & Zucc. (in Abh. Ah.
Mun., iii. 719, t. 1, f. 1 ;— B. H., Gen., 54, n.
19;— Walp., Rep., v. 21). "Sepals 2, scale-
like. Petals 4, 2 outer elliptical-concave, 2 inner,
flat. Stamens 4, opposite petals. Placenta of
ovary nerve-like, bearing at very base 1, 2 ovules;
style filiform ; stigmatiferous lobes spreading,
alternating with placenta?. — A herb; rhizome
rather thick ; leaves radical, pectinate-pinna-
tisect ; scapes naked, ending in a simple or sub-
racemose raceme. — Species 1, Japanese : P.
racemosum Sieb. & Zucc." (This ill-known
plant seems very near to Hicentra).
19 Tovaria Ruiz & Pat., which has been
128
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
two series whereof Platystemon and Fschscholtzia are the respective
types, comprising five genera and fifteen species, are confined to the
West of North America. Of the ten genera composing Papaverece
only four extend to America : Papaver, whereof most species are
confined to the Old World ; Aryemone, with all its species American ;
two species of Sfylophorum, and the single one of Chelidonimn, are
also represented there. In Fumariea, Fumaria and Corydalis are
divided between both Worlds, though very unequally, America pos-
sessing only one species out of six of the former genus, and four out
of upwards of sixty of the latter. Of the twelve species of Dicentra
half are found in each hemisphere. The monotypical genera
Adhimia and Tovaria are exclusively American, and Hypecoum,
Sarcocapnos, and Pteridophyllum are natives of the Old World only.
The last is limited to Japan. Adhimia and Sanyuinaria, both
monotypical, are confined to North America. The only known
Cathcartia is a Himalayan plant. European representatives occur
to the following genera : Papaver, Meconopsis, Glaucium, Rcemeria,
Chelidonium, Hypecoum, Corydalis, Sarcocapnos and Fumaria, including
more than one-third of the total number.
Botanists of the present day are agreed in dividing Papaveracea
into four tribes or series :
I. Platystemone.e. — Petals all similar, stamens free indefinite.
Stigmatiferous divisions of the style alternate with the placentas,
free, distinct, often diverging. Gynasceum showing externally a
usually classed as an abnormal genus of Phyto-
laecacece, but Eichlee proposes to place it in
PapaveracecB, as linking this with the former
order. T. pendula, the only known species is a
native of Peru, Colombia, the Antilles, &c. On
its convex floral receptacle we find eight imbri-
cated caducous sepals ; eight alternating imbri-
cated sessile petals; from eight to twelve free
bypogynous stamens, with introrse two-celled
anthers of longitudinal dehiscence; a shortly stipi-
tate gynseceum, whose 6— 8-celled ovary is sur-
mounted by a short style, which rapidly dilates
into a head with from 6 to 8 thick stumpy rays,
stigmatiferous on the upper side. Each cell con-
tains in its ventral angle a thick placenta, whose
two lobes bear numerous anatropous ovules. The
fruit is a globular berry, with a thin pericarp ; it
contains in its pulp an indefinite number of seeds,
inclosing a fleshy albumen and a bowed embryo.
T.pendula is an annual herb of very strong smell,
with an erect glabrous branching stem. Its leaves
are alternate exstipulate, trifoliolate, membranous.
Its flowers form slender drooping multifloral ter-
minal racemes. (R. & Pay., Prodr., 49, t. 8;
Fl. Per., iii. 73, t. 309.— Pat., in Act. Med.
Matrit., i. 192.— Do>', in Edinb. N. Phil. Journ.,
vi. 50. — Ekdl., Gen., n. 5006. — Hook., Icon.,
t. 664.— Geiseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., i. 17.—
Macf., Fl. Jam., 112 (Bancroftia). — Pl., in
Toy. Bind., 20. — Tbia>a & Pl., in Ann. Sc.
Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 88. — B. H., Gen., 110, 969, n.
23.— Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Cappar., 239.)
PAPAVEBACEJE. 129
trace of the separation of the ovaries of the several carpels, which
becomes complete at maturity; seminiferous placentas then remaining
attached to the valves of the fruit. — (3 genera.)
II. Papavere^e. — Corolla and androceum as in Platystemonece.
Style thick, dilated into a sort of more or less stumpy head (often
wrongly described as a stigma), incised at the edges into lobes or
crenulations which alternate with the placentas, or else bear each a
stigmatiferous line or groove superposed to a placenta. Fruits
capsular, usually opening by valves alternate with the placentas,
which are here left free and support the style.
III. Eschscholtzie^;. — Corolla and androceum perigynous, other-
wise as in the preceding series. Gynaeceum partially inferior, dicar-
pellary. Stigmatiferous divisions four at least, respectively. corre-
sponding with the two placentas and the entire or divided summits
of the carpellary leaves. Fruit elongate, longitudinally striate ;
valves placentiferous on the edges. — (2 genera.)
IV. Fumarie^e. — Flowers dimerous, with two dissimilar corollas.
Stamens definite (4-6). Grynseceum dicarpellary. — (7 genera.)
By each one of these series the order Papaveracece is linked to
some special order among its allies ; by Plafysfemonce to Ranuncidacece,
by Papaverece to Ranunculacece and Berberidacece, by Eschscholiziece and
Fumariece to Cruciferce and Capparidacece. Thus Platystemon, where-
with we commenced the study of this order, has sometimes been
referred to Ranunculacece. For if the gynseceal elements be united
by the ovarian portion into a single one-celled ovary, yet at
maturity each carpellary leaf becomes free, so that the arrangement
recalls that of a Eanunculad. Moreover, orders closely allied to
Ranunculacece and Papaveracece may contain side by side with
their polycarpic types, other genera with a one-celled ovary and
parietal placentae; thus, in Anonacece, Maynoliacece, and Berberidacece
we find such genera as Monodora, Canella, Erythrospermum. Hence the
close affinities between Ranunculacece and Papaveracece cannot be
ignored, and the latter may be termed the unilocular type of the
former. But there are other characters that prevent our fusing the
two orders into one ; the frequency of dimerous symmetry of the
floral whorls, the presence of latex of peculiar properties in the
organs, and the almost constantly capsular fruit of the Papaveracece.
Podophyllece form another link between these two orders, and
VOL. III. K
130 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
have sometimes been ascribed to Ranuncidacea. But at the
same time it has been found impossible to ignore the close
affinities between Sanguinaria and Jeffersonia, which only really differs
in its unicarpellary gynaeceum. Hence the other Berberidacea, too,
border closely on Papaveracea. True they lack milky juice and pos-
sess a peculiar colouring matter instead. Their anthers often open
by valves, though sometimes by longitudinal clefts. But we have
shown that in the latter case the anthers are really introrse, despite
contrary appearances, while those of Papaveracece are generally ex-
trorse. It is useless to turn to the number of carpels, usually single
in Berberidacea but numerous in Papaveracea, since the Lardiza-
balece, all pluricarpellary, have been placed among the former, together
with PJrythrospermea, whose carpels are united into a one-celled
ovary, quite like that of a Poppy. But there is one other difference
between Papaveracece and Berberidacece (including Podojjhyllece). The
number of stamens, when definite, is a multiple of two in the former ;
while in the latter it is a multiple of three, the androceum, consist-
ing of deduplicated trimerous verticils. Epimedium, whose species
have nearly all dimerous flowers, offers the only exception, and here
the valvate anthers are characteristic.1 By the Fumariece, with the
androceum definite, the Papaveracece no doubt approach the
hexandrous Cruciferce ; but the stamens are not tetradynamous ; and
even when, as in Glaucium, the fruit is a siliqua with a false dissepi-
ment, the seeds have a fleshy albumen which is absent in Crucifers. 2
The Poppies come especially close to Nymphaacece and Sarracenece.
But the latter group have as many petals as sepals ; not as in
Papaveracece, a calyx and two corollas, whatever may be the sum
total of the perianth leaves ; and the Nymphceece have indefinite petals
arranged along a continuous spiral instead of in whorls ; while their
seed has a double albumen. We find too among the orders with a
1 J. G. Agaedh (Theor. Syst., 72, t. 5, figs. structura seminum quoque comparata, typuin
6, 7) compares Papaveracece chiefly with Nan- omnino diversum mihi indicat." (Ag., loc. cit.,
dinecB, which he separates from Lardizabalece 73.) B. Mirbel (in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 1, vi.
and Berberidacece : " Papaveracece sunt Nan- 266, t. 11) long ago established the chief points
dinece carpellis pluribus, in pistillum unicum con- of difference between Papaveracece and Cruci-
junctis. fierce ; and when we study the floral symmetry of
z " Gemmulse in Papaveraceis ita positae sunt the latter order, we shall see in what respects
ut raphe lutus superum gemmula? horizontalis aut many botanists have found it comparable with
erectiusculaj servet, micropyle infera deorsa. Gem- the former,
mulas contra in Cruciferis epitropas video, quod,
PAP AVERAGES. 131
one-celled ovary and parietal placentation whose affinities with the
Polycarpicce are not yet clearly settled, certain genera that recall
Papaveracece by their sexual organs ; such as Parnassia and several
Cistacece, Bixacece,1 and Capparidacete.
The vegetative organs of Papaveracea are to some extent charac-
teristic. We may note the usually herbaceous stems, often glabrous
and glaucous, or covered with long hairs, which may be harsh and
prickly. Only in two, Bocconia and Dendromecon, does the frutescent
stem become woody, at least in its lower part. A far more marked
character of organization is the presence of a white or coloured milky
juice in most Papaveracea. In some it becomes opalescent and trans-
lucent, and in Fumariea almost exclusively the juice is quite or nearly
transparent in stem and leaves. The Papaveracecs have always been
cited as typically rich in proper juice or latex.
The laticiferous vessels of Papaveracece, formerly imperfectly
described,2 have been recently studied by Tkecul.3 He finds
two types of structure and distribution of these vessels in
Papaveracea. " In the one type they are chiefly allotted to the
circumference of the fibrovascular bundles of the aerial stems and
leaves {Chelidonium, Macleya, Sanguinaria, &c). In the other they
are only present in the subliberian tissue of the fibrovascular bundles
of these same organs ; hence in neither case is it the liber fibres alone
that contain the latex ; which, however, does not imply that the
laticifers have none of the characters of these fibres. The Papa-
veracece .... on the contrary, will serve to show that these vessels
are formed of elements that vary with the parts they traverse — i.e.,
in the parenchyma they are formed from cells like those of the
parenchyma ; in contact with the liber they may be formed of cells
like those of the liber, and susceptible of similar thickening, &c."
In Papaver, Argemone, and Bajmeria the laticifers are seen in the sub-
1 Especially Cocldospermece, made a tribe of the laticiferous cells. (See also Amici, in Ann.
tbis order, but sometimes possessing the habit of Sc. Wat., ser. 1, i. 224, t. 13. — Link, Icon. Anat.,
Papaveracea. Cochlospermum has, it is true, fasc. 2, xiv. 8. — C. H. Schttltz, in Nov. Act.
pentamerous flowers, but the structure of its Nat. Cur., xviii. Suppl. ii. t. 16, 17.)
gynseceum recalls that of a Poppy, and its latex 3 In Compt. Bend., lx. 522; in Adansonia,
is yellow, as in Boemeria, Argemone, &c. vii. 145 ; in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 5, v. 44. — This
2 By Moldenhatter, who in 1812 (Beitr. z. work it is that we summarize here, and to it we
Anat. d. Pfianz., 141), described those of Cheli- refer the reader for the numerous details of the
ionium, and since by Unger, Hanstein, &c, question.
who have recognised the arrangement in rows of
K 2
132 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
liberian tissue forming long continuous tubes, anastomosing more or
less frequently, according to the species — very rarely in Papaver
xomniferu))).1 In the calyx and fruit they form, on the contrary, a
very intricate network. In the root of Argemone we see the rows
of laticiferous cells which are destined to be transformed into anas-
tomosing tubes. This condition, rows of cells forming a network
with other rows, is permanent in Sanguinaria Canadensis, where we
also find isolated latex cells, and in the petals continuous tubes. The
laticiferous cells of Chelidonium vary in form, according to the part
they occupy. In the cortical parenchyma and medullary rays they
are short. In the liber they are elongated like the fibres thereof.
In Bocconia (Maclei/a) cordata their distribution is nearly the same.2
The reservoirs of latex found in the liber appear to be true liber fibres,
and differ in no respect from the rest of them when the contained
latex has disappeared with age ; this occurs gradually, from below
upwards.3 In Glaucium the latex is in isolated cells which in the
stem are early emptied.4 Some rows of cells with yellow latex are
found in the outermost layers of the root. In the various plants of this
order the reservoirs of latex communicate either with one another
by perforations or special canals,5 or with the various lymphatic
vessels ; and even in Jrgemone, Trecul has seen the formation of latex
in situ in the cavity of certain vessels, and stopping up their channels.6
The plants of this order owe their most marked qualities to the
presence of these juices;7 where the latex is abundantwe find poisonous,
narcotic, acrid, irritant, or evacuant properties usually very marked.
The Poppies are essentially opium plants, and this terrible poison or
heroic remedy, is an integral part of the latex, or rather is only the
thickened latex, deprived b}r desiccation of the greater part of its water.
This juice is found in most parts of the plant, fruit, calyx, leaves,
1 Far more frequently in tbe Red Poppy. meet, often touch by their summits, and then
a There are cells with yellow orange or red blend by the absorption of their walls at the
latex, "scattered through the bark and me- point of contact.
dullary rays, and between the vessels of the 6 At first these form yellow protuberances on
wood." the inner wall of the vessel, limited by a very
3 At a certain age it is confined to the peri- delicate membrane, which then meet in the centre
carp. of the channel, and sometimes fuse.
4 Only a little brown granular matter is left 7 DC, Ess. sur les Propr., 107. — GtUB.,
in the cells round their walls. Drog. Simpl., ed. 6, iii. 695. — A. Rich., EUm.,
5 In Argemone bays form in the neighbouring ed. 4, ii. 407. — Endl., Enchirid., 444. — Lindl.,
sides of two parallel vessels, and advancing to Veg. Kingd., 431 j Fl. Sort., 15. — Pebeiba,
PAPAVEPAGEM. 133
branches, stem, and root. From these organs bruised the ancients
obtained the narcotic extract, which they called meconium. It is by in-
cision into the green fruit, some days after flowering, that opium is
obtained. The process varies in Persia, Asia Minor, Egypt, India, and
even those European countries where native opium manufacture has
been attempted- But opium invariably consists, when it has undergone
no further manipulation, of little coherent pale or tawny transparent
masses, which are only agglomerations of more or less desiccated drops
of latex. We need hardly mention that opium is the sedative and
narcotic par excellence and that its properties are found in
the numerous compounds into which it enters,1 and in several o+*
the numerous alkaloids it contains,2 whose study is so interesting from
the point of view of chemical theory as well as of medical science.
The true Opium-Poppy is the white-seeded variety of Papaver som-
niferum* (figs. 117, 1 18), though the other varieties contain opium
which might be utilized.4
P. bracteatum? orientale,6 Rhceas,7 dubium* hybridum? Argemone™
and nudicaiile" all appear to owe their properties to the presence of
a little morphia in their organs. It is also found in some allied
genera, Argemone in particular.1' In many other Papaverads the latex
is acrid and irritant, often very poisonous. That of the Greater
Celandine13 (Fr., Grande Eclaire ; figs. 134-136), which is orange-
Elem. Mat. Med.,eA. 4,ii. p. ii. 586. — Rosenth., 5 Lindl., Coll., t. 23. — Ker, in Bot. Reg., t.
Synops. PI. Diaphor., 623. 658. — DC, Prodi:, n. 18 — Guib., op. cit., 705.
1 Such as thebaic extract, Laudanum (of 6 L., Spec, 727. — Curt., in Bot. Mag., t.
Sydenham & Rousseau), Mithridate, Theria- 57. — DC, Prodr., n. 17. — Guib., op. cit., 704.
cum, Dover's Powder, Masse de Cynoglosse,sirop ' L., Spec, 726. — Sir., Engl. Bot., t. 645. —
diacode, succinum or Jcarabe, Paregoric Elixir, DC, Prodr., n. 9. — Lindl., op cit., 15. — Guib.,
Tincture of Opium, Black Drop, &e. op. cit., 704. — Pereira, op. cit., 586. The
2 Especially Morphia (C,7H,9N03), Xarcotine petals, which contain rhceadine, are especially
(C2„H.,3NO,), Codeine (C18H.nNO31H„0), Narcein used as a sedative (Hess., in N. Rep. Pharm.,
(C2gH29N09); Papaverine (0„0HniXO4), Narco- xv. 139).
genine" (CMHl9N06), Thebaine" (C19H21N03), 8 L., Spec, 726.— Sm., Engl. Bot., t. 644.—
Porphyroxine, &c. ScHKUHR.,if«/;<M.,ii.69,t.l40. — DC.,Prodr.,n.7.
3 L., Spec, 726.— Lamk., Ill, t. 451.— DC, 9 L., Spec, 725.— DC, Prodr., n. 5.
Sgst., ii. 81 ; Prodr., i. 120, n. 21.— P. officinale 10 L., Spec, 725.— DC, Prodr., n. 6.
Nees&Eberm., Handb., iii. 446. Matthiessen, 1] L., Spec, 725. — Sims, in Bot. Mag., t.
on Nareotine, in Phil. Trans., 1863, 1869, 1870 ; 1633.— DC.,Prodr., n. 1. — P.radicatum Rottb.
Matthiessen & Wright, on the Opium Bases, Ia In A. mexicana L. (Spec, 727; — Lamk.,
inProc.Roy. Soc, xvii. 455, 460 ; xviii. 83, 122. III., t. 452;— Curt., in Bot. Mag., t. 243; —
4 P. somniferum /3, album DC, Prodr., ii. DC, Prodr., i. 120; — Guib., op. cit., 698; —
120.— P. album J. Bauh., Hist PI. Univ., Lindl., Fl. Med., 16 ; — H. En., in Diet. Encycl.
iii. 390. — Guib., op. cit., 698. — P. album des Sc. Med., vi. 56), morphia is found (Char-
sativum Lobel, Icon., 272. — P. album hor- bon., Thes. Ec. Pharm. Par., 1868).
tense, semine albo, sativum Diuscoridis, album 13 Chelidonium majus Mill., Diet , n. 1. — L.,
Plinio C Bauh , Pin., 170. — "H/xepos, Spec, 723. — DC, Prodr., i. 123, n. 1.— Guib.,
Diosc. op. cit., 6J7, fig. 761. — Lindl., op. cit., 17 (see
134 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
yellow, is still used in the country for destroying warts, and has
been thought of service in obliterating spots upon the cornea ; its
acridity is very marked. Its reputed efficacy in jaundice is probably
only due to its colour. That of the Horn-Poppy1 (fig. 137) is less acrid ;
it smells like that of the Poppies. It is said to be sometimes used to
adulterate opium ; it is still applied to ulcers in horned cattle in the
country. Boccouia2 has also an irritant caustic volatile yellow juice
of strono- odour ; it is used in the Antilles like a decoction of the root,
as a vermifuge and purgative. The yellow juice of the Mexican
Argemone is applied to warts, chancres, and ulcerations of the con-
junctiva in the United States ; and decoctions and infusions of its
stem and root are prescribed as counter irritants in certain inflam-
matory affections of the skin and bladder. The Puccoon or Blood-
root3 (figs. 128, 129) is gorged with a reddish juice, of burning acrid
taste, staining the saliva. Its rhizomes possess very irritant pro-
perties.4 Several species of Meconopsis, especially 31. nepalensis,* have
also a poisonous latex. The oil obtained from the seeds (chiefly from
the albumen) of the Papaveracece is often very acrid. Thus the
seeds of Argemona mexicana are purgative, and said to be as active as
those of Crotum Tiglium. In India they are also used as an emetic.
The acridity disappears entirely in the oil of Glaitcium flavwmf and
it has been proposed7 to grow the plant for this. Many of the Poppies
might no doubt be used to supply an oil like that obtained in Europe
from the seeds of Papaver somniferum var. nigrum* (figs. 114-116),
above, p. 116, note 3, figs. 134-136). It contains small doses are said to be tonic and stimulant.
chelidonine, chelerythrine, and chelidonic acid The juice is escharotic, and has been applied to
(Lieb., Chim. Org., ii. 603; iii. 503). tumours and polypi. It is prescribed externally
1 Glaitcium Jiavum Cr., Fl. Austr., ii. 141. — in cases of pneumonia, croup, hydrot borax,
DC, Prodr., i. 122, n. 1.— Guib., op. cit., 697.— typhoid fever, &c. (Bigel., Med, Bot., i. t. 7. —
Chelidonium Glaitcium L., Spec, 72 1. Bextl., in Pharm. Journ., iv. 263).
2 Especially Boccouia frutesoens L. {Spec, 5 DC., Prodr., i. 121, n. 4. — Rosenth., op.
634;— Lame., III., t. 394;— DC, Prodr.,\. 121, cit., 625. — Papaver paniculafvm Dox. M.
n. 1 ; — H. Bn., in Diet. Fncycl. des Sc Med., Wallichii Hooe., from the Himalayas, has the
x. 8; — see above, p. 115, note 3.) game properties.
3 Sanguinaria canadensis L., Spec, 723 (see 6 See p. 117, note 1.
above, p. 112, 114, note 2, figs. 128, 129).— Guib., ? Cloez, in Ann. Chim, et Phys., ser. 3, lix.
op. cit., 695.— Lindl., Fl. Med., 16. — Pebeiea, 129.
Ico. cit., 666.— Rosenth., op. cit,, 623. 8 DC, Prodr., i. 120, n. 21, a.— P. nigrum
4 They contain the alkaloid sanguinariue, Lob., loc cit. — Gtjib., op. cit., 702. — P. nigrum,
perhaps identical with chelerythrine (Likb., sativum Dod., Pempt., 445.— P. hortense nigra
Chun. Org., iii. 503). The root acts as a power- semine, sylvestre Bioscoridis, nigrum Plinio C.
ful emetic and very energetic acro-narcotic; Bauh., Pin., 170.
TAP AVERAGES. 135
which is generally cultivated for this purpose in France under the
name of (Eittette or Olivette.
The Fumariece generally are said to possess very different properties1
from those of Papaveracea proper. They are inodorous, slightly
bitter, often depurative, sudorific, and aperient. However, Hypecoum,
intermediate in organization, also shares in the properties of both
groups. The juice of H. procumbens L. (figs. 143-150), liltoralis
Wulf., and pendula L., is said to be narcotic and to contain opium.
The Fumitories are constantly prescribed as bitter stomachic depu-
ratives, especially Fumaria officinalis* (figs. 142, 159-165), which enters
into the vinum antiscorbutic urn ; next corned, media,3 spicata* Vail-
I an Hi; capreolata* parviflora,1 fldbellata Gasp., macrocarpa Parl., &c.
All these species are considered antiscrofulous, antiherpetic, and anti-
scorbutic. Corydalis has the same properties ; and so C. Glaucas in
the United States, and C. capnoides9 in the Mediterranean, are used
for the same purposes. Moreover, the swollen stock of some species
becomes a reservoir of juices containing the peculiar alkaloid, coryda-
line. The properties of these tubercles are nearly the same as in those
of certain Aristolochias ; they are somewhat aromatic, sometimes very
bitter, astringent and more or less acrid, hence emmenagogue, and
recommended as anthelmintic. This applies to those of C. tuberosa,™
bulbosa (figs. 157, lh8),n fabacea,1'2 and iliyitafa.13 Dicentra formosa" so
closely allied to Corydalis, has also a stock containing starch in spring,
and corydaline and an acrid resin. It is prescribed in the United
States for herpes, syphilis, and scrofula. Several pretty Fumarjete
1 GiriB., op. cit., (;!I2.--E>-dl., Enckirid., 10 DC, Fl. Fr., iv. 637; Prodr., n. 8.— Gimb.,
446. — Lindl., Veg. Kingd., 436 ; FL Med., op. cit., 695. — Fumaria cava Mill., Diet., n. 7.
17.— Rosenth., op. cit., 627. " DC, Fl. Fr., iv. G37 ; Prodr., n. 11. (Radix
- L., Spec, 984. — DC, Prodr., i. 130, n. 6. — Aristolochia; carce off.)
Guib., loc. cit., 6d3. fig. 760. 12 Pei;s., Syn.,-\\. 269.— DC, Prodr., n. 9.—
3 Lois., Not., 101. — DC, Prodr., n. 5. Fumaria falacea Betz., Prodr., ed. 2, n. 859
4 L., Spec, 985. — DC, Prodr., n. 1. — Platy~ (\M.\-t.).—Bulbocapnosfabacea Bebnh. (Radix
capnos spica/us Bernh., in Linncea, viii. 471. Aristolochice. fabacem ofi'.j
5 Lois., Not., 102. — DC, Prodr., n. 8. 13 Pees., Syn., ii. 270.— Fumaria Halleri W. —
6 L., Spec, 985. — DC, Prodr., n. 4. Bulbccapnos digitatits Beenh.
7 Lamk., Diet., ii. 567. — DC, Prodr., n. 7. H Bobkh., loc. cit. — Bentl., in Pharm.
8 Puesh, Fl. Bor.-Amer., ii. 463. — Fumaria Journ., ser. 2, iv. 353. — Guib., cp. cit., 694. —
glauca Cuet., in Bot. Mag., t. 179. — Capnoides Fumaria formosa Ande., in But. Repos., t.
gluuea Michx. (Rerba Capnoides off.) 493. — Sims, in Bot. Mag., t. 1'335. — Diclytra
9 Pees., Syn., ii. 270. — Fumaria acaulia formosa DC, Syst., ii. 10'J. — Corydalis formosa
Wulf., in Jacq. Coll., ii. 203; Ic. Rar., iii. t. Puesh, loc. cit. — Boseuth., op. cit, 628.
544. (Rerba Split s. Fumaria. luteal off.)
136 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
are cultivated for ornaments : some species of Corydalis, Dicentra
jormosa and spectabilis, and Adlumia cirrhosa with its delicate climb-
ing stems. In the other series, gardeners prize the various species
of Eschscholfzia, Platystemon, and Platystigma, the white and yellow
flowered Argemones, the Bocconias of the section Macleya, the Indian
species of Meconojjsis, especially the blue ones, and numberless
Poppies, such as P. orientate and bracteatum, and the handsome,
numerous varieties and double forms of P. somniferum and persicum.
PAPAVERACE&. 137
GENERA.
I. PLATYSTEMONE.E.
1. Platystemon Benth. — Flowers 3-merous; receptacle conoi-
dal with summit depressed. Sepals free, imbricate or contorted,
deciduous. Corolla double ; petals of each of same shape, imbricate
or contorted, deciduous. Stamens oo, hypogynous ; filaments
compressed ; anthers basifixed, extrorse 2-rimose. Carpels oo,
united at first into sulcate germen, projecting a little inwards into
oo-ovulate parietal placentas ; styles distinct, stigmatose within ;
mature carpels distinct linear closed torulose, transversely septate
within between seeds, separating into indehiscent, 1 -seeded joints.
Seeds albuminous. — An annual herb ; leaves alternate simple j flowers
usually opposite or 3-nate ; flowers long pedunculate, terminal or leaf
opposed {California). See p. 104.
2? Platystigma Benth. — Flowers almost of Platystemon; stamens
indefinite or subdefinite ; filaments not dilated. Germen 3-quetrous ;
placentas 3, nerviform and scarcely projecting ; styles 3, distinct,
alternating with placentas, ovate or lanceolate, spreading, stigmatose
within. Capsule opening from apex into 3 valves, placentiferous on
edges. — Annual herbs, appearance and inflorescence almost of
Platystemon {Western North America). See p. 105.
3. Romneya Harv. — Flowers almost of Platystemon; sepals
sometimes expanded into wings. Germen divided into oo complete
or incomplete cells ; placentas intruded, 8 -ovulate ; carpels united
into a ring, at apex diverging into as many styles, stigmatose within.
Carpels ovoid, densely setose . . . ? — A branched glabrous glaucous
herb ; leaves pinnatifid ; flowers terminal {California). See p. 106.
II. PAPAVEKE.E.
4. Papaver T. — Flowers 2- or rarely 3-merous; receptacle a
138 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
narrow cone. Sepals imbricate or contorted, very caducous. Corolla
double ; petals of each of similar form, imbricate or twisted, crumpled
at apex, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous co ; anthers basifixed
extrorse. Germ en shortly stipitate, usually 1 -celled, more or less
deeply septate by the intruded placentas, bearing ovules nearly all
over their surface ; style short, thick, soon dilated into a convex or
pyramidal disk-like head, and applied to top of ovary; lobes radiating
sulcate from the centre and stigmatose opposite the placentas.
Capsule varying in shape, surmounted by persistent style, usually
dehiscing by short pore-like valves underneath the vertex and between
the placentas. Seeds oo, subreniform, pitted : albumen copious oily;
embryo thin, more or less bowed. — Perennial or annual herbs, glabrous
glaucous hispid; juice milky; leaves alternate, mostly lobed or dis-
sected ; flowers terminal pedunculate ; buds drooping {Temperate
and Subtropical Europe, Asia, North Africa, South Africa, Subtropical
Australia, North America). See p. 106.
5? Meconopsis Vig. — Flowers almost of Papaver ; style distinct
with clavate head ; lobes of stigma 4-6 radiate-deflexed. Capsule
ovoid or oblong, dehiscing by short valves. — Annual or usually
perennial herbs ; juice yellow ; flowers and inflorescence of Papaver
{Himalaya, South Europe, North America). See p. 110.
6. Argemone T. — Flowers mostly 3-merous (almost of Papaver') ;
placentas of ovary 4-6, nerviform. Style short ; apex dilated,
depressed; lobes 4-6 opposite, placentas deflexed radiating from
centre, concave stigmatose within. Capsule oblong, dehiscent by
short valves, exposing placentas persisting with style. Seeds pitted.
— Herbs, branched glaucescent ; juice golden-yellow; leaves
much pinnatifid, usually spinose-dentate or stiffly setose ; flowers
terminal ; often erect in bud, surmounted by 3 prickles (arising from
back of sepals) {Tropical and Subtropical America, all tropical ret/ions).
Seep. 111.
7. Cathcartia Hook. f. — Flowers 2-merous (almost of Papaver) ;
placentas 4-6, nerviform. Style short, soon thickened into an
enlarged-depressed head ; lobes radiating outwards opposite the
placentas. Capsule cylindrical ; subdehiscent from apex to base by
valves uncovering the persistent placentas and style. Seed pitted ;
PAP AVERAGE JE. 139
raphe crested. — A herb, covered with tawny hairs, juice yellow ;
leaves lobed; flowers long-pedunculate ; buds drooping {Himalaya).
See p. 112.
8. Stylophorum Nutt. — Flowers 2-merous (almost of {Papaver) ;
placentas 2-4, nerviibrm. Style distinct erect ; apex dilated, 2-4-
lobed ; lobes erect, alternating with placentas, stigmatose all over
with deflexed sinuses. Capsule generally stipitate, ovoid oblong or
linear, dehiscing from apex to base by 2-4 valves, exposing the per-
sistent placentas together with style. Seeds of Cathcartia. — Perennial
herbs ; rhizome cylindrical; juice deep yellow; radical leaves pin-
natifid or 0 ; cauline leaves alternate, few; those subopposite the
flowers delicate, lobed or dissected; flowers pedunculate solitary or
fasciculate ; nutant in bud {Central and East Asia, North America).
Seep. 112.
9. Sanguinaria Dill. — Flowers 2-merous ; sepals 2, caducous.
Petals 6-12, unequal imbricate deciduous. Stamens go. Germen
1-celled ; style short, soon enlarged subcorneal ; lobes stigmatiferous,
deflexed adnate, opposite placentas ; placentas 2, nerviform ; ovules
oo. Capsule stipitate, oblong, subdehiscent by valves opening
lengthways, exposing linear placentas together with persistent style.
Seeds go, smooth ; raphe crested-arillate. — A herb ; rhizome creeping
perennial; juice orange or blood-coloured ; leaves few alternate, the
lower scale-like and sheathing, the upper 1, 2 palmativeined ; flowers
(precocious) pedunculate solitary or few {North America). Seep. 112.
10. Bocconia Plum. — Flowers 2-merous, apetalous. Stamens go,
or subdefinite. Germen 1-celled; style short; lobes stigmatose,
oblong or linear, erect, connivent-subconnate or diverging at apex,
alternating with placentas ; placentas 2, nerviform ; ovules go mostly
sterile, or 1 subbasilar. Capsule elliptical, stipitate, dehiscent by
valves opening down to base, and exposing persistent placentas and
style. Seeds few or 1, arillate at base. — Herbs or shrubs, glaucescent ;
juice deep yellow or red ; leaves lobed ; flowers in terminal, much
branched compound racemes {Tropical America, China, Japan).
See p. 114.
11. Chelidonium T. — Sepals 2. Petals 4, deciduous. Stamens oo.
140 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Germen 1 -celled ; style slender, short, not much dilated at apex ; lobes
stigmatiferous, deflexed-adnate, opposite the placentas ; placentas 2,
nerviform ; ovules oo. Capsule linear; subdehiscent by valves
opening to base and exposing the persistent placentas together
with style. Seeds shining : raphe crested-arillate. — Herbs, erect
branched; juice saffron-coloured ; leaves much divided ; flowers in
terminal or leaf-opposed subumbelliform cymes {Europe, Temperate
Asia, North America). See p. 115.
12. Glaucium T. — Flowers almost of Chelidonium. Germen
elongated. Style short or very short ; apex stigmatose dilated, sub-
mitriform, lobes 4, not very distinct, or 2 much larger, divaricated-
deflexed, opposite the placentas. Placentas 2, nerviform, connected by
a spurious cylindrical dissepiment (sometimes evanescent). Capsule
elongated linear ; valves dehiscing almost to base, and exposing the
persistent placentas together with style ; seeds oo, wrinkled, half
immersed in pits of hard spurious false dissepiment. — Glaucous
herbs ; juice saffron-coloured; leaves lobed or dissected ; flowers large,
long-pedunculate, terminal or leaf-opposed {Mediterranean region,
coasts of Europe, West Asia and North Africa). See p. 116.
13. Rcemeria DC. — Flowers 2-merous (almost of Glaucium or
Papaver) ; placentas 3, or 2, 4, nerviform ; dissepiment 0 ; style
subsessile ; lobes stigmatose, little dilated, deflexed-adnate, opposite
the placentas. Capsule linear, dehiscing from apex almost to base
by valves exposing the persistent placentas with persistent style, or
bearing them on their edges. Seeds wrinkled, not crested. — Annual
herbs ; habit and inflorescence of Papaver {Mediterranean region,
Europe, Temperate Asia). See p. 117.
III. ESCHSCHOLTZIE,E.
14. Eschscholtzia Cham. — Flowers hermaphrodite regular;
receptacle concave obconical, more or less enlarged and cupulate
at apex. Perianth distinctly perigynous ; sepals 3, cohering into a
deciduous calyptra, or more rarely separate {Hunnemannia). Petals
4 in 2 series, nearly of the same form. Stamens oo (of Papaver) ;
perigynous. Germen inserted at bottom of receptacle, 1 -celled,
V A~P AVER ACE M. 141
tapering at apex into 4-8 unequal, stigmatose, linear, divergent lobes ;
placentas 2, nerviform cx-ovulate. Capsule linear, 10-furrowed,
dehiscing down to base ; valves inflexible, recurved, placentiferous at
edges. Seeds go, not crested. — Herbs, glabrous glaucescent ; leaves
alternate multisect ; lobes linear ; flowers long-pedunculate {North
West America). See p. 118.
J 5. Dendromecon Benth. — Flowers of Eschscholtzia ; sepals
separate. Grermen elongated; style short ; apex stigmatose, 2-lobed ;
lobes alternating with placentas, erect short persistent. Fruit and
seeds of Eschscholtzia. — A glabrous shrub ; leaves alternate subsessile
elliptical-lanceolate coriaceous stiff entire much veined ; flowers
solitary terminal {California). See p. 119.
IV. FUMAKIEvE.
16. Hypecoum T. — Flowers hermaphrodite regular 2-merous.
Sepals 2, delicate. Petals 4, spreading ; outer ones flat or slightly
concave at base, 3-lobed or 3-crenate ; inner dissimilar, narrower or
more deeply lobed ; aestivation imbricate or twisted. Stamens 4,
opposite the petals ; anthers 2 locular, extrorse, 2-rimose. Germen
superior, elongated; style erect; lobes 2, subulate, stigmatiferous at
apex, alternating with placentas; placentas 2, nerviform; ovules co,
ascending ; micropyle inferior introrse. Capsule linear, divided trans-
versely between seeds by cellular partitions, sometimes continuous
and dehiscing by 2 valves, placentiferous at edges {Chiazospermum),
more frequently separating into indehiscent 1 -seeded joints. Seeds
compressed; albumen abundant flesh}T oily; embryo bowed excentric.
— Annual herbs, glaucous ; leaves alternate, or floral leaves opposite,
multisect ; segments linear ; flowers pedunculate, terminal or leaf-
opposed, sometimes in short leafy pedunculate racemes {South Europe,
Temperate Asia, North Africa). See p. 120.
17. Dicentra Borkh. — Flowers regular 2-merous. Sepals 2,
small deciduous. Petals 4, erect-connivent ; the outer wider, saccate
or spurred at base ; inner unlike the outer, narrower, narrowed at
base, keeled or alate behind, cohering at apex. Stamens 6, in 2 equal
142 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
ranks opposite outer petals, united above the middle or from the base ;
middle stamen of each row often calcarate at base, and bearing a
2-celled, extrorse anther; lateral anthers 1 -celled (or rather 2
cells of each anther opposite to inner petals very discrete and adnate
to adjacent 2-celled anthers). Germen 1 -celled; placentas 2, filiform,
oo-ovulate ; style stigmatiferous ; apex 2-4-lobed. Capsule varying
in shape ; subdehiscent by 2 valves, usually exposing the persistent
placentas and style. Seeds bare or crested. — Herbs, erect or climbing;
leaves multisect ; flower in terminal or leaf-opposed simple or cymi-
ferous racemes {North America, Temperate Asia). See p. 122.
18. Adlumia Eafin. — Flowers of Dicentra ; 2 outer petals saccate
and coalesced with interior at the compressed base. Other parts of
Dicentra. — A herb, climbing by tendrils ; leaves multisect ; flowers
in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes {North America.) See p. 123.
19. Corydalis DC. — Flowers irregular ; outer petals dissimilar;
one gibbous saccate or spurred at base. Stamens of Dicentra.
Germen of Dicentra ; placentas 2, nerviform, 1- oo-ovuled. Capsule
linear, ovate, or inflated ; valves exposing placentas, more or less,
more rarely subcarneous and scarcely dehiscing. Seeds naked or
more frequently arillate-crested. — Herbs, sometimes erect with tube-
rous rhizome, or csespitose, sometimes diffuse or climbing by ten-
drils ; leaves radical multisect; flowers usually in simple terminal or
leaf-opposed racemes {Mediterranean region, South Europe, South
Africa, Central or North East Asia). See p. 123.
20? Sarcocapnos DC. — Flowers of Corydalis; one of the outer
petals spurred or gibbous at base {Aplectrocapnos). Ovules 1 or 2 on
each of 2 placentas [Corydalis). Fruit short, compressed, striate,
becoming dry and indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Herbs, low csespitose
glaucous ; leaves dissected ; segments somewhat broad and thick ;
flowers in short terminal racemes {West Mediterranean region).
See p. 125.
21. Fumaria T. — Flowers almost of Corydalis ; one of outer petals
gibbous or spurred at base. Germen short ; style filiform ; apex
PAPAVETLACEM. 143
subentire or 2-lobed ; lobes alternating with placentas ; placentas 2,
nerviforra ; one sterile or with few ovules on either side, the other
eventually bearing 1 fertile ovule above the base. Fruit small, drupa-
ceous ; mesocarp at length thin ; putamen indehiscent, one-seeded. —
Herbs, usually annuals, glaucous, erect branched or diffuse, or more
rarely climbing subcirrhous ; leaves much divided ; segments usually
narrow-linear ; flowers in terminal or leaf-opposed spikes or racemes
{Mediterranean region, Temperate Europe and Asia, Temperate America
and Australia, South Africa). See p. 125.
XVII. CAPPAKIDACE.E.
I. CLEOME SEEIES.
Cleome1 (figs. 166-173) has regular hermaphrodite flowers with a
conical receptacle. On this are inserted four sepals, free or united
Cleome spinosa.
Fig. 166.
Flowering branch (A).
to a variable extent, valvate (fig. 168) or subimbricate in the
1 L., Gen., n. 826.— J., Gen., 243. — Gjkbtn., Suppl., iv. 4 ; III., t. 567.— DC, Prodr., i.
Fruct., i. 368, t. 76,— Lamk., Diet., iv. 316 ; 238.— Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 309.— Endl.,
GAPPABIBAGEM.
145
bud.1 Above this is a corolla of four alternating free petals, twisted
or imbricated in the bud. The androceum consists either of four
stamens alternating with these, or, more frequently, of six stamens —
two lateral, two anterior, and two posterior.2 Each has a free filament,3
Clet.
nne spinosa.
Fig. VJl.
Flower.
Fig. His.
Diagram.
Fig. 1(50.
Long. sect, of flower (£).
and an introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence.4 Between
the perianth and androceum, the surface of the receptacle is swollen
into a glandular disk, sometimes complete, sometimes only between
the feet of the petals.5 The free superior ovary is sessile or stipitate ;
it is narrow and elongated, surmounted by a short style ending in a
more or less flattened dilatation covered with stigmatic papillae. In
the single cell of the ovary are two parietal placentas, each bearing
an indefinite number of subcampylotropous ovules in two or more
Gen., n. 4985.— Payer, Orga.wg., 201, t. 42;
Fam. Nat., 134.— B. H., Gen., 105, 068, n. 2. —
Micavibe Marcgr., ex Adans., Fam. des PL,
ii. 407. — Sinapistrum T., Inst., 231, t. 116. —
Mojnch, Meth., 250.
1 They are equal or slightly unequal. They
often separate from one another for a variable
distance at their bases before their apices have
parted. Still more frequently the petals fall to
the posterior side of the flower, while the stamens
protrude partially through the cleft of the peri-
anth on the other side.
2 They are usually inserted at some distance
VOL. III.
from the corolla, and between the two verticils
the receptacle is somewhat dilated, and spherical
or conical. This interval of; en increases with age.
3 Either the filaments of all the stamens are
equal, or else those of the lateral ones are a little
shorter, as in Cruciferce. They are sometimes
dilated towards the apex.
4 The pollen grains are ellipsoidal, with three
longitudinal folds. Moistened, they become
spherical with three glabrous bands (H. Mohl,
in Ann. Sc. Nat , ser. 2, iii. 327).
5 Sometimes a large gland behind is separate
and prominent, into a horn or spur.
L
146
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Cleome spinosa.
Cleome gigantea.
rows. The fruit (fig. 170) is a capsule, short, or" more frequently
elongated and narrow, siliquiform, opening when ripe by two mem-
branous valves. These separate from the linear placentas which bear
numerous reniform seeds,1 enclosing within their coats
a fleshy embryo, sometimes enveloped in fleshy
albumen (fig. 172). Cleome consists of herbs or under-
shrubs, glabrous or glandular,2 with alternate simple
or compound leaves and digitate entire or dentate
leaflets. The flowers are solitary or more frequently
collected into terminal racemes.
In some species the androceum contains only four,
in others from six to ten
stamens, or even more,
and sometimes certain
of them are antherless.
This is the case with Po-
lanisia? comprising some
fifteen herbs from hot
countries, and formerly
held a distinct genus.
In Dtanf/iera,* also inseparable from Cleome, there are from four to
twelve stamens ; but only two of these are large, and possess anthers ;
their filaments are swollen at the apex. This last condition is that
of the largest stamens of those American Cleomes which have been
named Physostemon ;5 but their fruit is subsessile instead of stipitate.
Siliquarid has a sessile fruit, only from four to six stamens, and free
sepals ; in Peritomd' the sepals cohere into a tube at the base and
Fig. 170.
Fruit.
Fig. 171.
Seed (f).
Fig. 172.
Long. sect, of seed.
1 Often with a rugose or reticulate surface,
sometimes covered with hairs.
2 The glands are sometimes stipitate, and
secrete a strong-smelling viscid fluid.
3 Rafin., in Joum. Phys., lxxxix., 98. —
DC, Prodr., i. 242.— Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi.
304*. — Endl., Gen., n. 4988. — Payee, Organog.,
207, t. 43.— B. H., Gen., 106, n. 6. — Jacksonia
Raftn., in N.-York Med. Repos., ii. hex. v.
350. — Corynandra Schrad., in Cat. Sem. Sort.
Gwtt. (1846), ex Reichb., Ic. Ex., t. 147.—
Ranmanissa Endl., Gen., n. 4988 b. — Tetra-
teleia Sond., Fl. Cap., i. 58. — Chilocalyx Kl.,
in Pet. Moss., Pot., 154, t. 28.— Becastemon
Kl., loc. cit., 157. — Symphostemon Kl., loc. cit.,
159.
4 KL.,in Pet. Moss., Bot., 160, t. 27.— Harv.
& Sond., Fl. Cap., i. 57. — Schweini., Ic. Lith.
Abyss, (species natives of Eastern and Southern
Africa). — ? Anomalostemon Kl., loc. cit., 162.
5 Mart. & Zucc, Nov. Gen. et Sp., i. 73, t.
45.— Endl., Gen., n. 4987.
6 Forsk., Fl. Mgypt.-Arab., 78. — Roridula
Foksk., loc. cit., 35. — Rorida Rcem. & Sch.,
Syst., iii. 13.— Del., Fl. Mgypt., t. 36, fig. 2.
7 DC, Prodr., i. 237.— Atalant a NuiT.,
Gen. Amer., ii. 73.
CAPP ARID ACE jE.
147
come off from the receptacle in a single circular piece. In Bushia1
the fruit is large and vesicular. In Isomeris2 it is also very large,
but with thicker and more rigid walls, and the calyx is gam-o-sepal-
ous, and the receptacle is short and thick dilated above. In the
American Cristatella* the flowers have from six to twelve stamens,
and unequal finely incised dentate petals.
Generally speaking, all the above sections of Cleome have a siliqui-
form fruit, whose length greatly exceeds its breadth. In Cleomella*
also American, the capsule becomes short and few- seeded, lozenge-
shaped or trapezoidal, with reticulate deltoid more or less sacciform
valves. The other characters are those of the hexandrous Cleomes.
The same is the case with the fruit of several small-flowered
Brazilian species, of which the genus Bactyland" has been made ; but
its androceum is reduced to the utmost, for out of from four to six
stamens, the anterior alone has an anther, and is much more
developed than the rest.
In several undoubted members of the genus Cleome the stamens are
inserted, not close against the petals, but a little higher up, owing
to the elongation of the receptacle between the two whorls into a
short vertical column. Hence we shall not make Gyn an drops is,6 con-
sidered by many authors a distinct species, anything more than a
section of Cleome. C. penltiphi/lla (fig. 173) and the seven or eight
allied species7 taken as the type of this group, are in fact only distin-
guished by a greater elongation of this column, which may become
very long and slender. These species have usually six stamens, and
1 Bunge, Del. Son. Hort. Dorpat. (1859), 4
(ex Linncea, xxx. 752).
2 Nutt., in Torr. Sf Or. Fl. K.-Amer., i.
124.— Endl., Gen., n. 4990.— B. H., Gen., 1C6,
968, n. 5.— Toer., Mex. Sf Unit -States Bound.
Surv., Bot., t. A— Bot. Mag., t. 3842.— W a lp.,
Rtp., i. 196. — (One Californian species.)
* Nutt., in Journ. Acad. Philad., vii. 85, t.
11.— Torr. & Gh., Fl. N.-Amer., i. 123.— A.
Ghat, Gen. III., t. 77.— B. H., Gen., 105, n. 4 —
Cyrbashim Endl., Gen., n. 4989. — (One species
from North-west America : Walp., Rep., i.
196.)
4 DC, Prodr., i. 237.— Endl., Gen., n.
4983.— A. Gray, Gen. III., t. 75.— B. H., Gen.
105, n. 3. — (Four North American species,
Torr., in Ann. Lye. N.-Yorlc,\\. 157; — Don,
in Edlnb. New Phil. Journ., x. 113 ; Torr.
& Gr., FL N.-Am., i. 120 ;— Walp., Sep., i.
193 ; Ann., i. 59 ; ii. 57 ; iv. 223.)
5 Schrad., Hort. Goelt. ined, (ex Endl.,
Gen., n. 4986).— KCEM. & Sch., Syst., vii. 9. —
B. H., Gen,, 105, 968, n. 1. — Eichl., in Mart,
Fl. Bras., Cappar., 242, t. 54.
6 DC., Prodr., i. 237.— Spach, Suit, a
Bvffon, vi. 313.— Endl., Gen., n. 4984. — A.
Gray, Gen. III., t. 68.— B. H., Gen., 106, 968,
i;. 7. — Gymnogonia R. Bk., in Denh. fy Clapp.
Narr,, 222. — Fodogyne Hoffmsg., Verz.,186. —
Buperia F. Muell., in Hook. Journ., ix. 15
(nee J.).
7 Bf.nth., Fl. Austral., i. 91. — Eichl., in
Mart. Fl. Bras., Cappar., 261, t. 58.— Boiss.,
Fl. Or., i. 410.— Bot. Meg., t. 1681.— Walp.,
Rep., i. 193; ii. 764; v. 52; Ann., i. 59; iv.
223; vii. 186.
L 2
its
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Cleome (Gynandropsis)
pentaphylla.
leaves with from three to seven leaflets. They inhabit the tropics
in both hemispheres.
Thus constituted,1 the great genus Cleome
comprises some five-score species,2 nearly all
exotics, inhabiting hot countries ; some few
alone come from the Mediterranean.
Widizenia refracfa,3 a North American annual,
with alternate trifoliolate leaves, and flowers in
short racemes, has the tetramerous calyx and
corolla of a Cleome with six stamens. But its
long-stipitate ovary has two short didymous cells,
each containing two ovules, surmounted by a long
subulate style. The dry fruit is also stipitate
and didymous ; its hardened foot is continued
into the interlocular septum, surmounted by the
style ; from this separate the two mono- or di-
spermous cells of the capsule. The seeds are reni-
form conduplicate ; the embryo is strongly
Fig. 173. arcuate, with the apex of the incumbent coty-
Fiower. ledons close to the radicle.4
f 1. Siliquaria (Forpk.).
2. Physostemon (Mart.).
3. Polanisia (Raein.).
4. Tetrateleia (Sond.).
5. Ranmanissa (Endl.).
6. Corynandra (Schrad.).
7. Chilocalyx (Kl.).
Cleome 8? Decastemon (Kl.).
sect. 16. 9. Dianthera (Kl.).
10? Anomalostemon (Kl.).
11. Daetylama (Schrad.).
12. Periioma (DC.).
13. Cristatella (Nutt.).
14. Bushia (Bgk.).
15. Isomeris (Xltt.).
J6. Gynandropsis (DC).
• Wight & Arn., Prodr., i. 21, 22 {Pola-
nisia).— Sibth., Fl. Grcec, t. 650. — Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., 15.— Kl., in Pet. Moss.,
Bof., 151, 157, 159, 162.— Benth., FL Austral.,
i. 89, 91.— Hak\ ., Thes. Cap., t. 136.— Harv.
& Soxn., Fl. Cap., i. 56, 58. — Eichl., in Mart.
Fl. Bras., Cappar., 212, 213, 245, t. 54-58.—
Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 74, 81.— Boiss., Fl.
Or., i. 410-416.— Walp., Rep., i. 193, 195, 196 ;
ii. 764; v. 52, 53; Ann., i. 59, 60; ii. 57; iv. 223;
vii. 180.
3 Engeoi., Bot. Wisliz. Exped., 15, not. —
A. Gray, PI. Wright., t. 2.— B. H., Gen , 106,
n, 8.— Walp., Ann., iii. 823 ; iv. 22 I.
4 This genus is perhaps (?) related to Gxy-
s'tjlis lutea Toi:r. & 1'rem. (in App. Frem.
Rep., 312; in Duck. Rev. Bot., ii. 53;— B. H.,
Gen., 107, n. 9; — Walp., Ann., i. 59), a Cali-
fornian plant, which we have been unable to
study, but which seems to ns, from the very
incomplete description given of it, hardly distinct
from IVislizenia.
cappapidace.t:.
149
II. CAPER SERIES.
The characters of the Capers1 (Fr., Cdpriers ; figs. 174-179), vary
from one section to the other. We may first study Capparis spinosa,2
indigenous in France, the flower-buds of which constitute the Capers
Capparis spinosa.
Fig. 174.
Flowering branch (|).
of commerce. Its flowers are hermaphrodite and symmetrical,
but somewhat irregular. On the convex receptacle are inserted
a tetramerous calyx and corolla, a polyandrous androceum, and a
1 Capparis T., Inst., 261, 1. 1 39.— L., Gen., t. 41.— Endl., Gen., n. 5000.— B. H., Gen.,
n. 643.— Adans., Fam. des PI, ii. 407.— J., 10S, 969, n. 17.
Gen., 243.— Lamk., Bid., i. 604; Suppl., ii. 2 L., Spec, 720.— DC, Prodr., n. 4. — Boiss.,
84; III., t. 446.— DC, Prodr., i. 245.— Spach, Fl. Or., i. 420.— Sibth., Fl. Grcec, t. 486.—
Suit, a Btiffon, vi. 297. — Payee, Organog., 203, Ores. &. Godb., Fl. de Fr., i. 159.
150
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
long-stipitate gynseceum. The sepals are free, one anterior, one
posterior, and one on either side. The two latter are covered in the
bud by the two former, which are also imbricated ; the posterior is
usually covered by the anterior, and differs in being more concave
and arched (fig. 176). The four twisted sessile petals, regularly alter-
Capparis spinosa.
Fig. 175.
Long. sect, of flower.
nating with the sepals, form, however, an irregular corolla, as the
two anterior alone have their contiguous lower edges valvate,
thickened, greenish, and covered with down. Between these the
receptacle swells into a little inverted heart-shaped glandular pro-
minence. The indefinite stamens come next on the conical recep-
tacle;1 their filaments are free, corrugated in the bud, with an
introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence.2 The
1 Pater (loc. cit. 205) bas seen that they
arise from above downwards on the receptacle;
first four stamens, superposed to the sepals ; then,
lower down, four others, alternating with these;
next eight more, alternating with the former
eight; and so on from within outwards.
2 The pollen consists of ellipsoidal grains,
which, when moistened, become spherical, with
three papillose bands. This is the case according
to H. Mohl (in Ann. Sc. Nat, ser. 2, iii. 327),
in C. spinosa, cegyptiaca, tomenlosa, cqfra,
cynopli a Uuphora.
CAPPARIDACE.%.
151
gynseceum is supported by a long stalk, the prolongation of the
floral receptacle ; it consists of an ovary surmounted by a little
subsessile stigmatiferous head. The ovary is divided into seven or
Fig. 177.
Fruit.
Capparis spinosa.
Fig. 176.
Diagram.
Fig. 178.
Seed (f ).
Fig. 179.
Long. sect, of seed.
eight cells by very thin septa, which unite along the axis into a
sort of thickened cylinder,1 and bear on both surfaces an indefinite
number of campylotropous ovules.2 The fruit is a long stipitate
berry (fig. 177), lodging in its pulp3 a large number of campylo-
1 On fecundation this column becomes pulpy
and scarcely visible, so that the ovary then seems
one-celled, and only divided by rudiments of
septa. In this respect it returns to the early
stage of its ontogeny, when its single cavity was
only imperfectly divid3d by the centripetal pla-
centas springing from the periphery.
2 They have two coats.
3 In this fruit the septa become gradually
thickened, soft, and pulpy. They form, together
with the inner stratum of the convex wall of the
cell, a whitish mass, in which the seeds are finally
imbedded. This matrix gradually passes into a,
green zone, formed of much denser tissue, outside
which are traced a variable number of white
vertical lines. These show through the whitish
membranous superficial layer, which may be
easily detached from the rest of the pericarp.
152
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
tropous reniform seeds (figs. 178, 179); within their seed coats' is
a fleshy embryo, with a long radicle and narrow cotyledons folded
repeatedly on themselves, and containing a little fleshy albumen in
their anfractuosities. The Spiny Caper2 is a shrub with a woody
stock, from which arise a large number of flexuous branches covered
with alternate simple leaves, whose petiole is accompanied by two
lateral stipules, gradually thickened and transformed into spines.
Its flowers are solitary axillary, pedunculate. It is a plant from the
Mediterranean, cultivated in gardens in France. All the nearest
allied species are united with it into the section Eucapparis.3
In Sodatlct the flowers and fruit are the same in all essentials, but
the stem is bushy, leafless, and spiny. It is now only made a
section of Capparis, containing one species from Africa and the East.
In Capparidastrmn,5 comprising species from Tropical America,6
the sepals are small, rounded, and imbricated ; the fruit is
sometimes cylindroidal, much elongated. In Cj/iiojjhrilla,1 too, the
berries are very long and elongated, but the sepals are bi-seriate,
imbricate, and glandular or foveolate at the base.8 Breyniastrum?
also comprises American species,10 with an oblong fruit ; but the
sepals are triangular and spreading, even in the bud. Busbeckia"
has also been proposed as a distinct genus ; it comprises species
whose broad imbricated petals are united into a gamosepalous calyx,
which bursts irregularly on anthesis. They inhabit Australia and
1 The seed coats are three in number. The
outermost is soft and whitish ; the middle one
thick, hard, testaceous, brittle, and brown ; the
innermost thin and membranous. Towards the
organic apex of the seed the triple envelopes form
a sort of hollow beak, lodging the radicle. Around
this the innermost coat forms a cylindro-conoidal
sheath, ending in a little contracted tube. The
exostome is seen with difficulty at the extreme
apex of the outer coat. Close to it is the hilum,
forming a little circular cicatrix, around which is
a very little aril, a whitish cellular annular swell-
ing of the superficial seed-coat. Though the seeds
have been described as lacking albumen, this exists
in small quantities, it is true, in the anfractuosities
of the numerous folds of the irregularly con-
voluted embryo.
3 [The so-called Caper plant of our English
gardens is a Euphorbiad, F. Laihyris L.]
3 DC, Prodr., sect. i. The fruit varies in
form in this section, being sometimes globular,
sometimes ovoidal or obovoid. Its species are
all from the Old World (Deless., Ic. Sel.,t.lQ~
12).—? Petersia Kl., in Pet. Muss., Pot., 1G8,
t. 30.
4 Foesk., Fl. Mgypt.-Arah., 81. This section
contains only S. decidua Foesk., which grows in
Egypt, Abyssinia, Western Asia, &c. — Del., Fl.
d'Fy., 74, t. 2G.— DC, Prodr., i. 215.— 7/^-
back Adans., Fann. des PI., ii. 408.
5 DC, loc. cit., 218, sect. ii. — Ulerveria
Bertol., PI. Nov. Rort. Bonon., ii. 8 (ex Walp.,
Rep., i. 201).
6 Jacq., Amer., t. 104.
7 DC, loc. cit., 249, sect. iii.
8 The species of this section are unarmed, all
American (Jacq., op. cit., t. 98, 99).
9 DC, loc. cit., 250, sect. v. — Breynia Plum.,
Gen. Amer., t. 16 (nee Forst.).
10 Jacq., op. cit., t. 100, 105. — Reichb., Ic.
Exot., t. 233.
11 Endl., Prodr. Fl. Ins. Norfolk., 64; Gen.,
n. 5001. — F. Mtjell., Fl. Yicl., t. iv. suppl.
GAPPARWACEM. 153
the neighbouring parts of Oceania. In Calanthea? an American
section,2 the sepals are narrow and do not touch ; while the petals
are valvate in the bud. Finalty, the name Qtiadrella* has been given,
and generic importance assigned' to certain American species,5 with
valvate sepals, often possessing an internal basilar gland, and with
a fruit of variable form, sometimes dehiscing at maturity ; the un-
armed stems bear opposite or alternate leaves.
Under the name of Morisotiia5 four American species7 have been
distinguished. Their calyx is gamosepalous at the base, parting
unevenly into two, three, or four pieces on anthesis, with four
internal alternipetalous basilar glands. The regular tetramerous
corolla, the androceum of indefinite stamens, and the stipitate gynse-
ceum, with a variable number of parietal placentas, are those of most
American species of Capparis. The fruit is a corticate many-
seeded berry. These plants have simple coriaceous leaves, tomentose
or covered with scaly down, and flowers in multiiloral corymbs.
We make them a mere section of the genus Capparis, scarcely
distinct from Beautcmpsia?
Thus limited, the genus Capparis contains some hundred and
twenty-five species,9 many of them very ill-known. Their habit,
surface, and inflorescence are most variable. They are confined to
warm countries ; their northern limit is, in Europe, the north coast
of the Mediterranean ; Mexico in America,
Jtamisquea emarginalaw is a low, rigid, bushy, often spiny
shrub from Western America, with nearly all its parts
1 DC, loc. cit., 250, sect. iv. 9 Wight & Arn., Prodr., i. 21,— Thw., Enum.
2 Jacq., Amer., t, 100. PL Zeyl, 15.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 41<J.— Sibth.,
3 DC, loc. cit., 251, sect. vi. Fl. Grcec, t, 486, 487.— Del., Fl. d'Eg., 93.—
4 Mkissn., Gen., lo.— Colicodendron Mart., A. Rich., Fl. Sen, Tent., i. 22, t. 5.— Kl., in
Herb. Fl. Bras., 201. — Endl., Gen., n. 499J. — Pet, Moss., Bot., 167. — Oliv., Fl. Trap. Afr.,
? Destrugesia Gaudicu., Voy. Bonile, Bot.,t. i. 94. — Haev. & Sonp., Ft. Cap., i. 61. — Dentil,
56. Fl. Austral., i. 93 ; Fl, Hongk., 18— Griseb.,
5 Jacq., Amer., t. 150. Fl. Brit. W.-Lul., 17, 19.— Teiana & Pl., in
6 Plum., Gen., 63, t. 23. — L., Gen., n. 642.— Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 76.— Eichl., in
G.sitTN., Fruct., i. 378, t. 78.— Lamk., Diet,, iii. Mart. Fl, Bras., Cappar., 267, t. 60-65.—
664: III, t. 595.— DC, Prodr., i. 251.— Endl., Walp., .Rep., i. 127; ii. 765 ; v. 54; Ann,, ii. 60;
Gen., n. 5002.— B. H., Gen., 107, n. 12. iv. 225.
~> Jacq., Amer., t. 97.— Cay., Diss., vi. 308, lu Miers, Trav. Chil., ii. 529; in Trans. Linn.
t. 163. — Sw., Obs., 272 (Capparis). — Griseb., Soc, xxi. 1, t. 1. — Hook. & Arn., Bot. Misc.,
Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 19. iii. 143.— Endl., Gen., n. 4992.— B. H., Gen.,
8 Gaudich., Voy. Bonite, Bot., t, 56. Only 109, 969, n. 19. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, x. 28. —
the figure of this doubtful genus has been pub- Walp., Ann., iv. 22i.
lished.
154
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Apophyllum anomalum.
covered with scaly hairs, like those of Elaagnacece. Its flowers,
externally like those of a small Camparis, are solitary in the axils of
the upper leaves, with four sepals, two external, large and valvate,
two internal, alternating with the former, small, and tongue-like.
Behind a pit whose edges are prolonged into three glandular teeth,
the receptacle rises into an arched column, on whose expanded
capital are inserted the sexual organs. There are six fertile stamens,
two posterior, two lateral, and two anterior ; and three sterile ones,
reduced to slender filaments, alternating with the anterior pair.
The gy nseceum is of Capparis, borne on a slender foot and contain-
ing two pluriovulate placentas. The fruits and seeds are nearly as
in Capparis.
Apophyllum anomalum1 is a frutescent plant from Tropical
Australia, whose flowers (fig. 180), formed
on the whole as in Capparis, are, however,
so reduced as to be polygamous, with a
corolla of sometimes only three or four petals,
and only one or two stamens in the herma-
phrodite flowers ; while there are none in
the females. At the same time, the ovary,
which has a large lateral gland at the base
of its foot, contains but one or two ovules,
usually ascending. The fruit is small,
globular, and one-seeded. The embryo is
slender, and rolled repeatedly on itself. This
shrub is branching, almost leafless. Its flowers form little axillary
or lateral bunches.
In Roydsiar the small flowers have a gamosepalous calyx with six
deep imbricated lobes, and very numerous stamens supported on a
short foot with the ovary of three multiovulate cells. The fruit is
a large one-seeded drupe ; the embryo has two fleshy unequal coty-
ledons, the smaller of which is induplicate, enfolded by its fellow.
Boydsia consists of shrubs with obtuse simple leaves, and flowers in
simple or ramified racemes. Two species are known :3 one from the
Fig. 180.
Long. sect, of flower (f-).
1 F. Mttell., in Hook. Journ., ix. 306. — 2 Roxb., PI. Corom., iii. 86, t. 289. — Endl.,
Benth., Fl. Austral., i. 97.— B. H., Gen., 109, Gen., n. 5009.— B. H., Gen., 110, n. 20.
n. 18. 3 Walp., Rep , i. 202.
CAPPAEIDACEJ?.
155
East Indies, with a decidedly imbricate perianth ; one from the
Philippine Islands, with longer sepals, in part almost valvate.
In SteripJioma1 the subcylindrical gamosepalous calyx is divided
unequally at the apex by from two to four longitudinal clefts.
Inside its base are four ellipsoidal glandular squamiform pits, some-
times scarcely distinct. Between these are seen four imbricated
petals, equal or slightly unequal, supported on a short cylindrical
column a little above the calyx. There are five or six very long,
free exserted stamens, equal or unequal, with introrse elongated
anthers. The stipitate gynseceum consists of an ovary whose two
multiovulate placentas are finally joined, and is surmounted by a little
flattened discoidal stigma. The fruit is said to be a many-seeded
berry. Steriphoma comprises three species2 from Peru, Colombia,
and the Southern Antilles ; they are shrubs, with alternate simple
long-petiolate leaves, and flowers in terminal racemes.
Thylachium3 has regular hermaphrodite apetalous flowers. The
membranous valvate gamosepalous calyx bursts across irregularly/
the upper part coming off like a cowl. Above the receptacle
expands into a short thick inverted cone, supporting on top a large
number of free stamens finally much exserted, with two-celled
introrse anthers. From the centre of its upper surface springs a
long foot, bearing a one-celled ovary, which contains from four to
ten parietal multiovulate placentas, and is surmounted by a little
sessile stigmatiferous platform. The fruit is a many-seeded berry.
Thylachium consists of glabrous shrubs, from the islands east of South
Africa. Their leaves are alternately simple or trifoliolate ; their
flowers form short corymbiform racemes, axillary or terminal.5
1 Spheng., Cur. Post., 130; Gen., n. 1311.—
Endl., in Flora (1832), ii. t. 5; Gen., n. 5005 —
B. H., Gen., 107, 96-J, n. 11. — Rcemeria Tbatt.,
Gen., 88 (nee Medik., nee Thunb., nee Zea). —
Stephania W., Spec, 239.— DC, Prodr., i. 253
(nee Locr.). — Hermupoa Lcefl., It., 307. —
DC, Prodr., i. 254.— Endl., Gen., n. 5008.
2 Jacq., Hort. Schoenbr.,t. Ill (Capparis). —
Ghiseb.,.F/. Brit. W.-Ind., 19 — Tkiana & Pl.,
in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 75. — Eichl., in
Mart. Fl, Bras., Cappar., 266, t. 64. — V.
Hotjtte, Fl. des Serr., vi. t. 534, 535. — Walp.,
Ann., i. 61 ; ii. 61.
3 Louis., Fl. Cochinch,, 342. — J., in Ann.
Mus., sii. 71. — LAMK., Diet., vii. 632 ; Suppl.,
v. 301. — DC, Prodr., i. 254.— Endl., Gen., n.
4991.—B. H., Gen., 107, 968, n. 10.
4 This is the only character whereby Thyla-
chium is really distinguished from Capparis, and
it is of the less value, as there are members of
Cleome, such as Peritoma, and Capparis, such
as certain Busbeekias, whose calyx comes off just
as in Thylachium, while we are yet unable to
separate them generically from the other species.
We are left to the leaves, often trifoliolate in
Thylachium, but even here sometimes simple, as
in Capparis. Hence the value of the genus is
infinitesimal, and perhaps it will have to be
reduced to a mere section of Capparis.
5 Lame., Diet., i. 609 (Capparis). — Dup.-
156
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Cadaba* in perianth comes pretty near certain species of Capparh;
for of the four unequal caducous sepals, two are external and
valvate, enveloping the others. There are either four petals, or only
two, according to the species. There are from four to eight
stamens, below which the receptacle is often prolonged into a
large tubular or solid prominence, sometimes ending in a sort of
galeate dilatation. The stipitate ovary contains two or four multi-
ovulate placentas. The fruit is a cylindrical berry, dehiscent or
indehiscent. A dozen species of Cadaba are known, unarmed or
spiny shrubs from Tropical Africa, and Asia, and the Cape, with
simple or trifoliolate leaves, and axillary flowers, solitary or collected
into racemes or corymbs.'2
Euadenia? closely allied to Cadaba, links it with Cratceva. The
calyx and corolla are tetramerous ; but the posterior pair of petals
are much more developed than the other pair. There are five
stamens, and a stipitate gymeceum like that of Cadaba; but the
gynophore bears posteriorly, between the two large petals, a very
long appendage ending in five lobes or bearing five distinct glands.
The fruit is a globular or elongated berry. The two known species
of this genus are glabrous shrubs from the west of Tropical
Africa.4 Their leaves are trifoliolate, and their flowers form terminal
racemes.
In Cratceva* also the calyx has four imbricate sepals, and the
corolla four equal or unequal petals with long claws, and the poste-
rior may be larger than the anterior. The stamens vary from eight
to twenty in number ; near their insertion the receptacle is more or
Th., Hist, des Ve'g. des lies Austr. d'Jfr., 26
(Capparis). — Kl., in Pet. Moss., Pot., 164. —
Walp., Rep)., v. 53.
1 Foesk., Fl. Aigypt.-Arab., 67. — Lamk.,
Diet., ii. 544.— DC, Prodr., i. 224,— E>dl.,
Gen., n. 4993.— B. H., Gen., 108, 969, n. 15.—
Strcemia Vahl., Symb., i. 19.
2 The germs is divided into three sections ;
1. EucadaLa (Endl., loc. cit., a). Petals 0 or 4 ;
stamens 4—6 ; leaves simple. (Deless., Ie. Set.,
iii. t, 8, 9.— Hook., Icon., t. 839. — Benth., Fl.
Austral., i. 92.— Oliv., Fl. Prop. Afr., i. 88.—
Haky., Thes. Cap., t. 135.— Walp., Pep., v.
53.)— 2. Desmocarpus (Wall., Cat., n. 6978).
Petals 2 ; stamens 6 ; fruit incompletely bivalve ;
leaves trifoliolate. (Wight, in Hook. Pot. Misc.,
App.,t.37. — Tvly? .,Enum. PI. Zeyl.,\b. — Walp.,
Pep., i. 196.) — 3. Schepperia (Neck., Elem., n.
1392 j— DC, Prodr., i. 245 ;— E>ul., Gen., n.
4991 ; — Macromemm Burch., Trac, i. 388).
Petals 0 ; stamens 8 ; a leafless shrub. (L.,
Svppl., 300 (Chome). — Schltl., in Linneea, i.
255, t. 3.— Harv. & Sohd., Fl. Cap., i. 59.—
Haet., Thes. Cap., t. 135.)
3 Our., in B. H., Gen., 969, n. 22 a; EL
Prop. Afr., i. 90.
4 Scnvir. & Tiioxx., Peshr., 144 (Stramia).
5 L., Gen., n. 599.— J., Gen., 244.— Lamk.,
Diet., viii. 581 ; Suppl., v. 283 ; III, t. 395.—
DC, Prodr., i. 242.— Spach, Suit, a Puffon, vi.
301.— Endl., Gen., n. 5003.— B. H., Gen., 110,
969, n. 21. — Otltrys Xoko>'h., ex Dup.-Th.,
Gen. Nov. Madag., 13.
CAPPABIDAQE&. 157
less hypertrophied between the petals into distinct glandular lobes
or a cupuliforra disk ; but we do not find the enormous backward
process of Euadenia and certain Cadabas. The long-stipitate ovary
has two placentas ; and the globular or ovoidal berry internally
resembles a Caper. Cratceva consists of glabrous trees or shrubs,
with trifoliolate leaves, and handsome flowers, often polygamous,
and collected into axillary and terminal racemes. Some half-dozen
species are known.1
Boscia2 has little tetramerous apetalous flowers. The sepals,
usually caducous, are valvate or scarcely imbricate in the bud. At
the foot of the stipitate gynasceum is found a little glandular disk,
at the level of which are inserted from six to twenty stamens.
The ovary, surmounted by a little depressed sessile stigma, has two
parietal pauciovulate placentas. The fruit is generally globular,
with one or few seeds in the incomplete cells. The embryo is fleshy
and scented, rolled up, with traces of albumen between the folds.
Boscia consists of unarmed glabrous shrubs from Tropical Africa/
Their leaves are simple, articulate, with two small lateral stipules ;
their flowers are in small racemes or corymbs.
In Bitc/tiea,4 a neighbour of Boscia, the flowers are regular and
tetramerous with a valvate calyx, but they are large, with a small
expansion of the receptacle above the perianth, and four5 long
unguiculate petals forming wavy ribbons, and valvate-induplicate in
the bud. On the convex top of the above-mentioned receptacular
dilatation are inserted the indefinite stamens, from the middle of
which rises the long slender foot of the ovary. The ovary, sur-
mounted by a large sessile stigma, contains three or four multi-
ovulate placentas. The fruit is an oblong stipitate berry, like that
of certain Capers. The three or four known species6 of this genus
1 R. PR..in DenJi. Sf Clapp. Toy. App.,22Z.— 3 A. Rich., Fl. Sen. Tent., i. 25, t. 6. —
Deless., Ic. Sel., iii. t. 7.— Wight & Arn., Oliv., Ft. Trop. Afr., i. 92. — Walp., Rep., i.
Prodr., i. 23— Thw., Fnum. PI. Zeyl., 14.— 196; Ann., i. 60; ii. 59.
Forst., Prodr., 203. — A. Rich., Fl. Sen. Tent., 4 R. Bk., in Denh. S( Clapp. Yoy.Ajip., 223. —
i. 25. — Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 99.— Griseb., Exdl., Gen., n. 5004. — B. H., Gen., 110, 969,
Fl. Brit. JF.-Ind., 17.— Triana & Pi , in Ann. n. 22.
Sc. Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 87. — Eichl., in Mart. Fl. 5 Their number is indefinite in R. simplici-
Bras., Cappar., 263, t. 59.— Walp., Rep., i. folia Oliv.
201 ; v. 55. 6 Hook, f., Niger, 216, t. 19, 20.— Sims, in
~ Lamk., Ill, t. 395 (nee Tiiijxb.). — DC, Bol. Mag , t. 596 {Cratceva).— Andr., in Bol.
Prodr., i. 214.— Enpl., Gen., n. 4996.— B. H., Repos., t. 176 (Cratceva). — Oliv., Fl. Trop.
Gen, 108,969, n. 16. — Podoria Pers., Syn., Afr., i. 100.— Bot. Mag., t. 5344.— Walp.,
ii. 5. Rep., i. 201 ; Ann., i. 60; ii. 61.
158 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
are erect or sarmentose climbing shrubs from the west of Tropical
Africa. Their leaves are simple, or compound, with three or five
leaflets, and their flowers form racemes or corymbs.
Emblingia calceoloides,1 an undershrub from West Australia, is
quite exceptional among Capparidacea. Its calyx is gamosepalous,
irregularly campanulate, with five uneven divisions : it is cleft to the
very base between the two anterior sepals. On the opposite side of
the flower is seen the corolla reduced to the two posterior petals,
which are conjoined into a sort of spoon which is turned backwards.
Above the perianth the receptacle is prolonged into a narrow elon-
gated bowed column, flattened and concave behind, and supporting
at its summit the gynseceum, which owing to the curvature of the
column is finally brought down close to its base. Around the ovary
the gynophore expands into a sort of frill, with its edges incised into
from eig-ht to twelve crenulations or short lobes. The anterior of
these, from three to six in number, are obtuse and pubescent ; they
perhaps represent staminodes. The posterior (from three to five)
bear each an introrse two-celled anther, of longitudinal dehiscence.
The ovary is one-celled, with two uniovulate parietal placentas, it is
surmounted by a short style, which rapidly enlarges into a two-lobed
stigmatiferous scale. The fruit is a little inverted drupe, supported
by the now indurated gynophore, having at its base a gland, posterior
in position, which existed in the flower. The thin mesocarp sur-
rounds a rugose stone, containing a single seed with a fleshy involute
embryo. Emblingia calceoloides has simple opposite or sub-opposite
leaves, covered with harsh hairs, and solitary axillary flowers, on
short slender peduncles.
III. MJERUA SERIES.
Mcerua" (figs. 181-1 S3) may be considered as Ritchiea wherein the
floral receptacle has become concave, obconical or tubular, bearing on
its rim the perianth, and inside the indefinite stamens. Thus Mcerua
1 F. Muiix., Fragm. Phyt. Ausirul., ii. 2, t. Prodr., i. 254.— R. Be., in Denh. $< Cla^. Vo$.
11.— Bekth., Fl.Ausiral.,\. 91.— 3. H., Gen., Jpp., 226. — Em>l., Gin., n. 4998. — Paysb,
968, n. 9 a. Fam. Nat., 136.— B. H., Gen., 108, n. 4.
2 Foesk., Fl. Mgypt.-Arab., 104. — DC,
CAPPARIDACEJE.
159
will be to Capparidacete what Eschscholtzia is to the Papaveracea. The
throat of the receptacle is sometimes bare,1 sometimes furnished with
a disk forming a laciniate frill. Within the valvate tetramerous
Marua angolensis.
w
Fig. 181.
Long. sect, of flower.
Fig. 182.
Diagram.
Fig. 183.
Fruit.
calyx are sometimes four petals, but they are often quite absent. In
Niebuhria? which belongs to tins genus, the receptacular tube is often
shorter, and the stipitate gynaeceum has two or three multiovulate pla-
centas. The fruit is ovoid and shorter than in Mcerua proper where it
is usually cylindroidal and torulose. Thus we find here the same
variations as in Capparis. We even find in certain species, for which
the genus Courbonia 8 has been proposed, that there are, as in some
Capers, only a few ovules, about two on either placenta, and that the
berry becomes ovoid or globular, with one seed or very few. Mcerua *
1 This is the case in Streblocarpus (Akn., in
Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, ii. 235; — Endl., Gen., n.
4997), which has four petals, and is distinguished
hy these characters as a section apart in the
genus Mania, from which it had been separated.
But in Pumarua the edge of the receptacle is
frilled.
• DC, Prodr., i. 243 (part.).— Endl., Gen^
n. 4995 .— B. H., Gen., 107, 969, n. 13.
3 Ad. Br , in Bull. Soc. But. de Fr., vii. 901.—
B. H., Gen., 969, n. 14 a. — PhysantJiemum Kl.,
in Pet. Moss., But., 167, t. 29.— B. H., Gen.,
437, n. 16 a.—Omv., PI. Prop. Afr., i. 87.
4
'1. Pumeerwa.
2. Streblocarpus (Arn.).
L3. Courbonia (Ad. Br.).
M^RTJA.
sect. 3.
160
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
thus defined consists of unarmed shrubs from India, Madagascar,
Arabia, and above all the east of Tropical Africa. Their leaves are
simple or unifoliolate, more rarely trifoliolate. The flowers are
axillary or terminal, solitary or in racemes or corymbs. Some twenty
species are known.1
IV. ? BOPALOCARPUS SERIES.
Hopahcarpus (figs. 184, 185)2 has regular hermaphrodite flowers.
They have four sepals, an outer pair and an inner pair, alternate-
Ropalocarpus lucidus.
.<*« £*JE*. .''a^-r £^V >p
Fig 184.
Fruit.
Fig. 185.
Long. sect, of fruit.
imbricate in the bud. There are also four alternating petals, equal
or slightly unequal, tapering at the base, unequally dentate or incised
at the apex, finely reticulate, of very delicate texture, imbri-
cated and slightly corrugated in the bud, very caducous. Im-
mediately above the perianth are inserted the indefinite free sta-
mens ; their filaments are corrugated in the bud, and their anthers
are versatile (originally introrse) and twTo-celled, dehiscing longitudi-
nally. After thus bearing the perianth and androceum, the receptacle
1 Vahl., Symb., i. 36. — Deless., Ic. Sel., iii.
t. 13. — Wight & Au>\, Prodr., i. 23 {Nie-
buhria).—A. Rich., Fl. Sen. Tent.,\. 27, t.78.—
Cambess., in Jacquem. T'oy., But., t. 23, 2 1. —
Hook., Icon., t. 124 {Niebuhria). — Habv. &
Som>., Fl. Cap.,i, 60 {Niebuhria), 61 {Boscia). —
Hart., Thes. Cap., t. 134 (Boscia).— Oliv., Fl.
Trap. Afr., i. S3. — Walp., Rep., i. 196, 197 j v.
53 ; Ann., ii. 59.
2 Bo J., llori. Maurit., 44 (err. typ. B'/pulo
carpus). — B. II., Gen., 238, 985, n. 32?—
Bocy., in Adansonia, vii. 61.
CAPPARIDACEJE. 161
is prolonged into a depressed truncated cone, with its small base
inferior. Its large base supports the gynaeceum, and is edged by a
disk forming a glandular ring. The short ovary, covered with rigid
hairs, is surmounted by a slender subulate style, whose stigmatiferous
apex is almost entire and scarcely expanded. Inside the ovary is seen
a usually complete vertical membranous septum ; in either cell is a
subbasilar placenta, bearing from two to four subcollateral ovules,
with the raphe dorsal and the micropyle downwards and inwards.
The fruit is, generally speaking, spherical in form, surmounting a pretty
long peduncle and bristling with conical prickles. On close inspection
we find an obtuse conical point, the true apex, which is brought down
towards the base by a sort of anatropy due to the almost complete
arrest of development in one of the cells of the ovary. This cavity
is found, small and sterile, close to the base of the fruit ; while in the
fertile cell we find a suberect ellipsoidal seed with its long axis hori-
zontal, containing inside its coats a ruminated albumen. The inferior
radicle is shortly conical ; the two cotyledons are enormous, membra-
nous and translucent, with laciniate edges, whose rumpled lobes spread
in all directions between the two laminae of each fold of the ruminated
albumen. B. lucidus Boj., the only known species of this genus, is a
glabrous shrub from Madagascar, with alternate simple leaves and
the habit of several Capparidacece. Its stipules are more or less united
into a single caducous triangular intrapetiolar organ. The flowers
are in pedunculate cymes (?) axillary to the leaves, or to the bracts
replacing them at the ends of the branches.
V.? MOEINGA SERIES.
Moringc? (figs. 180-190) has hermaphrodite irregular flowers;
their receptacle is cup-shaped, lined by a glandular disk with a
prominent free border ; on its oblique mouth are supported the
perianth and androceum, while the gynseceum springs from the
1 Bttbm., Zeyl,, 162.— J., Gen., 348. — G.EBTy., Fam. Nat., 94.— B. H., Gen., 429, 1001. — H.
Fnict., ii. 314. — Lame., Diet., i. 398; Suppl., Bn., in Adansonia, ix. 333. — Hyperanthera
390, 613 ; III., t. 147.— DC, Mem. Legwm., t. Foese., Fl. Myypt.-Arab., 67. — Vahl, Syml.,
21 ; Prodr., ii. 478. — E. Be., in Denh. fy Clapp. i. 30. — Anoma Loue., Fl. CocMnch., 344. —
Voy. App., 33. — DCNE.,in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, Alandina Nece., Elem., n. 1293.— Hypelate
iv. 203, t. 6. — Exdl., Gen., n. 6811. — Payee, Sm., in Sees. Cyclop., xix. (nee P. Be.)
VOL. III. M
162
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
bottom. The calyx consists of five slightly unequal sepals, of quin-
cuncial pra^floration. The five alternating petals are usually of
cochlear-imbricate pignoration. The anterior, internal in the bud,
and differing in form slightly from the rest, remains erect on
Moringa pferygosperma.
Fig. 186.
Flower (f).
Fig. 189.
Seed.
Fig. 188.
Fruit (i).
Fig. 187.
Long. sect, of flower.
Fig. 190.
Long. sect, of seed.
anthesis, while they become reflexed on the receptacle, like the sepals.
There are ten stamens, perigynous, five superposed to the petals and
five to the sepals ; the former are usually sterile, reduced to the
filaments,1 sometimes very slender ; the five others have a dorsal fixed
one-celled introrse anther of longitudinal dehiscence :2 moreover the
1 The filaments are free at their origin, more water it becomes spherical, with three papillose
or less covered with hairs below. Later on they bands (H. Mohl, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii.
stick together to a variable extent. 343).
2 The pollen is ovoid, with three folds ; in
CAPPARIDACE3J. 163
androceum is most developed towards the anterior side of the flower ;
so that the fertile stamen superposed to the enveloped anterior petal
is the longest of all, while the posterior pair are the shortest.
The gynaeceum consists of a stipitate ovary, surmounted by a slender
cylindrical tubular style, undilated at its stigmatiferous apex.1 In
the one-celled ovary there are three* parietal placentas, whereof two
are posterior. Each bears an indefinite number of descending
anatropous ovules, with their micropyles upwards and inwards. The
fruit is a siliquiform elongated trigonous capsule, which at maturity
opens by three longitudinal clefts into three valves, bearing the
seeds on the middle of their inner surface. The seeds, more or less
separated by a peculiar fungous tissue,3 are winged or wingless,4 and
contain in their coats a large, fleshy, oily, exalbuminous erabyro,
with a short superior radicle. Moringa consists of unarmed trees or
shrubs, with alternate bi- or tri-imparipinnate leaves. Their divi-
sions are opposite, and the leaflets are entire and caducous.
The petioles, petiolulcs, and leaves are all articulated at the base ;
the petiole is exstipulate, or has stipitate glands at its base, which
are sometimes also found at the origin of the petiolules and leaflets.
The flowers are very numerous, in much ramified racemes of cymes.
Three species of Moringa6 are known, natives of the warm districts
of North Africa and South Western Asia ; one has been introduced
into nearly all tropical countries.
Thus we admit seventeen genera in the order Capparidacem.
This was originally distinguished in B. de JussieuV list of Ordines
naturales, under the name Capparides, including the then known
CapparidacecB, besides Tropceolum, Viola, Reseda, Melianthus, and
1 Perforated in the centre. those of their neighbouring seeds, which may at
2 Exceptionally we do find two or four carpels, maturity be arranged in a single vertical row
with the same number of placentas and valves along the axis of the capsule. The number of
to the fruit. wings will vary of course with that of the valves,
3 Produced from the inner wall of the pericarp. and also because the wing may exceptionally
4 There are no wings on the seeds of M. aptera, remain rudimentary on one or two angles of the
which are triangular, each angle corresponding seed, or not be formed at all, as is normally the
to the meeting point of two adjacent valves of case in M. aptera.
the fruit. In M. pterygosperma the superficial 5 Wight & Abn., Prodr., i. 178. — Wight,
seed-coat is here hypertrophied into a vertical III., t. 77. — Geiff., Notul., iv. 572, t. 609
wing, which extends into the sinus between the (Hyperantha).
two valves. These wings are imbricated with 6 In A. L. de Juss. Gen., lxvii.
M 2
164 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Maregravia. Adanson1 separated Viola, introducing, however, Viiis
and Passifora. But A. L. de Jussteu2 increased the prevailing dis-
order of this group, by adding as genera affinia Drosera and Parnassia,
besides the Malvad Durio. A. P. de Candolle3 in 1824 banished
from this order the genera which did not belong to it, retaining only
(to use our generic limits) Cleome, Cratava, Boscia, Cadaba, Steri-
p/wma, Stephania, Thglachimn, and Mcerua. To these eight genera
E. Brown added Bitchiea in 1826. Bogdsia was established by
Eoxburgh in 1S19, and Atamisquea by Miers in 1848. Of recent
date are Wislizenia of Engelmann, Apophyllum and EmbUngia of
F. Mueller, and Euadenia of Oliver ; to these we add, as types
of somewhat doubtful series in this order, Bopalocarpus of Bojer,
and Moving a of Burmann.
These seventeen genera contain some three hundred genera, of
which Cleome and Capparis contain each nearly a third. Among
the fifteen remaining genera three alone are peculiar to America.
Steriphoma, with three known species, Atamisquea* and Wislizenia,
both monotypic. The twelve others are proper to the Old World.
Three of them alone are monotypic : Bopalocarpus, from Madagascar;
Apophgttum and EmbUngia, both Australian. In Tropical and South
Africa is the favoured home of Capparidacece. Besides its numerous
species of Capparis and Cleome, the continent and neighbouring
islands are the sole birthplace of Boscia, Thglachium, Euadenia, and
Bitchiea, with the greater part of Mania and Cadaba. The other
species of the two last genera extend into Arabia, and even India,
the sole country of Bogdsia. Moringa belongs to Tropical Asia and
the warm regions of Eastern Africa. Cratava, comprising only half
a dozen species, is however spread over a wide area in the Tropics,
occurring in the hottest parts of West and East Africa, Asia, and
the Indian Archipelago, Australia and Polynesia, the Antilles,
Brazil, and the neighbouring parts of South America. In this
respect its geographical distribution is comparable to that of Cappa-
* Fam. des PL, ii. (1763), 402, Fam. li. 4 Its only known species extends about forty
(Jen., ^42, Orel. IV. degrees on either side of tbe equator in the west
Prodr., i. 237, Old. XII. 0f America (see Adansonia, x. 28).
GAPPAPWACBM. 165
ris and Cleome. The genus Capparis extends to 40° S. in Australia,
the Cape, and La Plata. Northwards it extends to about 30° in
America, above 40° in Asia, and not far from 50° in the Medi-
terranean.
The Capparidacea have long been divided into two tribes: Cleomea,
with a dry capsular fruit, dehiscent by thin valves ; and Capparidea,
with a fleshy fruit; the former usually herbaceous, with compound
leaves, the latter woody ; and in this group most of the genera have
a convex floral receptacle, and hence a hypogynous perianth and
androceum. In Marua, on the contrary, the receptacle is hollow and
obconical, with the perianth and androceum on its rim. Thus these
plants are analogous to Eschscholtziece among Papaverads ; hence we
propose to make a distinct series for them. Last come the two
series of somewhat doubtful position, represented by Bopalocarpm
and Moringa. "We now give the general characters of our five
series : —
I. Cleomeje. — Insertion hypogynous. Receptacle often produced
into a cylinder. Fruit dry capsular, often siliquiform, one-celled,
dehiscent. Plants herbaceous; often annual. (2 genera.)
II. Capparide^e. — Insertion lvypogynous. Fruit fleshy (berry or
drupe.) Plants woody. (12 genera.)
III. M^erue^:. — Insertion perigynous. Receptacle concave. Fruit
fleshy. Plants woody. (1 genus.)
IV.? Ropalocarpe^e. — Insertion hypogynous. Receptacle obconi-
cal short. Placentation brought down towards the base of the ovary.
Fruit dry (?) indehiscent. Stem woody. Leaves simple. (1 genus.)
V. MoRiNGEiE. — Insertion perigynous. Receptacle concave. Fruit
capsular siliquiform dehiscent, usually 3-valvate. Stem woody.
Leaves compound, 2-, 3-pinnate. (1 genus.)
Thus the characters whereby we distinguish these series from one
another are chiefly to be found in the consistency of the stem and
pericarp, and the form of the floral receptacle. The other particulars
of organization, on the variation of which we found our secondary
and tertiary divisions, are as follows : —
The leaves are sometimes simple, sometimes compound. The
latter is nearly always the case in Clcomece ; but in Capparidea this
166 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
character is valueless, varying from one species to another in the
same genus. Nor is the presence or absence of stipules of more
value. Still we must lay stress on the union of the two intrapetiolar
stipules into a single organ in Ropalocarpea ; and the presence of
little glandular bodies in place of stipules and stipels in Morinyea.
The leaves are simple in the former, decompound in the latter.
The flowers are usually hermaphrodite ; but polygamo-dicecious
in Apophyllum. The regularity or irregularity of the perianth is of
no use as a generic characteristic ; for in Capparis, Cleome, Cratceva,
Cadaba, &c, we find both regular and irregular corollas. Apetaly
is sometimes considered of generic import ; thus it occurs in Boscia,
Thylachium, and Roydsia ; but their perianth has some other pecu-
liarity in the number of its parts or the mode of dehiscence. But
mere apetaly is insufficient, for Mcerua and Cadaba have some species
apetalous, others with corollas. Nor is the number of stamens, defi-
nite or indefinite, or of carpels and placentas more serviceable. The
genera Steriphoma and Thylachium have been defined by the dehiscence
of their calyx, which will alone separate them from Capparis. If we
look at this last genus, and see, indivisible as it now appears, the
considerable variations found in the number of parts of the floral
whorls, in the prsefloration, in the relative form and size of the parts
of a single verticil, and even the arrangement of the placentas, which
may be parietal, or divide the ovary up into complete cells, we shall
understand that all these characters must lack any real significance
in the group as a whole.
The same remark may be applied to the form of the fruit. Since in
the genus Capparis it may assume every possible form, from a perfect
sphere to a narrow cylinder, thirty or forty times as long as it is
thick, we can nowhere in this order retain genera only founded on
the difference of the diameters of the pericarp.
The chief affinities of Capparidacece are in no way doubtful. The
order is allied to Papaveracece, Resedacece, and CrucifercB.x Of the
first it lacks the double corolla, the copious albumen, the milky juice
J. G. Agabdh says, moreover (Tkeor. Syst., pseolis collaterals, floribus 4-meris et axi intra
209) : " Capparidacece sunt Oxalideis et Tro- rlorem valde elongato diverste."
CAPPARIDACECE.
L67
with its peculiar properties. "We shall see that Resedacece, which
A. L. de Jussieu included in the genera affinia of this order, are
separable therefrom by no absolute character. Through Cleomece,
especially the types with a dry siliquiform dicarpellary fruit, and a
hexandrous androceum, we are brought so near Cruciferce that the
only absolute distinction lies in the habit, and the false septum in
the fruit of the latter. True, there are other differential characters,
but they are inconstant: the organization of the leaves in Capparidacece,
the frequent asymmetry of the flowers,1 the number of stamens, the
long support of the fruit, and the direction of the ovules. Other
secondary affinities must be noted. Such doubtful Capparidacece as
Rqpalocarptts have been referred to Tiliacece. This closely linking of
this order to Pixacece through Prockia enables us to see why Aphloia
has been placed among Capparidacece, because of the form of the
embryo. Moringc? shows close analogies with Leguminosce, differing
essentially only in the number of its parietal placentas ; and Cordyla,
which belongs to the Leguminose series Tounalece or Sivarfziece, was
formerly placed in Capparidacece? and is only really distinguished
therefrom by its single placenta.
Differences in properties4 answer to the differences in histology
between this order and Papaveracea. Its properties are on the whole
very nearly those of Resedacece and Cruciferce, the vegetative organs
usually containing acrid or stimulant, antiscorbutic juices, and the
seeds an oily substance. The European Caper-plants are well-known
for the use made of their flower-buds (more rarely the young fruit)
as a stimulant aperient digestive condiment. Our Capers are the
pickled buds of C. spinosah (figs. 174-179); but those of C. oegyptia*
1 Eichi., Fxc. Morph., in Mart. Fl. Bras.,
Cappar., 338, t. 68.
2 See Adaasonia, vs.. 335, for the enumeration
of the different groups to which Moringa has
been referred, even bringing it near Monopetal(e,
such as Bignoniacece. Agaedh (pp. cit., 211)
says of Moringece : — " Capparideis collaterals
aut paulo superiores, floribus 5-meris subsym-
metricis et staminibus perigyuis ad Leguminosas
transeuntes."
Fl. Seneg. Tent., i. 30, t. 9.
4 Endl., Fnchirid., 457. — Lindl., Teg.
Kingd., 358; Fl. Med., 94. — Rosenth., Syn.
PL Diaph., 646.
5 L., Spec, 720. — Blackw., Herb., t. 417. —
DC, Prodr., i. 245, n. 4. — GtJiB., Drog. Simpl.,
ed. 6, hi, 671. — Lindl., Fl, Med., 94 —A. Rich.,
Flem., ed. 4, ii. 380, t. 80. — Rosenxh., op. cit.,
648 (see above p. 149, note 2).
6 Lame., Diet., i. 605. — Del., Fl. Mgypt.,
93, t. 31, fig. 3.— DC, Prodr., n. 7.
168
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
are used the same way in Egypt, like those of C. Fontanesia* in
Barbary, and C. rupesfris2 in Greece. The bark of the roots of most
of these species tastes bitter and pungent ; that of C. spinosa was
formerly used as an aperient and deobstruant. We find much
more marked properties in the roots of several species from Equi-
noctial America; the bark is not only stimulant but vesicating.
Hence the use of that of C. cynopliallophora? Breynia,4 jamaicensis?
femtyinea,6 in the Antilles ; it is also considered emmenagogue, diu-
retic, and hydragogue. The fruit of C. Breynia is held antispasmodic,
and its flowers and root antihysteric and aperient. This idea may
be due to the foetid smell of most of these plants ; for the same excre-
mentitious smell characterizes many antispasmodic remedies. C.
Morkonia'' one kind of the Mabouia-wood of the Antilles, is thought
to have similar qualities. The fruit of C.frondosa* andpulc/ierriwa,9
are reputed poisonous in the same countries. Von Martius says that
horses and mules have died from eating the leaves of C. Yco, in Brazil.10
Strangely enough, other species of the same genus are considered
antidotal. The leaves of C. Bahi Forsk. and C. mithridatica Forsk.
are rubbed in on snake-bites in Egypt. In India, C. Reedii, Beyneana,
and brevispina are prescribed for vermin and many other affections.
The fruits of C. Sodadau are simply edible ; but then they are always
cooked beforehand in Egypt and Arabia. In Cadaba and Crotava
we find the same diversity of properties. Cadaba indica12 is thought
an anthelmintic; C.farinosa is chewed, audits powder is used as
1 DC, Prodr., n. 5.— C. ovata Desf., Fl.
AH., i. 404 (nee Bieb.).
2 Sibth. & Sm., Fl. Grcpc., t. 487.— DC,
Prodr., n. 3. This species and the preceding
ones are held to he mere forms or varieties of C.
spiiiosa by W. D. G. Koch (in Raid. Dentsch.
F/., iv., ex Ann. Sc Nat., ser. 2, iii. 370). C.
rupestris he would make an unarmed variety of
C. spinosa.
3 L., Spec, 721.— DC, Prodr., i. 249, n. 61.—
Lixdt,., loc. cit., n. 199.
* Jacq, Amer., 161, t. 103. — L., Spec, ed. 2,
i. 721.— DC, Prodr., i. 252, n. 95 (nee Sw.) —
Tbiana & Pl., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, xvii.
80. — C. umiigdaliiia Laiik., Did., i. 608. — C.
barcelonensis H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec, v.
92. — Breynia indica L., Spec, ed. 1, 503 (Feve
du dialle, Jiois caea, of the Antilles).
5 Jacq., Amer., t. 101.
6 L., Amcen., v. 598. — P. Br., Jam., t. 28, fig.
1.— DC, Prodr., i. 251, n. 89.— C. oclrandra
Jacq., Amer., t. 100.
7 Say., Ols., 272. — Morisonia americana L.,
Spec, 719.— Jacq,, Amer., t. 97.— DC, Prodr.,
i. 211.
8 Jacq., Amer., 162, t. 104.— DC, Prodr., i.
249, n. 51.
9 Jacq., Amer., 163, t. 106.— DC, loc cit., n.
250.
10 Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Cappar., 272, t.
60. — Colicodendron Yco Mabt., St/st.Mat. Med.
Bras., 72 ; Kerb. Fl. Bras., 201.
11 Sodada decidua Fobsk., Fl. Mgiiyt.-Arab.,
81.— Del., Fl. Mgypt., 74, t. 26.— DC, Prodr.,
i. 245.
12 Lamk., Diet., i. 511. — Cleome fruticosa L.,
Spec, 937.— Bibu., Fl. Ind., t. 46, fig. 3.
CAPPABIDACEJZ. 169
an antiseptic. The American species Cratava gyndndray and Topia2
have a bitter bark, the decoction of which is a tonic, stomachic, and
febrifuge. Their root is very acrid, even vesicant. The leaves of
C. religiose? are prescribed internally as a stomachic, externally as a
counter-irritant. C. Nurwala Ham., of India, is prized there for its
edible fruits of vinous flavour ; and the berries of C. magna* are
eaten in Cochin China. Those of Boscia senegalensis5 are eaten by
the negroes of the Senegal ; they also treat headache by a topical
application of a paste made of the leaves, or the vapour of water in
which they are boiled. The root is reputed a vermifuge ; and the
scraped wood gives a sweet taste to water, which is then used to
make cakes. Nevertheless the flowers have the stercoraceous odour
of those of so many species of Capparis and other genera. The
series Cleomeae also contains many stimulant, or even vesicant,
diuretic, aperient species. Cleome pentaphylla6 has the properties of
Cress or Horseradish in the tropical countries where it abounds.
C. triphylla1 is used in Hayti as an antiscorbutic and diuretic.
C. viscosa* is used topically in affections of the ears, and its seeds are
used as a condiment, like mustard. C.felina and icosandra? are used
in India as a vermifuge and epispastic ; the root of the latter cures
tapeworm.1" The flowers are used to season salads, like our nastur-
tiums (Trqpaolum). The leaves of C. pentaphylla are eaten in
Dongala, under the name of Bredes puantes." The oil in the embryo
of the Capparidece is seldom extracted for use. But large quantities
are extracted from that of the Ben nut [Moringd) in warm countries,
1 L., Spec, 636.— H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et 6 L., Spec, 938.— Bot. Mag., t. 1681.— a
Spec, v. 86 ? — Lindl., Fl. Med., 95 {Palo de acuta Schum. & ThoNN., Beskr., 293. — Gynan-
Gaaco, Sorrocloco of New Granada ; Garlick dropsis pentaphylla DC., Prodr., i. 238, n. 3. —
Pear of Jamaica. G. denliculata DC, loc. cif., n. 4.
2 L., Spec, 637. — Pis., Bras., t. 69. — Macf., 7 l., Spec, 938. — Gynandropsis triphylla
Fl. Jam., i. 37.— Eicin., in Mart. Fl. Bras., DC, Prodr., i. 237, n. 2.
Cappar., 261, t. 59. SL., Spec, 938. — Polanisia groveolens Rafin.,
3 Foest., Prodr., 203.— DC, Prodr., i. 243, in Journ. Phys. (Aug. 1819), 98.— DC, Prodr.,
n. 2. — Olit., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 99.— C. guineen- i. 242, n. 5.
sis Sch. & Thonn., Beskr., 240.— C. lata DC, 9 L., Spec, 938.— Buem., Fl. Zeyl., t. 99.—
loc cit., n. 3. — C. Adansonii DC, loc cit., n. 5. — Polanisia viscosa /3 DC, loc. cit.
A. Rich., Fl. Sen. Tent., i. 25 {Khed-kred of 10 Aubi/et also cites C.frutcscens of Guiana, as
Senega!; Kada-kukku of India). being as strong an irritant as cantbarides.
4 In East Africa they also eat the seeds of H The following species are also cited as useful:
Marua virgafa (figs. 182—184). Cleome spinosa and polygama, balsamic and sto-
5 Lame., III., t. 395. — DC, Prodr., i. 214. — macbic; C. pruriens, whose irritant hairs are
A. Rich., Fl. Sen. Tent., i. 25. — Podoria sene- sternutatory (see Eichl., loc. cit., 287).
galensis Pees., Syn., ii. 5 (Pjandam of the
natives).
170
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
especially in Egypt and Arabia. There oil is extracted from the seeds
of M. aptera ;x it is sweet, inodorous, and limpid, does not easily turn
rancid, and finally separates into two parts, one of which coagulates,
while the other always remains fluid. It is used in the extraction of
certain perfumes, and the more fluid part is often used by the watch-
maker. The embryo is bitter and purgative, acrid especially when
fresh, and then a rubefacient ; it is considered a febrifuge in the East.
In Egypt the seed is extensively brought to market. It grows on
plants raised in Cairo and the neighbourhood from seed imported
from Sennaar. The seeds are exported to Syria and Palestine on
account of their medicinal and alimentary uses. This is thought
to be the tree that Belon saw on Sinai, and named Balanus myrepsica,
adding, that the inhabitants " industriously gather its seed, whereof
they make a great quantity of oil." It is not, however, found there
now ; the Arabs have probably cut down and destroyed all these
trees for charcoal. Probably a similar use might be made of the
winged Ben,2 from Tropical India, which also contains a quantity of
oil ; but it does not appear to have been used much hitherto.
1 G-ZERTN., Fruct., ii. 315. — DC, Prodr., ii.
478, n. 3. — Decne., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iv.
203, t. 6. — Gctib., Drog. Simpl., ed. 6, ill. 387. —
Lindl., Fl. Med., 103. — M. zeylanica L., Spec,
546.— Pees., Syn., i. 460. — ? M. Nux Ben Desf.,
ex Del., Fl. Mgypt., 81. — Balanus myrepsica
Bel., Obs., 126 (ed. 1553). — Blackw., Herb.
t. 386 ?
2 Moringa pterygosperma G.&BTN., op. cit.,
314, t. 147. — DC, loc. cit., n. 1. — M. oleifera
Lamk., Diet., i. 398. — Quilandina Moringa L.,
Spec, 546. — Hyperanthera Moringa Vahl,
Symb., i. 30. — ? Anoma Moringa L.OUB., Fl.
Cochinch. (ed. 1790), 279.
CAPPABIDACEAS. 171
GENERA.
T. CLEOME^J.
1. Cleome L. — Flowers regular or more rarely sub-irregular,
4-merous ; calyx dentate or partite, persistent or deciduous, more
rarely circumcissile at base, valvate or slightly imbricate. Petals 4,
equal or unequal, sessile or unguiculate, entire or dentate, or more
rarely laciniate (Cristatettd). Receptacle convex or slightly concave
(Isomeris) at base, naked above the perianth, or produced behind into
an appendage of variable form. Stamens 4, 5, or usually 6, equal or
sub-4-dynamous, more rarely 8-co (Polanisia), free, inserted on the
elongated cylindrical receptacle immediately above the perianth, or a
little higher, or very high (G 'ynandropsis) ; filaments free, often
declinate ; all or many, or more rarely 1 (Dactyltena) antheriferous,
sometimes subinflated beneath anthers ; the rest antherless ;
anthers introrse, 2-celled, 2-rimose. Grermen stipitate, or more
rarely subsessile, elongated, or more rarely subovate, or shortly
trapezoid (Cleomclla) ; placentas 2, parietal, anterior and posterior,
more rarely 3-qo ; ovules few, or usually go, subanatropous or campy-
lotropous ; stigma on elongated style, or more frequently subsessile or
sessile ; micropyle superior. Capsule membranous or inflated, or
bladder-like coriaceous (Isomeris), cylindrical or compressed, or shortly
ovoid or flask-shaped, or trapezoidal {Cleomclla), glabrous or glandu-
lar, or prickly. Seeds few, more frequently co, reniform, glabrous,
or scrobiculate rough or woolly ; embryo sometimes albuminous,
bowed, induplicate or convolute ; cotyledons incumbent ; radicle
conical superior. — Herbs, often annual, undershrubs, or more
rarely small trees, often glandular stinking ; leaves simple, or digi-
tately 3-5-7— 9-foliolate; stipules 0, or small herbaceous, or spi-
nescent ; flowers solitary, or generally racemose ; racemes simple or
branched, bracteate or leafy (All Tropical and Subtropical, rarely
Temperate regions). See p. 144.
2. Wislizenia Engelm. — Flowers 4-merous ; sepals short imbri-
172 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
cate deciduous. Petals shortly unguiculate, imbricate. Stamens 6,
inflexed in aestivation ; filaments finally elongated ; anthers exserted,
2-locular. Germen long-stipitate ; cells 2, didimous 2-ovulate, style
slender, subulate. Capsule didymous, on a slender reflexed stipe ;
lobes tuberculate, at length separating from perforated septum,
1 -seeded. Seed conduplicate, arcuate-reniibrm ; embryo much
incurved; cotjdedons incumbent. — An annual glabrous herb; leaves
alternate 3-foliolate; stipules fimbriate; flowers in short terminal
and axillary racemes {New Mexico). See p. 148.
II. CAPPARIDE^.
3. Capparis T. — Flowers hermaphrodite, regular or irregular;
receptacle convex. Sepals 4, or very rarely 5, equal or unequal,
free or connate, sometimes unequally torn, bare within, or with a
basilar gland, or internal or lateral ligula ; valvate or imbricate in
aestivation. Petals alternate, 4, or more rarely oo, imbricate. Sta-
mens usually oo, sometimes inserted on a glandular receptacle, free;
anthers introrse 2-rimose. Germen long-stipitate ; cells l-oo ; septa
incomplete or complete, bearing co ovules ; style very short, or next
to none, soon dilated into a stigmatiferous lamina. Fruit a berry,
or more or less corticate, very variable in shape, globular ovoid or
much lengthened-siliquiform, sometimes constricted between the
seeds, indehiscent, or more rarely obscurely dehiscent. Seeds oo,
embedded, reniform ; testa coriaceous or oftener crustaceous ; embryo
exalbuminous ; cotyledons fleshy and convolute about the very long
radicle. — Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, unarmed spinose or
aculeate, glabrous tomentose or variably lepidote ; leaves alternate,
or more rarely opposite, very rarely 0, membranous or coriaceous,
deciduous or persistent ; stipules setaceous or spinescent ; flowers
axillary or supra-axillary, solitaiy or fasciculate, sometimes super-
posed, or in terminal racemes or coiwmbs, usually bracteate {All
Tropical, Subtropical, and Tempera te regions). See p. 149.
4. Atamisquea Miers. — Flowers hermaphrodite (small) ; recep-
tacle unequally c}^athiform, produced beyond perianth, excentric and
concave in front, with 3 alternipetalous tongue-shaped glandules at
CAPPABIDAGE2E. 173
edges, 1 anterior longer ; 2 lateral shorter, a little more internal.
Sepals 4, 2 -seriate ; onter ones (antero-posterior) much larger,
concave, scaly externally, closely valvate ; inner ones lateral, smaller,
subspathulate, attenuate at edges. Petals 4, slightly unequal ;
anterior 2 subdissimilar to posterior 2. Reproductive parts inserted
on top of dilated bowed column, concave and keeled in front.
Stamens 9, 6 fertile (2 anterior, 2 lateral, and 2 posterior) ; filaments
free ; anthers introrse, basifixed, at length curved, 2-rimose ; sterile
3 antherless ; anterior 1 longer, alternipetalous ; lateral 2 between
anterior and lateral fertile ones on each side. Germen slender stipi-
tate elongated-ovoid, densely lepidote ; stigma sessile, acute, placentas
2, oc-ovulate ; ovules 2-seriate. Berry ovoid, subcarneous, densely
lepidote, apiculated by persisting style, 1 -celled, with a little pulp,
indehiscent, bursting on pressure into 4 valves ; replum persistent.
Seeds 1, 2, cochleate-reniform ; embiwo exalbuminous hippocrepi-
forra ; cotyledons incumbent, plicately convolute on one another. —
A branched rigid shrub, with scurfy elaeagnoid scales ; twigs divari-
cating, sometimes spinescent ; leaves alternate or subopposite, small
linear-oblong petiolate ; flowers pedunculate axillary to the 1, 2
superior leaves of the branch {Chili, Bolivia, California). See p. 153.
5. Apophyllum P. Muell. — Flowers pofygamo-dicecious,
almost of Capparis ; sepals 3, 4, imbricate. Petals 2-4, imbricate;
anterior 2 often wanting. Stamens 0 or 1-3 in female flower, some-
times fertile; oo in male flower; filaments filiform inserted on short
depressed receptacle ; anthers introrse. Germen (0 in male flower)
stipitate; ovules 1, 2 ascending, parietal or subbasilar; stigma
sessile. Berry stipitate pisiform. Seeds 1, 2, smooth; embryo
exalbuminous ; cotyledons circinately involute. — A branched almost
leafless shrub ; branches virgate terete ; leaves small linear ;
flowers aggregated, into lateral fascicles {Tropical Australia). See
p. 154.
6. Roydsia Eoxb. — Sepals connate from very base, imbricate.
Stamens co, inserted a little above short calyx on erect cylindrical
column ; filaments free ; anthers introrse 2-rimose. Germen shortly
stipitate, 3-locular ; ovules oo, inserted in central angle ; style
divided into 3 subulate strips. Drupes shortly stipitate, ovoid ; puta-
174 NATURAL HI8T0BY OF PLANTS.
men woody ; seed 1 ; test membranous ; embryo thick ; cotyledons
unequal, the larger embracing the induplicate smaller one. — Shrubs;
leaves alternate simple shortly petiolate exstipulate ; flowers in
simple or branched axillary, or terminal, and sometimes much-
branched racemes; pedicels 1-bracteate (Bast Indies, Philippine
Islands). See p. 154.
7. Steriphoma Spreng. — Calyx gamosepalous, cylindrical-cam-
panulate, irregularly torn, 2-4-lobed, valvate ; glandules 4 within at
base, alternisepalous, concave-elliptical, scale-like. Petals 4, very
shortly unguiculate, inserted on short column, somewhat above calyx,
equal or slightly unequal, imbricate. Stamens 5, 6 inserted along
with petals ; filaments free, finally long-exserted, unequal ; anthers
lengthened, introrse, 2-rimose. Germen stipitate ; placentas 2,
parietal, finally coherent in the centre ; ovules go, 2-seriate ; stigma
sessile. Berry corticate, pulpy. Seeds go, immersed; embryo
fleshy; cotyledons spirally convolute. — Shrubs, with stellate pu-
bescence; leaves simple (1-foliolate) long-petiolate; flowers in terminal
racemes {Tropical America). See p. 155.
8. Thylachium Lour. — Calyx gamosepalous, membranous, val-
vate, at length unequally torn, and dehiscing transversely as an
operculum. Corolla 0. Stamens oo, inserted on short column, a
little above calyx, free ; anthers introrse rimose twisted. Germen
long stipitate, 1-locular; placentas 4-10 ; ovules go; stigma sessile.
Berry "oblong" stipitate oo-seeded. — Unarmed shrubs; leaves
alternate, simple or 3-foliolate; leaflets entire or panduriform ; flowers
in short terminal and axillary corymbose racemes {Islands of East
Tropical Africa). See p. 155.
9. Cadaba Forsk. — Sepals 4 ; unequal ; 2 outer interior over-
lapping, valvate, all deciduous. Petals 4, unguiculate ; 2 larger ; or
2 (Desmocarpus), more rarely 0 (Schepperia). Stamens 4-6, or more
rarely 8 (Schepperia), inserted far above corolla on top of erect
cylindrical column. Germen long-stipitate ; placentas 2-4 ; ovules
go, 2-seriate ; stigma small sessile. Berry cylindrical coriaceous,
sometimes indehiscent, sometimes dehiscing by 2 valves (Desmo-
carpus). Seeds go, subglobose ; embryo fleshy; radicle conical;
CAW ARID AVE M. 175
cotyledons incumbent convolute. — Unarmed or spinescent shrubs,
sometimes leafless; leaves usually 1- or 3-foliolate ; stipules 2;
flowers axillary solitary, or in racemes or corymbs {Ada, Tropical
Africa). See p. 156.
10. Euadenia Oliv. — Flowers nearly of Cadaba ; sepals free,
open in sestivation. Petals 4 ; 2 posterior much elongated. Stamens
5, inserted with or a little above corolla. G ermen stipitate ; gyno-
phore produced at base into a long linear appendage between the
2 larger petals ; apex of appendage 5-lobed or 5-glandular ; placentas
2, parietal, oo-ovulate ; stigma subsessile. Berry subglobular or
oblong, indehiscent ; seeds go, immersed in pulp. — Glabrous shrubs ;
leaves 3-foliolate; flowers in terminal racemes (Tropical Wed Africa).
See p. 156.
11. Crataeva L. — Flowers 4-merous, hermaphrodite, or poly-
gamous by abortion ; receptacle nearly flat, or slightly concave,
lined by an equally or unequally-lobed disk, somewhat prominent
between the petals. Calyx imbricate. Petals equal, or 2 posterior
longer, long-unguiculate, open in sestivation. Stamens 8- go ; fila-
ments filiform, elongated. Germen long- stipitate ; placentas 2,
parietal or connate at centre ; ovules go, cc-seriate; stigma discoid,
subsessile. Berry stipitate, ovoid, or globular, corticate. Seeds go,
immersed reniform; cotyledons incumbent, convolute ; radicle conical.
— Shrubs or trees, glabrous lenticellate ; leaves 3-foliolate ; flowers
in terminal or axillary corymbs (All Tropical regions). See p. 156.
12. Boscia Lamk. — Sepals 4, valvate or slightly imbricate,
deciduous, inserted on a short glandular torus. Corolla 0. Stamens
6-oo , inserted on top of torus, free or slightly connate at base.
Germen stipitate; placentas 2, pauciovulate ; style short; apex
capitate stigmatose. Berry subglobular, more or less long-stipitate ;
pericarp occasionally coriaceous. Seeds l-oo , immersed; embryo
fleshy ; cotyledons convolute ; radicle long. — Unarmed shrubs ;
leaves simple ; petiole articulate ; stipules minute ; flowers (usually
small) in racemes or corymbs (Tropical Africa). See p. 157.
13. Bitchiea R. Br. — Sepals 4, equally valvate. Petals 4, alter-
176 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
nately long-unguiculate ; claws indnplicate-valvate ; blades oblong
undulate imbricate. Stamens go , inserted on hemispherical re-
ceptacle above perianth, free. Germen long-stipitate ovoid ;
stigma sessile, large, discoid ; placentas 2—4 ; ovules go . Berry
oblong-elliptical, 2-4-ribbed. — Shrubs, climbing or erect ; leaves
alternate, 3-5-foliolate ; stipules 0 or small caducous ; flowers in
long-pedicellate corymbs {Tropical Africa). See p. 157.
14. Emblingia F. Muell. — Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, split
down to base in front. Petals 2, alternating with posterior sepal,
united behind into an ascending slipper-shaped corolla ; receptacle
produced behind perianth into a gynophore with glabrous glandule
at base behind ; gynophore much elongated flattened bowed, concave
behind; apex dilated around germen into a disciform, 6-12-crenate
or shortly lobed ring ; anterior lobes 3-6, obtuse pubescent sterile ;
posterior 3-5, bearing a small 2-celled introrse 2-rimose anther.
Germen 1-locular; placentas 2, 8-ovulate ; style short, slightly
enlarged into a stigmatiferous, 2-lobed lamina. Drupe subglobular-
compressed, inverted, curved down into calyx ; mesocarp thin ;
putamen rugose or prickly, 1 -seeded. Embryo involute. — A pros-
trate scabrous-hirsute undershrub ; leaves crowded, simple, opposite,
or subopposite ; flowers axillary, solitary ; peduncle short, slender
{West Australia). Seep. 158.
III. MiERUE^E.
15. Mserua Forsk. — Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, or more
rarely polygamous ; receptacle concave, obconical or tubular ; disk
lining receptacle, and scarcely prominent from its mouth {Streblo-
carpus), or produced into a simple or torn edge {Eumcerua). Petals
0 or 4 {Streblocarpus). Stamens co , perigynous ; filaments free or
connate at base; anthers introrse, 2-rimose. Germen stipitate,
inserted at bottom of receptacle, 1 -celled; placentas 2—4; ovules few
on each placenta {Courbonia), or more frequently co ; stigma sub-
sessile. Berry stipitate, ovoid {Niebuliria) or subglobular {Cour-
bonia), more frequently cylindrical torulose, more or less constricted
between the seeds {Eumcerua). Seeds solitary or few {Niebuliria,
CAPPARIDA CEJE. 177
Courbonid), or co , reniform ; embryo fleshy ; cotyledons incumbent-
convolute ; radicle superior. — Small trees or shrubs, unarmed or
spiuescent ; leaves alternate 1-3-foliolate ; stipules minute or 0 ;
flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or in corymbose racemes {South-
west Asia, continental and insular East Tropical Africa). See p. 15S.
IV. EOPALOCARPE^].
16. Ropalocarpus Boj. — Flowers hermaphrodite, regular; sepals
4, in 2 imbricate series. Petals 4, alternate, ver}*- thin, dentate or
subincised at apex, imbricate, corrugated. Stamens go, inserted
with perianth ; filaments free, plicate-corrugated in bud ; anthers
introrse 2-celled 2-riinose. Grermen inserted at top of receptacle by a
short broadly obconical stipe with a glandular apex, completely or
incompletely 2-celled ; ovules 2-4, inserted near base of each cell of
placenta, suberect anatropous; micropyle introrse inferior; style
slender subulate ; apex subentire stigmatose. Fruit dry (?) in-
dehiscent, externally suberous, bristling with thick conical prickles,
2-celled ; one cell rudimentary, seedless ; the other incurved about
the sterile one, apiculate, 1 -seeded. Seed suberect; test, crus-
taceous ; embryo subcorneous, deeply ruminated, erect ; radicle
short conical inferior ; cotyledons broadly membranous, hyaline,
laciniate and lobed ; lobes go , corrugated-plicate, included between
lamina? of albumen. — A glabrous shrub; leaves alternate simple
entire; stipules 2 small, connate to a variable height into 1,
intrapetiolar ; flowers small in axillary cymes (?) {Madagascar).
See p. 160.
V.? MOBINGE^E.
17. Moringa Burm. — Flowers hermaphrodite irregular; receptacle
cyathiform, lined by a disk, obliquely truncate. Sepals 5, slightly
unequal ; sestivation quincuncial. Petals 5, alternate, unlike ; the
anterior one internal, erect at anthesis ; lateral and superior ones
smaller, finally reflexed. Stamens 10, inserted with the peri-
gynous perianth ; filaments free, decimate ; anterior ones longer ; 5
oppositipetalous, often antherless, sometimes reduced to seta? ; anthers
VOL. III. N
178 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
dorsifixed 1 -celled introrse 1-rimose. Gennen stipitate, inserted in
bottom of receptacle, 1 -celled ; style terminal slender tubular; apex
stigmatose, truncated, perforated ; placentas 3, parietal ; 2 posterior ;
ovules oo on each placenta, descending, anatropous ; microp}rle
introrse, superior. Capsule rostrate siliquiform, 3-6- or more rarely
2-4-8-gonous, torulose, 1 -celled, 3- or more rarely 2-4-valved ; valves
bearing in the middle of their sides co 1 -seriate seeds, separated by
spongy spurious septa ; seeds ovate, wingless or with as many wings
as valves ; embryo exalbuminous straight ; cotyledons amygdaloid,
oily ; radicle superior short ; plumule many-leaved. — Unarmed trees,
abounding in an odoriferous gum ; leaves alternate deciduous impari-
2-3-pinnate ; pinnse and pinnules opposite, occasionally stipellate ;
leaves entire caducous ; stipules 0, or present at base of petiole
and pinnae as sometimes stipitate glandules; flowers in axillary
much branched cymiferous racemes {Warm Asia, North-east Africa).
See p. 161.
XVIII. CRUCIFER^.
1. WALLFLOWER SERIES.
We shall commence the study of this order with the genus Cheir
Cheiranthus Cheiri ( Wallflower).
Fig. 191.
Flowering branch.
N 2
180
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
orfto.'of which one species, the Wallflower (Fr., Glroflee lame;
fi>s. 191-200), is often cuitivrated in our parterres, and flowers in
Cheiranthus Cheiri.
Fig. 192.
Flower.
Fig. 196.
Flower, perianth removed.
Fig. 194.
Long. sect, of flower.
Fig. 195.
Petal.
Fig. 193.
Diagram.
early spring. Its flowers are regular hermaphrodite, with a convex
receptacle forming a depressed cone. It bears near its base a cru-
ciate calyx of four free sepals, alternative-imbricate in the bud (fig.
1 L., Gen., n. 815. — Adans., Fam. ties PL, ii. Organog., 214, t. 44 ; Tarn. Nat., 138. — Hook.
418 {Cheiri). — J., Gen., 238. — R. Be., in Ait. F. & Thoms., Pracurs. ad Fl. Ind. (Crveif.), in
Hort. Kew., ed. 2, iv. IIS.— DC., Sgst. Veg., ii. Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 136. — B. H., Gen., 68, n.
178; Prodr.,\. 135. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, 5. — Schelhammerla Heist., Helmst., 36.
vL 406. — Endl., Gen., n. 4818. — Payee,
CRUCIFER.E.
181
193). Two are anteroposterior (or placentary) ; they have flat bases
inserted along a very open arc ; in the bud they cover the lateral (or
carpellary) pair. These are dilated and boat-shaped at the base ;
and the scar of their insertion on the receptacle is much curved.
Cheiranthus Cheiri.
Fig. 198.
Seed.
Fig. 199.
Transverse section of seed (|).
Fig. 200.
Embryo (*).
There are four alternipetalous petals, forming a cruciform corolla.
Each one (fig. 193) consists of a long narrow claw, and a much
broader blade, which is inclined to the claw. The prsefloration is
somewhat variably imbricated ; as a rule one petal is wholly external,
one wholly internal, and the two others are covered on one edge and
overlapping on the other (fig. 193). The androceum is tetradyna-
mous ; i.e., of its six stamens four are larger than the remaining two.
The latter are superposed to the lateral sepals, the four large onos
are superposed in pairs to the antero-posterior two.1 Around the
foot of the stamens the receptacle swells into a green glandular
tissue, constituting what have been termed the nectaries, or disks.
In this species they form two large irregular islands, surrounding
the feet of the short stamens (fig. 193). Each stamen (fig. 196) has
a free subulate filament, and an introrse two-celled anther of
longitudinal dehiscence.2 The gynaeceum is superior ; it has a sub-
sessile narrow elongated subcylindrical ovary, surmounted by a short
style, whose apex is divided into two little lateral diverging lobes,
covered on their inner faces with stigmatic papillae. The ovary
is one -celled, with two antero-posterior parietal placentas. Each
bears two series of funiculate descending campylotropous ovules,
whose micropyles look upwards and inwards ;3 and between its series
1 Certain authors hold that these are epposi-
tipetalous, and form a distinct whorl to the lateral
stamens.
- The pollen of Cruel/era is generally formed
of opaque ovoid grains, with three iolds. H.
Mohl (in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii. 327) dis-
tinguishes those with a cellular and with a dotted
external membrane. In the former the bands
are smooth {Raphamis Raphanistrum, Sinapis
arvensis, Cardamine pralensis), or cellular (Chei-
ranthus annaus, various species of Iberis). In
Cheiranthus incanus and tr>cuspidatus there are
no folds.
3 They have two coats.
182
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
of ovules each placenta advances to meet its fellow, and form an
antero-posterior false septum, which divides the ovary into two false-
Cardam'uie pratensis (Cuckoo-flower).
Fig. 204.
Flower, perianth removed.
Fig. 205.
Long. sect, of flower.
cells.1 The fruit is a siliqua, that is a narrow elongated polysper-
mous fruit, opening when ripe by four longitudinal clefts into three
pieces. Two of them are the lateral valves. The third (median) piece,
from which they separate, is composed of the hardened placentas,
forming a narrow vertical antero-posterior frame of about the same
breadth as the valves ; on them is strained the membranous false-
septum, on either side of which are borne, before and behind, a row
of seeds on free slender funicles. Each campylotropous descending
seed contains within its coats2 a bowed fleshy embryo, whose radicle
1 Frequent anomalies occur in this genus and
Fig. 201.
many others, the carpels becoming free, separat-
ing from the placenta, having their number
increased, &c. The last is often due to the trans-
formation of several stamens into supernumerary
carpels, as shown in figs. 201-203, which are
external to the normal carpels, and unite with
them or remain free. (See Lindl., in Bot. Reg.
t. 1168.— Ad. Br., in Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr.,
viii. 454. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, iii. 351, t. 12,
&c.)
2 Edged by a membrane in Dichroanthus
(Webb, Phyt. Canar., i. 65, t. 5, 6), that is, in
the section Cheiroides (DC), where the fruit is
tetragonal, with a slender style; not marginate in
the other section (Cheiri DC.), with a compressed
fruit, and scarcely any style.
Fig. 202.
GRUCIFEEJS.
183
Notoceras
hispanicum.
Fig. 206.
Fruit.
is closely folded on the cotyledons. It is applied to their edges and
therefore termed accumbent.
Cheirantkus comprises herbs and imdershrubs with fine bifurcated
or more rarely stellate hairs scattered over their organs.
Their leaves are alternate, simple, elongated, entire or
dentate. Their flowers form terminal racemes, in which
the alternate pedicels are not axillary to bracts. In some
species1 with all the other characters of the genus the
radicle is incumbent, that is applied not to the edges of the
cotyledons, but across the side of one of them. The genus
comprises a dozen species,2 natives of the temperate regions
of Europe, "West and Central Asia, North Africa, and North
America.
The Rock-cresses {Arabis ; Fr., Arabette), closely allied to
the Wallflowers, especially in fruit, are only distinguished
therefrom by characters that would be held of slight value in other
genera, but which here rise greatly of necessity, when we have to divide
so close and natural an order into genera. The
lateral sepals are sometimes like the other two.
The siliqua is thin linear compressed sessile,
and its valves are plane or carinate (figs. 206-
208). The seeds are arranged in one row,
more rarely in two, on either side of the false
septum, and may be marginate or even winged,
or else wingless. Arabis has given its name
to the first subseries in this group, the Arabi-
dinete, usually3 characterized by the accumbent
radicle. Therein are included twenty genera :
Cheirantkus, Atelanthera, Nasturtium,* Barbarea,
Arabis, Streptanthus, Cardamine (figs. 204, 205),
Dryopetalum, Macropodlum, Leavenworthia,
Parolinia ornata.
Fig. 207.
Fig. 208.
Gynajceuin (^). Long. sect, of
gynseceum.
1 Especially in C. Menziesii {Hesperis
Menziesii Hook., in Beech. Toy., Bot., t. 75),
type of the genus Phcenicaulis (NlTTT., ex Tobe.
& Gb., Fl. N. Amer., i. 89). The same thing
occurs at tunes in C. Cheiri and the allied species
of our gardens.
2 Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., t. 45. — Boiss., Fl.
Or., i. 185. — Geen. & Godb., Fl. de Fr., i.
86. — Walp., Rep., i. 121; ii. 755; Ann., iv.
192 ; vii. 98.
3 Here, as in Cheirantkus and generally in the
memhers of this order, this character is, as we
shall see, though convenient in practice, far from
absolute, and many exceptions to it have been
cited. (See Adansonia, x. 48.)
4 According to A. Geay, we should regard
1S4
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Anastaiica
hierochuntina
{Rose of Jericho),
Loxostemon, Mbrettia, Notoceras (fig. 206,) Andrzejowskia, Paro-
linia (figs. 207, 208), Parri/a, Cithareloma, Mattkiola, Lonchophora,
and Anastaiica (fig. 20$), only differing in minor characters,
which will be given in detail later,1 and which chiefly refer to
the habit ; the similar or dissimilar insertion of
the sepals ; their form ; that of the siliqua ; the
presence or absence of appendicular prominences
(of very variable form) on its valves ; the form of
the stigmatiferous apex of the style, which may
be simply capitate, entire, and covered uniformly
with papilhe, or more or less deeply bilobate, with
the lobes erect, connate, or more or less decurrent
on the style.
The flowers of Sisymbrium (figs. 214, 215) are
formed as in most of the preceding genera ; and so,
on the whole, is the siliqua. But the cotyledons
are incumbent ; that is to say, their radicle is folded against the
Fig. 209.
Fruit (f).
Tetrapoma karbareifolia TrRCZ. (fi>s. 210-213)
Tetrapoma barlareifoliir.
Fig. 210.
as an anomaly of Nasturtium palustre R. Br.,
not as the type of a distinct genus, for, although
its ovary has three or four placentas, in other
respects its organization is quite that of a Na-
sturtium (see the Genera below). The style is
thick, broad, subentire on top (figs. 210-212) ; four
h ypogynous glands are seen at the base of the
Fig. :12.
Fig. 213.
Fig. 211.
ovary; when there are tour placentas thei
arrangement is cruciate (figs. 211, 213). We
must note that in our gardens this anomaly is
retained more or less completely, and reproduced
from year to year by seed.
1 See the Genera below.
GRUCIFEIIJE.
185
outer face of one of the cotyledons, not on their commissure ; they
sisymbrium are straight, convolute or more or less folded on them-
(Gar'iic- selves transversely, but not longitudinally. Only excep-
mustard). tionally are they accumbent ; and by this character, slight
though its importance be, we distinguish the series
Sisymbrinea, containing twenty-one genera : Sisymbrium,
Conringia, Erysimum, Porphyrocodon, Smeloioskia, Zerdana,
Christolea, Greyyia, Syrenia, Pac/iypodium, Stanleya, Warea,
Streptoloma, Dontostemon, Lepidostemon, Malcolmia, Hesperis,
Tetracme, Schizopetalon (fig. 216), Helinphila (fig. 217, 218),
and Chandra. These genera are distinguished from each
other mainly by the following traits : the siliqua has rarely
horns towards its apex {Tetracme), and
may be sessile or stipitate ; SchizopetahnWaikeri-
the style is simple, capitate ^\^\<\ J ^
or divided into two short
lobes, or two longer lobes,
free erect, or connate and
coalescing into a single co-
nical body. The cotyledons
may be folded once, or more
rarely twice, on themselves;
the stamens are free, exappendiculate, or else the longer ones have a
basal appendage or tooth ; finally
the petals, usually entire, are
pinnatifid in the one genus
Schizopetcdum .
With the same general organi-
zation in flowers and fruit, the
Cabbages1 (Fr., Choux ; 219-241)
have been made the type of a
third subseries Brassicinece, only
because their seeds differ in the
folding of the cotyledons on them-
selves and the radicle. Their
Fig. 214
Fruit.
Fig. 215.
Transverse sect. (&).
Fig. 216.
Flower.
Ileliophilia variabilis.
Fig. 217.
Fig. 218.
flowers, nearly the Same aS tllOSe Flower, perianth removed(i). Long. sect, of flower.
1 Brassica T., Inst., 219, t. 106.— L., Gen., S>/st. Teg., ii. 582; Prodr., i. 213 (part.).—
820.— Adans., Fam. des PI., ii. 417.— DC, Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 356.— Enul., Gen.,
186
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
of Cheiranthus or Sisymbrium, have like them a convex receptacle
forming' a depressed cone. The two lateral sepals are more or
less gibbous or saccate above their insertion. They may be
Brassica oleravea (Cabbage).
Fig. 220.
Flower, perianth
removed (^).
O
a
\W
Fig. 221.
Fruit.
Fig. 223.
Transverse section of seed (^).
Fig. 219.
Inflorescence.
Fig. 222.
Fruit dehiscing
erect or spreading in the expanded flower. The petals are ungui-
culate, cruciate, variably imbricated in the bud. Near the base of
the six stamens, with free subulate filaments,1 is seen a disk of four
n. 4949. — Payee, Lee. stir les Fam. Nat., 137. —
B. H., Gen., 84, 967, n. 77.—? Corynelobos
R(EM., in Linneea, xxv. 7.
1 Certain monstrous flowers occur, like that of
fig. 225, which belongs to a Mustard, a sub-
genus that, like several recent authors, we include
in Brassica (see pp. 191, 192, figs. 235-241),
with the anthers sterile and ill-developed. This
condition is associated with partial or complete
virescence of the petals, considerable hypertrophy
of the ovary, which is here vesicular and folia-
ceous, and which in many such flowers has a
median vertical groove before and behind, but
an incomplete false-septum, or even none at all.
We also frequently find in such cases an atrophy
of the style, with the ovules usually transformed
into green foiiaceous blades of very variable form
Fig. 225.
CRUCIFERJE.
187
Brassica oleracea (cmrfo-rapd)
(Kohl-Rabi).
te§feh4&
glands. Two of these are carpellary, placed inside the little lateral
stamens, and are bowed, concave externally. The placentary pair,
usually narrow and elongated, more rarely depressed, are external to
and between the two large stamens of each pair. The fruit is elon-
gated and cylindroidal, somewhat com-
pressed perpendicular to the septum,
which is nearly as broad as the valves.
These bear one or three ill-marked longi-
tudinal ribs ; the lateral ones are often
flexuous. The ovary is surmounted by a
short or elongated style, ending in a trun-
cate stigmatiferous head, entire, depressed
in the centre, or more or less bilobate.
The seeds are spherical or oblong, in one
row on either side of the septum, with free
funic! es. The radicle of the large fleshy
embryo is folded across the middle of one
of the cotyledons. These are conduplicate,
or folded transversely, one outside and pa-
rallel to the other, and in the fold of the
latter lies the embryo. The genus consists of herbs or rarely under-
shrubs, with often erect branching stems, glaucescent and glabrous, or
hairy. The flowers1 form leafless, simple or more rarely branched
racemes. This genus is the most instructive for study of all in this
immense order ; first, on account of the diverse modes of evolution of
its vegetative organs, found again in the other genera ; next, because of
the way its various sections stand apart or shade off into one another ;
whence we learn the real value of the characters on which authors
have based their separations of the genera of this order.
As regards their vegetative organs, the Cabbages present that
evolution in two stages which has been misnamed biennial, and which
were better termed dicarpic, or dicarpian. True, the forms of the
common Cabbages known as Green Cabbages,2 or Cabbages without
Fig. 224.
Young plant (jL).
and size. This kind of anomaly, observed pretty
frequently in the commoner Crucifers, is deter-
mined by the prick of an insect, or the develop-
ment of Erysiphe or some other parasitic fungus.
1 Yellow, more rarely whitish.
3 B. oleracea L., Spec, 932. — B. pinnatifida
Desf., Fl. All., t. 65 (ex Spach, Suit, a Buffon,
vi. 359). — Napus oleracea Spejn'N.
188
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
a head1 {CJtoux verts, C. sans fete) long continue vegetating and
developing leaves on a common stem, which elongates without
thickening much. Here the successive evolution of the leaves
exhausts the nutritive juices as they are formed in the plant ; but
they may accumulate in some part of the plant in the varieties with
two periods of vegetation. This is the case in the Savoys2 {Choux
Brassica oleracea (caulo-rapa).
m
' ..t*.,i w^
Fig. 226.
Flowering plant (jTB).
Brassica oleracea (gemmiferd). (Brussels-sprouts).
Fig. 227.
Habit (i).
pommcs, cabus, fig. 232). Here, in the first period, the juices first
accumulate in the head, that is, in the petioles, ribs, and veins of
the fleshy crowded leaves, which are imbricated on the top of the
1 B. oleracea var. B., acephala DC, loc. cit.—
Spach, loc. cit., 361. — B. oleracea viridis
Lamk., Did., i. 743, n. 2.
' B. oleracea capilata L'C. — Spach, loc. cit.,
361.
C-RUCJFEUJE.
189
stem. In the second period the plant flowers, and these reservoirs
Brassica eampestris {oleifera).
Fig. 2:50.
Seed (f).
Fig. 229.
Fruit.
Fig. 228.
Inflorescence (i).
Fig. 231.
Long. seer, of seed.
of nutriment are emptied to supply the rapid evolution of the
Brassica oleracea (capitata). (Saroy.)
Brassica ohracea (Botrytis). (Cauliflower.)
:/^
Fig. 232.
Habit (i).
Fig. 233.
(Habit (i).
190
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Brassiea Napus {Turnip).
inflorescence. In the Brussels Sprouts {Ckoux de BruoeeUes, fig. 227)
numerous lateral buds in the axils of the leaves form the storehouses
in the period of growth, and form little edible heads. In the Cauli-
flower {Choux-HeurSy fig. 233) and Broccoli the large mammillated
edible head is formed by the transi-
tory accumulation of nutritive matter
in the whole of the inflorescence
which ends the plant after the first
period of vegetation. The reservoir
is far lower down in Kohl Rabi2
{C/tou-rave), where it is in the swollen
base of the stem, on which may even
be seen the insertion of the leaves
(figs. 224, 226), and yet lower in the
Turnips3 {Choux-naveh, fig. 234),
where it is in the enormous tap-root
without any leaf-scars, used for food
by both man and beast. These
variations are all found in the section
which we shall call Eubrassica* the
fruit of which is a sessile siliqua,
whose valves bear a prominent mid-
rib, and flexuous lateral ribs. It
comprises dicarpic herbs, natives of
Europe and Asia.5
In Erucastrum* by some made a
distinct genus, the siliqua is narrow,
with but one rib on each valve. This
also includes European and Asiatic herbs,7 annual and perennial, with
nearly the habit of Sisymbrium.
In B. incana,8 which has also been made into the distinct genus
Fig. 234.
Young plant (i).
1 B. oleracea lotrytis DC, Prodr., i. 284, F.
- B. oleracea gongyloides L. (?). — Spach, loc.
cit„ 366. — B. oleracea caulo-rapa DC.
I'} B. Napus L., Spec, 931.— DC, Syst., ii.
592 ; Prodr., i. 214, n. 4. — Geen. & Gopb., Fl.
de Fr., i. 76
4 Sect. Brassiea DC, Syst. Yeg., ii. 582.
5 Reichb., Ic. FL Germ., ii. t. 91-98.
6 Peesl., Fl. Sic, i. 92.
7 Reichb., op. cit., t. 89. — Walp., Sep.,
187 ; v. 49.
8 Sinapis incana L., Amoen., iv. 281 ; Spec,
934. — Erncastrum incanum Koch, Syn., ed. 1,
56. — Myagrum hispanieum L., Spec, 893.—
Hirschfeldia adpressa Mcekch.
GBUGIFEBJE.
191
Hirschfeldia? the vegetative organs are more or less hoary, and the
valves of the fruit, which is
Brassica (Melanosinapis) nigra (Black mustard).
{
c
Fig. 235.
Flower.
Fig. 236.
Embryo (f).
here shorter than in Brassica
generally, have a dorsal rib
and anastomosing veins ; the
siliqua ends in an oval beak,
and contains a few ovoidal
seeds. Thus this plant stands
between the other species of
Brassica and B. nigra2 (Black
Mustard, figs. 235, 23G),
which has been made a dis-
tinct genus under the name
of Melanosinajris? This plant has sessile or very shortly stipitate cap
sules, erect and more or less closely applied to the axis
of the inflorescence ; the valves have a carinate mid-
rib. The other Mustards,4 inseparable from the genus
Brassica, are all characterized by a sessile siliqua, sub-
terete or tetragonal, with an often short rostrum, and
containing one or several globular seeds, or else asper-
mous. They are also European and Asiatic herbs.5
The White Mustard6 (fig. 237) has a fruit excep-
tional in the details from its form and size. Hence
it has been made into the genus Leucosinapis7 which
we also regard as a mere section of the genus
Brassica. Its fruits are very spreading, oblong,
mammillated and prickly, with three prominent
anastomosing ribs on each valve ; they contain few
seeds, and are surmounted by a decurrent rostrum
longer than themselves, tapering only at the apex,
and usually a little falciform.
Brassica (Leucosinapis)
alba (While mustard).
Fig. 237.
Fruit.
1 Mcench, Meth., 264
2 Koch, Deutsch. FL, v. 713.— Ge.& Gode.,
Fl. de Fr., i. 77. — Sinapis nigra L., Spec,
933.— S. incana Thuill., Fl. Par., 343.— #.
torulosa Pees. — S. turgida Pees. — S. villusa
Mb.
3 M. communis Spenn., Fl. Frilurg. (ex
Spach, Suit, a Bvffon, vi. 377).
4 L., Gen., n. 821.— Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ.,
ii. t. 85-88.— DC, Frodr., i, 217.— Bonnania
Pkesl, Fl. Sic, i. 99. — Napus Schimp. &
Spenn., ex Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ., 55; ed. 2,
60 (ex E. H., Gen., 967, n. 77).
5 Geen. & Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 72. — Walp.,
Rep., i. 186; Ann., i. 49; vii. 149.
6 Sinapis alia L., Spec, 733. — DC., Fl. Fr.,
iv. 645. — Geen. & Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 74.—
S. foliata W. — Napus Leucosinapis Spenn. —
Leucosinapis alba Spach.
7 Spach, Suit, a Bitffon, vi. 348.
192
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
The Wild Mustard or Charlock1 (Fr., geneve commun ; figs. 238-
241) is another Brassica, which has been made into the genus
Sinapistrtun- because it has a caducous style like Hirschfeldia, from
which it differs however in having nearly globular seeds. Dip/o-
taanSy has also been separated from Brassica, differing, as implied by
the name, in having the seeds in two rows in each cell; but the
character is far from constant in this group. It contains some
twenty species from Europe, Asia, and Africa,4 which, as they have
the flower and vegetative organs of Brassica, can only form a section
thereof.
Brassica (Sinapis) arvensis. (Charlock)
Fig. 239.
Fruit.
u
Fig. 238.
Inflorescence.
Fig. 240.
Dehiscent fruit.
Finally, Sinapidendroif includes frutescent species from Madeira,
and the other islands off the West coast of Africa ;6 their siliqua is
1 Sinapis arvensis L., Spec, 933. — DC, Fl.
Fr., iv. 644.— Grejt. & Godr., Fl. de Fr., i.
73. — Sinapistrum arvense Spach.
2 Spach, Suit, a Buffun, \\. 343.
3 DC, Syst. Veg., ii. 268*; Prodr., i. 221.—
B. H., Gen., 84, 967, n. 18.—Pendulina Willk.,
in Linncea, xxv. 2.
4 IiKicHii., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 81-84. —
Hook. f. & Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v
171.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 387.— Gekn. & Godk.,
Fl. de Fr., i. 78.— Walp., Sep., i. 187 ; v. 49 ;
Ann., i. 49; iv. 218; vii. 151.
5 Lowe, PI. Madeir., 86.
6 Hook., Icon., t. 571, 572. — Walp., Pep., i.
184; Ann., i. 147.
CBUCIFEH.V.
193
sessile, or with a short or somewhat elongated stalk ; and its valves
thus constituted1 are nearly flat. Brass, lea comprises about a hun-
dred species,2 found in abundance in the temperate parts of Europe,
Asia, and North Africa.
In the same sub-series we find six other genera ; Entca, Saviynya,
Euzomodendron, Henophyton, Moricandia, and Orychophraymus, which
only differ in unimportant characters from Brassica.
II. RADISH SERIES.
The Radishes3 (Fr., Radis ; figs. 242, 243) have cruciferous flowers
with the four sepals somewhat unequal, the two lateral being slightly
saccate above the base, and four unguiculate petals. The stamens
are free tetradynamous, with entire filaments. The elongated ovary
is surmounted by a cylindrical style, with a concave stigmatiferous
head emarginate at the apex. At first the ovary is one-celled, with
two pluriovulate parietal placentas and a false septum, us in other
Crucifers. But the fruit, elongated or cylindro-conoidal, continuous or
moniliform, smooth or ribbed longitudinally, corky or spongy, is
indehiscent, with the placentas, septum, and inner layers of the peri-
carp hypertrophied to fill the cavity with a pith-like substance
excavated into alternate cells, which are separated from one another
by partitions of this substance, and contain a descending subglobular
seed, with a large fleshy embryo and conduplicate cotyledons. At
the bottom of the fruit is often a cell separated by a transverse arti-
culation, which is empty or contains a rudimentary seed. In R. Ra-
phanistrum* which is often made into a distinct genus, Eap/ianistrum,5
there is moreover a transverse articulation between each seed (fig.
213), which is at maturity enclosed in a little achene-like joint,
1. Euhrassica.
2. Ei acasl rum.
3. Hirsehfeldia.
Brassica/ 4. Melanusinapis.
sect. 8. \ 5. Leucosinapis.
6. Sinapistrwm.
7. Diplotaxis.
, 8. Sinapidendron.
- Walp., Rep., i. 184; ii. 763; Ann., i. 48 ,
ii. 53; iv. 216; vii. 117.
VOL. III.
3 Raphanus T., InsL, 229, t. 114.— L., Gen.,
n. 8S2. — Adans., Fain, des PL, ii. 424. — J.,
Gen., 23S.— O^eutn., Fruct., ii. 299, t. 143, fig.
5. — DC, Prodr., i. 228. — Spach, Suit, a Puffun,
vi. 333. — Endl., Gen., n. 4972. — Payer,
Organog., 212, t. 44.— B. H., Gen., 101, 968, n.
164.
4 L., Spec, 935.— Gken. & Godr., Fl. de Fr.,
i. 72. — R. Sylceslris Lame:. — Rapistrum arvense
All.
5 R. Lampsana G^RTN., loc. cit., fig. 0. — R.
O
194
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Raphanus
Raphanistrum.
RapTianus salivas.
indehiscent and one-seeded, separating with more or less facility
from its neighbours. The Radishes are annual or biennial herbs,
whose vegetative organs often behave like those of Brassica, the root
becoming enlarged and fleshy. The stem is annual or
biennial, branching, glabrous or hispidulous. The leaves
are alternate, the lower ones often lyrate.
The flowers ' form terminal or leaf-
opposed simple or compound, ebracteate
racemes. This genus includes half-a-dozen
species,2 natives of Europe and Temperate
Asia.
Xext to the Radishes come the other eight
genera of Baphonece, all plants whose fruit
is always elongated, generally inarticulate,
indehiscent, cylindroidal or moniliform,
either hollowed only by one many-seeded
cavity, or divided by the spongy more or
less irregular false-septa into one-seeded
chamberlets arranged in one or two rows.
These genera are : Cryptos/jom, Anchonium,
Raffe/iahlia, Parlatoria, Goldbachia, Chori-
sjjora, Sterigma, and Caqjonema.
Fig. 242.
Fruit.
m
Fig. 243.
Fruit.
aroense Wallb. — S. irmoamm Mcexch. — R.
segetum Baumg. — Durandea Delarbe., Fl.
cVAuv., 365 (nee Pi.).
1 White, yellowish, or veined with purple.
2 Reichb., Ic. Ft. Germ., ii. t. 3. — Besth..
Fl. Honqk., 17. — Eichx., in Mart. Ft. Brat.
Crvcif., 311.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 400.— Gren.
k (iODB., loc. cit., 71. — Walp., Rep., i. 18b;
Ann., ii. 55; vii. 178.
CRUGIFERJE.
Cakile maritima
(Sea Socket).
III. CAKILE SERIES.
Cakile1 (fig. 241) has flowers like those of a Wallflower or Radish,
with the two lateral sepals gibbous at the base, cruciate
petals, six tetradynamous stamens, and four receptacular
glands, two of which are conical-compressed, external to
the pair of large stamens, and two smaller, internal to
the two short stamens. The distinctive characters are
to be found chiefly in the g}ma3ceum and fruit. The
former consists of a pluriovulate ovary, surmounted
by a subsessile stigmatiferous mass. The fruit is at
first almost drupaceous, finally dry and corky ; it con-
sists of two vertical indehiscent joints, which may
separate transversely from one another at maturity.
The lower one forms an inverted truncated pyramid,
laterally compressed. The superior is a more or less
elongated compressed cone. Each is one-celled and
contains a single seed, the upper ascending, the lower
descending, with a coloured fleshy embryo whose radicle
is accumbent or oblique to the cotyledons. Two
species of Cakile" are known, one of which is very common
sandy beaches in Europe,
North America, and Austra-
lia. They are annual fleshy
glabrous herbs, whose rami-
fied stems are covered with
alternate, entire or pinnatifid
leaves, and end in racemes
of flowers.3
This genus may be con-
sidered the type of a series
characterized by its fruit ;
which is neither longitudi-
nally dehiscent as in Cheiran-
thece, nor indehiscent as in
Fig. 244.
Fruit.
on
Rapistrum (Didesmus) cegyptium.
y^\
Fig. 215.
Fruit.
Fig. 246.
Fig. 247.
Long. sect, of fruit. Lower joint of fruit.
T., Inst., 49, t. 483. — G^btn., Fruct., ii. Fl. Cam., ii. 35. — Dexess., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 57. —
287, 1. 141.— DC, Prodr., i. 185.— Spach, Suit, a
Buffon, vi. 330.— Endl., Gen.,n. 4899.— A.Gray,
Gen. III., t. 74.— B. H., Gen., 99, 968, n. 156.
2 Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 1. — Scop.,
Gkiseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., 14.— Gren. &
Godr., FL de Fr., i. 154. — Walp., Rep., i. 159.
Several authors consider this genus monotypic.
3 Pale purplish pink, or whitish.
o 2
196
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Haphanea ; but which divides transversely into two joints, one- or
many-seeded, indehiscent or dehiscent, one-celled or divided into two
Crambe maritima (Seakale).
Fig. 219.
Flower, perianth removed (*).
Fig. 218.
Flower (f )
Fig. 250.
Long. sect, of flower.
Fig. 251.
Fruit.
Fig. 252.
Long. sect, of fruit (*).
Fig. 253.
Embryo (*).
or more compartments by false-septa. The remaining genera of the
Emcaria aleppica.
Fig. 255.
Gynseceum (3-).
Fig. 254.
Flower.
Fig. 256.
Long. sect, of gynaeceum.
Cakilea are Enarthrocarpus, Rapist rum (figs. 245-247), Muricaria,
Crambe (figs. 248-253), Hemicrambe,Pltysorliynchus,Fortuynia,Erucarla
(figs. 254-256), and Moritzia.
CBUGIFEBJE.
id;
IV. WOAD SERIES.
Woad1 (Fi\, Pastel ; figs. 257-262) has a cruciferous perianth and
androceum, with the sepals equal at the base, and noteethtothestaminal
filaments. The floral receptacle bears four glands superposed to the
Isatis tincloria (Dyers' Woad).
Fig. 257.
Flower (f).
Fig. 25<J.
Fruit (f).
Fig. 260.
Open fruit.
Fig. 258.
Long. sect, of iiower.
petals. The ovary is short, flattened from before backwards, so that
the two placentas are nearly in contact. It contains one or more,
rarely two descending ovules, and [saus hebecarpa.
is surmounted by a little stigma-
tiferous head. The fruit is
a silicule, oblong, oval, suborbicu-
late, or tapering into a wedge at
its base, much flattened perpen-
dicular to the placentas.2 Its
edges are thickened, or thinned
off and almost foliaceous, while
its swollen, hard or horny centre contains one seed (more rarely two
superposed) suspended ; the fleshy embryo has a superior radical in-
Fig. 261.
Fruit.
. Fig. 262.
Dehiscent fruit.
1 Isatis T., Inst., 211, t. 100.— L., Gen., n.
824.— Adans., Fam, des PL, ii. 423.— J., Gen.,
242.— DC, Prodr., i. 210. — Spach, Suit, a
Bvffon, vi. 573. -Enil., Gen., n. 4938.— B. H.
Gen., 94, n. 129 (incl. : Chartoloma Bge.,
Sameraria Desvx.).
2 Prolonged into a leafy wing in Sameraria
(Ee&vx., Jonrn. Pot., iii. 161 ; — Beiess., Jr.
198
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
cumbent or more rarely accumbent1 on the cotyledons. The fruit is
indehiscent, or opens late by a vertical cleft separating the two car-
Myagrum perfoliatum.
\y
Fig. 265.
Fig. 263.
Fig. 264.
Fig. 266.
Fruit.
Flower [£).
Long. sect, of flower.
Long. sect, of fruit
Soholetrskia
lithophila.
pellary leaves. The genus Woad comprises annual or biennial herbs,
with erect branching stems, and entire or subentire leaves, the cauline
often sagittate. The flowers2 form ramified ebrac-
teate recemes. The fruits are borne on drooping
pedicels. Some thirty species of this genus are known,3
natives of Europe, Asia, and North Africa.
The Woads have been made of late years the
type of a series, Isatidea, somewhat artificial, like
most that have been made in this order, and containing
twenty-four other genera. These have a usually short4
fruit or indehiscent silicule, not articulated, often
subdrupaceous before complete maturity, and then
crustaceous or bony, winged or wingless, usually one-celled and one-
seeded. Sometimes there are two seeds, or several one-seeded
Fig. 267.
lower, perianth
removed.
chambers.
The characters of the seeds are of slight essential im-
Sel, ii. t. 77;— Jaub.& Space:, III. PI. Or., Hi.
t. 225), hence held the type of a distinct genus.
1 Especially in Chartoloma (Bge., in Hot.
Zeit., ii. 249; JEwum, PI. Leltn., 23, t. 3; —
"VValp., Sep., v. 49; Ann., iii. 823), which has
also been made a distinct genus.
3 Usually yellow.
3 Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 4.— Deeess.,
Ic Sel., ii. t. 77-79.— Bois?., Fl. Or., i. 374
{Sameraria), 376.— Geex. & Godr., Fl. de Fr.,
i. 138.— Walp., Sep., i. 180; ii. 762; v. 44;
Ann., i. 46; ii. 52.
4 The only exceptions are in certain species of
Sololeicskia and Spirorhynehus.
CBUGIFEBJE.
199
portance, though often found of practical service. The genera are
1 "* 11 ~T~\ 7 • -r •
as follows : Pachypterygium, Dip
terygium, Tauscheria, Moriera, Cyp-
leola, TAysanocarpus, Pellaria,
Tchihatchcwia, Tctraptcrygium, Bo-
reava, Calepina, Tecciera, Schimpera,
Myagrum (figs. 263-266), Sobo-
lewskia (fig. 267), Spirorhyndius,
Neslia, Palmstruckia, Euclidium,
Ochthodium, Zilla, Cgc/opfyc/tis, Bo-
hum, Lachnoloma, Bunias (figs.
268, 269), Pyramidium, Octoccras,
and P agio in km,
[Bunias (Lalia) orientalis.
Fig. 268.
Flower without
the perianth (';).
Fig. 269.
Long. sect, of
il )WtT.
V. LUNARIA SERIES.
Lunaria1 (figs. 270, 271) has, like most of the Crucifers we have
studied, four sepals2 and four petals, both cruciate, six tetradynamous
stamens,3 a hypogynous disk, and a one-celled pluriovulate ovary
divided by a false-septum into two chambers, and surmounted by a
slender erect style whose apex is divided into two acute lobes. But
the fruit is a silicule, that is, it is very broad4 in proportion to its length,
instead of being narrow and elongated. Lunaria is hence a siliculose
Crucifer, to use the terms of the older botanists. The fruit is stipitate,
elliptical or oblong, much compressed, parallel to the false-septum,
Its valves are thin, membranous or chartaceous ; they are only
separated from the very thin translucent septum by the seeds and
their elongated funicles which are sometimes partially adherent
thereto.5 The seed is edged by a membranous wing, and contains an
embryo with leafy accumbent cotyledons. Lunaria comprises
1 Lunaria T., Ins/., 105, t. 218.— L., Gen.,
r. 809.— Apaxs., Fam. des PL, ii. 419 — J.,
Gen., 239. — Lamk., Did., iii. 615 ; Suppl., iii.
514; III, t. 561.— GiEiiTN., Fruet., ii. 288, t.
142.— DC, Prodr., i. 156.— Spach, Suit, a
Buffon, vi. 456.— Ekdl., Gen., n. 4863.— E. H., '
Gen., 71, n. 24.
? The lateral ones are gibbous at the base.
3 The filaments of Ihe shorter pair have a
tooth in the sect. Brachi/pus (Ledeb., Fl. Moss.,
i. 133).
4 It must be at least as broad as it is long to
deserve this name. According to A. P. De
Cakdolle (TJieor. Flem., 386), "when the
siliqua is short it receives the name of silicule
(Lat., silieuld) ; when its length is four times its
breadth it is properly termed a siliqua."
h In Brae hi/ pus.
200
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Lunaria biennis (Honesiy).
biennial or perennial herbs from Europe and Western Asia. Their
organs are pubescent. Their leaves are alternate, entire, cordate.
Their flowers : form axillary
and terminal ebracteate
racemes. Only two species
are known,2 pretty frequently
cultivated in our gardens.
Ad an son took Lunaria as
the type of this series, charac-
terized by its short siliqua,
or silicule, flattened parallel
to its septum ; so that in all
cases the breadth of the sep-
tum and of the valves are
about the same. Owing to
its breadth the seeds are often
biseriate ; which would seem
to show that this arrange-
ment of the seeds depends, not
on the fundamental organiza-
tion of the gvnarceum and fruit, but on the breadth of the latter, allow-
Fig. 270.
Fig. 271.
Flower, perianth removed ( '-]1. Fruit, valves removed.
Alyssum saxalile.
Fig. 273.
Flower, perianth removed (^).
Fie. 272. Fig. 274.
Flower (J). Long. sect, of flower, perianth removed.
iiig the seeds to retain the reciprocal arrangement that they possessed
1 Lilac, or exceptionally whitish. & (Join:., Fl. de Fr., i. 112— Boies., Fl. Or.,
* Kii^ciiB., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. 23. — Glen. 256. — YValp., Ann., vii. 108.
CRVCIFER2E.
201
originally as ovules ; so that they are not forced as it were to
penetrate the intervals in the opposite row, and apparently form at
maturity a single vertical series. Hence it will be easily understood
that one can ascribe no such intrinsic importance to this character
Cochlcaria officinalis (Scurvi/grass).
F,g. 275.
Flowering branch.
Fig. 278.
Long. sect, of flower.
Fig. 277.
Diagram.
as would allow us to found tribes or series on it, for it has not even
a generic or specific value within the series.
Among the numerous genera of this series some have the cotyle-
dons usually accumbent, and hence would correspond to the Arabid-
inece in Cheiranthece. This is especially marked in Alyssum (figs.
2r>2
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
27.2-274), which is hence made the type of the subseries A/yssinea.
It includes the fifteen genera Litnaria, Farsetia, Selenia, Platysper-
mum, Alyssum, A/yssojjsis, Braba, Stenonema, Odontocyclus, Cochlearia
CvcMearia Armoracia (Horseradish").
Fig. 279.
Habit (i).
(figs. 275-279), Vrinylea, Vesicaria, Coht.lcocaqjus, Aubrieta (figs.
280-282), Grtellsia, and Buchingera.
Camelwa (fig. 283) is the type of a second subseries, Cawelinca,
wherein the siJicule, of variable form, Las biseriate seeds., with, how-
CRUCIFER2E.
203
ever, nearly always accumbent cotyledons. It includes nine other
Aicbrieta deltoidea.
Fig. 281.
Flower, perianth removed {\).
Fig. 280.
Flower (f).
Fig. 23?.
Lonir. sect, of flower.
/ *< lla pst mlo- Cytisus.
Camelina sativa
{Gold of pleasure).
genera : Mefikea, Splicer ocardamum, Geococcus, Stenopetalum, Tropido
carp/nn, Blennodia, Mathewsia, Ammosperma, and Leptaleum.
Finally we make a third subseries, as
artificial as the two others
of the genera, Succovia,
Pachycladon, Vella (figs.
284, 285) and Carrich-
tera, which in flower and
seed come very near the
BrassicinecB in Cheir-
anf/iea, but possess a
short, didymous or sub-
globular fruit, and hence
may be ranked in Silicit-
losae, like AlyssinecB and
CamelinecB.
Fig. 283.
Fruit (±).
Fig. 284.
Flower, perianth
removed (j).
Fig. 285.
Long. sect, of
llower.
YJ. THLASPI SEEIES.
Thlaspi1 (fig. 28C) has cruciferous flowers, with the sepals equal at
the base, and the petals equal or subequal, obovate and shortly
unguiculate. The stamens are tetradynamous, with a disk of four
1 Dillen, Giess., 123, t. 6.— T., Inst., 212 175.— Endi., Gen., n. 4885.— Hook. f. &
(part.). — L., Gen., n. 802.— Adans.. Fam. des TiiOMS.. in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 176. — B. H.,
PL, ii. 421.— J., Gen., 241.— DC, Frodr., i. Gen., 91, 967, n. 116.
204
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Tk/aspi arvense.
glands at their base. The gynaeceum consists of a short ovary con-
taining a few descending ovules, and surmounted
by a more or less elongated style, emarginate and
stigmatose at the apex. The fruit is a silicule,
subelliptical, obovate, obcuneiform, or obcordate, and
much compressed perpendicular to the membranous
septum, which is hence narrow and elongated. The
valves of the siliqua, similarly narrow at the base,
taper at the edges into a keel or wing of variable
development,1 which is often prolonged above into
a sort of horn, at either side of the base of the more
or less persistent style. In each half-cell are
two or several seeds, descending or subtransverse, glabrous and
Iberis sempervirens (Candytuft).
Fig. 2SB.
Fruit (f).
Fig. 288.
Flower (|).
Fig. 289.
Long. sect, of Sower
(antero posterior).
Fig. 200.
Flower, perianth removed.
Fig. 287.
Habit,
Fig. 291.
Long, sect, of flower,
perianth removed.
1 Ahscnt in Carpoceras (in Boiss., Diagn. Or., viii. 36; Walp., Ann., ii. 43).
CBUGIFEBJE.
205
wingless ; the cotyledons are accumbent. TIdaspi comprises
annual and perennial herbs, glabrous or glaucous, rarely pubescent.
Some twenty-five species are known1 inhabiting the temperate, alpine,
and arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, but rare in Australia
and South America. The so-called radical leaves are small, entire,
dentate, usually approximated into rosettes ; the cauline are oblong
hastate, auriculate at the base. The flowers2 form a more or less
elongated, often corymbiform, terminal ebracteate raceme.
Adanson made TIdaspi the type of one of his sections of this order,
characterized by the silicule with a very narrow septum and carinate
Ileris st mpervii < ns.
Fig. 293.
Fruit dehiscing (±).
Fig. 292.
Diagram.
Fig. 294.
Seed (';).
Fig. 295.]
Embryo.
valves. Hence this series differs from the Lunariece chiefly in the
narrowness of the septum, which is perpendicular to the plane of the
valves, instead of being parallel with them. The first contains fourteen
genera, which, like TIdaspi, have usually accumbent cotyledons. The
subseries has often been named Iberidinece, a name which we adopt,
after the genus Iberis, which may be defined as TIdaspi with an irregu-
lar corolla. The remaining twelve genera are Teesdalia , Iberi della, Hut-
1 Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 4. — 13enth., Sep., i. 155; ii. 758 ; v. 37; Ann., i. 37; ii.
Fl. Au-.! i -al., i. 87.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 321.— 35; iii. 815; iv. 201; vii. 165.
Gren. & Godk., Fl. de Fr., i. 14.2.— Walp., " White, pink, violet, or purple.
206
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Siscutella aiiriculata.
Lepidium sativum
(Garden cress).
chinsia, Redoioskid, Syuthlipsis, Lyrocarpa, Biscutella (fig. 21)8), Bros
sardia, HeldreieJiia, Megacarpcea, Cremolobus, and Didynwphysa.
The Cresses or Pepper worts (Fi\,
Passerage ; fig. 297) head a second
subseries in this order, distinguished
from the first by possessing incum-
bent or more rarely conduplicate
cotyledons. So from the generic
name Lepidium we get that of the
subseries Lepidinece, which contains
twenty- one other genera : Hymeno-
pJiysa, BracJ/ycarpaa, Stroganowia, Physalidium (?), Coronopus (figs.
298, 299), Ionopsidium, Nocccea, Capsella (figs. 304, 305), Mancoa,
Fig. 296.
Fruit (f).
Fig. 297.
Fruit (f).
Fig. 298.
Flower (f).
Coronopus Ruellii.
Fig. 299.
Long. sect, of flower.
Nolothlaspi, Schouwia, Psy chine (fig. 30 G), Diloplda, Stubcndorfa,
Eunomia, JEt/rionema (figs. 300-303), Bivoncea, Cawpy/opfera, Menon-
villea (fig. 307), Hexaptera and
Mthionema coridi folium. t\ , a n ji
JJecaptera. All these are most
closely related to one another
and to Lepidium. They differ
mainly, in the first place, in the
form of the valves. These are
sometimes wingless, sometimes
with a marginal or dorsa] wing ;
in the last case the fruit is
laterally compressed. In the
three last genera only the fruit is
subdehiscent, and the valves bear lateral wings. The next variation
Fig. 300.
Fruit.
Fig. 301.
Long. sect, of fruit.
CllUCIFEB^!.
207
jElh ionema memlranaceum.
MUiionema crista! inn.
Fig. 302.
Fruit dehiscing.
Fig. 303.
Fruit.
is in the form of the silicule, which may be elliptical, oblong, glo-
bular, didymous, cordiform, obcuneiform, or cymbiform ; the valves
may be flat, compressed,
convex, navicular, carinate,
bearing a double dorsal crest,
or even four, six, or ten wings,
as in the genera Menon-
villea, Hexaptera, and Dec-
aptera. The number of
ribs on the valves is also of
some use in distinguishing
these genera. Next come
the vegetative organs, the leaves, the inflorescence. Some
genera are herbaceous ; others, like Bra-
c/iycarpaa, are suffrutescent. Nocccea
comprises scapigerous herbs. The leaves
are linear entire in Brac/iycarpced ; the
cauline ones are auriculate in Campy-
loptera and Sc/iouwia. They are all
opposite in Eunomia ; but this is the
case with the inferior ones only in
jffilhionema proper. All are pinnatifid in
certain species of Hexaptera, pinnatisect
in Nocccea. The inflorescence is in form
racemose in most of the genera, corym-
bose in Mancoa. PJiysalidium has the
leaves of certain Saxifrages ; and in
this, like the other series, such a cha-
Psychine stylosa.
Capsella Bursa-pasloris
{Shepherd's purse).
Fig. 304.
Habit (A).
Fig. 305.
Fruit (f.)
Fig. 306.
Young fruit (§).
208
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
meter, elsewhere of only specific value, is sufficient at times to
Menonvillea linearis, distinguish genera.
Lepidium comprises herbs and undershrubs,
glabrous or pubescent, with alternate leaves and
racemose flowers. Sixty or seventy species are
known, inhabiting the warm and temperate re-
gions of the whole world, but not Alpine or
Arctic. These species are grouped into sections,1
based on the form of the siliqua valves and
style.
Fig. 307.
Fruit dehiscing (f ).
VII. SUJ3ULARIA SERIES.
Awlwort2 (Fr., Sitbulaire ; figs. 308-310) has regular hermaphrodite
flowers. The receptacle forms a deep cup, in the bottom of which
is inserted the gynseceum, while the perianth and androceum are
Fig. 309.
Diagram.
Fig. 308.
Habit.
Fig. 310.
Long. sect, of (lower (^).
borne on the rim, and are hence distinctly perig}Tnous. The calyx
is formed of four free subequal sessile sepals, all similar at the base,
1 See the Genera below. Gen. III., t. 71. — H. H„ Gen., S3, u. 76.—
2 Subularia L., Gen., n. 799. —J., Gen., 240.— H. Bx., in Adansouia, x. 15, t. (i.
Endl., n. 4977.— DC, Prodr., i. 23D.— A. Gray,
CBUGIFEE2E. 209
imbricate-decussate in the bud. The alternating cruciate petals are
sessile, riband-shaped, elongating with the growth of the flower,
imbricate in the bud. The androceum is formed as in Crucifercs
generally, of six tetradynamous stamens, the two lateral a little shorter
than the rest. Each consists of a free filament, and an introrse two-
celled, anther, of longitudinal dehiscence. The concavity of the
receptacle is lined by a thin layer of glandular tissue, which is thick-
ened in a circle towards the rim of the receptacle. There the disk
is prolonged in front of each petal into a prominent truncate lobe.
The gynasceum is free ; it consists of an ovary like that of most
Crucifers, tapering above into a very short style, whose -scarcely
dilated obtuse apex is covered with stigmatic papillae. Each, half-
cell of the ovary contains from two to six descending campylotropous
ovules. The fruit, accompanied at its base by the remains of the
receptacular sac, is a turgid silicule, ovoid, ellipsoid, oblong, or sub-
globular. It contains from two to six or eight descending seeds,
formed as in Cruciferce generally, containing a very bowed embryo,
whose ascending radicle is as broad as the accumbent cotyledons or
even broader. Two species of Subularia are known, little herbaceous
annuals ; one inhabits mountain-lakes in Europe, Asia, and North
America ;' the other has a similar habitat in Abyssinia.2 Their
leaves are alternate, all radical, narrow, elongated subulate, in form
like those of a Monocotyledon. The flowers3 form ebracteate racemes
(?), terminating a lateral axis, and simple or slightly ramified.
The Crucifers have long been known as forming a most natural
group in similarity of fruit, corolla, and androceum. Ray,4 in 1682,
noticed them as uniform Telrcqjeialde and as Siliquoste. Herein he
was closely followed by Magnolius,5 who in 1GSU classed them as
Siliqno-ste, in the plants of his seventh section (tetrapetalous), and by
P. Hermann,5 whose Class XL consists of herbaceous siliquose plants.
Tournefort/ in 1694, resting chiefly on the cruciform corolla, united
1 S. aquatica L., Spec., 896. 5 Fam. PL per Tab. Disp., in Prodr. Hist.
2 S. monticola A. Be., in Schweinf. Beitr. Gen. PI.
z. Fl. mhiop.—Scinvmx-e., Ic. Lith. 6 Fl. Lugd.-B.at. (1690).
'° Small, with a whitish corolla. 7 Isagoge ; Inst. 210 (1700).
4 Meth. Nat. PI, ; Sist., xvi. 777.
VOL. III. P
210
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
these plants into Class V. of his great work, comprising plants with
a regularly cruciate corolla. Linn^us distinguished them both as
Siliqi/.ostf1 and as Tetradynamece? thus bringing into the definition of
the group the character of the inequality of the six stamens.
Crantz,3 dwelling rather on their uniformity in medicinal qualities,
named them Antiscorbutics. De Jussieu4 retained the name Sili-
qnosce for his family (35); Haller5 changed it to Cruciate. The
name Crucif era was finally adopted by Adanson6 in 1763, and after
him by A. L. de Jussieu.7 It is under this name that the order has
been made the object of the special work of many celebrated botanists
of this century. A. P. de Candolle8 and R. Brown9 stand in the
first place. Desvaux10 and Kunth11 also gave it special attention.
Endlicher12 and Lindley13 in their general works collected the im-
mense mass of matter on the organization of the Crucif erce that had
been accumulated by their predecessors, at the same time modifying
it to some extent. In 1857 J. Payer14 studied the organogeny of
the flower, thus solving most of the contested questions as regards
its symmetry.15 In recent years J. Hooker undertook, with the
assistance of his colleagues,16 the very intricate study of this order,
for his Genera Plantarum?1 wherein the number of genera is fixed
at one hundred and seventy-three. We have reduced this number
by ten, not to mention those which are utterly doubtful.18
1 Pralect., ed. Gies., 481.
2 Gen., 329.
3 Fl. Austr., 1.
4 Ex AdatnS., Fam. des PI., ed. 2, 35 j in A.
L. Juss., Gen., lxvii.
5 Helm., i. 192.
6 Fam. des PI., ii. 16, 409.
7 Gen. PI., 237 (1789).
8 In Mem. Mus., vii. 169; Syst. Veg., ii.
(1822), 139 ; Prodr., i. (1824), 131. (Illustr. in
the Icon. Deless. ii.), from which we have taken
figs. 206, 245-247, 261, 262, 265-267, 300-
303, 306, 307.)
9 In Ait. PTort. Ken\, ed. 2 (1812), iv. 7l ; in
Denh. Sf Clappert. Narr. (1824), 210.
10 Journ. Pot., iii. (1813), 145.
11 In Verb. Perlin. Acad. (1832), 33 ; Die PI.
und Fr. d. Crucif., Berlin (1833).
12 Gen. (1836-40), 861, Ord. CLXXXI.
13 Veg. Kingd. (1846), 351, Ord. CXXIII.
Prassicacece.
14 Tr. d'Org. Comp. de la Fleur, 209, t. 44.
15 These have been chiefly investigated in the
following works : — R. Tin., loc. cit. — DC, Mem.
sur la Fam. des Cruciferes (I'aris, 1821). —
Howell, in Ann. Nat. Mist., x. 254. — Likdl.,
Veg. Kingd., 352. — Seb., in Pull. Pot. de Gen.
(1830), 112.— A. S. H. & MoQ., in Ann. Sc.
Nat., ser. 1, xx. 318. — Moq. & Webb, in Mem.
Acad. Toil., v. 364. — Kravse, in Pot. Zeit., iv.
142. — Ditch., in Pev. Pot., ii. 207. — Schimp.,
in Mem. Congr. Sc. de Fr. (1843), 62.— Chat.,
in Pull. Soc. Pot. de Fr., viii. 370.— Clahke,
in Seem. Journ. of Bot. (1865), 5. — Gode., in
Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 5, ii. 288. — Eichl., in Mart.
Fl. Pros., Crucif., 330, t. 68.
!6 Thomson, in vol. v. (129) of the Journ. of
the Linn. Soc. (Preec. ad Fl. Ind.), & Bentham,
for the Genera (57, 965).
17 It will be seen that we have based our study
on the result of these researches, which are, for
all that may be said to the contrary, the best
that have been as yet produced on this difficult
group, and certainly those in which the best use
has been made of all previous works.
18 1. Agallis (Philipp., in Linncea, xxxiii. 12),
CBUCIFEB^J. 211
All Crucifers have certain common constant characters : the
quaternary perianth ; the cruciate sepals and petals, with the latter
free and imbricate ; the non-adherent gynseceum ;* its normally
binary structure, with the carpellary leaves united into a really one-
celled ovary with parietal placentation,2 the cavity being at first
undivided ;:i finally, the indefinite inflorescence.
Next to these absolute (?) characters come others, which are all
but constant, with single or very few exceptions, viz. : the convex
receptacle, with hypogynous insertion, except in one genus ;4 the
definite androceum, hexandrous and tetradynamous (polyandry
occurs in one species ;s there are fewer than six stamens in certain
cases of reduction6) ; the absence of albumen in the seeds ; the in-
flexion of the embryo ; the alternation of the leaves ; the absence of
stipules at their base ■/ the absence of bracts where the floral pedicels
spring from the axis of the inflorescence.3
The characters of frequent variation differ in occurring in most
of the organs both of vegetation and reproduction. We may enu-
merate them : —
1. The root may be fibrous or fascicled, or a tap-root. In the
latter case it becomes the seat of the deposit of a quantity of nutri-
tive matter ; and is then edible, as in the Turnip, Radish, &c.
2. The stems varv in duration ; they are usualty herbaceous,
whether annual or perennial.9 They are rarely frutescent ; still more
rarely climbing, as in Cremolobus. Sometimes they have a creeping
rhizome, covered with scales representing rudimentary leaves.10
3. The leaves are generally alternate ; but in Dentaria they are
a very ill-known Chilian plant; — 2. Discov'uun s Megacarpea poll/ xndra DC.
(Rafin., ex DC, Prodr., i. 120) ;— 3. Mali- « See p. 215, n. 12.
molobos (Tattsch, in Flora, 1836, 410), whereof ' That is, of well-developed stipules when
the same may be said ; — 4. Microstigma they are adult. (See p 212, n. 4.)
Tkautv., ex Likdl., Teg. Kingd., 335b), whose 8 For the exceptions see p. 212, n. 7.
name alone is published. 9 Spineseer.t in certain species.
1 Even in Subularia, where the receptacle is 10 The anatomical structure of the stem has
concave, the ovary is not at all adherent to it. beenchiefly studied by UAUTiG(m Bot. Zeit., 1859,
2 The placentations that have been described 109), in Arabis, and by Hanstein (in Pringsh.
as basilar or apical, are so only in appearance Jarhb., i. 231), who has traced the connexion of
when adult. At first they are really parietal the arrangement of the leaves with that of the
placentas, reduced to the short portion near their fibro-vascular bundles in the stem (Oliv., Stems
base or apex. (See p. 215, n. 13.) in Dicot., 6 ; in Nat. Mist. Rev., ii, 303). The
3 The production of the false septum is always aerial axes of certain species of Dentaria (D.
late. bulbifera L., &c), bear axillary bulbils.
i
Subularia.
2
212
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
opposite or in whorls of three. They are also opposite in several
species oi^EtMonema, Eunomia, Cawjyt/lojjfera, Moriera, &c. In form
they may be simple, entire, lobed, dissected, or runcinate. Some
have the blade deeply divided down to the midrib, which is not,
however, articulate as is usual in compound leaves. Often the
cauline leaves are sessile, auriculate or amplexicaul, while those mis-
named radical are petiolate and more deeply lobed.1
4. Stipules are usually absent in this order, and some have wholly
denied their presence.2 But several authors3 state that they are quite
conspicuous at first in certain species ; though their development
soon stops, and they are only represented in the adult stage by little
gland-like bodies.
5. The state of the surface is variable in the leaves, as in many
other organs. They are often glabrous ; but when they are more
or less downy, it is due to soft or rigid hairs, simple, bi- or tri-
furcate, stellate, or medifixed, more rarely capitate and glandular.
6. The inflorescence is usually indefinite, very frequently racemose.
Sometimes it is corymbose ; between these two forms we find every
transition ; so that the corymb often becomes a raceme as the fruit
ripens, owing to the elongation of its axis. The inflorescences are
usually terminal or leaf-opposed, more rarely axillary ; they often
become compound when the lateral groups are axillary not to leaves,
but to bracts taking their places towards the top of the stem. Ex-
ceptionally the flowers are solitary, axillary or terminal. The flower
or flowers often terminate what is called a scape, an axis more or less
denuded below.
7. The bracts to which the flowers are axillary are usually absent
in Cruciferce. However, genera are cited such as Porjj/tj/rocodo/t,
Stenonema, Psychine, Dipterygium, Schizopetalon, Ionopsidium, &c,
wherein they exist to some extent ; others whereof some species alone
have bracts ; and finally, in some species we find in a single inflo-
rescence some flowers ebractate, others with bracts visible at the base>
1 The leaves of Nasturtium, Cardamine, &c.,
sometimes bear adventitious buds, more or less
developed, usually springing from the ribs. (See
Picart-Jourdain, in Soc. Linn, du Nord, i.
(1840).— Tukp., in Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc, ix.
(1839).— A. S. H., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, ix.
190
2 Payee, Organog., 210.
3 Krause, in Bot. Zeit., iv. (1846), 142.—
DrcuAETKE, in Rev. Bat., ii. (1846), 207.—
Norman, in Ann. Sc Nat., ser. 4, ix. 105. —
Godk., iu Ann. Sc Nat., ser. 5, ii. 281.
CBUGIFERJE. 213
as in Sisymbrium, Nasturtium, Lnarthrdcarpus, Streptant/tus, Sgrenia,
Vella, Boleum, Nothothlaspi, &c. When it is proved that in this order
the secondary axes of the inflorescence are often carried up to a
variable height on the chief axis, it will easily be seen that they
really spring from the axil of a leaf or bract, but that they separate
from the main axis so far above as to obscure their true relations
when adult.
8. The floral receptacle is nearly always convex, usually forming
a depressed cone ; this involves a hypogynous perianth and gyna>
ceum. But in one series (the Subulariece), as we have elsewhere
noticed particularly,1 the receptacle forms a pretty deep cup, on the
edges of which the stamens and perianth are perigynous.
9. The usually hypogynous glands2 internal to the corolla, which
have been considered by many authors the representatives of more
or less abortive floral appendages, especially stamens when they are
long and narrow,3 appear to us to be, as Adanson conjectured,4 depen-
dencies of the receptacle, regions thereof hypertrophied late, as is the
case with disks generally. The peculiar forms of these bodies, and the
limited spots of the receptacle on which they form, would seem to
depend on the free spaces left for their growth by the true floral ap-
pendages between which they occur. This may be easily seen in certain
genera wherein the receptacular surface is completely lined by a (yellow-
ish or greenish) glandular layer, except at the depressions for insertion
of pistil and stamens. In others the glandular surface is divided into
two islets on opposite sides of the flower, either right or left, or,
more rarely, in front and behind. Yet more frequently are there
four : either two anterior and two posterior, one in front of each
petal ; or oftener, two lateral, and two antero-posterior. In the
latter case they embrace completely or partially a small stamen,5 or
two large ones, respectively.6 Very often, too, the hypertrophy is
localized inside the two small stamens, and outside the large ones.
Jn such cases especially are the glands developed into crescents,
scales, horns, or spurs ; and their form is so variable as to induce
1 See Adansonia, x. 45, t. 6. 4 See Fam. des PL, ii. 412.
2 See Pater, Organog., 213. 5 These glands are termed carpellary, like the
3 In this case the gland outside the pair of two lateral sepals, because of their position,
large stamens has been held a staininode belong- 6 Similarly, these are termed placentary.
ing to the same verticil as the two Literal small
stamens.
214 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
error as to their true origin. But this appears to us impossible
when the receptacle is cup-shaped as in the Awlworts ;' for then, just
as in Rhamnacecs, Rosacea, Leguminosce, &c, the whole inside of the
cup is lined by a thin layer which forms a circular rim at the edge,
only dilated into four little lobes between the sepals. In the hypo-
gynous Greggia the disk is also annular, and simply lobed on the
rim. In Selenia, though the flower is tetramerous, it is divided into
ten hypogynous lobes. Probably some use might be made in classifi-
cation of the characters of the disk, which it is pretty easy to make
out in the fresh flower. But from its very origin,2 it usually be-
comes diffluent and indistinct in herbarium flowers softened by
soaking : so that no practical use can be made of these characters.
10. Of the four sepals, the two lateral may or may not be equal
in length and breadth to the antero-posterior. They are usually
alternative-imbricate in praefloration, rarely valvate or subvalvate, as
in Savignga, Ricotia, &c. The greatest dissimilarity in about half the
cases usually lies in the insertion. In Brassica, for instance, the
insertion of all four sepals is such that their scar on the receptacle
forms a moderately curved arc. In Cheiranthus, &c, this is the case
with the anterior and posterior only ; the two lateral are inserted
along a horseshoe, with more or less divergent branches. Hence
at the base of these sepals is a gibbosity, a sac of variable depth, or
an obtuse spur, sometimes very prominent like that of Bicentra.
This character varies but little within any genus. When the spur
is well developed the corresponding gland grows large and projects
within its cavity. A rudimentary formation of this kind occurs very
rarely in the other sepals.
11. The petals vary : in the presence or absence of a claw ; in the
form of the limb, which may be entire, emarginate, bilobate, or even
plurilobate or pinnatifid, as in Brgopetalttm and Schizopetalon ; and in
the mode of imbrication in the bud. The corolla is generally regular ;
but the anterior petals are much more developed than the posterior
in Iberis, which is thus alone distinguished from Tklaspi. Apetalous
flowers occur pretty frequently in certain species of Capsella, Coro-
nopus, CocMearia, Cardamine, Lepidium, Nasturtium, &c.
1 See Adansonia, x. 47. of the receptacle, either above or below the
2 "They only appear very long after the pistil, insertion of the stamens." (Patee, Organog.,
and are, as Adanson thought, only swollen parts 214.)
CRUCIFERJE. 215
12. The stamens are indefinite in one genus only, Megacarpcea.
There are in other cases six, tetradynamous ; very rarely are the two
lateral scarcely shorter than the four others. But sometimes some or
all of them disappear ; this occurs in Capsella, Lepidium, Nasturtium,
and Coronopus. Four out of the six stamens, the large ones, may even
disappear; or their filaments are reduced to tongues, sometimes
surmounted by a glandular dilatation. The staminal filaments are all
free ; or else the four longer are united in pairs to a variable height,
as in certain species of Fella, Sterigma, Anchonium, Boleum, Dontoste-
mon, Zerdana, Hexaptera, jEthionema, Euzomodendron, Leptaleum,
JSlyagrum, SpirorJignchus, &c. The base of the filament is sometimes
as it were articulated. It is here very contracted, but above may
expand into a circular rim or unilateral scale, or still higher up, it
becomes spreading, bowed, or angular, or is prolonged laterally into
a tooth or appendage, even a sort of wing in Lepidostemon. This
character is variable from species to species within a genus. The
anther varies in form and colour ; though usually introrse and 2-celled,
that of the large stamens is 1 -celled in Atelanthera. Sometimes the
form is a little different in the two sets of stamens.
13. The ovary varies in form, nearly in the same way as the fruit,
and may bear the same prominences as we shall see thereon. It
often tapers into a more or less elongated style, sometimes laterally
dilated near the base (as in certain Matthiolas) into horns ; these
may occur lower on the g3rna3ceum or fruit, as in Loncltopjliora,
Pgramidium, &c. The stigmatiferous apex is usually swollen, entire,
or very variably divided into connate, approximated, or divergent
lobes or horns. Pretty often there is no style and the stigma is
sessile on top of the ovary. This is normally formed of two lateral
carpellary leaves, and two alternating parietal placentas.1 But one
of the latter may become in time quite abortive or be reduced to its
lower part, and bear no ovules ; and the other one may bear but
one or few ovules in only its upper or lower part. Thus the ovule
and seed appear suspended or erect, as the case may be. The ovules
are in form usually more or less campylotropous ; but some possess
a raphe of variable development, and cannot be distinguished from
ordinary anatropous ovules.
1 We have seen that the cases of three or four especially in Tetrapoma (p. 181, note A, figs,
carpels and placentas must bs held anomalous, 210-213).
21 6 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
14. The fruit of the Crucifers is termed siliqua or silicule according
as it is long or short.1 To really deserve these names it must be dry
and dehisce longitudinally. But often it does not open, or separates
transversely into one- or many-seeded joints. It is then usually not
quite dry during the days before maturity. A woody or even bony
stone may be distinguished, surrounded by a thin layer of fleshy or
suberous mesocarp, which later on dries leaving the fruit " nuca-
mentaceous." The true siliqua or silicule dehisces into three parts,
{a) a frame (Fr., cadre) or replum, corresponding to the placentas,
whereon is stretched a false septum springing from them,2 complete,
or incomplete and perforated, fenestrated, or even reduced to its
edges, membranous and translucent, even or veined,3 or rarely thick
and rigid, dividing the ovary and fruit into two lateral half- or
false-cells ; (6) two lateral valves, varying in form like the siliqua,
nearly flat or more or less tumid gibbous or carinate, smooth
wrinkled or muricate externally, without visible veins, or with a
midrib and lateral veins of variable prominence, either free or con-
nected by simple or anastomosing venules. All these details
generally vary from genus to genus. The apex of the fruit may
present prominences of diverse origin. Two correspond with and
prolong the placentas ; they may be simple, or bifurcated as in Paro-
linia. Others alternating with these correspond with the apices of
the carpellary leaves. And some answer to a variable projection of
the back of the valves, as in Tetracme or Jnastatica, and form points,
or scales more or less dilated transversely. It will be seen below
that the most important character is taken from the general form of
the cross section of the fruit, according as its breadth is the same
in all directions, or compressed parallel with or perpendicular to the
septum. Its edges are then often more or less turned off, and keeled
or with entire, incised, or even fenestrated wings, as in Thysanocarpus.
The apex of the fruit maybe obtuse or prolonged into a beak formed
by the style or its persistent base ; and this beak may remain
attached or fall off at the base ; a character which may be used in the
distinction of genera or subgenera.4
1 See p. 199, note 4. superadded in certain cases. (Fotten., in Bull.
- See Bayek, Organog., 212. Soc. Bot. de Fr., xi. 237, 2S8.)
3 It is formed of one or more nearly parallel 4 The fruits of Morisia and Oeococcus are
layers of cells, with peculiar elongated fibres peculiar in ripening under ground.
CRUCIFERJE. 217
15. The number of seeds varies from one or two to fifty and up-
wards. Sometimes subbasilar or subapical, descending or ascending,
they are attached by a funicle of variable thickness, which may be
quite free, or remain adherent for a very variable extent to the false
septum. There are three seed-coats ; the inner membranous ; the
middle, more or less testaceous, often prolonged into awing; the super-
ficial, often thin and epidermoid, whose cells often swrell up in water
into a thick layer of mucilage, as in the Mustards, &c. The presence
of a thin layer of albumen is exceptional ; the embryo usually fills
the seed-cavity. Frequently when the fruit is broad there are two
rows of seeds in each false cell, while in narrow elongated fruits there
is but one. However this point, on which great stress has been laid
in classification, may vary from species to species in a single genus,
and even from siliqua to siliqua on a single individual.1
10. The embryo is an organ to which the highest importance has
been ascribed in the classification of this order. Its radicle, often
ascending,2 is usually folded on the cotyledons.3 If these are flat and
it is applied to their commissure they are termed accumbent ;4 if it lies
on the back of one of them they are termed incumbent? Or the cotyle-
dons are con duplicate? folded across one inside of the other, with the
radicle inside the groove between the two halves of the former. Or
they may be biplicate,1 or folded twice transversely ; or else coiled in
a spiral.8 In intermediate positions the radicle is more or less ob-
lique. Moreover, the cotyledons may be entire, emarginate, bilobate,
or bifid, as in Schizopetalon.
Which then of these variable characters have been used by
botanists in their subdivision of this order ? First the form of the
fruit. Linnjsus and his followers divided Cruciferce into Siliquosa and
SiliculosfS ; and so did A. L. de Jussieu in his Genera Plantarum.
Adanson went much further in his Families des Plantes. He more
skilfully distinguished the form of siliqua that dehisces longi-
tudinally, from that which is lomentaceous and divides across, and
1 See Wedd., Chlor. Andina, i. t. 85. — J. 5 Hesperis, Sisymbrium, 'Erysimum, &c.
Gay, in Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr., x. 9. 6 Brassica, Moricandia, Succowia, JEruca,
2 " Radiculam ssepe ascendenteia a placenta Crambe, Rapistrum, Raphanus, &c.
remotara." (B. H., Gen., 57.) 7 Heliophila, Chandra, &c.
3 Straight in Leavenworthia. 8 Bunias, Erucaria, &c.
4 E.g. : Arabia, Muttliiola, Cheiranthus, Nas-
turtium, Cardamine, Lunaria, Yesicaria, &c.
218 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
that which, indehiscent and one-seeded, resembles an achene at
maturity. In the silicule he saw that one form is flattened parallel
to the broad septum, the other perpendicular to a long narrow
septum. Hence he makes four sections — 1. Roqueites (Rockets),
whose fruit is a siliqua of longitudinal dehiscence ; 2. Lunaires, whose
fruit is a silicule with valves parallel to the septum ; 3. TAlaspis,
with the valves of the silicule perpendicular to the septum ;
4. Half oris (Radishes) with achenes, or elongated fruits with
either one-seeded joints, or chambers in two lateral vertical
rows.
For these characters, which are very satisfactory, and, if not
absolute, subject to but few exceptions, A. P. de Candolle preferred
to substitute those derived from the relative position of the radicle
and cotyledon; and divided Cruciferce into four suborders : 1. Pleuro-
rldzeae, with accumbent cotyledons ; 2. Notorhizece, with incumbent
cotyledons; 3. Orthoplocece, with them conduplicate; 4. Sjnrolobece,
with them spiral ; 5. Dijjlecolobece, with them biplicate. To this pro-
cedure grave objections have been made.1 We ourselves are con-
vinced that in so natural an order hardly any absolute characters can
be found ; while to classify it (artificially after all is said) it is well
to put in the first place the least inconstant characters, and those
of easiest practical application ; and hence we fall back in principle
upon Ad an son's scheme, modifying it by the admission of the new
tribes subsequently added.2 We thus form seven series. One alone
is characterized by a concave receptacle and a perigynous flower.
The others comprise the hypogynous Crucifers, with a convex recep-
tacle. These again fall into Siliquosce and SilicuLosce. The former
are divided into three series, according as the fruit is longitudinally
dehiscent, indehiscent, or transversely divided. Next come the three
Siliculose series in which the fruit is respectively indehiscent, com-
pressed parallel to the broad septum, compressed at right angles to
the narrow septum. These series are :
1 See Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr., vii. 252 ; ix. 2 We have already said what use we have
536. — Payee, Lee. sur les Fain. Nat., 140. The made of the results obtained by J. Hookee,
cases where accumbency and incumbency occur which, though they too have met with criti-
in one and the same genus are very numerous. cism (Fouen., in Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr., x. 449),
Still more so are those of obliquity of the radicle are tbe most satisfactory we have met with,
in every degree.
CBUGIFEBJE. 219
a. Cruciferce hypogynce.
1. Cheiranthece. — Siliqua dehiscent longitudinally.
2. Raphaiiece. — Fruit elongated, (usually) indehiscent.
3. Cakilece. — Fruit elongated, more rarely short, lomentaceous.
4. Isatidece. — Silicule inarticulate, indehiscent.
5. Lunariece. — Silicule dehiscent, compressed parallel to the septum.1
6. Thlaspidece. — Silicule dehiscent, compressed at right angles to the septum.2
b. Cruciferce perigynce.
7. Subularice. — Silicule turgid.
Next we use for the formation of subseries the less constant and
easy character of the relations of the radicle and cotyledons, and we
shall thus found in certain of these series secondary divisions which
though far less absolute in their limits, may yet have great practical
utility. Thus we divide the Cheiranthece into three subseries as
follows : —
( 1. Arabidinecc. — Cotyledons (usually)'1 accumbent.
CHEiRANTHEiE. < 2. Sisymbrinece. — Cotyledons incumbent.
( 3. Brassicineoe. — Cotyledons conduplicate.
So also with Lunariece : —
( 1. Alyssince. — Cotyledons (usually) accumbent.
LuNARiiE. < 2. Camelinece. — Cotyledons incumbent.
( 3. Succovinece. — Cotyledons induplicate.
And Thlaspidece : —
m ( 1. Iberidinece. — Cotyledons (usually accumbent).
( 2. Lepidinece. — Cotyledons incumbent (or conduplicate).
The other series are more homogeneous, and remain undivided.
The genera will be distinguished below by characters of the third
grade, such as those of the insertion of the sepals ; the details of the
androceum and of the gynseceum, including ovary, septum, style and
stigma, and the fruit, seeds, funicle, &c.
The affinities of Cruciferce have long been recognised.4 The order
contains none of those types with free carpels which occur in
1 Even when the compression is ill marked 1), on every opportunity, on the exceptions, which
the breadth of the septum remains always nearly are daily increasing in number. Bentham and
equal to that of the valves. Hookee give them at the head of each secondary
2 Which is always narrower than the valves. group.
3 We have elsewhere dwelt (see p. 218, note 4 Mieb., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 1, vi. 266. —
220 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Papaveracece, and link it so well with Manunculacece. But it is
undoubted that Cruciferce come next to Papaveracece on the one hand
and CapparidacetB and Mesedacece on the other; so that if the sum total
of natural affinities be considered they must be placed between these
three orders. They differ from all of them in the distinctly cruciform
perianth and generally definite tetradynamous anthers, no less than in
the structure of the fruit and seed, To distinguish the tetradynamous
Capparidacea with dry dicarpellary fruit, the only characters are the
unsymmetrical flowers, the habit, the 1-3-foliolate leaves, and
the absence of a false septum in the fruit. Mesedacece are separated
by their indefinite unilateral androceum and the structure of their
fruit. Certain types of Papaveracece approach so close to Cruciferce
that they can only be distinguished by their indefinite androceum
{Fumariea? are an exception to this), when their fruit becomes dicar-
pellaiy, very much like a siliqua, and with a false septum compar-
able to that of a Crucifer. Then the only difference lies in the t}^pe
of the flowers, quaternary in this order, but ternary in Papaverads
or repeatedly binary with a double or triple corolla of dimerous
verticils, not of a single tetramerous whorl. Finally the embiyo of
Papaveracece is always accompanied by an albumen much larger
than itself.
The geographical distribution of this order would alone
suffice for a great work. Of one hundred and sixty-three genera
retained by us in this order, twenty-two are confined to America ;
seventeen are common to both Worlds, and a hundred and
twenty-four are only found in the Old World. Of the species
some authors have raised the number to upwards of two thousand :
we admit some thirteen hundred, whereof six hundred and seventy
belong to the Old World genera, and eight}T-four to the
American ; of the remaining five hundred and fortyT-seven, be-
longing to the genera common to both Worlds, not more than a
tenth part are American, so that the sum total of the species in the
New World is about one hundred and forty against some eleven
hundred and sixty in the Old. Next comes the question of latitude.
Bernh., in Linnaa, viii. 401 ; in Ann. Sc. JS'at., Teg. Kingd., 351. — J. G. AGAEDH., Theor. Syst.
ser. 2, iii. 357.— J. Gay, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. PL, 212.
2, xviii. 218. — Endl., Enchirid., 452. — Lindl.,
CRUCIFERJZ.
221
The proportion of Crucifera in the Southern Hemisphere is small.
Dropping the introduced species, there are about seventy in Chili, a
score in Columbia, thirty in Australia, and half a hundred in South
Africa. The Tropics are very poor in Cruciferce, which all but dis-
appear at the Equator. In the temperate regions of Asia, Europe,
and even North America their number increases enormously. The
Levant is the richest locality ; next come the two shores of the
Mediterranean and Temperate Europe. In California and Texas
the Crucifers are still pretty numerous, as well as in the Eastern
States. Their number decreases on going northwards, in both
Continents ;' moreover, here, as in other orders, there are generic types
spread nearly all over the globe, such as Nasturtium, Draba, Carda-
mine, Thlaspi, Erysimum, Sisymbrium, &c. ; others are peculiar to some-
times very limited regions : thus, in Australia, Blennodia, Menkea,
Geococcus, Stenopetalum ; in Tropical Africa, Heliophila, Chamira,
Brachycarpaea, Palmstruchia, &c. ; in Chili, Schizopetalon, Mathewsia,
Cremolobus, Menonvillea, Hexaptera. Other genera, usually monotypic,
are still more limited. Atelanthera, in West Thibet ; Parolinia, in
the Canaries ; Streptoloma, on the shores of the Caspian ; Porp/iyro-
codon, in New Granada ; Warea, in Florida ; Mancoa, in the Peruvian
Andes ; Bivoncea, in Sicily ; Morisia, in Corsica and Sardinia ; Hemi-
crambe, at Tangier ; Nothothlaspi and Pachycladon, in New Zealand ;
Prinylea, in Kerguelen's Land, &c.
The properties of the Crucifers,- like their organization, are pretty
uniform. Many are used for food, owing to the deposits in their
1 A. de Candoiee, in his Geographie Bo-
tanique, has collected the numbers given by
various authors for the proportion of Cruciferce
to Phanerogams at large. In the different
countries of Europe it varies from 4 to 6 per
cent, generally. In Spain the percentage rises
to 7-5 (Boissiee). In Asia there are in Daouria,
6 (Ledeb.) ; North China, 4"5 (Bttnge); Japan,
2 (Zuccarini). Tn Africa: Egypt, 5 (Delile) ;
Algeria, 4"5 (Desf.) ; Madeira, 5 (Low.) ;
Canary Islands, 3 (Webb). In America : Nor-
thern States, 2 (Beck:); New California, 3-5
(Hook. & Arn.) ; Chili, 2 (C. Gat). The per-
centage always falls 1 below in hot countries,
such as Tropical Africa, India, Timor, New
Guinea, Tropical America. Melville Island has
the largest known — 13-5 (R. Be.). The same
author also gives several Crucifers among the
species extending over at least a third of the
globe — viz., Capsella Bursa pastoris, several
species of Nasturtium, Cardamine hirsuta, Ery-
simum cheiranthoides .
2 Guib., Drog. Simpl., ed. 6, iii. 672. —
Lindl., Fl. Med., 91; Veg. Kingd., 353. —
Exdl., EncUrid., 452. — Peeeiea, Elem. Mat.
Med., ed. 4, ii. p. ii. 576. — Rosenth., Syn. PI.
Blajjhor., 629, 1142.
222
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
various organs ; like the Kadishes,1 and the various Cabbages and
Turnips, in which we have studied2 the seat of these deposits. In
several the leaves are eaten, either cooked, as in Sea Kale3 (C/iou
marin, figs. 248-253), and certain species of Lepidium, Cardamine,
Baphanus, Prinplea,4 Matthiola,5 Zilla? &c. ; or raw, in salad, like the
cultivated Cresses (Cressons). These last are not mere insipid green
vegetables, but are distinguished by a greater or less development of the
stimulant pungency, or even acridity common to most medicinal Cruci-
fers.7 The Water Cress (Cresson officinal, C. de fontaine) is Nasturtium
officinale? growing wild or cultivated in fresh water. It is pretty
powerful as a stomachic, diuretic, depurative, and, above all, anti-
scorbutic.9 From it is distinguished the Creeping Watercress {Cresson
sauvage ; N. sylvestre)™ possessing the same virtues, though less used.
The Cress of our gardens (C. aUnois or Nasitort) is a member of the
totally different genus Lepidium ; it is L. sativum" and acrid and
antiscorbutic, and sternutatory. Bittercress (Cresson des pres), the least
used of all, is Cardamine pratensis™ For the same purposes, medicinal
1 All belonging to R. sativus L. (R. cMnensis
Mill., orbicularis Mill., rotundus Mill., sativus
Mill.), and comprising two chief races : 1. The
small Radishes (Radis, Petites Raves), including
the Turnip Radish (Radis Rond ; R. Radicula
Pees.) and the Spring Radish (Radis Allonge,
Rave ; R. sativus Mill.). — 2. The larger
Radishes (Raves, vraies Raiforts), including the
Black Radish (Rave Noir, Radis Noir ; R. niger
Lob.), the large White Radish (Orosse Rave
Blanche ; R. rotundis Mill.), the Gray Radish
(Radis gris), Winter Violet Radish (R. Violet
d'Hiver), &c. (See Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi.
340.— Gtjib., loc. cit., 674.)
2 See above, pp. 188-195, fig. 219-237.
3 Crambe maritima L., Spec, 937. — (Ed., Fl.
Dan., t. 316. — Rosenth., op. cit., 645. So in
the East are eaten C. orientalis L. and Kots-
cliyana Lindl. C. Tataria Jacq. (C. tata-
rica W.), or Hungarian Sea Kale, is probably
the Chara Casaris on which Caesar's troops
fed.
4 P. antiscorbutica Hook. F., is used in Ker-
guelen's Land like the Cabbage in Europe. (See
Rosenth., op. cit., 635, 1.142.)
5 M. incana R. Br. and livida DC. are only
eaten in times of famine.
6 The Arabs eat the leaf buds and leaves of Z.
myagroides Forsk. (Myagrum spinosum Lame. ;
■ — Bunias spinosa L.).
7 This also distinguishes them from Papa-
veracea, which have a milky or more or less
op-.descent latex.
8 R. Be., in Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2, iv. 110. —
Spach, op. cit., vi. 432. — Guib., op. cit., iii. 675,
fig. 752. — Chatin, le Cresson, lSiuo. (Paris,
1866). — N. siifoliutn Reichb. — JV. mierophyllum
Reichb. — Sisymbrium Nasturtium L., Spec,
91 6. — Cardamine fontana LAMK. — Cardaminum
Nasturtium McENCH.
9 It contains iodine, iron, phosphates, an
essential oil containing sulphur and nitrogen,
which gives it its peculiar pungency (Chat., op.
cit., 96), and is used for medicine in the forms of
the fresh juice, syrup, soft or dry conserve, ex-
tract, and milk of Watercress. It enters into
the sirop de Raifort iode of Parisian druggists.
10 R. Br.., loc. cit. — Guib., loc. cit., 676. —
Fruca sylvestris Fuchs., Hist., 263.
11 L., Spec, 899.— DC, Prodr., i. 204, n. 9.—
Turp., Fl. Med.,\c. — Thlaspi sativum Ceantz.—
Lepia sativa Destx. — Thlaspidium sativum
Spach, loc. cit., 557. It is thought to be the
KdpBapov of Dioscorides. The other species,
whose leaves or roots are used raw or cooked as
antiscorbutics and diuretics, are L. campestre R.
Br., latifolium L. (Broad-leaved Cress, grande
Pa-sserage), Iberis Pall., ruderale L. (Nas-
turtium ruderale Scop.) and virginicum L. (See
Rosenth., op. cit., 638.)
12 L., Spec, 915.— DC, Prodr., i. 151, n. 23.—
RosENTa., op. cit., 632. — H. B>\, in Diet.
GBUCIFEU^E.
223
and alimentary, may be used the Barbarea, especially B. communis1
and prcecox* (Bittercress, Yellow Rocket), and Cocklearia officinalis3
(Scurvy-grass; Fr., Herbe aux Glitters, figs. 275-278). This last is
the antiscorbutic of most repute.4 . It is almost unequalled save by
the Horseradish (Fr., Cran de Bretagne ; C. Armor acia? fig. 279); its
leaves, and still more its root, are used as a powerful remedy and
useful condiment.6 The Mustards are yet more used, especially the
Wild Mustard7 {Seneve sauvage), the White3 (fig. 237), and above all
the Black9 (figs. 235, 236). The seeds of the last are used in the
kitchen as a pungent condiment, and in medicine as an irritant and
rubefacient.10 The pungent essential oil, which acts so intensely in
the sinapism, is shown not to exist ready formed in the seed, but to
be formed by the reciprocal action under favourable circumstances of
myronic acid and myrosine, which do exist separately in the seed.11
Encycl. des Sc. Med., xii. Its chief properties
are also found in C. amara L., asarifulia L.,
Impatiens L., hirsuta L., and in the Chilian
species C. nasturtioides Bert.
1 R. Br., in Ait. Sort. Kew., ed. 2, iv. 109. —
Guib., op. cit., ed. 6, hi. 681. — H. Bn., in Diet.
Encycl. des Sc. Med., viii. 340 (Herbe de Sainte-
Burbe).
2 R. Br., loc. cit. (Cressonnette, Cresson des
vignes). B. stricta Andr., and arcuata Reichb.
(Rosenth., op. cit., 631), serve the same purposes.
3 L., Spec, 903.— DC, Prodr., i. 173, n. 10.—
Sm., Engl. Bot., t. 551.— Nees, PI. Off., t. 399.—
Turp., in Fl. Med., ic. — Guib., op. cit., iii. 676,
fig. 753. — Spacii, Suit, a Buff on, vi. 501. —
Rev., in Fl. Med. du xixe Steele, i. 360, t. 35.—
C. groenlandica L. — C. minor Sm. — C. rotun-
difolia Sm. — C. pyrenaica DC. — C. lenensis DC.
The same properties occur in C. anglica L.,
arctiea Schltl., danica L., oblongifolia DC,
&c. (See Rosenth., op. cit., 63 1.)
4 Rich in an acrid, sulphuretted oil, it enters
into the composition of antiscorbutic syrup, wine
and tincture. It contains sulpho sinapisine and
cochlearin. It has been recommended in rheu-
matic, calculous, and hemorrhoidal affections.
5 L,, Spec, 904.— DC, Prodr., i. 173, n. 4.—
Sm., Engl. Bot., t. 2323.— Nees, PI. Off., t.
400. — Schs., Sandb., t. 181. — Hatne, Arzn.
Gew., v. t. 29.— M£r. & Del., Diet. Mat. Med.,
ii. 386. — Guib., op. cit., iii. 677, fig. 754. —
Lindl., Fl. Med., 91.— Rir., in Fl. Med. du
xixe Steele, i. 360. — C. rusticana Lame. — C.
rnacrocarpa Waldst. & Kit., PI. Sung., t. 184.
— Armoracia rusticana Baumg., Fl. Transylv.
— Spach, op. cit., vi. 520. — Rosenth., op. cit.,
634. — A. Eivini Rupp. — A. lapatMfolia Gilib.
— A. saliva Bebnh. — Raphanus sylvestris
Blackw., Serb., t. 415. — Roripa rusticana
Gren. & Godr., Fl. de Fr., i. 127.
6 The scraped root is often used as a seasoning
or garnish. It enters into antiscorbutic syrup,
and, taken in beer, white wine, &c, is one of the
most powerful stimulant antiscorbutics known.
It has been praised in gout, albuminuria, inter-
mittent fever, &c.
' Brassica arvensis. — Sinapis arvensis L.
(see above, p. 192, note 1, figs. 238-241). — Guib.,
loc. cit., 685. — Rosenth., op. cit., 643.
8 Brassica alba. — Sinapis alba L. (see above,
p. 191, note 6). — Guib., loc. cit., 686, fig. 759.—
Hayne, Arzn. Gew., viii. t. 39. — Nees, PL Off.,
t. 402. — Tuep., Fl. Med., ic. — Lindl., Fl. Med.,
92. — Pereira, loc. cit., 5S3. — Rev., in Fl. Med.
du xixe Steele, ii. 373.
3 Brassica nigra. — Sinapis nigra L. (see
above, p. 191, note 2). — Guib., loc. cit., 687, tig.
758.— Hayne, Arzn. Gew., viii. t. 46. — Nees,
PI. Off., t. 403.— Turp., Fl. Med., ic— Lindl.,
Fl. Med., 92. — Pereira, loc. cit., 579, fig. 104. —
A. Rich., Elem., ed. 4, ii. 402. — R£v., in Bot.
Med. du xixe Steele, i. 373, t. 35. — Rosenth.,
loc. cit,, 643.
10 Used chiefly for preparing sinapisms and
stimulating hand and foot baths.
* " See Guib., op. cit., ed. 6, iii. 689-692. The
outer layer of the seed coat of Sinapis, in contact
with water, swells out into a thick layer of slimy
mucilage. This is the case in many other Cru-
cifers, but in none of the Isatidece (B. H., Gen.,
64).
224
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
The other Crucifers which possess in a less degree a pungent taste,
with stimulant, acrid, astringent properties, are the Wild Eocket J
(Roqitette Sauvage),the cultivated Rocket2 (Roquette Cultivee), ThZaspi
officinalis,3 Rape4 {Ravette), Garlic Mustard or Sauce-alone
{Alliaria? figs. 214, 215), several species of Iberia? Teeadalia? Arabia?
Sisymbrium? Alyssum?0 CapseZZa?1 Draba?'2 Cahile?3 Coronopus?* &c, all
natives or introduced and cultivated in this country. In Asia
Sinapis chinensis15 and Arabia chinensis?6 serve the same purposes,
and are recommended by the Hindoo doctors as stomachic
stimulants. Their action may be intense enough to determine abor-
tion. Saviynya ceyyptica11 has the same properties as the Cresses ;
1 Brassica temiifolia. — B. muralis Huds. —
Sisymbrium tenuifolium- L. — Diplotaxis tenui-
folia DC, Prodi:, i. 222, n. 8. — Gttib., loc. cit.,
686.— Rosenth., op. cit., 644. — Eruca muralis
G.EBTN., Mey. & Scherb., FL Wett. — Sinapis
tenuifolia R. Be. Moqttin (Bot. Med., 186) lias
prepared from it an antiscorbutic syrup. It is
often called Sisymbre brulant.
2 Eruca sativa Lamk., FL Fr., ii. 496. —
Gtjib., loc. cit., 683. — E. Buchetfa Spach, Suit.
a Buffon, vi. 355. Its leaves are pungent and
aperient ; its seeds more acid than even those of
the Black Mustard. The ancients regarded all
these plants as diuretic, antiscorbutic, and aphro-
disiac (Rosenth., op. cit., 644).
3 Which is, according to Guibotjrt (loc. cit.,
681); Lepidium campestre R. Bb. Its seeds
enter into the composition of theriaca.
4 A cultivated race, according to Spach
(Suit, a Buffon, vi. 371), of Brassica Eapa
Koch (Napus Rapa Spenn.). Its seeds are
harvested, and yield colza oil. There are two
kinds, a winter and a summer Rape.
5 Sisymbrium Alliaria Scop., FL Cam., 515.—
Erysimum Alliaria L. — Hesperis Alliaria Lamk.
— Alliaria officinalis Andrzj., ex Bieb., FL
Taur., Suppl., 445.— DC, Prodr., i. 196, n. 1. —
H. Bn., in Diet. Encycl. des Sc. Med., iii. 541.
6 Especially I. umbellata L. (Rosenth., op.
cit., 635), whose seeds are the semina Thlaspeos
Cretici of old pharmacopoeias.
7 Especially T. nudicaulis R. Br., in Ait.
Fort. Kern., ed. 2, iv. 83; — T. Iberis DC,
Prodr., i. 178, n. 1 ; — Iberis nudicaulis L.,
Spec., 903).
8 A. arenosa Scop., ciliata Koch, perfoliata
Lamk., sagittata DC and Thaliana L. (See
H. Bn., in Bid. Encycl. des Sc. Med., v. 756.)
9 Especially Flixweed, the Sophia or Wisdom
(Fr., Sagesse) of surgeons (S. Sophia L.), and S.
polyceratium L., and Columnce L. (see Rosenth.,
op. cit., 637). S. toxophyllum C A. Met., of
South Russia, is said to poison horses.
10 Notably A. montanum L. (see H. Bn., in
Diet. Encycl. des Sc. Med., iii. 467), and A.
maritimum Lamk. (Kceniga maritima R. Br.),
which is the Nasturtium or Thlaspi maritimum
of old pharmacopoeias.
11 The species most commonly used is the
Shepherd's Purse (Capsella Bursa-pastons L.), a
popular remedy in country places in France. (See
H. Bn., in Diet. Encycl. des Sc. Med., xii.)
12 D. (Erophila) verna L. serves the same
purpose as Capsella; whence its name, Herba
Bursa pastor/ s minima.
13 C. maritima Scop. (FL Cam., n. 844; —
DC, Prodr., i. 185, n. 1 ; — Spach, Suit, a
Buffon, vi. 332; — C. Serapionis G^rtn., Fruct.,
t. 141, ii. tig. 2; — C. agyptiaca W., Spec, iii.
417; — Tuss., FL Ant., 1, t. 17; — C. aqualis
Lh£r. ; — C. americana Ntjtt. ; — C. cubensis K.)
has its young shoots eaten in salad, or pickled.
The leaf-buds are antiscorbutic, and the whole
plant is used on the sea coast as an aperient,
diuretic, &c.
14 C. Enellii Dalech. (Senebiera Coronopus
DC; — Cochlearia Coronopus L.) was used as an
antiscorbutic under the name of Herba Nasturtii
verrucusi s. Coronopi repentis. (See Rosenth.,
op. cit., 646.)
15 L., Mantiss., 95. In Asia, £. cernui Thttnb.,
dichotoma Roxb., glauca Roxb., ramosa Roxb.,
rugosa Roxb., have the same reputation. S.
pekinensis LoriR. is eaten as an aperient. S.
juncea L. (S. nigra Forsk.), is, according to T.
von Maktius, the Mustard of Sarepta. (See
Rosenth., op. cit., 644. — Lindl., Veg. Kingd.,
92.)
16 The Aliverie of the Indians; according to
Ainslie (Mat. Med. Ind., ii. 12), a stimulant,
and even abortive. It is also applied to inflamed
surfaces. (See H. Bn., in Diet. Encycl. des Sc.
Med., v. 756, n. 2.)
17 DC, Syst., ii. 244; Prodr., i. 157. — Rosenth.,
op. cit., 644 : the same as Lunaria parvijtora
Del., used by the Arabs.
CBUCIFEB^J.
225
so have Heldreichia Kotsc/iyi1 and certain Farsetias" in Asia, Nastur-
tium humifusum3 in Senegal, N. indicum4 in India, N. terrestre' in
Australia, Lepidium owaihiense, piscidium, oleraceum,6 in the Sandwich
Islands, and Hutchinsia ckinensis1 in China. Strange to say, among
all these stimulant plants, the Hedge Mustard8 {Velar officinal) is
neither acrid nor pungent, but only harsh and astringent.
The seeds of Crucifera are also noteworthy for the quantity of fixed
oil they contain used in the arts as well as for household purposes and
food. Among the best known are the Colewort or Colza9 (figs. 228-
231), the Winter and Summer Eape, and the cultivated Camelina}0
(fig. 283). The seeds of the various Cabbages and Radishes contain
a good deal of oil, of which but little use is made ; so with Isatis,
Erucastrum, and Crambe. Special therapeutic virtues are ascribed to
the seeds of many Crucifers, such as Cheiranthus C/ieiri,11 Cardamine
impatiens,12 Lunaria rediv'wa and biennis™ Iberis umbellata,u Hesperis
matronalis and tristis,1'" Sisymbrium Sophia,16 Alliaria, Capsella Bursa
pastoris, and several species of Brassica, Lepidium, and Bunias.17
1 Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 319. — Rosenth., op. cit.,
635 ; used chiefly in scurvy of the gums.
2 F. clypeata It. Hit. is said to be the aWvo-aav
of Dioscoeides (Rosenth., op. cit., 633), sup-
posed to cure scorbutic ulcers, skin diseases,
hydrophobia, &c.
a Guill. & Peer., FL Seneg. Tent., i. 19-
4 DC, Syst., ii. 199; Prodr., i. 139, n. 22.—
Rosenth., op. cit., 631. — Sisymbrium indicum
L., Manliss., 93.
5 R. He., in Ait. Kort. Kern., ed. 2, iv. 110
(a form of N. palustre DC). Its root is also
edible.
6 Forst., Prodr., n. 248. — DC, Prodr., i.
207, n. 38. — Rosenth., op. cit., (339.
7 Bitter and antiscorbutic; given in dropsy
and pulmonary catarrh.
8 Sisymbrium officinale Scop., Fl. Cam., ii.
26. —DC, Fl. Fr., iv. 672 ; Prodr., i. 191, n.
I.—Schk., Handb., t. 183.— Turp., Fl. Med.,
ic. — Guib., loc. cit., 680, fig. 755. — R£v., in
Pot. Med. cU xixe Siecle, iii. 447, t. 48. — Moq.,
Pot. Med., 108, t. 35. — Erysimum officinale L.,
Spec, 922. — Chamaplium officinale Walls.,
Sched. Crit., 377. — SpaCH, Suit, a Buffon, vi.
435. It is the BZerbe au chantre or Tortelle,
and forms the basis of a Compound Syrup of
Erysimum, used in the treatment of pulmonary
catarrh, &c.
9 A cultivated race (Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi.
370) of Brassica Napus Koch. — B. campestris
L., Spec, 931. — Brassica Napus oleifera DC. —
Guib., loc. cit., 6S5.
VOL- III.
10 Camelina saliva Fe., Nov. Mant., iii. 72. —
Guib., loc cit., 681. — Rosenth., op. cit., 637.
Besides the oil, the seeds themselves have been
used in medicine under the name of Semina
Sesami vulgaris.
11 Its herbaceous parts are bitter, acrid. The
flowers have a strong scent, which makes thein
slightly excitant and diaphoretic.
12 L., Spec, 914. Its seeds are diuretic, and
of use in dysentery. The same applies to the
P>entarias (which really belong to the genus
Cardamine), especially B>. bulbifera L. (Herba.
Dentarue minoris s. antidysentericce), digitata
Lame., enneaphylla L., pinnata Lame., &c.
These plants are sometimes used for fuod, as is
-D. diphylla Michx., on which horses are fed in
America (see Rosenth., op. cit., 632).
13 Their seeds are stimulating, pungent, &c.
(See H. Bn., in Diet. Encycl. des Sc Med., ser.
2, iii. 187.) They were used under the name of
semina Violce lunaria.
14 L., Spec, 906.— DC, Prodr., i. 179, n. 10.
It is a diuretic, pectoral, and anticatarrhal.
15 Recommended as pectorals, &c. (Rosenth.,
op. cit., 636), under the name of Viola matronalis
s. damascecena.
16 See p. 224, note 9.
V B. Erucago L. (Spec, 935 ;— DC, Prodr.,
i. 230, n. 1 ; — Rosenth., op. cit., 646) has a
penetrating smell and taste. It was used under
the name of Herba Erucaginis in ascites and
other forms of dropsy.
Q
226
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
There are few tinctorial Crucifers ; the chief are Neslia panicu-
lata,1 and Woad2 {Pastel ; figs. 257-260), formerly so much prized
in Europe as a blue dye.
The Eose of Jericho3 (fig. 209) has been celebrated as a curiosity
since the crusades. In dry weather its branches roll up in a ball,
and are torn up and carried by the winds over the sands of the
desert. It has given rise to thousands of fables and fantastic tales.
In the East it is still believed that if it expands in the lying-in room,
it presages a prompt and easy delivery. Finally there are many
Crucifers that adorn our gardens by their beautiful flowers or their
sweet scent. Of those with beautiful corollas, white, yellow, violet, or
red, we need only mention the various species of Wallflower, Stock,
Honesty, Thlaspi, Aubrietia, Malcolmia, Moricandia? &c. Certain
species of Brassica are ornamental owing to the variegation or quaint
form of their leaves, which are laciniate, curly or crumpled, green, or
spotted with purple white or yellow.
1 Destx., in Journ. Bot., iii. 162. It was
used in the same way as Woad.
2 Isatis tinctoria L., Spec, 936. — G^RTN.,
Fruct., ii. t. 142, fig. 6. — Schk., Handb., 1. 188.—
Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 575. — Gtjib., loc cit.,
682, fig. 756. — Rosenth., op. cit., 640. (Ghiede,
Vouede, Gaude, &c.)
3 Anastatica hierochuntina L., Spec, 985. —
Guib., loc cit., 679. — H. Bn., in Diet. Encycl.
dts Sc. Med., iv. 188 (Jerose hygrometrique).
4 Orychophragmus sonchifoliits, which has the
flowers of Moricandia, is cultivated, though
much more rarely, with far more difficulty; so
are the Heliophilas, some of which have pretty
blue flowers; and, in the conservatory, Porphy-
rocodon pictum, which has probably the most
beautiful flowers of the order. [For details and
bibliography of the mode of fertilization of the
flowers in this order, see H. Mulleh, Befruchiung
der Blumen durch Insekten (Leipsig, 1873),
133-142].
CBUCIFEBJS. 227
GENERA.
I. CHEIKANTHE.E.
a. Arabidine^e. — Cotyledons usually accumbent.
1. Cheiranthus T. — Flowers hermaphrodite regular; receptacle
depressed-conical. Sepals 4, decussately imbricate ; lateral saccate
at base. Petals 4, cruciate, long-unguiculate, imbricate. Stamens
6, 4-dynamous ; filaments free ; 2 lateral shorter ; anthers introrse
2-rimose. Glands of disk hypogynous, usually 2, irregularly sur-
rounding base of lateral stamens. Germen free elongated ; style short ;
apex 2-lobed stigmatose; lobes spreading. Ovules go, descending
campylotropous ; funicles free. Siliqua elongated compressed, or 4-
gonous ; valves flat or connate, 1-ribbed ; septum membranous. Seeds
oo, 1-seriate, campylotropous. Embryo rather fleshy (sometimes
coloured) ; cotyledons accumbent, more rarely incumbent oblique. —
Undershrubs or herbs, usually perennial, pubescent with appressed
2 -partite hairs, more rarely stellate-tomentose ; leaves alternate,
oblong or linear, entire or toothed ; flowers in terminal racemes
{Temperate Europe, North Africa and Canary Islands, West and
Central Mountainous Asia, Frigid North America). See p. 179,
2. Atelanthera Hook f. & Thoms.1 — Sepals small erect equal.
Petals linear-spathulate emarginate. Anthers 6, unguiculate at
apex, 1 -celled in 4 larger stamens. Siliqua linear subcom pressed ;
valves 1-ribbed; septum membranous; style short, at apex stigmati-
ferous 2-lobed. Seeds 1-seriate compressed, not marginate. — An
annual herb, low, very slender, hispid with small appressed 2 -partite
bristles ; stem thin ; leaves few linear entire ; flowers few, in a short
terminal raceme {West Thibet").
3. Nasturtium B,. Br.3 — Sepals short patulous, at base equal or
1 In Joum. Linn. Soc, v. 138. — B. H., Gen., 3 In Ait. Sort. Kew., ed. 2, iv. 109. — Spach,
68, n. 6. Suit, a Buffon, vi. 430.— DC, Prodr., i. 137 —
2 Spec. 1. A. perpusilla Hook. f. & Thoms., Endl., Gen., n. 4850. — A. Geat, Gen. III., t. 53.
loc. cit. — B. H., Gen., 68, n. 7. — Leiolobium Keichb.,
Q 2
228
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
slightly unequal. Petals shortly unguiculate, or 0. Stamens 6, 4-
dymimous or 5 — 1 ; unequal. Siliqua short or more or less elongated,
subterete, rarely 2-dynamous ; style short rather thick ; stigmatiferous
apex subcapitate, simple or 2-lobed. Seeds ao, 2-seriate, very rarely
1 -seriate, minute turgid ; funicles short free. — Branching herbs of
variable habit, glabrous or pubescent with simple hairs, sometimes
aquatic ; leaves entire or variably lobed or pinnatisect ; flowers1 in
short racemes, sometimes bracteate2 (All regions of the World3).
4. Barbarea R. Br.4 — Sepals erect equal, or lateral subsaccate at
base. Petals long-unguiculate. Stamens 6 free, 4-dynamous.
Glands 6, alternate ; 2 placentary longer and narrower. Siliqua
elongated, usually rigid, compressed ; style short thick sometimes ob-
conical ; apex compressed, capitate or 2-lobed ; valves carinate or
costate ; septum narrow hyaline. Seeds 1 -seriate oblong, not margi-
nate ; funicles free ; cotyledons accumbent on ascending radicle. —
Herbs erect ascending glabrous, 2-ennial or perennial ; stem angulate ;
leaves entire runcinate-lobate or sinuate-pinnatifid ; flowers5 in some-
Consp,, 184 {Camelince sect, Pseudolintim DC,
Syst., ii. 517). — Roripa Bess, (part.), ex Geen.
& Godb., Fl. de Fr., i. 125 (? Nasturtiopsis
Botss., Fl. Or., i. 237). — Brachylobos Schub.,
Fnum. Fl. Trans., 39 (Sect. ii. DC, Prodr., i.
137.) — Clandestinaria Spach, Suit, a Buffon,
vi. 478.
1 Usually small, yellow.
' Several subgenera and species have been
proposed, referred by various authors, some to
Cochlearia, some to Nasturtium, and some to new
genera. The three following of De Candolle
must be held the best, but on account of a few
species varying between them, they are neither
certain nor altogether natural : 1. Cardaminum,
siliqua short deelinate, petals white; 2. Brachy-
lobos, siliqua short decimate, petals yellow ; 3.
Clandestinaria, siliqua elongated erect, petals
very short or 0. Alyssopsis deflexa Boiss.
(Walp., Rep., i. 134), though differing in its uni-
seriate seeds, agrees exactly with Nasturtium in
flower and siliqu , N. officinalis has a ribbed
siliqua as in Barbarea. Teirapoma barbarei-
folia Tuecz. (in Linnaa, x. Litt., 104; — Endl.,
Gen., n. 4883 ; — Deless., 7c. Sel., ii. t. 70; —
Payee, Organog., 211, 215, t. 44; — Seem., Bot.
Eer.,t. 2; — Walp., Rep.,\. 154), a plant re-
markable for its usually 4-carpellary gyna:ceuni
and fruit, and held the prototype of a distinct
genus by many authors, is now better considered
by A. Geay and others a sport of Nasturtium
palustris R. Be. (See p. 183, not. 4, figs. 210-
213.)
3 Spec, about 20 (about 80 are described by
authors). Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 50-
54. — Geen. & Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 97.— Benth.,
Fl. Hongk., 16. — Geiseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind.,
13.— Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Crucif., 298,
t. 66.— Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., i. 21.— Teiana
& Pi., in Ami. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 58. — Waxp.,
Sep., i. 125 ; ii. 755 ; v. 34 j Ann., i. 27 ; ii. 32 ;
hi. 815 ; iv. 193; vii. 98. (Most of these species
are distinguished by no technical character from
Cochlearia B. H., loe. cit.) Roripa Bess., Fnum.
Fl. Vohhyn. (ex Geen. & Godb., Fl. de Fr., i.
125) includes a few species between Nasturtium,
Sisymbrium, and Cochlearia, among which, ac-
cording to several authors, the most noteworthy
is R. ruslicana Geen. & Gode., loc. cit., which
is Cochlearia Armoracia L. (See p. 202, fig.
276, and pp. 223, not. 5, 270, not. 7.)
4 In Ait. Sort. Kew., ed. 2, iv. 109.— DC,
Prodr., i. 140. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 417. —
Ende., Gen., n. 4851. — Hook. f. & Thoms., in
Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 139. — B. H., Gen., 69, n. 8.
5 Yellow.
CBUGIFEB^.
229
times elongated racemes ; pedicels ebracteate or bracteate1 {Temperate
regions in both Worlds").
5. Arabis L.3 — Sepals usually rather short, equal at base, or
lateral saccate at base. Petals equal entire, usually unguiculate.
Stamens 6, 4-dynamous. Siliqua sessile elongated, thin, linear, com-
pressed ; style usually short or next to none ; stigmatiferous apex
simple or 2-lobed ; valves flat keeled or ribbed, sometimes fleshy
(Stevenia),4 more rarely marked by oblique crowded ribs between keel
and edge {FaUrfan din a) ;5 septum membranous. Seeds go, ].- or very
rarely 2-seriate (Turrtis,* Falklandina), more rarely few (Stevenia),
compressed, marginate winged or immarginate ; embryo somewhat
fleshy ; cotyledons usually accumbent :• — -Herbs, annual or perennial,
glabrous or stellate-tomentose with furcate hairs, or hoary ; radical
leaves usually spathulate ; cauline sessile ; flowers7 in ebracteate
racemes (All Temperate, Alpine and Frigid regions*).
6. Streptanthus Nutt.9 — Sepals usually petaloid, either equal
at base, or 2 or 4 saccate at base, broadly imbricate. Petals
unguiculate ; claw straight or twisted. Stamens 6 ; filaments usually
surrounded by somewhat thick glands at base ; the longer often
connate in pairs to a greater or less distance. Siliqua sessile, com-
pressed or sub-4-gonous, narrow or wide ; valves nearly flat, 1 -ribbed ;
septum hyaline, occasionally shining ; apex of style stigmati-
1 A genus not easy to distinguish from Nas-
turtium, differing chiefly in its " robuster habit,
more rigid siliqua, with carinate valves and 1-
seriate seeds." (B. H., loc. cit.)
2 Spec, about 20. Reickb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii.
t. 47-19. — Gren. & Godr., Fl. de Fr., i. 90.—
A. Gray, Gen. III., t. 62. — A. Met., Midd. Sib.
Reis., i. 2, 14. — Reg. & Til., Fl. Ajan., 45, in
Mem. Mosc. (1859), xi. — Boiss., Fl. Or , i.
183.— Walp., Rep., i. 12S ; ii. 755 ; v. 34 ;
Ann., i. 27; vii. 101.
3 Gen., n. 818.— J., Gen., 238.— R. Dr., in
Ait. Sort. Ketv., ed. 2, iv. 104. — DC, Prodr., i.
142.— Spach, Suit, a Buffmi, vi. 436.— Endl.,
Gen., n. 4854. — Hook. p. & Thoms., in Journ.
Linn. Soc, v. 140. — A. Gray, Gen. III., t. 58. —
B. H., Gen., 69, n. 9. — Arabidium Spach, loc.
cit., 436.
4 Ad. & Fiscn., in Ledeb. Fl. Ross.,\. 123. —
DC, Prodr., i. 141. — Endl., Gen., n. 4855.
5 The type of this subgenus is A.falklandica
Hook., whose siliqua has rigid carinate valves.
6 L., Gen., 819.— DC, Prodr.. i. 141.— Endl.,
Gen., n. 4853.— A. Gray, Gen. III., t. 59.
7 White, straw-coloured, pink, or purplish.
8 Spec, about 60 (as many as 130 given by
authors). Reichb.,7c. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 33-44. —
Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 20, 21. — Gren. & Godr.,
Fl. de Fr., i. 99.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 165. —
Hary. & Sond., Fl. Cap., i. 22. — Walp., Rep.,
i. 129 (Turri/is), 130; ii. 756; v. 34; Ann., i.
28 ; ii. 34 ; v. 193 ; vii. 101.
9 Nutt., in Journ. Acad. Philad., v. 134, t.
7. — Torr. & Gr., Fl. N.-Amer., i. 75. — A.
Gray, Gen. III., t. 60, 61. — Endl., Gen., n.
4852.— B. H., Gen., 69, 966, n. 12.
230
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
ferous simple. Seeds (almost of Mattlriold) 1-seriate, much compressed
marginate. — Herbs, annual or perennial, glabrous; leaves entire or the
lower lyrate-pinnatifid ; cauline leaves sessile or occasionally amplexi-
caul ; flowers1 in terminal racemes, bracteate or ebracteate2 {North
America, especially the eastern parts'').
7. Cardamine T.4 — Sepals equal at base. Petals unguiculate.
Flowers and fruit otherwise nearly oiArabis ; siliqua elongated linear-
compressed ; valves flat, almost ribless separating elastically ; septum
hyaline ; style short or elongated ; apex stigmatiferous, more or less
enlarged, simple or 2-lobed ; replum obtuse {Dentaria)5 or acute or
alate {Pteroneuron).6 Seeds go, 1-seriate, somewhat compressed im-
marginate ; funicles occasionally enlarged {Pteroneuron, Dentaria) ;
embryo rather fleshy (occasionally coloured) ; cotyledons accumbent
or more rarely incumbent.7 — Herbs, usually flaccid and glabrous ;
rhizome sometimes scaly or bulbiferous {Dentaria) ; leaves alternate,
more rarely opposite, or 3-4-verticillate {Dentaria), occasionally
pinnatisect ; flowers8 in racemes, sometimes subcorymbose, ebracte-
ate, erect or nutant {All Temperate, cold and Alpine regions9).
8. Dryopetalum A. Gray.10 — " Sepals suberect ; lateral subsaccate
at base. Petals unguiculate, 5-7-lobed. Stamens without teeth.
Siliqua11 elongated, somewhat terete, many-seeded ; valves 3-ribbed
1 Often handsome, sometimes pendulous,
purple, or more rarely white or yellow.
2 Sections 2, according to Endl. : 1. Fitstrep-
tanthus ; calyx rather spreading; limb of petals
broad. — 2. Eiiclisia (Ntttt.) ; calyx closed ; limb
of petals narrow. The genus is very near Arabis.
3 Spec, about 13. Hook., Icon., t. 40, 44. —
A. Geat, in Proceed. Ame-. Acad., vi. 182. —
Bot. Mag., t. 3317, 3516.— W alp., Rep., i. 128;
Ann., ii. 33; iv. 192; vii. 104.
4 Inst., 224, t. 109.— L., Gen., n. 812 —
Adans., Fam. des PL, ii. 418. — J., Gen., 239. —
Lamk., Diet., ii. 182; Suppl., ii. 393; III., t.
562.— DC, Prodr., i. 149. — Spach, Suit, a
Buffon, vi. 439. — Endl., Gen., n. 4859. — Hook.
f. & Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 14i. —
B. H., Gen., 70, 966, n. 13.
5 L., Gen., n. 811.— DC, Prodr., i. 154.—
Endl., Gen., n. 4861. — A. Geat, Gen. III., t.
56.
6 DC, Prodr., i. 154.— Endl., Gen., n. 4860.
7 Kardanoglyphos Schltl. (in Linnaia, xxviii.
472) has its seeds irregularly arranged, says its
author, not 1-seriate, as in the other species.
8 White, pink, purple, or violet (" never ?
yellow").
9 Spec, about 60. Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii.
29 {Pteroneuron), 30-32 (Dentaria).— Geen. &
Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 106.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i.
160, 164 (Dentaria).— Hook. F., Handb. N,-
Zeal. Fl, 11.— Bekth., Fl. Hongk., 16; Fl.
Austral., i. 67. — Tkiana & Pl., in Ann. Sc.
Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 59 (part.). — Geiseb., Fl. Brit.
W.Ind., 13.— EiCHL.,in Mart. Fl. Bras., Crucif.,
300, t. 67.— Bakn., in C. Gay Fl. Chi/., i. 107.—
Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 5, i. 290. — Phil.,
in Linnaia, xxviii. 664; xxx. 186. — Haev. &
Sond., Fl. Cap., i. 23. — Walp., Rep., i. 135, 138
(Dentaria); ii. 757; v. 35, 36; Ann., i. 29; ii.
35 ; iv. 193 ; vii. 105.
10 In PI. Wright., ii. 12, t, 14.— B. H., Gen.,
69, n. 10 (whence we take the characters).
11 Thin.
GRUGIFEEM. 231
carinate ; septum narrow membranous, ribless ; style somewhat
short ; stigma terminal, emarginate. Seeds many, 1-seriate oblong
subcompressed immarginate. — An erect herb, annual or 2-ennial,
branched ; radical leaves pubescent or shaggy (hairs simple), runci-
nate-pinnatifid ; cauline leaves subsimilar ; racemes1 terminal,
elongated after flowering ; pedicels filiform elongated ebracteate"2
(New Mexico3).
9. Macropodium R. Br.4 — Sepals lax, equal at base. Petals
elongated, long-tapering at base. Anthers elongated twisted.
Glands thick. Siliqua pedicellate elongated rather wide ; valves thin,
flat, veined ; septum membranous, 2-ribbed ; stigma sessile, small.
Seeds almost of Cheiranthus. — A tall glabrous herb ;s leaves alternate,
long-petiolate ovate-lanceolate, serrulate or subentire ; flowers6 sub-
sessile in dense spikes (Altai7).
10. Leavenworthia Torr.8 — Sepals and petals cuneiform, equal.
Siliqua oblong-linear ; valves thin subinflated, obtusely contracted
between seeds ; septum hyaline 1 -ribbed areolate ; style subulate ;
apex stigmatiferous 2-dentate. Seeds 1-2-seriate orbicular-com-
pressed, winged at margin ; embryo compressed ; cotyledons auri-
culate at base ; radicle short, conical, " straight." — Low annual
herbs ; leaves pinnatifid-lyrate ; flowers9 solitary or loosely racemose,
on scapes (North America™).
11? Loxostemon Hook. f. & Thoms.11 — "Sepals patulous,
equal at base. Petals unguiculate, broadly spathulate. Filaments
of longer stamens thick, bent abruptly at apex. Siliqua linear ;
1 Flowers white. 8 In Ann. Lye. N. York, iii. 87, t. 5. — Torr.
2 "A genus scarcely distinct from Aralis." &Ge., Ft. N.-Amer., i. 89.— A. Gray, Gen. III.,
(B. H., loc tit.) t. 57.— Eni>l., Gen., n. 4862.— B. H., Gen., 70,
3 Spec. 1. D. runcinatum A. Gray, loc. cit. — - n. 16.
Walp., Ann., iv. 191. 9 Yellow.
4 In Ait. Hort. Keiv., ed. 2, iv. 108.— DC, 10 Spec. 2, 3 (1 ex A. Gray). Walp., Rep.,
JProdr., i. 149.— Endl., Gen., n. 865.— B. H., i. 139.
Gen., 69, n. 11. " In Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 147. — B. H., Gen.,
5 " Habit of Stanleya;" leaves plantain-like. 70, n. 14 (whence the characters are taken).
6 White, rather large.
7 Spec. 1. M. nii-ale R. Br., loc. cit. — Hook.,
Lot. Misc., t. 67.
232 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
stigma sessile 2-lobed (other parts unknown). — A low annual herb ;
stem thin glabrous flexuous few-leaved ; leaves scattered long-petio-
late 3-foliolate ; leaflets linear quite entire ; corymb few-flowered ;
flowers1 slender pedicellate " (Sikkim Himalaya?).
12. Morettia DC.3 — Sepals equal erect. Petals linear entire.
Stamens 6 ; filaments without teeth ; anthers occasionally subsagit-
tate. Siliqua thick stipitate subterete curved erect ; style short,
rather thick ; apex stigmatiferous 2-lobed ; lobes divaricated or erect
into a cone ; valves concave rigid ribbed, incompletely partitioned by
transverse septa between seeds ; septum opaque. Seeds go, 1 -seriate,
oblong or orbicular, compressed; embryo rather thick ; radicle longer
than accumbent cotyledons. — Herbs, branched leafy, hispidulous with
stellate hairs or hoary-tomentose ; leaves all cauline sessile entire
dentate ; flowers axillary, solitary or subspicate at end of twigs
(Arabia, North Africa4).
13. Notoceras E. Br.5 — Sepals and petals small subequal. Sili-
qua linear-oblong, cylindrical-sub-4-gonous, dehiscing late, con-
tinuous or torulose (Diceratetta) ;6 valves more or less subseptiferous
within, carinate, at apex produced obliquely into a horn-like mucro;
apex of style minutely capitate. Seeds few immarginate (of Cheir-
anthui). — Herbs, somewhat rigid depressed branching, hoary with
2-partite hairs ; leaves linear or ovate sinuate or entire ; flowers7 in leaf-
opposed racemes {West Asia, Mediterranean region, Canary islands9).
14 ? Andrzejowskia Reichb.9 — Flowers nearly of Notoceras; lateral
sepals slightly saccate at base. Siliqua linear compressed indehiscent ;
apex of style minutely capitate ; valves sharply keeled, with apex
1 Small, lilac. Gen., 71, n. 19. — Diceratium Lagasc. (ex DC,
2 Spec. 1. L. pulckelhts Hook. p. & Tnosis., Syst., ii. 71, 202).
loc. cit. 6 Boiss., Diagn., v. 80 {Diceratium ol.) ; Fl.
3 Syst. Veg., ii. 426 ; Prodr., i. 185— Endl., Or., i. 313.— B. H., Gen., 71, n. 21.
Gen., n. 4894.— B. H., Gen., 70, n. 17. 7 Yellow or pink, small.
4 Species about 5. Del., Ft. d'Fgi,Pt., 77, 8 SPec- l or 2- Beless., Ic. Set, ii. t. 17.—
t. 33, fig. 3 (Sinapis).— Boiss., Diagn. Or., viii. Eoiss., Fl. Or., i. 31 1.— Wai.p., Rep., i. 124.
17; Fl. Or., i. 145.— Waxp., Rep., i. 159 ; Ann., 9 Fl- c' il-> '• l~°< *• 13.— Endl., Gen., n. 48 !7.
jj 47_ — B. H., Gen., 70, n. 18. — Macroceratium DC,
5 In Ait. Hort. Keu:, ed. 2, iv. 117.— DC, Syst., ii. 204.
Prodr., i. 140.— Endl., Gen., n. 4846.— B. H.,
CRUCIFERJ3. 233
obliquely produced into conical compressed horns. Seeds few, imraar-
ginate. An annual glabrous herb j1 leaves pinnatisect ; petiole sub-
auriculate at base ; flowers2 in terminal racemes, ebracteate {The
Black Sea, Asia minor3).
15. Parolinia Webb.4 — Sepals bowed at base, subequal erect.
Petals long-unguiculate. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous; anther subsagit-
tate. Hypogynous glands 4, within the petals, bowed concave ex-
ternally. Siliqua linear-oblong, curved, subterete ; style thick ; apex
long-divaricated, stigmatiferous ; lobes decurrent ; valves septate
within, at apex produced into elongated forked horns. Seeds oo,
1 -seriate ; cotyledons accumbent ; radicle subhorizontal. — A rigid
upright undershrub (ashen or whitish) ; leaves linear entire ; flowers5
in short racemes {Canary Isles6).
1G. Parrya P. Br.7 — Flowers almost of Matthiola ; lateral sepals
flattened or saccate at base. Siliqua compressed, varying in form,
sometimes short and wide, or narrow and elongated {Neuroloma) f
valves flat, 1-ribbed, usually veined ; septum (hyaline) entire or slit;
style short ; stigmatiferous lobes connate, elongated or very short.
Seeds oo, in 1, 2-seriate, wingless {Leiosporaf or winged. — Low
shrubs, glabrous or pilose, or hispid, or covered with crowded medi-
fixed hairs ; root multiple-perennial ; leaves of varying form, simple
sinuate or more rarely pinnatifid ; flowers10 solitary, or more frequently
racemose ; scapes naked or leafy {Mountains of North Asia, Arctic
regions11).
17. Cithareloma Bge.1'2 — Sepals 4 erect ; lateral more or less saccate
at base. Petals long-unguiculate ; limb narrow. Stamens 6 ; fila-
1 Habit altogether of Cardamine. n. 4855^ — -3. H., Gen., 67, n. 3. — Pachynettrum
2 White. Bge , in Linncea, xiv. 121.- — Ermannia Cham.,
3 Spec. 1. A. cornuta. — A. Cardamine in Linncea, vi. 533.
Reichb., loc. cit. — Walp., Sep., i. 121. — 8 Andkz., in DC. Prodr., i. 156.
Notoceras ? (Macroceraiiwni) cardaminifolium 9 C. A. Met., in Ledeb. Fl. Alt., iii. 27.
DC, Syst., ii. 205 ; Prodr., i. 140, n. 4. — 1° Often handsome ; white, pink, or purple.
Lepidium cornutum Sibth., Fl. Grcec, t. 617 n Spec, about 10. Ledeb., Ic. Fl. Ross., t.
(ex DC). 86— Hook., Fl. Bor.-Amer., i. t. 15.— Hook. f.
4 In Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, xiii. 133, t. 3 (uec & Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 135. — Boiss.,
Endl.).— B. H., Gen., 71, n. 20. Fl. Or., i. 159.— Walp., Rep., i. 134; ii. 757;
5 Pale pink. Ann., vii. 97.
6 Spec. 1. P. ornata Webb, loc. cit. — Walp., 12 In Linncea, xviii. 149. — B. H., Gen., 67,
Rep., i. 121. n. 4.
7 In Parry's Voy., App., 268. — Endl., Gen.,
234
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
ments short free 4-dynamous. Siliqua rather large, linear or ellipti-
cal-oblong, much compressed, obtuse at both ends, style slender erect ;
apex stigmatiferous 2-lobed ; lobes linear erect connate ; valves flat,
1 -ribbed, more or less undulate at edge ; septum membranous,
2 -lamellate, transversely areolate. Seeds go, 1, 2-seriate, orbicular much
compressed winged ; cotyledons accumbent. — Annual herbs, leafy
branching, pilose ; leaves dentate or sinuate ; flowers in rather short
racemes, pedicels ebracteate, subdeflexed when fruiting {Kirghiz*).
18. Matthiola E. Br.2 — Flowers nearly of Cheiranthus ; lateral
sepals saccate at base. Petals long-unguiculate. Siliquas elongated,
terete or compressed; rarely 2-rnorphous (superior as above) inferior
indehiscent subterete (Diptgchocarpus) ;3 stigmatose lobes of style
erect connivent, often thickened or horned externally ; seeds co,
1 -seriate compressed, usually marginate-alate ; funicles filiform free. —
Herbs or branching shrubs ; hairs stellate ; leaves oblong or linear,
entire or sinuate ; flowers4 racemose ebracteate5 ( West and South
Uurojje, West Asia, North and South Africa*).
19. Lonchopliora Dur.7 — Flowers nearly of Matthiola; lateral sepals
gibbous at base. Siliqua (of tardy dehiscence) sagittate subligneous
4-gonous ; valves rigid, dorsally compressed, produced at base into
subulate horns (concave above, or slightly incurved at apex), un-
equally transversely septate ; style erect 2-horned ; stigmatiferous
lobes erect; horns alternating with valves. Seeds ovate-compressed ;
cotyledons more or less obliquely incumbent. — Annual branching
herbs ; hairs stellate-tomentose ; leaves linear or oblong superior
subentire ; inferior lyrate or sinuate-pinnatifid ; flowers8 in terminal
ebracteate racemes (Algeria*).
1 Snec. 2. Bge., TSnwm. PI. Lehmann., t. 5.—
Boiss*., FL Or., i. 238.— W alp., Rep., v. 39 ;
Ann., vii. 96.
- In Ait. Sort. Kew,, ed. 2, iv. 119. — DC,
Syst., ii. 162 ; Prodr., i. 132.— Spach, Suit, a
Buffon, vi. 400.— Endl., Gen., n. 4845.— B. H.,
Gen., 67, n. 1. — Leucoium Mcexch, Meth., 257
(nee Auctt.). — Microstigma Tbatjtv., PI. Imag.,
34, t. 25.
3 Teaijtv., in Bull. Mosc. (1860), i. 108.—
B. H., Gen., 67, n. 2. — Alloceratium Hook. f.
& Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 135 (Ckori-
spora stricta DC, Prodr., i. 186, n. 2, referred
to Matthiola by Beeshakdi).
4 Purple or white ; usually handsome.
5 Sections 2 (ex. B. H., loc. cit.): 1. Pachy*
notus (Luperia) ; lobes of style simple or gibbous
behind. — 2. Pindria (Acinotus) ; lobes horned
behind.
6 Spec. 25-30. Deless., 1c. Sel., ii. t. 11,
12. — Boiss., Diagn. Or., ii. 6, 10; Fl. Or., i.
146. — Grex. & Godk., Fl. de Fr., i. 85. —
Walp., Pep., i. 123 ; Ann., i. 26 ; ii. 31 j iv.
191 ; vii. 96.
' In Rev. Bot., ii. 432 ; Fl. Alger., t. 72.—
B. H., Gen., 71, n. 22.
8 Violet ; handsome.
9 Spec. 2. Waxp., Ann., i. 27 ; vii. 108.
CBUCIFERJE.
235
20 ? Anastatica L.1 — Short sepals and unguiculate petals subequal.
Siliqua short ventricose ; valves concave and transversely septate
inside, externally appendiculate by a very short subulate flattened
lamina at base, and a large oblique obtuse, internally concave, lamina
at apex; seeds few or 1 {oWheiranthus) in each chamberlet, orbicular or
elliptical compressed ; style conical ; extreme apex capitellate stigma-
tose. — A low annual branching herb, woody when fruiting ; branches
involute-connivent into a globe from drought ; leaves unequally
oblong subdentate petiolate, rugose subtomentose ; flowers2 in short
terminal or leaf-opposed spikes (Sj/ria, Arabia, North Asia6).
b. Sistmbeineje. — Cotyledons usually incumbent.
21. Sisymbrium L.4 — Sepals variable, short or elongated, either all
equal at base, or lateral pair subsaccate. Petals usually long-tapering
at base. Stamens 6, free 4-dynamous. Glands variable, usually
small. Siliqua linear-elongated, subterete or compressed; valves
concave or convex, usually 3-ribbed ; septum subequal to valves, rib-
less or 2-ribbed ; style usually very short ; apex stigmatiferous capitate,
entire or shortly 2-lobed, more rarely cupulate. Seeds mostly cc, usually
1-, sometimes 2-seriate, immarginate subterete, usually oblong; funi-
cles free ; embryo usually oblong ; cotyledons equal or unequal
incumbent. — Herbs, usually annual or 2-ennial, glabrous pilose or
hoary-tomentose ;5 radical leaves stellately rosulate ; cauline alter-
nate, simple or more or less incised, lobed, runcinate-pinnatifid
or pinnatisect, at base often auricled amplexicaul ; flowers6 laxly
racemose, more rarely axillary, ebracteate or very rarely bracteate7
1 Rort. Cliff., 328; Gen., n. 70S (part.).—
J., Gen., 241.— Gjertw., Fruct., ii. 280, 1. 141. —
Lajjk., Diet., iii. 227; Suppl., iv. 6JS; III., t.
555.— DC, Syst., ii. 425; Prodr., i. 185. —
Endi., Gen., ii. 4895.— B. H., Gen., 71, n. 23. —
Rierocontis Adans., Fam. des PI., ii. 421.
a Small, white.
3 Spec. 1. A. Merockuntina L., Spec, 895. —
.Tacq., Rort. Vindob., t. 58. — R. Be., in Ait.
Rort. Keu\, ed. 2, iv. 79. — Desvx., in Journ.
Pot., iii. 169. — Boiss., Ft. Or., i. 315. — Pot.
Mag., t. 4400.
4 L., Gen., n. 813. — Adans., Fam. des PL, ii.
417.— J., Gen., 239.— DC, Prodr., i. 190.—
Endl., Gen., n. 4906. — Hook. f. & Thojis., in
Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 156. — A. Geay, Gen. III.,
t. 64.— B. H., Gen., 77, n. 49.— Fouen., This.
Fac. Sc. Par. (18G5), n. 275 (incl. : Alliaria
An\ys., Aph ray mus Axjmz. ,ArabidopsisScnTJU.,
Praya Steenb. & Hoppe, Cftamceplium Spach,
Descurainia Webb, Discurea Schuk., Drubopsis
C Koch, Eudema H. B., Eulrema It. Br.,
Ruyuenbiia Reichb., Leptocarpcea DC, Norta
Schub., Oreas Cham. & Schltl., Orobium
Reichb., Pachypodivm Webb, Platypetalum
R. Br., Sisymbrella Spach (part.), Tonyuea
P^ndl., Tricholubos Tttbcz., Valarum Schub.).
5 " Never (?) with hoary appressed 2-partite
seltse." (B. H., loc. ciL, 78.)
6 Usually yellow, more rarely white, pink, or
purplish.
7 The habit varies greatly in this genus, and
the external characters simulate many different
genera. Hence " the genus Sisymbrium is the
236
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
{Central and Southern Europe, Temperate Asia, Mountains of North
and Tropical Africa, Temperate North and South America1).
22. Conringia Reichb.2 — Sepals elongated erect; lateral some-
times more or less saccate at base. Petals long-unguiculate. Flowers
otherwise of Sisymbrium or Erysimum. Siliqua3 often large linear
elongated, either compressed or 4-gonous. Style short or elongated
most difficult of all. From Brassica (sect.
E/ttcastrum) it differs only in its flat cotyledons ;
from Conringia only in its leaves (S. fugax
La&asc., from Spain, has the clavate style of
C. clavatum). The stigma of S. pannonicum
shows the two erect lobes of Malcolmia. S.
supinum L. has manifestly 2-seriate seeds, as is
common in Braya. In S. pusill/u/m Hook.
(referred by various authors to Draba, Erysimum,
and Arabis) the radicle is oblique. S. sophioides
(a variety of S. Sophia) shows the subumbellate
inflorescence of Thelypodium. Many sections
have been proposed in Sisymbrium, but the dis-
tinctions between most are very difficult. The
following are the best we could make, though
not strictly denned." (B. H., loc. cit.) Adding
the species of Eutrema and Braya, we get the
following 12 sections : —
1. Norta DC. (Prod?'., i. 191, sect. ii.). Siliquas
subterete, spreading ebracteate pedicellate. Seeds
1-seriate. Petals yellow or yellowish white.
Sepals spreading. (Reich., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t.
80.)
2. Irio DC. (inch Descurea DC. — Descurainia
Webb, Phyt. Canar., 72. — Pachypodium Webb,
op. cit., 75. — Hugueninia Reichb., op. cit., t.
81. — Tonguea Endl., Gen., n. 4905. — Lepto-
carpcea DC, Syst. Veg., ii. 201). Fruit of Norta.
Petals yellow. Sepals erect.
3. Velarum (DC, sect. i. — ChamcEplium Spach,
Suit, a Buffon, vi. 433). Siliquas subspicate
ebracteate, appressed to rachis, subulate. Flowers
yellow. (Reicub., op. cit., ii. t. 72.)
4. Arabidopsis (DC, sect. vi.). Siliquas brac-
teate or ebracteate, pedicellate, spreading or erect,
nearly fiat, rarely subalate. Seeds 1-seriate.
Sepals spreading or erect. Petals white, pink, or
purplish. (Reichb., op. cit., ii. t. 60 [Conringia].)
5. Drabopsis (C Koch, in Linncea, xv. 253).
Seeds 2-seriate. Other parts of Norta (Reichb.,
op. cit., ii. t. 72. — Walp., Rep., ii. 760).
6. Braya (Steknb. & Hoppe, Diss., ex DC,
Syst., ii. 210 j Prodr., i. 141. — Endl., Gen., u.
4912. — Hook, p., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 168. —
B. H., Gen., 82, n. 70.— Foubn., in Bull. Soc.
Bot. de Fr„ x. 5. — Platypetalum R. Be., in
Parr. Voy. App., 266). Siliqua ovate, oblong or
linear, sub-compressed or subterete, rarely globose;
valves 1-veined or ribbed. Seeds 1- or more often
2-seriate, few or 0. — Csespitose herbs; flowers
shortly racemose or subcorymbose, sometimes soli-
tary ; petals white, pink, or purple. (Spec, about
12, from all Frigid and Arctic Regions. Reichb.,
op. cit., ii. t. 56. — Wedd., Chlor. Andina, i. t. 85.
— Walp., Rep., i. 171, 174 {Platypetalum) ; ii.
761.)
7. Eudema (H. B., PL Mqv.in., ii. 133, 1. 125).
Flowers of Braya; septum perforate. Scape
sometimes 1-fiowered. (Walp., Rep., v. 41.)
8. Oreas (Cham. & Schltl., in Linncea, i. 29,
t. 1. — Aphragmus Andbz., in DC. Prodr., i.
209. — Orobium Reichb., Consp., 185). Flowers
of Braya ; septum 0.
9. Kibera (DC, loc. cit., 194, sect. v.). Siliquas
axillary or bracteate; seeds 1, 2-seriate. (Reichb.,
op. cit., ii. t. 73.)
10. Psilostylum (DC, sect. in.). Siliquas sub-
terete ; style slender. Calyx closed. Petals
yellow. (Deless., 1c. Sel., ii. t. 63, fig. 1.)
11. Alliaria (Adans., Fam. des PI., ii. 418.—
DC, Syst. Veg., ii. 488; Prodr., i. 196.— Spach,
Suit, a Buffon, vi. 413. — Endl., Gen., 875).
Siliqua elongated. Flowers white. Leaves entire,
cordate or deltoid. Seeds striate. Species 2, 1
Himalayan, 1 European and Asiatic. ((Ed., Fl.
Dan., t. 935. — Scor., Fl. Carniol., 515. —
Reichb., op. cit., ii. t. 60.)
12. Eutrema (R. Be., in Parr. Voy. App., 267,
t. A. — Endl., Gen., n. 4924. — Hook, f., in
Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 164. — B. H., Gen., 78, n.
50). Siliqua linear oblong terete ; valves convex
costate. Seeds few. Perennial herbs ; stem3
simple, few-flowered ; flowers subcorymbose
(white); radical leaves long-petiolate, oblong or
cordate, entire or serrate ; cauline subsimilar or
sessile. (Spec. 5, 3 Siberian and Arctic, 2 from
mountains of Asia. Ledeb., Ic. Fl. Ross., t.
258.— Walp., Rep., i. 174.)
1 Spec, about 90. Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 63,
64.— Foebn., Thes. Cit., 54.— Boiss., Fl. Or.,
i. 212 (Alliaria), 213.— Tbiana & Pl., in Ann.
Sc Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 63. — Eichl., in Mart. Fl.
Bras., Crucif., 303. — Gkiseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., 13. — Geen. & Code., Fl. de Fr., i. 92. —
Walp, Rep., 163; ii. 760; v. 39; Ann., i. 40;
ii. 48 ; iv. 209 ; vii. 133.
- Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 61 (part.). — Endl.,
Gen., n. 4908 e .— B. H., Gen., 78, n. 51.
3 Very variable in form, and usually a de-
ceptive character.
CRUCIFEB&.
237
cylindrical; stigmatiferous apex cleft or 2-lobed; valves flat or con-
vex, sometimes torulose, 1-3-ribbed ; septum membranous or spongy.
Seeds oc, 1 -seriate oblong, glabrous or with very thin wrinkles, not
marginate; embryo sometimes herbaceous; cotyledons incumbent
sometimes concave, subconduplicate. — Annual or 2-ennial herbs,
glabrous, often glaucous ; leaves simple entire ; cauline oblong
auricled-amplexicaul ; flowers1 racemose ebracteate ( West Asia, South
Europe*).
23. Erysimum L.3 — Flowers of CJieiranthus ; siliqua elongated,
subterete, or sub-4-gonous, rather compressed ; style short or more or
less elongated ; apex stigmatose capitate, emarginate or 2-lobed ;
valves usually carinate, 1 -ribbed; septum more or less membranous ;
style short or elongated, apex stigmatose capitate, emarginate
or 2-lobed. Seeds co , 1-seriate oblong, immarginate or at apex
marginate or apiculate ; funicles thin free ; embryo fleshy
cotyledons accumbent. — Biennial or perennial herbs, often hoary
with appressed (2-partite) hairs, sometimes laxly pilose or hairy-
tomentose ; leaves alternate narrow,4 linear or oblong, entire sinuate
dentate or rarely pinnatifid ; flowers5 in usually elongated ebracteate
racemes6 (Mountains of South Europe, the East, Central Asia, North
America').
24 ? Porphyrocodon Hook, f.8 — Sepals erect unequal; 2 a little
1 Yellow or golden.
2 Spec. 6. DC, Prodr., i. 199 (Erysimum).—
Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 209. — Walp., Rep., i. 169 ;
Ann., vii. 138.
3 L., Gen., n. 814 (nee T.). — Adans., Fam.
des Fl., ii. 418.— J., Gen., 239.— DC, Prodr., i.
169.— Endl., Gen., n. 4908.— A. Geat, Gen.
III., t. 6.— B. H., Gen., 79, n. 54.
4 Neither cordate-arnplexicaul nor pinnatisect.
s Rather large, golden, or rarely purple, often
scented.
6 The genus is scarce to be distinguished from
Sisymbrium by certain characters. Alliaria comes
between them. It is also closely allied to Cheir-
anthus (sect. Cheiri), differing mainly in its
usually accumbent cotyledons. According to
B. H. (loc. cit.), " The following sections are
made by modern botanists, but appear to be very
uncertain : 1. Agonolobus (C A. Mey.). Siliqua
subterete; valves and replum rounded at the
back. (Reichb., Ic. Fl.
Germ., ii. t.
68).— 2.
Cuspidaria (DC). Siliqua double; valves cari-
nate-compressed. — 3. Cheiropsis (C A. Mey.).
Siliqua compressed-4-gonous ; valves and replum
acutely carinate. (Reichb., loc. cit., t. 63). — 4.
Frysimastrum (C A. Mey.). Siliqua 4-gonous ;
valves and replum subprominent carinate.
(Reichb., loc. cit., t. 63. — Deless., Ic. Sel., ii.
t. 66, 67.)" To this genus the same authors refer
Strophades (Boiss., in Ann, Sc Nat., sew 2, xvii.
73. — Walp., Rep., i. 171), a rigid silvery Meso-
potamian herb, with narrow linear leaves, much
elongated fruiting racemes, purple petals, a dis-
tinct rigid subulate style, a terete twisted siliqua
laterally compressed.
7 Species made by authors upwards of 100,
but should, perhaps, be reduced to 15-20. Deless.,
Ic. Sel., ii. t. 65-67.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 186.—
Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Crucif., 304. — Gren.
& Godr., Fl. de Fr., i. 87. — Walp., Rep., i. 167;
ii. 761; Ann., i. 42; ii. 48; iv. 210; vii. 139.
8 Gen., 79, n. 52.
238
NATURAL HIS TOBY OF PLANTS.
shorter. Petals large erect long-unguiculate. Stamens 6, free toothless
inserted on much thickened shortly clavate glandular receptacle.
Siliqua linear-elongated subcompressed tapering at both ends ; style
slender much elongated, exserted : apex stigmatose capitate 2-lobed ;
valves nearly flat 1 -ribbed; septum membranous. Seeds go, 1 -seriate
compressed immarginate, funicles filiform. — A tall branching glab-
rous herb; leaves imparipinnatisect; leaflets unequal at base, falsely-
pedicellate unequally toothed ; flowers ' long-pedicellate, in bracteate
racemes; bracts leafy2 {Venezuela, New Granada*).
25. Smelowskia C. A. Mey.4 — Flowers nearly of Erysimum ;
sepals short lax, equal at base. Siliqua rather short, tapering at
both ends, either laterally compressed or sub-4-gonous ; style short ;
apex minutely capitate stigmatiferous ; replum filiform included.
Septum membranous ; valves concave submembranous. Seeds few ;
1 -seriate immarginate; funicles free. — Perennial herbs, subca?spitose,
hoary tomentose ; leaves pinnati- or 2-pinnatisect ; flowers5 racemose
ebracteate6 (Siberia, Rocky Mountains1).
26. Zerdana Boiss.9 — Sepals erect elongated, subequal at base.
Petals long-unguiculate. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous; the larger ones con-
nate in pairs half way up. Siliqua linear rather compressed sublinear
subtorulose ; valves subcarinate veined ; septum membranous, sub-2-
costate ; style subulate ; apex stigmatose, 2-lobed. Seeds go, 1 -seriate
oblong ; funicles filiform free. — A perennial csespitose herb, hoary
all over with glandular hairs ; rhizome elongated, double or multiple ;
leaves all radical, rosulate subspathulate-obtuse ; flowers9 crowded at
apex of simple scapes bare at base {Alpine Persia™).
1 Purple, large nodding.
2 A genus very near Cardamine.
3 Spec. 1. P. pictwm. — Cardamine picta
Hook., in Rook. Journ., vi. 292, t. 12. — Tbiana
& Pl., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 59, n. 1. —
Walp., Ann., i. 303.
4 In Ledeb. Fl. Alt., iii. 165.— Endl., Gen.,
n. 4910.— B. H., Gen., 79, n. 53.
5 White or yellow, usually small.
6 " An anomalous genus, which, perhaps, needs
breaking up, and is intermediate between Sisym-
brium, Futrema, Draba, and Capsella, by S.
calycina and others ; it also approaches Parrya
by P. Frmani {Draba parryoides Eeh.). In S.
calycina, the siliqua is very variable, sometimes 4-
gonous, sometimes laterally compressed, short
or elongated." (B. H., loc. cit.) — According to
Fotjen. (in Bull. Soc. Pot. de Fr., x. 7),. B.
arthrocarpa Wedd. approaches Smelowskia in
flower and fruit.
7 Spec, about 4 (3 Siberian). Ledeb., Ic. Fl.
Eoss.,t. 151. — Waxp., Rep., i. 171; Ann., vii.
139.
8 In Ann. Sc Nat., ser. 2, xvii. 84. — B. H.,
Gen., 80, n. 55.
9 Yellow.
10 Spec. 1. Z. anchonioides Boiss., loc. cit. ;
Fl. Or., i. 239.— Walp., Rep., i. 173.
CRTJCIFERM. 239
27. Christolea Cambess.1 — Sepals suberect; lateral saccate at base.
Petals long-tapering at base. Stamens 6, free 4-dynarnous. Siliqua
linear-lanceolate, much flattened ; style very short ; apex entire
minutely capitate subconical stigmatiferous ; valves flat, 1 -ribbed ;
septum membranous ribless. Seeds co, 1-seriate compressed im-
marginate ; embryo rather fleshy ; cotyledons incumbent linear. — A
herb (perennial) pubescent-tomentose, or subglabrous ; branches
diffuse prostrate or ascending, leafy ; leaves alternate sessile, obovate
cuneate rather thick entire or large-toothed ; flowers2 in lax ebracteate
racemes {Alpine Thibef).
28. Greggia A. Gray.4 — Sepals linear patulous, equal at base.
Petals narrowed-unguiculate at base. Stamens 6, toothless.
Disk external to androceum, continuous unequally lobed. Siliqua
linear, compressed across septum, hoary ; style slender erect ; apex
thickened, cordate-2 -lobed, stigmatose ; valves orbicular-conduplicate,
thinly 1-ribbed. Seeds co, 1-seriate subovate turgid immarginate ;
funicles free. — A low undershrub, hoary with short stellate down ;
branches diffuse ; leaves spathulate, repand-dentate or sinuate; flowers5
in lax racemes ; pedicels slender, elongated when fruiting" {Texas,
New Mexico1).
29. Syrenia Andrz.8 — Flowers nearly of Cheiranthus or Erysimum ;
lateral sepals saccate at base. Siliqua short or elongated, linear
straight rigid, sub-4-gonous or laterally compressed ; style elongated
subulate ; apex stigmatose, capitate or 2-lobed,9 papillose internally ;
valves saccately carinate ; dorsal rib thick ; septum thin opaque or
rather thick, 1 -ribbed, sometimes excavated.10 Seeds go, 1, 2 -seriate
oblong immarginate ; funicles setaceous. — Branching 2-ennial herbs ;
1 In Jacquem. Toy. Bot., 17, t. 17. — Ettdl., allied to Synthlaspi and Lyrocarpa." (B. H.,
Gen., n. 4914. — Hook. F. & Thoms., in Journ. loc. cit.)
Linn. Soc, v. 167. — B. H., Gen., 80, n. 58. 7 Spec. 1. G. camporum A. Geay, loc. cit.
Yellow. Walp., Ann., iv. 208.
3 Spec. 1. C. crassifolia Cambess., loc. cit. — 8 Ex Ledeb., Fl. Alt., i. 162. — Endl., Gen.,
Walp., Eep., i. 172. n. 4918.— B. H., Gen., 80, n. 57.
4 PI. Wright., i. 8, t. 1 (nee G^ETN., nee 9 Elongated lobes of Zerdana in S. cuspi-
Enoelm.). — B. H., Gen., 80, n. 56. data. S. comuta Gay takes its name from its
5 White. subarcuate reflexed lobes, stigmatiferous within.
6 " A genus with habit, &c, of Erysimum, )0 Form of siliqua rather variable in S. sili-
and siliqua of Syrenia, but probably more closely culosa.
240
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
flowers1 racemose, ebracteate, or lower ones bracteate (South Russia,
the East, Siberia:).
30. Pachypodium Nutt.3 — Sepals elongated, equal at base or
lateral slightly saccate. Petals much elongated-contracted. Stamens
6, 4-dynamous ; anthers elongated twisted. Siliqua raised on a short
thick gynobase, rather short or elongated torulose ; style short ;
stigmatose apex capitate or emarginate ; valves convex, with a pro-
minent rib ; septum hyaline, slightly thickened at middle or ribless.
Seeds oo, more rarely few, 1-seriate oblong ; embryo rather fleshy ;
cotyledons obliquely incumbent ; funicles free slender. — Annual
or 2-ennial robust glabrous herbs ; leaves entire laciniate or
pinnatifid ; flowers4 in elongated racemes or dense coombs, ebrac-
teate5 ( Calif orn ia6) .
31. Stanleya Nutt.7 — Sepals equal at base, spreading. Petals
narrow elongated long-unguiculate. Anthers elongated, finally
twisted. Siliqua long-stipitate,8 much elongated slender, 4-gonous-
subterete rather compressed ; style very short or nearly absent ;
stigmatose apex entire; valves carinate 1-ribbed; septum membran-
ous. Seeds oo, ] -seriate descending oblong subterete ; funicles slen-
der free. — Glabrous glaucous perennial herbs ;9 leaves simple entire or
pinnatifid ; flowers10 in elongated straight multifloral racemes, ebrac-
teate (California11).
32 ? "Warea Nutt.12 — Flowers nearly of Stanleya ; sepals short.
Petals rather broad, narrowed at base but not unguiculate. Siliqua
decurved or pendulous, long-stipitate13 slender compressed ; style 0 ;
1 Golden, rather large.
2 Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 71. — Boiss.,
Fl. Or., i. 209.
3 Nutt., in Torr. S{ Or, Fl. N.-Amer., i.
96 (nee Webb).— Endl., Gen., n. 4915 — B. H.,
Gen., 81, n. 61. — Thelypodium Endl., Gen., n.
4915.
4 Pink or pale purple.
5 From this genus we can scarcely distinguish
(according to A. Gkay, in Proceed. Amer. Acad ,
vi. 188), Iodanthus Torb. & Gr., Fl. N.-Am., i.
72.— DC, Prodr., i. 149.— A. Gray, Gen. III.,
t. 54. — B. H., Gen.,10, n. 15. (Hesperis- pinna-
tifida Michx.).
6 Spec. 4. Hook., Bot. Misc., 341, t. 68 ;
Beech. Voy. Bot., t. 74 (Macropodium). — Walp.,
Rep., i. 172.
7 Gen., ii. 21. — DC, Prodr., i. 200. — Endl.,
Gen., n. 4916.— A. Gbay, Gen. III., t. 65.—
B. H , Gen., 80, n. 59.
8 Nearly as in C/eome.
9 Habit of Arabis.
10 Yellow.
11 Spec, about 6. Tore., in Sitgr. Rep., 155,
t. 1. — Walp., Rep., ii. 173 ; Ann., vii. 143.
12 In Joum. Acad. Philad., vii. 83, t. 10. —
Endl., Gen., n. 4917. — A. Gray, Gen. III., t.
66.— B. H., Gen., 80, n. 60.
13 Nearly as in Cleome.
CBUGIFEBM. 241
stigma emarginate ; valves nearly flat thin 1 -ribbed ; septum hyaline
ribless. Seeds oo, 1 -seriate; funicles free; cotyledons obliquely in-
cumbent or accumbent. — An erect annual branching glabrous herb ;
branches slender ; leaves entire sessile ; flowers1 in racemes, sub-
corymbose when fruiting (Florida2).
33 ? Streptoloma Bge.s — " Sepals short spreading equal at base.
Stamens free, short ; longer externally appendiculate at base ; shorter
sublobulate at base on both sides. Siliqua elongated thin longi-
tudinally twisted constricted between seeds ; valves obsoletely 1-
ribbed ; septum hyaline ; stigma sessile 2-lobed. Seeds 1 -seriate
pendulous granulate ; funicles setaceous free. — A very thin and low
annual herb, setulose with 2-partite hairs ; leaves entire, narrowly
spathulate ; radical subdentate ; flowers4 racemose, few, ebracteate"
{Caspian5).
34. Dontostenion Anurz.6 — Flowers nearly of Malcolmia ; sepals
short, equal at base, sometimes glandular. Petals tapering at base.
Stamens 6 ; longer connate in pairs. Siliqua subterete elongated; style
short ; stigmatose apex entire or subemarginate ; valves convex, sub-
3-costate ; septum membranous. Seeds oo, 1-seriate, marginate or
emarginate; cotyledons linear, incumbent or oblique; funicles
free. — Herbs, branching erect slender ; hairs simple glandular or
branching ; leaves entire or pectinate-pinnatifid ; flowers7 in ebrac-
teate racemes (Mongolia, Mantchooria, Siberia*).
35? Lepidostemon Hook. f. & Tiioms.9 — "Sepals short patu-
lous, equal at base. Stamens free, each with a broad membranous
appendage. Siliqua (rather young) linear-elongated subterete
hoary ; valves rather flat ; septum hyaline ; style rather short.
Seeds 1-seriate oblong compressed ; funicle slender free. — A conspi-
cuous annual herb, small pubescent-tomentose ; stem short simple,
1 White, lilac, or pink. 6 In DC. Prodr., i. 190. — Endl., Gen., n.
2 Spec. 1. W. cuneifolia Nutt., loc. cit. — 4904. — B. H., Gen., 11, n. 46.
Toer. & Gr., Fl. N.-Amer., i. 98. — Cleome ' Small ; white, pink, pale-purple, or violet.
cuneifolia Muehl. 8 Spec. 7. Ledeb., Ic. Fl. Ross., t. 203,
3 In Arb. Nalurf. Ver. Riff., i. 155 ; Enum. 353. — Bge., PI. Lehm., 202.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i.
PI. Lehman., 31, t. 4. — B. H., Gen., 11, n. 48 226.— W alp., Rep., i. 163; Ann., i. 39.
(whence we take the description). 9 In Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 156.— B. H., Gen.,
4 « Very small, white." 77, n. 47 (whence the description is taken).
5 Spec. 1. <S. desertorum BGE., loc. cit. —
Walp., Ann., i. 49 j vii. 128.
VOL. III. H
242 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
densely leaved ; leaves crowded linear dentate ; flowers1 on very long
fascicled subcorymbose pedicels, ebracteate (Eastern Himalayas1).
36. Malcolmia E. Br.3 — Sepals linear erect ; lateral often a little
broader, gibbous at base. Stamens 6, longer filaments free or con-
nate in pairs. Glands 4, minute; placentary pair external to stamens ;
carpellary internal. Siliqua subterete, elongated or cylindrical-
subulate, usually thick -pedunculate ; valves 3-ribbed; repluui obtuse
or very slightly prominent ; septum membranous ; style short
cylindrical ; lobes of stigmatose apex connate or connivent into an
erect cone, more rarely decurrent down style. Seeds 1 -seriate, or 2-
seriate at base of fruit (Strigosella'), oblong or globular, immarginate
or winged (Cremobium) ; embryo fleshy ; cotyledons incumbent. —
Branching herbs, often covered with stellate hairs ; branches often
prostrate; leaves alternate, entire or pinnatifid; flowers5 laxly racemose,
ebracteate (North-west India, Persia, Caspian, Mediterranean, North
Africa6).
37. Hesperis 17 — Sepals (sometimes coloured) erect ; lateral
gibbous at base. Petals rather thick, unguiculate. Stamens free ;
filaments sometimes dilated at base. Siliqua elongated subterete or
sub-4-gonous ; valves8 rather flat, keeled, sub-3-costate, sometimes
slightly contracted between seeds ; replum more or less carinate ;
septum membranous,9 excavated beside seeds ; style short ; apex
stigmatose 2-lobed; lobes ovate-elliptical erect10 (alternating with
septum). Seeds oblong, immarginate or marginate, when young
alternately imbricate and pendulous from top of ascending funicle,
when mature descending with free funicle ; embryo fleshy ; cotyledons
1 Golden. 7 inst., 222, t. 108. — L., Gen., n. 817. —
2 Spec. 1. L. pedunculosus Hook. p. & Adans., Fam. des PI., ii. 418. — J., Gen., 238. — ■
Thoms., loc. cit. DC, Prodr., i. 188. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi.
3 In Ait. Sort. Kew., ed. 2, iv. 121.— DC, 388. — Endl., Gen., n. 4903.— B. H., Gen., 76,
Prodr., i. 186. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 966, n. 44. — Kiadnia Schue, Enum. PI. Tran-
392. — Endl., Gen., n. 4902. — Hook. p. & sylv., 53.
Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 155. — B. H., 8 Subseptiferons in S. triste L., which is the
Gen., 77, n. 45. — Eremobium Boiss., El. Or., i. genus Deilosma Spach (Suit, a Buffon, vi. 397).
156. » Rather thick in H. renifolia Borss., which
4 Boiss., Biagn. PI. Or., ser. 2, iv. 22. is the genus Chalcanthus Boiss. ( El. Or., i. 211).
5 White, lilac, or purple. )0 Wherein the genus often recalls Matlhiola;
6 Spec, about 20. Reichb., Ic. El. Germ., ii. but the lobes are very short in H. renifolia
t. 56, 57. — Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 59, 60. — Boiss. (Chalcanthus renifolius Boiss., El. Or.,i.
Boiss., El. Or., i. 221. — Geen. & Gode., El. de 212), and divaricated in E. speciosa.
Fr., i. 83.— Walp., Pep., i. 161 ; ii. 760; Ann.,
i. 39; vii. 131, 132 (Strigosella).
CBUOIFEBM. 243
incumbent, or more rarely obliquely accumbent.1 — Erect herbs, 2-
ennial or perennial at base, covered with simple forked or glandular
hairs ; flowers2 in lax ebracteate racemes {Europe, the East, Siberia3).
38. Tetracme Bge.4 — Sepals short equal at base. Petals short
unguiculate, rather broad. Stamens 6, toothless short. Siliqua
short, sometimes sub-4-gonous ; stigma subsessile 2-lobed ; replum
saccate at base ; valves convex, 3-costate ; 4 lateral ribs submarginal
rather thick, at apex produced into an arcuate corona. Septum hyaline.
Seeds few, 1 -seriate immarginate ; cotyledons incumbent, oblique to
septum. — Herbs, covered with forked hairs ; leaves oblong or linear ;
flowers5 in short racemes ; fruits (appressed at base to rachis) in
spikes {Afghanistan, Caspian6).
39. Schizopetalon Sims.7— Sepals subequal at base, erect. Petals
long-unguiculate ; limb unequally pinnatirid ; prsefloration involute-
imbricate. Stamens 0, 4-dynamous, toothless. Glands of disk 6,
compressed-subulate, erect. Siliqua narrowly linear, more or less
compressed, unequally thickened ; valves rather flat, veined ; septum
more or less sinuate, hyaline; ovules co, 1-2 -seriate; style short
or obsolete, stigmatiferous 2-lobed at apex ; lobes erect long-connate.
Seeds oc, 1- or more rarely 2-seriate, oblong or globose; embryo
rather flesh}*- ; radicle cylindrical slender ; cotyledons incumbent,
straight or 2-3-fid ; lobes linear, spirally contorted or convolute. —
Erect annual herbs, sometimes branching, hoary with branching
down ; leaves alternate, unequally toothed or pinnatifid ; flowers8 in
terminal racemes ; bracts leafy {Chili9).
1 Certainly incumbent in Clausia (Trotzky, 6 Spec. 2. Trautv., Imag., t. 21. — Boiss.,
Ind. Sem. Kort. Casam. (1839), ex Walp., Rep., Fl. Or., i. 316. — Walp., Rep., i. 171; Ann., i.
ii. 755. — Deless., Ic. SeL, ii. 62), which has 43 ; vii. 129.
winged seeds (perhaps a species of Cheiranthus ?). ' In Bot. Mag., t. 2379. — DC, Prodr., i.
2 Rather large, variegated, sometimes scented. 236. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 386. — Endl.,
3 Spec, about 20. Deless., op. cit., ii. t. 6. — Gen., n. 4980. — B. H., Gen., 76, n. 43. — ■
Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 57-59. — Boiss., PerregmoMia Barn., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3,
FL Or., i. 211, 230.— Gren. & Godr., Fl. de iii. 168.
Fr., i. 82. — Walp., Rep., i. 160 ; v. 38 ; Ann., s Purple or white.
i. 39 ; ii. 47 ; vii. 129. 9 Barn., in C. Gag Fl. CHI., i. 144.— Wedd.,
4 In Linncea, xii. Litt., 71. — Endl., Gen,, n. Chlor. Andina, t. 86 E (Perregmondia). — Hook.
4909. — Hook. p. & Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, Fxot. FL, t. 74. — Phil., in Linn., xxviii. 668.—
v. 154.— B. H., Gen., 76, n. 42. Walp., Rep., i. 192; v. 51; Ann., vii. 129.
5 White, small.
R 2
244 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
40. Heliophila L.1 — Sepals equal or subequal at base. Stamens 6 ;
lateral sometimes with a tooth at base. Siliqua very variable in form,
sessile or stipitate, indehiscent or dehiscent ; edges straight or sinuate
constricted between seeds ; valves flat, 1-3-ribbed ; septum hyaline ;
style short, robust or elongated ; apex stigmatose, discoidal subentire
or 2-lobed. Seeds few or co, t-2-seriate, immarginate or winged;
embryo fleshy elongated ; cotyledons transversely 2-plicate, incumbent
or accumbent on cylindrical radicle. — Herbs, annual or perennial at
base, glabrous or pubescent, more rarely branching undershrubs ;
leaves entire dentate sinuate pinnatisect or multifid ; flowers2
racemose ; pedicels usually very slender, ebracteate3 {South Africa'').
41? Chamira Thunb.5 — Sepals unequal at base; lateral saccate.
Stamens 6, free. Siliqua very shortly stipitate, oblong compressed ;
valves rather flat striate ; style subulate. Seeds few, 1 -seriate, ovate-
compressed ; testa rather thick, soft ; embryo rather fleshy (coloured) ;
cotyledons transversely 2-plicate ; radicle slender. — A glabrous an-
nual herb; inferior leaves subopposite sessile; superior alternate
smaller cordate petiolate ; flowers6 few, in terminal racemes {West
of South Africa}).
c. BEASSICINE.E. — Cotyledons usually incumbent.
42. Brassica T. — Sepals erect or spreading, equal or lateral more
often saccate at base. Petals unguiculate. Stamens G, 4-dynamous ;
filaments free toothless. Hypogynous glands 4, superposed to petals.
1 Gen., n. 816.— J., Gen,, 238. — DC, Prodr., oval or suborbicular. Herbs. — 5. Pachystylum
i. 231. — Endl., Gen., n. 4978. — Sond., Rev. (Eckl, & Zeth., loc. tit., 13). Siliqua linear;
Heliophil., t. 18-28, in Abh. Aus. d. Gebiet. d. style abort robust. Pubescent undersbrubs. — 6.
Naturw., i. 180. — B. H., Gen., 81, 967, n. 62. — Orthoselis (Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 453).
Trentepohlia Roth, Cat. Nov. PI. Spec, 325. Siliqua linear ; margins straight. Herbs or
2 White, bluish pink, or yellow ; sometimes shrubs.
handsome. 4 Spec, about 40, but raised to 60-70 by
3 The following 6 sections have been made, various authors. Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 96-99. —
scarcely well limited, by Ecklon and Zethee Haet. & Sond., Fl. Cap., i. 35. — Haev., Thes.
(Enum.), and most of them have been raised to Cap., t. 166. — Pot. Mag., t. 2526. — Wale.,
distinct genera: 1. Lanceolaria (DC). Siliqua Rep., i. 190; Ann., i. 51; vii. 143.
lanceolate. Glabrous shrubs. — 2. Leptormus b Nov. Gen., ii. 48.— DC, Prodr., i. 231.—
(Eckl. & Zeth., loc. cit., 8). Siliqua linear Endl., Gen., n. 4979. — Sond., Rev. Helioph.,
moniliform; joints oval. Herbs.— 3. Ormiseus 269, t. 29. — Haet. & Sond., Fl. Cap., i. 32. —
(Eckl. & Zeyh., loc. tit., 9). Siliqua of Lept- B. H., Gen., 81, n. 63.
ormus ; joints globular. Herbs. — 4. Seleno- 6 White, small.
carpcea (Eckl. & Zeth., loc. cit., 10). Siliqua '' Spec. 1. C. cornuta Thunb.
CBTJGIFEBJE. 245
Siliqua elongated, subterete or 4-gonous ; style more or less elongated ;
apex rostrate or ensiform, persistent as a rostrum or deciduous from
top of siliqua; rostrum sometimes indehiscent, often 1 -seeded ; stig-
matiferous apex truncate or 2-lobed. Seeds go, usually 1 -seriate, more
rarely (D-i plot axis) 2-seriate, immarginate, subglobose ovoid or oblong;
funicles setaceous free ; embryo rather fleshy (sometimes coloured) ;
cotyledons conduplicate, or more or less concave longitudinally. —
Small shrubs or more frequently herbs, usually erect, branching,
2-ennial or perennial; root or stem dilated, succulent; leaves glabrous
glaucous, or more rarely pilose or hoary ; radicle pinnatifid ; flowers
in elongated leafless ebracteate simple or branched racemes {Europe,
North and Subtropical Africa, and Asia). See p. 185.
43. Eruca TV — Flowers nearly of Brassica ; lateral sepals saccate
or subsaccate at base. Siliqua oblong subterete turgid; rostrum
broadly ensiform, aspermous ; valves concave inside, 3-costate ;
septum membranous ; stigmatose apex of style simple or scarcely
2-lobed. Seeds go, 2-seriate subglobose ; funicles free. Other parts
of Brassica. — Annual or 2-ennial erect branching herbs ; leaves
pinnatifid ; flowers" racemose ebracteate ; pedicels slender [Europe,
West Asia3).
44. Savignya DC.4 — Sepals erect, subequal at base. Stamens
free, toothless. Placentary glands erect, produced. Siliqua ellip-
tical orbiculate ; style slender produced ; apex stigmatose capitate ;
valves submembranous, rather convex, net-veined ; septum hyaline,
2-lamellate. Seeds go, or few, 1-2-seriate compressed suborbicu-
late ; margin broadly membranous-alate ; funicles slender unequal,
half-adnate. — A quite glabrous branching undershrub ; branches
thin terete; leaves entire or pinnatifid; flowers5 in slender terminal
and leaf-opposed racemes ; pedicels long-filiform, often decurved
{North Africa, Arabia*).
1 Inst., 226, t. 111. — DC, Syst., ii. 636 ; Diagn., ii. 5, 26 ; 6, 13 ; Fl. Or., i. 395.— Geen.
Prodr., i. 223. — Spach, Suit, a Buffo n, vi. & Gode., FL de Fr., i. 74. — Waxp., Ann., iv.
352.— Endl., Gen., n. 4951.— B. H., Gen., 84, 219 ; vii. 151.
967, n. 79. — Fuzomum Link, Fnum., ii. 174. 4 Syst. Yeg., ii. 283; Prodr., i. 157. — Endi.,
2 Variegated, reticulate with dark-purple veins. Gen., n. 4961. — B. H., Gen., 85, n. 81.
3 Spec. 3. L., Spec., 932 (Brassica). — 5 Pink or violet.
Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 84. — Boiss., 6 Spec. 1 (?}. S. longislyla Boiss. & Reut.,
246 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
45. Euzomodendron Coss.1 — Sepals erect ; lateral saccate at base.
Stamens 6, longer 4 connate in pairs. Siliqua linear oblong, or
elongated lanceolate compressed ; beak ensiform, much compressed ;
apex stigmatose 2-lobed ; valves convex coriaceous multicostate ; sep-
tum membranous hyaline. Seeds go, 1-seriate compressed, girt by a
broad soft membranous wing ; embr}To coloured ; cotyledons condupli-
cate ; radicle cylindrical ascending ; funicles setaceous, half adnate to
septum. — A glabrous branching undershrub ; branches terete ; leaves
alternate pinnatilobate ; flowers2 in terminal racemes (Spain3).
46. Henophyton Coss. & Dur.4 — Sepals erect; lateral saccate
at base. Siliqua6 broadly linear, nearly flat, beaked by erect style in
flower (2 lobes of stigmatiferous apex connate-conical) ; margin
straight or subsinuate ; valves flat shining submembranous, with 1
median rib ; veins anastomosing ; septum membranous- winged ;
funicles adnate to septum. — An erect glabrous branching undershrub;
stems and branches terete, finally white ; leaves alternate linear,
entire or subsinuate, rather fleshy; flowers6 in lax terminal racemes;
pedicels long ebracteate (East Algeria1).
47. Moricandia DC.8 — Sepals erect ; lateral very saccate at base.
Stamens of Brassica. Placentary glands usually minute or 0.
Siliqua linear elongated, erostrate (or with compressed, sometimes 1-
seeded, rostrum) ; valves carinate or flat ; septum thin membranous;
style rather short; stigmatose kbes connate into an erect rather
compressed cone. Seeds 1-seriate (Doueped*), or 2-seriate, immar-
ginate marginate or winged (Douepea). — Herbs or small shrubs,
glabrous glaucous; leaves entire or pinnatisect, usually amplexicaul;
flowers10 rather large (South Europe, North Africa, West Asia11).
in Boiss. Diagn. Or., ser. 2, v. 27. — Boiss., Fl. 7 Spec. 1. H. deserti Coss., loc. cit. — Walp.,
Or., i. 396.— Walp., Ann., ii. 54; vii. 153.— S. Ann., iv. 216 ; vii. 154.
agyptiaca Coss., in Balans. Exs. Ale/., n. 887. — 8 Syst. Teg., ii. 626; Prodr., i. 221. — Spach,
Lunaria parviflora Del., Fl. d'Egypte, t. 55, Suit, a Birffbn, vi. 383. — Endl., Gen., n. 4954. —
fig. 3. B. H., Gen., 85, n. 82. — Oudneya R. Be., in
1 In Well. Ot. ttspan., 47, t. 43.— B. H., Benh. et Clapp. Narr. App., 220 (ex Coss., in
Gen., 85, n. 80. Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr., xii. 280).
2 Lilac. 9 Cambess., in Jaequem. Yoy., Bot., 18, t. 18.
3 Spec. 1. F. Botirgceanum Coss., loc. cit. 10 Pink or purple, rather large.
4 In Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr., ii. 246, 625 : in u fi^ec. about 5. Reiciib., Tc. Fl. Germ., ii.
Ann. Sc. Kat., ser. 5, i. 279, t 22 {Henonia t. 90. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 385.— Guen. & Godr.,
prius).— B. H., Gen., 85, £67, n.84 (cxcl.syn.). Fl. de Fr., i. 82.— Bot. Mag., t. 4917.— Walp.,
5 Keeallirg that of Farsetia. Rep., i. 187; Ann., ii. 54; iv. 217; vii. 153.
6 Rather large, purple.
CBUCIFEBJE. 247
48. Orychophragnius Bge.1 — Flowers nearly of Moricandia ;
siliqua very long, 4-gonous ; beak compressed at apex, 4-gonous ;
style slender elongated; stigmatose apex conoiclal ; valves carinate;
septum membranous, foveolate. Seeds oo, 1 -seriate immarginate,
sub-3-quetrous. — An erect branching herb, glabrous glaucescent ;
leaves alternate ; cauline sessile, entire, dentate, auriculate-2-lobed ;
radical lyrate pinnatifid ; flowers2 in lax ebracteate racemes {North
China*).
II. KAPHANE.E.
49. Raphanus L. — Sepals erect ; lateral subsaccate at base.
Petals unguiculate. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous ; filaments free, tooth-
less. Siliqua elongated terete, continuous, or more rarely monili-
form, stipitate by a very short seedless joint {Maphanistrum), smooth
or costate, coriaceous, suberous or fungous, internally continuous or
made pluricellular by transverse septa; cells oo, 1 -seriate, sometimes
alternating with empty ones in substance of pericarp ; style slender ;
stigmatose apex emarginate. Seeds oo, descending subglobose ;
embryo rather thick; cotyledons conduplicate, sometimes complicated.
— Annual or 2-ennial herbs, branching, glabrous or hispidulous ;
root usually thickened, succulent ; leaves alternate ; inferior lyrate ;
flowers in elongated, terminal, or leaf-opposed, simple or branching,
ebracteate racemes {Europe, Temperate Asia). Seep. 193.
50. Cryptospora Kar. & Kir.4 — Sepals erect, equal at base.
Petals a little longer. Stamens free, toothless. Siliqua elongated,
curved, subterete, inarticulate, indehiscent ; style short ; stigmati-
ferous apex subentire or emarginate ; locelli 5, 6, distantly super-
posed, 1-seeded; intervals contracted. Seeds narrow, contracted;
cotyledons elongated, incumbent. — An annual herb,5 erect, branching
from base, covered with forked hairs ; leaves sessile, oblong, entire ;
1 PI. Chin. Bor., 7.— Endl., Gen., n. 4953.— 4 Tn Bull. Mosc. (1842), i. 160.— B. H., Gen.
B. H., Gen., 85, n. 83. 101, n. 166.
2 Rather large, violet or lilac. 5 Aspect of Malcolmia.
3 Spec. 1. O. sonchifolius Bge., loe. cit. —
Walp., Rep. i. 187.
248
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
flowers1 in finally elongated racemes ; pedicels short ebracteate, erect
thickened when fruiting (Song arid?).
51. Anchonium DC.3 — Sepals erect; lateral more or less saccate
at base. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous ; filaments of 4 longer connate in
pairs. Siliqua patent or pendulous, elongated or short, subterete
torulose, more or less contracted between seeds ; septum rather thick
undulate; locelli arranged in pairs or alternating; style conical,
rostrate, subcompressed ; stigmatose apex dilated, 2-lobed. Seeds
solitary in locelli, broadly oblong or obovoid, descending, immar-
ginate, glabrous ; embryo coloured ; cotyledons flat or concave, some-
times unequal ; radicle cylindrical, incumbent. — Perennial herbs,
tomentose with stellate or capitate-glandular hairs ;4 rhizome thick ;
leaves entire ; radicle oblong, tapering at base ; flowers5 in leafy
racemes ; pedicels ebracteate, slender, scarcely thickened when fruit-
ing6 (The East1).
52 ? Raffenaldia Godr.8 — Sepals erect, more or less coherent ;
lateral saccate at base. Siliqua elongated-4-gonous, unequally
torulose, suberous, oo-locellate by transverse processes; joints 1-
seriate, 1-locellate, at maturity scarcely separating or persistent ;
style rather long, stigmatose at apex. Seeds descending, ovoid ;
embryo fleshy ; cotyledons unequal, conduplicate. — A perennial
subacaulescent herb ; leaves densely rosulate, lyrate-imparipinnate;
flowers solitary, pedunculate, subradical ; peduncles erect, then
deflexed, thickened when fruiting (Algeria*).
53. Parlatoria Boiss.10 — Sepals subequal at base, spreading.
Stamens 6, dilated at base ; lateral 2 a little shorter, incurved. Siliqua
1 White, minute.
8 Spec. 1, arenicolous. C. fa1cata Kab. &
Kis., loc. cit. — Walp., Sep., ii. 762.
3 Syst. Yeg„ ii. 578; Prodr., i. 212.— Ende.,
Gen., n. 4945. — B. H., Gen., 101, n. 167.
4 Habit of Cheiranthus,
5 Golden or purplish ; handsome.
6 " A genus of doubtful affinities." (B. H.,
loc. cit.)
7 Spec. 2, 3. Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 82. —
Boiss, Fl. Or., i. 239.— Walp., Sep., ii.
762.
s Fl. Juven., ed. 2, 52.— B. H., Gen., 101,
165. — Cossonia DUE., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3,
xx. 82, t. 6.
9 Spec. 1. S. primuloides Godr., loc. cit.—
Walp., Ann., iv. 220. — Cossonia afiicana Due.,
loc. cit.
M In Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, xxii. 72.— B. H.,
Gen., 102, n. 169.
GBUCIFEBjTJ. 249
elongated, subclavate or elongated, rather curved, at base articulated
with clavate pedicel ; style very short cylindrical ; apex globular
stigmatose. Seeds 1-5, linear, descending; testa spongy; embryo
oblong ; cotyledons incumbent ; radicle cylindrical slender. — A
branching annual herb ; leaves long-petiolate, cordate-ovate, crenate-
dentate or lobed ; flowers' in terminal ebracteate racemes2 {West
Asia*).
54? Goldbachia4 DC. — Sepals subequal at base, erect. Sta-
mens 6, 4-dynamous toothless. Glands 4, alternipetalous. Siliqua
subdrupaceous curved, 4-gonous ; putamina 2, 3, separating more or
less, 1 -seeded; mesocarp thin subcoriaceous indehiscent; style
compressed ; stigmatose apex capitellate emarginate. Seeds oblong
descending ; funicle slender, rather long ; embryo fleshy ; cotyledons
incumbent. — An annual erect herb ; leaves entire glaucescent ; lower
petiolate ; superior auriculate at base ; flowers5 in elongated racemes ;
pedicels slender ebracteate, decurved when fruiting6 {The Ead, North
India1).
55. Chorispora DC.8 — Sepals elongated erect; lateral more or less
gibbous at base. Petals long-unguiculate. Stamens 6, free, 4-dyna-
mous. Siliqua straight patulous or curved, elongated cylindrical,
lomentaceous, indehiscent ; style elongated, with apex stigma-
tose erect, 2 -lobed, finally persistent indurated subulate rostrate;
pericarp rather spongy; cells oo, 2-seriate, 1 -seeded, sometimes alter-
nating with empty ones in substance of fruit, often separating trans-
versely on maturity from rather thick persistent replum into closed
cells. Seeds descending, marginate or immarginate ; radicle ascend-
ing ; cotyledons incumbent or oblique. — Annual or perennial herbs,
pilose or glandular ; leaves entire or pinnatifid; flowers9 in elongated
1 Small, white. " Spec. 1. G. Icevigata DC, loc. cit.—
2 A genus near SobolewsMa. Deless., Ic. Set., ii. t. 81. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i.
3 Spec. 1. Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 244. — Waep., 243. — G. torvlosa DC, loc. cit., n. 21. —
Rep., i. 174; Ann., vii. 179. Raphanus Icetiyatus Bleb., Fl. Taur., ii. 129.
4 Syst. Veg., ii. 576; Prodr., i. 212.— Endl., s Sysl. Vey., ii. 435; Prodr., i. 186.— R. Be.,
Gen., n. 4944. — Hook. f. & Thoms., in Journ. in Ait. Hort. Kew., erl. 2, iv. 129. — Endl., Gen.,
Linn. Soc, v. 180. — B. H., Gen., 101, n. 168. n. 4900. — Hook f. & Thoms., in Journ. Linn.
5 Small, violet. Soc, v. 181. — B. Ii., Gen., 102, 968, n.
6 " A genus very near Lsatis, hut as its 2- 170.
locellate stigma separates into cells, it scarcely 9 Purple or pink,
seems to differ from the Calilinece." (Hook. F.,
loc. cit.)
250 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
racemes ; pedicels rather long ebracteate, thickened when fruiting
{The East, North India1).
56. Sterigma DC.2 — Sepals erect, at base equal slightly contracted.
Petals long-unguiculate. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous; filaments of
longer connate in pairs half-way up or beyond. Siliqua elongated,
more or less curved, subterete inarticulate subtorulose indehiscent ;
locelli oo, 2-seriate ; style short cylindrical ; apex stigmatose ; lobes
2, divaricated. Seeds descending smooth, immarginate or marginate ;
funicles slender free ; embryo fleshy ; cotyledons incumbent, flat or
concave. — Perennial herbs, robust branching, stellate-tomentose,
sometimes glandular-hispid ; leaves entire or pinnatifid ; flowers3
in elongated racemes ; pedicels rather thick ebracteate, spreading
thickened when fruiting4 {The Uast, Siberia!').
57 ? Carponema Eckl. & Zeyh.6 — " Sepals 4, spreading, equal
at base. Petals obovate-oblong ; claw cuneate. Lateral stamens
toothed at base. Siliqua pendulous sessile slender linear terete,
tapering at both ends, indehiscent, oo-locellate, contracted between
seeds ; locelli 2-seriate, separated by a membranous septum; alternate
ones aspermous ; style conical; stigma obtuse. Seeds oo, 1- seriate
oblong terete immarginate ; cotyledons transversely 2-plicate. — An
annual branching herb, glabrous or pilose ; branches terete ; leaves
elongated linear ; racemes elongated ;7 pedicels filiform, erect when
flowering "8 {Cape of Good Hope0).
1 Spec, about 7. Deless., Ic. Set, ii. t. 58. — 5 Spec. 5. Deless., Ic. Sel., ii.t. 83.— Boiss.,
Cambess., in Jacquem. Toy., Bot., 1. 14. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 240. — Walp., Hep., ii. 762.
Fl. Or., i. 143.— Walp., Rep., i. 159 ; ii. 759 ; 6 JEnum., 8.— Sond., Revis. Helioph., 3, t. 17.
Ann., iv. 207; vii. 179. — B. H., Gen., 1025 n. 172 (whence the descrip-
2 St/st. Yeg., ii. 579; Prodr., i. 212.— Endl., tion is taken).
Gen., n. 4946.— B. H., Gen., 102, n. 171.— 7 Flowers blue or violet.
Sterigmosternon Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Cauc, Suppl., 8 A genus allied to Heliophila.
44f » Spec. 1. C. filiforme Sond., loc. cit. ; Fl.
3 Bather large, yellow. Cap., i. 35. — HeliopHla fliformis L. fil.,
4 " A genus probably most closely allied to Suppl., 296.— DC, Syst., ii. 679.— Walp., Ann.,
Hesperis." (B. H., loc. cit.) vii. 180.
CRUCIFEB^J. 251
III. CAKILE^.
58. Cakile T. — Lateral sepals more or less gibbous. Stamens
6. Glands 4 ; 2 internal to smaller stamens ; 2 compressed-conoidal
external to larger stamens. Siliqua long-subconical, drupaceous, finally
suberous nucamentaceous, 2-jointed; lower joint unequally ob-
pyramidal, compressed 2-edged, truncate at apex ; upper concave
conical or broadly ensiform, at base truncate-straight or decurrent,
2-alate ; stigma sessile. Seeds solitary in each joint ; integument
thin ; embryo fleshy ; radicle long, cylindro-conoidal ; cotyledons
narrow, incumbent or more rarely oblique. Seed of upper joint
ascending suberect ; seed of lower descending. — Annual branch-
ing herbs, fleshy glabrous ; leaves entire or pinnatifid ; flowers
racemose, ebracteate {Europe, Coast of North America, Australia)
Seep. 195.
59. Enarthrocarpus Labill.1 — Sepals equal, or lateral saccate at
base. Siliqua oblong or much elongated, straight or curved, sub-
compressed, indehiscent ; joints 2 ; lower shorter, 1- or more rarely
2-celled, l-4-seeded ; seeds descending ; upper multilocellate, con-
tinuous or more or less contracted between seeds ; pericarp
subdrupaceous through induration of endocarp ; seeds ascending ;
embryo fleshy ; cotyledons elongated incumbent, more rarely
conduplicate or complicate in lower joint. — Annual erect branching
herbs ; lower leaves lyrate ; upper coarsely dentate ; racemes2
elongated ; pedicels more or less thickened, sometimes short obconical
erect (Hitsso/iia3), sometimes all bracteate, or only the lower ones4
{The East, North Africa").
60. Rapistrum Boerh.6 — Sepals lax, equal or unequal at base.
1 Fl. Syr., Dec. v. 4, t. 2.— DC, Prodr., i. 5 Spec. 4. Dei., Fl. d'Fgypte, t. 36, fig. 1
129.— Endl., Gen., n. 4970.— B. H., Gen., 99, {Raphanus).— Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 93.— Boiss.,
u- 157. Fl. Or., i. 398.— Walp., Ann., ii. 55 ; iv. 221.
2 Flowers yellow or purplish. 6 Lugd.-Bat., 406— Destx., Journ. JBot., iii.
3 Boiss., JDiagn. Or., viii. 46. 150— DC, Prodr., i. 227.— Endl., Gen., n.
4 " A genus scarcely distinguishable from 4968. — B. H., Gen., 99, n. 155.
JSruca, except by connate valves of lower joint."
^B. H., loc. oil.) t
252
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Petals rather long-unguiculate. Stamens 6, free, toothless, 4-dynam-
ous. Disk of variable form ; placentary glands compressed- 3-
gonous or arcuate-concave. Siliqua 2-jointed indeliiscent ; lower
joint stipitate obpyramidal, aspermous or 1-seeded (Didesmus,1
Otocarpus2), sometimes 2-4-seeded (Cordj/loca?pus3) ; seeds 1 -seriate
descending; upper joint ovoid or cylindrical, rostrate, costate oralate
tuberculate, more rarely broadly obcuneate-2-horned {Otocarpus),
usually 1-seeded; seed ascending; funicle short; embryo often
coloured; cotyledons conduplicate or 2-plicate at apex. — Erect
branching herbs, pubescent or pilose ; flowers4 in elongated simple or
branched racemes ; pedicels slender, when fruiting thickened, erect
or patent {South Europe, West Asia, North Africa5).
Gl. Muricaria Desvx.6 — Sepals equal at base suberect. Petals
unguiculate. Stamens free, 4-dynamous. Siliqua short crustaceous,
2-jointed indeliiscent ; lower joint very short seedless ; upper
subglobose or ovoid, echinate, tuberculate or rostrate, 1-seeded ;
style conical or subcylindrical compressed ;7 stigmatose apex more or
less capitate. Seed descending oblong compressed; embryo coloured ;
cotyledons conduplicate. — Branching herbs, erect or procumbent ;
leaves pinnatilobate ; flowers8 in racemes, at first contracted corym-
biform, finally elongated {North Africa9).
62. Crambe T.10 — Sepals equal at base, spreading. Petals 4,
more or less long in the claw. Stamens 6, free ; longer sometimes
possessing a tooth. Grermen subclavate, lower joint linear cylindrical ;
ovule rudimentary ; upper joint ovoid ; ovule descending ; stigma
sessile. Fruit 2-jointed subdrupaceous, finally dry indeliiscent ; lower
joint stipe-like, aspermous; upper subglobose 1-seeded; seed
1 Desvx., Journ. Bot., iii. 160, t. 25, fig. 11.—
DC, SysL, ii. 657.— Endl., Gen., n. 4969.
2 Due., in Rev. Bot., ii. 435 ; Fl. Alg., t. 77.
3 Desf., Fl. Ail., ii. 79, t. 152.— DC, Sgst.,
ii. 434.
4 Yellow ; often rather large.
5 Spec, about 7. Dei/ess., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 92.—
Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Crucif., 309. —
Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 403, 404. — Gren. & Gods.,
Fl. de Fr., i. 155.— W alp., Rep., ii. 763 ; iv.
219 ; Ann., i. 50 (Octocarpus) ; vii. 177.
6 Journ. Bot., iii. 159ft. 25, fig. 2.— DC,
Prodr., ii. 225.— Endl., Gen., n. 4965. — B. H.,
Gen., 99, n. 154. — Kremeria Coss., in Bull. Soc.
Bot. de Fr., iii. 671.
7 Rather long in Kremeria.
8 White or yellow.
9 Spec. 2. Desf., Fl. Atl., ii.t. 150 (Bunias).
10 Inst., 211, t. 100.— L., Gen., n. 825.—
Ada>S., Fam. des PL, ii. 224. — J., Gen., 242. —
GiEETN., Fruct., ii. 292. — DC, Prodr., 225. —
Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 326. — Endl., Gen.,
n. 4967. — Pater, Organog., 215, t. 44.— B. H.,
Gen., 98, n. 153.
CRUCIFER2E. 253
pendulous from slender funicle rising from bottom of cell. Embryo
subglobose fleshy ; cotyledons closely conduplicate. — Herbs or under-
shrubs ; stock thick branching, like the rest of the plant glabrous
glaucous or sprinkled with simple hairs ; leaves alternate, often broad
pinnatisect ; flowers1 in large much branched elongated racemes ;
pedicels filiform, thickened at apex ; bracts 0, or more rarely minute ;
fruit erect-spreading {Europe, Islands North-west of Africa, West
Asia").
63. Hemicrambe Webb.3 — Sepals equal at base, spreading.
Petals elongated. Stamens 6 ; filaments dilated. Siliqua 2-articulate ;
joints 1-celled, 2-valved ; lower smaller sterile, or 1-2-seeded ;
upper oo-seeded elongated linear complanate ; margin acute ; ros-
trum obtuse empty ; styde short, stigmatose at apex ; valves 1 -ribbed,
transversely depressed between seeds, septum rudimentary. Seeds
oblong or obovate compressed ; those of lower joint, and lower
ones of upper joint descending ; uppermost transverse or
obliquely ascending ; cotyledons conduplicate. — A small glabrous
shrub ;4 leaves alternate, long-petiolate, unequally lyrate ; flowers5
in much branched terminal racemes ; pedicels lax filiform elongated
ebracteate {Tin git ana*).
G4. Physorhynchus Hook.7 — Sepals erect equal at base. Stamens
6, free toothless. Siliqua erect, 2-jointed ; lower joint rather short
subobconical, longitudinally 2-celled, 2-valved; valves unequal dehis-
cent ; cells aspermous ; upper joint much larger, ovoid subconical
rostrate, thick suberous nucamentaceous, 2-celled, tapering into style;
apex capitellate ; cells 2-4-seeded ; septum thin. Seeds descending
compressed ; embryo rather fleshy ; cotyledons conduplicate. — An
erect glabrous glaucous nndershrub, thick at base, branching, leafy ;
leaves alternate, rather fleshy ; lower petiolate ovate ; cauline con-
1 White. time recalling several Papaverads, such as Boo-
2 Spec, ahout 15. Eeichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. conia, Chelidonium.
t. 2. — Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 91. — Boiss., Fl. 5 Yellow.
Or., i. 405. — Gben. & Godr., Fl. de Fr., i. 156. 6 Spec. 1. H. fruticulosa Webb, loc. cit. —
— Walp., Rep., ii. 762 ; Ann., i. 49. Walp., Ann., iv. 215.
- 3 In Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, xvi. 246, t. 19.— "' Icon., t. 821, 822.— B. B*., Gen., 100, a.
B. H., Gen., 99, u. 158. 162.
4 With the aspect of Brassica, at the same
254 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
tracted at base, auriculate ; flowers1 in elongated racemes ; pedicels
ebracteate rather short, finally thickened at apex {Afghanistan2).
65. Fortuynia Shutt.3 — Sepals erect equal at base. Petals linear.
Stamens 6, 4-dynamous, free. Siliqua very compressed elliptical or
obovate, 2-jointed ; lower joint aspermous, longitudinally 2-celled,
2-valved ; upper subglobose thick indehiscent 2-celled, 2-seeded ;
margin dilated into a broad wing ; style short, stigmatose emarginate
at apex. Seed descending from near apex of each cell ; embryo
fleshy ; cotyledons conduplicate ; radicle cylindrical accumbent. —
Perennial erect virgate glabrous herbs; leaves alternate oblong
entire glabrous glaucous fleshy ; flowers4 in simple or scarcely
branched straight elongated terminal racemes {Persia*).
66. Erucaria G^ertn.6 — Sepals equal at base, erect. Petals long-
unguiculate. Stamens 6, free. Siliqua 2-jointed ; upper joint
globose or elongated ensiform, sometimes ovoid {Guiraoa1) rostrate
indehiscent, 1-4-locellate ; cells superposed 1 -seeded; seeds ascending;
style elongated ; stigmatose apex capitellate {Guiraoa) or emarginate ;
lower joint elongated cylindrical or compressed 2-valved ; valves
long-rectangular; septum membranous; seeds oo descending. Embryo
fleshy ; cotyledons of seeds of upper joint conduplicate ; of lower
incumbent conduplicate or convolute, sometimes undulate. — Annual
erect branching glabrous herbs; leaves sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid ;
racemes ebracteate ; flowers variable ;8 pedicels thickened at apex,
erect when fruiting {South Europe, North Africa, Syria, Persia,
Greece*).
67. Morisia J. Gay.10 — Sepals erect ; lateral subsaccate at base.
1 Middle-sized, white. 7 Coss., Not. PI. Mid. Esp., iii. 97.— B. H„
2 Spec. 1. P. brahmicus Hook., loc. cit. — Gen., 100, n. 160. — Walp., Ann., iii. 824.
Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 402. — Walp., Ann., iv. 215. 8 White, yellow, reddish white, or purple,
3 Ex Boiss., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, xvi. small or rather large ; pedicels long or short.
379.— B. H., Gen., 100, n. 161. 9 Spec. 4. R. Be., in Ait. Sort. Keic, ed.
4 Small, white. 2, iv. 122. — Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 95. — Del.,
5 Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 401.— Walp., Sep., i. FL d'Egypte, 30.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 365.—
183. Walp., Rep., ii. 764 ; Ann., i. 50 ; ii. 56 ; vii.
6 Fruct., ii. 298, t. 143, fig. 9.— DC, Prodr., 178.
i. 230.— Endl., Gen., n. 4974. — B. H., Gen., 10 In Colla Sort. Ripul., App., iv. 50. —
100, n. 159.—? Reboudia Coss., in Bull. Soc. Moris, Fl. Sard., t. 7.— Endl., Gen., n. 4947.—
Bot. de Fr., iii. 705. B. H., Gen., 100, n. 163.
CRTJCIFER&. 255
Stamens 6 ; filaments free toothless. Siliqua (finally buried in the
earth), 2-jointed ; joints longitudinally 2-celled ; lower oblong or
turgid, 2-valved ; valves hemispherical scarcely deciduous ; seeds oo,
2-seriate ; upper joint subequal or usually smaller, subglobose or
ovoid, indehiscent ; cells 2, 1 -seeded ; style terete; stigmatose
capitate rostrate. Seeds different in the 2 joints ; in upper obliquely
ascending or descending ; cotyledons conduplicate ; in lower de-
scending or subtransverse ; one cotyledon nearly flat, the other
dorsally convex. — A low, very depressed, subacaulescent herb ; root
thick subligneous ; leaves rosulate elongated pinnatilobate ; flowers
subradical solitary pedunculate ; peduncles scapiform, when fruiting
contorted-deflexed1 {Sardinia, Corsica").
IV. ISATIDE^E.
68. Isatis T. — Sepals equal at base. Petals imbricate. Stamens
6, 4-dynamous free toothless. Siliqua linear-oblong, ovate orbiculate
or oblong-cuneate, indehiscent, woody horny or osseous in centre ;
margin coriaceous thickened or foliaceous ; style very short papillose-
stigmatose ; seed descending from top of cell, immarginate ; embryo
rather fleshy; cotyledons incumbent, very rarely accumbent. — Annual
or 2-ennial herbs, erect branching, glabrous glaucous, pubescent, or
more rarely tomentose ; leaves entire ; cauline sagittate ; flowers in
lax usually branching racemes ; pedicels ebracteate slender, when
fruiting, deflexed {Europe, North and Central Asia, North of Africa).
Seep. 197.
69. Pachypterygium Bge.3 — Sepals equal at base, patulous.
Petals contracted at base. Stamens 6, free toothless. Siliqua small
elliptical, depressed in centre, coriaceous, thickened suberous at
margin, indehiscent ; style very short ; apex stigmatose emarginate ;
"A genus of doubtful relations; allied to de Fr., i. 155. — Erucaria hypogcea Viv.—
Chorispora ?" (B. H., loc. cit.), placed by many Rapist-urn hypogceum Dub., Bot. Gall., 54.
authors at foot of Cakilinece. 3 In Linncea, xviii. 155. — B. H., Gen., \)4>, n.
2 Spec. 1. M. hypogcea J. Gay, loc. cit. — 130. — Pachypteris Kae. & Kie., in Bull. Mosc.
Mob., Fl. Sard., i. 104.— Geen. & Gode., Fl. (1842), i. 159 (nee R. Be.).
256 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
seed descending, obovate-compressed,immarginate smooth; cotyledons
incumbent ; funicle adnate to wall. — Small thin branching herbs,
quite glabrous ; leaves linear or oblong, sessile ; cauline cordate at
base ; flowers1 (minute) racemose ; pedicels ebracteate filiform, when
fruiting recurved (Caspian, Songaria2).
70. Dipterygium Dcne.3 — Sepals short, subequal at base. Petals
shortly unguiculate. Stamens 6, free ; filaments short. Siliqua
elliptical-oblong, compressed subdrupaceous ; exocarp dilated into a
lax thin vertical membrane ; endocarp nucamentaceous, unequally
rugose outside, 1 -seeded ;4 style subulate; apex capitate stigmatose.
Seed ascending, immarginate ; embryo coloured ; cotyledons incum-
bent, concave. — A virgate undershrub, divaricately branching ;5 leaves
small,- alternate, petiolate, ovate or oblong, acute entire ; flowers
racemose ; pedicels bracteolate, slender, short, erect, when fruiting
pendulous (Arabia, Nubia, West Indies*).
71. Tauscheria Fisch.7 — Sepals subequal at base. Stamens 6,
free 4-dynamous ; glands small, interposed. Siliqua shortly ovate-
cymbiform, unsymmetrical, arcuate-ovate, crustaceous in centre, some-
times convex, sometimes with margin involute concave alate ; apex
tapering into a subulate style. Seed 1, descending from near apex of
cell ; cotyledons incumbent. — An annual branching herb, glabrous
glaucous, or pilose; leaves entire; cauline amplexicaul; flowers8 ebracte-
ate in simple axillary and terminal racemes ; pedioels decurved when
fruiting [Central Asia, North India*).
72. Moriera Boiss.10 — Sepals equal at base. Stamens free, nearly
1 Yellow. Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 417 (Capparidacea). — Walp.,
2 Spec. 2. Bge., Fnum. PI. Lehman., t. 7. — Rep., i. 180. — D. glabrum Dcne., loc. cit. —
Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 373. — Waxp., Rep., u. 762; Pteroloma arabicum Stecd. & Hochst., loc. cit.
v. 48. 7 In DC, Sgst. Veg., ii. 563 ; Prodr., i. 210.—
3 Iu Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iv. 67, t. 3. — Endl., Gen., n. 4939. — Hook. p. & Thoms., in
Hook. p. & Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 178. — B. H., Gen., 94, n.
179.— B. H., Gen., 95, n. 132.— Pteroloma 131.
Hochst. & Steud., in Schimp. PL Arab. Fxs., 8 Yellow ; small.
n. 851. 9 Spec. 1. T. lasiocarpa Fisch., loc. cit. —
4 Ovules 1, 2. Royle, III. Himal., t. 17. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i.
5 With aspect of many Resedacece. 371.
6 Spec. 1. D. glaucum Dcne., loc. cit. — 10 In Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, xvi. 380. — B. H.,
C1WCIFER.V. 257
flat or winged at base. Siliqua patent, orbicular obcordate or oblong,
indehiscent or subdehiscent, crustaceous in middle, broadly membran-
ous at margin ; style very short ; apex stigmatose, emarginate ; lobes
sometimes immersed in upper sinus of ovary. Seed l,1 descending;
cotyledons incumbent or obliquely accumbent ; radicle ascending. —
Herbs suffruticose at base, or much branching undershrubs, some-
times aphyllous spinescent ; leaves alternate or opposite, obovate or
linear-oblong, sometimes 0 ; flowers2 in short subcorymbose racemes,
finally elongated ; rachis sometimes spinescent ; pedicels slender,
ebracteate {The Fast3).
73. Clypeola L.4 — Sepals equal at base, erect or spreading. Petals
shortly unguiculate. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous ; filaments mem-
branous, appendiculate. Siliqua orbicular flat, broadly marginate,
entire, or unequally incised or toothed, sometimes lanate, 1 -celled ;
style short ; apex stigmatiferous, emarginate. Seed 1, subcentral
orbicular immarginate, descending from funicle; embryo much com-
pressed ; cotyledons accumbent. — Herbs usually annual, thin, hoary
with stellate down ; leaves linear entire ; flowers5 in often short
racemes ; pedicels ebracteate, recurved when fruiting {Central and
South Europe, Mediterranean regions of Asia and Africa*).
74. Thysanocarpus Hook.7 — Sepals equal at base, nearly equal
to petals. Siliqua orbicular, ovate or obovate, much compressed in-
dehiscent, coriaceous in middle, 1 -celled, at margin membranous
winged, and entire sinuate or lobed ; lobes contracted at base, more
or less coalescent at apex, leaving spurious perforations. Seed 1,
descending, immarginate; cotyledons accumbent or obliquely incum-
bent.— Annual slender herbs ; radical leaves pinnatifid ; cauline
Gen., 94, n. 128. — Lipophragma Schott & Gs-i., 93, 967, n. 126 — Bergeretia Desvx., in
Kotsch., Analect. Hot., fasc. iii. (ex B. H., loc. Joiirn. Bot., iii. 161. — Orium Desvx , loc. cit.,
cit.). — Crenularia Boiss., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 162.
2, xvii. 181. s Small, white or yellow.
1 Ovules 1-3. 6 Spec, about 8. Keichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii.
2 White, small or minute. 1. 12. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 308. — Geen. & Godb.,
3 Boiss., Ft. Or., i. 33S.— Walp., Hep., i. Ft. de Fr., i. 120. — Walp., Rep., i. 146; Ann.,
180; Ann., i. 45; ii. 46 ; vii. 173. i. 31 ; vii. 172.
4 Gen., n. 807.— J., Gen., 210.— DC, Prodr., ? Fl, Bor.-Amer., i. 69, t. 18 A ; Ic, t. 39,
i. 165.— Endl., Gen., n. 4877. — Hook. p. & 42.— Endl,, Gen., n. 4940.— B. H., Gen., 94, n.
Thoms., in Journ, Linn, Soc, v. 178. — B. H., 127.
VOL. III. S
258
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
subentire, sagittate at base ; flowers1 in thin racemes ; pedicels fili-
form ebracteate, when fruiting nutant (California, Oregon?).
75. Peltaria L.3 — Sepals equal at base, spreading. Petals ungui-
culate. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous, toothless. Siliqua suborbicular or
obovate, very compressed, reticulate-ribbed, 1 -celled, indehiscent;
style short ; apex stigmatose, emarginate. Seeds 1—4, descending
compressed immarginate ; funicles slender, more or less adnate to
valves ; embryo compressed ; cotyledons accumbent. — Glabrous
herbs ; leaves entire ; cauline sagittate- cordate at base ; flowers4 in
short racemes, usually ramose or corymbiform; pedicels slender
ebracteate, when fruiting patent or recurved5 (Southern and Eastern
Eii rope6).
76. Tchihatchewia Boiss.7 — "Sepals erect; lateral saccate at
base. Petals unguiculate ; lamina minute. Stamens without teeth ;
siliqua pendulous obovate compressed, broadly membranous-margin -
ate, 1 -celled, 2-seeded; cell linear-elliptical; stigma sessile puncti-
form. Seeds pendulous from free short thickened funicles, ovate
compressed immarginate ; cotyledons plane accumbent. — A biennial
herb (?) very hispid ;8 root thick ; stem thick, leafy, bristling with
long white hairs ; leaves oblong-linear dentate ; racemes short, with
bracts at base"9 (Armenia™).
77. Tetrapterygium Fisch. & Mey.11 — Sepals patulous, subequal
at base. Stamens free, 4-dynamous. Siliqua oblong or obovate,
orbiculate, rounded or cordate at base, 4-winged ; wings unequal (2
shorter) membranous ; cell 1, indehiscent, 1-seeded ; style slender ;
1 White, pink, or violet.
2 Spec, about 8. Fisch. & Met., Ind. Sem.
Sort, retrop., ii. 50. — Walp., Rep., i. 183;
Ann., ii. 52.
3 Gen., n. 806.— DC, Prodr., i. 166.— Endl.,
Gen., n. 4878.— B. H., Gen., 93, n. 124.
4 White.
5 A genus in many characters allied to Lu-
nana." (B. H., loc. cit.)
6 Spec. 3. Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 12. —
Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 307.— Geen. & Gode., Fl. de
Fr., i. 121.— Walp., Rep., i. 146.
7 In Tchihatch. As. Min., Rot., i. 292 (whence
our description). — B. H., Gen., 93, n. 125.
8 " Habit of Farsetia ; fruit of Isatis, 9 lines
long, with a furcate down, becoming puberulous ;
seeds large."
9 " Flowers of size of Raphanus Rapha-
nistrum; purple."
10 Spec. 1. T. isatidea Boiss., loc. cit. ; Fl.
Or., i. 310. — Walp., Ann., vii. 172.
11 Ind. Sem. Eort. Petrop. (1835), 39.— Endl.,
Gen., n. 4937.— B. H., Gen., 95, n. 133.
CUUGIFEBJE.
259
apex globose, not marginate, stigmatose. Seed descending ; coty-
ledons of fleshy embryo concave or conduplicate ; radicle cylindrical
incumbent, immersed in a layer of albumen. — An annual herb,
branching glaucous; leaves alternate entire; inferior petiolate ;
superior amplexicaul ; flowers1 in ebracteate racemes ; fructiferous
pedicels decurved {Persia1).
78. Boreava Jaub. & Spach.3 — Sepals subequal patulous. Petals
long-unguiculate. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous. Glands rather prominent
between larger stamens ; subcorneal subcircinate around smaller.
Siliqua ovoid-4-gonous, 4 -winged, crustaceous, at apex tapering to
pyramidate style; stigma capitate simple; ovule 1, descending;
raphe dorsal. Seed alone in loculus, descending, glabrous, immar-
ginate ; radicle superior accumbent : cotyledons concave or inflexed. —
A glabrous erect brandling herb ; leaves sessile cordate-amplexicaul
entire ; flowers4 arranged in ramose patulous racemes, ebracteate
{Asia Minor6).
79. Calepina Adans.6 — Sepals equal at base, patulous. Petals
unguiculate ; exterior usually somewhat shorter. Stamens G, free,
4-dynamous. Siliqua small, thick ovoid or oblong, subcompressed,
subdrupaceous ; endocarp crustaceous lacunose, indehiscent, 1 -seeded;
style short compressed ; apex stigmatose subcapitate. Seed descend-
ing glabrous ; embryo fleshy ; cotyledons conduplicate. — An annual
herb, erect branching glabrous ; radical leaves pinnatifid ; cauline
sagittate at base ; flowers7 racemose ; pedicels ebracteate slender,
when fruiting erect-patent {Southern Europe, Asia Minor, and
Northern Asias).
1 Yellow, smnll.
2 Spec. 1. T. glastifolium Fisch. & Mey.,
loc. cit. — T. stylophorum Jatjb. & Spach, III.
PI. Or., t. 50. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 375 (Sa-
rneraria). — Walp., Rep., v. 43.
3 III. PI. Or., i. 3, t. 2.— B. H., Gen., 95, n.
134. — Martinsia Gode., Fl. Juven.. ed. 2, 58.
4 Middle size, yellow (almost of Diplotaxis).
5 Spec. 1. B. oricntalis Jaub. & Spach, loc.
cit. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 372 — Walp., Rep., i.
ISO; Ann., ii. 53.
6 Fam. des PI, ii. 423.— DC, Syst. Veg., ii.
648 ; Prodr., i. 255. — Endl., Gen., n. 4966.—
B. H., Gen., 96, n. 140.
' Small, white.
8 Spec. 1. C. Corvini Desvx., Joum. Rot.,
iii. 158.— Geen. & Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 132. —
Keichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 2. — Boiss., Fl.
Or., i. 409. — Rvnias cochlear ioides DC. — Mya-
grum eruccefulium Vill. — 31. bursifolium
Thuill. — Crambe Corvini All., Fl. Pedem., i.
256.
s 2
;!
260
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
SO. Texiera Jaub. & Spach.1 — Sepals subequal at base. Stamens
free, 4-dynamous. Siliqua subglobose or broadly obtuse, indehiscent,
subdrupaceous ; endocarp bony ; mesocarp porous ; epicarp glabrous ;
stigma peltate subsessile. Seed 1, descending immarginate ; embryo
fleshy ; cotyledons concave or folded ; radicle incumbent. — Herb
branching slender glabrous glaucous ; leaves alternate sagittate
amplexicaul entire ; flowers2 arranged into branching terminal and
leaf-opposed ebracteate racemes ; pedicels short, when fruiting de-
flexed (Syria*).
81. Schimpera Hochst. & Steud." — Sepals short, equal at base,
patulous. Petals small, usually shorter than calyx. Stamens 6,
free, subequal. Siliqua oblique subovoid compressed rugose ; apex
produced to a large sword-shaped compressed beak, minutely-emar-
ginate-capitate at apex;5 cell 1, 1-seeded (or with another abor-
tive seed). Seed descending ; micropyle superior introrse ; funicle
short; cotyledons of fleshy embryo subconduplicate. — Annual herbs,
branching, glabrous or pilose ; leaves alternate, sinuate or
runcinate-pinnatifid ; flowers8 in ebracteate racemes7 (Arabia,
Persia*).
82. Myagrum T.9 — Sepals equal at base, suberect. Petals a little
longer than calyx. Stamens 6 ; larger free or subconnate at base.
Glands 4 ; placentary pair simple ; carpellary 2-lobed. Siliqua
obpyramidate sublyrate, long-cuneate at base, compressed suberous;
apex spuriously 3-celled ; lateral cells empty, middle fertile ; style
shortly conical ; apex stigmatose, minutely capitate emarginate,
persistent at top of fruit. Seed subpendulous, descending from side
1 III. Fl. Or., i. t. 1.— B. H., Gen., 96, n.
139. — Glastaria Boiss., in Ann. So. Nat., ser.
2, xvii. 203.
2 Small, yellow.
3 Spec. 1. T. glastifolia Jaub. & Spach, he.
cit. — Glastaria deflexa Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 373. —
Walp., Rep., i. 146,—Peltaria deflexa DC,
St/st., ii. 337.
* Ex Endl., Gen., n. 4982.— B. H., Gen., 96,
n. 141. — Trallia Lindl. (ex Endl., Suppl.,
1419).
5 " Ornithocephaloid."
6 Yellow, small.
' " A genus allied to Euclidium." (B. H., loc.
cit.).
8 Spec. 2. Webb, in Journ. Bot. Ital. (1852),
221. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 384.— Wais.,- Rep., i.
192 ; Ann., i. 58 ; ii. 57.
9 Inst., 211, t. 99.— Medik., Gen., i. 39, t. 1,
fig. 1. — R. Be., in Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2, iv.
74. — Destx., in Journ. Bot., iii. 160, t. 25, fig.
5.— DC, Syst., ii. 573; Prodr., i. 212.— Spach,
Suit, a Buffon, vi. 583. — Endl., Gen., n. 4943. —
B. H., Gen., 96, n. 142. — Bricourlia Adans.,
Fam. des PI., ii. 423. — Deltocarpus Liier., mss.
— Sinistrophormn Schrank, mss. (ex Endl.).
CEUGIFEB2E. 261
of central cell, obovate or oblong, immarginate ; cotyledons of
thick embryo incumbent, concave or subconduplicate. — An annual
herb, glabrous glaucous, erect ramose ; leaves alternate entire ;
inferior petiolate ; superior auriculate-2-lobed ; flowers1 in straight
elongated racemes ; pedicels ebracteate short erect ; when fruiting
thickened obconical hollow {Southern Europe, the Bast2).
83. Sobolewskia Bieb.3 — Sepals equal at base, patulous. Stamens
6, 4-dynamous ; lateral very short ; longer broader at base. Siliqua
ascending subclavate, slightly compressed or terete, suberect or
curved, subcoriaceous ribbed, 1 -celled; apex tumid hollow; stigma
globose sessile. Seed 1 (abortive ovules 1—2) descending from near
apex of cell by short funicle, elongated, cylindrical or subfusiform ;
cotyledons of fleshy embryo elongated incumbent. — Herbs, erect
branching glabrous ; leaves long-petiolate subrotundate crenate ;
flowers4 in ebracteate racemes ; pedicels slender ; when fruiting
thickened decurved (Asia Minor').
84. Spirorhynchus Kar. & Kir.5 — Sepals erect, equal at base.
Petals long linear, slightly contracted at base. Stamens 6, 4-dyna-
mous ; lateral 2 shorter sterile ; longer fertile, connate in pairs ;
placentary glands elongated. Siliqua elongated, subterete, taper-
ing at both ends, 2-ribbed, at apex prolonged to a very long style,
curved slender narrowly 2-winged or marginate, 1 -celled, indehiscent.
Seed descending oblong immarginate ; embryo coloured;7 cotyledons
narrow incumbent ; radicle conical, thickened at middle. — -Herbs,
annual branching glabrous ; leaves linear, sinuate-dentate or
pinnatifld ; flowers few in elongated racemes ; pedicels filiform ;
when fructiferous patulous or deflexed8 (Persia, Sonf/arid*).
1 Yellow, small. Deless., Io. Sel„ ii. t. 80. — Tchijiatcit., As.
2 Spec. 1. M. perfoliatum L., Spec, 893.— Min., Bot., i. 346.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 244.—
Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 4. — Grex. & Walp., Ann., ii. 52.
Godr., Fl. de Fr., ii. 129.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 6 In Bull. Mosc. (1812), i. 160.— B. H., Gen.,
SlO.—Cakile perfoliate/, Lh£r., in DC. Fl. Fr., 95, n. 137.
iv. 720. 7 Yellowish.
3 Fl. Taur.-Cauc., Snppl., 421. — DC, Prodr., s " A genus approaching the Raplianece."
i. 212.— Exdl., Gen., n. 4941.— B. H., Gen., 95, (B. H., loc. cit.)
n. 136. ' 9 Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 385.— Walp., Rep., ii.
4 Small, white. 702.
5 Spec. 4. W., Spec., iii. 450 (Cochlearia). —
262 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
85. Neslia Desvx.1 — Sepals subequal at base, patulous. Siliqua
shortly stipitate globose subcompressed subcrustaceous reticulated,
indehiscent or very slightly dehiscent, 1 -celled by obliteration of
septum with 1 or more, rarely few seeds ; style slender ; apex stig-
matose emarginate. Seeds obliquely descending or subhorizontal,
immaro-inate ; cotyledons incumbent. — An annual herb, erect branch-
ing covered with hairs or 2-3-rld bristles; leaves entire orsubentire;
cauline sagittate ; flowers2 in often branching racemes with slender
ebracteate pedicels ; fruiting pedicels erect-patent (Europe, Western
Asia?).
S6 ? Palmstruckia Sond.4 — "Flowers...? Siliqua sessile large
orbicular, piano- compressed, 1-celied, 1-seeded, indehiscent; valves
nearly fiat not ribbed venose ; style very short. Seed orbicular
compressed, broadly winged emarginate ; cotyledons linear incumbent
transversely 2-plicate. — An erect herb, decumbent at base, branching ;
branches terete ; leaves remote filiform ; flowers turned downwards ;
pedicels filiform, ebracteate; racemes elongated when fruiting" (Cape
of Good Hope5).
87. Euclidium E. Bit/ — Sepals equal at base, patulous. Petals
attenuated at base. Stamens free, without teeth. Siliqua obliquely
ovate-globose dehiscent or indehiscent, 2-celled ; septum thick ; style
in fruit obliquely subulate rostrate, in flower stigmatose emarginate
at apex. Seeds solitary in either cell, generally descending from
apex, broadly oblong-compressed ; embryo fleshy; cotyledons accum-
bent or obliquely incumbent ; radicle cylindrical ascending. — Herbs,
annual straight branching rigid pubescent; leaves petiolate, entire
runcinate or pinnatifkl ; flowers7 in subspicate, lateral and terminal
1 Journ. Pot., iii. 162. — DC, Prodr., i. 202. — — Cranibe paniculata AJA^.—Bunias paniculata
Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 580. — Endl., Gen., Lh£e.
ii. 4942. — B. H., Gen., 95, n. 135. 4 Fl. Cap., i. 35 (whence our description). —
2 Small, yellow. B. H., Gen., 96, n. 138.
3 Spec. 1. N. paniculata Desvx. — Reicdb., 3 Spec. 1. P. capensis Sond., loc. cit.
Ie. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 24. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. Walp., Ann., vii. 176. — Peltaria capensis
371.— Geen. & Gode., Fl. de Fr , i. 131. — Thtt.nb., Fl. Cap., 490 (nee L. fil.).
Mi/agrum paniculatum L. — Alyssum pani- 6 In Ait. Hort. Few., ed. 2, iv. 74. DC.
cula/um W. — Rapistrum sagittatum G^etn. — Prodr., i. 184. — Endl., Gen., n. 4896. B. H.
Cochlearia sagittata Ceantz. — Vogelia sagit- Gen., 97, n. 145.
tata Medik. — Chamcelinum paniculatum Host. 7 White, very small.
CRUGIFEBM. 263
ebracteate racemes, afterwards elongated {Central Europe, Western
Asia1).
88. Ochthodium DC.2 — Sepals subequal at base. Stamens free
without teeth. Siliqua short, subquadrate-rotundate or broadly
rhomboid ; angles tuberculate-rugose ; style short, apex stigmatose
emarginate ; septum thick; cells 2, 1-seeded. Seeds descending
oblong compressed ; radicle obliquely ascending ; cotyledons incum-
bent or obliquely accumbent. — An annual herb, erect branching rigid,
glabrous or pilose at base ; leaves pinnatisect or lyrate-pinnatifid ;
flowers3 in elongated racemes ; pedicels slender ; when fruiting erect
thickened-subclavate {The EasP).
89. Zilla Forsk.5 — Sepals equal at base, erect. Petals obtuse,
rather broadly unguiculate. Stamens 6, free ; filaments without
teeth ; anthers sometimes subsagittate. Siliqua subpyramidate or
ovate ; epicarp produced to 2-4 (or 0) longitudinal wings ;6 endocarp
long or crustaceous, 2-celled ; style subulate, apex stigmatose sub-
globose. Seeds descending solitary in each cell ; funicle short ;
embryo sometimes coloured ;7 radicle arcuate ; cotyledons condupli-
cate, sometimes longitudinally undulate or subplicate. — Herbs or
undershrubs, very branching leafy glaucescent; twigs often divaricated
and thorny spinescent ; leaves oblong dentate rather thick ; flowers8
loosely racemose, ebracteate or solitary {Persia, Arabia, North Africa?).
90. Cycloptychis E. Mey.10 — Sepals erect, rather thick, longitu-
dinally 3-ribbed, at base slightly unequal ; 2 lateral slightly gibbous.
Petals narrow-elongate subsessile. Stamens free ; anthers sometimes
subsagittate. Siliqua nucamentaceous orbicular-ovate strongly
1 Spec. 2. Gjertn., Fruct., ii. t. 141, fig. 11 6 " Z. Chamcerapistrum Boiss. shows two
(Bunias). — Reiche-., Ie. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 1. — very small valves at base of siliqua, and so allied
Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 368. to genuine Cakilinem." (B. H., loc. cit.)
a Syst. Teg., ii. 423 ; Prodr., i. 184.— Endl., 7 Green.
Gen., n. 4897. — B. H., Gen., 97, n. 146. 8 Rather large, white or violet.
3 Yellow, very small. 9 Spec. 4. Vent., Jard. Malm., t. 16 (Bu-
4 Jacq., Rort. Vindol., t. 145 (Bunias). — nias). — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 408. — Waep., Rep., i.
Boiss., FL Or., i. 369. 188; ii. 763; Arm., vii. 176.
5 Fl. Mgypt.-Arah., 121 ; Icon., t. 17 A.— 10 In Rerb. Dreg.— Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cup.,
DC, Prodr., i. 224.— Endl., Gen., n. 4961.— i. 34— B. H., Gen., 98, n. 151.
B. H., Gen., 98, n. 152.
264
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
compressed, conical-beaked ; valves marked with submuricate ribs
radiating from lacunar disk ; septum rather thick; style persistent
elongate, apex stigmatose minutely capitate emarginate. Seeds
solitary in each cell, subpendulous from short funicle, orbicular
much compressed ; cotyledons of embryo incumbent, transversely
2-plicate. — Herbs or undershrubs, erect virgate glabrous; leaves linear
entire sessile ; flowers1 in elongated or subspicate racemes ; pedicels
ebracteate thickened at apex {South Africa').
91? Boleum Desvx.3 — "Sepals erect, equal at base. Longer
stamens connate in pairs. Siliqua erect ovate-globose, indehiscent,
2-celled, 2-seeded, very hispid ; style narrowly tongue-shaped beaked;
septum membranous ; stigma 2-lobed. — Seeds pendulous near apex
of cell, broadly oblong compressed ; testa membranous ; funicle
very short; cotyledons closely conduplicate ; radicle curved. — An
undershrub, very branching woody very hispid leafy ; leaves linear,
quite entire or lower ones divided ; flowers4 shortly racemose ; pedicels
ebracteate or inferior bracteate"5 {Sjjaitf).
92 ? Lachnoloma Bge.7 — " Sepals erect, lateral saccate at base.
Petals narrow. Stamens free toothless. Glands annular. Siliqua8
ovoid-pyramidal, sub-4-gonous, long-villous, crustaceous, 2-celled,
2-seeded ; septum thick ; style subulate ; stigma shortly 2-fid-
Seeds obovate pendulous ; testa very thin ; funicle very short ;
cotyledons narrow incumbent ; radicle large clavate. — An annual
herb, pubescent-tomentose with stellate hairs, sparingly branching ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, sinuate- dentate or pinnatifid; flowers race-
mose,9 ebracteate"10 (Caspian11).
93. Bunias It. Br.1" — Sepals subequal at base, patent (Lcelia™), or
1 Rather large, purple.
2 Spec. 2. Haev., Thes. Cap., i. t. 59.
3 Journ. Sot., iii. 163, t. 26.— DC, Prodr., i.
223.— Endl., Gen., n. 4958.— B. H., Gen., 98,
n. 149 (whence our description).
4 " Middle sized, yellow."
5 "A genus prohably very nearly allied to
Succovia and Vella."
6 Spec. 1. JB. asperum Desvx., loc. cit. —
Vella aspera Pees., Syn., ii, 185.
7 In L'mnaa, xviii. 154 ; Enum. PI, Lehm.,
41, t. 8.— H. H., Gen., 98, n. 150 (whence our
description).
8 " Erect, long and densely villous."
9 " Rather large ; yellow (?)."
io « ^ genus hardly distinguishable from
Boleus."
11 Spec. 1. L. Lehmanni Bge., loc. cit. —
Eoiss., Fl. Or., i. 369.— Walp., Rep., v. 49.
12 In Ait. Sort. Kew., ed. 2, iv. 75. — DC,
Prodr., i. 229. — Endl., Gen., n. 4973.— B. H.,
Gen., 97, n. 147.— JErucago T., Inst., 232, t.
103 (nee alior.).
13 Desvx., Journ. Pot., iii. 160. — Spacu, loc.
cit., 585. Fruit 2-celled.
CRUCIFER&. 265
erect (Frucago1). Petals stamens and disk nearly of Brassica.
Siliqua (drupaceous at first) finally nucanientaceous, unequally-ovoid
or quadrate, beaked, with or without wings ; cells 1-4, arranged in
various ways ; style frequently elongated ; apex stigmatose, capitate
or emarginate. Seeds descending, oblong-compressed or cochleate ;
funicle short ; cotyledons of fleshy embryo linear, circinately con-
volute ; radicle conical. — Annual or perennial herbs, glabrous or
hairy (hairs furcate or glandulous) ; leaves alternate, entire runcinate
or pinnatifid ; flowers2 racemose, pedicels ebracteate {Europe, Western
Asia*).
94 ? Pyramidium Boiss.4 — Sepals unequal at base ; lateral
shortly saccate. Petals linear twisted. Germen stipitate. Siliqua
pyramidate, 4-angular beaked thick, suberous lacunose within, horned
on both sides at base; cells 2 or 4, 1 -seeded ; septa thick; stigmas
erect. Seeds descending, shortly funiculate ; cotyledons of curved
embryo accumbent. — An annual herb ; leaves stellate-tomentose
oblong; flowers remote alternate subsessile, ebracteate5 (Afghanistan6).
95. Octoceras Bge.7 — Sepals equal at base, patulous. Petals very
small. Siliqua unequally cubic pyramidate or obpyramidate, nuca-
rnentaceous ; of the cells 2 angular, 2 longitudinally subalate ; septum
rather thick ; style conical, apex stigmatose capitate emarginate.
Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous under apex, oblong or obovate ;
funicle short ; integuments thin ; radicle of fleshy embryo cylindri-
cal or fusiform, incumbent. — A small annual herb, branching from
base, covered with stellate down ; leaves sinuate or pinnatifid ;
flowers8 racemose, ebracteate; spikes elongated when fruiting
(Afghan is fan, Caspian*) .
1 DC, Si/st., ii. 670. — -Desvx., loc. cit., 168. phora (of which it is, perhaps, a section), having
Fruit 4-celled; angles cristate. its fruit in all external characters; but the
2 Rather large j yellow, brassicoid. number of seeds is indefinite.
3 Spec. 3, 4. Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 6 Spec. 1. P. Griffithianum Boiss., loc. cit.;
1.— Gren. & Godh., Fl.de Fr., i. 132.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 367. — Walp., Ami., vii. 176.
Fl. Or., i. 409. — Walp., Ann., ii. 56. ~> Enum. PI. Lehn., 42, t. 4. — B. H., Gen.,
4 Diagn. Or., se"r. 2, i. 47. — Hook. f. & 97, n. 144.
Thoms., in Joum. Linn. Soc, v. 179.— B. H., 8 Very small, white.
Gen., 97, n. 148. 9 Spec. 1. 0. Lehmannianum Bge., loc. cit.
5 A genus of doubtful affinities, referred by Hook. f. & Thoms., in Joum. Linn. Soc, v.
authors to Isatis. Flowers usually of Matthiola 179. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 370. Walp. Ann. i.
and Morettia. Hence it is certainly near Loncho- 47.
266 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
96 ? Pugionium GjErtn.1 — " Sepals deciduous ; lateral saccate at
base. Petals linear-oblong. Stamens free, toothless. Siliqua trans-
versely elongated, 2-celled ; one cell 1 - seeded ; the other barren
smaller ; indehiscent, 2-valved ; valves closely connate with septum,
keeled, produced into a dagger-shaped process; each one 2-spinous on
both sides, reticulate without ; epicarp only connected with endo-
carp by fibres ; stigma simple sessile. Seed horizontal, with a
2-lobed strophiole at base ; cotyledons flat accumbent. — A glabrous
herb; leaves linear entire half-amplexicaul ; racemes2 lax"3 (Deserts
of Caspian4).
V. LUNAEIE^].
a. Altssine^:. — Cotyledons generally accumbent.
97. Lunaria T. — Sepals dissimilar ; lateral saccate at base. Petals
obovate unguiculate. Stamens 6, free, 4-dynamous; filaments some-
times possessing a tooth (Braclii/pus). Siliqua stipitate broadly
elliptical or oblong, much compressed ; style slender erect ; apex
capitate obliquely 2-lobed stigmatose ; valves chartaceous or
membranous ; septum thin transparent. Seeds co, often few and
remote, usually suborbiculate, much compressed, winged at edge ;
cotyledons leafy (coloured) accumbent on shorter conical radicle ;
funicles elongated, adnate to septum or more rarely free (Bracliy-
pus). — Biennial or perennial herbs, slightly pilose; stems branching;
leaves alternate entire cordate petiolate ; flowers in terminal ebrac-
teate racemes {Europe, Western Asia). See p. 199.
98. Farsetia Turra.5 — Sepals imbricated or subvalvate, frequently
erect ; lateral more or less, or very slightly saccate at base. Petals
long-unguiculate. Staments 6, 4-dynamous ; filaments of smaller
sometimes dentate inside. Hypogynous glands 6 ; 4 lateral larger,
alternating with shorter stamens. Siliqua of very variable form
1 Fruct., ii. 291, 1. 142.— DC, Prodr., i. 185.— s Ex Desvx., in Journ. Bot., iii. 173.— DC,
Endl., Gen., 96, n. 143 (whence our description). Prodr., i. 157. — Endl., Gen., n. 4865. — Hook.
2 " Flowers small ; white." F. & Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 147. —
3 " A genus of doubtful relations." B. H., Gen., 72, n. 27.
4 Spec. 1. P. cornutum GjEhtn. — Walp.,
Ann., i. 38.
CBTJCIFERM.
267
orbicular ellipsoidal oblong or linear-angustate, turgid or more or
less compressed ; style erect, short or long ; apex stigmatose, subcapi-
tate or 2-lobed ; lobes erect, connate or free ; valves flat or convex,
ribbed or not ribbed ; septum veined, sometimes fenestrate. Seeds oo,
1- or 2-seriate, sometimes solitary (Eicotia1), flat or immarginate ;
funicles slender free. — Herbs or undersbrubs, branching virgate,
hoary or silvery with bipartite or more rarely stellate appressed hairs,
more rarely subglabrous (Eicotia) ; leaves alternate entire or pin-
natisect (Eicotia); flowers2 ebracteate in racemes sometimes spiciform
(Mediterranean, Tropical Africa, the Easf).
99. Selenia Nutt.4 — Sepals subequal, patulous (coloured). Petals
erect, finally much elongated. Stamens 6, free. Hypogynous
glands 10. Siliqua oval subelliptical much compressed or turgid,
acute at base or at both ends ; style thin sword-shaped ; apex stigma-
tose capitate ; valves reticulate ; septum hyaline, entire or more or
less fenestrate. Seeds few in each cell (4-G), orbicular, much com-
pressed, marginate or alate ; funicles slender free. — Small annual
herbs ; leaves pinnatisect ; flowers5 in terminal leafy racemes (Texas,
Arkansas6).
100. Platyspermum Hook.7 — Sepals equal, patulous obovate
subsessile, afterwards much elongated, long-angustate, at base sub-
spathulate. Stamens free. Siliqua ovate very much compressed
sessile ; valves flat glabrous ; septum thin hyaline entire ; style nearly
absent ; ovary stigmatose at top. Seeds few orbiculate compressed
broadly marginate ; funicles thin ; cotyledons accumbent. — A low
annual herb ; leaves " radical," subentire or pinnatifid ; flowers8 soli-
tary ; peduncles long erect slender (Oregon9).
101. Alyssum L.10 — Sepals equal at base, often rather short, erect
1 L., Gen., n. 810.— DC, Prodr., i. 157.—
Endl., Gen., n. 4864.— B. H., Gen., 72, n. 26.
2 White, yellow, purplish, or pale lilac
(Ricotia) .
3 Spec, about 20. Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 34. —
Boiss., Fl. G>\, i. 157, 254 (Ricotia).— Gren.
& Godr., Fl. de Fr., i. 113.— Rot. Reg., t. 49
(Ricotia). — Walp., Rep., i. 139; ii. 36 (Ricotia),
757; Ann., i. 31; ii. 36, 37; iv. 195; vii. 109.
4 In Journ. Acad. Philad., v. 132, t. 6. — A.
Geay, Gen. Ill, t. 67.— B. H., Gen., 72, n. 25.
5 Yellow.
6 Spec. 2. Walp., Rep., i. 154; Ann., vii.
108.
? Fl. Bor.-Amer., i. 68, t. 18 B. — Endl.,
Gen., n. 4926.— B. H., Gen., 72, n. 28 (nee
HOFPM.).
8 White, nearly of Cardamine.
9 Spec. 1. P. scapigerum Hook., loc. tit.
10 Gen., n. 805.— J., Gen., 240.— DC., Prodr.,
i. 160. — Spach, Suit, a, Ruffon, vi. 476. — Endl.,
Gen., 4874. — Hook. p. & Thoms., in Journ. Linn.
Soc, v. 148.— B. H., Gen., 73, 966, n. 34.
268
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
or patulous. Petals short, entire emarginate or 2-fid, orbiculate
obovate or oblong. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous, free, all edentulous or
variably callous or appendiculate. Siliqua short, very polymorphous,
ovate-oblong obovate or elliptical, strongly compressed or tumid, some-
times conchoidal ; style more or less elongated ; apex simple stigma-
tose ; valves flat, concave or more often convex, sometimes flat at
margin and swelling at back ; septum membranous, entire or fenes-
trate. Seeds few (1, 2) or <x, campylotropous ; embryo rather
fleshy ; cotyledons usually accumbent ; funicles free or more or less
adnate to septum. — Small shrubs or herbs, branching usually hoary
with stellate down ; branches thin or rigid ; leaves scattered or
radical crowded, usually entire, most frequently linear ; flowers1 ebract-
eate,2 sometimes in short racemes (Temperate and Southern Europe,
the East, Siberia, Northern Africa, Australia*).
102 ? Alyssopsis Boiss.4 — Flowers nearly of Alyssum ; petals sub-
obovate. Stamens exappendiculate toothless. Siliqua oblong ; valves
convex ribbed ; septum thin membranous ; apex of style short capitate
1 Small, often inconspicuous; white or yellow.
2 The genus, from the characters of its corolla
stamens and fruit, is divided by the recent authors
into 8 sections, thus : 1. Fualyssum " (Alyssum
L.). Petals small. All or some of the stamens
membranous appendiculate. Siliqua suborbi-
culate, convexo-concave or flat at margin ; disk
tumid ; cells 2-seeded ; seeds opposite. — 2. Odont-
arrhena (C A. Mey., in Ledeb. Fl. Alt., iii.
58 ; Ic. Fl. Boss., t. 143-257). Petals obovate.
Stamens all membranous appendiculate. Siliqua
rather flat subelliptical ; cells 1-seeded. Flowers
often subcorymbose (Walp., Rep., i. 145. —
Aurinia Desvx. (Journ. Hot., iii. 162) is re-
ferred to this by De Candolle). — 3. Plilo-
trichum (C A. Mey., loc. cit.). Petals orbi-
culate. All the stamens simple. Siliqua rather
flat subelliptical ; cells 1-seeded. (Walp., Rep.,
i. 145 ; Ann., i. 33.) — 4. Psilonema (C A. Mey.,
loc. cit., iii. 50 ; — Ledeb., Ic. Fl. Ross., t. 202).
Petals cuneate. Stamens all simple. Siliqua
rotundate ; valves turgid at middle ; style
slender; cells 2-seeded. (Walp., Rep., i. 142.) —
5. Schiwereckia (Andr., ex DC, Syst., ii. 3tJ0).
Petals obovate-oblong. Longer stamens dilated,
with a tooth. Siliqua small ovate; valves
depressed at middle ; style slender ; seeds very
numerous. Leaves rosulate (Deless., Ic. Sel.,
ii. t. 36. — Walp., Rep., i. 142).— 6. Lobularia
(Desvx., Journ. Rot., iii. 172 ; — Kceniga R. Be.,
in Clappert. Voy. App., 214; — Glyce Lindl.,
Syn. Brit. Fl., 26). Petals obovate. Stamens
toothless, rarely dilated. Siliqua ovate; valves
convex ; septum 1-ribbed venose ; cells 2—6-
seeded ; seeds often marginate ; funicles adnate
to septum at base. — Herbs ; pubes appressed
bipartite. (Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 18
(Kceniga). — Walp., Rep., i. 142; Ann., i. 32; ii.
40.) — 7. Meniocus (Desyx., loc. cit., iii. 173.)
Petals small. Stamens all with an internal squa-
mule. Siliqua elliptical very much compressed;
seeds very numerous immarginate; funicles seba-
ceous free. (Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. 42. — Walp.,
Rep., ii. 757; v. 46; Ann. i. 31.) — 8. Berteroa
(DC, Syst. Veg., ii. 290 ; Prodr., i. 158). Petals
2-fid. Stamens raised at base on an internal callus.
Siliqua very much compressed ; style slender ;
seeds few or very numerous, marginate or alate.
(Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. 37.— Walp., i. 140.)" —
(B. H., Gen., 74.)
3 Spec. 80-90. Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t.
18-21. — Tchihatch., As. Min., Bot., i. 296. —
Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 263, 289 (Kceniga), 290
(Berteroa), 291 (Schiwereckia). — Benth., Fl.
Austral., i. 71. — Gben. & Gode., Ft. de Fr., i.
114. — Walp., Rep., i. 142 ; ii. 757 ; v. 36 ; Ann.,
i. 32; ii. 40; iv. 197; vii. 113.
4 Diagn. Or., vi. 14.— B. H., Gen., 74, n. 35.
CEUGIFEBJE. 269
stigmatose. Seeds o>, 1 -seriate im margin ate. — A csespitose herb hoary
with stellate down ; leaves entire ; flowers l in short ebracteate
racemes, rather long-pedicellate {Alpine Persia2).
103. Draba L.3- — Sepals short, equal at base. Petals usually short
sometimes sessile, narrowed at base, entire, emarginate or 2-partite
{Erophila*). Stamens 6, free. Siliqua elliptical or more rarely oval
{Petrocaltis5), oblong sometimes elongated (JDottineria*) rarely linear
compressed, usually 2-valved, in 1 species [HolargidiumF) 4-valved,
with many or few seeds ; style erect, short or elongated ; apex stigma-
tose capitate simple, valves very flat, very rarely {Dottinerid) ribbed
at middle ; septum membranous. Seeds few or go, 2-seriate immargin-
ate ; funicles bristly free {Erophila), or rarely adnate to septum
(Petrocallis) ; cotyledons accumbent or more rarely incumbent. —
Herbs usually small, csespitose, hoary with stellate down ; stems
either naked scapes or leafy ; leaves entire ; radical rosulate ; cauline
sessile ; flowers8 in short or elongated racemes ; pedicel slender,
ebracteate9 (Temperate Alpine and Arctic regions of Northern Hani-
sphere, South- West Australia™).
104? Stenonema Hook.'1 — "Sepals suberect, equal at base.
Petals large emarginate serrate. Filaments filiform toothless. Sili-
qua (unripe) ovate, very much compressed, 2-celled; valves flat;
1 "Yellow, open." Root strong many-crowned. Leaves rosulate
2 Spec. 1. A. Kotschyi BoiSS., loc. cit.; Fl. rather rigid ciliate, traversed by a strong rib
Or., i. 182. — Walp., Ann., i. 29 (part.). below. Flowers white or golden. — b. Ckryso-
3 Gen., n. 800. — Adans., Fam. des PL, ii. drala. Root strong many-crowned. Leaves
421. — J., Gen., 240. — Lamk., Diet., ii. 325 ; rosulate, coriaceous or membranous, hairy or
Suppl., ii. 524 (part.) ; III., t. 556. — DC, Prodr., tomentose; rib not prominent below. Flowers
i. 166. — Eot>l., Gen., n. 4880. — Hook. p. & golden, rarely white. — c. Leucodraha (incl.
Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 149. — A. Gray, Solargea Auctt.). Root biennial or perennial,
Gen. III., t. 68, 69. — B. H., Gen., 74, n. 37. oftener many-crowned. Leaves soft flat neither
4 DC, Syst., ii. 356 ; Prodr., i. 172. — A. rigid nor keeled. Flowers white. — d. Drabella.
Geay, Gen. III., t. 69. — Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., Annual. Stem or scape leafy. Flowers white or
ii. t. 12. — B. H., Gen., 75, n. 37. yellow. Capsule often many-seeded."
5 R. Br., in Ait. Sort. Kew., ed. 2, iv. 93. — 10 Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. 12-16. — Boiss.,
DC, Prodr., i. 166. — Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., FL Or., i. 292. — Tbiana & Pl., in Ann. So.
ii. t. 16. — E>tdl„ Gen., n. 4879. Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 61. — Geen. & Godb., Fl. de
6 Sap/tee, in Flora (1852), 353. Fr., i. 121.— Walp., Rep., i. 147; ii. 758; Ann.,
7 Tuecz., in Ledeb. Fl. Boss., i. 156. i. 34; ii. 43; iv. 198; vii. 120, 126 {Erophila).
8 Usually small, white, gold-coloured, pink, " Ex Hook, f., Gen., 75, n. 39. — Leptonema
lilac, or purplish. Hook., Icon., t. 692 (nee A. Juss.). — Walp.,
9 The genus, from the characters and colour of Rep., v. 37. — DoUchostylis Tuecz., in Bull.
its root and leaves, is divided into 4 sections by Mosc. (1854), ii. 305.
recent authors. (B. H., loc. cit.) "a. Aizopsis.
270 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
septum membranous; cells sub-8-spermous; style very long-exserted;
stigma capitellate. Seeds ovate pendulous, 2-seriate; funicles
filiform free. — A branching herb, woody at base ; branches short
leafy glandular hairy ; leaves subrosulate linear entire subcarneous
glabrous ; flowers1 racemose long-pedicellate nodding ; pedicels
slender, bracteate at base ; bracts linear (New Granada?).
105 ? Odontocyclus Turcz.4 — " Sepals equal at base. Petals
emarginate. Stamens toothless, dilated at base. Siliqua sessile
orbiculate ; valves flat, dentate at edge, not keeled ; replum included.
Seeds 2, 3 in each cell, immarginate. — A small plant, covered (except
on petals and silicules) with simple or branching patent hairs ; cauline
leaves sessile cuneate-rhomboid, irregularly incised at apex ; racemes
very numerous, axillary and terminal, with many flowers, ebracteate ;
pedicels 2 or 3 times length of siliqua"5 (Kurile Islands*).
106. Cochlearia L.7 — Sepals short subequal lax. Petals unguicu-
late imbricated. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous, or all subequal ; filaments
free, upright or geniculate, or 4-longer arched at apex {Kernera8).
Hypogynous glands 4, oppositipetalous. Siliqua sessile or shortly
stipitate oblong or globose, sometimes turgid (Kernera), rarely late-
rally compressed very rarely very flat ; style erect short or more or
less elongated, at apex stigmatose, dilatate or capitellate ; valves
frequently ventricose, sometimes very convex (Kernera), or tumid
membranous laxly reticulate ribless (Tap/irospermum9), or oftener
venose, seldom ribbed. Seeds go, or few (Taphrospermum) 2-seriate
or more rarely 1 -seriate (Taphrospermum), immarginate ; testa smooth
or tuberculate ; cotyledons accumbent or more rarely incumb-
1 " Dry yellow." Buffon, vi. 499.— Ekdl., Gen., n. 1882.— Hook.
2 "A genus of doubtful affinities, the fruit of f. & Thoms., in Journ, Linn. Soc, v. 154. —
the specimens being unripe (perhaps allied to B. H., Gen., 75, 966, n. 40. — Boripa Bess., Fl.
Porphyrocodon ?)." Volhyn. (1822) (part.— see p. 228, note 3).—? Ar-
3 Spec. 1. S. Lindeni Hook. F. moracia GiEETN. (P. G.), Mey. & Schekb., Fl.
4 In Ledeb. Fl. Boss., i. 756 (whence our Veil., ii. 426 (1799), ex Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ.,
description). — B. H., Gen., 75, n. 38. 66.
5 " Petals white." 8 Medik., ex DC, Syst. Teg., ii. 359. —
6 Spec. 1. O. curilensis Ttjhcz. Reichb., It: FL Germ., ii. t. 17.
7 Gen., n. 803. — Adans., Fam. des PI, ii. 9 C. A. Mey., in Ledeb. Fl. Alt., iii. 172; Ic
421.— J., Gen., 240. — Lamk., Diet., ii. 164 Fl. Boss.,, . 320.— Bhizobotrua Tausch, in
(part.).— DC, Prodr., i. 172.— Spach, Suit, a Flora (1836), 33.
CBUCIFEBJE. 271
ent (Kernera, Chrysochamela}). — Herbs, frequently perennial, gla-
brous, varying in habit ; leaves alternate, rarely rosulate,2 entire
or pinnatipartite ; flowers3 in ebracteate racemes simple or branching
more rarely in leafless solitary scapes {Temperate and cold Regions of
Northern Hemisphere*).
"107? Pringlea Hook, f.5 — Flowers usually those of Cochlearia
(?) ; sepals equal oblong. Petals and stamens . . . ? Siliqua oblong-
or ellipsoid-cylindrical, rather large turgid, 1 -celled; style short,
apex stigmatose capitellate ; valves concave ribbed ; septum 0 or
very incomplete. Seeds oo, crowded ovoid; testa thick, spongy-
fleshy outside ; chalaza acute or acuminate ; cotyledons of fleshy
embryo subobovate accumbent. — A pubescent herb ;6 rhizome thick
elongated prostrate ; leaves cuneate-rotundate, thickly imbricate into
a globe, entire concave ; " scape thick, simple ; raceme when fruiting
erect upright thick, ebracteate"7 {Kcrguelen s Land8).
108. Vesicaria Lamk.9 — Sepals equal, or lateral saccate at base.
Corolla of Alyssum (or more rarely of Cheiranthus). Siliqua globose
or inflated, crustaceous or more rarely membranous (Physojjtychis™),
sometimes laterally compressed or more rarely 2-dymous,u obtuse or
obcordate at both ends ; septum hyaline ; style slender ; apex simple
or 2-lobed ; lobes stigmatose erect or more rarely connivent [Clasto-
pus]2). Seeds oo, sometimes marginate; funicles adnate at base to
septum.13 — Herbs usually branching, hoary with short branching
or forked hairs ; leaves entire, sinuate or pinnatifid ; flowers14
1 Boisa., Fl. Or., i. 313. 9 III., t. 559.— DC, Prodr., i. 159.— Spach,
2 In a few Oriental species. Suit, a Buffon, vi. 473. — Endl., Gen., n. 4869. —
3 White, more rarely yellow or violet. A. Gray, Gen. III., t. 70.— B. H., Gen., 73, n.
4 Spec, about 25. Reichp,., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. 32. — Cystocarpum Spach, loc. cit., 471.
t. 17.— Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 47-49.— Geen. io Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 260.
& Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 127.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. " Sect. Physaria (Ntttt.). Gen. propr., ex A.
245. — Walp., Hep., i. 153, 171 (Taphro- Geat, in Sillim. Journ., xxxiii. 14.
spermum) ; Ann., i 37 ; ii. 200 ; vii. 127. 12 Bge., ex Boiss., Fl. Or., i. p. 261.
s Fl. Antarct., ii. 238, t. 90, 91. — B. H., l3 In section Physaria (Nutt., ex B. H.),
Gen., 76, n. 41. septum narrow and siliqua much compressed j
6 " Brassicoid." cotyledons across septum.
' " A genus hardly distinct from Cochlearia, u Large, or more rarely rather small ; yellow
except by habit and seeds, with thick testa of or purple,
seeds."
8 Spec. 1. P. antiscorlutica Hook, p., loc.
cit. — Walp., Ann., i. 43.
272 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
racemose, ebracteate1 {South Europe, Persia, North and South
America").
109. Coluteocarpus Boiss.3 — Flowers nearly of Jlyssus ; sepals
equal erect. Siliqua subglobose-inflated vesiculose, hardly dehiscent
at apex; valves tumid membranous ; reticulate; mid-rib strong;
septum membranous, disappearing above; style short; apex stigmatose
capitate. Seeds few immarginate ; funicles adnate to septum, un-
thickened at base. — A low subcaespitose glabrous herb ; leaves linear-
oblong; radicals crowded, entire or toothed; flowers4 in short terminal
racemes {Alpine Asia Minor5).
110. Aubrieta Adans.6 — Lateral sepals usually saccate at* base.
Petals nearly of Cheiranthus. Stamens smaller either all enlarged
by tooth at base within, or frequently inflated within and laterally
subalate with epidermis. Glands lateral large subquadrate. Siliqua7
linear, globose or oblong ; valves unribbed ; septum transparent ;
style thin straight, apex capitate stigmatose entire. Seeds go, 2-
seriate, immarginate. — Perennial hoary-tomentose subcsespitose herbs;
leaves entire or unequal-dentate ; flowers8 ebracteate in long pedi-
cellate few-flowered racemes {Italy, Greece, Asia Minor, Persia9).
111. Greellsia Boiss.10 — Sepals patulous short, subequal at base.
Petals orbicular or obovate, long-unguiculate. Stamens 6, free.
Siliqua oblong-lanceolate or obovate, much compressed stipitate ;
style straight ; apex stigmatose capitellate ; valves membranous,
thinly 3-ribbed ; replum fragile ; septum soon disappearing. Seed 1 ,
1 A genus midway in fruit, as it were, between 6 Fam. des PI., ii. 420. — Aubrietia DC, Syst.,
Alyssum and Coluteocarpus. ii. 293 ; Prodr., i. 158. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon,
2 Spec, about 20. Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 35.— vi. 466.— Endl., Gen., n. 4868.— B. H., Gen.,
Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 262.— Gben. & Gode., Fl. de 73, n. 31.
Fr., i. 113. — Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Crucif., ' Sometimes varying in the same species.
302, t. 67. — Walp., Rep., i. 140; Ann., i. 32; 8 Purple or violet; often rather large.
ii. 37; iv. 195; vii. 112. 9 Reichb., PI. Crit., Hi. 235. — Geiseb.,
3 In Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, xvii. 162; Fl. Or., Spicil., i. 268. — Sibtii., Fl. Grcec., t. 628
i. 306. — B. H., Gen., 73, n. 33. — LagoiosJcia (Alyssum), 630, 643 (Arabis). — Boiss., Fl. Or.,
Teautv., in Bull. Acad. Petrop. (1857), 620. i. 249.— Walp., Rep., i. 140; ii. 757; Ann., i.
4 White or pale purple. 31; ii. 37 ; iv. 195 ; vii. 110.
5 Spec. 1. C. Vesicaria. — C.reticulatus Boiss., lu In Ann. 8c. Nat., ser. 2, xvii. 172. — B. H.,
loc. eit. — Walp., Rep., i. 141. — Vesicaria reti- Gen., 72, n. 29.
culata Lamk., III., t. 559, fig. 2. — DC, Prodr.,
i. 159, n. 2. — Alyssum Vesicaria L., Spec, 910.
CEUCIFEBJJJ. 273
large immarginafe ; funicle slender free. — A perennial herb ; rhizome
woody thick wrinkled ; crown stupose with bases of old leaves ;
leaves long-petiolate, largely crenate ; flowers1 corymbose-racemose at
top of erect naked scape ; pedicels slender elongated patent, ebract-
eate2 (Persia3).
112. Buchingera Boiss. & Hohen.4 — Sepals equal at base, patu-
lous. Petals subspathulate entire. Stamens 0, toothless. Siliqua orb-
icular, much flattened, rather hispid ; style persistent subulate ; apex
stigmatose shortly 2-lobed; valves ribless net- veined, papillose
outside ; septum hyaline. Seeds solitary in each cell, inserted a
little below apex, descending orbicular much compressed margin-
ate-alate. — A small annual leafy herb,5 hoary at apex with branch-
ing or glochidiate hairs ; leaves oblong dentate petiolate ; flowers0
axillary ; pedicels curved (Persia7).
b. Camelinine.e. — Cotyledons usually incumbent.
,113. Camelina Crantz.8 — Sepals equal short. Stamens 0, free
toothless. Siliqua short obovoid, abruptly tapering into style ;
valves turgid, strongly concave within, produced at apex beside
base of style to a short reflexed apiculus ; margin often rather flat ;
replum linear rather prominent subcarinate ; septum obovate, nearly
as broad as valves, membranous entire ; style at apex stigmatose
minutely capitate entire. Seeds oo, 2-seriate immarginate ; funicles
short, bristly at base, adnate to septum or nearly free ; fleshy embryo ;
cotyledons incumbent. — Annual erect herbs glabrous or furcately
pilose ; inferior leaves often pinnatifid ; superior entire, cordate-
auriculate at base ; flowers9 racemose, ebracteate {Middle and Southern
Eurojje, West Temperate Asia}0).
1 White. 5 Aspect of Asperugo.
2 An anomalous plant. Habit of many Saxi- 6 WLite.
frames. Inflorescence of Isatis. 7 Spec. 1. P. axillaris BoiSS., loc. cit. ; Fl.
3 Spec. 1. G. saxifragifolia BoiSS., loc. Or., i. 305. — Walp., Ann., ii .41.
cit.; Fl. Or., i. 306.— Deless, Ic. Sel., ii. t. 8 Fl. Austr.,\. 17.— DC, Prodr., i. 201.—
50. — Walp., Rep., i. 154; Ann., vii. 108. — Spach, Suit, a Pvffon, vi. 122. — Endl., Gen.,
Cochlearia 1 saxifragifolia DC, Syst., ii. 370. n. 4919.— B. H., Gen., 83, n. 72.
4 Diagn. PI. Or., viii. 29.— B. H., Gen., 72, 9 Small, yellow.
n. 30. 10 Spec. 1 (or, according to some authors, £—10,
VOL. III. T
274 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
114. MenkeaLiEHM.1 — Sepals short, patulous, equal at base. Petals
short, much contracted at base. Stamens 6 ; filaments free, slightly
dilated at very base, toothless. Siliqua elliptical or linear-oblong
obtuse, strongly compressed ; style short ; apex stigmatose sub-
capitate or subemarginate ; valves very flat submembranous, 1 -ribbed
reticulately venose ; septum thin, sometimes nearly absent or edging
replum. Seeds co, small, 2-seriate striated immarginate ; funicles
capillary, sometimes very long ; embryo rather fleshy ; cotyledons
incumbent. — Annual herbs, thin slender banching, glabrous or puber-
ulous ; leaves alternate entire linear, generally few ; flowers2 ebracteate
in short racemes (South Western Australia*).
115? Sphserocardamum Schau.4- — Sepals 4, patulous equal.
Petals narrow. Stamens toothless. Siliqua5 subglobose, slightly
marginate, 4-seeded ; valves strongly convex, obscurely J -ribbed at
back ; septum entire ; style persistent. Seeds pendulous immargin-
ate smooth ; funicles very short ; cotyledons incumbent flat across
septum. — A small annual or biennial herb,6 erect branching above,
hoary-hairy ; leaves linear-lanceolate sessile, quite entire or repand
denticulate ; racemes7 elongated bare ebracteate8 (Jlecvico9).
116. Geccoecus J. Drumm.10 — Sepals short patulous, equal at base.
Petals small. Siliqua11 oblong subcompressed obtuse ; valves ribbed ;
septum ....?; replum broad ; stigma sessile simple. Seeds few
sub-2-seriate oblong immarginate ; funicles elongated. — A low
depressed glabrous herb ; leaves all radical stellate spreading sub-
membranous, pinnatifid or pinnatisect ; flowers subsessile12 (South
Western Australia™).
perhaps varieties of one). C. sativa Fe., Nor. 5 " Very small, hoary."
Mant., iii. 72. — Reiche., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. fi " Habit of Neslia."
24. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 311.— Geen. & Godb., 7 " Flowers very small, whitish or pale yellow."
Fl. de Fr., i. 130. — Walp., Rep., i. 173 ; v. s " Perhaps rather allied to Lepidium."
40. — C. sylvestris Walle., Sched., 347. — (B. H., loc. cit.)
Myagrwm sativum C. Bauh., Pin., 109. 9 Spec. 1. S. nediaforme Schatt., loc. cit. —
1 hid. Sem. Mori. Hamburg. (1843), 8. — Walp., Ann., i. 43.
B. H., Gen., 83, n. 75. 10 Ex Hakv., New Gen. of W. Austral. PI.,
2 Small, white. in Hook. Journ., vii. 52. — B. H., Gen., 83, n. 71.
3 Spec. 2. Hook., Icon., t. 610, 617 (Ste- n When ripening hidden in the earth.
nopetalum). — F. aTuell., Fragm., ii. 142 ; PI. u " Very small, w hite."
Vict., i. 222. — Benth., Fl. Austral., i. 80. — 13 Spec. 1. G. pusilhts J. Deumm., loc. cit. —
Walp., Rep., v. 41. Walp., Ann., iv. 208.
4 In Linnctn, xx. 720. — B. H., Gen., 83, n.
73 (whence our description).
CRUGIFEE2E. 27 %
117. Stenopetalum E. Br.1 — Sepals erect linear subequalat base,
or lateral slightly saccate. Petals elongate, long-tapering at base,
sometimes twisted. Stamens 6 ; anthers elongate, sometimes twisted.
Siliqua scarcely or shortly stipitate, terete subglobose or linear-elon-
gated compressed ; style short rudimentary ; apex stigmatose slightly
thickened simple; valves convex or rather flat, ecostate ; septum
membranous. Seeds oo, 2-seriate minute immarginate ; cotyledons in-
cumbent or obliquely accumbent; funicles slender free. — Annual thin
branching glabrous herbs ; branches virgate ; leaves linear, entire or
pinnatisect; flowers2 in (sometimes subspicate) racemes {Australia').
118. Tropidocarpum Hook.4 — Sepals equal at base. Petals
rather short, contracted at base. Siliqua linear-elongated, rather
terete or laterally compressed ; style short erect; apex stigmatose
capitellate ; valves convex submembranous, ecostate or costate by
midrib ; septum 0. Seeds oo, 2-seriate immarginate ; funicles free. —
Annual herbs, erect branching slender, hairy or tomentuiose ; leaves
pinnatisect; flowers5 axillary solitary pedunculate {California6).
119? Blennodia R. Br.7 — Sepals short patulous, equal or sub-
saccate at base. Petals short or elongated, long-tapering at base.
Siliqua linear or linear-oblong, subterete, 4-gonous, or subeom-
pressed; style short or very short ; apex stigmatose simple; valves con-
vex, keeled or ribless ; septum more or less thick, sometimes rugose.
Stamens ao, 1, 2-seriate oblong immarginate ;8 funicles free. — Annual
herbs, erect branching, hoary-pubescent or subglabrous ; leaves entire
or pinnatifid ; flowers in ebracteate racemes9 {Australia}0).
120. Mathewsia Hook." — SejDals equal at base, erect keeled.
1 Ex DC, Syst. Teg., ii. 513 ; Prodr., i. s " When moistened densely fibrous-mucous."
201.— Endl., Gen., n. 4920.— B. H., Gen., 82, (B. H , loc. cit.)
967, n. 68. u Is the genus sufficiently distinct from Cap-
2 Orange-coloured, sella ? The flowers are nearly the same ; the
3 Spec. 6. Hook., Icon., t. 618, 620. — fruit hardly differs in form.
Benth., Fl. Austral., i. 77.— Walp., Rep., i. 10 Spec. 11. F. Muell., Fl. Vict., t. 2.—
174; v. 40. Benth., Fl. Austral., i. 73.— Walp., Ann., ii.
* Icon., t. 43, 52.— Endl., Gen., n. 4907.— 48; vii. 145.
B. H., Gen., 82, n. 69. " Bot. Misc., iii. 140, t. 96.— Endl., Gen., n.
5 White. 4922.— B. H., Gen., 81, n. 64.
6 Walp., Rep., i. 167.
7 In Shirt Eaj,ed. App., 67.— B. H., Gen.,
82,967, n. 67.
2 T
276 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Petals oblong-lanceolate, twisted at base, long-unguiculate. Stamens
free. Siliqua elliptical or lanceolate compressed ; style very short ;
apex stigmatose, globose or subcorneal ; valves flat reticulate ; septum
membranous or spongy {Machcerophorm*). Seeds cc, 2-seriate im-
marginate ; embryo sometimes coloured ; cotyledons incumbent. —
Underslirubs, branching leafy hoary tomentose ; leaves entire or
pinnatifid ; flowers- racemose ebracteate terminal {Chili, Pei'if).
121. Ammosperma Hook, f.4 — Sepals erect; lateral more or less
saccate at base. Petals obovate, long-unguiculate. Stamens 6,
4-dynamous ; filaments free toothless. Siliqua very shortly stipitate,
narrowly linear elongated compressed ; style short ; apex stigmatose
capitellate subtruncate ; valves flat minutely torulose, sometimes
depressed at middle ; septum hyaline. Seeds ex, minute, 2-seriate
oblong-compressed ; embryo rather fleshy (coloured) ; cotyledons
incumbent. — A much branched hoary pubescent herb; branches
terete leafy ; leaves pinnatifid ; flowers5 in terminal racemes, re-
motely alternate; pedicles slender, ebracteate {Tunis6).
122. Leptaleum DC.7 — Sepals linear erect, subequal at base.
Petals linear-angustate. Stamens 6 ; longer connate in pairs. Siliqua
linear sessile, weakly dehiscent or indehiscent ; style short conoidal ;
lobes 2, stigmatose connate ; valves rather flat coriaceous, 1 -ribbed,
net-veined ; septum complete excavated subfungous. Seeds cc,
close, 2-seriate small, broadly oblong obtuse, echinulate outside. — A
small annual much branching herb ; branches thin ; leaves linear or
filiform, entire or multifid ; flowers3 axillary, or in short subspicate
few-flowered racemes {The Easf).
c. SfccovinE-E. — Cotyledons usually conduplicate.
123. Succovia Medik.1" — Sepals erect, hardly unequal at base,
1 Schltl., in Linncea, xxviii. 46!). 7 Syst. Teg., ii. 510; Prodr., i. 200. — Endl.,
2 Rather large, nearly of Matthiola or Cheir- Gen., n. 4913. — Hook. r. & Tuoms., in Journ.
antlms. Linn. Soc, v. 168. — 13. H., Gen., 81, n. 65.
3 Spec. 3. Barn., in C. Gay Fl. Chil., i. 8 White, small.
152.— Walp., Rep., i. 174; Ann., vii. 144. 9 Spec. 1. L. filifolium DC, loc. cit.—
4 Gen., 82, n. 66. Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 68. — BoiSS.,_FY. Or., i. 242.
s Purple. ,0 Ex DC., Syst. Veg., ii. 642 ; Prodr. u,
6 Spec. 1. A. cinerea.— Sisymlriiim cine- 224. — Endl., Gen.,u. 4960. — B. H., Gen., 86,
ream Desf., Fl. All., t. 157. n. 87.
CRUCIFER.E. 277
acute at apex. Stamens free. Siliqua erect globose-2-dymous ;
valves hemispherical, echinate outside ; beak subulate conoid sub-4-
gonous ; apex stigmatose capitate ; septum 2-lamellate, fenestrate or
subentire. Seeds solitary in each cell, descending from free seta-
ceous funicle, rather large globose glabrous ; embryo rather fleshy ;
cotyledons thick, 2-lobed conduplicate. — An annual branching
glabrous herb ; leaves pinnatisect ; lobes dentate or pinnatifid ; racemes
leaf-opposed1 (Mediterranean, Canary Islands1).
124 ? Pachycladon Hook, p.3 — " Stamens free toothless. Siliqua
elliptical or linear-oblong, compressed ; valves cymbiform keeled
wingless; septum imperfect; style very short; stigma capitate, 2-
lobed ; cells 3-5-seeded. Seeds ovoid ; funicles short ; cotyledons
incumbent. — A depressed herb ; stock short very thick, simple or with
thick short branches covered with scars of leaves ; leaves rosulate
pinnatifid ; scapes or peduncles oo from stock, arising below the
leaves, spreading, 3-5-nowered" {New Zealand1).
125. Vella L.5 — Sepals equal at base, erect. Stamens 6 ; anthers
unguiculate at apex ; filaments of larger high-connate in pairs, sub-
petaloid. Siliqua erect ovate-2-dymous ; beak broadly foliaceous,
rather rigid; apex stigmatose shortly 2-lobed; valves very convex ;
septum thin pellucid. Seeds few, 1, 2 in each cell, descending sub-
globose ; embryo nearly of Brassica. — Small shrubs, woody at base,
rigid, very branching, sometimes spinescent ; leaves entire ; flowers6
in racemes (sometimes spiciform) ; lower pedicels bracteate {Spain").
126. Carrichtera Adans.8 — Flowers nearly of Vella. Siliqua short
turgid ; beak foliaceous subcochlear ; valves subhemispherical tur-
gid, rugose outside ; septum membranous frequently torn ; stigma
sessile. Seeds 2-4 in each cell, descending, subglobose or rather com-
1 "A genus very nearly allied to Boleus." i. 223. — Spach, Suit, a Biiffbn, vi. 529.— Endl.,
(B. H. loc. cit.) Gen., n. 4957.— B. H., Gen., 85, n. 85.
2 Spec. 1. 5. balearica Medik., ex DC, loc. 6 Rather large, yellow.
CjY. 7 Spec. 8. Boiss., Voy. Bot. Esp., t. 10. —
3 Sandi. N.-Zeal. EL, 724.— B. II., Gen., Bot. Reg., t. 293.— Walp., Rep., i. 189.
967, n. 87 a. S Fam. des PL, ii. 421. — DC, Sgst. Teg., ii.
4 Spec. 1. P. N.-Zelandim Hook, f., loc. cit. 611 ; Prodr., i. 224.— Endl., Gen., n. 4959. —
5 Gen., n. 797.— J., Gen., 241.— DC, Prodr., B. H., Gen., 86, n. 86.
278 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
pressed ; embryo herbaceous ; cotyledons emarginate conduplicate ;
radicle incumbent. — An annual branching herb ; leaves pinnatisect,
lobes entire or pinnatisect ; racemes1 leaf-opposed; pedicels ebracteate
slender, when fruiting nutaut {Europe, and Middle Asia2).
VI. THLASPlDEiE.
a. IberidinE-E. — Cotyledons usually decumbent.
127. Thlaspi Dillen. — Sepals equal at base, erect. Petals equal or
subequal obovate. Stamens (5, free exappendiculate. Siliqua short,
laterally compressed, oblong, obcordate or obcuneate, acuminate or
more rarely acute at apex ; style more or less elongated erect ; apex
stigmatose emarginate ; valves keeled or winged, more rarely wing-
less {Carpoceras) ; septum narrow membranous. Seeds <x>, or more
frequently 2 in each cell, immarginate. — Annual or perennial herbs,
glabrous or glaucous, more rarely pilose ; radical leaves rosulate
entire or dentate ; cauline oblong hastate-auriculate ; flowers ebract-
eate in racemes sometimes corymbose-scapose (Temp crate, Alpine,
and Arctic regions, especial/j/ of Northern Hemisphere, South America
and Australia) . Seep. 208.
12S. Iberis L.3 — Sepals equal at base, or slightly saccate at base.
Petals 4, unequal ; anterior 2 much larger than posterior.4 Stameus
0, free ; filaments exappendiculate, rather thick. Placentary glands
small or 0 ; carpellary in pairs internal to smaller stamens, connate
to each other or free. Siliqua flat-compressed at base, ovate or
rotundate, at apex entire or emarginate : valves keeled, winged or
marginate ; septum narrow, 2-lamellate ; style short or long ; apex
stigmatose, subcapitate or emarginate. Seeds solitary in each cell,
immarginate descending ; radicle accumbent dorsal, ascending or sub-
horizontally superior. — Glabrous herbs or undershrubs, rather fleshy
1 Rather large, reddish white. 3 Gen., n. 804. — DC, Prodr., i. 178. —
2 Spec. 1. C. annua. — C. Felice DC., loc. Spach, Suit, a Buffun, vi. 559. — Endl., Gen.,
cit.—BoiSS., Fl. Or., i. S<d1.— Vella annua L.. n. 4887.— B. H., Gen., 92, n. 117.
Spec,, 895. — G.ERTN., Fruct., ii. 886, t. 111. — A Wherehy the genus is distinguished from
Sm., Engl. But., t. 1442. Thlasjn, but the flowei-s and Iruit are the same.
CBUGIFEBJS.
270
branching; leaves entire or pinnatifid ; flowers1 racemose or corym-
bose, ebracteate, outer ones radiating {Central and Southern Europe,
Asia Minor).
129. Teesclalia R. Br.3 — Flowers nearly of Thlaspi. Petals all
equal, or exterior larger. Stamens G, 4-dynamous, or lateral deficient,
all with a squamule at base, toothless. Siliqua suborbicular or
broadly obovate, emarginate or 2-lobed ; style short ; apex stigmatose
entire ; valves boat-shaped thinly winged. Seeds usually 2 in each
cell, smooth. — Annual herbs, rather small glabrous ; leaves rosulate
pinnatifid ; flowers4 racemose or subcorymbose on top of bare or
sparingly foliate scape {Mediterranean, Eastern Europe, Asia Minor*).
130. Iberidella Boiss/' — Sepals erect linear-elongated, equal at
base. Petals equal, contracted into a long claw. Stamens 6, free
toothless. Siliqua obiong or sublanceolate compressed, acute or
acuminate ; style elongated rigid subulate ; apex stigmatose emar-
ginate ; valves keeled or subalate ; septum narrow membranous.
Seeds 1—6 in each cell, descending, oblong immarginate ; cotyledons
accumbent on cylindrical ascending radicle, sometimes oblique. —
Underslirubs or herbs, branching at base, glabrous ; leaves alternate
or opposite entire, cauline usually cordate sagittate or auriculate,
sometimes coriaceous thick ; flowers7 in ebracteate racemes {East
Himalayas9).
131. Hutchinsia R. Br.9 — Flowers nearly of Thlaspi; sepals
short, equal at base. Petals equal small unguiculate. Stamens G,
free exappendiculate. Siliqua rather small broadly oblong obtuse,
1 White or purplish.
• Spec, about 20. Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ.,
ii. t. 7.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 333.— Geen. &
Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 136.— Walp., Rep., i. 156;
ii. 759 ; Ami., i. 38 ; ii. 46 ; iii. 817 ; iv. 202 ;
vii. 168.
3 In Ait. Sort. Kew., ed. 2, iv. 83.— DC,
Prodr., i. 178.— Endl., Gen., n. 4886.— B. H.,
Gen., 92, n. 118.
4 White, very small.
5 Spec. 2. Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 6. —
Geen. & Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 141. — Boiss., Fl.
Or., i. 339.
6 In Ann. So. Nat., ser. 2, xvii. 188. — Hook.
F. & Thoms., in Juurn. Linn. Soc, v. 177. —
B. H., Gen., 93, n. 121. — Syrenopsis Jaub. &
Spach, III. PI. Or., i. t. 3.
7 White or pink.
8 Spec, about 6. Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 312. —
Walp., Rep., i. 171 (Syrenopsis), 175.
9 In Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2, iv. 82.— DC,
Prodr., i. 177.— Endl., Gen., n. 4931.— B. H.,
Gen., 92, n. 120. — Homungia Reichb., Ic. Fl.
Germ., ii. t. 6.
280 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
strongly compressed ; style nearly absent, stigmatose emarginate ;
valves exalate keeled ; septum membranous. Seeds in single cells 2,
descending oblong compressed immarginate ; funicles elongated
slender ; cotyledons of rather fleshy embryo accumbent. — A small
glabrescent annual herb; leaves radical rosulate pinnatilobate ; flowers1
shortly racemose- subcorymbose at top of ascending leafy scapes ;
pedicels ebracteate elongated; when fruiting patent2 (Europe3).
13.2? Ke&owskia Cham. & Sohltl.4—" Sepals patulous, equal
at base. Petals obovate obtuse. Stamens toothless. Siliqua (un-
ripe) inflated compressed-globose, laterally compressed, tapering at
base; valves 1 -ribbed ; septum 0; style slender; stigma capitate,
2-lobed. Seeds (unripe) 8-12. — A perennial herb, hoary-tomentose ;
hairs short, simple and forked ; root thick ; collar fibrous ; stem
terete, above branching leafy ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets incised or
dentate ; racemes5 terminal ; pedicels slender, ebracteate"6 (Eastern
Siberia7).
133. Synthlipsis A. Gray.8 — Sepals laxly linear, equal at base.
Petals oblong-obovate undulate, broadly unguiculate. Siliqua ellipti-
cal-oblong, laterally compressed, emarginate ; style slender erect ;
apex stigmatose depressed-capitate ; valves acutely keeled wingless,
marginate at apex ; septum broad linear, 1 -ribbed. Seeds cc, 2-seriate,
orbiculate-compressed immarginate; funicles free ; cotyledons flat,
accumbent across septum. — A diffuse branching herb, stellate-
pubescent ; leaves sinuate-pinnatifld ; flowers0 in lax racemes ; fruiting
pedicels patulous or recurved (Texas, New Mexico™).
134. Lyrocarpa Harv.11— Sepals elongate; lateral shortly saccate
1 Small, white. 6 A genus in gynaeceuui allied to Hiitchinsia.
2 A genus very near to Capsella, on the one Its true place is doubtful, owing to ripe seed and
hand, which differs in number of seeds and usually embryo being unknown.
incumbent cotyledons ; to Iberidella, on the ' Spec. 1. R. sophicefolia Cham. & Schltl.,
other, which is distinguished by its habit, entire loc. cit. — Walp., Rep., i. 192.
leaves, and much longer style. 8 PL Fendl., 116, not.; in Torr. Emory's
3 Spec. 1. H. petreea R. Be., loc. cit. — Rep., 34.— B. H., Gen., 93, n. 123.
Geen. & Gode., 17. de Fr., i. 148. — Walp., 9 " Pink."
Ann., vii. 170. — Lepidium petrceum L., Spec, 10 Spec. 1 ? S. Berlandieri A. Gbay, loc.
899. cit.— Walp., Ann., ii. 40; vii. 171.
4 In Linnaa, i. 33, t. 2.— Endl., Gen., n. » In Hook. Joum., iv. 76, t. 4.— B. H., Gen.,
4981.— B. H., Gen., 92, n. 119. 93, n. 122.
5 " Flowers white."
CRUCIFERJE. 281
at base. Petals long-unguiculate ; blades twisted. Stamens 6 ;
glands small alternating. Siliqua panduriform, much laterally-com-
pressed ; apex 2-lobed ; valves flat-acute, undulate at edge ; style
very short, 2-lobed corrugated. Seeds oo, suborbicular ; funicles
long free. — A branching perennial herb, stellate pubescent branches
slender leafy ; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid ; inferior petiolate ; superior
(smaller) sessile; racemes terminal, ebracteate (California1).
135. Biscutella L." — Sepals equal (Thlaspidium3), or lateral saccate
or spurred at base. Stamens 6 ; lateral glands 4, sometimes
descending in pairs to spurred sepals, elongated or horned (Jondraba*).
Siliqua 2-dymous, compressed ; valves orbicular compressed-keeled ;
septum narrow ; style elongated or more rarely short (Dithyreaf) ;
apex capitate. Seeds solitary in each cell, immarginate ; radicle
of compressed embryo accumbent descending. -— Erect herbs,
often hispid branching ; leaves entire or pinnatifid ; flowers0 shortly
racemose, ebracteate7 (Mediterranean, California*).
136. Brossardia Boiss.9 — All sepals or lateral only saccate at base.
Petals tapering at base, sometimes subspathulate. Stamens free.
Siliqua slowly or hardly dehiscent, broadly orbiculate or subelliptical,
much compressed submembranous, entire at base and apex ; style
subulate ; apex capitate stigmatose apiculate ; septum linear ; cells
1-3-seeded ; valves very broadly winged papyraceous net-veined.
Seeds orbiculate much compressed ; funicles free, inserted at
middle of cell. — A perennial glaucous herb ; stem stupose at base,
frutescent fistular ; leaves ovate entire obtuse ; cauline cordate am-
plexicaul ; flowers10 racemose (Persia").
1 Spec. 1. L. Coulteri Habv., loc. clt. — Jondrala. Sepals broad, saccate or spurred at
Walp., Rep., v. 38. base ; lateral glands horned.
' Gen., n. 808. — J., Gen., 239. — DC, Prodr., 8 As many as 20 species, according to authors,
i. 181. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 568. — Endl., but probably about 5. Keichb., Ic. Fl. Germ.,
Gen., n. 4889.— B. H., Gen., 91, n. 112. ii. t. 8.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 321.— Geen. &
3 DC, Syst., ii. 409 (nee Spach). Godk., Fl. de Fr., i. 134. — Walp., Rep., i.
4 Webb, Phyt. Canar., i. 193. ' 157; v. 38 (Bithyrea) ; Ann., iii. 821; iv. 203;
5 In Hook. Jourri., iv. 77, t. 5. (The two vii. 163.
Californian species are in some degree allied to 9 In Ann. So. Nat., ser. 2, xvii. 183. — B. H.,
Lyrocarpa, but, as regard fruit and structure of Gen., 91, n. 1L5.
seed, similar- to Biscutella proper. 10 White or pink.
6 Yellow. n Spec. 1. B. papyracea Boiss., loc. clt. ;
7 2 sections according to DC : 1. Thlaspidium. Fl. Or., i. 335. — Walp., Arm., ii. 45.
Sepals equal at b.ise ; lateral glands short. 2.
232
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
137. Heldreichia Boiss.1 — Sepals equal at base. Larger stamens
alate dilated at base or possessing a tooth. Siliqua 2-dymous or
obovate, sometimes transversely oblong, compressed • style short ; apex
frequently emarginate ; valves acutely keeled ; septum narrow linear
thin. Seeds descending strongly compressed immarginate ; coty-
ledons accumbent. — Herbs, sometimes sufFrutescent at base, often
dichotomously branching ;2 leaves subradical petiolate ovate, cordate
or pinnatisect ; flowers3 in elongated or short corymbiform, sometimes
subumbelliform, ebracteate racemes (East*).
138. Megacarpsea DC.5 — Sepals equal. Stamens 6, or more
rarely oo, free toothless. Siliqua large, 2-dymous, much laterally
compressed ; valves orbiculate, broadly alate, closed ; stigma sub-
sessile. Seeds solitary in each cell, large much compressed immargin-
ate ; radicle of much compressed embryo accumbent, obliquely
descending or transversely superior. — Perennial large robust branch-
ing herbs ; root thick long-conical ; leaves (glaucous) pinnatisect ;
flowers6 in simple or branching corymbiform racemes (Himalaya,
Tibet, Siberia7).
139. Cremolobus DC.8 — Flowers nearly of Biscutella. Siliqua
stipitate, 2-dymous, 2 -scutate, dehiscent ; valves (nearly of Biscutella)
compressed-keeled or winged at base, narrow closed ; stipe free
hardened, more or less thickened at base. Seeds descending immar-
ginate.— Herbs or undershrubs erect or subscandent (?), glabrous or
pubescent ; leaves opposite or alternate, entire or pinnatifid ; flowers9
ebracteate, in terminal, usually branching racemes (Columbia, Andine
Peru10).
140. Didymophysa Boiss." — Sepals equal at base, suberect.
1 In Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, xvi. 381.— B. H.,
Gen., 91, n. 113. — Zygopeltis Fenzl., Enum. PI.
Syr. ined. (ex Endl , Gen., Suppl., iii. 87).
~ With aspect of several Umbelliferce, e.g.,
of Hydrocotylece.
3 White or pink, small.
4 Spec. 4. Boiss., in Tchihatch. As. Min.,
Rot., i. 327 ; FL Or., i. 319.— Russegg., Eeis.,
t. 15. — Hook. f. & Thohs., in Joum. Linn. Soc,
v. 176. — Walp., Rep., i. 158; Ann., vii. 165.
5 Syst. Peg., ii. 417 ; Prodr., i. 183.— Endl.,
Gen., n. 4891. — Hook. f. in Joum. Linn. Soc,
v. 176.— B. H., Gen., 91, n. 114.
6 White or violet.
7 Spec. 3. Ledeb., Ic. FL Ross., t. 372,
380. — Hook., Joum., vii. t. 7. — Walp., Ann.
iv. 207.
8 Syst. Peg., ii. 418 ; Prodr., i. 184. — Endl.,
Gen., n. 4892.— B. H., Gen., 90, n. 110.
9 White or yellow.
10 Spec, about 5. Hook., Icon., t. 32, 81, 99,
100.— Walp., Rep., i. 148 ; Ann., vii. 163.
11 In Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, xvii. 179.— B. II.,
Gen.. 91, u. 111.
gbucifebje:
283
Stamens inserted on scarcely glandular receptacle. Siliqua
2-dymous vesicular, style erect ; apex stigmatose capitate ; valves
globose inflated reticulate, 1, 2-seeded ; septum linear membranous.
Seeds descending immarginate ; funicles short free. — A perennial
herb,1 caespitose low glabrous (subglaucous) ; suckers creeping ; leaves
alternate slightly fleshy, 3- or palmatifid ; flowers2 in racemes (some-
times subcorymbose) ; pedicles slender, ebracteate [Mountainous
Persia6) .
b. L.EPIDINE.E. — Cotyledons usually incumbent.
141. Lepidium h.4 — Sepals equal at base. Petals small, some-
time 0. Stamens 6, or 2-4 deficient or deformed. Siliqua ovate
obovate obcoidate or oblong, more rarely subglobose, frequently
much laterally compressed keeled, apex emarginate winged or
wingless ; style slender or nearly absent ; apex stigmatose emarginate,
valves of very variable form ; septum narrow membranous. — Seeds 1, 2
in each cell, inserted below apex, descending (micropyle extrorse
superior) compressed or sub-3-quetrous immarginate ; cotyledons of
rather fleshy embryo incumbent, or more rarely accumbent, some-
times tripartite ; funicles free. — Undershrubs or more frequently herbs,
glabrous or downy, varying in habit, simple or branching, rigid or
tender ; leaves varying ; (lowers"' ebracteate, in more or less elongated
racemes" {All Temper ale and warn/ regions7).
1 Habit of Culuteocarpiis ; a plant related to
Alyssinece.
2 White.
3 Spec. 1. D. Auckeri Boiss., loc.cit.; Fl.
Or., i. 318.
4 Gen., n. 801.— J., Gen., 241.— DC, Prodr.,
i. 203. — Spach, Sc.it. a Buff on, vi. 5-18. — Endt..,
Gen., n. 4932. — Hook. f. & Thoms., in Journ.
Linn. Soc, v. 173. — A. Gray, Gen. Ill,, t. 73. —
15. II., Gen., 87, 967, n. 94.— Manoploga Bge.,
in PI. Preiss., i. 259.
5 Small or very small, white, more rarely
yellow.
0 " The following sections laid down by De
Candolle (ex B. H., loc. cit.) are for the most
part good : 1. Cardaria (DC). Siliqua ovate-
cordate acute; valves wingless; style filiform.
(Cardaria Desyx., Journ. Bot., iii. 163. —
Beichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 9.) — 2. EWpsaria
(DC). Siliqua elliptical ; valves keeled wing-
less ; style filiform. (Desf., FL All., t. 117.)—
3. Bradypiplum (DC). Siliqua elliptical ; valves
keeled wingless ; style short. (Ledeb., Ic.
Fl. Boss., t. 162.) — 1, Cardamon (DC). Siliqua
suborbiculate ; valves subalate ; style short ; coty-
ledons tripartite. (Beichb., loc. cit., t. 9. —
Thlaspidium Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 557.) —
5. Lepia (DC). Siliqua suborbiculate emar-
ginate; valves apiculate winged; wings often
adnate to very short style. (Beichb., loc. cit.,
t. 9. — Wedd., Chi. Andina, t. 86 C — Lepia
Desyx.. Journ. Bot., iii. 168.) — 6. Dileplium
(DC). Siliqua subelliptical ; valves keeled wing-
less; stigma sessile; flowers sometimes 2—4-
androus. (Beichb., loc. cit., t. 10 — Ledeb.,
Ic. Fl. Boss., t. 92. — Cynocardamum Webb,
Phyt. Canar., i. 96.) — 7. Lepidiastrum (DC).
Siliqua ovate or elliptical quite entire ; valves
keeled wingless ; stigma sessile (Beichb., loc.
cit., t. 10.— Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 73.)" — 8 (?).
Physolepidium (Schrenk, Fmtm., 97. — Walp.,
Bep., ii. 762). Siliqua inflated ; cells 2-seeded
or by abortion 1-seeded; valves wingless.
7 Spec, about 60-80. Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 353.—
284 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
142. Hymenophysa C. A. Mey.1 — Sepals short, equal at base.
Siliqua small inflated globose, few seeded ; style slender, more or less
elongated, erect ; apex stigmatose capitellate ; valves boat-shaped,
obtuse at back wingless ; septum membranous, entire or fenes-
trate. Seeds descending immarginate ; funicle setaceous free.—
Perennial branching herbs ; branches leafy ; flowers2 in corymbose
racemes ; pedicels slender, ebracteate3 (Persia, Altai*).
143. Brachycarpsea DC.5 — Sepals erect, at base rather broad erect.
Petals much elongated. Siliqua 2-dymous, 2-celled, indehiscent,
valves ventricose, emarginate or subcristate. Seeds in cells solitary
descending subglobose ; micropyle extrorse superior ; funicle short ;
cotyledons of rather fleshy embryo spirally convolute. — Glabrous
virgate undershrubs ; leaves sessile linear entire; flowers0 in
elongated racemes ; pedicels rather long ebracteate [Cape of Good
Hope').
144 ? Physalidium Fenzl.3 — Sepals patulous, equal at base, Petals
broadly obovate orbiculate, shortly unguiculate. Filaments toothless
subequal subulate, rather tumid at very base. Siliqua (unripe) ellip-
tical-oblong, laterally compressed, 2-celled; cell 1, 2-ovulate in
middle, style filiform ; stigma emarginate. Seeds (unripe) oblong,
suspended from very thin free funicles. — A herb ;9 rhizome short
woody ; collar thickly crowned with suberous remains of petioles ;
stems slender, suberect at apex sparingly branching naked ;
leaves long-petiolate reniform-rotundate, largely lobulate-crenate ;
flowers10 subcjanose ; pedicels long slender filiform, ebracteate11
{Northern Persia1').
Benth., Fl. Austral., i. 83. — Hook, f., 6 Large, yellow or purple.
Hand. N.-Zeal. Fl., 13.— Geiseb., Fl. Brit. "> Spec. 2. Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 100 —
W. Ind., 14. — Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Haev. & Sokd., Fl. Cap., i. 33.
Crucif., 309. — Geen. & Godr., Fl. de F,:, i. 8 In Tchihatch. As. Min., Bot., i. 327.—
149.— Walp., Rep., i. 176 ; ii. 762 ; v. 42 ; Amu, B. H., Gen., 88, n. 97.
i. 44; ii. 50; iii. 822 ; iv. 213. 9 "Habit of Saxifraga granulata ; leaves
1 In Ledeh. Fl. Alt., iii. 180 ; Ic. Fl. Boss., t. inflorescence and flowers wonderfully like those
165.— Ekdl., Gen., n. 4933.— B. H., Gen., 88, of Grcdlsia.
ii. 95. io « White."
2 White. >' " A genus without doubt very closely allied
3 Perhaps rather a section of Lepidium (?). to Grcellsia, differing in suppression of ovules
4 Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 362. — Walp., Rep., i. and contrary compression of siliqua."
179. l- Spec. 1. P. stylosum Boiss. & Hon ex.,
5 St/st. Teg., ii. 698; Prodr., i. 236. — Endl., Diagn. Or., ser. 1, viii. 4.— Fenzl., loc. cit.—
Gen., n. 4976.— B. H., Gen., 87, n. 93. Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 318.
CRUC1FER2E. 2b5
145. Stroganovia Kar. & Kir.' — Mowers of Lepidium. Siliqua
ellipsoid or obovoid, shortly stipitate, obtuse turgid ; valves boat-
shaped, 1 -ribbed; septum entire, rather thick, transversely rugose or
undulate ; style short ; apex stigmatose capitate. Seeds solitary in
each cell, large, filling cells, descending, externally convex, internally
flat ; cotyledons unequal nearly flat, or sometimes both concave on
inside ; radicle rather short incumbent, more or less oblique, or
accumbent. — A tall perennial herb ; root thick ; stem robust ; leaves
alternate ; flowers2 ebracteate in branching, terminal and axillary
racemes ; pedicels slender, ebracteate3 (JSongaria*).
146. Coronopus Hall.5 — Sepals short, either subequal at base, or
lateral subsaccate. Petals small or more or less abortive. Stamens
free toothless, G, or 4 (smaller abortive or 0). Glands 2, anteropos-
terior, usually narrow linear. Siliqua small, 2-dymous, laterally
compressed ; valves subglobose or rather compressed, rugose or
crested ; stigma sessile subspherical. Seeds 1 in each cell, descend-
ing ; micropyle extrorse superior ; albumen scanty or 0 ; cotyledons
incumbent or induplicate, continuous at tapering base with narrowly
conical radicle. — Annual or biennial herbs branching from collar,
diffuse ; leaves alternate, entire or pinnatisect ; flowers6 in short
leaf-opposed racemes {Temperate and warm regions of both Hemi-
spheres1').
147. Ionopsidium Eeichb.8 — Perianth and stamens nearly of
CocMearia. Siliqua oblong-elliptical or broadly oblong, compressed,
obtuse at both ends ; valves subcarinate membranous wingless ;
1 In Bull. 3Iosc. (1841), 386; (1842), 535.— 2, fig. 21.— Carara Cesalp., PL, 370.— Coty-
B. H., Gen., 88, n. 96.— Fotjen., in Bull. Soc. liscus Desyx., Journ. Bot„ iii. 16i, 175, t. 25,
Bot, de Fr., ix. 535. fig. 13.
2 White. 6 White, more rarely purple, very small.
3 A genus with siliqua analogous to that of 7 Spec, about 6. Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii.
Camelina and Lepidium. ~ t. 9. — Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., i. 27. — Benth.,
4 Spec. 1 (or 3, 4 ?). Walp., Rep., ii. 763 ; Fl. Austral., i. 82.— BoiSS., Fl. Or., i. 362.—
v. 50 ; Ann., vii. 159. Eichl., in Mart. Fl, Bras., Crucif., 307, t. 66. —
5 Selv., i. 217 (nee T.) — G.ertn., Fruct.,u. Griseb., Fl.Brit. W.Ind„14. — Gben. &Gode.,
293, t. 242. — Lame., III., t. 558. — Senebiera Fl. de Fr., i. 153 (Senebiera). — Walp., Sep., i.
DC., in Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par., ann. 7, 140, 190; ii. 764; v. 50; Ann,, i. 50; iv. 222; vii.
t. 89; Prodr., i. 202.— PoiR., Diet., vii. 75; 156.
Suppl., v. 128.— Space, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 8 PI. Crit., vii. 26, t. 649.— DC, Prodr., i.
577— Enel., Gen., n. 4975.— B. H., Gen,, 87, 174.— B. H., Gen., 86, n. 91.
967, n. 92. — Nasturtiolum Medik., Gen., 82, t.
286
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
septum narrow oblong very thin ; style short ; apex slightly capitate
stigmatose, 2-lobed. Seeds few suborbiculate rather compressed,
glandular tuberculate or echinulate ; funicles free or adnate to septum
at base ; radicle cylindrical incumbent. — Bather small annual gla-
brous herbs, one branching from base {Pastorea1) ; the other
scapigerous, 1 -flowered; leaves sessile or petiolate, spathulate, entire
or 3-lobed ; flowers2 either racemose {Pastorea) bracteate, or solitary
(Euionopsidium) ebracteate {Portugal, Sicily, Northern Africa*).
148. NoccEea Reich b.j — Sepals patulous, equal or slightly
unequal at base. Petals entire, contracted at base. Stamens 6,
toothless. Siliqua elliptical or obovate-oblong ; style short erect,
apex stigmatose capitellate ; valves boat-shaped slightly compressed,
not keeled, usually 2-seeded. Seeds oblong ; funicles free ; coty-
ledons incumbent. — Rather small herbs ; leaves crowded ; radical
pinnatisect ; flowers5 subcorymbose at top of scape, ebracteate
{Alpine Europe*).
149. Capsella Moench.7 — Sepals equal at base, afterwards patu-
lous. Petals much narrowed at base, rather short. Stamens 6, free.
Carpellary glands 4, interior to lesser stamens, more or less coales-
cent in pairs. Siliqua obcuneate or elliptical-oblong, compressed or
subterete ; valves much compressed, boat-shaped or triangular,
keeled ; septum narrow membranous ; style short erect ; apex
stigmatose minutely capitate. Seeds oc, wingless ; funicles free ;
embryo fleshy ; cotyledons incumbent or more rarely accumbent. —
Annual herbs, often weak, glabrous or pilose ; stem branching ;
radical leaves rosulate, entire or lobed ; cauline subentire, sometimes
sagittate at base ; flowers8 racemose ; pedicles slender, ebracteate'1
{Temperate regions of both Hemispheres™).
1 Todar., PI. Sic, in Bert. Fl. Ital., x. 520;
Nuov. Gen. et Spec., fasc. i. 17.
2 White flesh-coloured or violet, small.
3 Coss. & Due., Fl. Alger., t. 72.— Waif.,
Rep., i. 175; Ann., i. 44; vii. 155.
4 Ic. Fl. Germ., 633, ii. t. 11 (nee. Jacq.).—
Endl., Gen., n. 2273 a.— B. H., Gen., 86, n. 90.
5 White, small.
6 Spec. 2. DC, Prodr., i. 177.— Geen. &
Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 147 {Rui chins id).
' Ex Vent., Tabl., iii. 110.— DC, Syst., ii.
383; Prodr., i. 177. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon,\\.
536.— Endl., Gen., n. 4927.— B. H., Gen., 86,
967, n. 88. — Hymenolobus Xutt. (ex Walp.,
Ann., iv. 212). — Mierolepidium F. MirsiX., in
Linncea, xxv. 371.
8 Small, white.
9 A genus ill defined in limits, leaning on one
side to Mutchinsia, on the other to SmelowsA ia.
10 Spec. 5, 6. Reiciib., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t.
CBUCJFEB^J. 2S7
150. Mancoa Wedd.1 — Sepals equal at base, persistent. Petals
entire, sometimes subspathulate, long-tapering at base. Stamens
toothless. Siliqua long elliptical or oblong, laterally compressed,
indebiscent ; style erect short; apex stigmatose slightly thickened;
valves boat-shaped, obscurely venose, obtuse behind ; septum narrowly
oblong membranous. Seeds cc, 2-seriate beside septum ; embryo
coloured ; cot}rledons incumbent. — An annual herb, very small
spreading-prostrate very much branched, more or less stellately
hispid; leaves lyrate or broadly sinuate-pin natifid ; flowers2 in short
terminal racemes (Andine Peru3).
151? Notothlaspi Hook, f.4 — "Sepals suberect, equal at base.
Petals spathulate. Stamens toothless free. Siliqua5 sessile, oblong
or obcuneate, much compressed, cc-seeded; valves winged at back
and apex ; septum narrowly elliptical membranous ; style robust ;
stigma capitate or emarginate. Seeds very numerous, very small,
reniform; funicles capillary elongated horizontal ; cotyledons incum-
bent.— A rather small fleshy herb ; root perennial ; stem short simple,
naked or leafy ; leaves crowded ; radical rosulate, oblong or obovate,
spathulate crenulate ; flowers" subcorymbose ; pedicels elongate
axillary or leafy, bracteate, sometimes racemose7 {New Irlandicf).
152. Schouwia DC.9 — Sepals erect; lateral broader, more or less
saccate at base.10 Petals unguiculate. Stamens C, free 4-dynamous.
Hypogynous glands 4 ; septal 2, long subulate. Siliqua thick
stipitate large, oblong subelliptical or cordate, much piano-compressed,
emarginate ; style elongated subcorneal ; apex stigmatose capitate
emarginate ; septum linear ribless membranous ; valves quite flat,
11.— Wedd.. Chlor. Andina, i. t. 86 B {Hut- B "White."
chinsia). — Geiseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., 14. — 7 "A very distinct genus, owing to its very
Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Crucif., 307. — numerous seed and capillary funicles."
Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 340. — Benth., Fl. Hongk., 8 Spec. 2. Hook., Icon., t. 84S {Thlaspil). —
16; Fl. Austral., i. 81.— Gken. & Godb., Fl. Hook, f., Fl. Kov.-Zel., ii. 325; Handb. N.-
de Fr., i. 147 {Thlaspi).— Walp., Rep., i. 175; Zeal. Fl., 14.
ii. 761; Ann., vii. 155. 9 Syst. Yeg., ii. 643; Prodr., i. 224 (nee
1 Chlor. Andina, i. t. 86 D.— B. H., Gen., 86, Schbad.). — Endl., Gen., n. 4962. — B. H.,
n. 89. Gen., 89, n. 104. — Cyclopterygium Hochst., in
2 White. Flora (1848), 175, not.
3 Spec. 1. M. hispida Wedd., loc. cit. 10 Sacs larger in Cyclopterygium.
4 Gen., 90, 967, n. 106.
5 " Rather large, recalling that of Thlaspi
arvensis."
288 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
chartaceous or membranous, reticulate, broadly alate. — Seeds go,
2-seriate ; funicles free ; transverse or descending ; testa (mucous)
immarginate ; cotyledons conduplicate. — Annual branching glabrous
herbs ; leaves alternate entire ; superior auriculate-amplexicaul ;
flowers1 in racemes at first short corymbiform, afterwards elongated ;
pedicels slender, usually short {Arabicr).
153. Psychine Desf.3 — Sepals elongated erect; lateral hardly
saccate at base. Petals long-unguiculate. Stamens toothless.
Siliqua large, broadly obcordate or obcuneate-2-lobed ; septum
complete narrow hyaline ; valves turgid at base, broadly winged
above, boat-shaped coriaceous, separating scarcely or not at all ;
style long-subulate, at base sub-4-gonous, afterwards hardened ;
apex stigmatose capitate emarginate. Seeds cc, small, subglobose
or shortly ovoid, sometimes hardly compressed, glabrous ; embryo
thick ; cotyledons conduplicate. — An annual branching hispid
herb ; leaves obovate ; radical petiolate ; cauline sessile dentate,
auriculate at base ; flowers'* in elongated racemes ; bracts foliaceous ;
pedicels slender {North Africa*).
154. Dilophia Thoms.6 — Sepals patulous, equal at base, rather
thick at apex, imbricate. Petals long-tapering at base. Siliqua
short, shortly stipitate, broadly obcordate 2-dyrnous ; style thick
very short ; apex stigmatose truncate ; valves short, behind thickly
2-cristate ; septum broadly fenestrate, afterwards disappearing ;
replum broad, saccate on both sides at base. Seeds 1—4 in each
cell, unequally oblong immarginate ; funicles rather thick ; radicle
incumbent or obliquely accumbent. — A depressed glabrous rather
fleshy herb ; root perennial elongated ; collar multiple ; leaves
densely rosulate, unequally spathulate obovate or linear, entire or
sinuate-dentate ; flowers crowded in branching contracted umbelli-
form racemes, dense and leafy at base {Tibet7).
1 Rather large, purple. 3 Spec. 1. P. stylosa Desf., loc. cit. — Reg.,
2 Spec. 2, 3. Hook., Icon., t. 223.— Jattb. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. (1857).— Walp., Ami.,
& Spach, III. PI. Or., t. 296, 297.— Boiss., Fl. vii. 162.
Or., i. 398. — Waip., Ann., ii. 54. 6 In Hook. Journ., iv. t. 12; v. 19.— Hook.
3 Fl. All., ii. 69, t. 148.— DC, Prodr., 224.— f. & Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 175.—
Endl., Gen., n. 4963.— B. H., Gen., 89, n. 105. B. H., Gen., 89, n. 102.
4 Nearly of Brassica or Matthiola, rather ' In salt marshes. Spec. 1. D. salsa Thoms.,
large ; petals white, with blackish veins. loc. cit.
CRUCIFEn.V.
289
155? Stubendorfia Sciirenk.1 — Flowers...? Siliqua obovate or
obcordate compressed, 2-celled, scarcely dehiscent ; valves boat-
shaped membranous-winged veined ; septum narrow membranous ;
style very short. Seed in one cell abortive : in the other descending ;
funicle short ; cotyledons long-tapering at base, incumbent. — A tall
herb ;" root thick perennial ; leaves spathulate ; flowers in a large
much branching raceme ; fruiting pedicels pendulous {Songaria3).
156. Eunomia DC.4 — Flowers nearly of JEthionema. Stamens 6,
toothless. Siliqua elliptical flat-compressed ; valves compressed-
keeled, winged at apex ; septum elongated membranous ; style short;
apex stigmatose capitate, 2-lobed. Seeds 1, 2 in each cell ; funicles
more or less adnate to septum at base. — Shrubs or subcsespitose
herbs ; leaves opposite, sessile or amplexicaul, entire ; flowers5 in
sometimes corymbiform racemes {Asia Minor0).
157. .ZEthionema R. Br.7 — Sepals subunequal ; lateral sometimes
subsaccate at base. Stamens 6 ; larger either connate, or dilated
outside at base, with an internal tooth below apex. Glands hardly
.conspicuous. Siliqua cymbiform or cochleate ; valves broadly
winged, with sometimes dentate wings, boat-shaped at middle
septum membranous ; style short ; apex stigmatose capitate, sub
entire or 2-lobed. Seeds co, or more rarely few, immarginate
funicles free. — Herbs or undershrubs ; stem terete ; branches thin
leaves generally glabrous glaucous, articulated at base, subsessile ;
inferior sometimes opposite ; flowers8 racemose crowded ; pedicels
articulate at base, ebracteate, slender {South Europe, Asia Minor,
Persia*).
158. Bivonea DC.10 — Flowers nearly of Lepidium ; sepals sub-
1 In Linneea, xviii. 218. — B. H., Gen., 89, n.
103.
2 Aspect of Isatis ; stem robust glabrous.
3 Spec. 1. S. orientalis Schrenck, loc. eit. —
Walp., Rep., v. 50.
4 Sgst. Veg., ii. 555 ; Prodr., i. 208. — Endl.,
Gen., n. 4930.— B. H_, Gen., 89, n. 101.
5 Small, white.
6 Spec, about 2. Jatjb. & Spach, III. PI. Or.,
t. 51. — BoiSS., Fl. Or., i. 314 (JEthionema). —
Walp., Rej)., i. 175; v. 41 ; Ann., ii. 50; iii.
212 ; vii. 155.
VOL. III.
7 In Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2, iv. 80.— DC,
Prodr., i. 208.— Endl.. Gen., n. 4934.— B. H.,
Gen., 88, n. 99. — DiastropMs Fisch. & Met.,
Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop., 35 (ex Bge.).
8 Purple, pink, or flesh-coloured.
9 Spec, about 15. Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 74,
75. — Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 11. — Boiss.,
Fl. Or., i. 341.— Gren. & Gode., Fl. de Fr., i.
112. — Walp., Ann., i. 44; ii. 51.
10 Si/st. Veg., ii. 554; Prodr., i. 20S.— Endl.,
Gen., n. 4929.— B. H., Gen., 88, n. 98 (nee
Mo:;., nee Rafin.).
U
290 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
equal at base. Siliqua elliptical or subovoid, emarginate, laterally
much compressed; style very short; apex stigmatose minutely
capitate ; valves keeled subalate ; septum oblong membranous.
Seeds few (2-6) in each cell, ovate immarginate ; funicles slender,
adnate to septum at base. — An annual herb, rather thin glabrous
glaucescent ; inferior leaves petiolate ; cauline cordate-amplexicaul ;
flowers1 in finally elongated racemes ; pedicels slender, ebracteate
(Sici/f).
159. Campyloptera Boiss.3 — Sepals nearly erect; lateral gibbous
at base. Larger stamens dilated or connate at base. Siliqua
dimorphous cymbiform ; edges incurved unequally winged ; some
1-celled, 1-seeded ; others 2-celled. Seeds 1, 2 in each cell, descend-
ing ; funicles free. — A branching glabrous herb ;4 lower leaves
opposite sessile amplexicaul entire ; flowers5 in terminal racemes
{Syria6).
160. Menonvillea DC.7 — Sepals scarcely dissimilar; lateral sub-
saccate at base. Siliqua substipitate dorsally compressed, 2-
scutate ; valves convex at back ; sides broadly winged. Seeds soli-
tary in each cell ; cotyledons incumbent. — Erect herbs or under-
shrubs, glabrous ; leaves linear ; radical more or less dentate ; caul-
ine entire ; flowers8 ebracteate in frequently elongated racemes,
simple Or sparingly branching {Peru, Chili9).
161. Hexaptera Hook.10 — Sepals uniform subequal. Petals con-
tracted at base. Stamens 6 ; longer 4 connate in pairs or free.
Siliqua inserted in unthickened receptacle, shortly stipitate dorsally
compressed, 6-winged ; style cylindrical ; apex stigmatose capitate ;
valves much contracted at suture, 3-winged ; dorsal wing 1 ; lateral
1 Small, yellow. Gen., n. 4893.— B. H., Gen., 90, n. 108.—
^ Spec. 1. B. lutea DC, loc. cit. ? Dispeltoplionis Lehm., Ind. Sem. Hort.Hamb.
3 In Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, xvii. 194.— B. H., (1836), n. 2.— Cymatoptera Tuecz., in Bull.
Gen., 89, n. 100. Mosc. (1854), ii. 209.
4 Habit of Tausclieria. 8 " White or dirty-tawny."
5 White. 9 Spec. 4. Deless., Ic. Sel, ii. t. 56.—
6 Spec. 1." C.lieterocarpa. — C. syriaca BoiSS., Prese, Bot. Bern., 9. — Barn., in C. Gay Fl.
Fl. Or., i. 353. — Mthionema heterocarpum Chil., i. 181. — Walp., Rep., i. 159; Ann., i. 38 ;
Fisch. & Met. — M. Buxbaumii DC, Syst., ii. vii. 162.
561 ; Prodr., i. 209, n. 4. 10 Bot. Misc., i. G50, t. 72-74.— Endl., Gen.,
7 Syst. Fey., ii. 419; Prodr., i. 184.— Enel., n. 4935.— B. H., Gen., 90, n. 107.
CBUCIFEBJS.
291
wings 2 ; septum very narrow. Seeds solitary in each cell, immar-
ginate ; cotyledons flat. — Underslirubs or herbs, simple or ca?spitose,
pubescent ; leaves radical and cauline, entire or pinnatifid spathu-
late; flowers1 racemose, ebracteate {Chill2).
162 (?) Decaptera Turcz.3 — " Sepals equal at base. Stamens free.
Siliqua (compressed dorsally ?) 2-celled ; cells 1 -seeded, indehiscent,
pendulous from apex of style, flat along commissure, 5-winged
behind ;4 style short ; stigma globose.5 Seeds pendulous ; cotyle-
dons flat. — A low perennial many-stemmed villous herb ; leaves
distantly scattered, petiolate cuneate, 3-fid ; racemes terminal many-
flowered " {Chili").
VII. SUBULARIE.E.
103. Subularia L. — Receptacle cupuliform ; lobes of disk 4,
truncate at apex, superposed to petals. Sepals patulous perigynous.
Petals sessile, afterwards elongated. Stamens 0, perigynous free
toothless, slightly 4-dynamous. Siliqua inserted in bottom of
receptacle, subsessile, elliptical or subglobose, sometimes oblong,
rather turgid ; style nearly absent ; stigma very short simple ; valves
convex ribbed ; septum membranous. Seeds few, 2-seriate, descend-
ing, immarginate ; embryo incurved ; cotyledons narrow incumbent,
continuous with radicle. — Annual rather small herbs, aquatic or,
submerged, glabrous ; leaves subradical elongated-subulate ; flowers
small laxly racemose (?) at top of scape, ebracteate {Europe, Asia, and
North America, Mountainous Abyssinia). See p. 208.
1 White.
2 Spec, about 6. Barn., in C. Gay Fl. Chil.,
i. 175. — Wedd., CM. Andina, t. 86 f. — Walp.,
Rep., i. ISO ; Ann., i. 45 ; vii. 162.
3 Iii Bull. Mosc. xix. 497 (whence our descrip-
tion).—B. H., Gen., 90, n. 109.
4 " Valves recalling in form the mericarps of
many Umbettiferce." (Turcz., loc. cit.)
5 " Fruit-cells affixed to persistent axis formed
from style by thin threads, soon caducous."
6 Spec. 1. D. trifida Turcz., loc. tit. — ■
Walp., Ann., i. 45.
U
XIX. RESEDACE^E.
I. ASTKOCARPUS SEEIES.
This small group was formerly restricted to the members of the
-Reseda Mea. Reseda (figs. 311, 320 — 329).
One of these, formerly named
R. ca/iesce?is,1 is easily distin-
guished from all the rest by its
free carpels ; it has been made
the type of the genus Astro-
carpus.2 Its flowers (figs. 312-
317) are irregular and herma-
phrodite. On the concave re-
ceptacle are inserted five or six
unequal sepals, the smallest
posterior and the largest an-
terior, covering the lateral ones
in prsefloration. The petals, five
in number alternating witli the
sepals, are formed, as we shall
see, like those of Reseda ; they
form a sort of scale at the base,
on the back of which are in-
serted petaloid blades, which
differ on the different petals.
The more posterior the petal
the larger and the more dissected
are the blades, so that that of
the anterior sepal may be simple,
Flowering tip.1 the lateral ones tri- or quadrifid,
and the posterior ones divided into yet deeper and more dissected
1 L., Spec, 448. — B. sesamoides L., Spec.,
449. — B. purpurascens L., Spec, 449. — B .
stellata Lamk., Fl. Fr., 204. — Astroearpus
sesamoides Dub., Bot. Gall., i. 67. — Reichb.,
Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. 22, t. 99.— J. Mttelx,, in DC.
Prodr., xvi. sect. ii. 552. — A. Clusii J. Gay, in
Schultz. Arch. (1812), 33.— Gren. & Godb., Fl.
de Fr., i. 190. — A. coclilearifolius Nym., in Yet.
AJcad. Fonh. (1861), 191, t. 4. — A. interruptm
Bob., Trois Not. sur les PI. de Corse (1859),
3. — Sesamella Tournefortii Reichb., in Flora
(1830), 130.
2 Neck., Elem., ii. (1700), 243. — Spa. ii.
Suit, d Buffon, vii. 105. — E>-dl„ Gen., n. 5013.
JtESEDACEJl.
293
strips. We shall find all this in Reseda, of which Asirocarpus has the
stamens too ; there are from six to twenty of these, inserted at very
Astrocarpns canescens.
.'///
M
W
O
■A ->
Pig. 312.
6-carpellate flower
Fig 31!.
Long. sect, of flower (\ ).
Fig. 315.
1 2-androus flower (").
Fig. 316. Fig. 313.
Long. sect, of 12-androus flower (T). Diagram.
Fig. 317.
Fruit (f).
unequal heights on the receptacle, for behind they are raised on a
sort of disk, formed like a thick glandular scale and greatly developed
on that side. The free superior gynseceum is formed of as many
carpels as there are petals (to which they are superposed), inserted
on the prolonged summit of the receptacle. Each carpel has an
ovary, gibbous above and behind, tapering above and ventrally into
a short style, whose apex is stigmatiferous internally. In each
carpel is a dorsal parietal placenta, usually bearing one descending
campylotropous ovule, with its micropyle looking upwards and in-
— Payee, Organog., 199, t. 40. — J. Muell., n. 1. — Sesamoides T., Inst., 42i4>, t. 23S.— Sesa-
Monogr. Resedac., 218, t. 10, fig. 130, 131 ; in mella Reichb., Consp. Regn. Veg.. n. 1823.
DC. Prodr., xvi. sect. ii. 552.— B. H., Gen., Ill,
294
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
wards. Each carpel when ripe becomes a follicle, bearing outside a
Astrocarpus canescens. glandular gibbosity (fig. 317), and
opens to free a recurved seed.
The folded embryo is fleshy, exal-
buminous. A. canescens appears to be
the only species1 of the genus ; it is
a perennial herb from the Mediter-
ranean, ramifying from the base, and
bearing alternate simple exstipulate leaves. Its flowers, each axillary
to a bract, form racemes which may almost become spikes.
Fig. 318.
Seed (f).
Fig. 319.
Lone. sect, of seed.
II. RESEDA SERIES.
The flowers of Reseda? (figs. 311, 320-329) are irregular and
hermaphrodite, with a regular or oblique convex receptacle. The
calyx, as in Astrocarpus, consists of an inconstant number of sepals,
Reseda lutea. USUally five Or six,
but varying from
four to eight ; they
are equal or un-
equal, imbricated
when very young,
but early ceasing to
touch by their
edges. When there
are five sepals, one is
Fig. 321.
Flower without corolla.
Fig. 320.
Flower (f ).
posterior, two lateral, and two anterior; the sixth when present is in front
of these last ; when there are only four sepals the posterior is absent.
There are usually as many alternating petals as sepals ; they are un-
equal and dissimilar. Eirst they are larger as they are more posterior,
and next their blade is here more dissected, and the basal membranous
scale is better developed ; it is even sometimes absent in the anterior
1 Walp., Rep., ii. 754; Ann., vii. 194.
2 Reseda T., Inst., 423, t. 238.— L., Gen., n.
608 (ed. 1, n. 447). — G-EBTN., Frttct., i. 369, t.
76.— J., Gen., 245. — Lamk., Bid., vi. 157;
Suppl., iv. 669; III., t. 410. — Tbist., in Ann.
Mas., xviii. 392, t. 21. — Spach, Suit, a Buff on,
vii. 97. — Endl., Gen., n. 5011. — Payee,
Organoff., 193, t. 39; Fam. Nat., 140. — M.
aeg. (J. Muell.), JHon. Resedac., 96, 1. 1-9 ; in
BC. Prodr., xvi. sect. i. 555.— B. H., Gen., 112,
n. 4. — Phyteuma Magn., Prodr., 15. — Lutcola
T., op. cit., 423, c. 238. — Spach, loc. cit., 103. —
Pectanisia Rafin., Fl. Tell., 702. — Tereianthes
Rafin., loc. cit., 704. — Arkopoda Rafin., loc,
cit., 705. — Eresda Spach, loc. cit., 101.
BESEDACE.E.
295
petals, which may be reduced to a very narrow simple strap.1 Above
the corolla the receptacle expands into a flattened glandular disk with
a fringed edge, which though complete all round is much more marked
behind, or else is absent in front and so becomes crescent-shaped.'
Reseda I
Fro. 323.
Fruit (f).
Fig. 322.
Long. sect, of flower.
Fig. 321.
Long. sect, of fruit.
On the free edge or a little lower on its interior surface are inserted
the stamens, indefinite and very variable in number, whose sym-
metry is no longer apparent when adult* (fig. 322). Each consists
of a free filament, and an introrse 2-celled anther of longitudinal
dehiscence.4 The gynaeceum consists of a sessile or stipitate 1 -
celled ovary, tapering above into a variable number of stylar horns,
each stigmatiferous at its tip. There are usually three or four, more
rarely five or six, of variable position. The parietal placentas, of the
same number as the styles with which they alternate, project more
or less into the ovary, each bearing an indefinite number of descend-
ing campylotropous ovules with their micropyles superior and at first
introrse.5 The fruit (fig. 327) is capsular; it opens at the apex by
short clefts radiating in a star and alternating with the placentas,
1 Pater (loc. cit., 194) has seen that the
largest and most dissected petals are also the
first to appear. As regards the scale at their
hase, he remarks, " It is only after all the rami-
fications of the petal have appeared, and are
already well developed, that we see the origin of
a transverse ridge nearly at the base of the petal,
a sort of fold which grows very rapidly, and finally
forms with the lower part of the petal the scale
on whose nature so much has been written. This
scale is hence, in fact, only a sort of appendage of
the claw, quite analogous to that found on top of
the claw of many Cart/ophylfece.
2 Payer (loc. cit., 195) has seen that this disk
(on which, also, so many interpretations have
been put) is only a partial swelling of the re-
ceptacle, which begins after the birth of the
petals.
3 See Pater, loc. cit., 196.
4 The pollen consists of ellipsoidal grains, with
three folds, which in water become ovoid with
three bands. (H. MonL., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser.
2, hi. 326.)
5 They have two coats.
296
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
which by their increas-
ing separation form a
polygonal opening of as
many sides as there were
carpels. Through this es-
cape the numerous cam-
pylotropous seeds (tigs.
323,324,328,329), which
contain within their coats
an arcuate fleshy exal-
buminous embryo.1
The floral symmetry j
the number and position
of the various parts of
the flower, the form of
the petals, disk, placenta,
and leaves, vary greatly
in this genus from species
to species, and even from
flower to flower on a
Reseda luteola.
1 The seeds of M. odorala, for
instance, are reniform, with the
superior extremity, corresponding
with the micropyle, hut a little more
acute. The micropyle is always
superior and next the placenta,
which has its cellular layer hyper-
trophied all round the insertion of
the seed to form a truly papillose
tissue, with very unequal pro-
minences. A little helow the micro-
pyle is seen the umbilical cicatrix, to
which a very short funicle adheres.
The outer coat of the seed is soft
and whitish, pretty thin over the
greater part of the seed ; hut all
round the hilum, over a nearly Fig. 325.
circular space corresponding with Habit (\).
the notch of the kidney, and bounded
above by the minute hole of the
micropyle, this envelope is hypertrophied, of a more opaque white, and fungoid, forming a true
umbilical aril. The second seed coat is thick, coloured, and crustaceous, with scattered unequal
rugosities outside, showing even through the outer coat, and more marked dorsally than elsewhere.
Next comes a thin soft whitish coat; and finally the thick fleshy oily embryo, resembling that
in the Crueiferm, bowed, with a superior conical radicle and thick plano-convex cotyledons, touching
by their flat surfaces, and recurved towards the incumbent radicle, so that their organic apex is near
the insertion of the seed.
RESEDACEJU.
297
given specimen ; yet it is on these variations that sections or sub-
genera have been founded, which some authors have held to possess
even generic rank. If for instance we study the true Resedas,1
chiefly represented in our fields and gardens by R. luted
(figs. 311, 320-324), Pliyteuma? odorata4 (figs. 32G-329), &c, we find
that the leaves are simple, entire or deeply lobed, and that the pla-
centas of the tricarpellary ovary are simple all along. In R. lutea,
say, the flower is usually hexamerous ; it has two posterior petals
larger and more incised than the rest ; a disk forming a deeply-
curved crescent broadest behind ; a very variable number of stamens
whereof some are sterile (one anterior, or more ; the flowers at the
apex of the inflorescence may only have three fertile) ; and three
placentas, whereof two are posterior, projecting above between the
styles. In R. odorata (Mignionettc) on the contrary, the more
numerous stamens are often all fertile ; the staminiferous disk pro-
jects behind into a ciliate scale ; there are five or six stamens. R.
Phytcuma has also one style posterior, a disk forming a bowed scale,
and usually six petals and six sepals, both unequal.
In the Weld5 (Fr., Gaude ; fig. 325), the solitary type of a second
section,6 the gynajceum also usually consists of three carpels, but
two styles are posterior and one anterior. The alternating placentas
have their summits enlarged and bilobate ; the flower is tetramerous
with one petal posterior, larger and more incised than the rest. The
staminigerous scale is large and posterior. The leaves are entire.
R. alba7 with five or six other species forms a third subgenus with
1 Sect. Resedastrum (Dtjb., Bot. G-all., i. 66 ;
— M. AEG., Mon., 116 ; Prodr., 559, sect. ii). —
Sect. Reseda E>"DL.,~Zoc. cit., b (part.). — Reseda
Rafin. (nee Auctt.), loc. cit., 702. — Spach, loc.
cit., 87. — Pectanisia RaFxN., loc. cit., 704.
2 L., Spec, ed. 1, 449.— M. akg., Prodr.,
571, n. 27. — R. gracilis Ten., Viagg. in Bas.
Cal., 122. — R. gracilis Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ.,
ii. 22, t. 102. — R. Icevigata G. Don, Gen. Sgst.,
i, 289 ?. — R. orthostyla C. Koch, in Linncea
(1845), 705.— R. clausa M. akg., in Bot. Zeit.
(1856), 39.
3 L., Spec, ed. 1, 449.— M. aeg., Prodr., 563,
n. 15. — R. calycinalis Lame., Fl. Fr., i. 204. —
R. odorata Gueldenst., It., i. 422 (nee L.).—
R. Tournefortii Schttlt., Obs„ 89. — R. aragon-
ensis Lose. & Pakd., Arag., 14. — Pectanisia
Phyteuma Rafin., loc cit.
4 L., Spec, ed. 2, 646.— M. aeg., Prodr.,
565, n. 18.
5 L., Spec, ed. 1, 448.— M. aeg., Prodr., 583,
n. 53. — R. crispata Link, Fn. PI. Hort. Berol.,
ii. 8. — R. pseudovirens Hamp., in Flora (1837),
i. 232. — R. undulata Gilib., FL Litkuan., v.
210. — R. salicifolia Gbay, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI.,
ii. 666. — R. Gussonii Boiss., Diagn. Or., ii. 49. —
Luteola resedoides Fuss., Fl. Transylv., 86. —
L. tinctoria Webb., Phyt. Canar., 106. — L.
australis Webb, loc cit. — Arkopoda Lvteola
Rafjn.
6 Sect. Luteola DC, in Dub. Bot. Gall., i.
67. — M. aeg., Prodr., 582, sect. iv. — Gen.
Luteola Spach.
' L., Spec, ed. 2, 645. — R. ochracea Mosnch,
Meth., 58. — R. inyriophylla Mgsnch, loc cit. —
R. undata DC, Fl. Fr., i. 726 (nee L.).— R.
298
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
penta- or hexamerous flowers.1 In the type species we see one sepal
posterior; the petals larger and more divided as they are nearer
this ; a posterior disk forming a glandular scale ; four carpels with
four styles, whereof two are lateral, crowning the shortly stipitate
Fig. 327.
Fruit (f).
Reseda o&orata.
m
Fig. 326.
Diagram.
Fig. 32S.
Fruit (f).
Fig. 329.
Long, sect, of fruit.
ovary ; and lastly four placentas alternate with the styles, hearing
descending ovules, with their micropyles introrse. The leaves are
pinnatisect, which only occurs in this section.2 Thus constituted, the
genus Reseda contains some forty (?) herbaceous species, annual
biennial and perennial, natives of the temperate and subtropical
regions of the Northern Hemisphere, especially abundant on the
borders of the Red Sea and Mediterranean.3 All have alternate leaves,
with two usually subulate or tooth-like lateral stipules, and flowers
forming simple terminal racemes, more or less elongated according
to the species.
Next to Reseda come two genera which have its habit, foliage, in-
fruticulosa Reichb., Syst. Teg., ii. 433. — Terei-
anfhes nudata Rafin. — T. alba Rafin. — T.
fruticosa Rafin., loc. cit.
1 Lencoreseda DC, in Dub. Bot. Gall., i.
67. — M. aeg., Prodr., 556, sect. i. — Resedina
Reichb. (ex Petebm., Deuisch. Fl., 67). — Gen.
Tereianthes Rafin., Fl. Tell., n. 703 (part.). —
Fresda Spach, Suit, a Bv.ffon, vii. 97.
2 Botanists have also admitted a section Glau-
coreseda [DC, in Dub. Bot. Gall., i. 67 ; — M
ARG., Prodr., 580, sect, iii.j — Leucoreseda (part.)
Gben. & Godb., Fl. de Fr., i. 186 (nee DC)],
for R. glauca L., gredensis Willk., com-
plicata Boey, and virgata Boiss., possessing
three entire placentas, and lobed, but not pin-
natisect leaves (and yellowish flowers).
3 Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., t. 99-102. — Boiss.,
Fl. Or., i. 421.— Geen. & Godb., Fl. de Fr., i.
187. — Wight & Ar>\, Prodr., i. 28. — Walp.,
Rep., ii. 751; Ann., i. 25; ii. 30; iv. 90; vii.
196.
BESEDAGEJE.
299
Fig. 330.
Long. sect, of flower (f ).
florescence, and seeds, Ollgomeris and Caylusea.1 The flower of
the former has only the two posterior petals, which may be free or
connate. The capsule is 4-lobed at the apex.
Five species'2 are known, natives of the Cape,
excepting one from the East.3
Caylusea* (fig. 330) has pentamerous flowers
with the posterior petals more divided than
the anterior. But the receptacle after bearing
the perianth rises into a long obconical disk
on top and inside of which are inserted the
stamens, and the six carpels connate at the
base ; these form an ovary open above, wherein
the alternicarpellary placentas are so approximated to the lower part
as to become almost basilar. Hence the ripe open fruit resembles
a six-lobed capsule. Of the two known species5 one is a native of
Abyssinia, the other of Northern Africa, extending also into Arabia
and Persia.
Ochradenus? comprising shrubs and undershrubs from the Medi-
terranean, has the flowers of Reseda, but without a corolla : while the
pericarp does not open and becomes more or less7 fleshy at maturity.
The four known species8 have simple linear leaves, often ill developed.
Hence their aspect is quite peculiar ; this is the case wTith Randonia
africana,9 a little branching Algerian shrub, with usually octamerous
1 Cambess., in Jacquem. Vox)., Hot., 23, t.
25.— Endl., Gen., n. 5012.— B. H., Gen., 112,
n. 5. — Payee, Organog., 195 ; Fam. Nat., 142. —
M. AEG., Prodr., 58 i. — Dipetalia Raeix., Fl.
Tell., n. 1 07. —Resedella Webb. & Beeth.,
Pliyt. Canar., 107, t. 9. — Fllimia Nutt., in
Ton: et Gray Fl. N.-Am., i. 125. — Rolopetalum
Tuecz., in Bull. Mosc, xvi. i. 51.
2 Thunb., Fl. Cap. (ed. 1823), 402 {Reseda).
—Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., i. 64. — Boiss., Fl.
Or., i. 43. — Walp., Ann., vii. 202.
3 The genus is divided into two sections : 1.
Resedella (Haev.). Three or four superior
stamens, of which two alternate with the petals. —
2. Holopetalum. About ten stamens of peri-
pheral insertion.
4 A. S. H., in Ann. Soc. Roy. d' Orleans., xxiii.;
Deitxieme Mem. sur les Resedac, 29. — Endl.,
Gen., n. 5014. — Pater, Organog., 108, t. 39,
fig. 14; Fam. Nat., 141. — M. AEG., Mon., 225,
t. 10; Prodr., 550.— B. H., Gen., Ill, 970, n.
3. — Rexastylis Rafin., Fl. Tell, (nee Neog., 3).
5 Foesk., Fl. JEgypt.-Arab., 92 (Reseda). —
Vaul, Symb., ii. 52 (Reseda). — Fisch. & Mey.,
Ind. Sem. Sort. Petrop. (1840), 43.— Walp.,
Rep., ii. 754; Ann., vii. 195.
6 Del., Fl. d'Fg., 15, t. 31, fig. 1.— Spacit,
Suit, a Buffon, vii. 196. — Endl., Gen., n. 5010. —
B. H., Gen., 112, 970, n. 6.— M. abg., Prodr.,
587.
7 Slightly so in Homalodiscus (Bge., in Boiss.
Fl. Fr., i. 422), which has, moreover, a
thinner disk, and hence forms a distinct section
in the genus Ochradenus.
8 Don., Gen. Syst., i. 290 (Reseda). — M. abg.,
Hon., 94, t. 6, fig. 84. — Boiss., Diagn. Or., ser.
2, i. 49 (Reseda), 50 ; Fl. Or., i. 423 (Homa-
lodiscus).— Walp., Rep., ii. 751 ; Ann., vii. 203.
9 Coss., in Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr., vi. (1859),
301 ; in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 5, i. 275, t. 21. —
B. H., Gen., 970, n. 2.— M. aeg., Prodr., 554.—
Walp., Ann., vii. 195.
300
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
flowers possessing eight nearly equal marcescent sepals, as many alter-
nate ill-developed petals, which become more simple anteriorly, and
sixteen stamens of Reseda. These last are, like the perianth-leaves, of
somewhat perigynous insertion, owing to the concavity of the recep-
tacle which forms an everted cupule. It is lined by a disk which is
better developed behind than in front and bears in the centre a little
di- or tricarpellary gynaeceum (of Reseda), which becomes a dry
fruit, gaping at maturity.
The Resedas were formerly included by Adanson1 in the Capers
{Carriers) ; by Batsch2 in Fiolariacece. A. D. de Jussieu3 placed them
in the genera Capparidibus affinia. It was A. P. De Candolle4 who
in 1813 made them the type of an order, Resedacece, since admitted by
all authors,5 and considered by all a neighbour of Crucifera, possessing
the same habit, consistency,6 taste, size, duration, with nearly the same
seed and embryo, differing chiefly in androceum gynscceum and fruit.7
Hence it is also closely allied to Capparidacea. Necker8 in 1790
distinguished Astrocarpus from Reseda. Deijle added Ochradenus in
1813. In two memoirs on this order, the latter9 published in 1837,
A. Saint-Hilaire established the genus Caylusea. Oligomcris of Cam-
bessedes10 dates from 1834 ; and Cosson has recently" added Randonia.
With these six genera the order would contain sixty -eight species
1 Fam. des PL, ii. (1763), 407.
- Tall. Affin. (1802), 57 (part.).
3 Gen. (1789), 245.
4 Theor. Elem., 214, n. 21 ; ed. 2, 244.
5 R. Be., in Denh. Sr Clapp. Nan:, 22 ; in
Ann. Sc. Nat, ser. 1, ix. 213.— A. S. H., in
Ann. Soc. Roy. d' Orleans, xiii. ; Deux. Mem.
sur les Resedac. (1837), in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2,
vii. 371.— Endl., Gen., 895, ord. 183.— Lindl.,
Collect., 22; Nix. PL, 52; Veg. Kingd., 356,
ord. 121. The last author considered that the
flowers of this order were as in Euphorbiacece,
each a true inflorescence. He termed involucre
what we have described as a calyx. The disk
was the true calyx of a central female flower
represented by the gynjeceum ; the stamens
were so many fertile male flowers, while the
petals were external sterile male flowers. Later
on he gave up this view, convinced of his mistake
by the arguments of Henslow (in Trans. Cambr.
Phil. Soc, v.).
6 Ochradenus and Randonia are frutescent.
The anatomical structure of the herbaceous Rese-
das has been studied in R. lutea by J. Mueller
{Mori., 16, t. 1). He found that the woody zone
consisted of a thick -walled parenchyma, traversed
by large dotted vessels, with elongated paren-
chyma cells in their immediate neighbourhood.
The medullary are complete, thick, pretty nume-
rous. The liber cells are very thick walled,
elongated, usually collected into groups of from
three to seven (Oliv., Stem, in Dicot., 6).
' By means of the last two characters we
divide the order into two series: 1. Astrocarpece,
with free carpels, possessing in this respect
no analogues in Cruciferte. 2. Resedece, with
parietal or subbasilar placentas in a constantly
unilocular ovary, and with a sometimes dicarpel-
lary gynseceum, as in Cruciferce.
's Elem. Bot., ii. 243.
9 Dev.xieme Memoire sur les Resedacees,
Montpellier, 4to.
10 In Jacquem. J'og., Bot., iv. 21.
11 In Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr.. vi. (1859).
BESEDACE2E.
301
according to the last monograph of J. Mueller (of Argovia).1 But
Bentham & J. Hooker2 think the number should be brought down
to thirty. All belong to the Old World and abound in the South of
Europe, Western and Central Asia and North Africa ; India posseses
a few species of Reseda, Ochradenus and Oligomeris? The two
monotypic genera Astrocarpus and Randonia are as yet limited to
South Europe and Algeria respectively.
There are not many useful species.4 A yellow colouring matter is
found in the vegetative organs, mainly the stem, leaves and root,
especially abundant in Weld {Reseda luteola5). This principle is
luteoline,6 also found in R. lutea,7 alba, &c. Hence these species
may, like Weld, be used in dyeing. This is perhaps even possible with
R. odora/a,8 our Mignionette (Fr., Mignonette), the charming species,
of unknown fatherland,9 cultivated in our gardens for its sweet
flowers. From them are prepared perfumes, scented pomades, oils
and extracts. This plant was considered a sedative drug. Others
were formerly used for their slight pungency or acridity, like the
Crucifers.10 R. Phytenma is used as a vegetable in Greece.11 Astro-
carpus canescens1'2 is used in the South of Europe as a vulnerary and
detergent.13
1 Honographie des Resextacees, 4to (1857) ;
in DC. Prodi:, xvi. sect. i. (1S69).
2 Gen., Ill (1868).
3 One species of this last genus is found in
New Mexico (A. Geay, in PI. Wright, 16 ; Ft.
N.-Amer., 125, 669).
4 Endl., Fnchirid.,
Kingd., 356. — Dtjch.,
Drog. Simp/., ed. 6, iii. 670.-
Pl. Diaphor., 650.
5 See p. 297, note 5, fig. 325.
fi Pkeiss., in Joum. Pliarm. et Chim., v.
(ex Guib., loc. cit.).
7 See p. 297, note 2, fig. 311, 320-321.
8 See p. 297, note 4, fig. 326-329.
9 "Sponte crescentem oliin prope Mascar
Algeria? (ex Desf.), in J5gypto (ex Hall, Zinn.,
458. — LlNDL., Teg.
Bepert., 192. — Guib.,
-Rosenth., Syn.
254
Linn.) et in Syria (ex Delile) indicabant, ubi
recentioribus hand obvia, et patria vera, nnde
jam anno 1751 (ex Boissieb de Sauvages,
Meth. PI. Sort. Montp., 194) in hortos europeos
introducta erat, hucusque dubia." (M. akg.,
Prodr., 565.)
10 " Resedm luteola L. (Wau, Luteola off.), et
11. lutea L. {Reseda off.) radix acris, Raplianum
redolens, olim ob virtutem aperientem, sudorificam
et diureticam inter medicinas admissa. Luteola
herba intense amara." (Endl., loc. cit.)
11 The oxiarpa of the modern Greeks.
12 See p. 292, note 1, fig. 312-319.
13 Ducn., loc. cit. — Rosenth., op. cit., 651
[For details of the fertilization of these plants by
insects see H. Mullee, Befrucht.d. Blum., 142].
302 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
GENERA
I. ASTEOCAEPE^.
1. Astrocarpus Neck. — Sepals 4-6, unequal imbricate. Petals
4-6, alternate unequal, membranous appendiculate at base, subentire
or 2- oo -fid ; posterior larger and more divided than anterior. Disk
glandular, subsessile or more or less stipitate, expanded behind.
Carpels 4-6, free, subverticilate at apex of stipitiform receptacle ; style
short, stigmatose within. Ovules 1, 2, descending campylotropous ;
micropyle introrse superior. Follicles stellately divaricate, 1 -seeded.
Seed reniform ; embryo fleshy exalbuminous. — A herb, often woody
branching from base ; leaves alternate linear entire ; stipules minute ;
flowers in terminal racemes ; pedicels short {South Europe). See p. 291 .
II. EESEDEiE.
2. Beseda T. — Flowers irregular ; calyx 4-8-partite, imbricate.
Petals as many, unequal, subentire or 2— co-fid ; posterior more
divided, and with a broader internal membranous appendage at base.
Disk obliquely urceolate, much higher behind. Stamens go (2-40)
inserted inside disk, free. Germen sessile or stipitate at apex 3-4-
lobed, more or less open between styles ; placentas 3, 4, parietal,
entire or 2 -fid at apex ; styles as many alternate, stigmatose at apex.
Ovules co, descending, 2-6-seriate. Capsule gaping at apex, 3, 4-lobed.
Seeds cc, exalbuminous (of Astro carpus). — Annual or perennial herbs,
erect or decumbent, glabrous or pilose leaves alternate entire, lobed
or pinnatisect; stipules minute; flowers racemose, bracteate {Central
and South Europe, West and Central Asia, North East, and South Africa).
See p. 294.
3. Oligomeris C a jibess.— Flowers hermaphrodite ; calyx 2-5-
partite. Petals 2, alternating with posterior sepal, free or connate.
Stamens 4, posterior, or often 3, alternate with petals {Ilesedelta), or
BE8EBACEJE. 303
6-10, inserted peripherally around germen (Holopetahm) ; filaments
free or connate at base. Germen free, gaping at apex, formed of 4
(more rarely 5) connate carpels ; 2 lateral ; placentas 4, 5, parietal
oo-ovulate. Capsule 4-5-angular, gaping above ; seeds oo smooth
(of Reseda). — Herbs, annual or woody at base; leaves alternate or
fascicled ; flowers in lax spikes, 1-ebracteate {South and North Africa,
Canary Islands, South-west Asia, California). See p. 209.
4. Caylusea A. S. H. — Flowers 5-nierous irregular (nearly of
Reseda); stamens 10-15, inserted on receptacle produced above
perianth. Carpels 6, connate at base, open ; ovules oo, inserted on
short erect subcentral placenta a little above base of carpel. Fruit
dry, formed of stellately opening carpels ; seeds few (of Reseda). —
Annual herbs ; habit and entire leaves of Reseda ; flowers densely
racemose {Subtropical North Africa, West Asia, North-ivest India).
See p. 299.
5. Ochradenus Del. — Flowers 5, 0-merous, apetalous. Disk
greatly developed, peripheral or excentric-posterior, thick {Euochra-
denus) or more frequently thin {Jlomalodiscus). Stamens 10-30,
peripheral (of Reseda). Germen 3-merous (of Reseda), gaping at apex,
3-dentate ; ovules oo, descending from 3 parietal placentas.
Capsule finally succulent {Euocliradenus) or dry {Horn alo discus), oo-
seeded.— Glabrous branching shrubs or undershrubs ; branches vir-
gate, finally leafless spinescent ; leaves (on younger ones) small linear
entire ; flowers (sometimes pol}'gamous) spicate or subracemose, 1-
bracteate {Mediterranean and Red Sea, South-ivest Asia). See p. 299.
6. Randonia Coss. — Flowers a:-merous; sepals connate at base,
and inserted with as many alternating petals on margin of slightly
concave receptacle. Stamens not more than 1 6, inserted perigynously
with perianth ; posterior possessing a membranous coronula at base.
Germen inserted in bottom of receptacle, surrounded by a disk more
developed behind ; carpels 2, more rarely 3, connate into a germen
gaping at apex ; placentas as many, alternating parietal co-ovulate.
Capsule gaping at apex ; seeds 2- oo (of Reseda). — A small branching
subaphyllous shrub ; leaves minute deciduous ; branches virgate ;
flowers remote, 1-bracteate, in elongated subspicate terminal racemes
{Algeria). See p. 299.
XX. CBASSULACE.E.
Sedum Telephium (Orpine).
Fig. 331.
Habit.
The most complete type of this
order is not the genus Crassida,
to which it owes its name, but
some genus with diplostemonous
flowers such as Sedum1 (figs.
331-337), wherewith we shall
commence its study. The recep-
tacle usually forms a depressed
cone.2 The calyx usually con-
sists of five sepals, nearly free,
or united for a variable extent
below, valvate or imbricate in
the bud. There are as many
alternating petals, imbricate or
twisted in the bud. The andro-
ceum consists of two whorls, of
five stamens each, the outer
superposed to the sepals, the
inner to the petals. They may
be distinctly hypogynous, and
consist of a free filament3 and a
subbasifixed anther, whose two
cells dehisce by an internal or
marginal longitudinal cleft.4
The gynasceum, inserted near
the apex of the floral receptacle,
consists of five oppositipetalous
carpels, free or nearly so, each
with an entire bilobed or emarp--
1 T., Inst., 202, t. 140.— L., Gen., n. 579 —
Adans., Fam. des PL, ii. 248. — J., Gen., 307. —
G^rtn., Fruct., i. 313, t. 65. — PoiR., Bid., iv.
628 ; Suppl., iv. 206 ; III., t. 390.— DC, Prodr.,
iii. 401. — Space, Suit, a Buffon, v. 90. — Endl.,
Gen., n. 4622.— Payee, Organog., 365, t, 79.—
B. H., Gen., 659, n. 9.
2 Sometimes flat or slightly concave.
3 Their inner part is often covered with short
hairs or projecting papillaj.
4 The pollen consists of ellipsoidal grains
with three folds, which when moistened, become
spherical, with three bands. H. Mohl (in Ann.
Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii. 331) distinguishes two
CRASSULACEJE.
305
a
to its base. The
style whose apex
ovary
is
is one-
stigma-
Sedum acre (Stonecrop).
1%
inate scale below and external
celled, tapering above into
tiferous within. Each ovary
contains in its ventral angle
a parietal placenta, whose two
vertical lips support a variable
number of anatropous ascend-
ing ovules, with their micro-
pyles turned downwards and
outwards.1 Thefruitis formed
of five free follicles which
dehisce down the ventral edge
to free the elongated seeds,2
whose fleshy albumen3 sur-
rounds an embryo with an
inferior radicle. In certain
Sedumx the flowers are tetra-
merous ;4 in others they
become polygamous5 by abor-
tion. The transverse ex-
pansion of the receptacle often
renders the insertion of the
perianth and androceum more or less perigynous ; and the stamens
superposed to the petals may be adnate to them to a variable height.
The oppositipetalous stamens are sometimes sterile ;6 sometimes the
ovary cells have few ovules or only one.7 At least one hundred
quite distinct species of this genus are known,8 herbs or undershrubs,
glabrous or covered with glandular hairs. The various organs are
Fig. 332.
Habit.
forms : " a. With papillose bands. Sedum his-
panicum, spuriian, populifolium, acre, b. Without
papilla? ? S. rejlexum."
1 They have two coats, often closely united
together below.
2 They are usually wrinkled and dotted on the
surface.
3 This is very thin, or even reduced to a mere
membrane, or often quite absent.
4 They may, on the contrary, be 6-8-merous.
5 Especially in Rhodiola (L., Gen,, n. 1124; —
Lamk., III., t. 819).
6 Especially in Procrassula (Griseb., Spicil.
Ft. Rum., 323; — Telmissa Fenzl., Pug. PI. Syr.,
VOL. HI.
14 ; III. et Descr. PI. Nov. Syr., 63, 1. 16 ;—
Aithales Webb, Phyt. Canar., i. 178). The
carpels are here more or less coherent at the base.
" Especially in S. pumilum Benth. {PI.
Hartweg., 310).
8 Reichb., PI. Crit., t. 841, 845.— DC, in
Bull. Sec. Philom. (1801), n. 94; PL Grass., t.
22, 33, 55, 59, 10, 92, 93, 101, 110, 115-120,
143._Gren. & Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 617.—
Royle, III. Himal., t. 48. — Hook. f. & Thoms.,
in Journ. Linn. Soc, ii. 95. — A. Gray, Man.,
ed. 2, 140. — Chapm., Fl. S. Unit. States, 150. —
Pot. Mag., t. 1807, 2224. — Walp., Pep., ii.
260, 935 ; v. 795; Ann., i. 324; ii. 670; vii. 919.
306
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
fleshy, as is most frequently the case in this order. The leaves are
alternate or opposite, exstipulate, succulent, cylindrical (fig. 332) or
flat (33 1),1 entire or more rarely dentate or incised. The flowers2 are
Sedum acre.
Fig. 333.
Flower (f).
^ & <%,
Fig. 334.
Diagram.
Fig. 335.
Fruit (f).
Sedum acre.
sometimes solitary axillary, but oftener form regular or irregular3 and
unilateral cymes (fig. 332). All the cold and temperate regions of
the Old World abound in species ; they
are less numerous in America.
S. pusillum? from Carolina, has been pro-
posed as the type of a genus Diamorp/ia,5
because its carpels, usually four in number,
are slightly united towards the base.6 We
shall place this small plant in a distinct
section because its follicles open down the
back. .
Triactina verticittala,1 a small Himalayan
herb, has the habit and vegetative charac-
ters of many Seclums. It differs slightly therefrom in the following
Fig. 336.
Seed (L0).
Fig. 337.
Long. sect, of seed.
1 As a rule in the section Anacampseros (T.,
Inst., 264 j — Haw., %». PI. Succ, 111, nee
Sims), which has turgid carpels and flat leaves.
2 White, pink, violet, or bluish, but more
frequently yellow.
a Owing to the flowers being carried up, or, as
some express it, the pedicels adhering to or
fused with the axes of the next degree. (See
Payee, Mem. de Bot., 117, 118, 121, figs. 188,
191.)
4 Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer., i. 276. — Tillaa
cymosa Nutt., Gen. Avier., i. 110.
5 Nutt., Gen. Amer., i. 293. — DC, Prodr.,
iii. 414 ; Mem., ii. 42, t. 1, fig. 9. — Endl., Gen.,
n. 4624. — Tobb. & Geat, Fl. N.-Amer., i.
561.— Chapm., Fl. S. Unit. States, 150.
6 Or rather their bases are inserted together
nearly vertically on a somewhat elongated re-
ceptacle. This occurs in a lesser degree in several
indigenous Sednms. Hence the inner edge of
the carpels becomes nearly horizontal and supe-
rior.
7 Hook. f. & Thoais., in Journ. Linn. Soc,
ii. 90, 103— B. H., Gen., 6G1, n. 14.
CRASSULACEJE.
307
characters. Its short unequal sepals are four in number, unsym-
metrically arranged. Its gynseceum consists of but three carpels,
Sempervivum tectorum.
Fig. 33S.
Flowers.
Fig. 339.
Lontr. section of {lower.
Se mperv i vti m tectoru m .
1 IsMI
«
while there are five petals and ten stamens of Sedum ; and there
are only three narrow scales at the foot of the gynseceum.
Moreover, the carpels are united below fur a
somewhat variable distance. Each ovary con-
tains two descending ovules. The fruit is
formed of three carpels cohering below. Triac-
tina has branching stems bearing alternate or
pseudo-verticillate glabrous leaves. The flowers
form cymes, chiefly uniparous ; they are more
or less carried up on the neighbouring branches,
as in many species of Sedum;
The Houseleeks1 (Fr., Joubarbes ; figs. 338-
340) are Sedums with the floral symmetry of a higher number than five.
When, as is sometimes the case, the flower is pentamerous, the only
distinguishing character lies in the vegetative organs. The genus com-
prises herbs or rarely undershrubs, often stemless, with a rosette of
succulent leaves arranged in a spiral of the greatest regularity. Axillary
to the leaves buds are produced, often transformed into bulbels. The
flowers end a common axis bearing reduced leaves or bracts, and
form racemes or corymbs of C3rmes or glomeruli, which are often
uniparous or scorpioid. The perianth is variable. In JEomum" and
Fig. 340.
Diagram.
1 Sempervivum L., Gen., n. 612.— J., Gen., 367, t. 79.— B. H., Gen., 660, n. 10 (inch :
307. — G^rtn., Frtict., i. 341, t. 65. — Lamk., Monivm Webb, Aichryson Webb, Greenovia
Diet., iii. 288 ; Supph, iii. 176 ; III., t. 413.— Wj.bb, Monanthes Haw., Petrophyes Webb
DC, Prodr., iii. 411. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, & Berth.).
v. 99.— Esdl., Gen., n. 4623.— Payer, Organog., ■ Webb, Phyt. Canar., i. 184, t. 28-35. The
9
308
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
t
Aichryson? the calyx is often cup-shaped, pluridentate or plurifid.
The petals are slightly imbricate, sometimes united for some way at
Cotyledon Umbilicus the base. The stamens are either quite free, or
{Pennywort). united below with the bases of the petals, to which
they are superposed. In certain ./Eonimns, and
in Greenovia? whose flowers have upwards of
thirty sepals and as many petals, the scales of
the disk superposed to the carpels in other sections
are absent, and the floral receptacle is more or less
concave. The real number of species3 of House-
leek4 is estimated at about forty, but some describers
have reckoned as many as a hundred. They inhabit
the temperate and mountainous regions of Central
Europe and Asia, and Continental and Insular
Africa.
Monanthes* has rightly been made6 a mere section
of this genus ; its flower is formed as in the other
groups, with from six to twelve parts to the
verticil. The sepals, petals, and diplostemonous
androceum have a somewhat perigynous inser-
tion on the thick receptacle, resulting from the
expansion of the receptacle into a short in-
verted cone. The scale external to the base of
each carpel is fan-shaped, larger across than in
height, and shortly stipitate ; or else it is divided
into two cucullate lobes. The gynseceum, fruit, and seeds are
&£
Fig. 341.
Tn florescence.
flower is 6- 12-merous. The scales of the disk
are absent, or clavate or cordate.
1 Webb, loc. cit., i. 181, t 27. The flower is
5— 12-merous, with ciliate scales.
2 Webb, loc. cit., i. 198, t. 36.
3 DC, in Bull. Soc. Philom. (1801), n. 49;
Mem., ii. 37, t. 1, fig. 4. — Cahbess., in Jacquem.
Voy., Bot., t. 74. — Hook. f. & Thoms., in Journ.
Linn. Soc, ii. 92. — Geen. & Gode., Fl. de Fr.,
i. 628.— Walp., Rep., ii. 263, 935; Ann., i. 326;
ii. 670 ; vii. 923.
4 Sect. 6: 1. Chronobium (DC, PI. Ear.
Jard. Gen., n. 21). Suckers 0. Flowers yellow
or more rarely white. (Jacq., Sort. Schcenbr., t.
464- -Bot. Mag., t. 1963.)— 2. Jovibarba (DC,
loc. cit., sect. ii.). Suckers springing from lowest
axils. Flowers purple or pale yellow. (Species
all European.) — 3. Aichryson (Webb). Calyx
cyathiform, 5-12-merous. Scales ciliate. Carpels
sunk in tube. (Species from Canaries. Bot.
Mag., t. 296, 1809.)— 4. JEonium (Webb).
Calyx fi-12-merous. Scales of varying form,
clavate obcordate or quadrate, or 0. (Species
from Canaries and Madeira. Bot. Mag., t. 1978,
1980.— Bot. Beg., t. 1741; (1841) , t. 61.)— 5.
Monanlhes (Haw.). Flowers 6-12-merous.
Scales petaloid flabellate, shortly stipitate.
(Species 2 or 3, from Canaries.)
5 Haw., Rev. PI. Succ, 68.— B. H., Gen.,
660, n. 11. — Petrophyes Webb & Berth., Pkyt.
Canar., i. 201, t. 36, B, C
6 Endl., Gen., n. 4623 c.
CBA88ULACEJE.
309
Fig. 342.
Flower.
Fig. 343.
Long, section of flower.
formed as in the other species of Sempervivum. Monanthcs includes two
Or three Species from the Cotyledon (EcUoeria) racemomm.
Canaries,1 humble peren-
nial csespitose herbs,
with slender climbing
dichotomous steins. The
fleshy leaves are opposite
or alternate, distant on
the elongated branches,
or approximated and ros-
ulate. The small flowers
form cymes, pluriparous, or uniparous and racemiform.
Cotyledon? (figs. 341-343) has regular pentamerous flowers. In
Umbilicus,3 the commonest species in this country, the calyx consists
of five sepals, slightly united at the base. The corolla is somewhat
longer and gamopetalous ; the tube is pentagonal, with obtuse
angles corresponding with the median line of the lobes. These are
heart-shaped and acuminate, twisted or imbricate in the bud. The
androceum consists of ten stamens, the five oppositipetalous a little
the longer, all inserted on the corolla and adherent to it for a long way.
The apex of the filament, alone free, bears an anther with two
lateral cells, of marginal dehiscence. The gynseceum is formed as
in Sedum and Crassula, with very numerous ovules4 arranged in
several rows. The oppositipetalous glands, corresponding with the
back of the carpels, are quadrilateral and flattened.
PistorinicC differs at first sight from Cotyledon in the length and
slenderness of the tube forming the base of the corolla ; but cannot
be made a distinct genus owing to the transitional forms found in
Umbilicus, where the corolla is often campanulate. The same ajDplies
to Echeveria? wherein the tube is often broad and short, with some-
times almost complete polypetaly, but it is connected by certain trans-
1 DC, PI. Grass., t. 157 ; Prodr., iii. 414
(Sempervivum, sect, iii.) — Curt., in Pot. Mag.
t. 93.
2 L., Gen., n. 578. — J., Gen., 307. — DC.
Prodr., iii. 396.— Endl., Gen., n. 4618.— B. H.
Gen., 659, n. 8 (incl. : Echeveria DC, Pachy
phytum Kl., Pistorinia DC, Umbilicus DC).
3 L., Spec., 615. — C.umbilicata Lame., Died,
ii. 140. — C. rupeslris Salisb. — Umbilicus pendu
limns DC, PI. Gr., t. 156 ; Prodr., iii. 400, n.
6. — U. Veneris Blackw., Herb., t. 263.
4 With two coats.
5 DC, Prodr., iii. 399. — Endl., Gen., n.
4619. A herbaceous erect annual, from Spain
and Algeria. (DC, Mem., ii. 25, t. 1 j PI. Gr.
t. 122.— Boiss., Voy. Ksp., t. 63.)
6 DC, Prodr., iii. 401. — Endl, Gen., n.
4621.— Pachy phy turn Kl., in Otto, et Diet.
310
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Bryopliyllum calycinum.
ltional forms of Cotyledon proper with a cylindrical corolla of restricted
gamopetaly. Hence these points will allow ns to divide Cotyledon
only into sections,1 which are often ill-defined.
Thus constituted it contains at least threescore
species,2 especially abundant in the warm and
temperate regions of Africa, less so in Eastern
and Central Asia, Mexico, and South and West
Europe. They are herbs or undershrubs of
most variable habit. The leaves, differing in
thickness and succulence, may be alternate or
opposite, distant as in Sedum, or approximated
into a rosette as in Sempervivmn, and are some-
times even peltate. The flowers are erect or
pendulous, racemose spicate or cymose.
Kcdanchoe3 and BryojjJtyll/rm, closely allied to
Cotyledon, have tetramerous flowers. In the
former the sepals are nearly or quite free, and
the corolla is tubular hypocrateriform, often
The genus comprises herbs and undershrubs
from Asia, tropical Africa, and the Cape, where there are a
score, and one species is found in Brazil.4 Their leaves are
opposite and fleshy ; their flowers form racemes of cymes. Brj/o-
phyllum5 has the corolla of Kalanclioe (fig. 344) ; but the calyx is
garaosepalous, cylindrical or tetragonal, with four teeth or rather
Fig. 344.
Flower.
tumid at the base.
Garienz., ix. 9 ; in Link, Kl. et Ott. Ic. PI.
Bar., ii. 43. Herbs or shrubs ; calyx often well
developed, and urceolate foliaceous fleshy ; corolla
urceolate, rounded or angular. Mexico, Peru,
Japan ? (DC, Mem., ii. 28, t. 5, 6.— Cat., Icon.,
t. 170. — J acq. f., Eclog., t. 17. — Sweet, Brit.
Ft. Gard., iii. 275.— Hot. Beg., t. 1247; (1810),
57; (1844), 1; (1842), 22, 29; (1845), 27;
(1847), 57.— Bot. Mag., t. 3570.— Walp., Bep.,
ii. 259, 935 ; v. 794 ; Ann., i. 323 ; ii. 669.)
l
/ 1. Umbilicus (DC).
Cotyledon. 2. Eucotyledon.
Sect. 4. ' 3. Echeveria (DC).
, 4. Pistorinia (DC).
2 Ledeb., Ic. Fl. Boss., t. 57, 395.— Geen.
& Godb., Fl. de Fr., i. 630.— Webb., Phyt.
Canar., i. t. 26. — Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., ii.
370.— Bot. Mag., t. 321, 2518, 2601, 4098.—
Bot. Beg., t. 915.— Walp., Sep., ii. 257, 258 ;
v. 792 ; Ann., i. 323 ; ii. 668.
3 Adans., Fam. des PI., ii. 248. — DC, Prodr.,
iii. 394.— Endl., n. 4616.— B. H., Gen., 659, n.
7. — Calanchoe Pees., Syn., i. 445. — Kalenchoe
Haw., Syn., 109. — Vereia Andb., Bot. Bepos.,
t. 21. — Verea W., Spec, ii. 471.
4 Vent., Malm., t. 49.— DC, PI. Gr., t. 64,
65, 100.— Wall., PI. As. Bar., t, 166, 167.—
Wight, 111., t. Ill; Ic, t. 1158.— Haev. &
Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 378. — Hook. p. & Thoms.,
in Joum. Linn. Soc, ii. 91. — TfL., in Ann. Sc.
Nat., ser. 4, viii. 149. — Walp., Sep., ii. 256 ;
Ann., i. 323; ii. 667.
5 Salisb., Par. Lond., t. 3. — DC, Prodr., iii.
295; Organogr., t. 22, fig. 2. — Endl., Gen., n.
4617.— B. H., Gen., 658, n. 6. — Crassouvia
Commees., mss. (ex Endl.). — Physocalyiium
Vest, in Flora (1820), 409.
CRASSULACEJS.
311
deeper valvate lobes. This genus also comprises succulent
suffrutescent plants, with simple or imparipinnate opposite leaves ;
the flowers form large racemes of cymes. Three or four species are
known1 from the Cape; one of these has spread into almost all
warm countries.2
Crasssula (figs. 345-3 53)3 presents, with the same general organ-
ization as in the preceding types, an androceum reduced to a single
alternipetalous verticil ; and
this alone distinguishes the Crasmla {Rochea) coccinea.
genus. The flowers are herm-
aphrodite and regular. In most
we find, inserted on a con-
vex receptacle, a calyx of five
sepals, free or united below,
of valvate or imbricate praeflo-
ration, and a corolla of five alter-
nating petals, free or slightly
united at the base, imbricated or
more rarely twisted in the bud.
Each stamen has a free filament
bearing an introrse 2-celled an-
ther of longitudinal dehiscence.4
Alternating with the stamens are five glands, often crescent-shaped,
but varying in form, applied to the back of the carpels. These last
are superposed to the petals ; they are free ; each is formed of a one-
celled ovary, tapering above into a style which is stigmatiferous on
the upper inner surface. Inside the ventral angle of each ovary is
Fig. 345.
Flower.
Fig. 316.
Diagram .
1 DC, Mem., 33. — Wight, in Hook. Misc.,
App., t. 31. — Hart. & Sgnd., Fl. Cap., ii.
380. — Tll., in Ann. So. Nat., ser. 4, viii.
148— #o*. Mag., t. 1409, 5147.
2 Remarkable for the power possessed by its
leaves of developing reproductive buds under
certain conditions. The species is B. calyci-
num Salisb. — Crassouvia floripendula Com-
MEES. — Cotyledon pinnata Lame., Diet., ii.
141. — C. calyculata Soland. — C. rlnzophylla
Roxb. — C. calycina Roth. — Calancnoe pinnata
Pees., Syn., i. 446.
3 L., Gen., n. 392. — Adans., Fam. des PL, ii.
248.— J., Gen., 307.— Lame., Diet., ii. 170;
Suppl., ii. 385; IU.,t. 220. — DC, Prodr., iii.
383. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, v. 74. — Endl.
Gen., n. 4610.— B. H., Gen., 657, n. 3. —
Gomara Adans., loc. cit. (inel. : Bulliarda
DC, Combesia A. Rich., Curtogyne Haw.,
Dasyslenwn DC, Dinacria Haw., Globulea
Haw., Grammanthes DC, JTelophytum Ecel.
& Zeth., Kalosanthes Haw., Larochea Peks.,
Margarella B. H., Pelrogeton Ecel. & Zeth.,
Pyrgosea Ecel. & Zeyh., Rochea DC, Sarco-
lipes Ecel. & Zeyh., Spharitis Ecel. & Zeth.,
Tetraphyle Ecei. & Zeth., Thisantha Ecel.
& Zeyh., Tillcea Mich., Turgosea Haw.).
4 The pollen is analogous to that of Sedum.
It has three papillate bands in C. (Sepias) capensis
and C. (Rochea) versicolor (H. Mohl, loc, cit.).
312
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Crassula parvifiora.
a parietal placenta, bearing an indefinite number of anatropous
ovules on either lip.1 The fruit consists of five polyspermous follicles,
which open down the ventral angle. The small seeds contain a
fleshy embryo.
In certain species, such as C. falcala? coccinea,3 &c, the petals are
more united than in the rest. Hence they have been made the type
of a £enus Roc/iea.4 But as a rule there is no
true gamopetaly here ; but the petals only stick
very closely together by their edges, or are kept
in contact by the filament of the alternating
stamen. Hence Rochea can only be made a
section5 of the genus Crassula.
C. dic/tofoma,6 from the Cape, has also been
proposed as the type of a new genus, under the
name of Grammanthes,1 because it was said to
have a gamopetalous corolla, with no glands at the
base of the carpels. But the glands exist, though ill developed ; and
the corolla is polypetalous, its leaves only sticking together by their
edges, chiefly through the starainal filaments. Hence Grammanthes
may be reduced to a section of the genus Crassula, characterized by its
campanulate corolla, and Gentian-like habit, which this little herb
owes to its opposite linear slightly fleshy glaucous leaves, and its so-
called paniculate floral cymes.
In the neighbourhood of Paris is found a little Crassula which has
been named Bulliarda* Vaillantii (figs. 34S-353).9 It has been thus
made the type of a distinct genus, either because of its small size, or
because of its flowers being usually tetramerous. But in organiza-
tion of flower and fruit this little herb cannot be distinguished more
Fig. 347.
Long. sect, of flower.
1 With two coats.
2 W., Fnum., 341.— DC, PI. Gr., t. 103.—
C. obliqua Ande., Bot. Repos., 414.
3 DC, PI. Gr., t. l.—Bot. Mag., t. 495.—
Larochea coccinea Haw., Sgn., 50. — Calosanthes
coccinea Haw., Revis. Succ, 18. — Comm., Rar.,
t. 24. — Beadi., Succ, t. 50.
4 DC, PI. Or., n. 103 ; Prodr., iii. 393, sect.
ii. (Franciscea), — Endl., Gen., n. 4615. —
Kalosanthes Haw., Revis. Succ, 6.
5 Spec. 4, South African. Haet. & Soxd.,
Fl. Cap., ii. 368.— Bot. Reg., t. 320. — Bot.
Mag., t. 495, 2178.
6 L., Amoen. Acad., vi. 86. — C. retrqflexa
Thttnb., JF7. Cap., 282. — C. gentianoides Lamk.,
P>ict., ii. 175. — Grammanthes chlorcefolia DC,
Prodr., iii. 392. — G. gentianoides DC, loc fit.,
393.
7 DC, Prodr., loc. cit. — Endl., Gen., n.
4613.— Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., iii. 331.—
B. H., Gen., 658, n. 4. — Yauanthes Haw., Revis.
Succ, 18.
8 DC, in Bull. Soc Philom. (1801), 49, n. 1 ;
Prodr., iii. 3S2. Crassula contains but few
European plants.
9 DC, loc. cit. — Geek. & Gode., Fl. de Fr.,
i. 616. — Payee, Organog., iii. 368, t. 79.
CRASSULACE2E.
313
than as a section of Crassula. The same applies to another minute
native herb, Tillcea1 muscosar This has trimerous or more rarely
tetramerous flowers. But in warmer countries, especially South
Crassula (Bulliarda) Vaillaniii.
Fig. 349.
Flower (f).
Fig. 318.
Habit.
Fig. 350.
Long. sect, of flower.
Fig. 352.
Fruit (f).
Fig. 351.
Diagram.
Fig. 353.
Fruit dehiscing.
Africa, many species are found,3 analogous in habit and dimensions
which have also pentamerous flowers ; and then it is at once im-
possible to separate them in any way from Crassula proper.
C. fliformis, a minute species from the Cape, with the habit of
C. glabra, glomerata, &c, has been made into the genus Dinacria,4
because its carpels are surmounted by a little glandular dorsal pro-
minence external to the style itself. But this character will only
1 Mich., Nov. Gen., 22, t. 20.— L., Gen., n.
177. — DC, Prodr., iii. 381. — Endl., Gen., n.
4607. — B. H., Gen,, 657, n. 1. — Combesia A.
Rich., Fl. Abyss. Tent., i. 307. — Helophytum
Eckl. & Zeyh., Enurn., 288. — Disporocarpa C.
A. Mey., Ind. Sem. Sort. Petrop., viii. 56.
2 L., Spec, 186.— Lamk., III., t. 90.—
Geen. & Godb., Fl, de Fr., i. 616.
3 Thttnb., Fl. Cap., 281.— Habt. & Sond.,
Fl. Cap., ii. 328 (HelopJiytum), 329 (Bulliarda).
— Hook., Icon., t. 295, 310, 535.— Reichb., PI.
Crit., t. 191.— F. Muelx., PI. Vict., t. 19.—
Benth., Fl. Austral., ii. 450. — Walp., Rep., ii.
251 j v. 791 ; Ann., i. 322; ii. 666.
4 Haev., Fl. Cap., ii., 330.— B. H., Gen.,
657, n. 2.
314
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
suffice to distinguish a section, and that not well-defined, in this
enormous genus.1
Crassula,2 as thus defined, includes some hundred and fifty species.3
Those belonging to Til/tea are cosmopolitan. The others are chiefly
found in South Africa, and some in Abyssinia and the mountains of
India. They are herbs, sometimes annual, more rarely shrubs, with
opposite or alternate exstipulate fleshy leaves, which, like the stems
vary greatly in form ; so that the aspect of these succulent plants
is very variable. The flowers4 form ramified corymbiform cymes,
usually terminal sometimes corymbiform or capituliform.
This order was made by B. de Jussieu5 to contain, under the name
of Sempervivece, the then known genera of Cra-s-stdacece which we have
just been through, besides most of those now referred to Saxifragece,
Portulacacece, and Droseracece, together with Cuscuta, Samolus,
Forskalea, &c, thus forming a very heterogeneous group. Adanson6
1 The possession of unguiculate petals has also
been given as characteristic of Dinacria, but they
only taper gradually from above downwards.
2 The limits of the sections are, as a rule, ill-
defined ; however, the following may be dis-
tinguished in practice : 1. Eucrasmla. Petals
spreading or reflexed, not tapering upwards, often
mucronulate. [DC, PI. Gr., t. 19, 21, 37, 79,
103. — Cambess., iu Jacquem. Voy., Pot., t. 73
(Larochea Pees., Enchir., i. 337 (part.). —
Pochea, sect. Danielia DC, Prodr., iii. 3'j3. —
Kalosanthes Haw., Pevis. Sure, (part.), 5, 6. —
Turgosea Haw., loc. cit., 14. — Curtogyne Haw.,
loc. cit., 8.— Ecel. & Zeth., Enum., 303. —
Sarcolipes Eckl. & Zeth., loc. cit., 290. —
Petrogeton Ecel. & Zeth., loc. cit., 291. —
Tetraphyle Eckl. & Zeth., loc. cit., 292. —
Pyrgosea Eckl. & Zeth., loc. cit., 298. — This-
antha Eckl. & Zeth., loc. cit., 302.] — 2. Gram-
tnanthes (DC). Calyx campanulate, nearly equal
to tube of corolla. (Pltjken., Amalth., t. 115,
fig. 6.— Haev. & SOND., Fl. Cap., iii. 331.)— 3.
Pochea (DC, part.). Calyx shorter than tube of
corolla, which consists of pieces sticking to one
another and to the stamens, but seldom truly
gamopetalous (see above, p. 312, note 4). — 4.
Dinacria (Haby.). Petals long-tapering at base.
Carpels possessing a dorsal horn. Leaves oppo-
site. (See above, p. 313, note 4.) — 5. Pyramidella
(B. H.). Petals elongated, long-tapering, cana-
liculate at apex. Leaves imbricate, 4-stichous
[Tetrapliyle Eckl. & Zeth., Enum., 292 (part)].
— 6. Sphceritis [Eckl. & Zeth., loc. cit., 299
(parr.) ;— DC, PI. Gr., t. 7]. Petals panduri-
fcrm, gradually tapering and canaliculate at
apex. — 7. Margarella (13. H.). Petals panduri-
forxn, attenuate tapering abruptly into a glandular
canaliculate inucro [Spheeritis Eckl. & Zeyh.
(part.), loc. cit.~\. — 8. Pachyacris (B. H.). Petals
lanceolate, at apex thickened glandular, 3-quetrous
[Spheeritis (part.) Eckl. & Zeth.]. — 9. Globulea
(Haw., Syn., 60 ; Pevis., 17 ; — DC, PI. Gr., t.
61, 133; Prodr., iii. 390 ;— Pot. Mag.,t. 1940).
Petals panduriform, bearing a gland below obtuse
apex. Undershrubs with approximated or rosu-
late leaves ; floriferous branches leafless. — 10.
Eutillcea. Flowers 3-5-merous. Calyx equal to
corolla or shorter. (See above, p. 313, notes 1,
2, figs. 348-353.)— 11. Pulliarda (DC). Flowers
usually 4-merous. Glands linear. Follicles many-
seeded. — 12. Disporocarpaa (C A. Met.) Petals
sticking together at base. Glands very small.
Ovules usually 2 in each carpel. — 13. Helo-
phyllum (Eckl. & Zeth., Enum., 288). Glands
cuneiform truncate. Carpels usually 1-ovulate.
(Haet. & Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 328.)
3 Walp., Pep., ii. 251 (TilltBa), 252 ; v. 791 ;
Ann., i. 322; ii. 666, 667; vii. 916.
4 White, pink, red, or crimson, more rarely
yellow or orange.
5 Ord. Nat. (1759), in A. L. Juss. Gen., lxix.
6 Fam. des PI., ii. (1763), 13, 346, fam. xxxiii.
CRASSULACE2E. 31 5
reduced it, under the name Joubarbes (Seda), to a smaller number, which
would have been quite naturally associated had Suridna and Tetracera
been omitted. A. L. de Jussieu1 in 1789 finally removed these
two from his order Semperviva. Ten years later Ventenat2 named
the group Succulent^.3 It at length received the name Crassulacea in
the memoirs of A. P. De Candolle4 at the beginning of this century.
Herein he included, besides the numerous genera that had been split
off from Sedum, Sempervivum, Crassula, &c, the genus Penthorum, of
which Jussieu had only made a genus affine, and which we shall refer
to Saxifragacece. Of all these genera we shall retain only the seven
referred to above, including Triactina, founded by J. Hooker and
Thomson in 1S57.5
These eight genera contain about four hundred species.6 Most of
the genera are cosmopolitan ; Sempervivum, Bri/opliyllum, and
Triactina alone appear peculiar to the Old World. But if Crassula,
Sedum, Kalanchoe, and Cotyledon are represented in America, it is
but by very few species. Only one Kalanchoe occurs in Brazil,
several Cotyledons in Mexico, and a few Sedums, besides Dlamorpha,
in both North and South America.
The Crassulacece are all succulent plants, and hence have a
peculiar habit. The stems, and the leaves (in a yet higher degree),
are thick and fleshy, with a rich succulent parenchyma, gorged with
fluid. The vascular elements, few in proportion, often assume an
arrangement corresponding with the form of the organs. When the
leaves become thick and cylindrical, thus resembling the axes, the
fibrovascular bundles are distributed in a circle around a central line
occupied by fleshy parenchyma, like that which is found between the
several bundles. In several genera, and notably in several House-
leeks,7 there are no true medullary rays, but only so-called medullary
1 Gen., 207, ord. i. ; in Diet. Sc. Nat., xi.
(1818), 269 (Crassulce).
2 Tall., iii. 271 (1799).
3 Linn-ETTS had united under this name, in
his Ordines Naturales, a large number of very
diverse fleshy plants, the same as Hawobtii did
in 1812 in his celebrated Synopsis Plantariim
Succulentarum (Lond., 8vo), wherein a large
number of Crassulacea are studied with the rest.
4 Hist, des PI. Grasses (1799-1829) j Mem.
sur la Fam. des Joubarbes [in Bull. Soc.
Pkilom. (1801), 1] ; Mem. sur la Fam. des Cras-
sulacees, Paris, 4to (1828) ; Prodr., iii. (1828),
381, ord. 87. Speengel calls them Sedece.
5 In Joum. Linn. Soc, ii. 90.
6 Lindley counted 450, in 1846, in his
Vegetable Kingdom (346, ord. 120).
7 Ad. Be., in Arch. Mus„ i. (1S39), 437.
316 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
fibrovascular bundles, standing in definite relations with the leaves.
In several Crassulas the absence of a woody zone has been de-
monstrated. The bundles of the medullary layer, consisting of
tracheae and spiral annular and reticulate ducts, increase in number
and volume, without producing a woody parenchyma. In several
Cotyledons* the wood has been seen formed of fibres only, free from
vessels, and traversed by vertical bands of parenchyma consisting of
thin-walled cells, between which spiral vessels are included. When
the Crasmlacece become woody, as in Sempervivum arboreum* for
instance, a stem several years old possesses a cortical cellular zone,
with a suberous layer outside, and a herbaceous inside. The wood,
formed of dotted thick-walled fibres, is traversed by scattered isolated
vessels. In the thickness of the wood, untraversed by true medullary
rays, are arranged peculiar concentric zones, formed of vessels and
elongated quadrangular cells with a delicate unsculptured wall.
Bundles formed of annular and unrollabio spiral vessels, with
elongated cells, occur in the wood all round the pith, which
presents no peculiarity of structure. The same fundamental
type, modified in details only, recurs in the other woody species
belonging to Crassula, Rochea, Cotyledon, &c. The most general
characteristics of the order3 are the absence of liber and medullary rays
in the adult wood ; the presence of cords formed of fibroid cells and
vessels, corresponding with isolated parts of the generative zone,
within the body of the wood ; and the predominance of the paren-
chymatous tissue, giving the organs their peculiar fleshy succulent
consistency.
These peculiarities, and yet more the outward appearance due to
the fleshy organs, have at all times induced a comparison between
the Crassulacete and other succulent plants, especially Cactacete and
MesembryanthemacecB. But they differ in their carpels, as remarked
by A. L. de Jussieu.4 Hence he placed them in Poly petal a
Periyyna, next Saxifrayacea. Penthorum, made by him a yenas affuie
1 Link., Icon. Sel. (1839), fasc. 1, vii. 1,2; 2 Regnattlt, Rech. sur les Affin. de la Tige
in Wiegm. Arch. (1839), 224; in Ann. Nat. des PI. du Or. des Cyclospermees (in Ann. Sc.
Hist., iv. 241. — Lindl., Yeg. Kingd., 345. In Nat., sen 4, xiv. 87).
Sedum the structure of the stem is much nearer 3 Oltv., Stem, in Dicot., 16. (See also P.
that of normal Dicotyledons. The tuberous roots, Magnus, in Pot. Zeit. (1871), 480.
however, present certain histological peculiarities 4 Gen., 308 : " utpole polygynm."
(Heney, Ueb. die Bildung d. Wurzelfasern v.
S. Telephium, in Verli. Nat. S., v. (1860, 61).
CliASSTJLACEM.
317
of Crassulacea, has neither the fleshy leaves, the habit, nor the dehis-
cence of the fruit of this order ; it links it to Saxifragacece, wherein
we class it. Its seeds have albumen, though far from copious ;
and this is really absent1 as a rule in the ripe seeds of true Crassu-
lacea? When Saxifragacece have their carpels free, they are thereby
distinguished from Crassulacece, which moreover are never woody.
The Francocce, which among Saxifragacece come nearest to this order
after Pent/iorum, are distinguished by the presence of albumen and
the more intimate union of the carpels. The free gland found in
Crassulacece outside the base of each carpel, is also usually absent in
Saxifragacece? De Candolle has also shown how Crassulacece pass
into Illeccbrece through Tillcea. J. Gr. Agardh4 also allies this order
to Tamariscinea. We ourselves, while holding like most living
authors that it is inseparable from Saxifragacece, find that it is also
closely allied to Astrocarpece, the polycarpic type of Resedacece. In
Astrocarpus the vegetative organs are comparable with those of
Penthorum ; the gynseceum consists of free carpels as in the House-
leeks. And as the carpels become pluriovulate in Resedece, the only
difference left between the two groups lies in the irregularity of
corolla, androceum, and disk in Resedacece.
Many Crassulacece owe their uses5 to the quantity of water contained
in their fleshy succulent organs; this is especially true of the House-
leeks (Joubarbes), which are used as cooling applications to burns,
abscesses and haemorrhoids, and to soften warts and corns. The leaves
are used entire, sliced or bruised, raw or rarely cooked, alone or in
combination with oil or grease. The common Houseleek,6 which is
1 A. L. de Jussiett admitted its presence:
" utpote perispermo seminis farinaceo instruct ce ;"
an opinion shared by Bentham & Hookeb {Gen.,
656) : " albumen carnosum." Exdlicueb writes
(Gen., SOS, ord, 169) : "embryo in axi albuminis
orthotropus," and Lindley (Veg. Kingd., 344,
ord. 120) : "Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy
albumen:' But the existence of albumen is rightly
denied by other authors (Ad. Be., Eiutm., xxviii.
cl. li. ; — Lem. & Decne., Traite Gen., 237).
2 " Cephalotus is another type closely linking
Crassulads and Saxifragads." (Adansonia,
vi. 3.)
3 " A Crassulaceis discrepant (Saxifragacece)
praecipue habitu, defectu glandularum hypogyn-
arum carpellisque rarius polyspermis ; ted Crassit-
lacea potius subordinem Saxifragaceamm quam
ordinem sistunt." (B. H., Gen., 629.)
4 TJisor. Syst., 343, t. 25, figs. 6-9. " Crassu-
lacea sunt Tamariscinea} herbaceae et nobilius
corollata?, mecliante pra;cipue Telephio versus
Curvembryas tendi'ntes."
5 Endl., Eiichirid. ,4>0(). — Linde., Veg. Kingd.,
345; Fl. Med., 275. — Gdib., Drog. Simpl., ed. 6,
iii. 254. — Rosenth., Syn. PI. Biaplior., 573.
6 Semptrviium tectorum L., Spec, 664. — DC,
318
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
in most request, also contains vegetable albumen, permalate of lime,
&c., and was formerly taken internally in inflammatory and bilious
fevers, &c. The White Stonecrop {Petite-Joubarbe, or Trique Madame),1
was held to have similar cooling virtues, with a slight astringency
that made it a vulnerary application. The Common Orpine or Live-
long {Orjrin commun ; fig. 331 )2 is also used topically in the country
to induce cicatrization. Many allied species of Stonecrop and House-
leek, very poor in active principles and rich in water, are used raw
or cooked in the preparation of soup, as vegetables, or for poultices,3
&c. But in some others acrid or even caustic principles are developed,
which make them irritant, rubefacient, emetic, or purgative, so that
care is needed in their use. The best known is our Wall Pepper
(fig. 332-337),4 which has a pungent disagreeable taste, and is some-
times prescribed as a resolvent. Dried and powdered it is here and
there given in epilepsy. Pennywort or Navelwort (fig. 34 1)5 is also
thought to be of use in epilepsy. Other Crassulads appear to have
special virtues. Crassula tetragonal is considered a good astringent,
and is given with milk in diarrhoea by the Japanese. Bryojihyllum
PI. Gr., t. 104; Prodr., III. 413, n. 23.— Sow.,
Engl. Pot., t. 1320.— Gtjib., loc. cit., 254. —
Lindl., PI. Med., 275.— R£v., in PI. Med. du
x\x* Steele, ii. 184.— Caz., Traite des PI. Med.
Indig., ed. 3, 536. — Sedum tectorum Scop., PL
Carniol., ed. 2, n. 529 (Art/chard des Toils, A.
sauvage, Barbajou, Jombarbe, PLerbe aux cors,
Saxifrage pyramidale ; PLerba Sempervivi s.
Sedi major is off.).
1 Sedum album L., Spec, 619. — DC, PI. Gr.,
t. 22 ; Prodr., iii. 406, n. 48. — Guib., loc. cit ,
254, fig. 632,-Rosenth., op. cit., 574.— #.
teretifolium Lame., Fl. Fr., iii. 48 (Basinet,
Biz sauvage, Joubarbe blanche ; PLerba Sedi
minoris lutei off.).
2 S. Telephium L., Spec, 616, a, /3, y.— DC,
PI. Gr., t. 92; Prodr., iii. 402, n. 9.— Guib.,
op. cit., 255. — Caz., op. cit., 721. — £. vulgare
Lame. (Beprise, Grassette, Joubarbe des Yignes,
Herbe aux coupures ; PLerba Telephii s. Fabarice
s. Faba crassa oft'.). Its leaves, fresh or pre-
served in oil, are considered vulnerary, astringent
and cooling. Many other Mediterranean species
formerly enjoyed a similar reputation, viz.: "Sedum
altissimum PoiR. C keifaov to puKpov, DlOSC.),
S. stellatum L. ('Aei'<>oi' rpirov elSos), S.
Anacampseros L. (Jrfkidnov, PLerba Anacamp-
serotis off), S. Cepma L. (Kr^nala)." (Endl.,
Fiwhirid., 406). — £. amplexicaule DC. has the
same properties as S. altissimum. S. purpu-
reum Haw. and maximum Sut. may be used
instead of S. Telephium, as also S. confertum
Del., in Egypt.
3 The chief species are Sedum Telephium L.,
album L., rejlexum L., Bhodiola L., longifolium
L., Anacampseros L., and Sempervivum tectorum
L.
4 Sedum acre L., Spec, 619.— DC, PI. Gr.,
t. 117; Prodr., iii. 407, u. 51.— Bull., Serb.,
t. 30.— Guib., loc. cit., 256, fig. 633.— Lixul.,
Fl. Med., 276. — Caz;., op. cit., 538 ( Vermiculaire
Brulante, Joubarbe acre, Marquet, Pain-d'oiseau,
Poivre de murailles, Illecebra ; PLerba Sedi
acris s. Illecebra; off). S. sexangulare L., a
closely allied species, and S. boloniense Lois., are
much less acrid.
5 Cotyledon "Umbilicus L., Spec, 615 a. —
Sow., Fngl. Pot., t. 325. — Umbilicus pendulums
DC, PI. Gr., t. 156 ; Prodr., iii. 400, a. 6.—
GtriB., loc cit., 256 (Cotylet, Nombril de Uenus,
Copertoicole, PLerbe aux hunches, a Vhirondelle,
Ecuelles, Cymbalion, Queue-de-rondelle ; PLerba
umbilici Ueneris off). C. orbiculalus is also con-
sidered of use in epilepsy.
6 L., Spec, 404.— DC, PI. Gr., t. 19 ; Pro L:,
iii. 384, n. 10. The same properties are ascribed
to C. porlulacea Lamk.
CBASSULACEJE.
319
ealycinumx (fig. 344) is said to be useful in cutaneous eruptions.
Kalanchoe laciniatcc is used in India and Bourbon in the topical
treatment3 of unhealthy ulcerations. Sedum glaciate'' is said to be
antiscorbutic, and a detergent for ulcers, cancers, &c. ; S. longifolium
diuretic, and S. Rhodiohr resolvent. Sempervivum montanunr is con-
sidered a depurative and purgative in Persia, and the leaves of S.
tectorum have been said to cure intermittent fevers. S. glutinosiim1 in
Madeira, and S. bahamifcruiif in the Canaries, are used to prepare
fishing-nets and preserve them from decay. This appears due to a
sort of glue, and also perhaps to a tanning substance, present in
several Crassulads. Here even the commonest species of Sedum,
Sempervivum, &c, cover the rockeries in our gardens ; they have the
advantage of needing next to no culture. In the conservatory we
find several exotic species, especially of Crassula, Echeveria, and Bryo-
phyllum. B. calycinum is often cultivated so as to favour the develop-
ment of adventitious buds on the edges or veins of its fleshy leaves,
as noticed in every botanical textbook.9
1 Salisb., Par. Lond., 3 (see above, p. 131, note
2). — Rosesth., op. cit., 573. In the interior the
leaves are taken as cooling. " Leaves acid at
morn, insipid at noon, bitter at sunset." (Exdl.,
Enchirid., 106.)
2 DC, PL Or.,t. 100; Prod,:, in. 395, n.
8. — Cotyledon laciniata L. — Plan/a Anatis
RuurH., Herb. Amboin., v. t. 95.
3 The bruised leaves are used. Those of K.
brasiliensis Cambess. {Cotyledon brasilica
Velloz.) are also used as vulueraries in Brazil
(Rose>"tii., op. cit., 573).
4 Clar., in DC. Fl. Fr., iv. 393. Probably
only a form of S. acre L.
5" DC, Fl. Fr., ed. 3, iv. 3SG; PL Gr., t. 143;
Prodr., iii. 401, n. 1. — S. roseum Scop., FL
Cam., ed. 2, n. 560 (nee Stev.). — Rholiula
rosea L., Spec, 1165. — R. odorata Lamk., 77/., t.
819 (Pose-root, Midsummer- men, Mille-graines,
Orpin rose). Its root (radix Rhodia off.) smells
of roses. It was formerly sold as a sedative, anti-
phlogistic, refrigerant, &c. Its leaves are said to
be eaten roasted in the north of Europe.
6 L., Spec, 665. — DC, PI. Gr., t. 105;
Prodr., iii. 113, n. 25. — Jacq., FL Austr., v.
App., t. 41. — Rosextii., op. cit., 576.
7 Ait., Hort. Ken-., ed. 2, 147. — Jacq., Hort.
Schcenbr., 4, t. 644. — Sims., in Pot. Mag., t.
1963— Linul., in Pot. Reg., t. 278.— DC,
Prodr., 411, n. 6 (Ensaiao of Madeira).
8 Webb, Phi/t. Canar., i. 181 (Farroba,
Alfarroba of the natives). S. arboreum L.
(Spec, 664;— DC, Prodr., n. 8) of the Medi-
terranean is no doubt 'Aei£a)ov to fJ-eya of Dios-
COEEDES (" hodie 'Afjuipam-os et 'Avao-Taaia,"
Exdl., in Cyprus and Greece).
9 DC, Organogr., t. 22. — LiKdl., Pntr. to
Pot., 58.— Lem., Lee. Ele'm., 301, fig. 269. The
leaves of Crassula (Rochea) falcata, when placed
on damp earth, may also give rise to adventitious
buds (A. S. H., Morph. Yeg., 222), as is the
case with many other Crassulads cultivated in
our gardens. [For details of fertilization of these
plants by insects see H. Muleeb, Pefrucht. d.
Plumen dv.rch Lisekten, 90.]
320 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
GENERA.
1. Seduni T. — Flowers regular, 5-merous (or more rarely 4, 6, 7-
merous) hermaphrodite or polygamous ; receptacle usually narrow.
Sepals free or connate at base, usually small, thick, valvate. Petals
free, imbricate or twisted. Stamens twice as numerous as petals,
equal, usually slightly perigynous ; filaments all free, or shorter ones
adnate to base of petals ; anthers sub-2-dymous, introrsely or latterly
2-rimose. Scales as numerous as petals, inserted external to base of
carpels, entire or 2-fid. Carpels 5 (more rarely 4, 6, 7), free or more
rarely connate at base, 1 -celled, tapering above into style ; apex stig-
matose inside; ovales oc, more rarely few or 1, oblique anatropous,
inserted on ventral angle. Follicles 4-7 finally gaping internally or ex-
ternally; seeds l-oo, often dotted; embryo exalbuminous (or slightly
albuminous) ; cotyledons fleshy ; radicle cylindrical. — Undershrubs or
far oftener herbs, perennial or rarely annual, fleshy, glabrous or
pubescent ; leaves alternate opposite or verticillate, exstipulate ;
flowers cymose ; cymes regular, or by abortion uniparous, sometimes
few-flowered {Temperate and cold Regions of Northern Hemisphere, South
America). See p. 304.
2 ? Triactina Hook. p. & Thoms. — Flowers nearly of Sedum, 4, 5-
merous. Scales and carpels (of Sedum) 3, connate at base. Follicles 3?
many-seeded. — An annual (?) herb ; habit of Sedum ; leaves (of
Sedum) alternate opposite or verticillate, rather fleshy, entire ; flowers
in lax leafy racemes (Temperate Himalayas). See p. 306.
3. Sempervivum L. — Flowers nearly (of Sedum), 6-co-merous,
more rarely 5-merous. Sepals narrow, free or connate at base.
Petals as many, alternate, free or connate at base, imbricate. Stamens
co, usually twice as numerous as petals (very rarely of same number) ;
filaments free ; usually slightly perigynous at base, anthers ovate or
2-dymous. Scales go, superposed to carpels, simple or 2-fid, sometimes
connate in pairs, more rarely 0, or more or less stipitate petaloid
(Monanthes). Carpels (of Sedum) as numerous as petals and superposed
to them ; ovules co. Follicles co (of Sedu?n); co-seeded. Undershrubs or
CBASSULACEjE. 321
more frequently thick fleshy herbs, acaulescent and giving off axillary
leafy offsets, or more rarely caulescent leafy ; leaves alternate thick,
often imbricate, sometimes revolute ; floral cymes regular or irregular
unilateral, sometimes spiciform, often dense {Central and South
Europe, West and Central Mountainous Asia, West-Insular and East
Africa). See p. 307.
4. Cotyledon L. — Flowers 5-merous ; sepals equal to tube of
corolla {Echeveria) or shorter. Petals connate; tube large, urceolate
or cylindrical, sometimes much elongated {Pisforinia) ; lobes of limb
small, imbricate or more frequently twisted, finally spreading.
Stamens 10 (or very rarely 5), inserted in tube or throat of corolla ;
exserted or included. Carpels 5, oppositipetalous (nearly of Sedum),
each with an external scale at base, oo-ovulate. Follicles 5, oo-
seeded. — Undershrubs or herbs, sometimes scapigerous, varying much
in habit ; leaves alternate or opposite, sometimes rosulate, usually
very thick and fleshy, sometimes peltate ; flowers racemose, spicate
{Umbilicus), or more frequently cymose; cymes sometimes uniparous,
1-bracteate {Africa, West and Central Temperate Asia, Mexico, South
and West Europe). See p. 300.
5. Kalanchoe Adans. — Flowers nearly of Cotyledon, 5-merous;
corolla hypocrateriform, persistent; tube urceolate; limb spreading.
Stamens 8, all fertile, or 4 oppositipetalous antherless, minute or 0 ;
anthers included. Carpels 4, scales, membranous follicles, and seeds,
all of Cotyledon. — Undershrubs or herbs, usually erect, robust ; leaves
opposite, sessile or petiolate, entire, crenate or pinnatifid, fleshy ;
cymes (usually 2-chotomous) branching many-flowered {Tropical
Africa, Tropical and Eastern Asia, Brazil). See p. 310.
6. Bryophyilum Salisb. — Flowers 4-merous (nearly of Cotyledon
or Kalanchoe) ; calyx large inflated sacciform, terete or 4-zonal,
shortly 4-fid or 4-dentate, valvate. Corolla urceolate or subcamp-
anulate ; limb 4-fid, twisted, finally spreading exserted. Stamens 8
inserted in sets on tube of corolla. Scales 4, carpels, and ( co -seeded)
follicles, all of Cotyledon or Kalanchoe. — Thick fleshy herbs, frutescent
at base ; leaves opposite petiolate, simple or imparipinnate, crenate,
sometimes gemmiparous ; cymes (usually 2-chotomous) much branch -
VOL. III. Y
322 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
ing ; flowers crowded nutant {Tropical Africa, all Tropical
Regions). See p. 310.
7. Crassnla L. — Flowers 5-merous (more rarely 3, 4, or 6-9-
merous) ; calyx partite, lobed or cleft. Petals equal to calyx or longer,
free or more or less connate at base, sometimes contracted at base
{Dinacria) ; praefloration contorted or imbricate. Stamens as numerous
as petals ; filaments free or more or less united with petals. Anthers
ovate or oblong, sometimes sub-2-dymous (Tillaa). Scales as
numerous as carpels, varying in form. Carpels superposed to petals
and as numerous, free or connate at very base ; ovules oo, rarely few
{Tillcea), sometimes 2 {Disporocarpa), or 1 {Ilelophjtuni) ; styles
tapering ; apex narrow or dilated, stigmatose ; germen sometimes
shortly horned behind below style. Follicles 1, or more often co-
seeded ; seeds exalbuminous or with scanty albumen of Sediim. —
Shrubs, small shrubs, or more frequently herbs, annual or usually
perennial, succulent fleshy ; leaves opposite, sometimes connate at
base, usually entire, very thick ; flowers (large or small) cymose ;
cymes regular or unilateral, often much branching, racemiform or
more frequently corymbiform or glomerate {Warm and Temperate
regions of Old World, more rarely of New). See p. 311.
XXI. SAXIFRAGACE^.
I. SAXIFBAGE SERIES.
The Saxifrages1 (figs. 354-364) have hermaphrodite flowers,
usually, but not constantly regular. But even omitting this, their
organization may present differences, especially in the form and rela-
Saxifraga tridactylites.
Fig. 356.
Fruit (f).
Fig. 354.
Habit.
Fig. 355.
Diagram.
Fig. 357.
Seed (-«).
Fig. 358.
Long. sect, of seed-
tions of the receptacle and carpels, such as would elsewhere he held
to distinguish genera or even orders. If we analyse the flowers of
Saxifraga crassifolia, cord/folia, ligulata, punctata, astivalis, &c, we find
1 Saxifraga T., List., 252, t. 129.— Adans.,
Fam. des PI., ii. 213.— L., Gen., n. 559.— J.,
Gen., 309. — G.ertn., Fruct., i. t. 177. — La^ie.,
Diet., vi. 670 ; Suppl., v. 72 ; III., t. 372.— DC.
Prodr., iv. 17.— Spach, Suit, a Bvffon, v. 40.—
Ekdl., Gen., n. 4634. — Payee, Orgauog., 381 :
Fam. Nat., 85. — B. H., Gen., 635, n. 6. —
H. Bn., in Adansonia, v. 282 ; vi. 8 (inclus.
Antiphglla Haw., Aulaxis Haw., Bergenic
Mce:n'ch, Chondrosea Haw., Ciliaria Haw., Co-
tylea Haw., Dermasea Haw., Diptera Boekh.,
Geryonia Sche., Hirculus Haw., Hydatica
Neck., Kingstonia Gray, Leptasea Haw., Lig-
ularia Duy., Lobaria Haw., Megasea Haw.,
Miscopetalvm Haw., Muscaria Haw., Oreos-ple-
nium Zahlbe , Bobertsonia Haw., Spathularia
Haw., Zahlbi uchiera Keichb.).
V
•)
324
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Saxifraga crassifolia.
a slightly dilated receptacle, bearing a calyx of five sepals, quincunc-
ial in the bud, and a corolla of five free equal petals, imbricated in
the bud. The stamens, also perigynous and free, like the petals, are
ten in number, five superposed to the sepals, five, smaller, to the
petals. Each consists of a filament bearing a two-celled anther of
introrse or submarginal longitudinal dehiscence.1 The gynseceum
is free, mostly superior ; it consists of two2 carpels, antero- posterior,
free or united below. Each has
a one-celled ovary, covered at
the base with a thin layer of
glandular tissue representing a
rudimentary disk, and tapering
above into a style whose dilated
apex is covered with stigmatic
papilla?. In the ventral angle
of the ovary is a parietal pla-
centa, bearing an indefinite
number of anatropous ovules.
The fruit is dry, formed of two independent follicles, which open
lengthwise to set free the indefinite small elongated seeds. These
contain within their coats a fleshy albumen in whose axis is an
•embryo of very variable length.
In other species, such as S. rotundifolia, Ilircidus, &c, the gynseceum
is still quite free ; and not only are the stamens hypogynous or sub-
perigynous, but there is also an annular glandular disk, pretty high
between their insertion and the base of the ovary. This consists of
two carpels, united by the ventral surface so as to form two complete
cells, with the placentas on the septum. We find numerous transi-
tional forms between the two types of gynseceal organization ; and in
S. Cymbalaria, umbrosa, hederacea, &c, for instance, the free ovary is
two-celled below, dividing above into two quite distinct horns,
wherein the corresponding part of the placenta becomes quite free.
In other species again, with a gynseceum of variable form, the
Fig. 359.
Long. sect, of flower.
Fig. 360.
Diagram.
1 The pollen consists of elongated grains, with
three folds. In water they become spherical with
three bands. The bands are covered with papillae
in S. crassifolia, but lack thein in S. Cotyledon.
(H. Mohl, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii. 331.)
2 The normal number is exceptionally three or
four, tapering above into as many cupitate styles
in S. trigyna R£m. (in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, viii.
235), a little csespitose species growing about the
snow-line in Bolivia ; but yet its other floral
verticils are pentamerous.
SAXIFRAGACE2E.
325
Saxifraga granulata.
Fig. 361.
Long. sect, of flower.
form of the receptacle is altered ; it becomes a cupule varying
in depth, lined by a glandular disk, and bearing the perianth and
androceum on its edges, while the free pistil is inserted in the
bottom.
When the receptacular cavity becomes yet more concave, and camp-
anulate sacciform or tubular, as in S.
oppositifolia, Cotyledon, Aizoon, hypnoides,
granulata, &c, while the carpellary
leaves are inserted higher up and by
a wider base on the inside thereof, the
gynreceum becomes half, nearly, or
almost completely inferior, and what was
formerly termed adherent. Its two cells
are complete for a great extent, with
axile placentation ; and it is only
above that we find two one-celled
ovaries with parietal placentation. The two styles always remain
independent. At the same time the disk and the insertion of the
perianth and androceum are forced higher up,
passing gradually into the most marked perigyny or
even epigyny. In this case the fruit is a half-inferior
or inferior capsule, dehiscing from above downwards
by two longitudinal clefts betwreen the terminal
stylar horns.
Finally some species have an irregular corolla,
like S. sarmentosa (figs. 363, 364), often cultivated
for ornament ; it has two large petals, and three
smaller ones which may even disappear entirely ; or else one large
petal, two middle sized, and two small ones which may be quite
absent.
Thus constituted,1 the genus Saxifraga comprises about a hundred
Saxifraga irrigua.
Fig. 362.
Long, sect, of flower.
1 Englee, who has most recently revised this
genus [Ind. Crit. Specier. atque Synon. Gen.
Saxifraga ( Vindob., 1869)], admits seventeen sec-
tions, founded on the form and organization of
the stems and leaves, the structure of the calyx,
and the relative size of that and of the corolla :
1. Calliphyllum (Gaud.) ; — 2. Cotyledon
(Gaud.) ; — 3. Kabschia (Engl.) ; — 4. Poro-
phyllum (Gaud.); — 5. Tngonophyllam (Gaud.);
6. Trachyphyllum (Gaud.) ; — 7. Arietaria
(Stebnb.) ; — 8. Hirculus (Tausch) ; — 9. Dactyl-
oides (Tausch) ; — 10. Ligularia (Haw.); — 11.
Eobertsonia (Haw.); — 12. Boraphila (Engl.);
— 13. Isomeria (Toee. & Ge.) ; — 14. Pelli-
phyllum (Engl.); — 15. Micropetalum (Tausch);
— 16. Nephrophyllum (Gaud.); — 17. Cym-
balaria (Geiseb.).
326
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
and fifty species,1 spread chiefly over the temperate Alpine and frigid
regions of the Northern Hemisphere, less frequent in Temperate
Asia and in South America, unknown in South Africa, Australia, and
the Islands of the Pacific. They are herbs, perennial or more rarely
annual. Their habit is very variable, like that of the subterranean
Saxifraga sarmentosa.
Fro. 363.
Flower (f).
Fig. 364.
Diagram.
parts, which may be thick rhizomes, or covered with fleshy bulbels
as in our S. granulata. Some species are stoloniferous or climbing.
The various organs are glabrous, or covered with hairs or glands.
The leaves are alternate or opposite, very variable in form, with an
often sheathing petiole, but no true stipules. The flowers, white
pink or yellow, are rarely solitar}'-, usually in cymes, sometimes uni-
lateral, collected into pseudo-corymbs or compound racemes, terminal
or more rarely axillary.
Under the name of Zahlbrucknerc? has been wrongly made a
distinct genus for a little Styrian and Carinthian Saxifraga? whose
petals, though smaller, resemble the sepals in colour and consistency,
while the ovary is in great part inferior ; the very slender herbace-
ous stem bears opposite or alternate lobed leaves, and solitary flowers
borne on filiform axillary peduncles.
1 Steenb., Revis. Saxifr., Ratisb. (1810). —
Haw., Mmm. Saxifr., Lond. (1821). — Gaud.,
Fl. Heh\, iii. 83. — Don, in Trans. Linn. Soc,
xiii. 341. — Ad. Be., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii.
48, t. 1, fig. 1. — Hook. f. & Thoms., in Journ.
Linn. Soc, ii. 60. — A. Geay, Man., ed. 2, 142. —
CHAPM., Fl. S. Unit. States, 153.— Geen. &
Gode., Fl.de Ft:, i. 637, 661.— Bot. Mag.,t.
92, 196, 351, 424, 1651, 1661, 2207, 2959, 3026,
4915, 5066, 5377.— Walp., Rep., ii. 362, 936 ;
v. 824 ; Ann., i. 336 ; ii. 687 ; v. 24 ; vii. 889.
'2 Reichb., Fl. Germ. Fxcurs., 551. — Endl.,
Gen., n. 4633.— B. H., Gen., 636, n. 7.
3 S.paradoxa Vest, ex Steenb., Rev. Saxifr.,
22, t. 14.— Engl., loc. cit, 12, 34.— Walp.,
Rep., ii. 362.
8AXIFBAGAGE2E.
327
The flowers of Chrgsosplemi/ni1 (figs. 365-367) are found on the
whole as in Saocifraga ; but they are apetalous, pentamerous or tetra-
merous, usually diplosteinonous, more rarely isostemonous. The
i
.
Chrysosplenium alternifoliwm,
r
Fig. 366.
Tetraraerous flower (^).
Fig. 365.
Inflorescence.
Fig. 367.
Long, sect, of gynacceum.
receptacle is obconical or urceolate, everted and of no great depth.
The one-celled ovary becomes a partly inferior polyspermous capsule,
dividing above into two equal or unequal lobes. Some fifteen species2
are known, inhabiting the temperate and frigid regions of Europe,
Asia, and North and South America. They are little annual or
perennial herbs, with alternate or opposite exstipulate leaves, and little
greenish axillary and terminal flowers.
Next to Saocifraga and Chrgsosplenium come several other herbaceous
genera, only differing in details ; Tellhna, Mile/la,
Heuchera, and Tiarella. In Tellima3 (fig. 3GS) the Teliima grandijiora.
ovary is partly inferior and one-celled, with two
parietal placentas, a gamosepalous calyx with five
deep divisions, five entire or lobed petals, and five
or ten small included stamens, inserted on the
periphery of a disk.4 It consists of some half-
dozen American species, herbs with alternate lobed
or dentate leaves and racemose5 flowers."
Fig. 368.
Flower (f ).
1 T., Inst., 146, t. 60.— L., Gen.,n. 558.— J.,
Gen., 309. — G.ertn., Fruct., 5. 208, t. 44. —
Lamk., Diet., ii. 311 j III, t. 516.— DC, Prodr.,
iv. 48. — Enpl., Gen., n. 4638. — B. H., Gen.,
638, n. 16.
2 Ledeb., Io. Fl. Ross , t. 401, 405.— Hook.,
Joum., i. 354, t. 16, 17. — Hook. f. & Thoms.,
in Joum. Linn. Soc, ii. 73. — A. Gkay, Man.,
ed. 2, 145.— Chapm., Ft. S. Unit. St., 154.— C.
Gat, Fl. CHI., iii. 42. — Maxim., Fl. Amur.,
121.— Gren. & Godk., Fl. de Fr., i. 660.—
Walp., Rep., ii. 368 ; v. 828.
3 R. Be., in Frankl, Joum. App., 765, obs. —
DCL Prodr., iv. 49.— Endl.. Gen., n. 4642.—
B. H., Gen., 637, n. 12. — Lilliophragma Toke.
& Ge., Fl. N.-Amer., i. 583.
4 In T. grandijiora II. Be. the whole of the
inside of the rectptitcle is lined by a glandular
layer. The petals are revolute after antliesis.
*• Hook., Fl. Bor.-Amer., i. 239. — Lindl., in
Sot. Reg., t. 1178.— Walp., Rep., ii. 371.
6 Each flower is axillary to a denticulate bract,
with two very minute lateral sterile bractlets.
328
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
MHella nttda.
Mitelld (figs. 369, 370) lias ten or five stamens,2 with five trifid
or pinnatifid petals. But the floral receptacle is everted and
shallow, SO that the Mitella (Mitellopsis) pentandra.
gynseceum is almost
completely superior.
The parietal multiovu-
]ate placentas are also
those of a Saarifraga.
The genus comprises
four American species,
and one from Eastern
Asia.3 They have the
vegetative organs of Tellima, with flowers in slender elongated
racemes. Heuchera* has five or six perigynous stamens, and entire
petals5 or no corolla. But the gyna?ceum and fruit are half-
inferior.6 There are some twenty species,7 all North American.
Tiarettc? has the same habit, vegetative organs, and inflorescence :
but the receptacle is scarcely concave ; the gynseceum and fruit are
Fig. 369.
Flower (f).
Fig. 370.
Flower (f).
1 T., Inst., 241, t. 126.— L., Gen., n. 561 —
GiEKTN., Fruct., i. 208, t. 44. — Lamk., Diet., iv.
195 ; Suppl., iii. 710 ; III., t. 373.— DC, Prodr.,
iv. 49.— E.ndl., Gen., n. 4641.— E. H., Gen.,
63S, n. 13.
2 In the latter ease the stamens that disappear
are sometimes the oppositipetalous, sometimes the
alternipetalous (fig. 370). The pentanclrous species
are made by some authors into a distinct genus,
Mitellopsls (Meissn., Gen., 136 ; Comm., 100. —
Endl., Gen., n. 4640. — ? Oreantkus Rafis., in
Ser. Bull. Bot., i. 216.— Drummondia DC,
Prod;:, iv. 49).
3 Hook., Fl. Bor.-Amer., i. t. 82; in Bot.
Mag., t. 2933.— Lixdl., in Bot. Beg., t. 166.—
TORH.& Gkay., Fl. N.-Amer.,l 585.— A. Okay,
Man., cd. 2, 145. — Chapm., Fl. S. Unit. Stales,
154.— W alp., Pep., ii. 370 (Mitellopsis), 371.
4 L., Gen., n. 320.— J., Gen., 308.— Gjeets.,
Fruct., i. 177, t. 362.— Lamk., Diet., iii. 127 ;
Suppl., iii. 49; III., t. 184.— DC, Prodr., iv. 51.
— ESDI., Gen., n. 4639.— B. H., Gen., 638, n.
14.
s In Ft. americana L. (Spec., 328) the margins
of the petals are a little ciliate. The petals are
purple and spathulate in H. glabra DC, while
and revolute, with a very slender claw in H.
They form long linear straps in II.
miearntha.
liimalayensis.
ipetalous.
.H". cylindrica is often hex-
6 In several species, like H. americana, we
pretty often find developed under culture, besides
the five unequal alternipetalous stamens, a sixth
exactly in front of a petal. Here, and in H.
cylindrica, the ovary is normally gaping at the
apex, for the carpellary leaves become quite
independent above the placentas. M. cylindrica
has unequal sepals, and no corolla. The anthers
are tetragonal, and dehisce laterally, but the
insertion of the filament is dorsal. The disk is
very thin. In H. micrantha the inflorescence is
a raceme of biparous cymes, becoming uniparous
at the apex. The stamens have basifixed anthers
and a quite lateral dehiscence. The disk, very
thin in most of the species, is here represented
by a yellow epigynous glandular layer. The petals,
tapering greatly at the base, become revolute in
anthesis. The ovary is half inferior, but the
placentas do not extend beyond the level of the
base of the carpellary leaves.
7 Hook., Fl. Bor.-Amer., i. t. 79.— Tork.
& Geat, FL N.-Amer., i. 577.— Bot. Peg., t.
1302, 1924.— Walp., Pep., ii. 369; Ann. \.,
337; iii. 897; v. 29; vii. 900.
8 L., Gen., n. 560.— J., Gen., 309.— Lamk.,
Diet., vii. 657; III., t. 378.— DC, Prodr., iv.
50 (part.).— Endl,, Gen., n. 4643.— B. H., Gen.,
637, n. 11.—? Blondea Neck., Elem., n. 786
(ex Endl., nee Rich.).
SAX1FRAGACEJE.
329
Fig. 371.
Flower (^).
Fig. 372.
Fruit (f).
almost wholly superior ; and the stamens are much exserted (fig. 371).
The two carpels are very unequal, and the placentas are relegated right
down to the base of the ovary.1 The capsule opens broadly above,
gaping into two very unequal
l i /£ or,i\ Tiarella cord/folia.
membranous valves (rig. 6(2).
Of the five known species,2
one comes from the Hima-
layas, the rest from North
America. They have a per-
ennial rhizome, alternate
leaves, and flowers in simple
or ramified terminal racemes.
j5o///////<2smay be considered
as Saxifraga with an inferior
ovary, and with the androceum is reduced to the five alternipetalous
stamens. Five species are known,' all perennial herbs from North
America, with their organs covered with glandular hairs ; their leaves
are alternate, with setaceous stipules, and the flowers form terminal
racemes of cymes.5
Sullivantia ohioensis6 has also small flowers, closely analogous to
those of the Saxifrages, with only five alternipetalous stamens. But
the receptacle is shallow, lodging only the lower part of the ovary ;
this divides above into two distinct bodies. Hence the fruit is a
half-superior capsule ; it contains numerous scobiform seeds. The
plant is a perennial herb from North America, with alternate leaves
and flowers in di- or trichotomous cymes.
Ore-si trojjhe montana' is, like Chrysosplenium, an apetalous Saxifrage
with pentamerous flowers, and an androceum which is at least
1 The carpels are like two little rolled up leaves,
prolonged into cornets cleft on the inside. The
receptacle forms a shallow obconical cup. The
tetragonal basifixed anthers open laterally.
2 Hook., Fl, Bor.-Amer., i. 238, t. 77, 81.—
Toee. & Geat, Fl. N.-Amer., i. 587. — A. Geat,
Man., ed. 2, 145. — Chapm., Fl. S. Unit. States,
lb4.—Bot. Mag., t. 15S9.— Walp., Bep., ii. 372
(part.).
3 Xutt., in Journ. Acad. Philad., vii. 113. —
Exdl., Gen., n. 46321.— B. H., Gen., 636, u. 8.
4 Toee. & Geat, Fl. N.-Amer., i. 576.—
Walp., Rep., ii. 362.
5 Next to this genus comes, doubtfully, Boh
andra califomica A. Geat (in Proc. Amer.
Acad. (1867), vii. 341), which has pentamerous
flowers, with perigynous persistent petals, five
stamens, and a two-celled ovary, surmounted by
two short styles. This genus appears at once
allied to Tellima, Tolmiea, and Tiarella.
6 Toee. & Geat, in Sillim. Journ., xlii. 22,
not. — A. Geat, C'/dor. Bor.-Amer., 38, t. 6;
Bot. N. Unit. St., 144.— B. H., Gen., 636, n. 9.
7 Btjnge, Fwrnn. PI. Chin. Bor., 31. — Endl.,
Gen., n. 4646.— B. H„ Gen., 639, n. 17.—
Walp., Rep., v. 828.
330 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
diplostemonous.1 But the receptacle is a shallow cup, so that the
gymeceum is almost Avholly superior. The placentas are parietal
and multiovulate in the lower part, which forms a single cell ; above
the carpels are separate, and end in subulate styles. Hence the
capsular fruit appears nearly free, and almost entirely divided into
two horns ; it opens at maturity by two interstylar valves. 0.
montana inhabits the North of China. It is a perennial herb,2 with
a thick scaly rhizome, having usually only one radical leaf, ovate-
cordate, serrate, with a thick petiole. Its flowers form dichotomous
cymes at the top of a common scape.
The flowers of Astilbe? pentamerous or more rarely tetramerous,
have a concave receptacle framing the base of the carpels, which are
pluriovulate and united below, surmounted by two or three distinct
styles. On the rim of the receptacle are inserted the valvate or im-
bricate sepals, the petals (which may be absent), and a diplostemon-
ous androceum, with short subdidymous anthers. The fruit is dry
and capsular, formed of two or three carpels, containing numerous
scobiform seeds, whose outer coat is prolonged at each end into a
sort of lax membrane ; the embryo is surrounded by fleshy albumen.
Astilbe comprises half a dozen species/ from India, Java, China, Japan,
and North America. They are perennial herbs, whose rhizome gives
off branches covered with alternate leaves, bi- or tri-ternate, com-
pound or decompound, with serrate leaflets. Adnate to the base of
the dilated petiole are membranous stipules. The flowers form
spikes or racemes, which may be simple or composed of cymes. We
make Rodgersia podojjJtgUcF of Japan a mere section of this genus; it
has the same floral organization, with the basal leaves digitate or
pedate, and the cauline trilobate ; and its flowers are apetalous, sessile
or subsessile, arranged along the numerous axes of the inflorescence
in cymes which are usually uniparous and scorpioid.
1 Several flowers have from twelve to fourteen 4 Vent., Malmais., t. 54 {Tiarella). —
stamens. Cambess., in Jacquem. 'Yoy„ Bot., t. 58 {Spi-
2 Its habit is compared to that of certain rcea). — V. Houtte, Fl. des Serr., n. 1207. —
Begonias. The single aerial leaf developes after Bot. Mag., t. 3821 {Hoteia), 4959. — Walp.,
the flowers ; these are at first pink, but ulti- Rep., ii. 372 {Hoteia) ; Ann., i. 976 (Hoteia) ;
mately turn green. v. 29; vii. 888, 8S9 {Rodgersia).
3 Hamilt., in Don Prodr. Fl. Nepal., 210. — 5 A. Gbay, in Mem. Amer. Acad,, ser. 2, vi.
DC, Prodr., iv. 51.— Endl., Gen., n. 4645.— 389.— B. H., Gen., 635, n. 5.
B. H., Gen., 634, n. 4. — Hoteia Mobe. & Dcne.,
in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, ii. 316, t. 11. — Endl.,
Gen., n. 4644.
I
SAXIFRAGACEJE.
331
The small flowers of Lepuropetalon spathulatum1 are formed nearly
as in the Saxifrages, with a deep receptacle lodging a half-inferior
ovary in its concavity, and bearing on its edges five sepals, five petals,
and five alternipetalous stamens. The placentation is exceptional in
this order ; there are three multiovulate parietal placentas in the
one-celled ovaiy, with as many branches to the style. The fruit
opens above into three triangular flaps, each surmounted by a branch
of the style, revealing the seeds inserted on a line continuous with
this branch. The seed-coats are rugose outside, and surround the
fleshy albumen, with a little axile embryo. This curious annual, of
minute size," inhabits the United States and Chili ; it is ramified,
glabrous, almost fleshy, with alternate or subopposite exstipulate
leaves, and solitary terminal flowers.
Leptarr/iena* on the contrary, is inform of receptacle and organiza-
tion of gynseceum analogous to the Saxifrages with an almost
superior ovary and independent carpels. But the ten stamens have
one-celled anthers, and the placentas are confined to the lower part
of the carpels. These last are in the fruit dry and coriaceous, erect,
rostrate, and dehiscing ventrally. The seeds are prolonged into a
long narrow point above and below, so as to be very elongated and
spindle-shaped. L. pirolifolia R. Br.,4 owes its name to the form of
its so-called radical leaves, which are petiolate, coriaceous, persistent,
obovate, and serrate. Its flowers are in cymes, ending an erect scape.
This plant is found in Kamschatka, and about the same latitude in
North America.
To! mica' represents the irregular form of the preceding types ; the
receptacle and perianth together form a cornet cleft right down its
anterior edge, with its mouth very obliquely bevelled downwards
and forwards. In front it is edged by the two small sepals ; behind
I
1 Ell., Carol., i. 370.— DC, Prodr., iv. 53.—
Endl.. Gen., n. 4637.— B. H., Gen., 639, n.
18. — Cn/plopetahtm pusillum Hook. & Arn.,
Pot. Misc., iii. 314.
2 It is sometimes a centimetre in height, with
a single terminal flower that appears almost
radical, and several subjacent leaves, usually
covered with little elongated brownish glands.
In other cases, branches, also ending in a flower,
develope in the axils of these leaves, and so on.
Specimens occur wherein the solitary flower alone
forms above half the bulk of the aerial part of
the plant.
3 II. Br., in Parry's First Voy., Suppl., 273,
obs. — DC, Prodr., iv. 48. — Ejsdl., Gen., n.
4635.— B. H., Gen., 634, n. 3.
4 Loc. cit.— Hook., Fl. Bor.-Amer., i. t. 89. —
Walp., Rep., v. 827. — Saxifraga pirifolia
Sternb., Saxifr., Suppl., t. 2.
5 Torr. & Gray, Fl. N.-Amer., i. 582 (nee
Hook.). — Endl., Gen., u. 46391. — B. H., Gen.,
638, n. 15.
332
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Tolmiea Menziesii.
Fig. 373.
Diagram.
are the three larger ones, each with a fertile stamen superposed (fig.
373) ; and between the sepals are seen long capillary filaments, which
are considered petals. The free dicarpellary gynseceum and capsular
fruit are those of a Saxifrage. Menziesia,1 the only known species
of the genus, is a North American perennial, with a creeping rhizome,
which gives off aerial branches covered with leaves ;
these are alternate, cordate, incised-lobate, with
membranous stipules ; the flowers are on drooping
pedicels in terminal racemes.
Eremosyne pectinate? is a little Australian herb,
with the aspect of a small Caryophyllad, and pos-
sessing a slender annual stem, with alternate lobed
leaves. The small flowers grouped in ramified
dichotomous cymes are nearly those of a Saxifrage
as regards the half-inferior dicarpellary gynseceum,
the pentamerous calyx and perigynous corolla and androceum. But in
each of the nearly complete cells of the ovary is only a single
subbasilar ovule, attached to the ventral angle, and ascending,
with its micropyle downwards and inwards (?). The fruit is a little
membranous loculicidal capsule, compressed at right angles to the
septum. The seeds contain fleshy albumen surrounding the embryo.
The receptacle of Vahlia (figs. 374, 375)3 forms a hollow hemi-
sphere or short cornet, but on its edges are inserted five valvate sepals,
five shorter alternating petals, and five epigynous stamens, whose
filaments are inserted around a little circular disk framing the base
of the styles ; they are often dilated at the base into a sort of scale,
and then taper to the apex, which bears an introrse two-celled
anther of longitudinal dehiscence. The ovary is inferior, one-celled,
with two or more, rarely three very imperfect septa projecting into
its cavity, and separating the two or three placentas to a variable
extent. These are ovoidal, suspended in the ovary by the narrow
end (fig. 375), and are covered with small anatropous ovules.4 The
1 Heucliera Menziesii Hook., Fl. Por.-Amer.,
i. t. 80.
2 Endl., in Bueg. Eniim., 53 ; Gen., n. 4629 ;
Iconogr., t. 112.— B. H., Gen., 634, n. 2 —
Benth., Fl. Austral., ii. 449.
3 Thunb., Nov. Gen , ii. 36 (nee Dahl). — J.,
Gen., 318.— Lame., Bid., viii. 284; III, t. 183;
E. Be., in Frankl. Journ., 766.— DC, Prodr.,
iv. 53. — Endl., Gen., n. 4631. — Pafee, Fam.
Nat., 86.— B. H., Gen,, 637, n. 10.— Eusselia
L. fil., Suppl,, 24 (nee Jacq.). — Bistella Del.,
Cent. PI. Afr., in Caill. Toy., 97, t. 63, fig. 2.
4 The styles are short or elongated.
SAXIFRAGAGE2E.
333
Tahlia capemis.
Fig. 374.
Flower (\).
Fig. 375.
Long. sect, of flower.
numerous seeds are small and albuminous. The four known species
of Vahlia) inhabit Asia, but chiefly Tropical and South Africa. They
are annual herbs, often glandular and pubescent, with dichotomous
stems and branches. The leaves are opposite, entire, exstipulate.
The flowers are paired
in the axils of the leaves ;
and the latter being re-
placed by opposite bracts
at the end of the
branches, form terminal
racemes or spikes.
Donatio? has herma-
phrodite flowers, with a
hollow obconical recept-
acle. On its rim are
usually inserted five sep-
als, and five alternat-
ing petals ; and in the concavity is the ovary, three-celled, with a
multiovulate placenta descending in a mass, with the ventral ano-le
of each cell. The top of the ovary is slightly concave ; on it we see
three recurved subulate styles, stigmatiferous at the apex, and
corresponding with the cells below ; alternate with them stand three
stamens, whose subulate filaments are slightly coherent at the base,
and bear a didymous extrorse anther. The fruit is dry and three-
celled, and finally opens broadly at the apex. It then forms a
conical sac with two or three divisions, containing numerous oblong,
glabrous seeds, diverging in all directions from the very narrow
surface on which they are attached. Some flowers of Donatio, may
have seven or eight sepals and ten petals ; others have only two
cells to the ovary, two styles, and two alternating stamens. Two
species of this genus are known,3 one from the extreme South of
America, the other from the heights of New Zealand and Tasmania.
1 Reichb., Ic. Exot., t. 91. — Wight, HI., t.
115 j Icon., t. 562, 563.— Haet. & Sond., Fl.
Cap., ii. 306. — Walp., Rep., ii. 362 ; Ann., ii.
687 ; vii. 900.
2Fobst., Char. Gen., 9, t. 5.— J., Gen., 300.
— Lamk., Diet., Suppl., ii. 500; III., t. 51. —
DC, Prodr., iv. 63. — A. S. H., in Mem. Mus.,
ii. 119.— Endl., Gen., n. 4630.— B. H., Gen
634, n. 1.
3 Hook., Icon., t. 16. — R£sr., in C. Gay Fl.
Chil., iii. 39. — Hook, f., Fl, Antarct., ii. 281 ;
Fl. Nov.-Zel., i. 80, t. 20.— Benth., Fl. Austral
ii. 450.
334 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
They are little csespitose-tufted herbs, with the habit of certain
alpine Saxifrages, and possess little imbricated, alternate coriaceous
leaves, and sessile solitary terminal flowers, sometimes asexual by
abortion.1
II. PENTHORUM SERIES.
Penthorum (figs. 376, 377),2 a genus hitherto generally referred to
Cramdacece, has regular hermaphrodite apetalous flowers, hexamerous
or more frequently pentamerous. In the latter is a concave disk, thick
and saucer-shaped, on the rim of which are inserted the perianth
andandroceum. The former
Penthorum sedoides. consists of five Or six short
(\(5V)$ <\ rt somewhat unequal sepals,
if% f: mm) ■ >--'* ' ^ valvate, or nearly so, in the
■^,^'4^^ "^^r i ^ ^ud. The petals are absent
\f^/ " ^Hfej\ ^&)^^^^ : or iU-developed. There are
-^' / V\" ^^^^f^^vj^ twice as many stamens,
^^ v^ half of them shorter, and
FlG- 37,6; B FlG; f\ alternating with the sepals,
Flower (±). Fruit dehiscing. ° *
the other half superposed
to them ; each consists of a short slender filament, and a
basifixed two-celled anther, dehiscing b}^ two introrse or submarginal
longitudinal clefts. The hollow of the receptacle forms a frame to the
lower part of the five radiating carpels, which are applied to its walls
and leave a depression m the centre. They alternate with the sepals ;
each consists of a one-celled ovary tapering above into a style,
slightly dilated and stigmatiferous at the apex. In the ventral
angle of each ovary is a large ovoid stigma, covered with numerous
little anatropous ovules. The fruit, surrounded by the persistent
calyx, consists of five capsules, the free part of which separates from
that adherent to the receptacle, setting free the numerous seeds.
These are rugose or papillose, with an axile cylindroidal embryo,
1 Only with doubt do we refer the genus 65. — Lame., Diet., v. 160 ; Suppl., iv. 351 ; III.,
Donatio, to this order. " Gen. valde anomalum." t. 390. — DC, Prodr., iii. 41 1 ; Mem. PI. Gr., ii.
(B. H., loc. eit.) 43, t. 1, fig. 8, t. 13.— Endl., Gen., n. 4625.—
2 L., Gen., n. 5S0.— Adans., F.im. des PI, ii. 13. H., Gen., 661, n. 13.
245. — J., Gen., 308.— GiERTN., Fruct., i. 312, t.
SAXIFRAGACEJE.
335
surrounded by thin fleshy albumen. Two species of Penthorum are
known,1 one Chinese, the other from the north-west of America.
They are perennial herbs, with erect stems and alternate, simple,
elongated, membranous-petiolate leaves. The flowers are small and
greenish, and form branching cymes, uniparous and scorpoid towards
the apex, terminating the branches.
III. CEPHALOTUS SEEIES.
The flowers of the genus Vami or Cephnhtus2 (figs. 37S-381), are
regular, hermaphrodite, and monochlamydeous. The receptacle is
a shallow cup, lined by a layer of glandular tissue, studded with
papilla; and little glandular hairs. On its rim are inserted the six
triangular petaloid leaves3 of the perianth. The androceum is diplo-
stemonous, consisting of six stamens alternate with the perianth-
leaves, and six smaller ones superposed to them. All are perigynous,
and inserted on the rim of the disk ; they consist of a free filament,
and a didymous, introrse, two-celled anther, whose connective is
thickened into a swollen, fleshy, cellular, dorsal process. The
gyna?ceum is inserted not far from the centre of the receptacle ;4 it
is formed of six free carpels, alternating with the perianth-leaves ;
each is formed of a one-celled ovary, tapering into a recurved style,
stigmatiferous at the tip. In the ventral angle of each ovary, close
to its base, is inserted by a short-curved funicle, the single ascend-
ing anatropous ovule,5 with its raphe dorsal, and its micropyle
looking downwards and inwards. The fruit is formed of six shortly
stipitate follicles, around which persist the receptacle and perianth.
1 Torr. & Gr., Fl. N.-Amer., i. 561.— A.
Gray, Man., ed. 2, 141. — Chapm., Fl. S. Unit.
States, 150.
2 Labill., PI. Nouv.-Holl., ii. 7, t. 145.— R.
Br., in Mind. Vbtf., ii. 601, t. 4; in Edinb.
Phil. Mag. (1832), 314.— Lamk., Diet., viii.
326.— Endi., Gen., n. 4628.— AG., Theor. Syst.
PL, 360.— B. H., Gen., 655, n. 73.— H. Bn., in
Adansonia, vi. 3.
3 They are greenish-white, and perhaps repre-
sent a corolla. Without having seen the peri-
anth at its first origin, we have seen it very young,
and then its leaves were all of the same size, as in
a corolla. Moreover, the large stamens alternate
with them (fig. 388), and are thus in the position
they occupy to the petals of other diplostemonous
Saxifragacece.
4 Between the carpels the receptacle rises up
like the bottom of a wine bottle, projecting into
a little cone with an obtuse apex, inconspicuous
at maturity. R. Brown, in his figures of Cepha-
lotus, is wrong in drawing the carpels sometimes
in front of the perianth-leaves, sometimes alter-
nate with them.
3 It is said that there are sometimes two
ovules j they have two coats.
336
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
This support finally opens and gapes widely, revealing the follicles
covered with long reflexed hairs. They are surmounted by the
recurved, hooked, persistent style, and open along the ventral angle.
Cephalotus follicularis.
Fig. 379.
Flower (f).
S3
1*1
- (few®*
Fig. 380.
Diagram.
Fig. 381.
Long. sect, of flower.
The seed is elliptical-oblong, with a pale, lax, membranous, outer
coat ; the fleshy albumen contains near its base a little axile embryo.
C. follicularis,1 the only known sj)ecies, is a perennial herb, from the
1 Labile., loc. cit. — Hook., in Bot. Mag., t.
3118, 3119.— Nees, in PI. Preiss., i. 278.—
Bentii., Fl. Austral., ii. 449. — Lem. & Dcke.,
Tr. Gen., 266.
BAXIFRAGACE2E. 337
marshlands of the South-west of Australia, with the habit of certain
Saxifrages. Its short rhizome, sunk vertically, or more or less
obliquely in the swampy soil, bears above ground the alternate, so-called
radical leaves, petiolate and exstipulate, approximated into a rosette.
Some of them are entire, flat, elliptical-oblong, without marked ribs ;
others are developed into pitchers or ascidia (fig. 378) ; in these the
petiole bears at its apex a suspended urn, with three longitudinal,
external prominences, one median and two lateral ; a thick collar
covered with vertical ribs surrounds the mouth of the urn,1 closed by
a slightly convex lid. All the parts of this plant are covered with a
fine silky down. The flowers are borne on a common erect scape,
naked below, and bearing above a pretty large number of alternate,
usually biparous cymes, with bracts at their base, but no bractlets to
the floral pedicels.
IV. PARNASSIA SERIES.
Parncmicc (figs. 382—387) has regular hermaphrodite flowers. The
receptacle is slightly concave and saucer-shaped ; on its rim are
inserted the perianth and androceum. The calyx consists of five
sepals, one anterior, two lateral, and two posterior, of imbricate
pignoration.3 The corolla consists of five imbricated marcescent
petals.4 The five subperigynous stamens alternate with the petals ;
each consists of a free filament, and an introrse, versatile, two-celled
anther of longitudinal dehiscence.5 Between the stamens are as
many multifid scales (fig. 3S5), with slender subulate lobes, each
tipped by a capitate gland. The g3'n0eceum is free; its one-celled
ovary is surmounted by a short style, which at once divides into
three, or more frequently four, stigmatiferous branches. To these
are superposed as many parietal placentas,6 which bear either all
1 Duchtre., jElSm. de Bot., figs. Ill, 112. 3 The imbrication is peculiar in P. palustris
2 Parnassia T., Inst., 246, t. 127.— L., Gen., (fig. 384). Here it is quincuncial, but most
n. 384.— Adans., Fan. des PL, ii. 449.— J., commonly with sepals 1 and 4 posterior, and
Gen., 245.— Gjertn., Fruct., i. 2S7, t. 60.— sepals 2 and 3 lateral.
Lamk., Bid., v. 22 ; Suppl., iv. 302 ; III., t. 216. 4 Sometimes fimbriate.
—DC, Prodr.. i. 320.— Endl., Gen., n. 5039.— 5 The pollen grains are ovoidal, with three
Payee, Organog., 183, t. 39 ; Fam. Nat., 101.— folds; in water they become spherical, with three
A. Gray, Gen, III., t. 86.— B. H., Gen,, 639, papillate bands (H. Mohl, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser.
1004, n.'l9.— H. Bn., in Adansonia, vi. 7. — 2, iii. 329).
Lem. & Dcke., Tr. Gen., 406. — Enneadgnamis 6 When there are four, two of the incomplete
GESN.'(ex Adans.) — Pyrola Mor. (ex Adans., cells are lateral, two anteroposterior.
nee alior.).
vol. ii r. z
338
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
along or only below, an indefinite number of pluriseriate, oblique
or transverse, anatropous ovules.1 The fruit, at whose base persists
the withered perianth, is a capsule, opening above into three or four
Parnassia paluslris (Grass of Parnassus).
Fig. 384.
Diagram.
/ ' ~ '
Fig. 382
Habit (i).
Fig. 385.
Glanduliferons
scale (£).
Fig. 38G.
Fruit.
Fig. 387.
Seed.
valves, each bearing on the centre of its inner face a many-seeded
placenta. The seeds (fig. 387) have a lax cellular external coat, in
which lies loosely the internal mass. This contains a fleshy cylind-
1 They have two coats, very distinct towards the micropvle.
SAXIFRAGAGEJE.
339
roiclal embiyo, sometimes surrounded by a membranous albumen.
Parnassia comprises about a dozen species of glabrous perennial
herbs,1 inhabiting the temperate and cold regions of the Northern
Hemisphere, and the mountains of India, preferring marshes and
damp pastures. The radical leaves are alternate, with a petiole
dilated at the base, and a simple blade. Axillary to these arise one-
flowered peduncles, bearing halfway up one or more leaves or
bracts.
V. FRANCOA SERIES.
Francoa? (figs. 3S8-391) has hermaphrodite regular flowers. On
the rim of the very slightly concave receptacle are inserted four
sepals, valvate or slightly imbricate, two lateral, two antero posterior.
There are as many alternating petals, imbricate or contorted in the bud.
Francoa sonchifolia.
Fig. 388.
Flower ('f).
Fig. 38!).
1)
msram.
Fig. 391.
Fruit dehiscing (|).
Fig. 390.
Long, sect, of flower.
The androceum consists of eight subperigynous stamens, four super-
posed to the sepals, and four smaller to the petals ; each consists
1 Vent., Malm., t. 39.— Hook., Fl. Bo,:-
Amer., i. t. 27, 28; Bot. Misc., i. t. 23. — Zenk.,
PI. hid., t. 5.— K., Fl. Berol., i. 99.— Gren.
& Godr., Fl. de Ft:, i. 193.— A rn., in Bot.
Mag. Comp., ii. 315. — Wight, III., t. 21 ; Icon.,
t. 91-5. — Hook. f. & Titoms., in Journ. Linn.
Soc.,\\. 79.— Walp., Sep., i. 230; ii. 768; Ann.,
i. 72, 958.
2 Cay., in Ann. Scienc. Nat., iv. 237 ; Icon.,
vi. 77, t. 596.— DC, Proclr., vii. 777.— A. Juss.,
in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 1, iii. 192, t. 12 ; in Diet.
cVBist. Nat., vii. 35. — Endl., Gen., n. 4626.—
Spach, Suit, a Buffbn, v. 68. — Payee, Organog.,
374, t, 82.— IS. H., Gen., 640, n. 20.— H. Bn.,
in Payer Fam. Nat., 388. — Liaupanlce Fetjill.,
Journ., ii. 742, t. 31.
z 2
340
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
of a free filament and a two-celled anther dehiscing by two sublateral
longitudinal clefts. Between the stamens are eight elongated glands.
The free gynseceum consists of an ovary with four prominent cells
superposed to the petals, each containing a large number of anatropous
ovules. It is surmounted by a short style, which soon expands into
a sort of four-lobed stigmatiferous cup, the lobes alternating with
the cells of the ovary. The fruit, around whose base is the persistent
calyx, is an elongated tetragonal septicidal capsule, dehiscing from
the summit downwards, with concave valves bearing the polysperm-
ous septa on the centre of their inner face, while the style persists,
dried up on top of the central columella (fig. 391). The seeds have a
lax membranous outer coat, and contain a fleshy albumen lodging
a small embryo at its apex. There are two species of Francoa?
perennial Chilian herbs. Their leaves are alternate, lyrate-pin-
natifid,2 tapering at the base to simulate a winged petiole, though
really sessile, exstipulate, and often sprinkled with glands. Their
flowers form simple or compound racemes, and are each axillary to a
bract, more or less adnate to the pedicel in one of the species.
Tetilla Iiydrocotylafolia? a perennial herb from Chili, is formed
as in Francoa ; but its perianth is irregular ; its posterior sepals
are larger than the anterior ; and its anterior petals are either quite
absent, or usually smaller than the posterior. The fruit is a many-
seeded membranous loculicidal capsule ; the flowers are racemose.
VI. HYDRANGEA SEEIES.
Hydrangea* (figs. 392, 393) has its flowers all fertile, or of two
kinds, the outermost of the inflorescence remaining sterile, with only
1 Don, in Fdinb. N. Phil. Journ., vi. 51. —
Kze., in Flora (1831), 369.— Sweet, Fl. Gard.,
ii. t. 151. — Lindi., in Pot. Peg., t. 1645. —
Hook., in Pot. Mag., t. 3178, 3309.— C. Gat,
Fl. Chil.,\\\. 147. — Lem.& Decne., Trait. Gen.,
265. — Walp., Ann., vii. 902.
2 Not really compound.
3 DC, Prodr., iv. 667; vii. 778.— Deless.,
lc. Sel., iii. t. 77.— Pcepp. & Endl., Nov. Gen.
et Spec, i. t. 19.— A. Juss., loc. cit.—C. Gay,
Fl. Chil., iii. 149.— Endl., Gen., n. 4627.—
Dimorphopetalum Tetilla Beet., in Merc. Chil.
(1829), n. 12-14. — Tetraplasium Kze., in Flora
(1831), 378.
4 L., Gen., n. 557 {Hydrangia). — J., Gen.,
214.— G^etn., Fruct., i. 150, t, 30.— Lamk.,
Diet., iii. 150; Suppl., iii. 71; III., t. 170.—
DC, Prodr., iv. 13.— Space", Suit, a Puffon, v.
8AXIFBAQAGEJE.
341
rudiments of the sexual organs and corolla. To make up for this the
calyx is enormously developed, formed of four or five large coloured
veined petaloid sepals. In the fertile flowers it is short, consisting of
four or five little tooth-like sepals, inserted on the rim of the receptacu-
Ilydrangea quercifolia.
1 f>] cSp
Fig. 392.
Flowering branch (i).
Fig. 393.
Flowers, sterile and fertile.
lar sac. When its parts are large enough they are imbricate in the bud.
The petals, inserted like the sepals, are alternate with them, free, and
valvate in the bud. The stamens are what is termed epigynous,
inserted outside a glandular disk surmounting the ovary. Four or
five are superposed to the sepals, and as many to the petals. Their
filaments are free and bear short two-celled anthers dehiscing by
introrse or marginal longitudinal clefts.1 The ovary, sunk in the
concavity of the receptacle, only springs from it towards its apex,
surmounted by a style with two or four branches ; these are stigmat-
iferous above or inside their extremities. There are as many
parietal placentas, which often meet and unite along the axis of the
21. — Endl., Gen., n. 4668. — Payee, Fam. Nat.,
87 — B. H., Gen., 640, n. 22. — H. Hn., in Adan-
sonia, i. 371; vi. 11. — Lem. & Decne., Tr. Gen.,
263. — Peautia Coiimees., mss. — Horiensia
Commees. (ex J., loc. cit.). — Lamk., Diet., iii.
136; Suppl., iii. 59; III., t. 380.— Primula
Loue., Fl. Cochinch., 127 (nee Auctt.). — Cor-
nidia R. & Pav., Pro-1 K~ 35 ; Fl. Per. et
CHI., iv. t. 335 (ined.).— Endl., Gen., n. 4671.—
Sarcostyles Peesl, Pel. Hcenk., ii. 53, t. 60.
1 The pollen grains are small and ellipsoidal in
H. radiata and in Hortensia speciosa, another
species of this genus. When moistened they
become ovoidal, with three bands. (H. Mohl, in
Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii. 331.)
312 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
ovary, which thus becomes two- or four-celled. The ovules are
numerous, small and anatropous.1 The fruit is dry and capsular,
often submembranous, surmounted by the teeth of the calyx and the
two or four withered styles ; between these it opens at the apex to
free the numerous seeds. The outer seed-coat is often prolonged
into a reticulate membranous sac; the thin fleshy albumen contains
in its axis a cylindrical embryo with very short cotyledons. Some
thirty species of this genus are known,2 inhabitants of the temperate
parts of North and South America, East and Central Asia, and Java.
They are trees or shrubs, sometimes sarmentose, with opposite petio-
late exstipulate leaves, persistent or caducous. The inflorescences are
terminal, with caducous bracts at the base. They look like corymbs,
but are really short ramified racemes of C3^mes, which often become
uniparous peripherally, towards the sterile flowers with the large
petaloid calyx (fig. 393).
A Japanese Hydrangea has been described as a distinct species
under the name of Schizopliragma ;3 its styles, instead of being free all
along or for some distance, are united into a single column, right up
to the four- or five-lobed stigmatiferous end. This character appears
to us of only sectional value.
PI at j crater* has the characters of Hydrangea with numerous
stamens, and is to that genus what Philadelphus is to Deutzia.
The flowers may be tetramerous or pentamerous ; but the carpels,
with the styles and parietal placentas, are usually two or more rarely
three in number. The latter number is found in Cardiandra? which
is generically inseparable from Platycrater, though possessing alter,
nate leaves. The two known species5 of this genus are Japanese
shrubs, with the habit, inflorescence, and external sterile flowers
of Hydrangea.
Pileostegia1 has tetramerous flowers, very near those of some Ilyd-
1 They have two coats. 3 Sieb. & Zucc, Fl. Jap., 58, t. 26. — Endl.
■- Duham., Arbr., ed. uov. iii. t. 24. — Wall., Gen., n. 4670. — B. H., Gen., 641, n. 23 —
Tent. Fl. Nepal, t. 49, 50.— Cubt., in Syll. Walp., Rep., v. 836.
PI., ii. 38.— Sieb. & Zucc, Fl. Jap., t. 51-64, * Sieb. & Zucc, Fl. Jap., 62, t. 27. Exdl.,
92.— Pcepp. & Endl., Nov. Gen. et Spec., i. 10, Gen., n. 4669. — B. H., Gen., 642, n. 30.
1. 17 (Comidia). — Hook. f. & Thoms., in Journ. b Sieb. & Zucc, op. tit., 119, t. 65, 66.
Linn. Soc, ii. 75. — A. Geay, Man., ed. 2, 146. — Endl., Gen., n. 4668 l. — B. H., Gen., 643, n. 31.
Chapm., Fl. S. Unit. States, 155. — Bol. Mag. G Walp., Sep., v. 835, 836.
t. 137, 975. 4253, 5038.— Walp., Rep., ii. 375 * Hook. p. & Thoms., in Jouni. Linn Soc,
377 (Conuriia); Ann., ii. 689; vii. 902. ii. 57, 76, t. 2.— B. H., Gen., 641, n. 21. '
SAXIFRA QA GFM. 343
rangeaSy especially those that possess a single style with a thick and
more or less angular or lobed stigmatiferous head. But the valvate
corolla is circumcissile, coming off at the base in a single piece. The
fruit is a capsule with four or five many-seeded cells. This small
genus comprises one or two Asiatic species, with opposite exstipulate
leaves, and small flowers in compound branching racemes.
Broiissaisia,x with the floral organization of Pileostegia, has
a baccate fruit and polygamous flowers. Their single style is dilated
above into a five-lobed stigmatiferous head. Dichroa? has a fleshy
fruit, but from three to five distinct styles. The petals are well
developed and valvate. One species of Dic/iroa is known, a native
of the temperate regions of India, China, Java, and the Philip-
pines,3 with alternate leaves, and flowers that change colour
from blue to pinky lilac. The only known species4 of Broussaisia
1ms opposite leaves, and inhabits the Sandwich Islands.
VII. PHILADELPHIA SERIES.
We shall commence the study of this order with the genus Deulzicf
(figs. 394-396), which has regular hermaphrodite flowers. The
hollow receptacle, saccate or obconical, bears on its rim five valvate
sepals, and five alternating petals of imbricate or valvate-induplicate
aestivation. At the same height are inserted, more internally, ten
stamens, five superposed to the sepals, and five shorter to the petals.
Their filaments are large and subpetaloid, and divide above into
1 Gatjdich., in Voy. Freycin., Bot., 479, t. 4 B.pellucida Gattdich. (Voy. Bonite, loc.
69; Voy. Bonite, Bot., t. 9. — DC, Prodr., iv. cit.) has been described as a distinct species of B.
17. — Exdl., Gen., n. 4673. — A. Gbay, Bot. argv.ta Gaudich. {Voy. Freycin., loc. cit. ; — A.
Unit. States Ex pi. Exp., i. 681, t. 87.— B. H., Gbay, loc. cit, 683), but it may well be only
Gen., 641, n. 26. a form with somewhat different leaves ; still A.
2 Lotje., Fl. CocMncli., 301. — Endl., Gen., Gray retains the two as distinct species.
n. 6882. — B. H., Gen., 641, n. 25. — Cyanitis b Thunb., Nov. Gen., 19; Fl. Jap., 10, t.
Eeinyt., Syll. PI. Ratisb., ii. 10. — Adamia 24. — J., Gen., 431. — Gjeetn., Fruct., iii. 30, t.
Wall., Tent. Fl. Nepal, 46, t. 36; PI. As. 184.— Lajik., Diet ., ii. 275 ; Suppl., ii. 467 ; III.
Bar., t. 213. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, v. 28. — t. 3S0.— DC, Prodr., iv. 16. — Spach, Suit, a
Endl., Gen., n. 4G72. Puffon, v. 18.— Endl., Gen., n. 6107.— Payer,
3 D.febrifuga Lotje., loc. cit. — BeiXth., Fl. Organog., 377.— B. H., Gen., 642, n. 27. —
Hongkong., 128. — Walp., Ann., \ii. 903. — H. Bx., in Payer Fam. Nat., 347.
Adamia versicolor Wall., loc. cit. — Bot. Mag.
t. 3046.
ai4
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
three teeth, of which the central is much the longest and bears an
introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence. The ovary,
Fig. 394.
Flower.
Beutzia scabra.
Fig. 395.
Diagram.
Fig. 396.
Long. sect, of flower.
lodged inside the receptacle and covered with a glandular disk, is
divided into three or four cells, surmounted by as many styles
stigmatiferous at the apex. In the ventral angle of each is a thick
placenta covered with anatropous ovules. The fruit is a septicidal
capsule opening above into three or four valves. The seeds are
numerous and oblique ; the membranous outer coat is prolonged above
into a wing, below into a sort of tube. In the centre is an embryo
surrounded by fleshy albumen. Beutzia comprises six or seven
species' of shrubs from Temperate India, China, and Japan. Their
leaves are opposite, simple, serrate, exstipulate, often covered with
simple or stellate hairs. The flowers are grouped into simple or
compound spikes or racemes, axillary or terminal, with opposite
bracts ; more rarely they are solitary in the axils of the leaves.
Philadelphus (the Syringa2 of our gardeners ; figs. 397-403), may
be defined as Beutzia with flowers more frequently tetramerous than
pentamerous, a twisted corolla, and numerous stamens in four
bundles superposed to the sepals. The filaments have no lateral
1 Don, in Fdin. N. Phil. Journ., iii. (1829),
164.— Wall., PI. As. Rar.,t, 191.— Royle, III.
Simal., t. 46. — Sieb. & Zucc, Fl. Jap., t. 6-8 ;
in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, vi. 80. — Hook. f. &
Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, ii. 83. — Bot.
Reg., t. 1718; (1840), t. 5; (1847), t. 13.—
Walp., Rep., ii. 151 ; Ann., vii. 903.
2 Philadelphus L., Oen., u. 614. — J., Gen.,
325.— Gjebtn., Fruct., i. 173, t. 35.— Lamk.
Diet., vii. 118; Suppl., v. 135 j III., t. 420.—
DC, Prodr., iii. 205.— Spach, Suit. a. Buffon,
v. 13.— Endl., Gen., n. 6105.— Payee, Organog.,
377, t. 83.— B. H., Gen., 642, n. 29.— H. Bs., in
Payer Fam. Nat., 348; in Adansonia, vi. 1, 11. —
Syringa T., Inst., 617, t. 389 (nee L.).
8AXIFBAGACE2E.
345
teeth. The ovary has either three cells, or as many as there are petals
superposed to them. The capsular fruit (fig. 401) is loculiciclal, with
its valves entire or bifid at the apex ; the seeds (figs. 402, 403), re-
Philadelplius coronarius.
Fig. 397.
Flowering branch.
Fio. 398.
Flower.
Fig. 400.
Long. sect, of fruit (-|).
Fig. 399.
Diagram.
sembling those of Deutzia, are prolonged into a narrow wing at
either end. This genus comprises shrubs from the temperate
regions of Europe, middle Asia, and North America, possessing the
vegetative organs and inflorescence of Beutzia. Some ten or twelve
346
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
species1 have been distinguished ; most of them are cultivated in our
gardens.
Fig. 402.
Seed (f).
Philadelphia coronarius.
Fig. 401.
Fruit dehiscing (^).
Fig. 403.
Long. sect, of seed.
Decumaria barbara.
Decmnaria (fig. 404)2 is a sarmentose shrub from North America,
with the leaves of Philadelphm ; but its flowers,
of fundamentally the same organization, are
formed on the type 7 or 8, or even 9 or 10.
They are grouped into a ramified corymbiform
terminal cyme. The fruits are dry and many-
seeded ; but they open as in several Escallonias, so
that the external and internal layers of the peri-
carp separate from the netted veins of the
mesocarp. Within this network are seen the
numerous small seeds, formed nearly as in Philadelphus.
The flowers of Fendlera come very near those of Deutzia? with four
superior valvate sepals, four alternate unguiculate petals, imbricated
and often decussate, and eight stamens superposed to the perianth-
leaves. They have an introrse anther, cuspidate at the apex ; and
the filament expands above into two large alate petaloid lateral lobes
which overtop the anther. The ovary is partly inferior, surmounted
Fig. 404.
Long. sect, of flower.
1 Royle, III. Himal., t. 46. — A. Gray, Man.,
ed. 2, 146.— Chapm., Fl. S. Unit. St., 156.—
Bot. Mag., t. 1478, 5334.— _Bo£. Reg., t. 2003 ;
(1838), t. 14; (1839), t. 32, 39; (1842), t. 38.—
Walp., Sep., ii. 151; Ann., ii. 614; iv. 821;
vii. 903.
2 L., Gen., 597. — J., Gen., 324. — Lame.,
Diet., ii. 265 ; Suppl., ii. 459 ; III., t. 403.— DC,
Prodr., iii. 205.— Spacii, Suit, a Buffon, v. 19.—
Exdl., Gen., n, 6106. — H. Bn., in Payer Fam.
Nat., 348.— B. R\, Gen., 642, n. 28.— D. sar-
mentosa Bosc, in Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par., i.
76, t. 13. — D. Forsythia Michx., Fl. Bnr.-
Amer., i. 282. — D. radicans MCENCH. — Forsythia
scandens Walt., Carol., 154.
3 Engelm. & A. Gray, in PI. Wright., i.
(Smithson. Contrib., iii.), 77, t. 5. — H. Bn., in
Adansonia, vi. 2. — 15. H., Gen., 643, n. 33.
SAXIFBAGAGE2E. 347
by a style, deeply divided into four linear lobes, which however long
remain sticking together into an apparently single column. They
are stigmatiferous at the apex. There are four cells superposed to the
petals, each with an axile placenta bearing a variable number of de-
scending ovules. The fruit is a partly superior septicidal capsule, con-
taining descending seeds like those of Philadelphia, with the embryo
surrounded by lieshy albumen. The only known species1 of this
genus is a shrub from Texas and New Mexico, with opposite leaves
and terminal flowers, solitary or few together.
Jamesia americana? is also a closely allied plant with pentamerous
diplostemonous flowers. Its ovary is in great part superior, J -celled,
with three or five oppositipetalous stylar branches, and as many
alternating multiovulate placentas, T-shaped in transverse section.
The fruit is a capsule, with the calyx persisting at its base ; it
opens at the apex between the styles to free the numerous albu-
minous seeds. This plant is a shrub from the Rocky Moun-
tains, with opposite exstipulate leaves, and flowers in ramified terminal
racemes.
Near these, botanists have placed Carpenteria califoruica,3 a shrub
with opposite leaves, and few terminal cymose 5-7-merous flowers.
The receptacle is shallow, the calyx valvate, the corolla twisted, the
indefinite stamens perigynous. The ovary, to a great extent superior,
has from five to seven cells, into the ventral angle of which project
two large placentary lobes covered with the numerous small ovules.
It becomes a loculicidal capsule with albuminous seeds, like those of
the preceding genera.
Whipplea modesta* a low Calif ornian undershrub, has small flowers
with a concave receptacle lodging part of the ovary, and bearing on
its rim from four to six sepals, as many petals, and twice as many
free stamens with didymous anthers, those opposite to the petals
being the smaller. The partly inferior ovary has four or five cells,
each containing a descending ovule attached close to the apex of the
1 F. riipicola Engelm. & A. Gray, loc. cit. — 3 Tokr., PI. Fremont., 12, t. 7. — B. H., Gen.
Walp., Ann., iv. 820. 613, n. 34-.— Walp., Ann., iv. 820.
2 Torr. & Gray, Fl. N.-Amer., i. 593. — 4 Tour., in Wipp'. Expecl., Bot., 31, t. 7. —
Exdl., Gen., n. 4(370 l. — H". Bn., in Adansonia, B. H., Gen., 614, n. 35.
vi. 2.— B. H., Gen., 613, n. 32.— Walp., Ann.,
ii. 614.
348
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
ventral angle. It is surmounted by a style with as many linear
branches, stigmatiferous inside. The fruit is a capsule, with the re-
ceptacle surrounding its base ; it divides above into several one-seeded
stones which open ventraily. The slender scabrous branches of this
plant are covered with opposite simple oval dentate leaves, petiolate,
three-ribbed at the base, and exstipulate. The flowers are grouped
in little terminal racemes.1
Pterostemon mexicanus? formerly classed with doubt among Rosacea,3
must now, as we have since discovered,4 be regarded as allied to
Deutzia and Jamesia, at the same time presenting points of strong
resemblance with Escattonia. Its leaves are indeed alternate ; but
they possess very small stipules, and it has ten stamens ; but the
alternipetalous alone have a flattened trifid filament, with the
anther on the middle tooth ; the five others are reduced to sterile
tongues. The capsular fruit dehisces as in Philadelphus, and con-
tains wingless seeds, whose axile embryo is surrounded by fleshy
albumen. The only known species has its flowers in corymbiform
cymes, like those of the Service-trees, and sometimes reduced to
very few flowers.
VIII. ESCALLONIA SEEIES.
Escallonicc' (figs. 405-408) has regular hermaphrodite flowers. In
its saccate receptacle is embedded the ovary, crowned with an
epigynous disk traversed by the base of the style. On the rim of
the receptacle are inserted five sepals, free or united below, valvate
or cjuincuncial in the bud. The corolla is formed of five alternate
petals, free, but so applied to one another below as to form a sort of
tube, and imbricated or rarely twisted in praifloration. The five
stamens, alternate with the petals, are inserted like them outside
1 This plant appears to represent a Deciimaria
of reduced type, with its ovary-cells containing
but a single ovule.
? SchauER, in Linncea, xx. 736.
3 See above, i. 389, 461, n. 36.
4 In Adansonia, ix. 245.
5 L. Fit., Suppl., 21. — J., Gen., 321.—
G.3EBTN., Fruct., iii. 16, 182. — Lamk., Diet., ii.
394; Suppl., v. 246; III., t. 143.— DC, Prodr.,
iv. 2. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, v. 29. — Endl.
Gen., n. 4674. — Payer, Organog., 385, t. 89. —
H. Bn., in Adansonia, v. 283; vi. 9. — B. H.,
Gen., 644, n. 36. — Lem. & Decne., Tr. Gen.,
263.— Stereoxylon R. & Pay., Prodr., 38, t. 6 ;
FL Per. et Chil., t. 234, 238.— Mollia Gmel.,
Syst., 303 (nee Mart. & Zucc). — Vigiera
Velloz, Fl. Flum., ii. t. 73, 74.
8AXIFEAGACEJ2.
349
the margin' of the disk ; they have free filaments, often sticking to
the edges of the petals, and introrse two-celled anthers of longitudinal
dehiscence. The inferior ovary contains two, or more rarely three
cells, complete or nearly so,1 and containing in the ventral angle the
Escallonia rubra.
Fig. 405.
Flowering branch.
large 2-lobed placentas, covered with anatropous ovules. The stig-
matiferous head of the single style is divided into two or three lobes,
often ill-defined. This style persists with the disk and calyx at the
top of the fruit, which is a septicidal two or three- celled capsule,
opening at the base into two or three valves, while the placentas
are left covered with the indefinite small seeds, whose coats2 contain
a fleshy albumen enfolding an axile embryo. Escallonia consists of
some thirty species3 of American trees or shrubs, often glandular,
1 Very often the placentas touch by the inner membranous bag, sometimes prolonged at the
edge of their two rounded lobes (fig. 407), but base into a sort of cellular fringe,
they may be usually separated by slight traction. 3 H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec, iii. 294. —
5 The outer coat usually forms a lax furrowed Vent., Ch. de PL, t. 54. — Reichb., Ic. JExot.,
350
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
viscid and resinous. Their flowers1 are rarely axillary, usually
collected into terminal cymes forming false racemes or corymbs.
Valdima Gayana2 is a little Chilian shrub, whose flower scarcely
differs from that of Escattonia? Its parts may be in sixes or
Escallonia rubra.
Fig. 406.
Flower.
Fig. 407.
Diagram.
Fig. 408.
Long. sect, of flower (|).
sevens, while the gynseceum is di- or trimerous.4 Each petal bears
inside and near its base a tuft of hairs ; and the dry membranous
fruit is perhaps indehiscent. The habit is very peculiar : the very
humble stem bears large obovate-lanceolate leaves, with glandular
teeth. The flowers form axillary racemes.
In Quinlina5 the flowers are those of Escallonia and Valdivia, but
smaller. The ovary is however only partly inferior, and contains from
three to five cells, complete or incomplete. The fruit is capsular,
and opens between the carpels to free the numerous winged seeds. The
genus comprises shrubs with alternate simple exstipulate leaves, and
t. 202.— Presl, Bel. Hanlc, ii. t. 51-59.—
A. S. H., Fl. Bras. Mer., ii. t. 51-59.— Pcepp.
& Endl., Nov. Gen. et Spec, i. 8, t, 13-15. —
Link & Ott., Ic. Sel., t. 23.— R£ny, in C. Gay
Fl. Chil., iii. 49.— Wedd., Chi. Andin., ii. 208,
t. 71 B.— Hook., Icon., t. 114, 514, 540.— Bot.
Beg., t. 1467, 1900.— Bot. Mag., t. 2890, 4473,
4827.— Walp., Bep., ii. 377 ; v. 837 j Ann., i.
338, 976; v. 32; vii. 905.
1 White, pink, or red.
2 ll&HY, in C. Gay Fl. Chil, iii. 43, t. 29.—
B. H., Gen., 644, n. 37.— Walp., Ann., i. 976.
3 The petals are valvate.
4 If there are two placentas, they touch when
adult, and the ovary is two-celled ; but when
young they easily separate from one another.
5 A. DC, Monogr. Campanulac, 92 ; Prodr.,
iv. 5,— Endl., in Mora (1832), 389, t. 3; At alt.,
t. 10; Gen., n. 4675.— B. H., Gin., 615, n. 38.
8AXIFBA0ACE2E.
351
flowers in simple or ramified racemes. The four or five known
species1 inhabit Australia and New Zealand.
Forgesia borbonica- is a shrub, with flowers formed as in Escallonia
except in two points : the petals, slightly united at the base, are
valvate, not imbricate ; and the two styles are free, not united.3
The fruit, partially inferior, is a septicidal capsule.4 All the parts
of this shrub are glabrous. The leaves are alternate, petiolate,
exstipulate, simple, lanceolate. The flowers form pretty large lax
terminal racemes of cymes.
The flowers of Argophyllum' are regular and hermaphrodite, with
the receptacle subconcave or very deep,6 so that the insertion of the
perianth and androceum is subhypogynous or perigynous, according
to the species. There are five or six sepals, and as many alternating
petals, both sets valvate in the bud. The stamens of the isoste-
monous androceum have a small free filament, and an introrse two-celled
anther7 of longitudinal dehiscence. The disk is represented by five
flattened persistent valvate fringed blades, applied to the inside of
the petals. The nearly superior or partly inferior ovary has five
cells superposed to the petals, or only from two to four ; it is sur-
mounted by an erect style, whose stigmatiferous head is divided
into as many obtuse lobes as there are cells to the ovary. In the
central angle of each of these is a placenta, forming a more or less
irregular mass inserted by a short narrow stalk. Its whole sur-
face is covered with little anatropous ovules. The fruit, surrounded
by the desiccated perianth and disk, is a loculicidal capsule opening
by as many valves, often bipartite, as there are cells. The seeds are
small, with a rugose or foveolate outer coat, and a little axile embryo
surrounded by a fleshy albumen. Some four or five species of ArgophyL
1 Hook., Icon., t. 558. — A. Cpnn., in Tayl.
Ann. Nat. Hist., ii. 356. — Hook..f., Fl. Nov.-
Zel., i. 78.— Benth , Fl. Austral., ii. 437. — F.
Muell., Fragm. Phyt. Austral., ii. 125; iii. 166;
vi. 92, 189.— Walp., Ann., vii. 906.
2 Commeks., ex J., Gen., 164. — DC, Prod,-.,
iv. 5. — Endl., Gen., n. 4676. — Tul., in Ann.
Sc. Nat., ser. 4, viii. 156.— B. H., Gen., 618, n.
hO.—Defforgia Lamk., III., 71, t. 125.
3 The two cells of the ovary are usually com-
plete at maturity.
4 The two horned styles bend back at de-
hiscence as far as the remains of the epigynous
disk .
5 Forst., Char. Gen., 29, t. 15. — L. fil.,
Suppl., 156. — J., Gen.. 161. — G^rtn., Fruct.,
iii. 149, t. 210.— DC, Prodr., vii. 578.— Ekdl.,
Gen., n. 4679. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, vi. 9. —
B. H., Gen., 646, n. 43. — Schnizl., Iconogr.,
xv. t. 170.
6 Often forming an inverted pyramid, as in A.
nitidum Labill. In A. elliplicum Labill. (?),
on the contrary, it is a shallow cupule, so that
the insertion is much more nearly hypogy-
nous.
' The anthers usually stick to the stigmatiferous
end of the stvle.
352
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
lum are known,1 shrubs from Australia, and especially New Cale-
donia, covered with silky down of sometimes submetallic lustre.
The leaves are alternate, petiolate, simple, entire or dentate,
exstipulate. The flowers form ramified corymbiform racemes,
axillary or terminal.
Carpodetus serrafus," a shrub from New Zealand, is scarcely generi-
cally distinct from Argophyllum. Its narrow sepals do not touch j
and its ovary, lodged inside the short everted funnel-shaped re-
ceptacle, is surmounted by a glandular disk with five scarcely
prominent lobes, opposite to the petals, but not lining them with a
fringed scale. The number of cells in the ovary varies from three
to five, superposed to the petals in the latter case. In the ventral
angle of each is a placentary mass, inserted by a short straight
pedicel, and covered with ovules. The fruit is coriaceous, slightly
fleshy, dehiscent, crowned by the circular cicatrix of the perianth.
The cells contain an indefinite number of small descending seeds,
with a foveolate outer coat, surrounding a fleshy albumen which lodges
a small embiwo near its apex. The leaves of this plant are alternate,
petiolate, simple, with glandular teeth, and small stipules which are
very inconspicuous at maturity. The flowers are in branching
cymes, axillary, or terminal and leaf-opposed.
Berenice argufa,3 a small undershrub from Bourbon, has nearly
the flowers of Carpodetus, with a concave hemispherical receptacle
lodging the ovary, five sepals, five valvate petals, and five epigynous
stamens with introrse anthers. From the centre of the flat or
depressed roof of the ovary rises an entire style, ending in a large
stigmatiferous head. There are three or four cells, and in the centre
of each is a multiovulate placenta forming a lobe with a cylindrical
stalk. The fruit, crowned with the persistent sepals, is a depressed
capsule, opening above by triangular loculicidal valves. The numerous
rugose seeds contain a fleshy albumen, with an axile placenta. This
plant has slender branches, with alternate simple serrulate leaves.
1 Labill., Sert.Austro-caled., 37, t. 40,41. —
F. Mttell., Fragm., iv. 33; 177; vi. 188. —
Bexth., Fl. Austral., ii. 436. — Walp., Ann., vii.
970.
2 Fobst., Char. Gen., 33, t. 17. — J, Gen.,
382.— Spbeng., PugiU., i. 20.— DC, Prodr., ii.
29. — A. Ctjnn., in Ann. Nat. Hist., iii. 247. —
Endl., Gen., n. 5691.— Hook., Icon., t. 564.—
Fenzi, in Begensb. BenTc., 3, 1. 12. — B. H., Gen.,
646, n. 44. — Schnizl., Iconogr., xvii. t. 170. —
Walp., Ann., vii. 907.
3 Tcl., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, viii. 156. —
B. H., Gen., 646, n. 42.— Walp., Ann,, vii. 907.
8AXIFBAGAGEM.
353
The flowers form terminal ramified racemes ; the pedicel of each
flower bears lower down numerous alternate bracts.
In Polyosma? the receptacle forms an elongated sac with a narrow
mouth, around which are inserted a short four-toothed calyx, four
long valvate petals, and four alternate epigynous stamens with two-
celled anthers. The inferior one-celled ovary contains two multiovu-
late placentas, and is surmounted by a simple style with a stigmati-
ferous apex. The fleshy fruit contains only a single seed, whose thick
fleshy albumen lodges a small embryo near its apex. Some half-
score species of Polt/osma are known,2 trees from the warm regions of
South and East Asia, and Oceania. Their leaves are opposite or
alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, simple, entire or toothed, some-
times like those of a Holly. The flowers form large terminal racemes,
or more rarely they are solitary. Underneath the receptacle are
inserted two lateral bracts.
Itea3 (figs. 409, 41 0) has regular hermaphrodite flowers. On the
shallow cup- shaped receptacle, lined by a layer of glandular tissue,
are inserted five sepals, imbricated, or narrow and early ceasing to
Itea virginica.
Fig. 409.
Flower (\ ).
Fig. 410.
Long. sect, of flower.
touch, and five alternate petals, narrow and valvate. There are also
five free stamens, superposed to the sepals, with introrse two-celled
1 Bl., Bijdr., 658 ; Mus. Lugd.-Bat., i. 258,
t. 57.— Endl., Gen., n. 4678 '.— B. H„ Gen.,
647, n. 48.
2 Benn., PI. Jav. Ear., 196, t. 40.— Hook. f.
& Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc., ii. 77. — Benth.,
Fl. Austral., ii. 438. — F. Muell., Fragm., vi.
189.— Waxp., Rep., ii. 379.
3 L., Gen., n. 275.— J., Gen., 159 — GiEKTN.,
VOL. III.
Fruct., iii. 142, t. 209.— Lamk., Diet., Suppl.
iii. 190; 111., t. 147.— DC, Frodr., iv. 6.—
Spach, Suit, rt Fuffon, v. 34. — Hook. f. &
Thoms., in Jovrn. Linn. Soc., loc. cit. — Exdl.,
Gen., n. 4677.— B. H., Gen., 647, n. 47.—
Diconangia Michel., Gen., 5. — Adans., Fam.
des FL, ii. 165 (ex Ekdl.).
A A
>5fc
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Phyllonoma rnscifolium.
anthers of longitudinal dehiscence. The gynaeceum is free in great
part or entirely ; it consists of an elongated two-celled ovary, tapering
above into a style which early divides into two branches, erect or
reflexed, and stigmatiferous at the apex. In the ventral angle of
each cell is a multiovulate placenta. The fruit is a septicidal bivalve
many-seeded capsule. The seeds are elongated, numerous and with
a laxly membranous testa, or few with a smooth crustaeeous testa.
The fleshy albumen surrounds a cylindroidal embryo. Itea comprises
five species1 of trees and shrubs from North America, and Temperate
Eastern and Central Asia. Their leaves2 are alternate petiolate exstipu-
late simple, oblong or lanceolate, with glandular teeth or crenulations.
The flowers are numerous, in axillary or terminal simple racemes.
Pliyllonomc? has very small flowers, resembling those of Berenice,
Carpodetas, Itea, &c, with a concave, ob-
conical or obpyramidal receptacle bearing
on its edges five little toothlike sepals,
five triangular valvate petals, and five
alternating stamens4 with introrse didymous
anthers. The inferior ovary is surmounted
by a style with two short branches stig-
matiferous at the apex ;5 it contains two
pluriovulate parietal placentas alternating
with the stylar lobes.6 A thick fleshy
disk covers the whole ovary. The fruit
is fleshy, crowned by the scar of the peri-
anth ; it contains one or more seeds with a
fleshy albumen, near the apex of which is
a short embryo. Two or three species7 are
known, shrubs from Mexico and Columbia,
in aspect like certain Celastrads, with elongated alternate petiol-
Fig. 411.
Flowering branch.
1 Hook. & A en., Beech. Voy., Pot., t. 39.—
Toee. & Ge., Fl. N. Amer., i. 590.— A. Geay,
Man., ed. 5, 146— Chapm., Fl. S. Unit. States,
155. — Bexth., FL Hongkong., 128. — Walp,
Ann., vii. 908.
2 Caducous in the two species with crusta-
ceous seeds, the one American, the other Japan-
ese.
3 W., ex Rcem. & Sch., Syst. Teg., vi. 210 —
B. H., Gen., 648, n. 49.— Bulongia H. B. K.,
Nov. Gen.et Spec.,\\.1Q, t. 623. — Endl., Gen., n.
5699. — H. Bsr., in Adansonia, v. 293, 294; vi.
12.
4 Inflexed in the bud.
5 They are antero-posterior. The ovary recalls
that of the Cornels and Umbellifers, or even certain
Rhamnads, near which this genus has also been
placed.
6 We have usually seen six ovules on each
placenta, arranged in two vertical rows.
7 Tukcz., in Pull. Mosc. (1858), i. 454.—
Walp., Pep., i. 539 {Dulongia) ; vii. 908.
SAXIFBAGACEM. 355
ate leaves. Their blade is surmounted by a long acumen, below the
base of which the midrib bears on its upper surface the inflorescence,
a little ramified raceme of cymes1 (fig. 411).
Choristylis rhamnoides* has nearly the flowers of Phyllonoma, but
its two parietal placentas come into contact when adult ; and the
two styles, each ending in a little stigmatiferous head, are at first ap-
proximated into a seemingly single column, afterwards separating and
becoming recurved ; and the fruit is a little septicidal capsule. This
plant is a shrub from the Cape with the aspect of a Kbamnad, and
bears alternate exstipulate leaves, and polygamous flowers in little
supra-axillary ramified cymes.
With some doubt we place next to P/iyllonoma and Choristylis the
genus Stichoneuron? hitherto made out a Santalad. Its flowers are
polygamous. In those that have a gynseceum the ovary is sunk in
a hollow obconical receptacle, and contains two pluriovulate parietal
placentas ;4 it is surmounted by a style with two very short lobes.
The rim of the receptacle bears a perianth of four decussate, or more
rarely five imbricate leaves. To each is superposed a stamen whose
erect filament bears above a little introrse subdidymous anther, of
longitudinal dehiscence.5 The ripe fruit and seeds are at present
unknown. The plant is a shrub from the East Indies, with knotty,
articulate (?) branches, bearing alternate oblong lanceolate shortly
petiolate leaves, membranous and nearly glabrous, and axillary
racemes of flowers, of which the filiform axis is covered above with
numerous alternate bracts, each with an axillary floral pedicel, articu-
lated in its upper half.
IX. BREXIA SERIES.
Brcxia* (figs. 412-415) has regular hermaphrodite flowers, with a
convex receptacle. This bears the following organs : a calyx
1 The axes all diverge from their apparent 3 S. membranaceum Hook, f. & Thoms., in
insertion on the leaf. Keally, the inflorescence, Cat. Griffith (1865), 42, n. 43S7. — Colpopodium
at first free, is after a certain age carried up Wall, (ex Geiff., herb.).
with the midrib, as in Helwingia. Each floral 4 The ovules are anatropous (Hook. f.).
pedicel is accompanied by a little bract. 5 After flowering the anthers fall, and the
2 Haev., in Hook. Jonrn., i. 19 ; Ft. Cap., ii. filaments persist.
308.— Endl., Gen., n. 4676 '.— B. H., Gen., 647, 6 Dup.-Th., Gen. Nov. Madagasc, 20.—
n. 46. — Bceobotrys rufescens E. Met. — Mcesa Lixdl., Veg. Kingd., 573, fig. 388. — Endl.,
palustris Hociist. (ex Haev., loc. cit.). Gen., n. 4681. — Ag., Theor. Syst., 141, t. xi. fig.
A A 2
356
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Brexia madagascariensis.
gamosepalous at the base, with five deep very caducous lobes of
quincuncial pignoration ; a corolla of five alternating petals,1 twisted
or imbricated in the bud;
five alternipetalous stamens,
whose filaments are united at
the base by a disk of five al-
ternate lobes cut up into un-
equal strips.2 The anthers
are two-celled introrse, of
longitudinal dehiscence. The
gynseceum is superior ; it con-
sists of a pentagonal ovary with
its angles superposed to the
stamens, tapering above into a
cylindrical style, whose apex
is divided into five stigma-
tiferous lobes.3 The ovary
contains five oppositipetalous
cells, complete or incomplete,
in the ventral angle of which
is a placenta bearing two vert-
ical rows of anatropous ovules. The fruit is a drupe of which
the outer layer finally becomes hard, and it contains numerous
angular seeds. These have a large embryo with a short radicle
and fleshy cotyledons, surrounded by a very thin layer of fleshy
albumen. Brexia comprises for most authors a pretty large number
of species4 of glabrous shrubs from Madagascar ; but they should
no doubt be reduced to one or two species, very variable in
Fig. 412.
Flowering branch.
15, 16. — H. Bn,, in Adansonia, v. 290; vi. 15 ;
in Payer Fam. Nat., 349. — B. H., Gen., 645, n.
40. — Schnizl., Iconogr., xv. t. 170. — Lem. &
Dcne,, Traite Gen., 264, 265. — Venana Lame.,
III., ii. 99, t. 131.
1 They are unsymmetrical at tbe base, ons
side being prolonged into a sort of descending
auricle. They are inserted outside a cupuliform
ring formed by the united bases of the stamens
and the lobes of the disk.
2 On either side of the base of each filament is
one of these strips, larger than the rest.
3 We have shown (in Adansonia, v. 291) that
the placentas, whether they touch by their ventral
angle or not, here form each a dihedral angle,
which is prolonged through the hollow tube of the
style ; and becoming covered with papilla? at the
blunt superior extremity, they form five little
stigmatic lobes alternate with the cells of the
ovary, and surrounded, as in the Heaths, by a
little ring formed by the rim of the stylar tube.
This arrangement is still more marked in Rotissea.
4 Li>-dl., in Bot. Beg., t. 730, 872.— Tr/L., in
Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, viii. 158. — Olit., in Fl.
Trop. Afr., ii. 385.— W.ALP., Ann., vii. 907.
SAXIFRAGAOE&.
357
the form of their leaves, which are persistent, alternate, elongated, more
or less narrow, coriaceous, entire or incised into spiny teeth. The
flowers are collected into corymbiform cymes at the apex of a common
axillary peduncle, often flattened into a narrow cladode (fig. 412).
Srexia madagascariensis.
Fig. 413.
Flower (^).
Fig. 415.
Long. sect, of flower (±\
Fig. 414.
Diagram.
Anopterus1 has a convex floral receptacle and a free, almost wholly
superior ovary. The perianth is double, imbricated, each whorl com-
prising from six to nine pieces. There are as many alternipetalous
stamens, slightly perigynous,2 with free filaments and cordate or sagit-
tate versatile introrse anthers. The ovary is surmounted by a style
with two branches, stigmatiferous at the apex. It is one-celled ; on
its walls are two large placentas, horseshoe shaped, with the concavity
superior, on which are inserted numerous anatropous descending
ovules, with their microp}rles upwards and outwards. The fruit is
a coriaceous septicidal capsule, with a variable number of seeds on
the edges of the valves. The seeds are flattened and imbricated,
developed below into a large obovate wing, while in the upper part
is a fleshy albumen with a large axile embryo. The two known
species of this genus are shrubs, one Australian,3 the other Tasma-
nia!].4 Their leaves are alternate, persistent, glabrous, coriaceous
exstipulate, incised into glandular teeth. The flowers, externally
1 Labiix., PL Nouv.-Holl., i. 85, t, 112.—
DC, Frodr., iv. 96. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, v.
33. — Exdi,., Gen., n. 4678. — H. Bn. in Adan-
sonia, v. 2S9.— B. H., Gen., 61S, n. 51.
2 A small part of the cavitv of the ovary is, in
fact, below their insertion.
3 A. Macleayanus F. M ctkll., in Journ. Pharm.
Soc. Vict. (1859).— Benth., Fl. Austral., ii.
439, n. 2.— Walp., Ann., vii. 908.
4 A.glandulosus Labill., loo. cit., 86. — Hook.
¥., Fl. Tasman., i. 151.— Bat. Mag., t. 4377.
35S NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
very much like those of Brexia, are grouped in terminal racemes,
each flower axillary to a leafy caducous bract.
Iwerba b rex /odes' has regular flowers with a convex receptacle
bearing five imbricated sepals, scarcely united below, and as many
alternate petals, also imbricated in the bud. The five alternipetalous
stamens have a free filament, and a versatile introrse two-celled
anther of longitudinal dehiscence ; they are inserted around a disk,
with five alternating lobes. The gynaseeum is free, with five pro-
minent oppositipetalous cells, tapering above into a twisted style
with five prominent ribs, and undilated at its stigmatiferous apex. In
the ventral angle of each cell are two descending subcollateral ana-
tropous ovules, with their micropyles upwards and outwards. The
fruit is a coriaceous loculicidal capsule tipped by the persistent style,
and opens on top by five recurved valves, bifid at the apex. There are
one or two descending seeds in each cell, with a fleshy aril of the hilunv
and a crustaceous outer coat ; the large fleshy embryo has its radicle
superior and is surrounded by fleshy albumen. Ixerba is a tree,
with all its parts glabrous ; the leaves are alternate opposite or verti-
cillate, petiolate, narrow and elongated, exstipulate, with glandular
teeth. The flowers are collected into short axillary cymes.
Itomsea3 (figs. 416-419) has nearly the flowers of Brexia, but with
valvate sepals and petals. There are as many stamens as petals,
alternating with them, possessing extrorse basifixed anthers and fila-
ments of peculiar insertion. The superior ovary has five angles or
prominent ribs on the lower part. Now the disk surrounding this is
formed of five contiguous glands, bowed and crescent-shaped, with
the concavity inwards. Each gland adheres by the centre of its
concavity to one rib of the ovary, and meets its neighbour on
either side (opposite a septum of the ovary, alternating with the
ribs) to form a pretty deep pit, the whole inner wall of which is
formed by the concave surface corresponding with each septum.
1 A. Cunn., in Ann. Nat. Hist., iii. 219. — 3 Smith, Icon, ined., i. 6, t. 6. — G.ERTN.,
Endl., Gen., n. 4GS1 '.— H. Bn., in Adansonia, FrucL, iii. 166, t. 212. — Poia., Diet., vi. 318.—
v. 294; in Payer Fam. Nat., 319. — B. M., Gen., Lamk., III., t. 75. — DC, Prodr., vii. 522.—
615, n. 39. Exdl., Gen., n. 4680. — H. Bs., in Payer Fam.
2 As this is linear, extending along nearly the Nat., 319; in Adansonia, v. 2^2. — B. H., Gen.,
whole of the inner margin of the seed, the aril 615, n. 41. — Roussoa Rceii. & Sen., Sgst. Veg.,
itself forms a longitudinal crest, thicker above, iii, 3, n. 418. — R^usseaiivia Boj., Hoct. Maur.,
and adherent all a';ong to the umbilical cicatrix. 216, n 232.
SAXIFRAGACEAE.
359
And in this pit is inserted the stamen. The fruit is a berry, with
the reflexed calyx surrounding its base (fig. 419); the numerous
Fig. 416.
Fig. 118.
Flower (£). Flower, perianth removed.
Fig. 419.
Youuk fruit.
Fig. 417.
Long. sect, of flower.
seeds have their embryo surrounded by albumen. R. simplex,1 the
only known species, is a climbing shrub from the Mauritius, with
opposite or verticillate leaves ; the flowers are axillary, solitary, or
in little cymes at first surrounded by the scales of the flower-bud.
We shall place next the two monotypic Australian genera Abro-
phyllum and Cittt-na.2 The former has 5-6-merous flowers, possess-
ing a superior ovary, surrounded at the base by a short calyx, valvate
petals, and as many stamens inserted around an ill-developed hypo-
gynous disk. The pluriovulate cells are surmounted by a short
style, with scarcely prominent stigmatiferous lobes ; the fruit is a
many-seeded berry, with albuminous seeds. A. ornantf is a shrub
with alternate, pstiolate, lanceolate, serrate, exstipulate leaves ; its
flowers form terminal or axillary pedunculate dichotomous cymes.
Cuttsia vibernea? has exactly the same habit ; but its flowers, though
in other respects very similar, have the receptacle cupuliform, and a
1 Smith, loc. cit. — Teatt., Arch., ii. 64, t.
10u. — Ekdl., Icon., t. 107. — Tul., in Ann. So,
Nat., ser. 4, viii. 158. — Walp., Sep., ii. 719;
Ann., v. 403.
2 Hook, f., ex Bbnth., Fl. Austral., ii. 437. —
B. H., Gen., 647, n.45. — Brachynema F. Muell.,
Fiagm., iii. 90 (nee Beutr.).
3 Hook, f., loc. cit. — F. Muell., Fragm ,
vi. 189. — Brachynema ornans F. Muell
(ol.).
4 F. Muell., Fragm., v. 47, t. 40; vi. 189.—
B. H., Gen., lOOi, n. 45 a.
360
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
little more concave, with from five to eight valvate petals, as many
slightly perigynous stamens, and an ovary surmounted by a more
elongated, cylindrical style, lobed only towards its stigmatiferous
apex. And the fruit is not a berry, but a loculicidal capsule, with
from four to six valves.
X. PITTOSPOEUM SEEIES.
Pittospomm1 (figs. 420-425) has regular hermaphrodite flowers.
On the convex receptacle are inserted five sepals, free or coherent
at the base, quincuncially imbricated in the bud. The corolla
Pittosporum revolutum.
Fig. 420.
Flowering branch.
consists of five petals, free or sticking together by their edges, or
even gamopetalous and connate into a tube for a variable distance,
of contorted or imbricate prsefloration. There are five alternating
stamens ; each filament is free, or sticks to the two petals with
1 Banks, ex Gjertn., Fruct., i. 286, t. 59. —
Lamk., Bid., iv. 426; Suppl., v. 361; 111., t.
143.— DC, Prodr., i. 346.— Spach, Suit, a
Puff on, ii. 416.— Endl., Gen., n. 5661. — B. II.,
Gen., 131, 973, n. 1. — H. Bx, in Adansonia, v.
2S6 ; in Payer Fam. Nat., 349. — Schnizl.,
Iconogr., t. 236.— Lem.& Dcne., Tr. Gen., 240.
— Senacia Commkbs. (ex DC, Prodr., i. 347). —
? ? Tribeles Phil., in Linncea, xxxiii. 307 (ex
B. H., op. cit., 973). — ? Quinsonia Montrouz.,
in Mem. Acad. Lyon, x. 17S (ex B. H., loc.
cit.).
SAXIFBAGACJEJE.
361
which it alternates and keeps them more or less in contact, and
bears an introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence.1 The
Pittosporum revolution.
Fig. 421.
Flower (f ).
Fig. 422.
Diagram.
Fig. 423.
Long. sect, of flower (^).
Pittosporum Tobira.
free ovary is formed of two nearly complete or incomplete cells, the
parietal placentas usually touching without cohering. More rarely
we find from three (fig. 424) to five cells. The indefinite ovules,
biseriate on each placenta, are anatropous, usually ascending. The
ovary bears a style, more or less
dilated at the apex into a head; this
may be subentire or divided into
as many indistinct lobes as there
are placentas. The fruit is a cap-
sule ; it opens lengthwise into two
or more rarely more concave valves,
on the middle of each of which
is a polyspermous placenta. The
seeds are usually surrounded by viscid juice, and contain a hard
or fleshy albumen, with a little embryo near its apex (fig. 425).
Pittosporum comprises some fifty species2 of small trees and shrubs,
from the warm and temperate regions of Asia, Africa, and Oceania.
Fig. 424.
Fruit opened.
Fig. 425.
Seed, long. sect. (±).
1 In P. undulatum the pollen consists of ovoid
grains with three folds. When moistened they
become spherical, with three papillate bands.
(H. Mohl., in Ann. So. Nat., ser. 2, iii. 338.)
2 Hook., Icon., t. 621. — Hook. & Arn., in
Beech. Voy., Pot., t. 32. — Wight & Arn.,
Prodr., i. 153.— Wight, Icon., t. 971; III, t.
70. — Putterl., Si/n. Pittosp., 5. — Vent., Jard.
Cels., t. 76.— Bonpl., Jard. Malm., t. 21. —
Anpr., Pot. Pepos., t. 151, 383.— Sweet, Fl.
Austral., t. 25. — Hook, f., Fl. N.-Zel., t. 10 ;
Handb. N.-Zeal. FL, 18, 725.— A. Gray, Amer.
Fxpl. Exp., Pot., t. 17-19.— Ad. Br. & Gr., in
Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 5, ii. 141 ; in Pull. Soc. Pot.
de Ft:, xi. 185.— Pot. Peg., t. 16, 186.— Pot.
Mag., t, 1396, 1684, 2075, 3161.— Wale., Rep.,
i. 250; v. 71; Ann., i. 77 ; ii. 87; iv. 211; vii.
234.
3-32
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Their leaves, often persistent, are simple, alternate, or subverti-
cillate, exstipulate. The flowers are axillary, or more frequently
terminal ; solitary, or more frequently grouped in simple or
branching racemes, sometimes corymbiform (fig. 420.)
Under the name of Hymenosporum1 a distinct genus has been
made for the Australian species, P.jlavum? with flattened seeds,
edged by a wing ; we shall hence make it a distinct section.3
All the seven genera grouped in this series around JPittosporum
consist of Australian plants. In Bursaria and Marianthus the fruit
is a loculicidal capsule. In Marianthus* comprising spreading,
Marianthus tenuis.
Fig. 426.
Flower.
Fig. 427.
Long. sect, of flower (|).
flexuous, or twining undershrubs, the capsule is membranous or
slightly coriaceous, thick or more or less compressed, and many-
seeded. The genus comprises at present sixteen genera.5 Bursaria,6
which consists of two species of erect shrubs,7 often spiny, has a
coriaceous, compressed, flattened capsule, with only one or two vert-
ical seeds in each cell ; and the flowers are white, small and numerous.
In most of the other genera, the fruit is indehiscent, usually with the
1 F. MtTELL., Fragm., ii. 77. — B. H., Gen.,
131, n. 2. — Benth., Fl. Austral., i. 114. —
Walp., Ann., vii. 236.
2 Hook., in Bot. Mag., t. 4799.
3 The petals taper below ; the style is hollow ;
the cells of the ovary are complete or incomplete.
4 Hueg., Enum. PI. Nov.-HolL, 8. — Endl.,
Gen., n. 5664. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, v. 2^7. —
B. H., Gen., 132, 973, n. 4. — Oncosporum
Putterl., Syn. Pittosp., 21. — Calopeialon
Harv., in Hook. Joum., vii. 52. — Rhytido-
sporum F. Muell., in Hoolc.f. Fl. Tasm., i. 39.
5 Benth., FL Austral., i. 115. —Link, Kl.
& Ott., Ic. PL, t. 12.— F. Muell., PL Vict., i.
75 ; Fragm., ii. 145.— Bot. Mag., t. 3893, 52:33
{Calopeialon). — Walp., Rep., i. 256; v. 72;
Ann., iv. 242 {Calopeialon) ; vii. 237.
6 CAT., Icon., iv. 30, t. 350. — Endl., Gen., n.
5662. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, v. 287; in Payer
Fam. Nat., 350.— B. H., Gen., 132, 973, n. 3.
7 Klatt, in Linnaea, xxviii. 568. — Benth.,
Fl. Austral., i. 114.— Bot. Mag., t. 1767.—
Walp., Rep., i. 255 (part.); Ann., ii. 88; vii.
287. F. Mueller unites the two described species
into one.
SAXIFBAGACEAU.
363
whole thickness of the pericarp fleshy. This is the case with Solly a.1
It has pentamerous flowers, with obovate petals separate from one
Pronaya elegans.
Fig. 428.
Flower.
Fig. 429.
Lon<r. sect, of flower.
\
/i\ A>,
another from the base upwards, and spreading on anthesis. The
live stamens have their filaments longer than the introrse two-celled
anthers, which dehisce longitudinally. The two
multiovulate placentas, at first parietal and free, Biliardiera variifoiia.
come into contact, and often adhere along' the
middle line of the ovary. The genus comprises
two or three undershrubs,2 flexuous or twining,
with pretty, drooping blue flowers. C/ieirant/iera3
has nearly the same flowers ; but the anthers all
fall to one side of the androceum instead of sur-
rounding it regularly ; and their cells open by
an apical pore.4 The fruit is dry and loculicidal,
with bifid valves. The species5 of this genus ap-
proach Sollya in habit and inflorescence. Billardiera? whose flower
is also formed on the same plan as in Soil// a, has its petals
adherent or connivent halfway up into a tube (fig. 430) ; while
the anthers, of longitudinal dehiscence, are shorter than the
Fig. 430.
Flower.
1 Lindl., iu Bot. Reg., t. 1466. — Exdl.,
Gen., n. 5666. — Payee, Organog., 171, t. 34. —
H. Bn., in Pager Fam. Nat, 350.— B. H.,
Gen., 133, 973, n. 8. — ? Xerosollga Tpecz., in
Bull. Mosc. (1854), ii. 362.
2 Labill, PI. Nouv.-Holl., i. 65, t. 90 (Bit-
lardiera).— Benth., Fl. Austral., i. 126. — Bot.
Reg. (1840), t, 3.— Bot. Mag., t. 3523.— Walp.,
Rep., i. 257; v. 73 ; Ann., vii. 211.
3 A. Cunn., in Bot. Reg., sub n. 1719.—
Endl., Gen., n. 5665. — H. Bx., in Pager Fam.
Nat., 350.— B. H., Gen., 133, n. 9.
4 The two placentas touch down the centre of
the ovary in C. linearis, but remain independent.
5 Hook , Icon., t. 47. — Ad. Be., in Duperr.
Yog., Bot., t. 77. — Bentu., Fl. Austral., i. 127.
— F. Mctkll., Fragm., i. 97; ii. 79. — Walp.,
Rep., v. 73 ; Ann , iv. 212 ; vii. 241.
6 Sm., Bot. Nov.-Holl., t. 1. — Endl., Gen.,
n. 56G8. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, v. 287 ; in
Pager Fam. Nat., 350.— B. H., Gen., 132.
n. 6. — Labillardiera Kcem. & Sch., Sgst v
28.
364
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
filaments. The fruit is an ovoid or elongated berry. Half a score
species have been described/ undershrubs with twining branches.
Pronaycr (figs. 428, 429) has the same habit and vegetative organs,
but its ovary is more decidedly one-celled at all ages, its fruit is
fleshy, and its anthers shorter than the filaments, become re volute
on anthesis. It is said to contain two or three undershrubs,3 with
white or blue flowers. Citriobatus* on the contrary, comprises rigid
spiny shrubs, like Bursaria. The solitary sessile flowers have petals
connivent below, erect stamens, with the filaments longer than the
anthers, a primarily one-celled ovary, and a globular coriaceous fruit.
Two species have been described.5
XI. KIBES SERIES.
The genus Bides6 (figs. 431-442) was long made by all authors
into a distinct order, often brought near Cactaceae. It has regular
flowers, hermaphrodite or polygamous. In the former, the concave
receptacle lodges in its interior the inferior ovary, and then expands
into a tube, funnel, or cupule, bearing the perianth and androceum
on its rim. The calyx consists of five (more rarely four) sepals, of
imbricate or subvalvate aestivation. They are often well-developed,
nearly always much more conspicuous than the petals, and are erect
1 Labill., PI. Nouv.-HolL, t. 89. — Klatt, in
Dinncea, xxviii. 569. — Hook, f., PI. Tasman., i.
36. — Benth., PL Austral, i. 122. — Pot. Reg.,
t. 1719.— Pot. Mag., t. 801, 1313, 1507 —
Waif.. Rep., i. 257 ; Ann , iv. 242 ; vii. 239.
2 Hueg., Pot. Arch., t. 6. — Endl., Gen., n.
5G67. — B. H., Gen., 133, n. 7. — Campylanthera
Hook., Icon., t. 82. — Spiranthera Hook., in
Pot. Mag., sub n. 3523 (nee A. S. H.).
3 Benth., Fl. Austral., i. 125. — Waxp.,
Rep., i. 257; ii. 770; v. 73; Ann., i. 77; vii.
21-0. More probably tbis genus contains but one
species.
4 A. Cttnn., in Pond. Sort. Brit., 585. —
Endx., Gen., n. 5660. — H. Bn., in Adansonia,
v. 297; in Payer Fam. Nat., 350. — B. H„ Gen.,
132, 973, n. 5. — ? Ixiosporus F. Mtjelt.., Fragm.
Phyt, Austral, ii. 76.— Waxp., Ann., vii. 239.
5 Benth., Fl. Austral, i. 121. — Walf., Rep.,
i. 250; Ann., vii. 238.
6 Riles L., Gen., n. 281. — Ad as 5., Fam. des
PI, ii. 243.— J., Gen., 310.— Lamk., Diet , iii.
47; Suppl., ii. 853; III, t. 146.— DC, Prodr.,
iii. 477. — Sfach, Revis. Grossul , in Ann. Sc.
Nat., ser. 2, iv. 16 ; Suit, a Puffon, vi. 160. —
Endl., Gen., n. 4682. — Pater, Organog., 383,
t. 89 ; Fam. Nat., 88.— B. H., Gen., 654-, n. 71.
— Schnizl., Iconogr., xiii. t. 171. — Lem. &
Decne., Traite Gen,, 273. — Grossularia T.
Inst., 639, t. 409. — GiERTN., Fruct., i. 149, t.
409 (inch: Polryocarpium A. Rich., Caloboin/u
Spach, Ceropliyllum Sfach, Chrysobotrya Spach.
Coreosma Spach, Grossularia A. Rich., Rebis
Spach, Robsonia Beri>.).
SAXIFRAGACEJE.
365
spreading or recurved, petaloid or greenish. Alternate with these
are inserted as many petals on the throat of the receptacle ; they are
Hibes ruhriiM (Bed currant.)
Fig. 431.
Flowering branch.
Fig. 432-35.
Leaves, various states.
often small and included, either not in contact or of imbricate prse-
floration. There are as many stamens, alternating and inserted with
the petals ; their filaments may be short and hidden between the
petals, or long and exserted ; the anthers are two-celled, subglobular
or didymous, more rarely elongated-oval, introrse, of longitudinal
dehiscence.1 The ovary is surmounted by a style with two branches,
that separate at a very variable height, and end in a stigmatiferous
dilatation. They alternate writh the two parietal placentas, which
bear anatropous ovules, arranged in several rows when adult. Their
number may be indefinite, or very inconsiderable ; and this character,
together writh others derived from the form and length of the recep-
tacle, calyx, and androceum, has been used to distinguish genera,
1 The pollen consists in the species that have having from eight to ten irregularly scattered
been examined, especially B. Grossularia, rubrum, pores. (H. Mohl., in Ann, 8c, Nat,, ser. 2, iii.
nigrum, &c., of finely dotted spherical grains, 328.)
366
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
which we only retain as sections. The fruit (figs. 438, 442), crowned
by the persistent calyx, and often by the remains of the corolla and
Hibes ruhrum.
Fie. 436.
Diagram.
Fig. 437.
Long. sect, of flower (*).
Fig. 439.
Seed (f).
Fig. 438.
Fruits.
Fig. 440.
Long sect, of seed.
androceum, is a berry, containing a variable number of seeds in its
pulp. These1 have a pulpy or fleshy outer coat,* and a crustaceous
deeper one, under which is the fleshy albumen, lodging a little
cylindrical embryo near its apex. This genus consists of shrubs,
unarmed or covered with glands3 or prickles.4 Their leaves are
alternate, petiolate, simple, entire or variably incised, with the
stipules absent, or membranous and adnate to the petiole. The
flowers are solitary, fascicled, or more frequently in racemes, each
flower axillary to a bract, and with usually a few sterile bractlets on
1 Leetjwenh., Obs. on the Seeds of the Goose-
berry, in Trans. Phil, xvii. (1693), 953, figs. 11,
12.
2 It is chiefly formed of the hypertrophied cells
of the outer ovular envelope, and hence repre-
sents a sort of generalized aril comparable to that
of Magnolia, Pierardia, &c, but has different
cell -contents. Thus the pulp of the fruit has a
double origin, from the outer seed-coat as well as
the pericarp.
3 Often stipitate, secreting a viscid or resinous
matter.
4 They may be scattered over the branches,
&c. In certain species they are, as we shall see
below, localized at the insertion of the leaves,
where they result from an extreme development
of the suberous layer of the pulvinus. In this
case they must not be confounded with spinescent
stipules, for the stipules, when present, are to be
found a little way off, with their usual characters.
SAXIFEAGACEJE.
367
Rlbes nigrum.
the pedicel. The known species, some fifty in number, inhabit
temperate Europe, Asia, and America,
and have been grouped into a certain
number of sections.
Our Red, White, and Black Currants
belong to the section Eibesia ;l the re-
ceptacle is everted, campanulate or tubu-
lar; their stamens have short fila-
ments ; and their unarmed branches
bear leaves folded in vernation, and
racemose flowers. Symphocalyx? com-
prising several ornamental species, has
the receptacle elongated and tubular,
stamens with included filaments, un-
armed branches, convolute leaves, and
racemose flowers. Robsonia* has larger
flowers, also with an elongated tube,
long exserted stamens, few or solitary
flowers, and the stems, branches, and
fruits covered with prickles. Finally, our Gooseberries (Groseillc
a Maquereau) form the type of the section Gros-
sularia* also with solitary or few flowers, but with
unarmed fruits, and possessing two kinds of prickles
elsewhere ; one kind is scattered over the branches,
the other developed in definite numbers and some
regularity at the pulvinus of the petiole. Bides
may in fine be defined as comprising Saxifragacece
with a fleshy pulpy fruit. Half-a-hundred species
are known,3 natives of Europe, Asia, Temperate F
Africa and America, and Andine South America. Fruit.
Fig. 441.
Inflorescence.
Eibes Grossularia.
1 Bebx., loc. cit., t. 2. — DC, Prodr., sect. iii.
— CeropJiyllum Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 152. —
Coreosma Spach, loc. cit., 154. — Botrycarpum
A. Kick., Elena., ii. 487 (ed. 4, ii. 359). — Spach,
loc. cit., 158. — Calobotrya Spach, in Ann. Sc.
Nat., ser. 2, iv. 21. — Eebis Spach, loc. cit., 26.
2 Berl., loc. cit., t. 2. — DC, Prodr., sect. iv. —
Siphocalyx B. H., Gen., 655. — Chrysobotrya
Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 148.
3 Beel., in Mem. Soc. Gen., iii. t. 1, fig. 1. —
DC, Prodr., sect. i. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi.
180. — Endl., Gen., n. 4683.
4 A. Rich, loc. cit. — Berl., loc. cit., t. 1, fig.
6. — DC, Prodr., sect. ii. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon,
vi. 172.
5 Twice as many have been described. R. &
Pay., Fl. Per., t. 232, 233.— Hook., Ft. Bor.-
Amer., t. 76. — Cambess., in Jacquem. Yoy. Bot.,
368
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
XII. BAUEEA SEEIES.
Bauefa1 (figs. 443-447) has a nearly flat or subconeave receptacle,
on the margin of which are inserted the slightly perigynous perianth
and anclroceum. The calyx consists of from four to ten persistent
Bauera rtibiodes.
cvCK
Fig. 443.
Flowering branch.
Fig. 444.
Flower (f).
Fig. 445.
Long sect, of flower.
leaves, sometimes dentate, and of valvate or subimbricate activation.
The corolla is regular, formed of as many alternate sessile imbricate
petals. The number of stamens2 varies from as many to five times
t. 76, 77. — Tore. & Gray, Fl. N.-Amer., i. 544.
— A. Gray, Man., ed. 5, 164.— C. Gay, Fl. Chil.,
iii. 32. — Wedd., CM. Andina, ii. 214. — Hook. f.
& Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, ii. 86. — Geen.
& Godr., Fl. de Fr., i. 634.— Bot. Reg., t. 125,
1237, 1274, 1359, 1471, 1557, 1658, 1692.—
Bot. Mag., t. 3530, 4931.— Walp., Rep., ii. 357;
v. 822; Ann., i. 975; ii. 6S7; v. 22; vii.
912.
1 Banks, ex Kenked., in Andr. Bot. Repos.,
t. 198. — Salisb., in Keen. Ann. of Bot., i. 12, t.
10.— DC, Prodr., iv. 13.— Spach, Suit. a Buff on,
v. 12.— Ende., Gen., n. 4665. — H. En., in Adan-
sonia, v. 301. — B. H., Gen., 655, n. 72.
2 In B. rubioides the clefts of dehiscence
appear first above ; later on they blend towards
the top of the connective. The pollen is analo-
gous to that of the Saxifraga, Cunonia, &c
SAXIFRAGACEJZ.
369
as many ; they have free filaments inserted on a slightly thickened
part of the receptacle, and introrse two-celled anthers of
longitudinal dehiscence. The gyiiDeceum consists of an ovary,
Bauera capitata.
Fig. 446.
Long. sect, of flower (f).
Fig. 447.
Long. sect, of flower.
with only its base inferior, of two cells,1 surmounted by two
styles, stigmatiferous at the undilated apex. On the interlocular
septum are an indefinite number of anatropous ovules, arranged
in several series.2 The fruit is a bivalve loculicidal capsule,
almost entirely free, compressed, often truncate at the apex.
Under the seed-coats is a fleshy albumen enveloping a cylindrical
axile embryo. Two or three species are known,3 Australian
branching shrubs, glabrous or covered with glandular hairs,
with opposite sessile leaves, possessing two lateral leafy stipules,
sometimes nearly as well developed as the leaf itself, so that one
might fancy the leaves were in verticils of six. The flowers are
solitary axillary, sessile or pedunculate.
XIII. CUNONIA SERIES.
For a long time the only known species of Cunonia* was C. ccqiensis
(figs. 448-451), which is often cultivated in the orangery. It has regu-
1 At first the placentas do not touch.
2 Thrice as many in tig. 444, five times in fig.
445.
3 Reichb., Ic. Exot., t. 77. — Lodd., in Bot.
Cab., t. 1197. — Don, in Edinb. N. Phil. Jaurn.,
ix. 95. — F. Muell., in Trans. Phil. Soc. Vict.,
i. 41; Fragm., iv. 23; PL Vict., ii. t. 16. —
Benth., El. Austral., ii. 447. — Bot. Mag., t.
715.— Walp., Rep., v. 835; Ann., vii. 914.
VOL. III.
4 L., Gen., n. 556. — J., Gen., 310. — G.ebtn.,
Fruct., iii. 344, t. 225. — Lamk., Diet., ii. 225 ;
111., t. 371.— DC, Prodr., iv. 12. — Spach, Suit,
a. Buffon, v. 10.— Endl., Gen., n. 4662.— Payee,
Earn. Nat., 86.— B. H., Gen., 654, n. 70.—
Osterdyckia Bt/rm., Afr., 259, t. 96. — Adans.,
Earn, des PI., ii. 445.
B B
370
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
lar hermaphrodite flowers, with a convex receptacle bearing a short,
very deeply five-lobed1 calyx, at first imbricate in the bud. The free
alternating petals, of imbricate sestivation, have a hypogynous inser-
tion like the ten stamens ; each of these consists of a free filament2
and a didymous introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence.
The free superior gynseceum is formed of a two-celled ovary, sur-
mounted by two long styles, tapering to their stigmatiferous apex.
The base of the ovary is surrounded by an annular disk, with ten
vertical grooves at the margin corresponding with the staminal "fila-
ments.3 The cells of the ovary, complete or incomplete, are separated
by the two placentas, which spring from their walls laterally, alter-
nating with the styles, and meet inside, their thickened edges
becoming united or remaining separate. In each cell are two
vertical rows of descending anatropous ovules. The fruit (fig. 451)
is a coriaceous septicidal bivalve capsule, surmounted by the per-
sistent styles ; each navicular valve is detached not merely at its
edges but at its base, and rises up more or less, remaining adherent
by its tapering apex to the columella of the fruit.4 Thus are freed
the numerous elongated compressed seeds, with their outer coats ex-
panded into a wing at either end, and containing a fleshy albumen,
which surrounds a small axile embryo, with elongated cotyledons
and a superior cylindrical radicle.* Besides the African species,5 the
genus Cunonia embraces four or five others, natives of New Caledonia.6
They are trees or shrubs, with the axis tumid at the insertion of
the opposite petiolate trifoliolate or pinnate leaves. These possess
two large leafy interpetiolar stipules, at first applied to one another,
afterwards coming off at the base. The white or pink flowers are
arranged on a simple common axis axillary to the upper leaves, which
forms a raceme bearing little groups of pedicellate flowers.7
Weinmannia* is scarcely generically distinct from Cunonia, of which
1 Except i.nally hexamerous flowers occur.
2 The filaments are longer in the alternipetalous
stamens. In the bud each is folded above into a
loop, with the anther inverted and its face turned
in. Later on the filament becomes erect and ex-
serted (figs. 449, 450).
3 The pollen in Cunonia and Weinmannia is
formed of ellipsoidal grains, with three folds,
which, when moistened, become papillose bands.
4 The whitish harder endocarp comes off more
or less easily from the exocarp.
5 C. capensis L., Spec, 569. — Lodd., Bot.
Cab., t. 826.— Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 307.
6 Ad. Be. & Ge., in Ann. Sc Nat., ser. 5, i.
370 ; in Bull. Soc. Bot de Fr., ix. 71.
7 They appear to be in cymes on the common
rachis.
s L., Gen,, n. 493. — J., Gen., 309.— G.ebtn.,
FrucL, 225. — Lamk., Diet., vii. 578; III., t.
313. — DC, Proch:, iv. 8. — Spach, Suit. a Buff on,
v. 7.— Endl., Gen., n. 4655.— B. H., Gen., 653,
n. 69. — Windmannia P. Be., Jam., 212. —
SAXIFBAGACEJE.
37 1
it has the flowers, hermaphrodite or polygamous, and tetramerous.
But the calyx is here generally more imbricated and caducous. In the
Cunonia capensis.
Fig. 418.
Flowering branch (i).
septicidal capsule the valves part company from above downwards ;
and the upper part, gaping inwards, is not united with the columella.
However, these characters are not constant in Weinmannia, and to
distinguish it absolutely from Cunonia we must fall back on the
seeds.
These are globular or oblong, reniform, with a membranous
Adans., Fam. des PI., ii. 343.— ? Pterophylla Gen., n. 4658. — Arnoldia Bl., Bijdr., 868. —
Bon, in Fdinb. N. Phil. Journ., i.v. 93. — Fls'Dl., DC, Prodr., iv. 12. — Exdl., Gen., n. 4659.
B B 2
372
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
outer coat, often thinly sprinkled with hairs, rarely prolonged into
a rudimentary wing. Some fifty species of this genus are known,1
inhabiting all the warm regions of the Old World, very abundant in
Cunonia capensis.
Fig. 449.
Flower (-■*-).
Fig. 451.
Fruit, dehiscing.
Fig. 450.
Long. sect, of flower.
South America, and extending into the south of North America.
They are glabrous or tomentose, branching like Cunonia, with simple
trifoliolate or imparipinnate leaves, possessing an often winged rachis,
and coriaceous leaflets with frequently glandular teeth, caducous
stipules, sometimes greatly developed, and axillary or terminal
inflorescences of Cunonia.
Spirceanthemum* has apetalous polygamous flowers. The calyx con-
sists of four or five valvate sepals, inserted on a small receptacle
which bears more internally one or two whorls of stamens, as many
glands as there are stamens, alternate with them and a little more
1 H. B. K., Nov. Gen.et Spec, vi. 49, t. 520-
524.— Cav., Icon, t. 566.— R.& Pav., Fl. Per.,
iv. (ined.), t. 330-334. — A. Geay, Unit. Stales
Fxpl. Exp., Bot., t. 85. — Cambess., in A. S. H.
Fl, Bras. Mer., ii. 201.— RiM., in C. Gay Fl.
Chil,, iii. 45.— Hook., Ie., t. 301.— Wedd., Chi.
Audina, ii. 209. — Tui., in Ann. So. Nat., ser. 4}
viii. 151. — Geiseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., 303. — '
Hook., v., Fl, N.-Zel., i. 79.— Ad. Be. & Ge., in
Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr., ix. 72 ; in Ann, Sc. Nat.,
ser. 5, i. 372. — Benth., Fl. Austral., ii. 445. —
Walp., Sep., ii. 373; v. 129; Ann., v. 29; vii.
910.
2 A. Geay, Unit. States Fxpl. Exp., Bot., 666,
t. 83.— B. H., Gen., 650, n. 58.
SAXIFRAGACEJE. 373
internal, and from two to five carpels. In S. vitiense, the first species
that was known, there are eight or ten stamens, half superposed to
the sepals and half alternate with them. In several New Caledonian
species the latter alone exist. All are free and possess a didymous
introrse anther of longitudinal dehiscence. There are often as many
carpels as sepals, and in this case alternating with them. They are
sterile or quite rudimentary in the male flowers. In the females and
hermaphrodites they are quite free, each formed of a one-celled ovary
tapering above into a style, swollen and stigmatiferous at the apex.
Inside the ovary is a placenta bearing either one descending ana-
tropous ovule, with its micropyle upwards and outwards, or
from two to five ovules, similar and biseriate. The fruit consists of
from two to five follicles, dehiscing ventrally. The seeds are flat-
tened or winged, with a fleshy albumen surrounding the embryo.
Five Oceanian species have already been described,1 trees or shrubs,
with opposite or whorled caducous leaves possessing caducous
stipules.
Tetracarptea tas?nanica,~ a small shrub from Van Diemen's Land,
comes near Spirceanthemum in the structure of its gyn^ceum. It has
tetramerous flowers,3 with a convex receptacle, four imbricate sepals,
as many alternating free imbricate petals, and eight stamens super-
posed to the perianth-leaves, possessing free filaments, and basifixed
anthers of submarginal dehiscence. The free superior gyna3ceum
consists of four independent shortly stipitate carpels, superposed to
the petals. Their one-celled ovary tapers above into a short style
with a little stigmatiferous head. In the ventral angle of each
ovary is a parietal placenta, bearing numerous anatropous pluriseriate
ovules. The fruit is composed of four erect stipitate coriaceous
follicles, opening down the ventral angle. The seeds are numerous,
with a lax membranous outer coat, tapering at either end, and con-
taining a fleshy albumen with a little embryo near its base. All the
parts of Tefracarpcea are glabrous. Its leaves are alternate or sub-
opposite, persistent simple, irregularly dentate, petiolate, exstipulate.
1 Ad. Be. & Ge., in Ann. Sc. Nat., sex. 5, i. 2 Hook, v., in Rook. Icon., t. 264. — B. K.,
373; in Bull. Soc. Bot. cle Fr., ix. 73. — Vieill., Gen., 11, 618, n. 52.— Benth., Fl. Austral., ii.
PI. N.-Caled. (1865), 12 (ex Bull. Soc. Linn. 445.
Norm., ix.). — Walp., Ann., v. 23; vii. 909. 3 Exceptionally pentamerous.
374
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
The flowers are grouped in little terminal racemes, each flower
axillary to a bract, which may be adnate to its axillary pedicel.1
Geissois2 may be considered as Spirts anthemum with united carpels.
It has the same receptacle and calyx, tetramerous or pentamerous. But
the free superior ovary is one-celled, with two multiovulate parietal
placentas. The stamens, inserted below and outside the more or less
marked glandular disk are sometimes twice as numerous as the
sepals, four opposite them, and four alternate. In other cases the
number is greater ; either there are two large ones in front of each
sepal, and two small ones alternating, or there are four large stamens
alternating with the sepals, and two, three, or four in front of each.
The fruit is a capsule, like that of Weinmannia, septicidal and poly-
spermous. The outer seed-coat is membranous and reticulate,
enlarged into a wing above. There are five Oceanian species,3 fine
trees, with opposite compound leaves, and large stipules, comparable
to those of Cunonia. Their flowers are in large simple or branching
racemes.
Lamanonicf is analogous to Weinmannia and Geissois. Like the
latter genus it has apetalous flowers, with five or six valvate sepals
and a large number of stamens. Of these the five or six largest
are superposed to the centre of the sepals, and the others are pro-
gressively smaller in the intervals of the sepals. The superior
gynseceum, capsular fruit, and seeds are nearly those of Weinmannia
or Geissois. Four species of this genus are known,5 all arborescent,
natives of South Brazil. They have opposite digitately compound
leaves, with large membranous stipules. The flowers are in axillary
racemes.6
1 " A very anomalous genus, approaching
Dilleniacece closely in hypogynous stamens, fol-
licles and anthers/' (B." H., Gen., 649.)
2 Labile., Sert. AustroCaled., 50, t. 50. —
Exdl., Gen., n. 4663.— B. H., Gen., 650, n. 56.
3 Don, in Edinb. N. Phil. Journ., ix. 96. — A.
Gray, Unit. States Expl. Exp., Hot., 678, t.
86. — Ad. Br. & Gr., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 5, i.
368 ; in Bull. Soc. Sot. de Fr., ix. 70. — Benth.,
Fl. Austral., ii. 445. — F. Muell,, Fragm.,\.\G,
180.— Walp., Ann., v. 31; vii. 909.
4 Velloz., Fl. Flum., v. t. 104 (1827).—
Belangera Cambess., Syn. Cunon. Bras. Mer.
(1829), 3; in A. S. H. Fl. Bras. Mer., ii. 203,
t. 115-117.— DC , Prodr., iv. 11.— Spacu, Suit.
a Buff on, v. 9.— Exdl., Gen., n. 4664.— B. H.,
Gen., 650, n. 57. — Polystemon Don, in Fdin. N.
Phil. Journ., ix. (1830), 95.
5 Moric, PI. Nouv.-Amer., t. 90. — Walp.,
Ann., i. 338 {Belangera).
6 We place here, with some doubt, Gumillea
awriculata (11. & Pa v., Prodr., 42, t. 7; Fl. Per.
et Chil., iii. 23, t. 245;— Endl., Gen., n 4660;
— B. H., Gen., 651, n. 60), which appears akin
to the preceding genera, and has alternate im-
paripinnate leaves, with large stipules like those
of Weinmannia. The flowers, though imperfectly
known, also seem analogous to those of that
genus ; but they are apetalous, isostemonous, and
sessile on the ramifications of the terminal
pendulous inflorescence.
8AXIFBAGACE2E. 375
Ceratopetalanf has regular hermaphrodite flowers. Their recep-
tacle forms a hollow inverted cone of variable depth framing the
ovary, which is surmounted by a circular disk, with a more or less
sharply crenulate edge. The calyx is inserted around the mouth of
the receptacle, formed of four or five valvate triangular sepals.
Between these are as many little rigid linear laciniate petals, which
are absent in one species of the genus.2 Inserted on the margin of
the disk and between its crenulations are eight or ten stamens,
half superposed to the sepals, and half (shorter) alternating with
them ; each consists of a free filament, inflexed in the bud., and
afterwards erect, and an introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal
dehiscence and tipped by a prolongation of the connective. The
ovary, partly inferior, is two- celled and surmounted by two subulate
recurved styles, stigmatose at the apex. In the ventral angle of
each cell is a placenta usually bearing four descending biseriate
ovules, subanatropous, with the micropyle upwards and outwards.
The fruit is dry, surmounted by the persistent accrescent calyx. The
endocarp is very hard, surrounded by a thin suberous mesocarp ; the
seed has a curved greenish embryo, surrounded by fleshy albumen.
The two known species are Australian shrubs,3 with opposite glabrous
petiolate leaves, simple4 or trifoliolate, accompanied by caducous in-
terpetiolar stipules. The flowers are grouped in axillary and ter-
minal pedunculate ramified cymes.
Aphanopetahmt' derives its name from the fact that between the
four large foliaceous imbricated accrescent sepals are four small petals,
which may even be quite absent. They are inserted, like the eight
stamens, around a deeply cupulate receptacle, on which is inserted a
four-celled ovary, tapering into a style with four reflexed stigmatifer-
ous branches. In each cell is a single descending reniform ovule
with its micropyle downwards and inwards. The fruit is surrounded
at the base by the leafy calyx, and has only one cell containing an
arcuate seed, with a curved embryo surrounded by fleshy albumen.
1 S-M..,Bot. N.-Roll., t. 3. — DC, Prodr., iv. 13. 4 In C. apetalum. Don has made it the type of
— Endi., Gen. n. 4651. — B. H., Gen., 651, n. 61. a section, Meridema.
2 C. apetalum D. Don, in Bdinb. N. Phil. s Endl., in Ann. Wien. Mus., ii. (ex Gen., n.
Journ., ix. (1830), 94. — C. montanum D. Don, 4650); Iconogr., t. 96. — B. H., Gen., 650, n. 59.
loc. cit. — Platyptelea Detjmm,, in Hook. Journ., vii. 55.
3 Benth., Fl. Austral., ii. 442.— F. Muell.,
Fragm., vi. 189.
376
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
The two known species1 are Australian glabrous shrubs, with
opposite simple leaves, and small caducous stipules, or none at all.
Besides Aphanopetalum, three monotypic genera must be placed
close to Ceratopetalum, only distinguishable therefrom by the varying
depth of the receptacle, the form of the petals when present, and the
consistency of the fruit. First comes Anodopetalum glandulosum? a
Tasmanian tree, with simple opposite leaves. This has 4-5-merous
flowers, a valvate calyx, linear petals, a diplostemonous androceum
inserted under a disk surrounding the dimerous gynaeceum, and a
fleshy one-seeded fruit. Next comes Schizomeria ovata* a tree from
New South Wales, which has also opposite simple leaves. It has
pentamerous flowers, with ill developed dentate petals, and a free
ovary like that of Anodopetalum, with two quadriovulate cells, and a
drupaceous fruit with a one-seeded stone. Plati/lophus trifoliatus* a
South African tree, has nearly the same flower, tetra- or pentamerous,
with a bifid capsular fruit, the valves separating from the placenta
at maturity, and opposite trifoliolate leaves accompanied by little
caducous stipules. Perhaps these three plants might strictly be
made into only sections of a single genus.
Caldcluvia5 has flowers strongly recalling those of both Anodopetalum
and Weinmannia, with a shallow receptacle, four or five valvate sepals,
as many small alternating petals, and a diplostemonous androceum.
The stamens are free, with introrse two-celled anthers ; they alternate
with as many glands. The gyna3ceum is free, and like that of
Weinmannia. The same applies to the fruits, whose numerous seeds
have a lax membranous outer coat ; and the embryo is surrounded by
fleshy albumen. C. paniculata,6 the only known species of the genus,
is a Chilian shrub ; its leaves are opposite simple petiolate, with
: F. Muell., Fragm., i. 228. — Benth., Fl.
Austral., ii. 4±1. — Walp., Ann., v. 29 (Platy-
ptelea).
2 A. Cunn., inss. ex Endl., Gen., n. 4654. —
B. H., Gen., 652, n. 64.— Benth., Fl. Austral.,
ii. 440.— F. Muell., Fragm., vi. 189. — Hook, f.,
Fl. Tasm., i. 148. — Weinmannia biglandulosa
A. Cunn., in Hook. Icon., 301.
3 D. Don, in Fdinb. N. Phil. Journ., ix. 94. —
Endl., Gen., n. 4652. — Benth., Fl. Austral., ii.
442.— B. H., Gen., 651, n. 62.— F. Muell.,
Fragm. vi. 189. — Ceratopetalum ovatum Caxey,
mss. (ex Endl.).
4 D. Don, in Fdinb. N. Phil. Journ., ix. 92. —
Endl., Gen., n. 4653. — Haev. & Sond., Fl.
Cap., ii. 307. — B. H., Gen., 652, n. 67. — Wein-
mannia trifoliata Thunb., Prodr., 77 ; Fl. Cap.,
384. — DC, Prodr., iv. 9. — Trimerisma Peesl,
Pot. Pern., 73.
5 D. Don, in Fdinb. N. Phil. Journ., ix. 98. —
Endl., Gen., n. 4661.— B. H., Gen., 652, n. 66. —
Dieterica Sek., in DC. Prodr., iv. 8.
6 Don, loc. tit. — EiM., in C. Gay Fl. Chil.,
iii. 47. — Weinmannia paniadata Cat., Icon , vi.
44, t. 565. — Dieterica paniculata See., loc. tit.
8AXIFRAGAGEJB. 377
glandular teeth, and large interpetiolar stipules, like those of Cunonia
and certain Weinmannias.
The flowers of Gillbeea adenopetala1 are hermaphrodite and irregu-
lar. The receptacle is very shallow, lined by a disk which forms a
circular glandular area. Outside it are inserted five valvate sepals,2
and five alternate shorter petals truncate or emarginate at the apex,
which is bounded by two angles, each tipped by a little cupuliform
gland. The androceum consists of ten subperigynous stamens
superposed to the perianth-leaves. They have free filaments, and
subglobular introrse two-celled anthers of longitudinal dehiscence.
The gyna?ceum is free, inserted inside the area of the disk ; it con-
sists of a trigonous ovary surmounted by three recurved styles, stig-
matiferous at the somewhat dilated apex. To each angle of the
ovary corresponds a cell, in the ventral angle of which are inserted
from two to six descending anatropous ovules, with the micropyle
upwards and outwards. The fruit, at the base of which the recep-
tacle forms a little cupule, is dry, with three wings resulting from
the development of the angles of the ovary, and prolonged on to the
outer edge of the styles. In the central part are three narrow
elongated cells, of which one or two may be sterile. In the fertile
ones is a single suspended seed, with a fleshy albumen surrounding
a straight embryo, with the cotyledons longer than the radicle. The
only species of this genus is a tree from tropical East Australia;
all its parts bristle with hairs ; the leaves are oj)posite pinnate, some-
times unifoliolate f and its flowers form a large terminal raceme,
with opposite branches covered with cymes, possessing opposite and
alternate concave bracts and bractlets.
Acropliylhim vem-snin? an Australian shrub with opposite or whorled
leaves, has flowers of from four to six parts, with narrow persistent
valvate sepals, imbricate petals, and a diplostemonous androceum.
The filaments are long and exserted, the anthers didymous. The
1 F. Muell., Fragm.,v. 17, ISO; vi. 188. — Calycomis verticillata D. Don, in Fdinb. N.Phil.
B. H., Gen., 1004, n. 65 a. Journ., ix. 93 (nee R. Br.). — F. Mtjell., Fragm.,
2 Striate and tomentose. vi. 189. — Weinmannia venosa KKOWL.& Westc,
3 " With caducous stipules." Fl. Cab., t. 65 (ex Walp., Rep., ii. 373).— JF.
4 Benth., in Mound. Botan., ii. t. 95 ; Fl. australis A. Ctjnn., in Field N. S.- Wal., 353. —
Austral., ii. 413.— B. H., Gen., 652, n. 63.— X DC, Prodr., iv. 9.
verticillatum Hook., in Bot. Mag., t. 4050. —
378 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
free superior gynaeceum consists of an ovary, with two incomplete
multiovulate cells, surmounted by two long diverging persistent
styles. The fruit is a septicidal capsule, bearing on the edges of its
two valves the numerous seeds. Thus this genus shows a close
analogy in its flowers to Geissois and Spirts ant hemum. The flowers
are crowded in the axils of the leaves, or the bracts replacing them,
into globular cymes, forming axillary false verticils.
Ackama* approaches both the preceding genera and Weinmannia.
Its floral receptacle is subconcave ; inside the valvate calyx are five
bilobate alternipetalous glands. Outside the disk are five caducous
narrow spathulate petals, and ten stamens, half superposed to these
and half to the sepals. The filaments are free and subulate, incurved
at the apex in the bud ; the anthers are introrse two-celled, of longi-
tudinal dehiscence, often tipped by a prolongation of the connective.
The ovary is two- or three-celled, multiovulate ; and the fruit is a
septicidal capsule, with hairy seeds. Ackama includes two species,2
trees from Australia and New Zealand, with opposite imparipinnate
leaves and caducous stipules. The flowers are small in much branch-
ing, compound, axillary, or terminal racemes.3
Bavidsonia pruriens* is a tree from North-east Australia, which
owes its name to the irritating hairs with which it is covered. Its
alternate imparipinnate leaves with two large stipules, are those of
certain Mcliacece, Sapindacea, or Rosacea, and its flowers are grouped
in long ramified racemes of spikes ; on the nearly flat receptacle are
inserted four or five thick valvate sepals, and twice as many stamens ;
the short filament is inserted below a little hypogynous disk, and
the anther is introrse two-celled, of longitudinal dehiscence. The
gynseceum consists of a two-celled ovary surmounted by two slender
styles, stigmatiferous at the apex. In either cell is a septal placenta
bearing a variable number of ovules (usually six or eight) inserted in
a circle around its edge, and more or less descending when adult.
1 A. Cttkn., in Ann. Nat. Hist., ii. 358.— 719 ;— Walp., Ann., vii. 910), the Dirhynchosia
Endl., Gen., n. 4657.— B. H., Gen., 653, n. 67. of Blume {Mel. JBot., 1855, n. 1, ex Walp.,
2 Hook, p., Fl. N.-Zel., i. 79.— Benth., Fl. Ann., v. 31), a tree from Celebes, covered with
Austral, ii. 444.— A. Gray, in Unit. States stellate hairs and glandular dots, with opposite
Fxpl. Fxp., Bot., 671, t. 84 (Weinmannia). imparipinnate leaves like those of Weinmannia,
3 Bentham & Hooker {Gen., 653, d. 68) dioecious 5-6-merous flowers, and a birostrate
place here a genus that is quite unknown to us, two-celled capsule.
Spiratopsis celebica (Miq., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p. i. * F. Mtjell., Fragm., vi. 4, 249, t. 46.
SAXIFBAGACE^J.
379
The fruit is dry, indehiscent ; it contains in either cell a single
descending seed, whose fleshy embryo is said to be exalbuminous.1
Codia montana.
^MMm?,-
XIV. CODIA SERIES.
Codia2 (fig. 452) may be regarded as consisting of Cunoniece with
an inferior ovary and capitulate flowers. The receptacle forms a
hollow cone,3 on the rim of which are inserted
four or five valvate sepals. Between these are
as many narrow slender petals (which may be
absent). The androceum consists of two
whorls of stamens, inserted like the perianth,
each formed of a slender free filament and
an introrse didymous two-celled anther of longi-
tudinal dehiscence. The ovary, quite inferior
or nearly so, has two cells, complete or in-
complete, each containing in its ventral angle
two collateral descending anatropous ovules,
with their micropyles turned upwards and
outwards. It is surmounted by two diverging styles, stigmatiferous
at the apex. The fruit is an achene ; and the seed contains a small
layer of fleshy albumen around the embryo. Codia embraces
some five or six species of shrubs from New Caledonia.4 The leaves
are opposite simple and petiolate, with large usually caducous
stipules. The capitula are axillary pedunculate globular, surrounded
by an involucre of variable development, often formed of four bracts.
Each flower5 is itself axillary to a little bract.
Next to Codia come the two closely allied genera Panc/ieria,6 and
Callicoma, which have the same inflorescences of globular pedunculate
Fig. 452.
Inflorescence.
1 In this character, and that of its stipules,
this genus comes very near Rosacea, whereof,
however, it has scarcely the perianth and sexual
organs. F. Mueller thinks it akin to Gumillea
and Spirceopsis.
2 Foest., Char. Gen., 59, t. 30.— DC, Prodr.,
iv. 7.— D. Don, in Fdinb. N. Phil. Journ., ix.
93. — Endl., Gen., n. 4647. — H. Bn., in Adan-
soma, v. 296.— B. H., Gen., 649, n. 53.
3 Its outer layer bears a copious down, and
easily conies off from the deeper layers at a certain
age.
4 Labill., Serf. Austro-Caled., 45, t. 46. —
Ad. Be. & Ge., in Pull. Soc. Pot. de Fr., ix.
76 ; in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 5, i. 377.
5 Whitish.
6 Ad. Be. & Ge., in Pull. Soc. Pot. de Fr.,
ix. 74; in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 5, i. 374; in Nouv.
Arch, du Mus., iv. 27, t. 11 (nee Monteouz.).—
B. H., Gen., 649, n. 54.
380
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
capitula. In the former the flowers are polygamo-diceckms, with a
variable number of parts to each verticil ; and the receptacle is not
Callicoma serratifolia.
Fig. 453.
Flowering branch (i).
very marked, bearing above a cupulate disk, continuous, or with
distinct glandular elements. Hence the gynseceum is superior. In
the male flowers it remains rudimentary ; in the females it consists of
carpels free to a great extent. In each ovary are two collateral de-
scending anatropous ovules, like those of Codia ; but the placentary
margins are so involute that the raphe becomes external with respect
to the floral axis. The fruit is formed of two follicles, dehiscing
SAXIFRAGACEJB.
381
down the much-involute ventral angle, and containing one or two
seeds whose micropyle is dilated into a wing. The embryo, sur-
rounded by a layer of albumen, has its radicle superior. The five
known species of this genus are New Caledonian shrubs with the
habit of Codia ; but their leaves are verticillate.
Callicoma serratifolia.
}i} Iff
Fig. 454.
Flower (f).
Fig. 455.
Long. sect, of flower.
Callicoma ' (figs. 453-455) has opposite leaves, and hermaphrodite
flowers, with a receptacle of variable depth. In C. serratifolia- which
was long the sole constituent of the genus, the receptacle is scarcely
concave ; so that the ovary is nearly free (fig. 454), as in Pancheria.
In C. Stidzeri? on the contrary, half the ovary is sunk in the ob-
conical cavity of the receptacle, nearly as in certain Codias. The
flowers of Callicoma are apetalous ; the cells of the ovary are com-
plete or incomplete, multiovulate. The genus comprises Australian
trees and shrubs.4
XV. BEUNIA SEEIES.
Brunia* (figs. 456-45S) has regular hermaphrodite flowers. In
the hollow of the concave receptacle is lodged part of the ovary, and
1 Andr., Bot. Repos., t. 566. — DC, Prodr.,
iv. 7 (part.). — Spach, Suit, a Buff on, v. 6. —
Endl., Gen., n. 4648.— B. H., Gen., 649, n. 55.
— Calycomis R. Br., in Flind. Toy., 549 (nee
Don).— Endl., Gen., n. 4649.
2 Andr., loc. cit. — Lodd., Bot. Cab., t. 1167.
— Bot. Mag., t. 18] 1. — C. ferruginea Don, in
Edinb, N. Phil. Journ., ix. 93 (vur. with brownish
down).
3 F. Mijell., Fragm., v. 32; vi. 188, 252.
4 Benth., Fl. Austral., ii. 440.
5 Bttrm., Afric., t. 100. — L., Gen., n. 274
(pnrfc.). — Adans., Fam. des PL, ii. 284. — J.,
Gen., 381, 452.— Gjertn., Fruct., i. 152, t. 30.—
Lamk., Diet., i. 474.— Ad. Br., in Ann. 8c. Nat.,
ser. 1, viii. 372, t. 35, fig. 2.— Endl,, Gen., n.
4597. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, iii. 318 ; v. 295 ;
in Payer Fam. Nat., 346.— B. H., Gen., 671, n.
382
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
its rim bears the perianth and androceum. The calyx is formed of
five imbricate perigynous sepals, often tipped by a little blackish
Brunia phylicoides.
Fig. 457.
Flower (f ).
Fig. 456.
Flowering branch.
Fig. 458.
Long. sect, of flower.
gland ; the corolla of five alternating petals, oval or spatlmlate, im-
bricate or subvalvate. On the middle of their inner face they bear a
prominent vertical crest, often divided above into two lips by a deep
groove.1 The androceum consists of five alternipetalous stamens,
each formed of a free filament, and an introrse two-celled anther of
very variable form.'* The half-inferior gynaeceum consists of a two-
celled ovary surmounted by a style with two branches, free for a
great distance, and indeed usually right down to the base, and dilated
or un dilated at the apex, which is covered with stigmatic papillae. The
cells of the ovary are separated by a septum, thick or thin, complete or
incomplete ; and against this in each cell is an axile placenta bearing
above one, or more frequently two descending ovules, with their
micropyles at first superior and introrse, and their raphes dorsal. Later
on the former are turned aside and outwards, while the latter tend
to touch by a torsion comparable to that which occurs in many
HamamelidecB.3 The fruit is dry, either indehiscent or dehiscing by
4. — Lem. & Dcne., Tr. Gen., 247. — Beckea
Buem., Prodr.y 12. — Nebe.lia Neck., Ulem., n.
197.
1 Its apex is sometimes bifid.
2 The pollen grains are ovoid, with three folds,
which become papillose bands in water (B. lanu-
ginosa, B. abrotanifolla). In B. nodijlora there
are six folds and six bands (H. Mohl, in Ann.
Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii. 338).
3 The cells remain empty in certain species.
SAXIFRAGACEsE.
383
the splitting of the interlocular septum into two valves, each bearing
a cleft of variable breadth on the ventral face. Through this escapes
the seed,1 containing a fleshy albumen with a little embryo near its
apex. JBrunia comprises half a score of species,2 which, like all the
plants of this group, are natives of South Africa, especially the Cape.
They are little undershrubs, with the habit and persistent foliage of
many Heaths. The leaves are alternate, linear or acicular, imbricated
when young, with two very small glandular lateral stipules3 at the
base, often terminated, like the leaves, by a little glandular point. The
flowers, grouped in globular terminal capitula, are each axillary to a
bract and often accompanied by two lateral bractlets resembling the
sepals. More rarely they form simple or ramified spikes.
The name Raspalia* has been given to species of Brunia, with
usually uniovulate ovary-cells, a calyx wrongly held inferior,5 and a
perigynous corolla and androceum.
Berardia? which we can only make a section of the genus
Brmiia, has the same flowers, with uniovulate cells and a dicoccous
fruit. But the axillant bracts are longer than the flowers, instead
of being equal or shorter, and form a sort of coloured involucre.
This section contains three or four species.7
JStaavia,8 comprising half a dozen species, has the foliage of Brimia,
and approaches it very nearly, especially the section Berardia, of
which it has the coloured involucre. But the ovary is inferior, with
two uniovulate cells, and surmounted by a style, scarcely notched at
the stigmatiferous apex, and traversed on either side by a longitu-
dinal groove continuous with the interlocular septum. The fruit is
dicoccous ; and below the apex of the seed is an annular frilled
aril. Six species have been described,9 all natives of South Africa.
1 Unless the septum thickens and invades the
cells with a spongy or suherous mass, the seeds
then disappearing.
2 Beetn., Cent., t. 10.— TnrNB., Fl. Cap.,
202— Bebg., Cap., 54.— Wendl., Collect., t.
35.— Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 313.— Oliy.,
in Joum. Linn. Soc., ix. 333.
3 See Adansonia, v. 299.
4 Ad. Be., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 1, viii. 377,
t. 37, fig. 1.— Endl., Gen., n. 4598.— B. H.,
Gen., 672, n. 5. — Berardia (part.). — Haev. &
Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 320 (nee Ad. Be.).
5 See Adansonia, iii. 320. In S. niicropht/lla
the calyx is superior, not inferior. The mistake
has arisen from detaching the superficial layer of
the inferior ovary right down to the hase together
with the sepals in softened herharium flowers,
while the corolla and androceum retained their
normal epigyny.
6 Ad. Be., in Ann. Sc. Nat., se'r. 1, viii. 380,
t. 37, fig. 2.— Ende., Gen., n. 4600.— H. Bn.,
in Adansonia, iii. 325. — B. H., Gen., 672, n. 6.
7 Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 318 (part.).
8 Thunb., Prodr. Fl. Cap., 41.— Endl., Gen.,
n. 4599. — B. Bn., in Adansonia, iii. 325. — B. H.,
Gen., 672, 1006, n. 7. — Levisanus Scheeb.,
Gen., n. 377. — Astrocoma Neck., Flem., n. 196.
9 Wendl., Collect., t. 22, 82. — Haev. &
Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 321.
384
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Linconia and Audouinia, very closely akin, have a quite inferior
ovary lodged in the obconical receptacle ; a pentamerous perianth
of imbricated calyx and corolla, very much like that of the pre-
ceding genera, and five free epigynous included stamens. In
Audouinia1 the anthers are elongated, introrse, with parallel cells ;
the ovary has three cells, each containing two collateral gemin-
ated descending ovules, with their raphes alwa}rs dorsal ; and the
style is simple trigonous, only divided at the apex into three stigma-
tiferous crenulations. In Linconia2 each anther is surmounted by a
conical glandular prolongation of the connective, from which the
two divaricated cells descend obliquely. The ovary has but two
cells, with one or two ovules in each, or one quite empty ; and the
style is double. Thus the flowers come very near those of Brunia.
In both these genera they form short terminal spikes, and are
accompanied by a calycle of bracts. Only one species of Audouinia, z
and three of Linconia4, are known, all South African.
Berzeliah (figs 459-461) has the habit, foliage, and inflorescence in
globular capitula of Brunia, together with the same perianth and
androceum. But the inferior ovary has but one (uniovulate) cell,
and the style surmounting it is unsymmetrical, usually somewhat
bowed, with a shallow groove on one side, and towards the apex a
unilateral stigmatiferous surface ; the fruit is indehiscent. Seven
species" of Berzclia are known.
LoncJtostoma,1 which is not regarded by all authors as an undoubted
member of this group, has also a partly inferior ovary, with a penta-
merous double perianth and androceum. But the corolla seems
gamopetalous, its petals sticking together towards the base by means
1 Ad. Be., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 1, viii. 384,
t. 38, fig. 1. — Endl., Gen., n. 4602.— H. Bn.,
in Adansonia, iii. 327. — B. H., Gen., 673, n. 9.
2 L., Mantiss., 148. — Sw., in Berl. Mag., iv.
(1810), 85, 284, t.4, 7, fig. 1.— Ad, Be., in Ann.
Sc. Nat., ser. 1, viii. 382, t. 37, fig. 3.— Endl.,
Gen., n. 4601.— B. H., Gen., 672, n. 8.
3 A. capitata Ad. Be., loc. cit. — Haev. &
Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 323. — Diosma capitata
Tiiunb., Prodr., 43.
4 Haev.& Sond.,.J7. Cap., ii. 317 (L. tamar-
iscinia E. Met. (H. Bn., in Adansonia, iii. 321),
does not belong to this genus, but has been re-
ferred, despite its inflorescence, to the genus
Brunia, under the name of B. pinifolia. (See
Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 314, n. 3.)
5 Ad. Be., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 1, viii. 370,
t. 35, fig. 1.— Endl., Gen., n. 4596.— B. H.,
Gen., 671, n. 1. — Helerodon Meissn., Gen., 72;
Comm., 52. — Endl., Gen., n. 4605.
6 Wendl., Collect., t. 11, 45 {Brunia). —
Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 310.— Oliv., in
Journ. Linn. Soc, ix. 333.
" Wicksth., in Act. Holm. (1818), 349, t.
10.— Meissn., Gen., 72 (52).— Endl., Gen., n.
3877.— B. H., Gen., 673, n. 10.— H. Bn., in
Adansonia, v. 296. — G ravenhorstia Nees, in
Lindl. Litrod., ed. 2, 439.— Endl., Gen., ». 4606.
SAXIFRAGACEJ3.
385
of the alternating short staminal filaments, which thus appear to be
inserted on the corolla; still there is no true fusion. Moreover there
Berzelia lanuginosa.
Fig. 460.
Flower (f).
Fig. 459.
Flowering branch.
Fig. 461.
Long. sect, of seed.
are not constantly two collateral descending ovules, with their
niicropyles exterior, in each of the two cells, but often three or four
in two vertical rows. Each ovule is surmounted by a subcorneal
dilatation of its funicle. The fruit is a capsule, opening from below
upwards into two or four valves. The three known species1 are
branching heath-like shrubs, with alternate oblong concave coriaceous
leaves, and the inflorescence of Audouinia or Linconia.
Tliamnea? with all the habit and general floral characters of the
other Bruniece, is exceptional in the structure of its g}ma3ceum. It
1 Haev. & Soijd., Fl. Cap., ii. 316.
2 Soland., ex Ad. Be., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser.
1, viii. 386, t. 38, fig. 3.— Endl., Gen., n. 4604.
VOL. TTT.
— H. Bn., in Adansonia, iii. 328. — B. H., Gen.,
671, 1006, n. 2. — Oliy., in Journ. Linn. Soc,
ix. 331.
C C
386
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
has a pentamerous calyx, corolla, and androceum inserted on the rim
of a concave receptacle ; this is often warty outside, and lodges in its
concavity more or less of the two-celled ovary, which has from two
to four descending ovules in each cell. But the septum being in
great part absorbed, there is left an apparently free central placentary
column, bearing near its apex1 a crown of ovules.2 A simple style
surmounts the ovary. Four species of Thamnea proper have been
described,3 little shrubs or undershrubs from the Cape, with minute
imbricate leaves and solitary flowers terminating the branches or
short axillary twigs.
Brirnia laxa? which has been made the type of a genus Tittmannia,"
is a somewhat exceptional Thamnea, its flowers being directly axillary
to the leaves, and the septum6 between its two biovulate cells being
destroyed less rapidly and completely7 than in Thamnea proper;
accordingly, this genus may be regarded as forming the type of a
distinct section of the genus.
XVI. HAMAMELIS SERIES.
The flowers of Hamamelitf (figs. 462-464) are hermaphrodite or
polygamous. In the former case the receptacle forms a deep cup,
with four sepals of alternative-imbricate aestivation inserted on its
rim. Between these are four long riband-shaped petals, involute in
the bud. There are eight stamens in two whorls, four being super-
posed to the sepals and four to the petals. The former alone are
1 This differs from truly free central placentas
in that its enlarged apex adheres to the roof of
the ovary.
2 Descending, as in the other Bruniece, and,
as it appeared to us, with the inicropyle finally
upwards and outwards in the expanded flower.
3 Haey. & Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 324— OltlV.,
loo. cit., 331, 332.
4 Thttnb., Fl. Cap., 206.— Mcesslera late-
riflora Reichb., Consp., 160. — Eckl. & Zeyh.,
Fnum., 1086.
5 Ad. Be., loc. cit., 29, t. 4, fig. 2. — Endl.,
Gen., n. 4603.— Haet. & Sond., Fl. Cap , ii
312.— B. H., Gen., 671, n. 3.
6 The presence of this septum leads Oliteb
(loc. cit., 333) to include our Thamnea laxa in
the genus Brunia.
' However, we have found numerous flowers
where the placenta was finally quite as free as in
the other flowers. Hence this character is in-
sufficient to separate the two types, and so is the
difference of insertion of the flowers (axillary or
terminal), which appears of no importance when
we find flowers of Thamnea proper ending ex-
tremely short axillary twigs.
8 L., Gen., n. 169. — J., Gen., 288.— Lame.,
Bid., iii. 68; III,, t. 88.— DC, Prodr., iv. 268
(part.). — Enbl., Gen., n. 4591. — Ag., Theor.
Syst., t. 13. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, iii. 323; v.
298; x. fasc. 4; in Payer Fam. Nat., 345. —
B. H., Gen., 667, n. 7. — Trilopus Mich., in Ann.
Nat. Cur., viii. (ex Aixans., Fam. des PI., ii.
381).
8AXIFBA0ACEJE.
387
fertile, and consist of a free filament, perigynous like the perianth-
leaves, and an introrse basifixed two-celled anther. Each cell is ellip-
tical with a well-marked outline, and opens along part of this outline
by a curved cleft, which separates the wall of the cell like a valve
from the connective.1 The latter is prolonged into a fleshy obtuse
tip. The other stamens, usually described as glands, are reduced to
Hamamelis vlrginica.
Fig. 463.
Flower (f).
Fio. 462.
Flowering branch.
Fig. 464.
LoiTjr. section of flower.
fleshy bodies of variable shape. The gynseceum, inserted in the
bottom of the receptacle, is in great part superior. It consists of an
ovary, with two antero-posterior cells, surmounted by two arcuate
styles, stigmatiferous at the apex. In the ventral angle of each is a
placenta, near the top of which are inserted one or two descending
ovules ; in the latter case one has its development early arrested.
The other is anatropous,- with its micropyle upwards and inwards
and its raphe dorsal ; but, owing to a more or less complete torsion,
the latter is turned to the right or left, and the former to the other
side of a cell. In many flowers the gynseceum is small and sterile,
or contains only the rudiments of ovules ; the receptacle is then
much shallower. The fruit is a dry capsule, partly sunk in the now
1 In H. virghuca the pollen grains are ovoid, with three grooves ; moistened they are spherical, with
three bands, (H. Mohl. in Ann. Sc. Nat.,$er. 2, iii. 325.) 2 It has two coats.
c c 2
383
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
woody receptacle. It opens at the apex into two loculicidal valves,
whereof the bivalve exocarp comes off from the parchmenty or horny
endocarp, more or less convolute about the seed. This contains
under its smooth crustaceous teguments1 a fleshy albumen surrounding
an axile embryo with oblong leafy cotyledons. Hamamelis comprises
little trees, with alternate leaves closely recalling those of the HazeL
unsymmetrical at the base, dentate, with secondary ribs parallel to
the margin of the blade, and two lateral stipules to the petiole.
The shortly pedicellate flowers, each accompanied by a sort of
involucre or calycle of three or four bracts, are arranged in small groups
like glomeruli on the wood or in the axils of the leaves. Two species
are known,2 one from Japan, the other frequently cultivated here,
from North America.
Under the name of Loropetalum? a distinct genus has been made
of a species of Hamamelis from China and Japan/ whose anthers open
in a peculiar way ; and we shall make it the type of a section of
Hamamelis. Two lateral vertical clefts appear, one on either side of
the anther. Then the lips of each cleft are continued on either side
into a hook at both ends. Thus are formed two little flaps, which
separate from the rest of the anther and open like folding doors ;
they are somewhat unequal, the outer being the larger. This section
comprises one shrub with persistent leaves.
Next to Hamamelis come Corylopsis and Dicoryphe, differing there-
from mainly in the form of various parts of the flower. The flowers
of Corylopsis5 are polygamous, often hermaphrodite,6 usually penta-
merous. The receptacle is concave, lodging a great part of the
ovary. On its rim are inserted five coloured sepals, five petals of
about equal length, and five free alternipetalous stamens. The anthers
open either by marginal clefts, or else, these clefts being prolonged
1 Marked by a long umbilical cicatrix, oblique,
and approaching one extremity of the seed.
2 Schkuhe, Handb., t. 27. — Duham., Arbr.,
i. t. 114. — R. Be., in Abel's China, App., 374. —
Toee. & Geat, Fl. N.-Amer., i. 597. — A. Geay,
Man., ed. 5, 147. — Chapm., Fl. S. Unit. States,
156. — Olit., in Trans. Linn. Soc., xxiii. 459. —
Walp., Ann., vii. 936.
3 R. Be., in Abel's Cliina, App., 375, icon. —
Oliv., in Trans. Linn. Soc., xxiii. 459. — B. H.,
Gen., 668, n. 9.
4 H. chinensis R. Be., loc. cit. — DC, Prodr.,
iv. 269, n. 3. — Plt/kn., Amalth., 32, t. 368,
fig. 2.
5 Sieb. & Zucc, Fl. Jap., i. 45, t. 19, 20.—
Endl., Gen., n. 4589.— H. Bn., in Payer Fam.
Nat., 344.— B. H., Gen., 667, n. 5.
6 In the gynseceum we find every transition
between ovaries that are quite sterile and empty
and those containing well-formed ovules. The
cells may be well-marked, with ovules on the
ventral angle, which yet do not attain full
development, though in some cases a nucleus and
its coats may be distinguished.
8AXIFRAGAGEM. 389
and arched at both ends, by single flaps1 or valves, not double as in
Loropetalum. Between the stamens are five glandular bifid or bilobate
bodies, forming a sort of disk ; they are probably staminodes. The
ovary and ovules behave as in Hamamelis. The fruit is a bicuspidate
capsule, with two bifid valves, and seeds of Hamamelis. Cori/lopsis
inhabits temperate Central and Eastern Asia ; it comprises three or
four frutescent species,2 sometimes cultivated in this country. The
leaves are caducous,3 with large caducous stipules. The flowers
come out before the leaves, at the beginning of the season ; forming
pendant racemes or catkins, axillary to bracts or scales which are
only the stipules of aborted leaves.
Dicort/p/ie4 has usually tetramerous flowers, probably all hermaphro-
dite. The concave receptacle lodges the inferior ovary, as in the last
genus, but the form of the perianth is quite peculiar. The calyx
is a cylindrical coriaceous tube, with four valvate teeth, and comes
off at the base in a single piece. The petals are four thick fleshy
tongues. There are eight stamens, but the alternipetalous set are
sterile. The four others5 have flattened elongated basifixed anthers,
with two introrse cells; each of these opens by a half-valve,6 correspond-
ing with half its wall, or by the opening of the whole of the outer wall
into a complete valve. There are two cells to the ovary; the ovules,
originally two in each cell, behave exactly as in Hamamelis. The
fruit is a capsule. This genus comprises five or six shrubs from
Madagascar,7 with alternate or opposite entire persistent coriaceous
leaves, possessing unsymmetrical stipules, often large and caducous.
The flowers form terminal racemes, sometimes short, with the pedicels
so short as to simulate cajDitula.
1 Their dehiscence shows a transition from the Noronh., mss. (ex Tul.). — Glycoxylum Chapel.,
longitudinal cleft to the valves that are so marked mss. (ex Tul.).
in other genera, which greatly lessens the value 5 The filaments are united in D. stipulacea, but
of the character. we do not know whether they only stick together
2 Griff., PI. Cantor., 22. — Hook. f. & or are really monadelphous. The sterile stamens
Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, ii. 85. — Hance, may stick to the contracted base of the petals,
in Ann. So. Nat., ser. 4, xv. 224. — Bot. Mag., t. without, however, any real fusion.
5158. — Walp., Rep., ii. 434; Ann., vii. 936. 6 In D. stipulacea the anther first opens by a
3 Sprinkled with stellate hairs, like the young lateral cleft on each side ; then the two internal
branches. half-cells bend inwards towards one another, while
4 Dup.-Th., Gen. Nov. Madag., 12 ; Hist, des the dorsal ones remain in situ.
Yeg. des lies Afr. Austr., 31, t. 7. — DC, Prodr., 7 Jaume S.-Hil., Exp. Fain. Nat., ii. 368. —
iv. 269. — H. Bn., in Pager Fam, Nat., 344. — RcEM. & Sen., Sgsl., iii. 845. — Tul., in Ann. So.
Endl., Gen., n. 4588. — B. H., Gen., 667, n. 6.— Nat., ser. 4, viii. 142.— Walp., Ann., vii. 836.
JDicorgpha Spreng., Syst., i. 546. — Diania
390
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Trichocladus" (figs. 465-466) has flowers closely resembling those
of both Hamamelis and Dicoryphe, some pentamerous and others
Trichocladus erinitus.
Fig. 465.
Flower (|).
Fig. 466.
Long. sect, of flower.
tetramerous, polygamo-moncecious or dioecious, with a partly inferior
ovary. The petals are very long and narrow, with revolute edges,
except in the female flowers, where they are ill-developed or absent.
The stamens have a short thick filament and a basifixed anther,
opening laterally by two valves.2 The ovary, surmounted by two
subulate styles stigmatiferous at the apex, has two cells, wherein the
ovule is twisted as in Hamamelis. Two species are known, which
alone represent this series at the Cape. They are shrubs covered
with stellate hairs, with opposite and alternate leaves, and terminal
floral capitula, sometimes borne on short axillary branches. This
last is the chief distinction between Trichocladus and Hamamelis, of
which it has, on the whole, nearly the flowers and fruit.
In Eustigma oblongifoliumz the flower is fundamentally the same,
with a superior imbricate perianth, and anthers dehiscing nearly as
in Zorojjefalwm.4 The inferior ovary and the ovule5 found in either
1 Pees., Syn., ii. 597.— DC, Prodr., iv. 269. —
Endl., Gen., n. 4590. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, v.
298; in Payer Pant. Nat., 344. — B. H., Gen.,
667, n. 8.— Dahlia Thttnb., in Skr. Nat. Selsk.
Kiohenh., ii. 133, t. 4 (nee Cat.).
2 Haet. & Sond., PI. Cap., ii. 324.
3 Gaedn. & Chapm., in Hook. Journ., i. 312. —
Seem., Pot. Herald, t. 95. — Benth., Fl. Hong-
kong., 132.— B. H., Gen., 668, n. 11.
4 Each cleft of the anther is at first lateral and
vertical ; it then is continued inwards and out-
wards to form a sort of double hook at top and
bottom, thus marking out a pair of valves, which
then open like folding doors.
5 The raphe is at first dorsal, but owing to a
partial torsion, the micropyle is brought to one
side. The primine is slipper-shaped, enclosing
the secundine closely applied to the nucleus,
nearly as in the Box-tree.
8AXIFBAGACE2E. 391
cell are formed as in all the preceding genera ; but the petals are very
small, squamiform, subspathulate, geniculate, and swollen at the
base ; and the two styles are greatly developed, long and exserted,
tapering to the articulated base, and expanded at the top into a large
thick lobulate stigma, more or less folded on itself. The fruit is a
capsule. This plant is a small glabrous tree from Hongkong, with
persistent alternate leaves, possessing two little caducous stipules-
The small flowers are grouped in little axillary racemes.1
Tetrathyrum subcordatiim,2 a shrub from the same country, has
alternate ovate-oblong cordate leaves, coriaceous and persistent, and
small numerous flowers in axillary capitula, with the same general
organization, the hollow obconical receptacle lodging a two-celled
ovary, in great part free, with uniovulate cells, surmounted by two
subulate styles. And its fruit is a bivalve capsule. But the rim
of the receptacle only gives insertion to five calycine leaves,
valvate and subpetaloid, while the corolla is completely lost. In
front of the sepals are five superposed stamens ; their anthers dehisce
longitudinally, the walls diverging from the cleft on either side, and
they are surmounted by a long prolongation of the connective.
Between each stamen and its neighbour projects a pair of rounded
pubescent perigynous glands, free or united at the base.
The corolla is also quite absent in the four following genera,
while the calyx, often reduced in size, presents great varieties in the
number of its parts. This is especially marked in Sycojjsis Gnffith-
iana,3 a tree (?) from Khasia, with nearly the foliage of Emtigma.
Its flowers are monoecious ; the gynseceum is in great part superior,
with ovules of Hamamelis ;4 there are also eight stamens, but of a
longitudinal dehiscence ; while the perianth in both males and
females is irregularly and obliquely incised into unequal teeth and
lobes. Parrotict was known for a longer time as an apetalous repre-
sentative of Hamamelis. In fact its leaves, polygamous flowers,
fruits (fig. 467), and seeds have the same general structure. But
1 The bractlets, inserted below the articulated 4 The position of the niicropyle varies with age;
ovary, form a little involucre, and each flower is at first it looks upwards and inwards, and may
at first hidden in its mother-bract. continue to do so permanently.
2 Fl. Hongkong., 132.— B. H., Gen., 668, n. 5 C. A. Mey., Verz. Pjl. Caucas., 46.—
10. Endl., Gen., u. 4592. — H. Bs„ in Adansonia,
3 Oliv., in Trans. Linn. Soc, xxiii. 83, t. 8.— v. 299; in Pager Fam. Nat., 345.— B. H., Gen.,
B. H„ Gen., 666, n. 4.— Waip., Ann., vii. 935. 666, n. 1.
392
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Parrotia persica.
there are from four to eight lobes to the calyx ; and the androceum
(whose anthers dehisce longitudinally) is rarely diplostemonous,
more frequently isostemonous. The two
species of Parrotia are trees from Persia
and Cashmere.1
Disiyliimi presents the same variability
in its polygamous flowers, from three to
six unequal divisions in the calyx, and
from two to eight or nine stamens,3
analogous to those of Sycopsis. The
gynseceum alone retains the funda-
mental organization of the preceding
groups. But the receptacle is of no depth, so that the ovary4
and capsular fruit remain free and superior. The two or three
known species of Distyliam are trees from South-east Asia,5 with the
simple leaves of Eustiyma and Sycopsis, and axillary floral spikes.
Fothergilla alnifolia.
Fig. 467.
Fruit.
Fig. 468.
Flower.
Fig. 470.
Gynseceum (^).
Fig. 469.
Long. sect, of gynseceum.
Finally, in Fotheryilla alnifolia* (figs. 468-470), a North American
shrub cultivated in our gardens, the polygamous flowers, though
formed as in the preceding genera, have indefinite stamens, and only
a rudimentary calyx. Hence we might describe the species as a
1 DC, Prodr., iv. 268, n. 2 (Scmamelis). —
CambeSS., in Jacquem. Voy., Bot., 73, t. 83.
2 Sieb. & Zucc, Fl. Jap., i. 178, t. 94.—
H. Bn., in Payer Fam. Nat,, 344.
3 The anther is basifixed, and the lines of
dehiscence are nearly lateral, but a trifle introrse.
In the bottom of each cell projects a rudiment of
a secondary septum.
4 Each cell contains two ovules, of which one
alone attains its full development.
5 Benth., Fl. Hongkong., 133.— Walp., Rep.,
v. 928.
6 L. fil., Suppl., 42. — Lamk., Diet., ii. 523 ;
Suppl., ii. 665; III., t. 480. — Duham., Arbr.,
ed. nov., iv. t. 26. — Tfkp., in Diet. d'Hist.
Nat., Atl., v. t. 199.— DC, Prodr., iv. 269.—
Toer. & Gray,JY. N.-Amer., i. 597. — Endl.,
Gen., n. 4533. — H. Bn., in Payer Fam. Nat.,
345 ; in Adansonia, x. fasc. 4. — A. Gray, Man.,
ed. 5, 148.— Chapm., Fl. S. Unit. States, 157.—
B. H., Gen., 666, n. 2.— Ag., Theor. Syst. PI.,
t. 13, fig. 5, 6.— Bot. Mag., t. 1341, 1342.—
Walp., Ann., vii. 935.
SAXIFRAGACE^E. 393
polyandrous subachlamydeous Hamamelis. The receptacle is con-
cave, subcampanulate, and its rim is thickened and irregularly
crenulate, thus forming* the sole representative of the calyx.1 In the
bottom is a half inferior ovary, with a solitary ovule in each cell,
twisted as in Hamamelis, with its superior micropyle on one side.2
The free perigynous stamens are unequal, and all belong to one
verticil, despite their number. Each consists of a clavate filament,
and a basifixed anther, opening at first by two lateral clefts. Later
on their lips are reflexed into half-valves, as in Loropetalum, Par-
rotia, &c. The capsule and seeds are nearly those of Hamamelis.
Fothergilla has alternate simple leaves, with two little lateral
stipules. Its flowers develop before the leaves come out in terminal
spikes, in early spring. In the spikes alternate approximated bracts
succeed the young leaves ; the lowermost are sterile ; higher up
they are axillant to usually male flowers, and still higher are gene-
rally the hermaphrodites.
JDisanthis cercidifolius3 is a Japanese tree, with alternate, petiolate,
orbiculate-cordate leaves, and scarious caducous stipules. The
flowers are in pairs at the apex of little axillary peduncles, and
form, as it were, a little capitulum, with very short bracts at the
base. The receptacle is concave, and the perianth closely analogous
to that of Hamamelis. The sepals are scarious and much imbricate,
like the petals, which form very long triangles, tapering at the
apex. The five stamens have a short filament and an anther, with
two ovoid extrorse cells, each opening by a dorsal cleft, the outer
margin of which is then bent outwards. The dicarpcllary gymeceum
resembles that of the preceding genera ; but in the ventral angle of
each cell we usually find two series of descending ovules, usually
three ovules in each row. The fruit is loculicidal and many-seeded.
jR/iodoleia4 has irregular subachlamydeous hermaphrodite flowers ;
they are formed of a nearly free gynseceum, surrounded by a certain
number5 of free stamens, around which we see only a little irregular
1 The superficial part of the receptacle has vi. 20 ; in Ann. So. Nat., ser. 5, vii. 379. — B. H.,
often been described as a calyx tube, adherent to Gen., 1005, n. 6(18.
the ovary. 4 Hook., in Bot. Mag., t. 4509. — Miq., in
2 It was at first ventral. The ovule has two Versl. e Meded. d. K. Ale. Wet. Nat., vi. 122. —
coats. H. Bn., in Adansonia, iii. 176. — B. H., Gen.,
3 Maxim., Mel. Biol., in Bull. Acad. Petersb., 668, n. 12.— Lem. & Dcne., Tr. Gen., 258.
5 Six or more.
394
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
frill representing a disk, with a few unequally arranged little leaves,
the sole vestige of the calyx. These flowers are grouped on a common
receptacle into a capitulum, surrounded by a large number of imbri-
cated dissimilar bracts arranged in a spiral. The outer ones are
short,1 broad, coriaceous-sessile, enlarging from without inwards.
The innermost are petaloid, coloured, long-tapering at the base.2
Each stamen consists of a free filament and a basifixed anther, with
two elongated adnate cells ; it dehisces by two longitudinal clefts,
lateral or slightly introrse. The ovary is free in the greater part of
its extent,3 surmounted by two elongated caducous styles, stigmati-
ferous at the apex. In the ventral angle of each of the two
(complete or incomplete4) cells of the ovary are found numerous
anatropous ovules, in two vertical rows ; they are descending, with
their micropyles turned upwards and outwards. The fruit is dry
and woody, bicuspidate, bivalve, and polyspermous. The seeds are
compressed, angular, thin, and imbricated at the edges. Their
internal structure is unknown. Two species of Rhodoleia have been
described, one from China,5 the other from Sumatra.6 They are little
glabrous trees, with persistent alternate leaves, simple, entire,
coriaceous, glaucous below, petiolate and exstipulate. The floral
capitula are borne each on a thick recurved peduncle.
XVII. LIQUIDAMBAE SERIES.
Liquidambar1 (figs. 471-474) has its unisexual monoecious8 flowers
grouped in capitula and spikes. The axis of the male inflorescence
1 Covered with down on their exposed surfaces.
2 From two to four of these bracts are inserted
innermost, close outside the flower and near the
disk, and seem to form a partial unilateral corolla
to their flower.
3 The lower part, containing some ovules, is
inferior as regards the disk, hence the insertion
of the androceum is slightly perigyuous.
4 Especially incomplete below, where often
the placentas do not even touch. Higher up
they are more or less fused in the Sumatran
species, but in the Chinese they are only in con-
tact, and may be separated without rupture;
thus they are really parietal, as in so many of
the Saxifragacece.
5 R. Championi Hook., loc. cit. — Lem., Jard.
FL, i. t. 4.— Seem., Rot. Herald, 380. — V.
Houtte, Fl. des Serres, vi. 87, t. 561.— Benth.,
Fl. Hongkong., 141. — Walp., Ann., ii. 273 ; v.
89; vii. 936. — R.formosa Champ, (ex Hook.).
6 R. Teysmanni MlQ., loc. cit. — Waxp., Ann.,
v. 87.
7 L., Gen., n. 1076.— J., Gen., 410. — G^BTN.,
Fruct., ii. t. 90. — Lamk., Diet., iii. 532 ; Suppl.,
iii. 456 ; III., t. 783.— Ekdl., Gen., n. 1902.—
H. Bn., in Payer Fam. Nat., 348; in Adan-
sonia, x. fasc. 4. — Clarke, in Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist. (1858), 1.— B. H., Gen., 669, n. 15.—
Lem. & Dcne., Tr. Gen., 520 (iucl. Altingia
Noeonh., Sedgwickia Geiff.).
8 Sometimes polygamous in our cultivated
plants.
SAXIFRAGAGEJE.
395
is often elongated ; it bears tufts of stamens, which have a usually
short thick filament, and a basifixed anther with two lateral cells.
There is no perianth, but only here and there a very little ring
around the base of the stamens. In the female flowers this is
usually more prominent, and less hesitation has been felt in describ-
Liquidambar styraciflua.
f
■ '- 1
1/M
Fig. 471.
Flowering branch.
Fig. 472.
Fig. 473.
Fig. 474
ig. sect, of male
Transv. sect, of female
Fruit.
inflorescence.
inflorescence.
ing it as the very short limb of a calyx. Inside are a variable
number of stamens, with short filaments and antherless, or with
sterile anthers, shorter than in the males. These may by accident
become fertile, rendering the flower polygamous.. Then the recep-
tacle is hollowed so much that the cavity is in great part sunk into
396 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
the axis of the capitulum, lodging the greater part of the ovary.
This has two multiovulate cells, complete or incomplete, and is sur-
mounted by two styles, recurved and stigmatiferous at the apex.
The ovules are descending and anatropous. The fruit consists of a
large number of capsules, framed in the now woody common recep-
tacle. Each one opens septicidally in its upper free part ; the valves
crowned by the indurated bases of the styles separate to free the
numerous winged seeds. These are flattened, expanding into a
membranous wing at the micropylar end, and contain in their coats
an embryo with ellipsoidal cotyledons, three-ribbed at the base, and
a superior cylindro-conoidal radicle. Liquidambar comprises three
species,1 all trees gorged with balsamic resinous juice ; one inhabits
North America, another Asia Minor, and the third Batavian India.
Their leaves are caducous, alternate, petiolate, palmatilobate, with
glandular teeth, and accompanied by glandular stipules. The female
inflorescences are solitary, pedunculate at the ends of the branches
or in the axils of the upper leaves ; the males are usually spicate or
racemose. At the base of each capitulum is an involucre of three or
four unequal bracts.
Under the name of Altingia2 have been described two other species
from India and Malaysia, differing from the preceding in that their
leaves are oval or oblong persistent, with persistent or caducous
stipules, while the fruits are muticous, owing to the fall of the
styles, and the inflorescences have but one or two bracts at the base.
"We shall make of these two Asiatic species3 only a section of the
genus Liquidambar.
BucMandia* approaches Liquidambar very closely. Its flowers are
polygamous, capitulate. The calycinal ring is more prominent, gene-
rally incised into five thick obtuse lobes. Inside we find, in the
female and hermaphrodite flowers, four or more narrow linear
tongues, described as either petals or sterile stamens. The gynse-
ceum, which is free to a far greater extent than in Liquidambar, is
1 Michx., Arbr., iii. t. 4. — Bl., Fl. Jav., Sedgiciclcia Griff., in Asiat. Res., xix. 98, t. 15,
Balsam., 6, t. 1, 2 ; in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, ii. 16. — Endl., Gen., n. 4595.
91.— Nebs, PI. Off., Suppl., ii. t. 12.— Miq., Fl. 3 Bl., Fl. Jav., Balsam., t. 1, 2 (Liquid-
Ind.-Bat., i. add., 1097. — A. DC, Prodr., xvi. ambar). — Seem.. Bot. Herald, t. 94; in Bon-
157 (part.). — (Erst., Amer. Centr., fasc. i. t. 10, plandia, loc. cit. (Liquidambar, section I.).
11. — Seem., in Bonplandia, v. 104-122, 126, 4 R. Br., in Wall. Cat., n. 7414.— Griff., in
not. — Walp., Ann., vii. 936. Asiat. Res., xix. t. 13, 14. — Endl., Gen., n.
2 Noronh., in Verb. Bat. Genootsch., v. 41. — 4594. — H. Bn., in Payer Fam. Nat., 345.
H. Bn., in Payer Fa^. Nat., 346.— A. DC, B. H., Gen,, 668, n. 13.
Prodr., xvi. 157.— B. H., Gen., 669, u. 14.—
SAXIFRAGACEjE.
397
surrounded by a thick disk ; and its two-celled ovary is surmounted
by a pair of styles, each traversed by a longitudinal groove, the lips
of which widen and become re flexed, and covered with stigmatic
papilla? near the apex. Each cell contains usually six ovules in two
vertical rows, descending, with their micropyles upwards and out-
wards. The fruit is nearly free capsular, with two bifid valves ; it
contains winged descending seeds like those of Liquidambar. The
superior are smaller and sterile. The stamens of the male flower
have long slender filaments. The cells open down the edge, and
separate right down that side from the connective, from which they
then diverge like two concave valves. Two species of Bucliandia are
known, trees from the mountains of India and Sumatra, with knotty
articulated branches, alternate cordate coriaceous digitiveined petiolate
leaves, and two large, oval or oblong coriaceous caducous stipules
enveloping the young leaves and flowers, like those of Cunonia.
XVIII. PLANE SERIES.
We consider the Planes1 (figs. 475-4S1) as representing the most
reduced arborescent type of Saxifrugacece, especially Liquidambarece.
Platamts vulgaris (Plane tree).
Fig. 475. Fig. 476. Fig. 477. Fig. 478.
Male inflorescences. Male inflorescence, trans- Female inflorescences. Female inflorescence, transverse
verse section (\). section, (I).
The flowers are, as in that series, monoecious and grouped in
1 T., Inst., 590, t. 363.— L., Gen., n. 896 —
Adans., Fam. des PI., ii. 377. — J., Gen., 410. —
G.ebtn., Fruct., ii. 57, t. 90, fig. 5. — Lame.,
Diet., v. 437 ; Suppl., iv. 436 ; III, t. 783.—
398
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
unisexual globular capitula.1 In the males (figs. 475, 476) the
receptacle bears a large number of small flowers, each formed of
from three to six verticillate stamens, with very short, erect filament,
and an erect elongated clavate basifixed anther, possessing two lateral
cells of marginate dehiscence,2 adnate to the connective, which is
prolonged above them into a truncate head. Around these stamens
Platanus vulgaris.
f (I ; : ''
Fig. 479.
Composite fruit.
Fig. 481.
Long. sect, of fruit (^).
Fig. 480.
Single achene (|).
are two kinds of appendages : first from three to six scales, with a
hairy tip, which are probably sepals ; and inside these as many or
fewer linear-clavate truncate bodies of greater length. The female
flowers, also sessile in the receptacle, have a perianth like that of the
males, but formed of three or four better developed leaves. Inside
these are as many clavate appendages, which would seem to repre-
sent staminodes, if we might judge from their clavate form, the same
as in the fertile stamens, only differing in the absence of anther-cells.
Alternating with these sterile stamens (?) are seen a variable number
of little glandular tongues, sometimes completely absent. Finally,
the centre of the flower is occupied by a whorl of from two to
Nees, Gen., ii. 17. — Lindl., Teg. Syst., 187 ;
Veg. Kingd., 272.— Endl., Gen., n. 1901. —
Agaedh., Theor. Syst. PI,, 155, t. 13, figs. 1, 2. —
Schnizl., Iconogr., t. 97. — Clakke, in Ann. and
Mag. of Nat. Hist. (1852), 102, t. 6.— A. DC,
Prodr., xvi. sect. ii. 156. — Lem. & Dcne., Tr.
Gen., 518. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, x.
fasc. 4.
1 Exceptionally they are said to be polygamous,
the lower flowers becoming hermaphrodite.
2 The pollen grains are ellipsoidal, with three
longitudinal folds.
SAXIFRAGACEM. 399
eight free carpels, superposed and slightly adherent to the base of
the sepals, and each consisting of a free one-celled ovary ; this tapers
above into a recurved style, traversed by a ventral groove with
stigmatiferous lips. In each overy is inserted near the apex of the
ventral angle a descending ovule,1 orthotropous or nearly so, with its
micropyle downwards.2 The fruit, borne on a spherical pedunculate
receptacle, consists of a large number of elongated obpyramidal
achenes, surrounding at the base by a fringe of long rigid hairs,
and surmounted by the persistent style. Each achene contains a
descending seed,3 whose thin coats cover a fleshy albumen,4 sur-
rounding an axile embryo, with an inferior cylindro-conoidal radicle,
and oblong cotyledons often unequal (fig. 481). The Planes are
usually lofty trees, natives of North America and Mediterrannean
Asia. The bark often peels off in plates of variable size and colour.8
Their leaves are alternate, palmiveined and palmilobate,6 covered with
stellate down when young. The base of the petiole is swollen, and
hollowed into a conical cavity which long envelopes7 the axillary bud.
It is accompanied by two lateral stipules, which unite below into a
tube embracing the branch above the insertion of the leaves, and
expands higher up into a more or less irregular cornet, with a dentate
margin ; above the stipules become quite detached to a variable
extent.8 The flowers are vernal ; and the unisexual inflorescences are
solitary, or grouped in a string, a few together and sessile, on a
common pendant axis ending a young shoot. As many as half a
score species have been made,9 which may, no doubt, be reduced to
two or three.1"
1 There are said to be sometimes two. aud inside the cone formed by the dilated petiole
2 Often it rises up a little, instead of being a narrow opening into the cavity occupied by the
quite inferior, the major axis of the ovule being bud, which proves that this is a groove in the
slightly curved, as though through an attempt upper surface of the petiole, whose lips have risen
at anatropy. The ovule has two coats. up and approached one another above the primi-
3 Very frequently sterile in the trees culti- tively free bud. The latter becomes visible and
vated in Europe. quite free at the fall of the leaf.
4 Some authors describe it as very thin ; the 8 They generally separate from one another,
majority say there is none. especially on the side next the petiole.
5 This exfoliation depends on the form of the 9 Dttham., Arbr., ed. nov. ii. 7, t. 2. — Ntjtt.,
plates of periderm that form large islands, dis- Suppl. to the N.- Am. Sylv.,\. 47, 1. 15. — Catesb.,
tributed between the suberous layers, and which Carol., i. t. 56. — Moeic., in Bull. Terr. Bot.
soon come away, carrying with them the adjacent (1830), 79; PI. Nouv. Amir. (1833), 39, t. 26. —
suberous layers. Hook. & Abn., in Beech. Voy., Bot., 160, 390. —
6 " Margins of the blade longitudinally plicate Maet. & Gal., in Bull. Acad. Brux., x. n. 4,
externally in vernation." (Doll., 2 EM. Laubkn. p. 2. — Benth., Voy. Sulph., Bot.,54; PI. Hart-
Ament., fig. 4.) weg., n. 1961.— Geen. & Gode., Fl. de Fr„ ill.
" Not totally, as would appear at first sight, 145.
for even when adult we may always find above 10 Before the discovery of the recently described
400
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
XIX. MYOSUBANDRA SERIES.
Myosurandrc? (figs. 482-488) has regular dioecious, naked tetra-
merous flowers, grouped in spikes or catkins. The male flower
consists of only four stamens, two antero-posterior, and two lateral,
Myosurandra moschata.
cuP
Fig. 483.
Male flower (£).
Fig. 482.
Male flowering branch.
Fig. 484.
Diagram of male flower.
inserted on a very small common receptacle ; each consists of a long
slender free filament, and a tetragonal, basifixed, introrse two-celled
anther of longitudinal dehiscence, surmounted by a subulate pro-
longation of the connective. There is no trace of a gynaBceum, nor
is any rudiment of stamens to be found in the female flower. The
latter (figs. 485-488) consists of a gynseceum, with a sessile elongated
ovary, traversed by four longitudinal grooves, and divided into four
American species Spach (in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, he named P. vulgaris, comprising numerous forms
v. 289) had reduced all the plants which had and varieties.
already been held distinct species (notably P. } H. Bn., in Adansonia, ix. 325, t. 8, 9.
orientalis L. and oecidentalis L.,) to one which
8AXIFBAGACE2E.
401
cells which occupy the same position as the stamens in the male.
Above the cells become free, each tapering into a style, which is
grooved right down the ventral surface. The thickened reflexed
borders of the groove are covered with numerous stigmatic papillae.
Myosiirandra moschata.
Fig. 486.
Female flower (^).
Fio. 485.
Female flowering branch.
Fio. 488.
Long. sect, of female
flower.
In the ventral angle of each cell is a placenta bearing numerous
anatropous ascending ovules, with their micropjdes looking down-
wards and outwards, and arranged in two parallel rows. The fruit
consists of four follicles, slightly coherent by the inner edge ; they
dehisce ventrally. The seeds are indefinite, and contain in their
coats a fleshy albumen, surrounding a little axile embryo. As yet
only one species of this genus is known, M. mosc/iafa,1 a shrub from
Madagascar; all its parts have a musky scent, as the name applies.
The branches are knotty. The leaves are opposite, each pair united
below into a tubular sheath, which envelopes without adhering to
1 We recently found this plant in Bojer's herbarium, under the name of Antkospermum plicatum.
VOL. I1J. D D
402
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
the whole internode above the point of insertion. On the upper
margin of this sheath are inserted four subulate stipuliform1 tongues,
two on either side. The leaf-blade is simple and elongated, folded
longitudinally like a fan, with two ridges one side, and three alter-
nating with these on the other, each ending near the top of the leaf
in a crenulation or rounded tooth.2 The floral spikes are solitary
terminal, bearing opposite bracts ; in the axil of each is a single
sessile flower, accompanied by two lateral bractlets.
Myrothamnus jlahellifolia? ■& little shrub from the west and south of
tropical Africa, has the habit, foliage, and inflorescence of Myosu-
randra, to which it is closely analogous. But its female flowers are
trimerous, with one carpel anterior and two posterior ; and its stamens,
from three to eight in number, are monadelphous and united into a
central column, instead of being free.4
XX? DATISCA SERIES.
Datiscah (figs. 489-496) has dioecious, or polygamous flowers. In
the males (figs. 489, 490) there is a little convex receptacle, bearing a
short gamosepalous calyx, with a very variable number of teeth,6 and
a much larger number of free stamens, each formed of a short or
elongated slender filament, and an elongate basifixed two-celled
anther of marginal dehiscence. The female flower (figs. 491-493) has,
on the contrary, a long tubular or ovoid receptacle, bearing round its
mouth a calyx with from three to six teeth. The cavity of the recep-
tacle is occupied by the one-celled ovary, surmounted by three or more
bifurcate styles, covered ventrally and towards the apex with stigmatic
papillae. Within the cell are the parietal placentas, covered with
1 One hesitates before describing these as true
stipules, for they are inserted, not at the base of
the leaf, but on a level with the base of the blade,
hence they are, perhaps, the little lateral lobes of
a trilobate leaf.
2 The prominent folds on the two surfaces
alternate ; they correspond to longitudinal ribs,
and alternate with furrows. The bl:tde may be
unfolded artificially.
3 Welw., Apont. Phytogeogr. Angol., 578,
note 8 ; in Trans. Linn. Soc, xxvii. 22, t. 8. —
B. H., Gen., 1005, n. 15 a.— H. Bn., in Adan-
sonia, ix. 328. — Oliy., Fl. Trop. Afr., ii. 404. —
Ci'iff'ortia ? flabellifulia Sosd., Fl. Cap., ii. 597.
4 [Outer (loc. cit.) describes the filaments as
free.— Te.]
5 L., Gen., n. 1132. — Adans., Fam. des PL,
ii. 506.— J., Gen., 445. — G^ertn., Fruct., i. 147,
t. 30.— Lame., Diet., i. 601 ; Suppl., i. 79 ; III., t.
825. — Endl., Gen., n. 5016. — Patib, Organog.,
370, t. 61 ; Fam. Nat., 119.— A. DC, Prodr., xv.
p. i. 410.— B. H., Gen., 844, n. 1.— Lesi. &
Dcne., Tr. Gen., 488.— Cannabina T., Inst.
Cor., 52, t. 488. — Cannabis P. Alp., Exot., 298,
300 (nee Auctt.). — Luteola Bauh., Pin., 100
(nee Auctt.).
6 From four to ten.
SAXIFRAGACEJE.
403
numerous anatropous ovules ; there are as many placentas as styles,
with which they alternate, as they do with the outer divisions of the
perianth when there are but three placentas. Tricerastes1 often has
Datisca cannabina.
Fig. 490.
Male flower.
Fig. 493.
Tetrajnerous female
flower.
Fig. 491.
Trimerous female flower (^).
Fig. 489.
Male flowering branch.
Fig. 492.
Long. sect, of female flower.
hermaphrodite flowers, with a variable number of stamens between
the styles and the base of the superior perianth. The fruit which
has lost the perianth is superior, and opens only at the apex, into
three or more triangular valves, each continued above into one of
the branches of the style (fig. 494). The seeds (figs. 495, 496) are
very numerous, small and elongated. The outer coat is covered with
a prominent network ; and the fleshy subcylindrical embryo is
surrounded by a thin layer of albumen, or none at all. Only two
species of Datisca are known : one, with polygamous flowers inhabits
Mexico and the neighbouring regions ;2 the other,3 with dioecious
1 Peesl, Eel. Easnk., ii. 88, t. 61. — Lindl,
Veg. Kingd., 316, ic.— Endl., Gen., n. 5017. —
A. DC, loc. cit., 411.
2 D. glomerata. — Tricerastes glomerata
Pkesl, loc. cit.— Benth., PI. Eartweg., 334.
a D. cannabina L., Spec., 1410. — Siuth., Ft.
GrcBC, t. 960. — CIeiseb., Spicil., 502. — Ledeb.,
Fl. Ross., i. 238. — I). nepaleusis Don, Prodr.
Fl. Nepal, 202.
1J D 2
404
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
flowers, grows in nearly all the temperate parts of Western Asia.
They are perennial herbs, in habit resembling Hemp. Every year
they produce glabrous aerial branches, covered with alternate im-
paripinnate or trisect leaves, simple above. The flowers are grouped
in cymes or glomeruli, either inserted in the axils of the leaves, or
collected on a little common axillary peduncle.
Dalisca canndbina.
Fig. 495.
Seed (f).
Fig. 494.
Fruit dehiscing (±).
Fig. 496.
Long. sect, of seed.
To this group belong also Tetrameles and Octomeles, both with
dioecious flowers. In Tetrameter they are tetramerous. The males
have four stamens with short anthers, superposed to the perianth-
leaves. In the centre is a little four-lobed body, perhaps representing
a rudimentary gynseceum f these lobes alternate with the stamens.
In the females the receptacle is elongated, as in Datisca, and contains
an inferior ovary, with four multiovulate parietal placentas ; these
alternate with the perianth-leaves and the styles. The last are
stigmatiferous at the apex ; and the apex of the ovary is deeply
depressed between their bases. Here we early see traces of four
little grooves of dehiscence, alternate with the styles. The fruit is
capsular, the seeds unkown. As many as three species of Teiramehs
have been made, but there is probably only one.3 It is a lofty tree
with alternate, oval or cordate, petiolate, caducous leaves. The
1 B. Br., in DenTi. et Clapp. Narr., App., 25. —
Endl., Gen., n. 5015. — A. DC, Prodr., xv. p. i.
411. — B. H., Gen., 845, n. 2.— Anictoclea
Nimmo, in Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI., 252.
a It has often been described as a disk.
3 T. nudiflora B. Be., in Benn. PI. Jav. Bar.,
79, t. 17.— Thw., Enum. PI, Zeyl., 252.— T.
rufinervis Miq., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. 726; PI. Jun<jlt.
8AXIFEAGACEJE.
405
flowers, developed before the leaves, are very numerous, arranged
in branching racemes, with slender divisions. Tetramcles nudifora
inhabits the hottest parts of India and Java.
Octomeles sumairana? a tree from the Indian Archipelago, with
nearly the habit and foliage of Tetramelea'; the flowers are octa-
merous. The males have a little hemispherical concave receptacle,
bearing a calyx with eight erect teeth, eight small alternate petals,
and eight alternipetalous stamens, each formed of a filament dilated
at the base, and a long recurved anther. In the females the recep-
tacle is a hollow cylinder containing an ovary, with eight thick
parietal placentas, and is contracted above to expand again into a
cup, which bears on its rim eight calycine teeth2 and eight super-
posed divergent styles, surrounding a deep central depression as in
Tetrameles. The fruit is dry. The flowers form long axillary spikes,
with a thick rachis.
Saxifragacea was proposed as a distinct order3 in 1789, by
A. L. de Jussieu ;4 it is a notable instance of what is called an order
"par enchainement." The hundred and ten genera that we give itr>
are grouped in twenty series, of which we shall now take a general
view : —
I. Saxifrages. — These alone represented all the true types of the
order to A. L. de Jussieu. He admitted five genera, previously
known to Linnaeus and Tournefort : Heuchera, Saxifraga, Tiarella,
401. — T. Grahamiana Wight, Icon., 1. 1956. —
Anictoclea Grahamiana NlMMO, loc. cit.
1 Miq., Fl. Ind.-Bat., Suppl., 336.— A. DC,
Prodi:, xv. p. i. 412.— B. H., Gen., 845, n. 3.
2 The petals, which, perhaps, fall early, have
not been observed.
3 B. de Jussieu \_Ord. Nat. (1759), in A. L.
de Jussieu Gen., lxix.] placed them formerly with
Sempervivece, and AdaNSON \_Fam. des PL, ii.
(1763), 235], among his Pourpiers (Purslanes).
4 Gen., 308, Ord. II.
5 Without mentioning those that are of doubtful
kinship to the family or placed in it. Of these
there are two (besides Ostrearia, which will be
referred to below) : 1. Distoinanthera Tuecz.
(in Bull. Mosc. (1S62), ii. 328 ;— B. H., Gen.,
634; — Walp., Ann., vii. 915), a Peruvian or
Chilian plant, with simple opposite leaves and
pentamerous flowers, possessing fifteen stamens,
with porricidal anthers, and a partly inferior
ovary with two or three pauciovulate cells. — 2.
Cercidiphyllum Sieb. & Zucc. (in Flora (1817),
72!) ;— Miq., Mus. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 140; — H. Bn.,
in Adansonia, x. fasc. 4; — Walp., Ann., i. 364).
In this Japanese plant, with opposite leaves like
those of the Hamamelidece, we have observed
flowers past bloom, or rather fruits, formed of
four or less independent carpels, now become
follicles, like those of certain Cunoniece ; they are
surmounted by the persistent base of the style,
and each contains two parallel series of oblique
seeds, prolonged below into long descending wings,
imbricated with those of the neighbouring seeds.
The short woody branches of this plant are covered
with opposite cicatrices, and end >n a bud, below
which is the pedunculare flower. The calyx is
said to be inferior, formed of four coriaceous
caducous sepals.
406 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Mitella, and Chrysosplenium, to which he erroneously added Adoxa.
De Candolle1 added in 1830 Leptarrhena, Tettima, Astilbe, Donatio.
Vahlia, and Lepuropetalum ; the number has since been increased to
eighteen by the genera Boykinia, SuUivantia, Bolandra, Oresitrqphe,
Leptarrhena, Eremosyne, and Tohniea. All these are usually herbs
with a subterraneous stock, and frequently scapiform floriferous
branches. The leaves are usually alternate exstipulate. The flowers
are regular (exceptionally irregular, as in Tohniea), usually pen-
tamerous. The gynaeceum has one or two (more rarely three) cells,
complete or incomplete.
II. Penthore^i. — This series consisting of the single genus Pen-
tltorum, previously referred to Crassidacets, comes very near many of
those genera of Saxifragece whose carpels are free above. We
thought it impossible to place Penthorum2 in any other order than
that of Cephalotus. It differs no doubt but slightly from the
Crassulads, yet it lacks their fleshy succulent leaves ; and its
embryo, moreover, is surrounded by an albumen of noteworthy
thickness. It is distinguished as a series by the receptacle, in which
is plunged the lower half of the verticillate carpels, by the peculiar
insertion of the perianth and androceum, and, finally, by the rudi-
mentary condition of the corolla, when present.
III. Cephalote^e. — The genus Cep/ialottts, founded in 1806, is the
sole representative of this series, and was formerly held the type of
a distinct order,3 allied to Renonculacece, Rosacea, Franco ace <z,A &c.
Later on Bentham & Hooker described it as an abnormal Saxi-
fragad. We must note as the distinctive characters of this little
series the form of its ascidia and receptacle, the free carpels, the
ascending ovule with its micropyle downwards and inwards, the
perigyny of the diplostemonous androceum, and the simple perianth,
which perhaps represents a corolla.
IV. Parnassle. — The only genus of this series has been referred
to most diverse orders.5 It is characterized chiefly by its shallow
1 Prodr., iv. 1-54. Here the Saxifrages form 4 J. G. Agaedh thinks these plants may be
one of the five tribes of Saxifragacece. considered as Triuridece with hermaphrodite
- In Andansonia, vi., 3-6. flowers and carpels.
5 Cephalotece R. Be., in Phil. Mag. (1832).— 6 " There is an old quarrel among systematists
Lindt,., Veg. Kingd., 428.— Cephalotacece LimrL., as to the affinities of Pamassia. Linnaeus
A Key to Pot. (1835), n. 5. (Fragm. Meth. Nat., in Class PI., 498) spoke
8AXIFRAQACEM. 407
cupulate receptacle, the glanduliferous scales alternating with the
stamens, the stigmatic lobes superposed to the inultiovulate pla-
centas, and the organization of the seeds.
V. Francoe/e. — A series formed of two genera, one with regular
(Francoa), the other with irregular flowers (Tetilla), both comprising
scapigerous herbs, with iso- or diplostemonous tetramerous flowers.
Carpels as many as petals, cohering into an almost completely
superior ovary, with four complete or incomplete cells. Made by
several authors1 a distinct order, linking Crassidacece, Saxifragacece,
and Cephalotece ; according to others2 allied to Ericacece and Pirolece.
VI. Hydrangea. — Frutescent and arborescent plants. Leaves
generally opposite,3 simple, exstipulate. Petals often valvate. Stamens
usually epigynous, diplostemonous or indefinite. Eeceptacle always
concave. Ovary completely or partially inferior, with 3-5 cells, com-
plete or more frequently incomplete. Hydrangea, alone known to
A. L. de Jussieu, was by him placed in the Genera Saxifragaceis affinia.
De Candolle4 made Hydrangea a tribe of Saxifragacece. Lindley5
raised this to a distinct order, adding Bauera. The other genera, all
closely analogous to Hydrangea, are of comparatively recent creation,
viz., Broussaisia,6 Cardiandra and Platy crater," and Pileoslegia.8
Dichroa of Loureiro9 (synonymous with Adamia) dates from the end
of last century.
VII. Philadelphe/e. — Philadeljohus, placed by A. L. de Jussieu
in Myrtacece,10 while Beidzia was relegated to the Genera incertce
sedis,11 was made by Don12 in 1826 the type of a distinct order,
doubtfully of an alliance with Baniincirfacece. 2 Don, in Fdinb. N. Phil. Jotirn., Oct., 1828
AdanSON classed it with other most heterogeneous (Galacineas).—\}C, Prodr., vii. 777. — Lindl.,
o-enera referred to the family Cisti. Jussietj, Veg. Kingd., 451. — " Francoacece are herbaceous
with many more recent authors (De Candolle, Stachyurece. Stachyurus quite recals Ribes in
Bbogniart, A. Gray, &c), place it in Drose- habit, Francoa in flower." (Ao., Theor. Syst.,
racece. Endlicheb created an order for it, 152, t. 12, fig. 16.)
close by Droseracece, a view which Payee held 3 Alternate in Cardiandra, sometimes sub-
confirmed by observation on the evolution of the verticillate in Broussaisia.
flower. Batsch, Don, Rosper, & Lindley put 4 Prodr., iv. (1830), 13, trib. 4.
it in Hyperuinece, or at least close by. Bakt- 5 Veg. Kingd. (1S46), 567, ord. 215.
UNO holds it near to Tamariscinece, and 6 Gatjdich., Toy. Freycin., Bot. (1826).
Reichenbach to GentianecB. J. E. Smith, R. 7 gIEB. & Zucc, Fl. Jap. (1835).
Beo\vn, Lindley (at first), Royle & Planchon 8 In Journ. Linn. Soc, ii. (1857).
have thought Parnassia allied to Saxifragacece." ° Fl. Cochinck. (1790).
(J. G. Agaedh. Theor. Syst. PL, 80). This 10 Gen. (1789), 325.
author himself considers Parnassiece as perfected " Gen., 431.
Podostemece, leading up to the symmetrical 12 In Fdinb. New Philos. Journ., i. (1826;,
Lentibulariece. 133.
1 Endl., Gen., 812.
408 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
accepted by De Candolle1 and Endlicher,2 but left by them in the
neighbourhood of Myrtacea ; while Lindley3 in 1846 placed it in
his alliance Grossales, between Escalloniece and Barringtoniece. It
then contained Deutzia, Philadelphus, and Decumaria. Latterly
American botanists have added Jamesia* Fendlera? Wipplea,6 and
Carpenteria / and we have since referred8 to this group, as a link
between it and the Escallonicce, the genus Pterostemon, formerly
classed with Rosacece-Quillaiea. These eight genera have the
following characters in common, linking them with Hydrangea :
leaves opposite exstipulate ;9 stamens diplostemonous, or more
numerous in oppositipetalous phalanges. Ovary inferior in half the
genera, almost completely superior in the four new American genera
enumerated above, where the receptacle is a shallow cupule ; fruit
capsular ; seeds albuminous.
VIII. Escalloniej3. — A series formed of trees and shrubs, with
alternate exstipulate simple leaves, often coriaceous, with glandular
teeth. Flowers usually isostemonous. Receptacle more or less con-
cave. Ovary wholly or partially inferior, with two or more complete
or incomplete cells (12 genera). II. Brown10 made Escalloniece a
distinct order, to comprise Anojjterus and several unpublished
Australian genera; this order was adopted by Lindley.11 De Can-
dolle,12 on the contrary, only made Escalloniece a tribe of Saxi-
fragacece, comprising, besides Escallonia, the four genera Ilea,
Forgesia, Anoplcrus, and Quintinia.'2 Lindley added Carpodetus of
Forster,14 and Choristylis of Harvey.15 Bentham and Hooker16
further add Valdivia? inseparable from Escallonia, and Argopkyllum™
which cannot be placed away from Carpodetus; besides Polyosma?
1 Prodr., iii. (1828), 205. u Veg. Kingd. (1846), 752, ord. 288 (EscaU
" Gen. (1810), 1186, ord. 264,. loniacece).
3 Veg. Kingd., 753, ord. 2S9. 12 Prodr., iv. (1830), 2, trib. i. {Escalloniece).
4 Toee. & GEiT, Fl. N.-Amer., i. (1838). 13 A. DC, Diss. ined. (1830), ex DC, Prodr.,
5 Engelm. & Geay, PI. Wright, i. (1848). iv. 5.
6 Toee., in Wippl. Expl., Bot. (1854). '•> Char. Gen. (1716), 33.
7 Toee., PI. Fremont. (1857). ]5 In Hook. Journ., i. (1842).
8 In Adansonia, ix. (1870). ifi Gen., 632 (1865).
9 Except in Pterostemon, where they are >'" Rem., in C. Gay Fl. Chil., iii. (1854).
alternate, with ill-developed stipules. These ls Fobst., Char. Gen. (1776), 29.
characters further link Pterostemon with Escal- 19 Bx., Bijdr., 658 (1826).
loniem.
10 In Frankl. Voy. (1824), 766 ; Misc. Works,
(ed. Benn.), ii., 523 (Esca/loncu).
8AXIFEAGACEJE. 409
long considered the type of a distinct group ;' Pliyllonoma? long
referred to Celastracea,3 but differing therefrom in its parietal
placentation ; and lastly, Berenice,4 in floral organization so closely
resembling Aryophyllum and Carpodetus. We have thought it right
to add a little exceptional genus, Stichoneuron? hitherto held a
member of Santalacea.
IX. BrexietE. — The genera Breccia, Roussea, and Lxerba (besides
Aryophyllum) were made by Lindley6 into the distinct order
Brexiacece, allied to Citnoniacea, Celastracece, and Myrsinece. Since
then the group has been made, like Cunoniacem, a tribe of Saxi-
frayacea.1 We considered in 1865s that the Brexiece linked
PittosporecB with Saxifrayacece, and showed9 that Anopterus must be
placed in the same group as Brexia ; and that lxerba, except in the
number of ovules, " has all the external characters and floral
organization of a plurilocular Pittosporum."™ This series has the
general characters of Escalloniea, but with a free ovary, an almost
perfectly hypogynous perianth and androceum, and a single style ;
hence we have referred to it the new genera, Abrophyttumn and
Cuttsia.12
X. Pittospore^. — Considered by us, in 18G5,13 as Escattoniea
with a superior dicarpellary gynaeceum, an imbricate corolla, an
isostemonous androceum, a dry or fleshy, free, many-seeded fruit,
and indefinite seeds, containing a small embryo near the apex of
usually hard albumen. Piffosporacete was made a distinct order by
R. Brown14 in 1814, placed by him near Dilleniacece vxAPolygalacece.
Lindley,15 in 1846, made this group to comprise the eight genera that
we retain, and placed it between Vitacece and Olacacece. Endlicher"5
1 Polyosmece Be., Mus. Litgd.-Bat., i., 258 BrcxiacecB with doubt next to Uricacece ami
(1851). Lindley (Veg. Kingd., 751) makes Monotropa.
this genus a Grossulariad. 7 In Ann, Sc. Nat., ser. 4, viii. 158.
2 W., in Raem. et Sch. Sijst. Veg., vi. (1820). 8 In Adansonia, v. 292.
3 Endl., Gen., 1090. J. G. Agaedh. 9 Loc. cit. 290.
(Theor. Syst., 315) makes this genus the type of 10 Loc. cit., 294.
DulongiecB, of which he says : "they are perhaps " Hook, f., Gen., G47 (1865).
nearest allied to Helvingacece and Griselinece. !2 F. Mtjell., Fragm., v. 47 (1865).
4 Tul., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, viii. (1857). 13 In Adansonia, v. 286.
6 Hook. f. & Tiiohs., in Cat. Griff. (1865). " In Mind. Voy., Bot., ii. 542; Misc. Works
6 Veg. Kingd., 573, ord. 217 (ed. prior (ed. Benn.), i. 13.
(1830), n. 95 (Brexiaceai). — Endl., Gen., 823. 15 Veg. Kingd., 441, ord. 161.
— Bousseacem DC, Prodr., vii. (1838), 521. Ic Gen., 1081, ord. 234.
Ad. Bhongniaet \_~Enum, (1843), 72] places
410
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
placed it in his class Frangidacece ; Bentham & Hooker1 between
Bixacete and Tremandrea.
XI. BiBESiEiE. — Isostemonous Saxifragads, with a pulpy, fleshy,
inferior fruit.2
XII. Bauere^e.3 — Flowers 6-10-merous. Stamens some multiple
of the petals (double or more). Ovary only inferior at its base.
Capsule 2-celled, polyspermous leaves opposite, sessile, 3-foliolate.
Lateral leaflets simulating broad stipules (1 genus).
XIII. CuNONiEiE. — Trees or shrubs ; leaves opposite4 or rarely
verticillate, simple 3-5-foliolate, or imparipinnate. Petals imbricate
or absent. Flowers grouped in cymes, simple or compound racemes,
or racemes of cymes (10 genera). R. Brown3 separated this group
from Saxifragacece as a distinct order. A. L. de Jussieu6 only knew
the two genera Cunonia and Weinmannia, which he placed as genera
Saxifragis afjinia. Endlicher7 made the Cunoniece a suborder of
Saxifragacece, therein following De Candolle, who makes them a
tribe of the order. He knew in 1830 five genera: Caldcluvia
{Dieterica), Weinmannia, Lamanonia (Belangera), Cunonia, and Cerato-
petalum.8 Lindley,9 following E. Brown, admitted in 1846 a dis-
tinct order, Cunoniacece, comprising, besides the above, the nine
genera: Callicoma, Acrophyllum (Calycomis), Aphanopetalum, Schizo-
meria, JPlafglop/ius, Anodopetalum, Ackama, Gumillea, and Geissois.
Since then the following new genera have been made : Spirceopsis, by
Miquel,10 Spirceanthemum by A. Gray ;u Gillbeea}* and Davidsonia™ by
F. Mueller. We have, moreover, referred to this series the genus
Tetracarpcea of J. Hooker."
XIV. ComEiE. — Cunonice with simple,15 opposite, or verticillate
leaves, possessing caducous stipules, and flowers in globular capitula
(3 genera) ; thus serving as a link to Liquidambarea, Bruniece, &c.
1 Gen., 130, ord. 18.
2 Grossulariece DC, Fl. Fr., iv. (1804), 406,
— Grossulacea Mirb., Mem., ii. (1815), 897. —
Ribesice A. Rich., Elem., ed. i. (1823), ii. 487. —
Ribesiacece Endl., Gen., (1839), 823, ord. 171.—
Grossalariacece Lindl., Yeg. Kingd. (1846), 750,
ord. 287. — Saxifrag Oceanian trib. Ribesiece
B. H., Gen., 654. — Cactorum gen. J., Gen.
(1789), 310.
3 H. Bn., in Adansonia, vi. 9. — Baueracece
Lindl., Yeg. Kingd., 569 (ed. prior, 1830, n. 40).
4 Alternate (?) in the single genus Gumillea.
5 In Flind. Yog., Rot. (1814), 548; Misc.
Works (ed. Benn.), i. 20.— Don., in Fdinb. N.
Phil. Journ. (June, 1830).
6 Gen., 309.
? Gen., 817.
8 Without counting Codia and Calliconia,
nor Arnoldia (synonymous with Weinmannia).
9 Yeg. Kingd. (1846), 571, ord. 216.
10 Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p. i. (1855).
11 In Unit. St. Expl. Fxp., Rot., 666 (1854).
12 Fragm., v. 17 (1865).
13 Op. cit., vi. 3 (1867).
14 In Hook. Icon., t. 284 (1840).
13 Except in Pancheria ternata.
SAXIFBAGACE^J.
411
XV. BRUNiEiE. — Flowers isostemonous, often capitulate, rarely in
compound spikes or racemes. Receptacle always concave. Ovary
wholly or partially inferior, 1-3-celled ; septa sometimes rudimentary
or absent. Ovules usually definite (1, 2)1 in each cell, descending,
with the micropyle directed, before torsion,2 upwards and inwards.
Fruit dry, indehiscent, dicoccous, or tricoccous. Shrubs or under-
shrubs of often ericoid habit ; leaves usually rigid acicular, tipped
(like the sepals, bracts, &c.) by a blackish glandular apiculus.
Stipules lateral small. This group was distinguished as an order by
R. Brown3 in 1818 ; it formed the subject of a monograph of An.
Brongniart4 in 1826, who included therein six of the genera which
we have retained in our studies on the order.5 The authors of the
Flora Capensis6 added to it in 1861 the genus Lonchostoma, which
had been successively referred to Thymelete and Retziete.1
XVI. Hamamelide.*;. — Flowers usually sessile, spicate or capitu-
late, hermaphrodite or polygamous ; perianth simple or double,
regular or unsymmetrical, or nearly absent. Anthers dehiscing by
clefts or valves. Ovary inferior or superior. Ovules (1, 2-oo ) like
those of the Bruniece? and presenting the same phenomenon of
torsion. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous. Trees and shrubs
with simple stipulate leaves (3 genera). This group was made by
R. Brown9 a distinct order in 1818, a course followed by all sub-
sequent authors ;10 we referred it as a mere tribe or series to Saxi-
fragacece in 1865.11
XVII. Liquidambare^:. — Hamamelidea, with unisexual or poly-
gamous, spicate or capitulate flowers, possessing an ill-developed
perianth or none, and a corolla represented by narrow tongues (?) or
absent. Ovarian cells multiovulate. Female receptacle concave.
Fruit capsular. Trees with simple leaves (3 genera). A series
raised to ordinal rank, and placed near Amentacea by Blume12 under
1 Their number is often above two in Lon-
chostoma.
2 See p. 382.
3 In Abel's Voy., Bot. (1818), 374; Misc.
Works (ed. Benn.), ii. 322. — DC, Prodr., ii.
43 .— Lindl., Veg. Kingd., 785, Ord. 300. —
Endl., Gen., 805, Ord. 168.
4 Mem. s-ur la Fam. des Bruniacees, in Ann.
So. Nat., ser. 1, viii. 357, t. 35-38.
5 See Adansonia, iii. 318 ; v. 294.
6 Hart. & Sond., op. cit., ii. 316.
7 EwdJj., Gen., 669.
3 Which Gabdneb (in Hook. Journ., i. 321)
placed with Hamamelidete.
9 In Abel's Voy., Bot. (1818), 374; Misc.
Works (ed. Benn.), i. 381 ; ii. 321, 334.
10 DC, Prodr., iv. 267.— Ende., Gen., 803,
ord. 167.— Lindl., Veg. Kingd., 784, ord. 299. —
B. H., Gen., 664, ord. 62.
11 In Adansonia, v. 297 ; vi. 12.
12 Fl. Jav., Balsamifl. (1828).— Endl., Gen.,
289, ord. 98.— AG., Theor. Syst., 155.
4.12
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
the name of Bahamiflua, and by Lindley1 under the name of
AltingiacecB, but then restricted to the genus Liquidambar ; while
Bucldandia, in organization quite inseparable therefrom, has from its
foundation as a genus2 been placed with Hamamelidece, as the type of
a special tribe, among Hamamelidece.
XVIII. Platane/E. — Flowers unisexual; capitate. Perianth rudi-
mentary. Stamens or carpels of variable number in each flower.
Carpels free ; ovary uniovulate (rarely biovulate). Ovules descend-
ing, suborthotropous. Fruit composed of achenes. Seeds albu-
minous. Trees ; leaves alternate ; stipules united into a sheath
embracing the branch, with the axillary bud hidden in a cavity at
the dilated base of the petiole. Blatanus, the sole genus of this
series, was long placed with Amentacec? or Urticece.* Only in 1826
was it considered the type of a distinct order.5 In 1843 Ad. Bron-
gniart6 placed it, with doubt, as a distinct family, before Balsamifluece,
in his class Hamamelinea. We think that, like the last-named
family, it should form a tribe or series of the order under con-
sideration.
XIX. Myosurandreje. — Flowers amentaceous, unisexual, achla-
mydeous. Two genera, one {Myomrandrci) with free, the other {Myro-
thamnus) with monadelphous stamens. Carpels free, pluriovulate.
Leaves opposite at base, forming a sheath, which completely enve-
lopes (without adhesion) the internode above their insertion, and
bears on its upper edge stipuliform appendages.
XX. DatiscezE. — Flowers dioecious or polygamous, amentaceous,
or grouped in axillary racemes or cymes. Male receptacle convex.
Female receptacle concave, enveloping the inferior one-celled ovary
with pluriovulate parietal placentas. Fruit capsular. Seeds albu-
minous or exalbuminous. Leaves alternate, simple or pinnate,
exstipulate. The genus Datisca was made in 1 82 67 the type of an
1 Teg. Kingd., 253, ord. 79. He bas also
called them Bahamacece. Tbey are sometimes
called Styracijiuece.
2 R. Be., in Cat. Wall. (1828-1849); Misc.
Works (ed. Benn.), ii. 534. B. Claeke has also
shown in a special memoir [in Ann. and Hag.
Nat. Hist. (1858), 100-109] that Sedguickia
(syn. of Altingia) is a Hamamelid, as Griffith
thought, and inseparable from Liquidambar.
3 Adans., Fain, des PL, ii. 377 (Castanea). —
J., Gen., 410 {Amentaceai). — Eitdl., Gen., 289
(Juliflorai). — A. Jrss., Taxon. (1848), 53
(Amemtacece, ord. Platanea).
4 Liis-dl., Veg. Kingd., 272, ord. 89.
5 Lestib., Elem., 526 (Platanea). — Dumoet.,
Anal. (1829), 11.
6 Enum., 109; Fam., 231 (?).
' R. Be., in Denh. Sf Clapp. Narr., App.,
25. — Limil., Introd., ed. 2, 82; Veg. Kingd.
(1816), 316, ord. 106.— Ekdi., Gen., 8b7, or.!.
BAXIFBAQACBM. 413
order placed near Cucurhitacea, Cactacea, Crassidacea, and Saxi-
fragacece. We place it in the last, forming a series which links the
order to the series Saururea in Piperacece, and to Urticacece. The
genus Tetraneles was added in 1826,1 and Octomeles in 1SG0.2
In 1846 Lindley estimated the number of species in the genera
that we admit in this order at 760. 3 Bentham and Hooker at the
present day admit in their Genera some 717, thus distributed: Saxi-
fragacea proper 542 ; Pent/tores 2 ; Hamamelidea 30 ; Bruniecb 40 ;
Pittosjjorea 90 ; Datiscea 4.4 To give the geographical distribution
in detail is here impossible ; for in no region of the globe are the
Saxifrages unrepresented, They are fewest in the Tropics, and in
South Africa and Australia. But these are the chief localities for
Cunoniece, which also occur in numbers in all hot countries, chiefly
represented by species of Weinmannia. Cunonia, formerly restricted
to the Cape, is also found in abundance in New Caledonia. In
America the numerous species of Weinmannia extend northwards
some way into Mexico, and southwards into the south of Chili ; and
in the Old World, as far as New Zealand and the Cape. The
Escallonies are almost entirely confined to South America, especially
the genus Escallonia, which has not been found elsewhere. The
Hydrangea abound in the temperate regions of Asia and America ;
and Siebold & Zuccarini thought that only two species of Hyd-
rangea belonged to the Northern Hemisphere.5 Philadeljdies, Saxi-
frages, Datisca, and Bides comprise the only types found in Europe.
They are numerous in Japan, Temperate India, and North America.
The series PentJiores is represented by one species in China, and
another in North America. The only known Ceplialotus, and the
whole genus Bauer a are Australian. The Bruniece are all natives of
South Africa. The llamamelidece, widespread in tropical6 and
temperate Asia, South Africa, and North America, were hitherto
184. — Ad. Be., Fnum., 106, fam. 219.— B. H., iece, 6; Pittosporece, 78; Francoece, 5; Altin-
Gen., 844, ord. 76. giece, 3; Platanece, 6; Datiscece, 4.
1 R. Be., loc. tit. ; Misc. Works (ed. Benn.), 4 We must add five species for Platanece, the
i. 285. number adopted in the most recent publications
2 Miq., Fl. Ind.-P.at., Suppl., 336. on this group.
3 Namely : Saxifragece, 310; Cunoniece, 100; 5 True, the South American Cornidias had not
Hydrangea, 45 ; Penthorece, 2 ; Ceplialotece, 1 ; yet been recognised as Hydrangeas.
Parnassiem, 12; Hamamelidea, 15; Bruniece, 6 Including the one species of Rhodoleia from
66; Philadelphecc, 53; Escalloniece, 60 ; Prex- Sumatra.
414 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
thought to be unrepresented in Australia.1 The series Liquid-
ambarecs is represented by Biicklandia in India and Sumatra, by
Liquidambar in America, Asia, and Malaysia. Brexia and Roussea
are restricted to the Mascarene Islands and Madagascar ; but the
other genera of Brexieee represent it by some species in Australia
and Tasmania. All the Francoece are Chilian ; the Myomrandrea
are confined to the Cape and the islands off the east coast of Tropical
and South Africa; and the Codiece are exclusively Oceanian. The
Platanece are only found in North America and Mediterranean Asia.
Of the four known Datiscete one alone is North American ; the
others belong to South-eastern Europe, West and Central Asia,
India, and the Indian Archipelago. The Pittosporece are all
Australian, excepting the genus Piitosporum, which is also found in
all hot countries of the Old World, extending obliquely from the
south of Africa to the north-east of China. The Ribesiece inhabit
the temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and North America, Mediter-
ranean Europe, and the Andes of South America.
An order of the size and constitution of this must necessarily
present numerous affinities.2 Some of these are so close that it is
extremely difficult to distinguish Saxifragacece by any absolute cha-
racters from several other natural orders, such as Rosacea* and Crassu-
lacece? as we have shown in treating thereof. Asfilbe, on the one hand,
Bauer a, Eucryphia, and Pterostemon5 on the other, link Saxifragacece
and Rosacea, the latter being distinguished from the former by its
general (though not constant) lack of albumen. By Philadelphu8y
Argophylluml and Carpodetus, on the one hand, and Cassipourea,
Anisop/iyllea, and Crossostyles, on the other, the order Saxifragaceee is
linked to Myrtacea, RMzophorece, and Melastomacea respectively ; by
Thamnea, to Memecylece ;6 by Fendlera, Raleighia, Abatia, and Crypte-
1 The existence of the plant we have pro- : For details on these points we refer to onr
visionally named Osbrearia australiana (in Observations siir les Saxifragees (in Adamonia,
Adansonia, x. fasc. 4) was tlien unknown. v. 282 ; vi. ]).
Though still hut very imperfectly known, it 3 See above, i. 414.
seems to us a Hamamelid with a partially * See ahove, iii. 317.
inferior ovary, a capsule dehiscing into two 5 See Adansonia, ix. 245.
emarginate valves, and numerous flowers in long 6 See Adansonia, iii. 321).
spikes, terminating branches covered with alter-
nate simple entire glabrous lanceolate leaves.
8AXIFRAGACE2E. 415
ronia, to Lytlirariacece ; by Parnassia, to Droseracea ; by Rides, to
Cactacece and Ficoidece ; by Donatia, to Sfylidece ;l by many of the
Saxifrage® with a superior ovary to Hypericacece; and even to £<?#-
tianacea?, which in certain cases are only distinguished by mono-
petaly ; by Hamamelidece and Platanece, to most of the groups of
Anient acece? to Cornacece, Helwingiece, Alangiece, Haloragece, and Ona-
grariece ;4 by Phyllonoma and Choristylis to Celastracem and Rfiam-
nacece ; by Stichoneuron to Santalea f by Brecciea and Pittosp)orece
to Brixacece, Homaliea, and Samyde<e ; and by Hydrangea to /SW-
bucinece. The relations formerly noticed by us between Escalloniece
and Pittosporece lead to other affinities of the Saasifragacete. " Pitto-
sporum," as we observed, " has alternate exstipulate leaves ; regular
hermaphrodite pentamerous flowers ; a nearly always polypetalous
corolla, imbricated in the bud ; five alternipetalous stamens, with
introrse anthers; a glandular disk below the ovary; and inside this are
either two parietal placentas advancing towards each other and some-
times touching, or else two quite separate cells with axile plaeenta-
tion ; a capsular fruit ; and albuminous seeds. All these characters also
occur in Escallonia, but this genus has an inferior ovary, the former
a superior one. Hence we may say that Escallonia is Pittosporum,
with its receptacle concave instead of convex ; or that Pittosporum
stands to Escallonia in the same relation as the Saxifrages with a
superior ovary to those with an inferior one. Now we know that
both these forms are left not merely in the same order, but in the
very same genus, and that it would be impossible reasonably to do
otherwise. Now, apart from Pittosporum, the other genera of its
family have more often a one- celled ovary with parietal placentation
than a plurilocular ovary, this character yet being here of no great
apparent importance, for it is not constant in the several species of
a single genus." The orders grouped around Piitosporece by the
majority of authors possess most of the characters we have noticed
in the series; thus they are linked indirectly with Saosifragacece. We
1 B. H., Gen., 629. reduced type of certain Kamamelidece, with
2 Carpenteria, still ill known, seems also to be apetalous diclinous flowers. We may add that
very near Hypericacece. the latter are often amentaceous.
3 Not only in characters of habit and foliage, * See Adansonia, vi. 10.
but in the intimate structures of the gynseceum, s See p. 355.
do the Corylece represent, as we shall see, a
416
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
have mentioned Celastrace/s and Rhamnacece, which are so closely
allied to one another. Now-a-days " it is impossible, after all efforts
to find on thorough analysis more than two differences between
these two groups : the position of the stamens with respect to the
petals, and the situation of the raphe. Thus the order Saxi.fr agacem
is allied to Rhamnacea and Celastrinea, to the former by Bruniaces,
formerly classed in Rhamnece, and now made Hamamelidea? by several
authors ; to the latter by D/dongies and several allied genera which
were formerly ascribed to Celastrines, and differ from Saxifrages
in no essentia] point ; and at the same time by Brexiaces and
Pittospores, as we have just shown." Others have approximated
Pittosporea to Violariaces, Berberidacea, and Brixacece, which have
the same placentation as in most Saxif rag aces. Berberidaces,
among others, by its free carpels approaches Dilleniaccs, to which
Tetracarpses was formerly referred, and Ranunculaces and Rosaces,
whose affinities with Cephalotus we have noticed. "We have also
shown that Brexies link most closely Escallonics and several
other small series of this order with the little group Pittospores ;
and the series Brexies itself has been placed beside Ericaces by Ad.
Brongniart, and Berberidaces by Agardh. Ixerba, as well in
vegetative organs as in flower, is as near to certain species of Pitto-
sporum as to the other genera of its own series, Brexies. It has also
been said that between Brexies and Piftosporum " the only essential
difference lies in the number of ovary cells, which is the same as that
of the petals in Brexies, while most Pittospores have a dicarpellary
gynseceum. But this difference disappears in the 4-5 carpellary
species of Pittosporum" Now, the approximation we have shown
between the Brexies and Pittosperes, on the one hand, and the
Saxifrages, with a superior ovary, on the other, leads us to the
further affinity of the latter with Celastraces and Rhamnacea.1
1 From these numerous affinities it fellows that
not one of the characters by which we distinguish
the several orders of Dicotyledons is constant in
this one. The same may be said of the anatomical
structure, which varies with the series or genus
under examination. In this respect Cunoniece,
Hydrangea, Pittosporece, JSscallonieee, Prexieee,
Bauerece, &c, require differential study. The
Planes have sometimes been taken for an example
of the structure of the wood in Dicotyledonous
trees. (See Mieb., Mem. Phys. Teg. (1815), t.
9, i. — Link., in Ann. Hus., xix. (1812), 340, icon.
— Henteey, Microsc. Diet., art. Wood; Elem.
of Pot., 534, fig. — Schacht, D. Baum, 200
A. Geat, Introd. to Pot. (1858), 15.— Duchte.,
Elem. de Pot., 160. In this genus especi.d notice
has been taken- of the mode in which the bark
peels off (see p. 399, note 5) ; this depends on
the presence of sheets of periderm between su-
berous plates of unequal thicknesses. The latter
8AXIFBAGAGE2E.
417
This order, large as it is, contains but few useful plants. True, a
large number are cultivated to adorn our conservatories, gardens,
parks, and public places ; for foliage are planted the so-called
"Oriental" and "Occidental" Plane-trees, referred by several authors
to one and the same species,1 and more rarely various species of
Liquidambar, Hamamelis, Parrotia, and Fothergilla ; for their elegant
flowers many Saxifrages, especially suitable to rockeries, Philadelplim
{Sijrmga of gardeners) and Deutzia? Astilbe, Itea, HcucJiera, Tiarella,
Tellima, &c, Frcmcoa, numerous Hydrangeas (especially the Hortensia*
of gardeners, with its large whitish pink or bluish sepals), and in
the conservatory Cunonia capensis, several species of Weinmannia,
Escallonia, Brunia, and Bauera, Callicoma serratifolia, Ceratopetalum
gummiferum, Abroprftyllam omans, and most of the Pittosporece, the
superb Rhodoleia ckincnsis for the coloured bracts surrounding its
flower, and Cepl/alotus follicularis for its curious pitchers. Many
species of the genus Ribes (Fr., Groseillier) are prized for their fruits/
Those of Billiardera mutabilis are also edible and of pleasant
acidulous taste. Otherwise alimentary plants are very rare in this
come off when the subjacent layer of periderm is
destroyed with age. The Liquidambarese, again,
have a peculiar structure (Griff., in As. Res., xix.
95, 99), also found in many Hamamelidea. In
Bucklandia and SedgwicHa the woody fibres
bear areolate pores, recalling those of Conifers.
Oliver, (in Trans. Linn. Soc, xxiii. 83 ; Stem in
Dicot., 19 ; in Nat. Hist. Rev., ii. 316), has ex-
amined, besides the preceding genera, Rhodoleia,
Trichocladus, Hamamelis, Sycopsis, Eusligma,
Distylium, and Corylopsis. He finds a great
uniformity of structure. He ascribes the disks of
the parenchyma to the presence of minute len-
ticular cavities between the adjoining wood-cells ;
the canals opposed on each side to these cavities
are almost invariably elongated laterally, though
sometimes nearly circular and very minute. The
wood is traversed by numerous vessels, which are
generally transversely barred. The medullary rays
are numerous and narrow. In Bucklandia the
markings on the parenchyma are very distinct.
The medullary rays are very numerous, usually
one cell in diameter ; vertically they are very
variable in extent, commonly presenting 10-12
superimposed eells, though I have counted about
45. The wood of the Ribesiece, has been studied
by Hanstein (Ueb. den Zusammenh. d. Blatt-
stell. mit dem Bau cles Die. Holzringes, in
Pringsh. Jalirb., i. t. xvi. 10).
1 Detrimental effects have been ascribed to the
Plane-trees through the introduction of the down
VOL. III.
that comes off from the shoots in spring, or the
long hairs accompanying the fruits, into the air-
passages of Man.
2 I), scabra (Thunb., Nov. Gen., 19, 21 ; Tc.
Fl. Jap., 185; — Joro, Utsugi K^mpf., Amoen.
Exot., 58-1) owes its name to its rough leaves,
which are said to be used by the Japanese
labourers for polishing.
3 H. hortensia DC, Prodr., iv. 15, n. 12. —
H. hortensis Sm., Ic. Pict., i. t. 12. — Primula
mutabilis Lour. — Viburnum serratum Tn unb. —
V. tomentosum Thu>b. — Hortensia opuloides
Lame. — H. speciosa Pers.
4 Especially the Gooseberry (Ribes G-rossu-
laria L., Spec., 291; — R. Uva crispa L.,
Spec, 292), the Red and White Currant
(R. rubrum L., Spec., 290), the Black Cur-
rant (R. nigrum L., Spec, 291 ; — R. olidum
Mcench, Metli., G83). And, more rarely, R.
reclinatum L., spicaium Eobs., petra'titn Wtjlf.,
alpinum L. ; in Sibtria R. prociimbens Pall.
and fragans Pall. ; and in North America B.
floridum Heist. (R. pensylvanicum Lame.),
aureum Pursh (Chrysobotrya revoluta Spach),
Cynobasii L., oxyacanlhcides L., Menzisii
PtriiSH, liirtellmn Micnx., divaricatum Dougl.,
magellanicum Poir. (Rosenth., Syn. PI. Dia-
fhor., 580, 1140). The fruit of R. incbrians
Linbl. {Ceropliyllum inebrians Spach) is con-
sidered poisonous and an emetic.
E E
418 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
order. Saxifraga crassifolia and Hydrangea Thunbergii' may be used
instead of Tea. The medicinal properties2 are not very noteworthy
in this order. It contains several astringent plants : Heuchera
americana? the root of which is used in the United States ; Chrysos-
plenium alternifolium* considered a slight tonic ; and several Peruvian
Weinmannias, which may be used to tan hides, and are sometimes
mixed with Cinchona barks5 on account of their astringency ; the
Indian species are also astringent. The Francoas have similar-
properties ; the Chilians use their juice as a refreshing sedative and
antiphlogistic ; the roots are used for dyeing black.6 Tetilla hydro-
cotylcefolia1 is acidulous and of remarkable astringency. Its petioles
are used in dysentery. The Pittosporeee are all aromatic, resinous,
and bitter, but hardly seem to be used at all.8 The Hamamelids are
also astringent. II. virginica is used in America for astringent
lotions, gargles, &c, owing to the tannin contained in its leaves and
bark.9 It is also said to contain an essential oil. The Oriental
Plane is also astringent, for even the ancients regarded it as good to
stanch bleeding and cure chilblains, burns, ophthalmia, &c. A de-
coction of the roots of the Plane is used in America in the treatment
of ulcers and dysentery. People have gone so far as to recommend
it as a substitute for cinchona, and recommend it (in the kingdom of
Naples) in cholera.10 All the parts of Myosurandra moschata have a
very aromatic and persistent smell of musk.11 Several species of Biles,
notably the Black Currant, are tonic and stimulant, bearing glands
on their flowers which secrete an excitant scented substance. The
leaves of the Escallonias have often a very marked scent of Melilot ;
1 It is named Celestial Tea (Amafsja; Fr., 8 Especially W. ovata Cav. (7c, vi. 45, t.
The du del) in Japan. Its ally (Plaiycrater 566), elliptica H.B. K. and Ballisiana H. B. K.
arguta Sieb. & Ztrcc.) serves the same purposes. The last especially has been fraudulently substit-
The leaves of Philadelphus taste of Cucumber. uted for Cinchona. In the Antilles the name of
2 Endl., Enchirid., 410. — Lindl., Fl. Med., Tanrouges has been given to W. hirta Sw. and
273. — Rosenth., Syn. PI. Diaphor., 576, 1140. glabra L. F., which also possess astringent, tan-
3 L., Spec., 328. — Tore., Fl. N.-Amer., i. ning barks, and exude a sort of gum.
390. — H. viscida Puesh. Its astringency is very 6 F. sonchifolia is used in piles (RoSENTn., op.
great, whence its name Alum-root. Several other cit., 576).
species have similar properties (Rosenth., op. 7 Vulg. Culantrillo, Tela de capra.
cit., 578). s In Australia the natives, when famished,
4 L., Spec, 569. — DC, Prodr., iv. 48, n. 1 are said to eat their seeds, bathed in a viscid
(vulg. Dorine, Cresson de roclier, C. dore, Saxi- matter of disagreeable taste (Endl., Ftichirid.,
frage doree, Hepatique doree, Herbe a Varcham- 572).
boticher). It is said to be aperient and slightly di- 9 Its seeds are said to be edible,
luent; its leaves are eaten in salad and soup in the 10 Caz., PI. Med. Indig., ed. 3, 861 .
Vosges. C.oppositifolium~L. (vulg. Repalique des » H. Bn., in Adansonia, ix. 237.
marais, Cresson de rocher) has the same properties.
SAXIFRAGACE3J. 419
some species are considered tonics in Peru.1 Several European
Saxifrages have superficial glands, whence exudes a viscid matter,
said to be acrid and irritant.2 In Australia and South America
certain CunoniecB afford gummy secretions.3 But the plants of this
order most noted for their products are unquestionably the Liquid-
ambars.4 In America L. styracifua? a fine tree from the United
States and Mexico, affords two kinds of balm6 on incision : " one
liquid and transparent, like an oil ; the other soft, white, and opaque,
like Burgundy pitch."7 The latter resembles balsam of Tolu, and is
sometimes used to adulterate it, but is distinguished by its acrid and
markedly bitter taste. In Asia Minor grows a smaller species, L.
orientate,3 which several authors hold yields on incision the liquid
styrax or storax of pharmacy. This opinion, though disputed,9 must,
as it would now appear, be adopted.10 On the coast opposite to the
Isle of Rhodes the outer bark of this tree is removed and kept in
parcels for fumigation. The inner bark is boiled in water till the
resinous parts rise to the top ; they are then pressed in horsehair
bags to extract what is known as oil of storax, or of Buchuri, which
smells of vanilla, and enters into several ointments and plasters. L.
altingia" a gigantic tree from Java, has also been held to supply the
1 Chiefly E. rubra Pers., resinosa Pees., 6 L., Spec, 1418. — Duham., Arbr., ed. nov.,
myrtilloides L. fie. (Rosexth., op. cit., 579). ii. t. 10. — Michx., Arbr., ill. 194. — A. Geay,
The leaves and bark of Philadelphia and Brexia Man., 148. — Ciiapm., Fl. S. Unit. St., 157. —
are also considered tonic. Other Saxifragads are A. DC, Prodr., xvi. p. ii. 157, n. 1. — L. macro-
odoriferous. Ilea rosmarinifolia PoiR., in pkylla (Eest., Amer. Centr., t. 10. — Xochiocolzo
Cochin China, contains an aromatic essential oil; Hernand., Thes., 56 (vulg. Sweet Gum, Copalm,
and in Europe the so-called Syringas flower smells Balsam tree).
of Jasmine, and has sometimes been used to make 6 Named by Guiboert "Baumes lirpddambar."
scent. 7 Guib., op. cit., 305.
2 The lithontriptic virtues of the Saxifrages 8 Mile., Diet., n. 2. — SpACH, Suit, a Buff on,
need demonstration. Their generic name may xi. 86. — Duham., Arbr., ed. nov., ii. 44. —
seem to imply them, but it is rather due to the Loudon, jEncycl., 934, fig. 1739. — A. DC.,
way they grow upon rocks. It has been thought Prodr., n. 2. — L. imberbe Ait., Sort. Kew., ed.
that these have been disintegrated by the slightly 2, iii. 365. — Platanus orientalis Pococe, Trav.,
acid juice of several species. Formerly the leaves ii. t. 89.
of S. granulata L. were prescribed for stone in 9 Pereira, Elem. Mat. Med., ed. 4, ii. p. i.
the bladder. S. tridactylites L. (figs. 354-358) 336.
was formerly used in liver complaints. S. bron- 10 Hanbery, On Storax (in Pharm. Journ.,
chialis L., bulbifera L.,&c, were formerly thought xvi. 417, 461) .
astringent and pectoral. S. cotyledon L., tri. " Be., Fl. Jan., fasc. xvii. 6, t. 1, 2.— A. DC,
dactylites L., &c, are sometimes eaten as vege- Prodr., n. Z. — L. Altingiana Bii.,Bijdr., 527. —
tables (Rosenth., op. cit., 577). L. Rasamala Be., Cat. Sort. Buitenz., 6. —
3 Especially Ceratopetalum gummiferum, whose Altingia excelsa Noronh., in Bat. Verh., v. 1. —
gum is reddish. Sedgwickia cerasifolia Griff., in As. Res., i. 98,
4 Geib., Drog. Simpl., cd. 6, ii. 304, fig. 432, t. 15, 16 {Rasamalla, Rosamallas, Cotter-Mija).
433. — Linde., Fl. Med., 321. — Enel., Enchirid.,
176.— Rosenth., op. cit., 203.
E E 2
420 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
liquid storax of commerce on incision ; indeed, it does yield a semi-
fluid odoriferous resin, but this would seem to be not very abun-
dant, and to be only employed as a balsam in the country, without
ever being imported into Europe. The Datiscas have well marked
properties. D. cannabina is said to be a bitter, nauseous herb,
laxative and emetic, recommended in Italy in the treatment of inter-
mittent fevers, gastric complaints, scrofula, &c.' Its root contains a
sort of fecula called daiiscine, closely allied to murine.2
1 Endl., EncMrid., 460. tale and Altingia in Asia; Cunonia capensis at the
2 The timber of several arborescent Saxifragads Cape. Several Hamamelidece have useful wood :
is more or less used, that of the Planes here and Hamamelis, Parrotia, &c. [For details of the
in America, by the carpenter, cabinet-maker, fertilization of the flower in this order see
musical instrument-maker, coach-builder, &c, Mullee, Befruckt., 92-95, (Parnassia) 144.
being made into furniture ; Liquidanibar orien-
SAXIFRAGACEJU. 421
GENERA.
I. SAXIFEAGE^].
1. SaxifragaT. — Flowers usually hermaphrodite ; receptacle more
or less concave, generally disciferous within. Sepals usually 5, free
or slightly connate at base, equal or very rarely unequal, imbricate*
finally erect or patent. Petals 5, alternating with sepals, rarely
subsimilar to them, equal or very rarely unequal, sometimes glan-
duliferous or fimbriate at base, imbricate or rarely contorted.
Stamens 10, 2-seriate (or more rarely 5, alternatipetalous) inserted
more or less perigynously with petals ; filaments free ; anthers 2-
celled, often 2-dymous, of introrse or lateral dehiscence. Germen
free, or partly or sometimes wholly inferior, surrounded by a disk
to a variable height at base, or sometimes laterally ; carpels 2 (very
rarely 3, 4), free or more or less highly connate into 1- or 2- celled
germen ; placentas parietal or inserted in internal angle, at apex 2-
lobed to a variable height ; ovules go , anatropous co -seriate ; carpels
terminating in styles more or less elongated, often recurved at apex,
truncate or capitate, stigmatose. Fruit dry capsular, 2-valved from
apex within between beaks, or formed of 2 follicles, longitudinally
dehiscent within. Seeds co , small smooth or rugose ; albumen
fleshy ; embryo straight axile, subequal to albumen or shorter. —
Perennial herbs, more rarely annual, sometimes frutescent at base ;
leaves alternate or opposite ; inferior often rosulate ; petiole gene-
rally straight at base ; stipules 0 ; flowers rarely solitary, generally
cymose ; cymes (sometimes I -parous) grouped in a simple or
branching raceme, often corymbiform {Temperate, Alpine, and Arctic
regions of Northern Hemisphere, more rarely Australia, America, and
South Africa). See p. 323.
2. Chrysoplenium T. — Receptacle shortly obconical or urceolate ;
leaves of calyx 4, or more rarely 5, short, obtuse, imbricate. Corolla
0. Stamens 8-10 (or more rarely 4, 5, alternipetalous) ; filaments
free short, inserted round epigynous crenulate disk ; anthers basi-
422 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
fixed, 2-dymous or subsagittate introrse 2-rimose. Germen im-
mersed in receptacle, 1 -celled ; placentas 2, or more rarely 3, parietal
broad ; ovules oo ; styles 2, 3, short, recurved, stigmatose at apex.
Capsule partly superior, cruciately gaping at equal or unequal-lobed
apex. Seeds oo , oblong or compressed, smooth outside, hairy or
muricate, albuminous. — Annual or perennial herbs ; leaves alternate
or opposite, petiolate exstipulate simple crenate ; flowers small
axillary or terminal, solitary or in 1- or 2-parous cymes {Europe,
Northern and Middle Asia, Temperate North and South America). See
p. 327.
3. Tellima R. Br. — Receptacle subcampanulate, broadly inflated
or dilated. Sepals 5, inserted at top of receptacle, valvate. Petals as
many, inserted with calyx in throat of receptacle, entire, 3-fid or
pinnatifid, sessile or unguiculate, afterwards reflexed or revolute.
Stamens 10, 2-seriate, inserted with perianth, small included;
anthers introrse 2-celled. Germen at base adnate to receptacle, half
superior, 1 -celled ; styles 2, or more rarely 3, short, stigmatose at
angulate or thickened apex ; placentas 2, or more rarely 3, parietal
oo -ovulated. Capsule partly inferior, included membranous at apex,
2, 3-beaked, 2, 3-valved. Seeds oo , small albuminous. — Erect
herbs ; leaves alternate lobed or dentate ; stipules 0, or adnate to
base of petiole ; flowers nutant in elongate terminal racemes ; pedicels
bracteolate {North West America). See p. 327.
4. Mitella T. — Receptacle shortly and openly cupulate, beyond
dilated germen ; sepals 5, inserted in mouth, spreading, imbricate,
or finally valvate. Petals 5, inserted in throat, 3-fid or pectinate-
pinnatifid elongated slender; lacinise linear-capillary. Stamens 10
2-seriate, or 5 sometimes alternating, sometimes {Mitellopsis) opposed
to petals ; filaments short ; anthers introrse 2-celled. Germen partly
inferior, 1 -celled ; styles 2, short, stigmatose at capitellate apex ;
placentas parietal 2, co -ovulate. Capsule exserted at apex, 2-valved.
Seeds oo , small, erect, or subtransverse ; testa shining. — Herbs ;
rhizome perennial ; leaves cordate, lobed or crenate ; stipules adnate
to long petiole ; flowers remote usually secund and nodding, in thin
elongated racemes, scapiform, and bare or 1 -leafed at base {North
America, North Eastern Asia). See p. 328.
8AXIFBAQA0E2E. 423
5. Heuchera L. — Receptacle campanulate. Sepals 5, 6, some-
times unequal, imbricate. Petals 5, 6, or 0, inserted in mouth of
receptacle, entire. Stamens inserted and alternate with petah ;
filaments short or elongated ; anthers frequently exserted, 2-celled ;
dehiscence marginal or introrse. Germen altogether or to a great
extent entire, 1 -celled ; styles 2, elongated, stigmatose at apex;
placentas 2, parietal co -ovulate. Capsule inferior, apex 2-valved
between styles. Seeds go , hispidulous or muricate. — Herbs ; rhizome
thick perennial ; branches annual scapiform ; leaves radical broadly
cordate or orbiculate, lobate or crenate ; stipules membranous adnate
to long petiole ; flowers bracteate, in spikes or simple or branching
racemes {Temperate and Frigid North and South America. See
p. 828.
6. Tiarella L. — Receptacle shortly cupulate ; sepals and petals
entire 5, inserted at margin. Stamens 10, 2-seriate, inserted with
petals ; filaments free elongated ; anthers 2-celled introrse. Germen
free, inserted in bottom of receptacle, 2-fid at apex ; lobes open, soon
unequal, with few seeds at base, terminating in slender styles ;
placentas 2, parietal at base of cell, oo -ovulate. Capsule mem-
branous free, 1-celled, broadly 2-valved at apex between styles ;
valves folliculiform gaping, very unequal, few-seeded at base. Seeds
albuminous ; testa crustaceous smooth. — Slender herbs ; rhizome
perennial ; leaves alternate, simple or 3-foliolate ; stipules small,
adnate to long petiole ; flowers in terminal, simple and branching
racemes (Temperate North America, Himalaya). See p. 328.
7. Boykinia Nutt. — Receptacle suburceolate very concave, adnate
to ovary and slightly produced beyond. Sepals 5, 3-angular, inserted
at mouth, valvate. Petals 5, alternate, a little longer, subspathulate,
glandular-dilated at insertion. Stamens 5, alternipetalous ; filaments
short free; anthers introrse 2-rimose apiculate. Germen inferior,
2- or more rarely 3-celled ; styles 2, or 3, short, stigmatose at apex ;
ovules co , inserted on axile placenta. Capsule 2, 3-celled ; beaks 2,
3, exserted ; dehiscent between styles. Seeds co , minute ovoid ; testa
minutely punctate. — Glandular-downy herbs ; rhizome perennial
suberect ; most of leaves radical petiolate orbicular, lobate or dentate ;
424 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
stipules setaceous or lacerate ; flowers in branching compound ter-
minal cymes {Carolina, Mountainous California). See p. 329.
8 ? Bolandra A. Gray. — " Calyx campanulate dilated produced
far beyond free ovary, 5-fid ; lobes 3-angular-lanceolate acuminate
recurved, valvate in sestivation. Petals 6, inserted in throat, subulate-
attenuate recurved persistent. Stamens 5, shorter than alternate
petals; anthers cordate- 2 -lobed, Germen sessile, below 2-celled,
above 2-fid ; horns 2, soon opening inwards, stigmatose at truncate
apex; ovules oo . Fruit...? — A little herb; stems slender from
granulate-bulbilliferous root ; leaves alternate subreniform, 5-lobed
(purple-greenish) ; flowers (rather large) laxly subcorymbose, long-
pedicellate " {California). See p. 329.
9. Sullivantia Torr. & Gray. — Receptacle subhemispherical ;
sepals 5, erect, imbricate. Petals as many, alternate, marcescent.
Stamens 5, perigynously inserted with alternate petals ; filaments
short ; anthers cordate-ovate, introrse 2-celled. Germen half-superior,
2-celled, 2-beaked, placentas 2, thick axile, oo -ovulate. Capsule half-
superior, surrounded by receptacle at base, 2-celled. Seeds oo , scobi-
form ascending ; testa loose reticulate winged at both ends. — A per-
ennial herb ; branches slender sparingly leafed glandular-pubescent ;
leaves radical long-petiolate orbicular-reniform sublobate ; flowers
small in 2- or 3-chotomous cymes ; pedicels decurved when fruiting
{North America). See p. 329.
10. Oresitrophe Bunge. — Flowers nearly of Saxifraga ; receptacle
shortly cupulate. Sepals 5, petaloid. Stamens 10, 2-verticillate or
more rarely 12-14, shortly perigynous. Germen almost wholly
superior, 1 -celled at base, higher up deeply 2-lobed; styles subulate;
placentas 2, oo -ovulate, capsule coriaceous, 1 -celled, high, 2-beaked,
2-valved between styles. Seeds go , oblong smooth. — A herb (aspect
of 1 -leafed Begonia) ; rhizome thick scaly; leaf 1, radical serotine
ovate-cordate serrate, thick petiolate; flowers in dichotomous panicled
cymes, inserted at top of common scape {Northern China). See p. 329.
11. Astilbe Hamilt. — Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous;
receptacle obconical or subcampanulate. Sepals 4, 5, valvate or
SAXIFBAGACE2E. 425
imbricate and petals 4, 5, imbricate (or 0), inserted in throat.
Stamens 8-10, 2-seriate, inserted with perianth; anthers introrse,
sub-2-dymous. Grermen inserted in concavity of receptacle, partly
inferior ; carpels 2, 3, inside free or more or less highly connate,
terminating above in subulate styles truncate or capitellate at stig-
matose apex ; ovules go 5 inserted in central angle. Capsule 3-lobed,
or carpels 3 folliculate, ventrally dehiscent. Seeds go , scobiform ;
testa laxly membranous, produced at both ends; albumen fleshy,
sometimes copious. — Tall herbs ; rhizome perennial ; branches annual,
simple or branching ; leaves alternate, 2- or 3-nate, ternately decom-
pound, or palmate or peltate- 5 -sect {Rodger sia) ; petiole dilated at
base ; stipules membranous adnate to petiole ; flowers (small) in very
branching cymiferous terminal racemes ; cymes sometimes 1 -parous,
scorpioid ; flowers sometimes (Rodgersia) subsessile (Central Tern-
perate Asia, the East, Japan, Java, North America.) See p. 330.
12. Lepuropetalum DC. — Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous
minute ; receptacle subcampanulate ; sepals 5, ovate. Petals as many
inserted in throat, included. Stamens 5, alternate and perigynously
inserted with petals, included. Germen half-superior, 1 -celled;
placentas 2, 3, parietal, go -ovulate, opposite the carpels ; styles as
many, short, capitate at stigmatose apex. Capsule small half- superior
included membranous, at apex loculicidal, 2, 3-valved ; seeds go ,
oblong subrugose. — An annual (very small) glabrous herb, sprinkled
with deep-brown glands ; leaves alternate spathulate entire exsti-
pulate ; flowers terminal solitary pedunculate (Chili, North America).
See p. 331 .
13. Leptarrhena R. Br. — Receptacle subcampanulate; sepals 5,
and petals as many alternate spathulate, inserted in mouth. Stamens
10, 2-seriate, perigynously inserted with petals ; filaments subulate ;
anthers 1- celled, 2-valved. Carpels 2, scarcely cohering at base and
inserted in bottom of receptacle, terminating in short styles stigma-
tose at simple apex ; ovules go , inserted on subbasilar placentas,
ascending. Carpels when mature erect-beaked coriaceous, dehiscent
within ; seeds go , basilar scobiform ; testa membranous much pro-
duced at both ends ; nucleus minute. — A herb ; root slender,
1-3 -headed ; leaves petiolate persistent obovate serrate ; petiole
426 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
sheathing at base ; scape simple erect, sparingly glandular, 1,
2-braoteate, bearing small racemose- cymose flowers at base {Nor ( It-
West America, Kamtchatka). See p. 331.
14. Tolmiea Torr. & Gray. — Eeceptacle elongate-obconical
subcampanulate, oblique at base, membranous, longitudinally split
in front ; sepals 5, unequal ; larger 3 posticous imbricate. Petals 5
or 4 (anterior deficient) long capillary, inserted between sepals, finally
pendulous. Stamens 3, inserted in throat of receptacle, opposite
posterior sepals ; filaments free ; anthers basifixed, 2-celled ; cells
laterally longitudinally rimose, finally confluent at apex. Germen
shortly stipitate elongated, 1 -celled; styles 2, subulate, stigmatose at
capitellate apex ; placentas parietal 2, od -ovulate. Capsule exserted
from receptacle, elongated, 2-valved between styles at apex, 2-beaked.
Seeds co , minute, globose muricate. — A perennial herb ; rhizome
cylindroid ; branches annual erect; leaves cauline and radical, petiolate
cordate incised-lobate ; stipules membranous; flowers in terminal
slender racemes ; pedicels nutant ; bracts small ; bractlets bristly
{North America). See p. 331.
15. Eremosyne Endl. — Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle con-
cave subhemispherical. Sepals 5, oblong and petals 5, sometimes
long-bristly at base, perigynous. Stamens 5, inserted and alternating
with petals ; filaments markedly dilated, at base ; anthers minute.
Germen half-inferior ; styles 2, divaricate, stigmatose at cajDitellate
apex; cells 2, 1-ovuled; ovule inserted in bottom of internal corner,
ascending; micropyle introrse (?) inferior. Capsule half-superior
compressed transversely to septum, membranous strigose, sub-2-
dynious, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds ascending albuminous. — A
low annual strigose-hairy herb ; leaves alternate ; " radical entire " ;
cauline sessile, pectinate-pinnatifid at base ; flowers very small
in repeatedly dichotomous cy mules {South- East Australia). See
p. 332.
16. Vahlia Thunb. — Flowers pentamerous ; receptacle concave
hemispherical or obconical. Sepals valvate. Petals as many, shorter.
Stamens 5, epigynously inserted with perianth round a small annular
disk; filaments free, sometimes concave much-dilated at base;
8AXIFBAQAGE2E. ■ 427
anthers introrse 2-celled. Germen inferior, 2- or more rarely
3-celled ; styles 2, 3, free, stigmatose at capitellate apex ; placentas
subovoid, pendulous from apex of cell, go -ovulate. Capsule at apex
2, 3-valved. Seeds go , minute oblong. — Annual herbs, often pubes-
cent or glandular ; branches sub-2-chotomous ; leaves opposite entire
exstipulate ; flowers pedunculate or sessile axillary, paired, or (the
leaves changing into bracts) racemose or spicate at tops of twigs
{Tropical and Southern Africa, Tropical and Subtropical Asia). See
p. 332.
17? Donatia Forst. — Receptacle obconical. Sepals 5, inserted
in throat, or more rarely 6-8. Petals as many, or 9, 10, linear or
ovate. Stamens 3, or more rarely 2, epigynous, alternating with
styles and adnate to their base ; filaments soon free, subulate ;
anthers extrorse 2-dymous. Germen inferior, 2, 3-celled ; placentas
short affixed from internal corner of cell, co -ovulate ; styles as many
subulate, stigmatose at unthickened or capitellate apex. Capsule
crowned by calyx, 2- or more often 3-celled, many-seeded, finally
gaping at apex. — Low densely csespitose moss-like herbs ; leaves
alternate densely imbricate linear thickly coriaceous entire, hairy at
base; flowers (sometimes 1 -sexual by abortion) terminal sessile;
bractlets few below the flower, sometimes passing into sepals
{Southern Antarctic America, Tasmania, New Zealand). See p. 332.
II. PENTHORE.E.
18. Penthoruin L. — Flowers 5, 6-merous; receptacle capuli-
form. Sepals 5, 6, valvate or slightly imbricate. Petals as many
small, or 0. Stamens twice as many as sepals, perigynously inserted
with them ; anthers basifixed, introrsely or laterally 2-rimose. Scales
0. Carpels 5, 6, alternating with sepals, adnate within at base to
receptacle, soon free, tapering into short diverging styles stigmatose
at capitellate apex ; placentas thick inserted in ventral angle of each
ovary ; ovules co , anatropous. Carpels 5, 0, inserted in common
receptacle, dry valvately obliquely or transversely separating and
dehiscing above receptacle ; seeds go , sometimes oblong papillose,
sometimes ovoid ; embryo rather fleshy, straight in axis of albumen ;
albumen rather fleshy (frequently scanty). — Perennial erect herbs ;
428 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
branches terete or angulate at apex ; leaves alternate membranous,
tapering at both ends, subsessile ; flowers in several terminal 1-
parous many flowered cymes {North East America, China). See p. 334.
III. CEPHALOTE.E.
19. Cephalotus Labill. — Flowers regular small ; receptacle
cupulate, lined by a glandular papilligerous disk. Perianth (calyx
? ?) coloured, 6-foliolate, valvate, persistent. Stamens 12, peri-
gynously inserted with perianth ; 6 larger, alternating with leaves,
and 6 superposed ; filaments free subulate ; anthers 2-dymous
introrse, longitudinally dehiscent, finally versatile ; connective tumid
subglanclular. Carpels 6, free, inserted at bottom of receptacle round
a small central process, alternating with perianth-leaves; ovaries 1-
celled, shortly stipitate, tapering into uncinate styles, stigmatose at
apex; ovules solitary (or more rarely 2) subbasilar, inserted in internal
angle ascending, anatropous ; micropyle inferior, introrse. Follicles
6, surrounded at base by persistent receptacle and perianth, shortly
stipitate crinite, longitudinally gaping within. Seed suberect ; testa
pallid membranous ; albumen fleshy ; embryo axile minute. — A
perennial herb ; rhizome short ; leaves all radical alternate petiolate
exstipulate ; some oblong entire not-ribbed ; others changed to
pendulous ascidia, with ringed operculate mouth. Flowers alter-
nately cymose in an erect scape bare at base ; cymes 1-bracteate ;
pedicels ebracteate {South Eastern Australia). See p. 335.
IV. PARNASSIEiE.
20. Parnassia T. — Flowers regular hermaphrodite; receptacle
shortly cupuliform. Sepals 5, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5,
alternate, subsessile, entire or fimbriate, imbricate patent rnarces-
cent. Stamens 5, more or less perigynously inserted with alternate
petals ; anthers ovate or cordate, subintrorse 2-rimose. Scales 5,
oppositipetalous, clavate at base, cuneate or multifid ; lacinia) gland-
uliferous at apex. Germen for the most part superior, ovoid,
1 -celled; placentas 3, 4, parietal (lateral cells 2); ovules go , ana-
tropous ; style very short thick, soon divided into 3 or 4 stigma-
tiferous lobes, opposite to placentas. Fruit partly or almost wholly
SAXIFRAGACE2E. 429
superior, capsular membranous, loculicidally 3, 4-valved. Seeds oo ,
inserted in the middle of valves, scobiform ; testa loose sacciform or
subalate ; albumen fleshy thin ; embryo central cylindrical. — Per-
ennial glabrous scapigerous herbs ; " radical" leaves alternate petio-
late, oblong ovate or reniform ; scape angulate, 1 -flowered, folli-
ferous to middle, sometimes polyphyllous (Cold regions and Temperate
marshes of Northern Hemisphere, mountainous India). See p. 337.
V. FEANCOEiE.
21. Francoa Cav. — Flowers hermaphrodite regular; calyx 4-
partite regular, valvate or slightly imbricate. Petals 4, alternate,
equal, imbricate or contorted. Stamens 8, 2-seriate (4 longer
alternipetalous), slightly perigynous with perianth ; filaments free ;
anthers oblong, introrse 2-rirnose. Glands 8, inserted with stamens
and alternating, erect. Germen free oblong, 4-gonous, 4-lobed at
apex ; cells 4, complete or incomplete, oppositipetalous ; ovules co ,
anatropous, inserted in internal angle ; style short, soon dilated into
4-partite urceolate stigma. Capsule surrounded at base by per-
sistent calyx, coriaceous elongated 4-gonous, 4-lobed, septicidally 4-
valved ; valves coherent, septiferous in middle, receding at apex from
persistent style. Seeds oo , small oblong curved ; testa loosely
membranous corrugated-striolate ; albumen fleshy ; embryo axile
terete small. — Perennial herbs, glandular- pilose or tomentose ;
rhizome thick perennial ; leaves alternate crowded, lyrate-pinnatifid
or pinnate, glandular-dentate or sublobate, net-veined ; attenuated
base tapering subalate imitating petiole ; stipules 0 ; flowers in simple
or more rarely branching racemes, bare at base and erect; flowers
(rarely 5-merous) bracteate ; bract more or less carried up with
axillary pedicel {Chili). See p. 339.
22. Tetilla DC. — Flowers irregular ; calyx 4-partite ; sepals
unequal ; posterior larger ; praefloration valvate. Petals 4 ; anterior
2 much smaller or 0. Stamens 8, 2-seriate ; posterior larger. Glands
as many, alternating with stamens, erect, subclavate at apex.
Germen 2-4-celled and style of Francoa. Capsule oblong papyr-
aceous, 4-lobed, loculicidally 4-valved. Seeds go , very small oblong ;
testa thin striolate ; embryo minute subterete, axile in fleshy albu-
430 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
men.— A. perennial subacaulescent glandular-pilose herb; rhizome
thin ; leaves radical petiolate rotundate-cordate, sinuate-dentate,
palmiveined, ribbed ; petiole sheathing ; flowers in loose elongated
simple racemes, bare at base ; pedicels thin bracteate at base {Chili).
See p. 340.
VI. HYDRANGEA.
23. Hydrangea L. — Flowers usually 2-morphous ; exterior of
inflorescence often sterile subapetalous, with much enlarged calyx.
Receptacle concave in fertile flowers, usually sacciform ; perianth
and androceum inserted on margin. Sepals 4, 5, in fertile flowers
equal, small, sometimes dentiform ; in sterile broadly petaloid veined
unequal (exterior usually larger). Petals 4, 5, valvate. Stamens
8-10, 2-seriate; filaments slender, inserted outside base of epigynous
disk ; anthers short 2-celled, subintrorsely or marginally rimose.
Germen inferior included in concavity of receptacle ; cells 2-4,
complete or incomplete ; placentas as many, more or less introflexed,
co -ovulate ; style 2-4-branched nearly from base or to a variable,
depth ; branches stigmatose at apex or within. Capsule mem-
branous, topped by calyx and styles ; cells 2, 4, dehiscent from
vertex between styles. Seeds co , minute, ascending or transverse ;
testa membranous, sometimes produced beyond nucleus ; albumen
thin fleshy ; embryo axile cylindrical ; cotyledons short. — Trees, or
more often shrubs, sometimes climbing ; leaves opposite petiolate,
often persistent, entire, serrate or lobate, exstipulate ; flowers in
cymes, often 1 -parous, subcorymbose ; bracts of inflorescence basilar
deciduous {Eastern and Central or Southern mountainous Asia, Java,
North East and South- West America). See p. 340.
24. Platycrater Sieb & Zucc.— Flowers of Hydrangea, 4, 5-me-
rous, or more rarely 2, 3-merous. Stamens co , epigynous, co -seriate,
anthers varying in form, sometimes subcordate-truncate {Cardiandra),
at apex stigmatose, more or less capitate. Capsule dehiscent between
styles. Seeds co , ascending oblong • testa thin reticulate produced
into a wing on both sides; embryo albuminous. — Shrubs; leaves
opposite or alternate {Cardiandra) exstipulate, serrate or dentate, de-
8AXIFUAGACEJE. 431
ciduous ; inflorescence and exterior sterile flowers of Hydrangea
(Japan). See p. 342.
25. Pileostegia Hook. f. & Thoms. — Flowers (nearly of Hy-
drangea), 4, 5-merous ; sepals short, imbricate. Petals as many,
valvate, coherent-calyptrate. Stamens 8-10. Germen inferior, 4, 5-
celled ; style thick columnar subclavate ; apex conical truncate ; angles
4, 5, longitudinally stigmatose. Capsule 4, 5 -celled (of Hydrangea). —
Glabrous shrubs ; leaves opposite exstipulate petiolate oblong-obovate
acuminate, entire or serrate; flowers in branching compound ter-
minal racemes (Temperate and East Asia). See p. 342.
26. Dichroa Lour. — Flowers nearly of Pileostegia, all fertile;
petals 5, G, valvate. Stamens 10-12, epigynous. Germen inferior,
incompletely 3-6-celled ; styles 3-6, diverging subclavate, stig-
matiferous at apex within. Fruit baccate (deep blue), in great part
inferior, indehiscent. Seeds co , of Hydrangea. — A shrub ; branches
rather thick ; leaves alternate petiolate ovate-acuminate serrate ex-
stipulate; flowers in compound corymbiform terminal cymes (Southern
China, Himalaya, Java, Philippine Islands). See p. 343.
27. Broussaisia Gaudich. — Flowers nearly of Dic/iroa, poly-
gamous-dioecious ; germen of male flowers imperfect, for the most part
superior. Petals in female flowers small or squamiform. Germen
5 -celled ; style thick short subconical, apex thickened to a radiate-
5-lobed mass ; placentas thick, simple or more often 2-partite. Berry
globose many-seeded. — A small shrub ; branches thick terete ; leaves
opposed or subverticillate ; petiole exstipulate, dilated at base ; flowers
in terminal compound corymbiform racemes (Sandwich Islands).
See p. 343.
VII. PHILADELPHE.E.
28. Deutzia Thunb. — Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle sub-
campanulate. Sepals 5, valvate ; petals as many alternate, imbricate
or induplicate-valvate, inserted in throat. Stamens 10, 2-seriate
inserted with perianth below edge of glandular epigynous disk ; fila-
ments flat, subulate or 3-fid at dilated apex ; middle lobe antheri-
432 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
ferous; anthers subglobose-2-dymous, introrse 2-rimose. Germen
inferior ; cells 3, 4, complete or incomplete ; styles as many elongated-
filiform, surrounded at base by a disk, thickened by degrees above,
stigmatose at apex or within. Ovules go , anatropous, oc -seriate,
obliquely imbricate, inserted on thick fleshy placentas, Capsule sub-
globose, corticate, tardily septicidal between styles. Seeds oo , ascend-
ing oblong compressed; testa membranous reticulate produced at both
ends beyond nucleus ; embryo axile in fleshy albumen. — Pubescent
or scabrous shrubs ; hairs usually stellate ; leaves opposite (subde-
ciduous) ovate or lanceolate, serrate exstipulate ; flowers solitary
axillary, or in simple or cymiferous axillary or terminal racemes ;
pedicels opposite (Himalaya, China, Japan). See p. 343.
29. Philadelphus L. — Flowers nearly of Deutzia, 4- or more rarely
5-merous ; calyx valvate ; petals imbricate or convolute. Stamens
go , disk and germen of Deutzia ; placentas 3-5 ; style partite more
or less deeply or to base. Capsule (3-5-celled) and seeds of Deutzia. —
Shrubs ; leaves opposite, entire or serrate ; inflorescence of Deutzia
(Central Europe, Himalaya, Japan, North America}. See p. 344.
30. Decumaria L. — Flowers nearly of Philadelphus, G-10-merous ;
receptacle turbinate-campanulate. Germen inferior, 5-10-celled;
ovules co , descending pluriseriate. Capsule subturbinate ; apex
crowned by thick capitate style ; pericarp fragile thin, 2-lamellate,
bursting between ribs and veins ; septa membranous. Seeds go ,
albuminous (of Deutzia or Philadelphus). — A sarmentose climbing
shrub ; leaves opposite transparent-lineolate, petiolate, exstipulate ;
flowers in branching corymbiform cymes (North America). See
p. 346.
31. Fendlera Engelm & Gray. — Receptacle shortly turbinate, 8-
ribbed. Valvate sepals 4, and petals 4, alternating inserted on
margin of receptacle. Stamens S, 2-seriate, perigynously inserted
with perianth ; filaments flat, 2-partite at apex • lobes divaricated,
produced beyond cuspidate anther. Germen half-superior ; cells 4,
oppositipetalous ; branches of style 4, stigmatose at apex ; ovules go ,
descending. Capsule partly superior conoidal, septicidally 4-valved.
Seeds go, descending imbricate; testa reticulate- winged below;
8AXIFBAGA0E2E. 433
albumen scanty ; embryo axile. — An erect shrub ; leaves opposite
subsessile oblong entire, 3-ribbed at base, exstipulate ; flowers pedun-
culate 1-3, terminating short twigs (Texas, North Mexico). See
p. 346.
32. Jamesia Torr. & Gray. — Receptacle very shortly turbinate ;
sepals 5, 3-angular-ovate, sometimes 2-ficl. Petals 5, alternate, con-
volute. Stamens 10, 2-seriate ; filaments linear complanate ; anthers
introrse, sub-2-dymous. Germen to a great extent superior, adnate
at base inside receptacle, 1-celled ; placentas 3-5, parietal, oo -
ovulate ; branches of style 3-2, subextemally stigmatose at apex.
Capsule surrounded by calyx at base, incompletely 3-5-celled, dehis-
cent at apex between styles. Seeds co , ovate ; testa shining ; embryo
albuminous axile. — A branching shrub ; back deciduous ; leaves
opposite petiolate ovate largely serrate, beneath white-pubescent,
exstipulate, deciduous ; flowers in terminal compound cymiferous
racemes (Rocl// Mountains of North Mexico). See p. 347.
33. Carpenteria Torr. — Receptacle cupuliform subhemispherical.
Sepals 5-7, valvate and petals as many alternate, convolute, inserted
on margin of receptacle. Stamens co , slightly perigynous with
perianth, free ; anthers shortly oblong. Germen to a great extent
superior ; cells 5-7 ; ovules co , go -seriately inserted on rather
prominent 2-lobed placentas ; style 5-7-fid ; apex linear stigmatose.
Capsule conical-ovoid, surrounded by calyx at base, 5-7 -celled,
loculicidal. Seeds co , inserted on subglobose projected placentas ;
testa loose reticulate ; albumen fleshy ; embryo axile. — A shrub ;
bark deciduous ; branches 4-gonous ; leaves opposite petiolate exsti-
pulate, elliptical- oblong or lanceolate-entire, 3-plicostate at base ;
flowers few, in simple racemose cymes (Mountainous California).
See p. 347.
34. "Whipplea Torr. — Receptacle shortly turbinate. Sepals 5-6,
and petals as many alternate imbricate (?) inserted on margin of
receptacle. Stamens 10-12, perig}Tnous ; filaments subulate free;
anthers 2-dymous. Germen adnate at base to receptacle, ovoid ; cells
4, 5 ; styles as many, longitudinally stigmatose at apex within :
ovule 1 in each cell, inserted below apex, descending. Capsule sub-
VOL. III. p f
434 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
globose, adnate to receptacle at base, parting into 3-5 cocci, dehiscent
within 1 -seeded. Seeds oblong ; embryo in apex of fleshy albumen,
minute. — A slender undershrub, simple or sparingly branching,
strio-ose ; leaves opposite petiolate exstipulate ovate paucidentate, 3-
ribbed at base, deciduous; flowers (small) in terminal racemes {Cali-
fornia). See p. 347.
35. Pterostemon Schauer. — Eeceptacle turbinate ; calyx 5-merous
valvate, and petals 5, alternate imbricate, inserted on margin.
Stamens 10, perigynously inserted with perianth; filaments coin -
planate ; alternipetalous, 5 broader 3-dentate at apex ; tooth in
middle bearing an oblong cuspidate introrse anther. Germen to a
great extent inferior ; cells 5, oppositipetalous ; style erect, 5 -fid at
apex; lacinise stigmatose at truncate apex; placentas axile, co -ovulate.
Capsule aclnate to receptacle, crowned by persistent calyx and dried
staminal filaments, dehiscent by 5-10 teeth at apex ; septa mem-
branous disrupted. Seeds co ; testa cartilaginous ; embryo axile
albuminous [PMladeljjhus). — A branching shrub ; small twigs terete
rather hairy ; leaves alternate shortly petiolate obovate glandular ;
stipules minute ; flowers in corymbiform cymes {Mexico). See
p. 348.
VIII. ESCALLONIE.E.
36. Escallonia L. fil. — Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous ; re-
ceptacle concave shortly tubular, turbinate or hemispherical. Calyx
inserted in margin; prsefloration valvate or imbricate. Petals
alternate, imbricate ; claw erect ; lamina finally patent. Stamens 5,
inserted with alternate petals below edge of epigynous disk ; fila-
ments free filiform ; anthers introrse 2-rimose. Germen inferior,
adnate to receptacle ; cells 2, 3, complete or incomplete ; ovules co ,
anatropous, clothing inflated placentas ; style simple erect ; apex
stigmatose capitate subentire or 2, 3-lobed. Capsule crowned by
calyx and style, at base septicidally 2, 3-valved ; placentas filiform,
usually adhering to axis. Seeds co , minute linear-oblong; testa
membranous, often loose, sometimes fimbriate at base; albumen
fleshy ; embryo axile.— Trees or shrubs, often glandular-pubescent ;
leaves alternate, entire or serrate (evergreen) exstipulate ; flowers in
BAXIFRAGACEM 435
simple or branching racemes, usually terminal, rarely axillary
{Southern America, especially the West). See p. 348.
37. Valdivia Kemy. — Flowers nearly of Escallonia, 5-7-merous ;
germen perfectly or imperfectly 2, 3-celled. Petals at base bearded
inside, valvate. Capsule membranous, indehiscent (?) ; placentas
globose foveolate, co -seeded. Seeds minute; testa sulcate ; embryo
in base of small oily albumen. — A little low subherbaceous shrub ;
leaves alternate or subopposite obovate-lanceolate acute sharply
glandular-eroded or dentate, exstipulate ; flowers in short axillary
racemes {Chili). See p. 350.
38. Q,uintinia A. DC. — Flowers nearly of Escallonia ; receptacle
obconical. Sepals 5, ovate or 3-angular, minute, persistent, and
petals 5, alternate, imbricate, deciduous, inserted in throat of
receptacle. Stamens 5, inserted with alternate petals ; anthers
ovate introrse. Germen to a great extent inferior ; cells 3-5, com-
plete or incomplete ; style stigmatose capitate at apex, 3-5-lobed ;
ovules co , 2-seriate. Capsule inferior or half-inferior, 3-5-ribbed ;
often 1-celled owing to placentas being more or less retracted,
dehiscent at conical vertex between lobes of style. Seeds co , elong-
ated fusiform ; testa membranous loose expanded to thin wing ;
embryo in fleshy minute albumen. — Small trees or shrubs ; leaves
persistent alternate petiolate, oblong or lanceolate, entire or serrate,
glabrous ; stipules 0 ; flowers in simple or branching axillary and
terminal racemes {Australia, New Zealand). See p. 350.
39. Forgesia Commers. — Eeceptacle turbinate. Sepals 5, free,
valvate. Petals 5, connate at very base to a gamopetalous corolla,
3-angular, valvate. Stamens 5, alternipetalous, inserted round
thick annular disk ; filaments free ; anthers 2-celled, introrse
2-rimose. Germen to a great extent inferior; styles 2, free,
thickened at base, stigmatose within at thickened sub-2-lobate
apex ; cells 2, complete or incomplete ; placentas thick 2-lobed in
each cell, ovuliferous on both lobes. Capsule partly superior,
2-celled, 2-beaked by styles, dehiscent between styles ; epicarp
finally seceding from mesocarp. Seeds co , small... — A small gla-
brous shrub (turning black when dried) ; leaves alternate petiolate
F F 2
436 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
lanceolate glandular- serrate exstipulate; flowers in lax cymiferous
terminal racemes (Bourdon). See p. 351.
40. Argophyllum Forst. — Flowers hermaphrodite ; receptacle
scarcely or more or less cupuliform. Sepals 5, 6, inserted on margin,
3-angular, valvate. Petals as many, alternate, valvate, with a thick
petaloid internal scale, silky-fimbriate above. Stamens 5, 6, in-
serted and alternating with petals ; filaments free ; anthers introrse
2-rimose. Germen almost wholly, or partly superior ; cells 2-4, or
5, G, oppositipetalous ; ovules oo , anatropous, inserted on a more or
less unequal-tumid placenta affixed by short stipe to internal angle.
Capsule surrounded by receptacle and calyx, loculicidally 2-G-valved;
valves sometimes bipartite. Seeds co , minute ; testa rugose cancel-
late ; albumen fleshy ; embryo minute axile. — Silky-pubescent
shrubs; leaves alternate petiolate coriaceous, whitish or rusty
below, entire or coarsely dentate ; stipules 0 ; flowers in axillary
and terminal corymbiform cymes (Neiv Caledonia, Australia). See
p. 351.
41 ? Carpodetus Forst. — Flowers nearly of Argopl/yllum ; recep-
tacle turbinate. Sepals 5, 6, narrow, deciduous. Petals as many,
valvate. Stamens as many, perigynously inserted with perianth ;
anthers introrse. Germen of Argophyllum, inferior, 3-6-locular,
crowned with 5-lobed glandular disk ; lobes obtuse oppositipetalous.
Fruit coriaceous-fleshy, surrounded halfway up by cicatrix of perianth,
indehiscent ; cells 3-6, many-seeded. Seeds small, descending,
long-funiculate ; testa foveolate ; embryo minute albuminous. — A
branching small tree ; leaves alternate (evergreen) ovate-lanceolate,
glandular-serrate petiolate ; stipules scarcely conspicuous ; flowers
in compound axillary, terminal or leaf-opposed cymes {New Zealand).
See p. 352.
42. Berenice Tul. — Flowers nearly of Argopliyllum or Caipodetus,
5-merous ; receptacle concave hemispherical eglandulose. Perianth
valvate and stamens 5, epigynous. Germen inferior, 3, 4-celled;
ovules go ; placentas of Carpodetus ; style cylindrical erect ; apex
very thick globose stigmatose. Capsule crowned by calyx, loculi-
cidally 3-valved at flat or depressed apex. Seeds co ; testa rugose ;
SAXTFBA GA CEM. 437
embryo axile albuminous. — An undershrub ; branches slender ;
leaves alternate, ovate or oblong, acuminate, narrowly serrulate ;
flowers in lax branching terminal racemes ; pedicels pluribracteate
{Bourbon). See p. 352.
43. Polyosma Bl. — Receptacle oblong-ovoid or turbinate ; throat
much contracted. Calyx superior short, 4-dentate, persistent. Petals
4, alternate and epigynously inserted with sepals, linear, valvate, de-
ciduous. Stamens 4, inserted and alternating with petals ; filaments
free ; anthers elongated basifixed, introrse, longitudinally 2-rimose.
Germen inferior, 1 -celled ; style slender; base dilated after anthesis;
apex more or less thickened stigmatose ; placentas 2, parietal in-
truded ; ovules co , anatropous. Berry ovoid ; apex masked by
cicatrix of perianth; 1-celled. Seed 1, ascending filling cell;
testa rather thick ; embryo minute below apex of thick fleshy
albumen. — Branching trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate or opposite,
petiolate simple exstipulate persistent ; flowers rarely solitary, in
multifloral terminal racemes; bractlets 1, 2 below receptacle {South-
east Asia, warm Oceania). See p. 353.
44. Itea L. — Flowers nearly of Polj/osma ; receptacle obconical or
subcampanulate. Sepals 5, ovate or subulate, imbricate, persistent}
and petals as many alternate valvate, inflexed at very apex ; after-
wards patent or reflexed, inserted in margin of receptacle. Stamens 5}
inserted with alternate petals below edge of perigynous disk ; fila-
ments free subulate ; anthers introrse 2-rimose. Germen half- or
almost wholly superior ; cells 2, complete or incomplete ; style
erect simple, finally 2-partible ; apex stigmatose capitate ; ovules co ,
sometimes few, 2-seriate on parietal placentas. Capsule to a great
extent superior, conical or oblong, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds co ,
or few fusiform ; testa laxly membranous produced on both sides,
sometimes crustaceous shining ; albumen fleshy ; embryo axile
cylindrical. — Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate petiolate exstipu-
late, oblong or lanceolate, glandular-dentate or crenate ; flowers in
simple racemes sometimes much elongated, axillary and terminal
{North America, Mountainous Central and Eastern Asia, Java). See
p. 353.
438 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
45. Phyllononia W. — Eeceptacle obconical. Sepals and petals 5,
alternate, valvate, inserted in throat. Stamens 5, inserted with
alternate petals under edge of epigynous disk ; filaments free ; anthers
2-dymous, introrse. Germen adnate to receptacle, 1 -celled ; style
very short ; stigmatose lobes 2, recurved ; placentas 2, parietal,
co -ovulate. Berry small, crowned by cicatrix of perianth. Seeds co ,
more often few ; testa coriaceous rugose ; embryo minute globose-
pyriform in base of fleshy albumen. — Glabrous trees or shrubs ; leaves
alternate petiolate exstipulate ovate-lanceolate acuminate, entire
or serrate ; flowers (minute) inserted in upper surface of leaves below
apex of midrib, shortly racemose-cymose {Mexico, New Granada).
See p. 354.
46. Clioristylis Harv. — Flowers (nearly of Phyllonoma) poly-
gamous ; receptacle shortly obconical ; sepals 5, and petals as many,
alternate deltoid perigynous valvate. Stamens 5 alternipetalous ; fila-
ments perigynous free short ; anthers introrse 2-rimose. Germen half-
inferior ; cells 2, complete or incomplete, co -ovulate ; styles 2,
stigmatose at capitellate apex, at first erect- coalite, afterwards freed
recurved. Capsule half-superior, conical at apex, septicidally
dehiscent by styles. Seeds co ; embryo...? — A shrub (habit of
Celastrum or Mhamnus) ; leaves alternate ovate-oblong acute glandular-
serrate petiolate exstipulate ; flowers small in small branching supra-
axillary racemes {Southern Africa). See p. 355.
47 ? Sticlioneuron Hook f. & Thoms. — Flowers hermaphrodite
or polygamous, minute ; receptacle concave obconical (in males very
short) ; perianth-leaves 4, or more rarely 5, inserted in margin of
receptacle ; prsefloration imbricate. Stamens 4, 5, subepigynously
inserted with perianth-leaves and opposite to them ; filaments free,
dilated at base, finally elongated ; anthers short sub-2-dymous,
oblique within at top of filament, introrse 2-rimose. Germen (in
male flower 0) included in concavity of receptacle, inferior, 1- celled ;
style very short ; lobes 2, obtuse stigmatose ; placentas 2, parietal,
alternating with lobes of style, co -ovulate. Fruit...? — A small
shrub (?) ; branching nodose at leaves (articulate ?) ; leaves alternate
shortly petiolate oblong-lanceolate acuminate entire membranous
glabrous, penni veined, 3-5-plicostate at base, transversely veined ;
SAXIFBAGACE^!. 439
flowers in axillary filiform racemes, bare at base, densely bracteate at
apex ; bracts 1 -flowered ; pedicels articulated above middle (Fast
Indies). See p. 355.
IX. BKEXIE.E.
48. Brexia Dup.-Th. — Flowers hermaphrodite ; receptacle slightly
convex. Sepals 5, imbricate, deciduous. Petals 5, alternate ; prse-
floration twisted or imbricate. Stamens 5, alternipetalous, hypo-
gynously inserted with perianth ; filaments subulate alternating with
subulate-conical unequal lobes of thick disk (larger lobes 2, lateral
to filament) ; anthers oblong-sagittate, introrse 2-rimose. Germen
free, surrounded at base by sessile disk, ovate-5-gonous ; cells 5,
oppositipetalous, complete or incomplete ; ovules go , 2-seriate on
(sometimes pulpy) placentas. Fruit drupaceous ; mesocarp thin or
woody, afterwards 1 -celled. Seeds 00, ovate-oblong, unequally com-
pressed or angulate ; testa black coriaceous ; cotyledons of thick
embryo amygdaloid ; radicle short ; albumen fleshy thin. — Glabrous
small trees or shrubs ; twigs thick ; leaves alternate (evergreen)
coriaceous, entire or spiny-dentate ; stipules very small, scarcely
conspicuous ; flowers cymose, inserted in top of axillary, usually
rather compressed, sometimes subcladodiform peduncle (Madagascar).
See p. 355.
49. Anopterus Labill. — Flowers nearly of Brexia; receptacle
very shortly cupuliform. Sepals 5-9, and petals as many alternate,
imbricate, shortly perigynous on margin of receptacle. Stamens
5-9, alternipetalous ; filaments subulate, dilated at base ; anthers
cordate-oblong versatile, introrse 2-rimose. Germen for the most
part superior, 1-locular, tapering to short style at apex ; style
finally 2-partible ; apex 2-lobed, stigmatose within ; placentas 2,
parietal, 00 -ovulate. Capsule oblong coriaceous surrounded at base
by persistent calyx, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds oo , inserted in
edges of valves ; testa membranous dilated-winged towards hilum ;
nucleus small apical ; albumen fleshy ; embryo minute axile. — Small
trees or shrubs, quite glabrous ; leaves alternate persistent petiolate
exstipulate elongated acuminate, glandular-dentate or serrate, coria-
440 NATURAL HIS TOBY OF PLANTS.
ceous; flowers in terminal racemes; bracts leafy deciduous {Moun-
tainous Australia, Tasmania). See p. 357.
50. Ixerba A. Cunn. — Mowers hermaphrodite; receptacle sub-
convex. Sepals 5, connate at very base, imbricate, patent, deciduous.
Petals as many alternate free, imbricate. Stamens 5, alternipetalous ;
filaments free; anthers introrse, 2-celled, longitudinally rimose,
versatile. Germen free, surrounded at base by a 5-lobed disk
between stamens, 5 -ribbed ; style subulate, 5 -furrowed, twisted,
stigmatose at tapering apex; cells of ovary 5, oppositipetalous,
2-ovulate. Ovule collaterally descending subanatropous ; micropyle
introrse superior. Capsule thickly coriaceous, 5-celled, loculicidally
dehiscent to valves through 5-partible style; cells 1, 2-seeded. Seeds
descending half-anatropous ; hilum linear-elongated arillate ; embryo
and albumen fleshy ; cotyledons elliptical oblong amygdaloid ; radicle
short superior. — A glabrous tree ; leaves alternate opposite and sub-
verticillate, linear-elongated, glandular-serrate petiolate exstipulate,
evergreen; flowers in short axillary cymes {New Zealand). See
p. 358.
51. Boussea Sm. — Receptacle shortly and broadly obconical.
Sepals 4, 5, equal or unequal, valvate, persistent, afterwards renexed.
Petals as many inserted with alternate sepals in edge of receptacle,
united into a campanulate corolla, villous outside, valvate, afterwards
renexed or revolute at apex. Stamens 4, 5, inserted between 4, 5
arcuate lobes of disk confluent with base of germen ; filaments thick
erect ; anthers oblong-sagittate extrorse. Germen almost wholly
superior, 4-7 -gonous-p}Tamidate; style thick erect; apex subglobose,
4-7-lobed stigmatose ; cells 4-7 oppositipetalous, ovules go , co -seriate
on thick placentas. Berry ovate-pyramidate subexsuccous,4-7-gonous;
septa rather fleshy. Seeds go , nestling in pulp ; albumen fleshy,
embryo small axile. — A glabrous climbing shrub ; small branches
terete thick ; leaves opposite and verticillate, petiolate, ovate or
oblong, glandular-serrate coriaceous, exstipulate; flowers axillary
solitary or few, bursting from bracteate buds, nutant {Mascarene Is.).
See p. 358.
5:2. Abrophyllum Hook, f. — Mowers 5-6-merous ; receptacle
8AXIFBAGAGEJE. 441
hardly cupulate. Sepals short, deciduous. Petals alternate, valvate
deciduous. Stamens alternipatalous hypogynous under edge of
scarcely conspicuous disk ; anthers oblong, introrse 2-rimose. Germen
oblong-conical ; cells complete ; placentas axile, co -ovulate ; style
short thick, 5, 6-lobsd. Berry small oblong; cells 5, 6, many seeded.
Seeds subglobose ; testa crustaceous cancellate ; albumen fleshy oily ;
embryo axile short. — A shrub ; leaves alternate broad petiolate
exstipulate lanceolate acuminate subserrate membranous ; flowers in
usually 2-chotomous, pedunculate, axillary or terminal cymes {South-
east Australia). See p. 359.
53. Cuttsia F. Muell. — Flowers nearly of Abrophylfam, 5-7-
merous ; receptacle shortly cupulate. Sepals valvate, petals and
stamens equal in number; anthers subovate. Germen for the most
part superior ; cells 5-7, co -ovulate ; style erect cylindrical ; apex
5-7-lobed stigmatose. Capsule almost wholly superior, loculicidally
5-7-valved. — A shrub ; habit leaves and inflorescence of Abrojphyllum
(East Australia). See p. 359.
X. PITTOSPOBE^E.
54. Pittosporum Banks. — Flowers regular ; receptacle convex
or slightly concave. Sepals 5, free or connate at base ; pignoration
imbricate. Petals as many, alternate, sometimes very much narrowed
at base, free or connivent, more or less highly coherent or connate ;
prsefloration imbricate or twisted. Stamens 5 ; filaments subulate,
free or coherent with alternate petals ; anthers erect ovate-oblong,
longitudinally 2-rimose introrse. Germen sessile or shortly stipitate,
imperfectly or perfectly 2-celled (more rarely 3-5-celled) ; style erect ;
apex stigmatose, capitate or more or less lobate. Ovules co on each
placenta, 2-seriate, anatropous, often ascending. Capsule ovoid
obovoid or subglobose, often rather compressed; valves 2 (more
rarely 3-5), coriaceous or subligneous, bearing placentiferous half-
septa in middle. Seeds co , often nestling in viscid fluid, rarely
marginate-alate (Hj/meuosporum) ; albumen fleshy or horny ; embryo
minute contained in a small cavity of albumen near the hilum. —
Small trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate or subverticillate at apices of
442 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
twigs, evergreen, simple, entire or sinuate-dentate, exstipulate ; flowers
terminal, or lateral, solitary or more often in simple or branching,
sometimes corymbose racemes (Asia, Tropical Africa, Pacific Islands,
Australia, New Zealand). See p. 360.
55. Marian thus Hueg. — Flowers 5-merous ; petals free, erect-
connivent at base or more rarely to middle or beyond into a some-
times oblique corolla, patent above. Stamens 5 ; filaments filiform
or dilated (Calopetalofi) ; anthers erect, usually oblong 2-rimose.
Germen sessile or shortly stipitate ; placentas 2, 3, go -ovulate, some-
times contiguous inside ; style filiform. Capsule ovoidal or oblong,
compressed or subinflated, membranous or thinly coriaceous, loculi-
cidal or sometimes septicidal ; seeds subglobose, obovoid or sub-
renifonn, short or muricate corrugated (Rhi/tidosporum) ; funicle
sometimes thickened. — Undershrubs ; branches flexuous procumbent
or voluble ; leaves entire or serrate ; inferior rarely lobate or dissected ;
flowers more rarely solitary in compound cymiferous racemes, some-
times corymbiform or umbelliform, and terminal (Australia). See
p. 362.
56. Bursaria Cav. — Flowers 4- or more often 5-merous ; sepals
very small. Petals narrow spreading almost from base. Stamens 4,
5 ; filaments subulate ; anthers erect, ovoid or oblong, 2-rimose.
Germen placed on thick short, 5-furrowed stipe ; placentas 2, parie-
tal, very prominent ; ovules go ; funicles rather long descending ;
style short. Capsule shortly stipitate thin-coriaceous piano-com-
pressed, broadly orbiculate-sub-2-lobate, loculicidal at edges ; valves
2, hardly freed in middle, impressed outside against dissepiment ;
seeds few reniform compressed. — Eigid shrubs ; abortive twigs
usually spinescent ; leaves small entire, often fascicled ; flowers in
terminal branching compound cymiferous pyramidate racemes (Kiira-
tropical Australia). See p. 362.
57. Sollya Lindl.— Flowers 5-merous ; sepals small. Petals
obovate, spreading from base. Stamens 5 ; filaments a little shorter
than anther; anthers erect connivent into a cone round gynae-
ceum, introrse 2-rimose. Germen sessile ; placentas 2, co -ovulate,
finally contiguous inside ; style short. Berry oblong, indehiscent ;
SAXTFRAGACEJE. 443
seeds globose or subovoid, nestling in viscid pulp. — Undershrubs ;
branches flexuous or voluble ; leaves narrow, entire or sinuate ;
flowers solitary to apices of small branches, pedunculate or more
often laxly racemose-cymose, nutant {South-west Australia). See
p. 363.
58. Cheiranthera A. Cuxn. — Flowers nearly of Sollj/a ; petals
obovate oblong, spreading from base. Stamens 5 ; filaments free ;
anthers longer than filament, more or less decimate secund, 2-porous
at apex. Germen of Sollya ; style subulate. Fruit nearly dry
ovoid, indehiscent ; seeds co , subglobose. — Shrubs or undershrubs ;
branches flexuous or voluble ; leaves narrow entire ; flowers terminal
solitary pedunculate, or peduncles laxly many-flowered, suberect
or nutant {Extra-tropical Australia). See p. 363.
59. Billardiera Sm. — Flowers 5-merous ; sepals distinct, valvate
or imbricate. Petals connivent or coherent beyond middle to a tube,
spreading above. Stamens 5 ; filaments filiform, longer than anthers ;
anthers erect, ovoid or oblong, introrse 2-rimose. Germen sessile ;
placentas 2, finally contiguous, oo -ovulate ; style short or elongate.
Berry ovoidal or oblong, indehiscent ; seeds globose, ovoidal or
reniform, nestling in viscid or subliquid pulp. — Undershrubs ;
branches voluble ; leaves entire or sinuate ; flowers erect at apices of
twigs solitary pedunculate or more often in racemiform, sometimes
corymbose cymes {Extra-tropical Australia). See p. 363.
60? Pronaya Hueg. — Flowers nearly of Billardiera; staminal
filaments filiform or complanate at base ; anthers oblong, at first
erect, soon revolute above, introrse 2-rimose. Germen nearly of
Billardiera ; placentas 2, parietal, go -ovulate ; style short. Fruit
and seeds of Billardiera. — Undershrubs ; branches flexuous or
voluble; leaves narrow entire; flowers in spurious, sometimes
corymbiform, compact terminal racemes {South-west Australia).
Se e p. 364.
61. Citriobatus A. Cunn. — Flowers 4-merous ; sepals distinct
very small. Petals connivent or coherent to a tube beyond middle,
spreading at apex. Stamens 5 ; filaments subulate ; anthers erect
444 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
obloiiff, introrse 2-rimose. Germen subsessile ; placentas 2, parietal
pluriovulate ; style short. Fruit globose, coriaceous or indurated,
indehiscent; seeds few or 1, subglobose nestling in viscid pulp. —
Eigid shrubs, usually armed with short spinescent twigs ; leaves
small, entire or dentate; flowers solitary sessile, small, surrounded
by 2, 3, sepaloid bractlets (Fast Australia). See p. 364.
XI. KIBESIE.E.
G2. Kibes L. — Flowers hermaphrodite or 1-sexual by abortion ;
receptacle hollow ovoid or subspherical, sometimes sacciform. Calyx
tubular or campanulate, inserted in mouth of receptacle above, often
coloured disks ; lobes 4, 5, alternate, usually small squamiform,
included ; pignoration shortly imbricate, or 0. Stamens 4, 5, inserted
with alternate petals in throat of receptacle ; filaments short or elon-
gated, sometimes exserted ; anthers subglobose or 2-dymous, introrse,
2-rimose. Germen inferior, adnate to receptacle, 1-celled ; style 2-fid
or 2-partite to a variable depth at base ; branches simple stigma-
tose at apex ; ovules oo , anatropous, 2—^ -seriate on 2 parietal
placentas (or very rarely 3, 4), alternating with styles. Berry
globose or oblong, crowned at apex by dried calyx, pulpy within.
Seeds go , immersed in pulp ; exterior integument cellulose-gela-
tinous ; interior crustaceous ; albumen fleshy ; embryo minute sub-
terete. — Shrubs ; often glandular-resinous, unarmed or armed with
scattered thorns sometimes pulvinar 2-nate ; leaves alternate, often
fascicled petiolate, entire or more often crenate incised or lobate ;
vernation plicate or convolute ; petiole often dilated at base to lateral
adnate stipules (?) ; flowers racemose or rarely subsolitary ; pedicels
1-bracteate at base, 2-bracteolate at middle {Europe, Temperate Africa
and Asia, Temperate America and Andine South America). See p. 304.
XII. BATTERER.
03. Bauera Banks. — Flowers hermaphrodite, 4-10-merous ;
receptacle sometimes rather concave ; sepals often dentate, imbricate
or subvalvate, persistent. Petals as many alternate subsessile imbri-
cate. Stamens inserted with petals round thin disk, as many alter-
SAXIFRAGACEJZ. 445
nate, or co ; filaments free slender ; anthers sub-2-dymous, introrsely
or laterally rimose. Grermen altogether or almost wholly superior,
hairy, completely or incompletely 2 -celled ; styles 2, usually rather
remote at base, slender recurved, stigmatose at unthickened apex ;
ovules oo , anatropous, co -seriate, transverse or ascending. Capsule
sub-2-dymous compressed, sometimes truncate at apex, loculicidally
2-valved from apex; valves sometimes bipartite; seeds go; testa
coriaceous granulate ; embryo axile nearly terete ; albumen fleshy. —
Branching shrubs, glabrous or glandular-hairy ; leaves opposite, 3-
foliolate (spuriously verticillate) ; leaflets sessile serrate ; stipules 0 ;
flowers solitary axillary pedunculate, subsessile by lateral leaves, or
subsessile (thence subcapitate) by superior leaves {Eastern Temperate
and Southern Australia). See p. 368.
XIII. CUNONIEiE.
64. Cunonia L. — Flowers hermaphrodite ; receptacle rather
convex. Calyx 5-merous ; leaflets deciduous, connate at base ;
prrofloration slightly imbricate. Petals as many, imbricate inserted
with alternate sepals under edge of glandular hypogynous (10-fur-
rowed) disk. Stamens 10, 2-seriate, hypogynous with petals; fila-
ments free exserted ; anthers small, 2-dymous, introrse 2-rimose.
Germen superior; cells 2, complete or incomplete ; styles bipartite
branches subulate-elongated, persistent, simple at stigmatose apex ;
ovules co , 2-seriately descending in each cell. Capsule coriaceous
ovoid-subcompressed, 2 -beaked, septicidally 2-valved ; valves boat-
shaped, gaping above within ; exocarp usually seceding from endo-
carp. Seeds co , oblong angulate compressed ; testa membranous
slightly winged ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons of axile embryo
oblong. — Trees or shrubs ; leaves opposite petiolate, 3-foliolate or
imparipinnate ; leaflets 2, 3-jugal, glandular-serrate ; stipules large
oblong coriaceous, valvate, soon caducous ; flowers racemose ;
racemes axillary dense, opposite, straight, cymiferous on opposite
sides [South Africa, New Caledonia). See p. 369.
65 ? Weinmannia L. — Flowers nearly of Cunonia, hermaphrodite
or polygamous, 4, 5-merous ; receptacle sometimes shortly concave.
Calyx persistent or deciduous. Stamens 8-10, inserted in base of
446 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
free disk. Capsule nearly of Cunonia, septicidally 2-valved ; valves
cymbiform, gaping above within. Seeds go , sometimes few, oblong,
reniform or subglobose ; testa membranous, usually rough with
scattered hairs, sometimes subalate ; albumen, embryo and other
parts of Cunonia. — Trees and shrubs, glabrous or tomentose ; leaves
opposite, simple, 3-foliolate or imparipinnate ; leaflets coriaceous,
often glandular serrate ; rachis sometimes winged ; stipules varying,
sometimes broad, deciduous ; racemes axillary or terminal {Tropical
Continental and insular Asia and Africa, Oceania, New Zealand,
Tropical, Subtropical and Temperate South America). See p. 370.
66. Spirseanthemum A. Gray. — Flowers nearly of Weinmannia,
apetalous, 4, 5-merous. Sepals valvate. Stamens twice as many
or as many (4, 5 alternisepalous, abortive). Glands 4-10, alternate
with stamens. Carpels equal in number to and alternate with
sepals, or 2, 3 (in male flowers rudimentary or sterile), free;
germen 1-celled ; style stigmatose at dilated apex ; ovules 1-5,
or co , 2-seriate in ventral angle. Follicles 1-5, dehiscent inwards.
Seeds 1-co, compressed; testa winged above or on both sides;
embryo albuminous. — Shrubs or small trees ; leaves opposite or
verticillate, petiolate simple ; stipules deciduous ; flowers in axillary
branching racemes ; pedicels articulate {New Caledonia, Islands of
Samoa, Viti, and neighbourhood). See p. 372.
67. Tetracarpaea Hook. f. — Flowers 4-merous; receptacle rather
convex. Sepals free, imbricate. Petals alternate hypogynous ungui-
culate, imbricate. Stamens 8, 2-seriate hypogynous ; filaments
free ; anthers elliptical-oblong marginally rimose. Carpels 4,
oppositipetalous stipitate erect linear-oblong, 1-celled, terminating
in persistent short styles, stigmatose at obtuse apex ; ovules co ,
inserted in internal angle of germen. Follicles 4, coriaceous stipit-
ate, longitudinally dehiscent inwards. Seeds co , minute elongated;
testa loose membranous slightly produced on both sides ; nucleus
minute ; embryo subglobose, nestling in base of fleshy albumen. — A
rigid glabrous low small shrub ; leaves alternate and opposite,
exstipulate, shortly petiolate, thickly coriaceous shining obovate-
oblong irregularly duplicate-serrate ; teeth subglandular ; flowers in
SAXIFRAGACEJE. 447
erect racemes ; bracts glandular-serrate (Mountainous Tasmania).
See p. 373.
68. Geissois Labill. — Flowers apetalous, 4, 5-merous ; sepals
hirsute within, valvate, deciduous. Stamens 8-10, 2-seriate, or
15-25; filaments elongated free, inserted in base of thin hypogynous
disk ; anthers 2-dymous. Grermen free, 1 -celled ; placentas 2,
parietal ; oo -ovulate ; branches of style 2, simple at stigmatose
apex. Capsule coriaceous, elongated or subclavate, septicidally
2-valved. Seeds co , ascending imbricate oblong ; testa membranous,
winged above ; cotyledons of albuminous embryo subfoliaceous. —
Trees ; leaves opposite petiolate, digitately 3-5-foliolate ; leaflets
coriaceous, entire or serrate ; stipules large membranous ; flowers in
simple lateral racemes (Australia, New Caledonia, Fiji Is. and neigh-
bourhood). See p. 374.
C9. liamanonia Velloz. — Flowers nearly of Geissois ; sepals 5, G,
valvate, inserted in short receptacle. Stamens go , free, inserted
under edge of thin disk; 5, G, oppositisepalous, larger; interposed oo ,
lesser ; anthers introrse, 2 -celled, finally versatile, 2-rimose. Germ en
free ; styles 2, free divergent, stigmatose at minutely capitate apex ;
placentas 2, parietal, oo -ovulate. Capsule oblong woody, septicidally
2-valved ; valves 2-fid. Seeds go , imbricate, complanate, gibbous
at base ; external integument produced upwards to a membranous
wing ; albumen fleshy ; embryo axile. — Trees ; leaves opposite, digit-
ate, 3-5-foliolate ; stipules large membranous ; flowers in axillary
racemes (South Brazil). See p. 374.
70? Gumillea E. & Pav. — "Calyx campanulate, semi-5-fid ;
laciniaj erect-patent. Stamens 5, inserted in bottom of calyx;
anthers subglobose. Grermen free, 2-celled ; styles 2, short subulate
diverging. Capsule 2-beaked ; seeds co , minute subrotund. — An
erect branching shrub ; branches terete patulous tender-hirsute ;
leaves alternate imparipinnate ; leaflets entire glabrous ; stipules
large leafy subreniform reflexed ; flowers in terminal elongated
hirsute pendulous subspicate racemes" (Peruvia). See p. 374.
71. Ceratopetalum Sm. — Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle con-
448 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
cave obconical. Sepals 4, 5, inserted in margin, 3 -angular, valvate.
Petals as many alternate, linear laciniate, or 0. Stamens 8-10,
2-seriate ; filaments inserted with perianth around epigynous disk,
inflexed, finally erect; anthers introrse 2-rimose. Germen to a
great extent inferior, adnate to receptacle, 2-celled ; styles 2, subu-
late recurved, stigmatose at apex. Ovules few (usually 4) 2-seriate
in internal angle of cells, descending. Fruit dry crowned by accrete
calyx; mesocarp thin suberous ; endocarp very hard. Seed 1,
descending ; albumen fleshy ; embryo curved. — Shrubs ; leaves
opposite glabrous petiolate, simple or 3-foliolate; stipules inter-
petiolar, caducous ; flowers in branching terminal and axillary
pedunculate cymes {Australia). See p. 375.
72. Aphanopetalum Endl. — Receptacle very short cupuliform ;
sepals 4, decussate, membranous or subcoriaceous veined, enlarged
after anthesis, imbricate, persistent. Petals 4, alternate very small
linear or lanceolate, or 0. Stamens 8, slightly perigynous ; fila-
ments free ; anthers oblong introrse, 2-celled, 2-rimose. Germen
nearly free, 4-furrowed ; cells 4, alternating with sepals ; style erect,
4-furrowed ; apex divided into 4 reflexed lobes, stigmatiferous within.
Ovules solitary in each cell, descending from rather thick funicle
inserted at top of internal angle ; micropyle introrse superior. Fruit
nucamentaceous, involucrate by accrete calyx, 1 -celled. Seed 1,
reniform ; integuments thick ; albumen fleshy ; embryo curved
glabrous. — Voluble shrubs ; leaves opposite simple ; stipules small
or 0 ; flowers axillary or cymose pedunculate ; pedicels 2-bracteolate
half way up {Eastern Temperate Australia). See p. 375.
73. Anodopetalum A. Cunn. — Flowers nearly of Plati/lopus,
4, 5-merous; stamens 8-10, or more rarely (owing to some alterni-
petalous being geminate) 12-15; filaments inserted under disk or
edge of disk ; connective of anthers produced at apex, subulate.
Germen superior; styles 2, diverging; cells 2, 2- or pauciovulate ;
ovules descending subanatropous. Fruit fleshy oblong, inde-
hiscent (?), 1 -seeded. Seed descending... ? — A glabrous tree ; leaves
opposite petiolate simple serrate ; stipules interpetiolar lanceolate ;
flowers axillary solitary or few cymose, 2-bracteolate {Tasmania).
See p. 376.
8AXIFBAGACEJE. 449
74. Caldcluvia Don. — Flowers nearly of Weinmannia ; receptacle
shortly cupulate. Sepals 4, 5, valvate. Petals as many shorter,
linear-lanceolate. Stamens 8, 10, inserted with petals; perigynous
glands as many, interposed; filaments free; anthers introrse 2-
rimose. Germen free, styles and ovules of Weinmannia. Capsule
coriaceous, 2-beaked, septicidally 2-valved ; valves boat-shaped
gaping above ; placentas filiform, finally free. Seeds go , elongated ;
testa membranous lax ; embryo nearly terete in axis of fleshy albu-
men.— Small trees ; leaves opposite simple petiolate glandular-
serrate; stipules large foliaceous subfalcate persistent; flowers in dense
branching pedunculate cymiferous racemes {South Chili). Seep. 376.
75. Schizoineria Don. — Receptacle shortly cupuliform ; margin
with 4, 5, nearly free, 2-lobed oppositipetalous glands. Sepals 4, 5,
3-angular, valvate. Petals as many shorter unequal-dentate.
Stamens 10, inserted outside disk; filaments free; anthers ovoid;
connective produced beyond cells to a short cone. Germen free,
2, 3-celled ; styles 2, 3, short recurved ; ovules 2-4, descending in
each cell ; micropyle extrorse superior. Fruit drupaceous, with re-
ceptacle and calyx persisting at base; putamen bony. Seed 1,
curved ; embryo curved (green) ; albumen fleshy. — A tree ; leaves
opposite simple petiolate ; stipules small ; flowers in terminal,
usually 3-chotomously cymose racemes {Southern New France). See
p. 376.
76. Platylophus Don. — Receptacle shortly cupuliform, with
shortly urceolate disk within. Sepals 4, 5, 3-angular, valvate, slightly
perigynous. Petals as many alternate, shorter, entire or 2, 3-dentate.
Stamens 8-10, inserted with petals around disk ; alternipetalous 4,
5, longer ; filaments free ; anthers sub-2-dymous, beaked by connec-
tive produced beyond cells. Grermen free, 2-celled; styles 2, sub-
ulate recurved ; ovules 2, collaterally descending in each cell ; micro-
pyle extrorse superior. Capsule turgid subovoid coriaceous, com-
pressed-winged at apex, surrounded at base by calyx, finally septi-
cidally 2-valved; valves 1 -seeded, finally seceding from filiform
placentas. Seeds oblong-curved ; embryo in fleshy axile albumen. —
A glabrous tree ; leaves opposite, 3-foliolate ; stipules small de-
void III. G G
450 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
ciduous; flowers in axillary long-pedunculate cymiferous racemes
(Southern Africa). See p. 376.
77. Gilbeea F. Muell. — Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle
slightly concave, disciferous within. Sepals 5, inserted in edge,
valvate. Petals 5, alternate shorter, apex truncate or incised, angu-
late and bearing a small cupuliform gland on either side. Stamens
1 0, 2-seriate, slightly perigynous with perianth ; filaments free ;
anthers subglobose introrse rimose. Grermen 3-gonous ; styles 3,
recurved, stigmatose at slightly thickened apex ; cells 3 ; ovules 2-6,
inserted in ventral angle, descending. Capsule surrounded at base
by small receptacle ; cells 3, winged at back ; fertile 1-3, 1 -seeded.
Seed descending ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons of axile embryo longer
than superior radicle. — A hirsute tree ; leaves opposite pinnate,
sometimes 1-foliolate; leaflets opposite; flowers in large terminal
much branching cymiferous racemes ; bracts and bractlets concave,
opposite or alternate {Tropical Eastern Australia). See p. 377.
78. Acrophyllum Benth. — Flowers hermaphrodite, 4-6-merous;
receptacle small convex. Calyx gamophyllous at base ; lobes oblong-
acute, valvate, persistent. Petals as many elongated, imbricate.
Stamens 8-1 2, inserted with perianth at base of disk ; filaments
long-exserted, inflexed in the bud ; anthers small, 2-dymous. Germen
superior, sub-2-locular ; styles 2, straight elongated subulate, per-
sistent, stigmatose at simple apex ; ovules go , 2-seriate in each cell
(more or less complete). Capsule coriaceous subturgid, septicidally
2-partible ; valves terminated by style, go -seeded at edge. Seeds
papillose outside ; albumen...? — An erect branching shrub; leaves
opposite or verticilhite, sessile oblong, coarsely dentate, veined; stipules
rigid, tardily deciduous ; flowers numerous, spuriously verticillate in
sessile axillary cymes ; pedicels bracteolate at base, defract when
fruiting (Southern Australia). See p. 377.
79? Ackama A. Cunn.— Flowers minute; receptacle shortly
cupulate. Sepals 5, 3-angular valvate persistent. Petals 5, linear-
spathulate thin deciduous, inserted with stamens outside a slightly
perigynous disk, divided into 5 oppositipetalous 2-lobed scales.
Stamens 10, 2-seriate; filaments free, inflexed at subulate apex;
8AXIFRAGACEJ3. 451
anthers introrse, soraetimes apiculated by connective. Germen
almost wholly superior ; cells 2, 3, <x> -ovulate ; styles slender re-
curved, persistent. Capsule small turgid, septicidally 2, 3-valved ;
valves boat-shaped, gaping- within above. Seeds go , ovoid, laxly
pilose outside ; albumen fleshy scanty ; embryo axile cylindrical. —
Small trees ; leaves opposite imparipinnate ; leaflets sharply ser-
rate ; stipules deciduous ; flowers numerous, ebracteate, in much
branching cymiferous racemes (Australia, New Zealand). See p. 378.
80 ? Spireeopsis Miq. — " Flowers dioecious ; male calyx free,
5-6-partite, valvate persistent. Petals 5, 6, subequal to calyx, in-
serted outside pitted urceolate subcrenulate annular disk. Stamens
10-12, inserted with petals, 2-seriate ; filaments exserted ; anthers
subglobose-2-dymous ; connective produced beyond cells. Germen
sterile small hirsute. Perianth of female flower same as in male.
Stamens 0. Germen ellipsoid, surrounded by disk at base, 2-celled;
styles 2, free, patulous, capitellate at stigmatose apex ; ovules few,
2-seriately inserted in internal angle of cells, oblong imbricate.
Capsule 2-celled ; cells gaping inside ; seeds co , fusiform, mem-
branous-winged on both sides, imbricate. — A stellate-tomentose
tree, resinous-punctate ; leaves opposite petiolate imparipinnate ;
leaflets 2, 3-jugal opposite, elliptical or ovate-oblong, acuminate
serrate coriaceous, covered above with stellate hairs, beneath with
peltate scales ; flowers in large compound axillary and terminal
many-flowered panicles ; males lax ; females denser" (Celebes).
See p. 378.
81 ? Davidsonia F. Muell. — Flowers 4, 5-merous ; sepals thick
valvate. Stamens 8-10 ; filaments free short, inserted under narrow
ciliate disk ; anthers introrse 2-rimose. Germen free, 2-celled ;
styles 2, free, setaceous, apex stigmatose minute. Ovules generally
6-8 in each cell, inserted in edge of orbiculate placenta, afterwards
descending. " Fruit dry dehiscent ; cells 2, 1-seeded. Seed
descending ; cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo straight plano-
convex ; radicle very short superior." — A tree (stinging) ; leaves
alternate imparipinnate ; stipules herbaceous ; flowers small glo-
merate-spicate in large branching racemes axillary to higher leaves
(North Eastern Australia). See p. 378.
g g 2
452 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
XIV. CODIES.
82. Codia Forst. — Flowers capitate hermaphrodite regular ;
receptacle concave obconical. Sepals 4, or more often 5, inserted in
mouth of receptacle, valvate. Petals as many, alternate linear very
narrow, or 0. Stamens 8-10, inserted with perianth; filaments
free; anthers 2-dymous, introrse or laterally rimose. Germen
altogether or almost wholly inferior ; cells 2, complete or incom-
plete ; styles 2, diverging, stigmatose at apex. Ovules 2 in each
cell, collaterally descending, anatropous; micropyle extrorse superior.
Fruit nucamentaceous. Seed 1, descending ; albumen fleshy thin
cotyledons of axile embryo leafy ; radicle short superior. — Shrubs
leaves opposite simple coriaceous petiolate ; stipules large caducous
capitula globose pedunculate axillary, at base involucrate by (usually
4) bracts; single flowers bracteate {New Caledonia). See p. 379.
83. Pancheria Br. & Gr. — Flowers dioecious, 3-5-merous ; calyx
imbricate. Petals equal or unequal, scarious. Stamens G-10, of
Codia (sterile in male flower). Germen superior (rudimentary in
male flower) ; carpels 2, nearly free, tapering to simple styles ;
placenta involute, 2-ovulate. Ovules inserted a little above base of
germen, collaterally descending ; raphe extrorse by involution of
placenta; micropyle introrse superior. Follicles 2, dehiscent within;
edges very much involute. Seeds 1, 2, descending ; albumen and
embryo of Codia ; micropyle superior, produced to a membranous
wing. — Shrubs ; leaves 3-5-nately verticillate serrate ; stipules
caducous ; capitula of Codia {New Caledonia). See p. 379.
84. Callicoma Andr. — Flowers hermaphrodite, nearly of Codia ;
calyx 4, 5-merous coloured, valvate. Petals 0. Stamens 8-10,
inserted with calyx in mouth of hardly concave or obconical recep-
tacle ; filaments long-exserted. Germen free to a great extent or to
middle ; cells 2, or more rarely 3, complete or incomplete ; ovules
oc ; styles 2, 3, much elongated, circinate in bud, afterwards
straight, long-exserted, Capsule more or less included in calyx,
septicidally 2, 3-valved ; endocarp chartaceous, seceding from meso-
carp. Seeds 1, or few ; testa crustaceous papillose ; embryo small
SAXIFRAGACEJE. 453
albuminous. — Small trees ; leaves opposite simple serrate petiolate ;
stipules deciduous ; capitula pedunculate (of Codia) axillary or
oppositely racemose at ends of branches ; bracts of inferior flowers
sometimes larger and simulating an involucre {Australia). See
p. 381.
XV. BRUNIEiE.
85. Brunia Burm. — Flowers hermaphrodite regular; receptacle
more or less deeply concave. Sepals 5, imbricate, glandular at apex.
Petals 5, inserted with alternate sepals in edge of receptacle, ovate
or subspathulate unguiculate, imbricate or subvalvate, more or less
highly 2-crested, keeled within above glandular claw. Stamens 5,
alternipetalous, included or exserted ; filaments filiform or subulate,
equal or unequal ; anthers 2-dymous or oblong, introrse 2-rimose.
Germen half-inferior, adnate to receptacle at base ; cells 2 j one
sometimes empty ; style 2-fid or 2 -partite ; branches divergent,
stigmatose at obtuse or capitellate apex; ovules 1, 2 in each cell
inserted under apex of dissepiment, descending ; micropyle introrse
superior, finally (by torsion of funic! e) lateral extrorse. Fruit
capsular, coriaceous or submembranous, either 1 -celled and usually
indehiscent, or 2-celled septicidal ; cells often 1 or 2, aspermous,
filled with thickened spongy or suberous septum. Seeds smooth
ovate-compressed; embryo minute at apex of fleshy albumen. —
Polymorphous undershrubs, often heath-like ; branches subverticil-
late ; leaves small, often acicular linear or oblong, rigid, nearly
terete, rarely flat, alternate or subverticillate, lax or densely imbri-
cate ; stipules 2, lateral small gland-like (blackish) ; flowers capitate
or more rarely in branching racemes ; bracts and bractlets 2, usually
sepaloid, glandular at apex, sometimes {Berardia) large coloured
involucrant {South Africa). See p. 381.
S6 ? Staavia Thunb. — Flowers nearly of Brunia; petals not
crested. Germen altogether or partly inferior; cells 2, 1- or 2-
ovulate, or one effete ; style 1 , longitudinally 2-furrowed ; apex stig-
matose 2-crenate. Fruit 2-coccous, 2-beaked at vertex. Seeds
oblong, surrounded a little below apex by thin membranous ciliolate
454 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
aril (?). —Heath-like undershrubs ; leaves linear or acicular ; superior
(coloured) involucrating solitary terminal flowers or many-flowered
capitula; stipules gland-like very small {South Africa). See
p. 383.
87. Audouinia Ad. Br. — Eeceptacle obonical ; perianth and
androceum nearly of Staavia. Germen partly inferior 3-celled;
ovules 2 in each cell, collaterally descending ; raphe dorsal ; style
columnar, 3-gonous, 3-furrowed ; apex stigmatose hollow, 3-crenate.
Fruit...? — An undershrub ; leaves alternate linear, imbricate;
stipules very small ; flowers in oblong terminal spikes, 3, 4-bracteate
at base {South Africa). See p. 384.
88. Linconia L. — Flowers of Audouinia ; anthers sub-3-angular
hastate ; cells oblique divaricate ; connective produced to a conoid
gland. Germen 2-celled ; styles 2, stigmatose at apex ; ovules 2
or 1 in each cell ; one cell more rarely effete. Fruit 2-coccous ; cocci
dehiscent within. Seeds 1, 2, having a cupuliform aril (?) at apex.
— Branching undershrubs ; leaves spirally imbricate, 3-quetrous,
glandular-ustulate at apex ; stipules of same form, very small ; in-
florescences of Audouinia ; bracts 3-5, large coriaceous, involucrate
{South Africa). See p. 384.
89. Berzelia Ad. Br. — Flowers nearly of Brunia, 4, 5-merous.
Germen half-inferior, 1 -celled, 1 -ovulate ; style simple, sometimes
arcuate and furrowed ; apex stigmatose unsymmetrical. Fruit dry,
obconical or turbinate, indehiscent. Seed 1 {Brunia). — Heath-like
shrubs ; alternate small leaves and globose capitula of Brunia ;
bracts spathulate or clavate {South Africa). See p. 384.
90? Lonchostoma Wickstr. — Flowers hermaphrodite ; receptacle
shortly obconical. Sepals 5, ovate obtuse, or linear-subulate, perigy-
nous. Corolla gamopetalous, tubular, deeply 5-lobed ; lobes oblong-
lanceolate or spathulate, closely imbricate. Stamens 5, inserted in
throat of corolla ; filaments very short ; anthers oblong-subhastate,
2-rimose introrse. Germen half-inferior, 2-celled ; styles 2, stigma-
tose at unthickened apex, united to a variable height. Seeds 2-4,
2-seriate on ventral angle of each cell, descending j micropyle extrorse
8AKIFBAQAGEM. 455
superior ; funicle short, thickened into an obturator. Capsule nearly
free, 2-4-seeded, 2-4-valved from base. Seeds ovoid reticulate,
suspended from thick funicle. — Branching twiggy shrubs ; leaves
alternate sessile, concave coriaceous, silky at back imbricate ; flowers
in terminal spikes, each flower solitary in axil of upper leaves of
twig {South Africa). See p. 384.
91. Thamnea Soland. — Flowers nearly of Brunea ; receptacle
obconical or subspherical ventricose, glandular or warty outside,
enveloping germen. Sepals, unguiculate petals, and included stamens
5, nearly of Brunia. Germen spuriously 1 -celled, or imperfectly 2-
celled ; septum thin more {Tittmannia) or less slowly evanescent ;
ovules 2-4 in each cell, forming a false verticil on top of placenta
(which adheres to top of cell), descending ; micropyle afterwards
extrorse superior. Fruit nucamentaceous, 1 -seeded. Seed of Brunia.
— Low slender heath-like shrubs or undershrubs ; leaves small
spirally inserted, at apex callous glandular, imbricate ; stipules 2,
minute gland-like ; flowers solitary axillary sessile {Tittmannia), or
terminal; stipe sometimes few-leaved axillary short {South Africa).
See p. 385.
XVI. HAMAMELIDE^E.
92. Hamamelis L. — Flowers hermaphrodite or often polygamous.
Receptacle cupuliform. Sepals 4, free or connate at base, inserted in
edge of receptacle ; pramoration alternately imbricate. Petals 4 (or
in male flower 0), alternate elongated linear strap-like ; prsefloration
involute. Stamens 4, perigynously inserted with petals and alter-
nating with as many oppositipetalous rather fleshy staminodes ;
filaments free rather thick, continuous with connective ; anthers
basifixed introrse ; cells 2, dehiscing by 1 or more rarely 2 {LoropeU
alum) valves. Germen (in male flower rudimentary) inserted in
bottom of receptacle, to a great extent free, 2 -celled ; styles 2 ; apex
stigmatose, obtuse or capitellate ; ovules 2 in each cell, collaterally
descending ; one soon abortive ; micropyle of fertile anatropous
introrse superior, afterwards extrorse lateral. Fruit capsular, semi-
superior or nearly altogether superior, stipitate to receptacle at base,
456 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
woody, loculicidally 2-valved at apex ; endocarp subcorneous parting
from exocarp, 2-valved. Seeds oblong ; testa crustaceous shining ;
albumen fleshy; radicle of axile straight embryo terete superior;
cotyledons oblong flat. — Small trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate
petiolate unequal at base, ovate or subrotundate, crenate-dentate,
penniveined ; secondary venules straight subparallel to margin ;
stipules 2, lateral; flowers axillary or lateral on wood, spuriously
glomerate, few pedunculate ; bractlets few involucrant {North
America, Japan). See p. 386.
93. Corylopsis Sikb. & Zucc. — Receptacle concave ; sepals 5, in-
serted at edge, valvate. Petals 5, obovate-spathulate perigynously
inserted with alternate sepals. Stamens 5, alternipetalous, peri-
gynous with as many alternate truncate squamules (staminodes ?) ;
filaments subulate ; anthers basifixed, longitudinally rimose or
valvicidal. Germen {Hamamelis) half superior ; branches of style
2, filiform, capitate at stigmatose apex. Capsule woody, 2-cuspidate ;
valves 2, 2-fid, sometimes with receptacle subbaccate at base ;
endocarp horny separating. Seeds of Hamamelis. — Shrubs ; aspect
and leaves nearly of Hamamelis (or Corylus) ; stipules large caducous ;
flower (precocious) in axillary pendulous racemes; bracts membranous;
inferior large {Mountainous India, China, Jajjan). See p. 388.
94. Bicoryphe Dup.-Th. — Receptacle cylindrical; calyx sub-
tubulose, 4-dentate (more rarely 5 -dentate), valvate. Petals 4
oblong-linguiform thick. Stamens 8 ; alternipetalous sterile ; fertile
4 erect ; filaments thick subulate ; anthers basifixed oblong, introrse
completely or incompletely valvicidal. Germen adnate to bottom
of receptacle, 2-celled ; styles 2, simple at stigmatose apex ; ovules
(of Hamamelis) 2 in each cell ; one finally abortive. Capsule
adnate to receptacle, 2-horned at exserted vertex, septicidally 2-
valved ; valves afterwards split behind ; endocarp horny dividing
into 2-valved cocci. Seeds descending ; testa crustaceous (blackish
shining) ; albumen fleshy or subcorneous ; cotyledons of inverted
embryo subfoliaceous, recurved at edges; radicle cylindrical. — Shrubs ;
branches virgate ; leaves alternate or opposite, entire coriaceous ; sti-
pules foliaceous unequal, sometimes large, subcordate at base; flowers
SAXIFRAGACEJZ. 457
in racemes or spikes sometimes short capituliform terminal {Mada-
gascar). See p. 389.
95. Trichocladus Pers. — Flowers poly gam o-dicecious or monoe-
cious ; receptacle shortly obconical. Calyx 4, 5-partite, valvate.
Petals 4, 5, linear-spathulate, valvate or 0. Stamens 5, inserted
with alternate petals on edge of receptacle ; filaments subfusiform
short ; anthers basifixed, sometimes mucronate, valvicidal. Germen
adnate at base to receptacle, in great part free ; ovules of Hamamelis;
styles 2, subulate, simple at stigmatose apex. Capsule (of Hamamelis)
to a great extent superior. — Shrubs stellately tomentose or ferru-
ginous-villous ; leaves alternate and opposite, ovate, oblong or
cordate, entire persistent ; stipules inconspicuous ; flowers terminal
capitate (South Africa). See p. 390.
96. Eustigma Gardn. & Champ. — Receptacle concave subovoid ;
catyx 5-partite imbricate, and petals alternate very small scale-
shaped cuneate-2-lobed, geniculate at thickened base, inserted in
mouth of receptacle. Stamens 5, perigynous with alternate petals ;
filaments very short broad j anthers dehiscent by scarcely equal
valves loosened from middle. Germen in great part adnate to
receptacle; cells 2, and ovules of Hamamelis ; styles thick exerted,
articulate at attenuated base, much dilated and lobulate at stigmatose
apex. Capsule half-superior, obovoid, woody, 2-valved ; 2-fid ;
endocarp horny, 2-valved, seeds...? — A small glabrous tree ; leaves
alternate persistent oblong-acuminate, entire or subserrate, cori-
aceous ; stipules small, caducous ; flowers (small) 3-bracteate, in
short few-flowered racemes (Hongkong). See p. 390.
97. Tetrathyrium Benth. — Flowers apetalous; receptacle con-
cave. Calyx 5-merous, perigynous valvate. Stamens 5 ; filaments
filiform ; cells of basifixed anthers dehiscent by 2 subequal valves,
loosened from middle ; connective long-produced subulate. Disk
annular, sub-10-lobate, downy. Germen half-superior, 2-celled,
obtusely 2-fid; styles 2, long-discrete, capitellate at stigmatose apex.
Fruit nearly of Hamamelis. — A glabrous shrub ; leaves alternate
coriaceous ovate-oblong cordate at base, coriaceous minutely gland-
ular-dentate, persistent ; flowers densely capitate ; capitula axil.
458 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
lary shortly pedunculate; bracts dentate or fimbriate {Hongkong).
See p. 391.
98. Sycopsis Oliv. — Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Male calyx
short, irregularly and obliquely dentate or lobate. Stamens 8,
inserted in rather concave receptacle ; filaments short thick,
continuous with connective ; anthers basifixed oblong-acute, longi-
tudinally rimose. Germen rudimentary, 2-fid. Receptacle of female
flower nrceolate ; calyx 4, 5-lobed, deciduous, inserted in throat of
receptacle minutely scaly-pilose inside at base. Germen half-superior,
adnateto receptacle at base within; cells 2 (of Hamamelis); branches of
bipartite style, canaliculate stigmatose within, closely surrounded at
base by throat of receptacle. Fruit... ? — A glabrous tree (?) ; leaves
alternate petiolate oblong-lanceolate entire coriaceous, persistent ;
stipules small lanceolate, caducous ; flowers of both sexes small,
often intermixed, stellate tomentose, in short axillary racemes or
glomeruli; bracts cucullate covering flowers {Khasia). See p. 391.
99. Parrotia C.A. Mey. — Flowers apetalous. Receptacle concave;
lobes of subcampanulate calyx inserted in mouth 5-7, coriaceous
persistent. Stamens 6, 7, opposite calyx-lobes ; filaments filiform
perigynous ; anthers basifixed, longitudinally dehiscent, connective
muticous or mucronate. Germen half inferior, adnate at base to
receptacle ; cells and style (of Hamamelis) simple at stigmatose apex.
Half-superior capsule and seeds of Hamamelis. — Trees or shrubs ;
leaves oblong or orbicular, crenate deciduous ; stipules large
deciduous ; flowers (precocious) capitate or shortly spicate ; bracts
large membranous involucrate {Persia, Cashmere). See p. 391.
100. Distylium Sieb. & Zucc. — Flowers polygamous, apetalous;
calyx (sometimes very small) free, 3-6-partite ; lobes unequal, imbri-
cate. Stamens 2-8, hypogynous ; filaments elongated free ; anthers
basifixed, oblong, longitudinally rimose. Germen (in male flower
rudimentary, 2-fid) inserted on minute receptacle, free 2-lobed;
2-celled ; ovules of Hamamelis; styles 2, subulate, capitellate at
stigmatose apex. Capsule superior oblong or ovoid, 2-cuspidate,
2-valved at apex ; valves 2-fid ; endocarp horny, parting from exocarp,
SAXIFBAGACEM 459
2-valved. Seeds nearly of Hamamelis. — Glabrous or pubescent trees ;
leaves alternate coriaceous ovate or oblong-lanceolate entire ; stipules
lanceolate caducous ; flowers (small) in axillary straight rather short
spikes {Mountainous K/iasia, China, Japan). See p. 392.
101. Fothergilla L. — Flowers apetalous ; receptacle subcampanu-
late. Calyx very small, inserted in edge of receptacle, obscurely and
unequally-repand-4-7-dentate. Stamens oo , inserted with calyx ;
filaments free elongated-subclavate, exserted ; anthers short ; cells 2,
lateral, valvicidal.- Germen adnate to receptacle, 2 -celled ; styles 2,
subulate, simple at stigmatose apex ; ovules solitary in each
cell, descending- ; micropyle introrse superior, finally lateral.
Capsule subcartilaginous, 2-valved at apex ; valves beaked, 2-fid.
Seeds 1, 2 (of Hamemelis). A stellate-pubescent shrub ; leaves
alternate obovate crenate, deciduous ; stipules lateral small ; flowers
(precocious) in dense spikes ; bracts herbaceous (the lower ones
sometimes 3-fid) deciduous (North East America). See p. 392.
102. Disanthus Maxim. — Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle
cupuliform. Sepals 5 ; obtuse, concave, transparent, imbricate,
revolute on anthesis. Petals as many alternate, long and narrowly
fan-shaped from dilated base, finally stellately spreading. Stamens
5, inserted with alternate petals in throat of receptacle ; filaments
short ; anthers extrorse ; cells externally rimose, confluent at apex ;
valves finally patent. Germen inserted in bottom of receptacle,
partly inferior ; cells 2, tapering into erect styles ; ovules generally 6,
2-seriately inserted on internal angle, descending. Capsule loculi-
cidal ; endocarp cartilaginous parting from exocarp. Seeds few,
unequal ; embryo...? — A glabrous tree (?) ; leaves alternate suborbi-
culate-cordate petiolate entire 5-ribbed ; stipules scarious, caducous ;
capitula axillary small pedunculate ; flowers sessile paired at top of
peduncle ; obvallate by very short bracts at base (Jajjan). See p. 393.
103. Rhodoleia Hook. — Flowers hermaphrodite asymmetrical;
receptacle concave. Calyx very short or nearly absent, usually
annular surrounding edge of receptacle on outside. Petals 2-5,
unguiculate oblong lanceolate, unequal, 1 -lateral, usually deficient in
interior flowers. Stamens 5-10, perigynously iuserted with petals;
460 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
filaments unequal free; anthers basifixed oblong, subintrorse
2-rimose. Germen half-inferior ; branches of bipartite style linear-
subulate, simple at stigmatose apex, deciduous ; placentas 2, parietal,
sometimes contiguous at middle (not at base or apex) ; ovules oo ,
2-seriate on each placenta. Capsule subligneous, 2-valved ; valves
finally 2-fid. Seeds oo , compressed, imbricate ; testa crustaceous ;
embryo...? — Glabrous small trees; leaves alternate crowded at ends
of twigs, exstipulate-petiolate, oblong or elliptical, entire coriaceous,
glaucous beneath; fbwers capitate ; capitulum axillary pedunculate
nodding, surrounded by co coloured involucrant imbricate bracts ;
bracts gradually shorter externally (China, Sumatra). See p. 393.
XVII. LIQUIDAMBARE.E.
104. Liquidambar L. — Flowers 1 -sexual or polygamous. Male
flowers bare ; stamens oo , glomerate into a globose capitulum ;
filaments short, surrounded at base by shortly prominent ring ;
anthers basifixed, oblong or obcordate, marginally 2-rimose. Recep-
tacle of female flower concave ; ring (perianth?) short inserted in edge.
Stamens oo , sometimes few or 0 ; filaments short ; anthers small
(sometimes fertile). Germen at base or to a great extent adnate to
receptacle ; cells 2 ; complete or incomplete ; placentas 2, oo -ovulate ;
branches of style 2, at apex stigmatose recurved and furrowed within.
Fruit compound globose indurated, bristling with indurated styles,
or smooth by their fall (Altingia), oo -capsular ; capsules free above,
septicidal, gaping at apex ; valves entire beaked, or 2-fid (Altingia).
Seeds oo , angulate-compressed, shortly winged ; testa crustaceous ;
albumen fleshy thin ; cotyledons of rather fleshy embryo oblong flat ;
radicle terete. — Trees (abounding in balsamic juice) ; leaves alternate
petiolate palmatilobate glandular-serrate, deciduous ; stipules lateral,
deciduous ; flowers capitate ; capitula involucrate by 4 bracts or 1
(Altingia) ; males usually ramose or spicate ; females solitary (Asia
Minor, East India, Malay, China, warm Tropical North America).
See p. 394.
105. Bucklandia R. Br. — Flowers polygamous ; receptacle con-
cave subcampanulate. Calyx marginal, unequally annular or thickly
SAXIFRAGACE2E. 461
t
repand-5-lobed. Petals (?) in female or hermaphrodite flower 4 or
more, linear or spathulate, rather fleshy ; in hermaphrodite flower qo ,
larger (staminodes?). Stamens fertile in male flower, qo ; filaments
subulate unequal ; anthers basifixed ; cells longitudinally rimose,
afterwards 2-valved ; connective apiculate. Germen half-inferior ;
cells 2, complete or incomplete ; ovules usually 6 in each cell,
2-seriate descending ; styles recurved, within flat stigmatose.
Capsules subcapitate nearly free, woody; valves 2, 2-fid; endocarp
bony shining fragile. Seeds about 6 in each cell ; superior smaller
subosseous sterile ; inferior convex-3-gonous, winged above ; coty-
ledons of rather fleshy embryo oblong ; radicle conical. — Glabrous
trees ; branches articulated at nodes ; leaves alternate petiolate broadly
ovate-acuminate cordate entire coriaceous ; younger large, 3-cuspid-
ate ; ribs radiating at base of blade ; stipules broadly oblong
coriaceous, involving younger leaves and flowers, soon deciduous ;
flowers capitate ; capitula pedunculate corymbose ; peduncles articu-
late {Sumatra, East Himalaya, Khasici). See p. 39G.
XVIII. PLATANEJE.
10G. Platanus T. — Flowers monoecious ; male calyx (?) formed
of 3-0 minute leaves, hairy at apex. Squamules (?) 3-6, longer
linear-clavate furrowed, lobate-truncate at apex, sometimes unequal
or 0. Stamens as many alternate verticillate erect ; filaments very
short ; anthers elongate-clavate ; cells 2, laterally adnate, rimose
at margin ; connective capitate, truncate above cells. Sepals (?) of
female flower 3-5, minute. Staminodes (?) as many obovate-clavate,
longer capitate at apex ; squamules as many alternate very
small, sometimes absent. Carpels 2-3, verticillate, opposite the
sepals, often adherent to them at base; germen ovoid-elongated,
1 -celled, terminating in linear elongated style recurved at apex
stigmatose within ; ovule 1 (or rarely 2), descending below apex of
ventral angle, suborthotropous. Fruit compound globose peduncu-
late pendulous ; achenes go , coriaceous, surmounted by persistent
style, surrounded by rigid hairs at base. Seed descending elongated
orthotropous ; testa thin ; albumen fleshy ; radicle of axile embryo
462 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
inferior terete ; cotyledons subequal to radicle, oblong, sometimes of
unequal lengths. — Trees, sometimes small; bark scaly broadly
denuded; leaves alternate ; petiole concealing axillary bud in
conical hollow at dilated base; stipules 2 connate in 1, cyathiform,
unequal-2-fid at dilated apex, closely surrounding twig at tubular
base above insertion of petiole ; limb lobed palmiveined ; flowers
(precocious) capitate ; capitula globose, 1-sexual (rarely polygamous),
1 or few along distinct twig ; capituliferous twigs terminal cernuous
{North America, Middle Asia). See p. 397.
XIX. MYOSURANDREzE.
107. Myosurandra H. Bn. — Flowers dioecious bare spicate,
4-merous. Male flower : stamens 4 (2 lateral) ; filaments free
inserted in minute receptacle, slender elongated, finally nutant ;
anthers 2-celled, introrse, 4-locellate, 2-rimose ; connective produced
to a beak. Rudiment of germen 0. Female flower : germen free
sessile, elongate-4-furrowed, 4-celled ; cells 2, lateral, at apex free
divaricated and tapering to slender recurved style, stigmatose and
longitudinally furrowed within. Ovules go , 2-seriate along ventral
angle, obliquely ascending, anatropous ; micropyle extrorse in-
ferior. Fruit 4-follicular ; follicles more or less connate at internal
angle, longitudinally dehiscent inwards, oo -seeded. Seeds small
descending ; albumen copious ; cotyledons of small axile embryo
short inferior. — A glabrous balsamic-resinous shrub ; branches
virgate knotted ; leaves opposite, connate at base to a free cylindrical
sheath ; stipules (?) 4, subulate, inserted in pairs in top of sheath ;
blade flabellate-cuneiform, at apex crenate or obtusely dentate, longi-
tudinally folded; spikes terminal solitary; bracts opposite, 1 -flowered;
bractlets 2, lateral sterile {Madagascar). See p. 400.
108. Myrothamnus Welw. — Flowers dioecious, spicate (nearly
of Myosurandra) ; males 3-8-, usually 5-androus ; filaments 1-
adelphous into a central erect column. Female flowers generally
3-merous ; 2 cells posterior ; styles subspathulate revolute. Capsule
small coriaceous ; carpels divaricated at apex, longitudinally dehis-
SAXIFRAGACEJ3. 463
cent inwards. — A small balsamic-resinous shrub ; aspect leaves and
inflorescences of Myosurandra {Tropical Western and Southern Africa).
See p. 402.
XX? DATISCEiB.
109. Datisca L. — Flowers dioecious or more rarely {Tricerastes)
polygamous. Receptacle of male flower very short rather convex ;
calyx short gamosepalous, 4-10-dentate. Stamens go ; filaments
free filiform, short or elongated ; anthers basifixed oblong, laterally
2-rimose. Receptacle of female (or hermaphrodite) flower very con-
cave, ovoid or tubular. Calyx inserted in mouth, 3-G -dentate.
Stamens in hermaphrodite flower go , inserted with perianth.
Germen adnate to receptacle, 1-celled ; styles terminal 3, 4, 2-fid or
bipartite, papillose within ; placentas as many alternating with
styles, co -ovulate. Fruit capsular, narrowly oblong, 3-5-ribbed,
gaping at apex between styles. Seeds go ; testa striate, reticulate
or impressed-punctate ; hilum arillate ; embryo cylindrical fleshy,
axile in scanty albumen, or exalbuminous. — Glabrous herbs (like
Cannabis) ; leaves alternate, imparipinnate or 3 sect ; uppermost
entire ; leaflets lanceolate serrate ; flowers in cymes or glomeruli ;
cymes axillary or grouped on elongated, simple or branching,
axillary or terminal twigs {The East, Warm North-west America).
See p. 402.
110. Tetrameles R. Br. — Flowers dioecious, 4-merous. Sepals
of males ovate or oblong, equal or unequal ; denticles sometimes
interposed. Stamens 4, opposite ; filaments elongated inserted
around centrally depressed-4-lobed disk ; anthers short, 2-dymous,
introrse rimose. Receptacle of female flower tubular-4-gonous.
Calyx 4-dentate, inserted in mouth. Germen adnate to receptacle,
intruded at apex ; styles 4 oppositisepalous, truncate at dilated
apex, stigmatose within. Placentas 4, parietal, alternisepalous,
go -ovulate. Capsule membranous, 4-furrowed, many-seeded, dehis-
cent at apex between styles. — A lofty tree; leaves alternate;
deciduous, long-petiolate, ovate or cordate-rotundate acuminate,
subentire or dentate ; flowers (precocious) in slender elongated
464 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
branching many-flowered racemes ; peduncles and pedicels hirtellate
(East India, Java). See p. 404.
111. Octomeles Miq. — Flowers dioecious, 8-merous. Eeceptacle
of male flower concave hemispherical ; calyx 8 -dentate. Petals (?)
8, small, alternate, inserted with calyx in throat of receptacle.
Stamens 8, oppositisepalous ; filaments free, dilated at base ; anthers
large recurved, laterally 2-rimose. Eeceptacle of female flower
tubular, obscurely 8-gonous, bearing calyx at dilated apex. Germen
adnate to receptacle, concave at apex, crowned with 8 oppositi-
sepalous divaricated styles, dilated at stigmatose apex ; placentas 8,
parietal, alternisepalous, more or less prominent within, x> -ovulate.
Fruit coriaceous ; seeds go . . .? — A lofty tree, lepidote-furfuraceous ;
twigs thick ; leaves long-petiolate cordate-acuminate entire ; flowers
in simple robust much elongated axillary cernuous racemes {Indian
Arch ijj el ago). See p. 405.
XXII. PIPERACE^
I. SAURURUS SERIES.
The Peppers (figs. 497, 503-513) alone long constituted the order
Piper acea. But latterly other genera have been added,1 and among
Piper (Eupiper) nigrum.
Fig. 497.
Fruiting branch (^).
them those forming the little group Saururece. The type thereof
that has been longest known is the genus Saururus? long repre-
1 C. DC, Prodr., xvi. sect. i. 235, 237. Tttkp., in Diet. Sc. Nat., Atl., t. 295.— Ende.,
2 L., Gen., n. 464. — Adaks., Fain, des PI., ii. Gen., n. 1824. — Lihdl., Yeg. Kingd., 524, fig.
46S. — J., Gen., 19. — Lamk., Diet., vi. 668; 356 (2-4).— Pater, Organog., 425, t. 90; Fam.
Suppl., iii. 347; III., t. 276. — Mikb., in Ann. Nat., 146.— Lem. & Dcne., Tr. Gen., 500. —
Mus., xvi. t. 19. — Rich., Diet. Class., xv. 195. — Schnize., Iconogr., t. 82. — C. DC, Prodr., 238,
E. Mey., D. Houtiuynia el Saumreis, 13. — n. 4. — Maltuschkia Gmel., Sgst., 589.
VOL. III. H II
466
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
sented by a single species, S. cernuus* (figs. 498, 499), a perennial
herb from the marshes of North America, often cultivated in our
botanical gardens. Its flowers are small and numerous, whitish,
hermaphrodite, regular, and achlamydeous. On the convex recep-
tacle are inserted usually six stamens2 below a central gynseceum.
Saururus ceriums.
Fig. 498.
Long. sect, of flower (i).
Fig. 499.
Diagram.
Each stamen consists of a free elongated filament, and a basifixed
introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence. The superior
gyna?ceum usually consists of four free carpels, two of which are
lateral (fig. 499) ; each has a one-celled ovary, tapering above into a
style, the apex of which is stigmatiferous internally. In the
ventral angle of the ovary, which is not perfectly closed, is a parietal
two-lipped placenta, each lip bearing one or two obliquely ascending
orthotropous ovules with their micropyles superior.3 In the fruit
each ovary becomes a slightly fleshy, one-seeded berry. The seed,
formed as in the Peppers, contains beneath its coat two albumens ;
one is large and farinaceous ; the other, surmounting it, is much
smaller and fleshy, surrounded by the embryo-sac, and envelopes a
little embryo with a short superior radicle and thick cotyledons.
S. cernuus has a rhizome, from which spring the herbaceous annual
1 L., Spec, ed. 2, 489. — Rich., in Michx. Fl.
Bor.-Ar.ier., i. 218. — Nutt., Gen., i. 240. —
Toee. & Gkay, Fl. N.-Amer., i. 381. — A. Geat,
Man., ed. 5, 427.— Chapm., Fl. S. Unit.-St.,
398. — 8. hicidiis Don, Hort. Cant., 66. — Jacq.
F., Eel. Amer., 29, t. 18. — Serpentaria repens
PlUKN., Almag., 343.— iS. foliis profunde cor-
dalis L., Hort. Cliff., 139. — Mattuschlcia
aquatica Gmel., Syst., 589.
2 In this case one stands anterior, one posterior,
and two more on either side of the flower. The
upper flowers have often a smaller number, or in
our cultivated specimens from seven to ten.
. 3 They have two coats.
PIPEBACEuE.
467
branches, covered with alternate simple cordate petiolate leaves ; the
base of the petiole forms a stipuliform sheath at first enveloping the
top of the twig, and in its upper part prolonged internal to the petiole,
but without adhering thereto.1 The branches terminate in long
racemes; each flower is axillary to a bract which is carried up to the
top of the pedicel (fig. 499), except in the case of the lower flowers,
which are sessile, rendering this part of the raceme a spike.
Houttuynia cordata.
Fig. 500.
Inflorescence.
Fig. 501.
Flower (f).
Fig. 502.
Long. sect, of flower (\).
In the second species of the genus, S. chine usis,2 from Eastern
Asia, the general organization of the flowers is the same ; but all
are pedicellate ; the stamens are shorter than the gynseceum, and
have extrorse anthers.3 We shall make this into a section of the
genus Saururus, under the name of Spathium.
Houttuynia* (figs. 500-502) is closely allied to Saururus, and has its
naked spicate flowers. It differs in the number of the stamens,
usually three ; their somewhat higher insertion, at a certain height
1 So that this superior free part of the sheath
represents two connate stipules adnate to the
petiole.
3 H. Bn., in Adansonia, x. 71. — S. cernuus
Thttnb., Fl. Jap., 154 (nee L.).— S. Loureiri
Dcne., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, iii. 102. —
Spathium chinense Lour., Fl. Cochinch., ed.
Ulyssip. (1790), 217. — Saururopsis cliinensis
Ttjecz., in Bull. Mosc, v. 21.— £. Cumingii
C DC, Prodr., 239, n. 2.
3 The filaments are articulated a little ahove
the hasc.
4 Thpnb., Fl. Jap., 12, 234 (uec Scheeb.). —
J., Gen., 25. — Lamk., Diet., iii. 144; Suppl., iii.
65 ; III., t. 739. — E. Mey., Be Hoult. et Saur.,
1. — Endl., Gen., n. 1825. — Lindl., Veg. Kingd.,
521, fig. 356 (1).— Payee, Organog., 428, t. 90 ;
Fain. Nat., 147. — Schnizl., Iconogr., t. 82. —
C. DC, Prodr., 238.— Lem. & Dcne., Tr. Gen.,
500. — Polypara Loue., Fl. Cochinch. (ed. 1790),
61.
H H 2
468 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
on the ovary itself (figs. 501, 502) ; and in the individual carpels,2
three in number, with multiovulate placentas.3 The fruit is formed
of three many-seeded follicles. Houttuynia comprises one species,4 a
herbaceous perennial from marshy localities in the south-east of
Temperate Asia. It has alternate cordate petiolate leaves, with a
dilated sheath like that of Saururus. The inflorescence is terminal,
with each flower axillary to a bract ; but while the upper bracts are
small, the lower ones are large and petal oid, forming a sort of
involucre at the base of the spike.
The same involucre is found in Anemiopsis? a genus of similar
floral organization, with usually six stamens and three carpels. But
the flower is so inserted on the rachis of the spike that its ovary, far
more inferior than in Houttuynia, is partially sunk therein when
adult. Anemiopsis consists of Californian herbs, with the same
station, habit, and inflorescence as in the preceding genera.6
Gymnotheca cJiinensis7 has the habit, foliage, and inflorescence of
Houttuynia. But its four carpels are united edge to edge into a
one-celled ovary, surmounted by a style with four branches stig-
matiferous internally and at the apex. With these alternate four
multiovulate parietal placentas.8 Towards the top of the ovary9 are
inserted the stamens, usually six in number, each with a short
filament and an elongated basifixed two -celled anther of marginal
dehiscence. Each flower has a bract at its base.
1 Really they are inserted on a receptaeular Payee, Organog., 427, t. 90 ; Fam. Nat., 147.
cupule, in which is lodged the hase of the ovary, C. DC, Froth:, 237. — Anemia Nutt., in Ann.
here unilocular. Owing to the want of a perianth Nat. Hist., i. 136.
this cupule is almost undistinguisbable when adult. 6 Only one species has been described, A. eali-
2 Two are anterior; they are superposed to the fornica Hook. & Abn. ; but perhaps there is
stamens, which thus alternate with the placentas. another inhabiting the same country.
3 The ovules are orthotropous, with two coats. 7 Dcne., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, ill. 100, t,
4 H. cordata Thunb., Fl. Jap., 231, t, 26.— 5. — C. DC, Prodr., 237.
W., Spec, ii. 290.— .Bo*. Mag., t. 2731.— S. s The ovulcg are orth0tropous, transverse or
foetida Loud. — Polypara cochincJiinensis Lor/E., oblique.
loo cit. 9 (),. perhaps, rather, of an obconical re-
Hooe. & Abn., in Beech. Yog., Bot., 390, ceptac'.e enveloping the greater part of the
t. 92.— Endl., Gen., n. 18251 (Suppl. i. 1374).— carpels.
VITEBACEJE.
1.69
II. PEPPER SERIES.
The study of the Peppers1 may be commenced by that of the
Common- or Black-Pepper (Poivrier Commun, or P. Noir ; figs. 497,
503-50G). Its flowers, hermaphrodite or unisexual, are in long
spikes, each flower axillary to a bract. In the former kind, we see
, X
Piper (Eiipiper) nigrum.
Fig. 503.
Fig. 504
Fig. 505.
Fig. 506.
'lowers (>-).
Diagram.
Fruit (f).
Long. sect, of fruit (£)
in a pit above the bract, edged by a prominent crest on either side,3
a free gynseceum ; on either side of this is a stamen, formed of a short,
often flattened filament, inserted below the ovary, and a basifixed
articulated anther, whose two adnate cells open by longitudinal
clefts, then parting into four valves to free the pollen.' The ovary
1 Piper L., Gen., n. 43 (part). — Adaxs.,
Fam. des PL, ii. 262. — J., Gen., 405. — Gjertn.,
Fruct., ii. 67, t. 92. — Lamk., Diet., v. 457 ;
Suppl., iv. 454; III., t. 23.— Endl., Gen., n.
1820. — MiQ., Stfst. riperac, Kotterd., 8vo.
(1843, 44), 305. — Schnizl., Iconogr., t. 81.—
Lem. & Dcne., Tr. Gen., 502.— C. DC, Prodr.,
xvi. sect. i. 240. — Saurwrus Plum, (part.) nee
L. (inch : Artanthe MiQ., Callianira Miq.,
Carpunya Peesl, Caulobryon Kl., Chavica
MiQ. (part.), Coccobryon Kx., Cubeba Miq.,
EncJcea K., HecJceria K., Macropiper MiQ.,
Muldera Miq., Nematanthera MiQ., Ottonia
Spbexg., Pofomorphe Miq., Rhyncholepis Miq.,
Schilleria K., Schizonephros Geiff., Serronia
Gaudich. & Guillem., Sphcerostachys MiQ.,
Steffensia K„ Zippelia Bl.
2 P. nigrum L., Spec., 40. — W., Spec, i.
150. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, t. 125.— Miq.
Sgst., 308 ; III., 50, t. 50.— C. DC, Prodr., 363
n. 502. — P. spurium Link, Jahrb., i. 3, 60. — P. ?
colonum Peesl,, Bot. Bern., 112. — P. rotundum
nigrum Pl.FKN., Ahnag., 297, t. 437, fig. 1.—
Lada, aliis Molonga Pis., Mant. Arom., 180,
181. — Malago Cod Rheed., Ilort. Malab., vii.
23, t. 12.
3 At first sight they look like large depressed
bractlets, but their absence in other allied types
leads to the view that they are merely the raised
edges of the pit hollowed out in the axis. They
are figured as two lateral curves in the diagram
(fig. 504).
4 Generally formed of little ellipsoidal grains,
with a longitudinal fold. (H. Mohl, in Ann.
Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii. 311.)
47"
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Piper qfftcinarum.
is sessile,1 one-celled, tapering above into a very short flask-shaped
style, which soon divides into three, four, or more unequal reflexed
stigmatiferous styles. In the cell is a little subbasilar placenta,
bearing a single, nearly erect orthotropous ovule
with its micropyle superior. The fruit or so-called
Peppercorn {grain de Poivre ; tigs. 505, 506) is a
sessile one-seeded berry ; and the seed contains
within its coats a large farinaceous albumen (peri-
sperm), whose apex is occupied by a second very
small, fleshy albumen3 (endosperm), enveloping a
minute embryo, with a very short superior radicle,
and broad depressed cotyledons. The Black Pepper
is a slender climbing herbaceous plant, with knotty
stems, bearing adventitious roots. The leaves,
inserted at the swollen articulated nodes, are alter-
nate simple petiolate, ovate-acuminate, penniveined,
subtricostate at the base. The petiole is dilated
below into a sheath which is prolonged into
two intrapetiolar stipules ; these separate at
a certain age from the edge of the petiole and the branch, leaving a
longitudinal and a circular cicatrix respectively. The inflorescences
are long simple pedunculate spikes, leaf-opposed (fig. 497), or more
rarely terminal.
Other species, well known for their useful properties, such as
Long-Pepper4 (fig. 507), Betel5 (fig. 509), Cubebs6 (fig. 508), Kava7
Fig. 507.
Fruit.
1 It appears to be formed of a single carpel,
and though the style divides above into several
lobes, these would seem to represent parts of a
single leaf. (See Adansonia, x. 340.) Here and
there we find flowers with two or more carpels.
But somewhat excentric, nearer the posterior
side of the flower.
3 The former is formed in the nucleus; the
latter in the embryo-sac.
4 P. longum L., Spec, 41 (part.). — MiQ., in
Hart. Journ,, v. 351 ; Icon., t. 1928.— C. DC,
Prodr., 555, n. 474. — P. longum Pistolockia
Plukn., Aim., 297; Phyt., t. 104, fig. 4.— Cattu
Tirpoli Rheed., Hort. Malab., vii. 27, t. 14.—
Chavica Roxburghii Miq., Syst., 239 ; III., t.
30; Icon., n. 256. We show below that P.
officinamm L. (fig. 507) chiefly produces the
Long Pepper of commerce.
5 P. Betle L., Spec, 40 ; Fl. Zeyl., n. 27.—
Lamk., III., 79.— W., Spec, i. 159.— C. DC,
Prodr., 359, n. 489. — P. Melamiri L. (part.). —
P. Siriboa L., Spec, 41. — Sirii folium Rumph.,
Herb. Amboin., v. 336, t. 116, fig. 2.— Siriboa
Rumpu., hoc. cit.,v. 340, t. 117. — Codi Rheed.,
Hort. Malab., vii. 29, t. 15. — Chavica Betle
Miq., Syst., 220. —Miq., in Ann. Mus. Lugd.-
Bat., i. 136. — C. auriculata MiQ., Syst., 269. —
Artanthe hexagyna MiQ., Syst., 412.
6 P. Cubeba L. fil., Suppl., 90. — Lamk., III.,
81. — Roxb., Fl. Ind., i. 161. — Schnizl.,
Iconogr., t. 81, figs. 18-20.— C DC, Prodr.,
340, n. 410. — Cubeba officinalis MiQ., Comm.,
33 ; Syst., 285 ; III., 48.
" P. methysticum Foest., PL Fsc, 76 ;
Prodr., n. 21.— W., Spec, i. 161.— Deless., Ic .
Sel., 53, t. 89.— GriLLEM., Zeph. Tail., 28.—
PIPEBACEJE.
471
&c, have the same general organization, and only differ in details.
Thus Long-Pepper {Poivre Long) owes its name to the fact that its
berries are arranged in a long cylinder, close-packed with one-
another and the bracts ; they are hence obpyramidal, and only free
at the apex. In the Betel the bracts are rounded and peltate, and
Piper Cubeba.
Fig. 508.
Fruiting branch (\).
the leaves are pluricostate at the base. Cubebs has stipitate berries
(whence its vulgar name of Poivre a queue [Tailed Pepper]), with
bracts aclnate to the rachis except at the edges, and penniveined
leaves. Kava has pedicellate peltate crenulate bracts, and long-
petiolate penniveined leaves, cordate and 11-13-costate at the base,
C. DC, Prodr., 354, n. 470. — Macropiper Bot., 96. — M.latifolium Miq., in Linncea, xx.
methyrticum Hook. & Arn., in Beech. Voy,, 130 (vulg. Ava, Kava, Kawa-kaica).
Piper (Steffensia) angusti-
folium.
H
..: <
m NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
and surmounted by an acute acumen. The three central ribs are
prolonged nearly to the apex. Other species of Piper again differ
from the preceding m
Piper {Eupiper) Bella. ^ number 0f stamens,
which may rise from
three or four to ten or
twelve; in the anther,
sometimes articulated
with the apex of the
filament ; in the more or
less complete separation
or union of the sexes in
the flowers, which may
be monoecious or dioecious,
or polygamous in a single
stock or inflorescence, or
more rarely all herma-
phrodite on the same
spike ; in the position
of the inflorescences on
the branches ; and in the
behaviour of the floral
bract to the axis. On
these differences have
been founded a large
number of sections,1 the limits of which how-
ever it is often impossible to define well in
so natural a genus. As many as one
thousand species have been described, which
botanists have found it possible to reduce
'■ / I
Fig. 509.
Fruit.
s/iirf
J.-J)
m
\'i\
Fig. 510.
Leaf (f).
1 C. De Candolle admits nine, which we
reduce to eight : 1. Eupiper [C. DC, Prodr.,
339 ; — Piper El. (part.). ; — Chavica MlQ.,
Syst., 222 (part.) ; — Cuheba MlQ., Comm., 35].
Bract free and distinct from the flower. Stamens
2, lateral, more rarely 3, with one posterior, or
4, with one anterior. Anthers articulate. In-
florescences leaf-opposed. Flowers unisexual or
polygamous, more rarely all hermaphrodite (Coco-
Iryoti Kx., and 2, 3-androus (123 sp.) — 2. Apo-
piper (C. DC, Prodr., 366). Enpiper with
diandrous flowers, and exarticulate anthers (4
sp.). — 3. Potomorphe (MiQ., Comm., 33 ; —
Heclceria K., in Linncea, xviii. 564; — Macro-
piper MiQ., Comm., 35 ; — C DC, Prodr., 331).
Flowers hermaphrodite or 1-sexual, 2, 3-androus.
Inflorescences axillary or umhellate at apex of
an axillary branch (12 sp.). — 4. (?) Carpunya
[Peesl, Epimel, 229 ;— C DC, Prodr., 326 ;—
Ottonia Spbeng., N. Enid., i. 225 (part.);—
ScJdlleria K., in Linncea, xiii. 676; — Enckea K.,
loc. tit. (part.) ; — Arianthe MiQ., Comm. , 40
PIPEBAGEJE.
473
Piper (EncJcea) discolor.
to some six hundred, of which some still seem to be of doubtful
autonomy,1 natives of the hot countries in all quarters of the
globe.
All the Piperea were formerly
included in the genus Piper. The
other genera, after having been
inordinately multiplied, are now
reduced to very few, and are
only distinguished by charac-
ters of but slight importance,
such as the behaviour of the
floral bract, the dehiscence of
the anther, the mode of division
of the style into stigmatiferous
lobes, and even the consistency
and structure of the stems.
C/tavica,2 with the same stem-
structure as Piper, has extrorse
bivalve anthers, from two to
four in number ;3 Peperomia*
(figs. 518-515), and Verhuettia,6 have a different histological struc-
Fig. 511.
Inflorescence.
Fig. 512.
Portion of inflorescence,
enlarged (£).
(part.)]. Flowers hermaphrodite. Bract free.
Stamens 3, one posterior. Inflorescences leaf-
opposed (22 sp.). — 5. Steffensia [K., in Linncea,
xiii. 609; — C. DC, Prodr., 251; — Schilleria
K., loc. cit,, 676 ; — EncJcea K., loc. cit. (part.) ; —
Ottonia Speeng., loc. cit. (part.) ; — Serronia
Gaudich. & Guillem., in Beless. Ic. Sel., iii. t
90 ;—Peltobry on Kl. (ex Miq., Syst., 369); —
Artanthe MlQ., loc. cit. (part.) ; — Zippelia Bl.,
in Poem, et Sch. Syst., vii. 1614, 1651 ; — Brachy-
stachys C DC, in Seem. Journ. (1866) ; — Macro-
stachys C. DC, loc. cit. (part.)]. Inflorescences
leaf-opposed. Flowers sessile or stipitate. Bract
distinct frorn the flower. Stamens 4 (315 sp.). —
6. Enchea [K., in Linncea, xiii. 590 (part.) ; —
C. DC, Prodr., 243 (part.); — Callianira MlQ.,
Syst., 344]. Char, of Steffensia, with herma-
phrodite flowers, and 5, 6 stamens with articulate
anthers surrounding the ovary (30 spo.). — 7.
Nematanthera (MlQ., in Linneea, xviii. 606, t.
2 ; — C DC, Prodr., 367). Flowers monandrous,
hermaphrodite. Anther articulate. Bract free
(2 sp.). — 8. Schizonephos (Gbiff., Notul., iv.
383;— C DC, Prodr., 211 ;— Mulder a MlQ.,
Comm., 34). Flowers enclosed in a cupule
formed (?) of connate bracts, polygamous or 1-
scxnal. Anthers articulate. Inflorescences leaf-
opposed (9 sp.).
1 C DC, Prodr., loc. cit, 211-380, 384-389,
492.
2 Miq., Syst., 222 (part.).— C DC, Prodr.,
388.
3 All are natives of Tropical Asia and the East
Indies, especially the mountainous districts of
Silhet, Khasia, Sikkhim, Java, and the Moluccas
(5 sp. ; Miq., in Zoll. et Mor. Verz., 84; Fl.
Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii. 42. — Diete., Sp., i. 145. —
C DC, loc. cit.).
4 R. & Pav., Prodr., 8 ; Fl. Per. et Chil., i.
29.— Tuep., in Diet. Sc. Nat., Atl., t. 293,
294.— H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec, i. 60.-
Miq., Syst., 63.— Endl., Gen., n. 1820 a.—
C. DC, Prodr., 392. — Dugagelia Gaudich., in
Freycin. Voy., Pot., 513, 514.— C DC, Prodr.,
471. — Acrocarpidium MlQ., in Biar. List.
Nederl. (1842). — Tildenia MlQ., loc. cit. — Eras-
mia Miq., loc. cit. — Phyllobryon Miq. Syst., 50.
5 Miq., Syst., 47 (part.) ; III., 5, 1. 1, fig. a. —
C DC, in Mem. Soc. Geneve, xviii. p. ii. t. 1,
fig. 58; Prodr., 391. — Mildea Geiseb., Cat.
PI. Cub., 63. — Piperoides C DC, in Seem.
Journ. (1866), 161.
474
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Peperomia blanda.
Fig. 514.
Flower (f).
ture;1 the former has hermaphrodite flowers, and anthers of
Chavica ; the latter,3 anthers of Piper. In both the floral bract is
free. All these genera
inhabit the hottest coun-
tries of the globe. Ver-
huellia comprises three or
four species, all American,
except one from the banks
of the Nile. Peperomia is
a very large genus ; up-
wards of four hundred
species have been de-
scribed. In some there is
a distinct style, in others
the stigmatic papillae are
merely on top of the
ovary ; in some the flower
and fruit are stipitate, in
others sessile. Further di-
visions have been founded
on the form of the stig-
matiferous surface, which
may be entire and disc-
oidal, scutellate, conical,
or elongated, or bilobate ;
on the insertion of the
floral bract, which may
be like a little leaf and attached by its base to the rachis, or
dilated above and more or less peltate ; on the arrangement of
the leaves, alternate or verticillate ; on their nervation, penniveined,
multiplicostate, or pluricostate at the base.
Fig. 513.
Habit.
Fig. 515.
Long, sect of flower.
1 These peculiarities will be treated below,
with respect to the organization of the stems.
2 Low herbs, American and African (4 sp. :
W., Spec, i. 165 (Pipe?-).— Spbeug., Syst., i.
117 (Piper).— Sw., Fl. Ind. Occ, i. 69 (Piper).—
Dietr., Sp., i. 162 (Peperomia).
3 Herbs or shrubs from all hot countries (389
sp., C. DC, Prodr., 393-471).
PIPERACEJ1.
475
III. CHLORANTHUS SERIES.
CMorcmthus' (figs. 516-519) lias small flowers axillary to opposite
bracts on the rachis of a spike. Each has a one-celled ovary, sur-
mounted by a short style, more or less irregularly dilated at its
Chloranthus inconspicuns.
Fro. 516.
Flowering branch.
Fig. 517.
Flower (f).
Fig. 518.
Long. sect, of flower.
stigmatiferous apex. Inside is inserted on the wall of the
ovary, usually close to its apex,2 a single descending orthotrop-
ous ovule, with its micropyle inferior.3 This ovary must be
1 Sw., in Phil. Trans., lxxvii. 354 ; Prodr. Fl.
Ind. Occ, 84.— J., Gen., 423.— R. Be., in Bot.
Mag., fc. 2190. — Lindl,, Teg. Kingd., 519, fig.
355. — Endl., Gen., n. 1819. — Payee, Organog.,
422, t. 90. — C. J. i>e Coedem., in Adansonia,
iii. 295. — H. A. de Solms, in DC. Prodr., xvi.
sect. i. 473.— Lem. & Dcne., Tr. Gen., 504. —
Schnizl., Iconogr., t. 80. — H. Bn., in Adan-
sonia, x. 134. — Nigrina Thitnb., Nov. Gen., 58;
Fh Jap., 65 ; in Act. Upsal., vii. 142. — Lamk.,
III., 294.— Poie., Dict.,\v. 489.— Creodus Lor/E.,
Fl. Cochinch., 112. — Peperidia Reichb., Consp.,
212. — Cri/phcea Hamilt., in Brewst. Fdinb.
Journ. So. (1825), 11. — Stropha Noeonh., mss.
2 Sometimes lower down. We have seen it
occasionally inserted a little above the middle of
the posterior wall, and in that case nearly hori-
zental. (See Adansonia, x. 141.)
3 It has two coats.
476
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Chloranthus inconspicuus.
Fig. 519.
Diagram.
considered as partly inferior, since it bears somewhere about half-
way up the more or less prominent rim of the receptacular cup in
which it is enframed. Here are inserted the perigynous male
organs ; they consist of a thick fleshy scale, concave towards the
ovary. The median lobe bears the two cells of an introrse anther,
each dehiscing by a longitudinal cleft, sur-
mounted by a more or less marked prolongation
of the connective. The anther borne on each
of the lateral lobes is reduced to a single cell
(fig. 518), also introrse and surmounted by an
apiculus. It is still a moot point whether
these flowers are hermaphrodite with a uni-
lateral androceum, or really unisexual, in which
case the three stamens would form a little
cyme or glomerulus of monandrous flowers, placed on one side of a
terminal female flower reduced to its gynaBceum.1 The fruit is a
drupe with a thin fragile stone, and bears about half-way up a
vestige of the rim that encircled the ovary in the flower. The seed
is descending and orthotropous ; it contains within its coats a
copious farinaceous albumen, and near its apex a little embryo, with
a short inferior radicle, and small thick more or less divaricated
cotyledons.
In certain species of Cliloranthus the stem is frutescent, or sar-
mentose and almost climbing. The best known of these species that
are woody (at least at the base) is C. inconspicuus? an inhabitant of
South-east Asia, often cultivated in our conservatories. Other
species have creeping subterranean rhizomes, which give off herb-
aceous aerial branches. They are aromatic plants, from China and
Japan. Among the Japanese species two are remarkable for the
enormous elongation of the connective above the anther, to form a
1 C. J. de Coedemoy (he. cit., 288) considers
"the flowers of Chloranthus as a true inflorescence,
in which the axis bears at its extremity a single
female flower, composed merely of a naked ovary,
and laterally in the axil of a bract a little glomer-
ulus (biparous sessile cyme) of male flowers,
represented one by a bilocular stamen, and the
others by unilocular stamens." De Soims ascribes
hermaphrodite flowers to Chloranthus, a view in
which we thoroughly coincide (Adansonia, x.
143).
2 Sw., in Phil. Trans., loc.cit.,t. 15. — Liieb.,
Sert. Angl., t. 2. — C. J. de Cordem., loc. cit.,
295. — De Solms, Prodr., 474, n. 2. — ? C. oltusi-
folius ~Miq.,FLInd.-£at.,802. — Creodus odorifer
Lour. — Nigrina spicata Thunb. (? ?). — N. spi-
cifera Lajik., III., t. 71.
PIPERACE31. 477
coloured narrow subulate tongue. It has been proposed to make
them into a distinct genus Tricercandra,1 which we also admit only
as a section of Chloranthus.
Sarcandra- has also a frutescent stem, with all the organization of
Chloranihus, except that its androceum is monandrous ; for it
possesses only the median two-celled stamen, anterior to the ovary.3
Hence it has been made, not without reason, a mere section of
Chloranthus* The genus thus constituted5 contains some half-score
species,6 with knotty articulate stems and branches, possessing an
aromatic scent, like most of the organs, and bearing opposite decus-
sate leaves ; these have geminate lateral stipules, nearly free or
united at the base with one another and the petiole, to form a very
ill-developed sheath. The spikes are terminal, usually ramified.
Hedj/osmum7 (figs. 520-525) has unisexual flowers, with both sexes
sometimes on the same plant, sometimes separated. The female
flowers are formed nearly as in Chloranthus, possessing the same uni-
locular ovary, the same descending orthotropous ovule, and the
same short style with a stigmatiferous head. Moreover the apex of
the ovary bears three short thick rounded wings, alternating with
its angles — two anterior and one posterior. Their morphological
value is still uncertain. The male flowers are far more simple ;
they are represented by numerous naked cuneate stamens (fig.
521), which are inserted in a spiral along a common axis; each
stamen has two cells, of marginal dehiscence, surmounted by a thick
obtuse dilatation of the connective. The genus Ilcdi/osmum com-
prises some twenty species shrubs and undershrubs from the warm
1 A. Gray, Ace. of Bot. Spec. Jap., 318. — 6 W., Spec,, i. 248, 503. — Speeng., Anl.,
Saintlegeria C. J. DE Coedem., in Adansonia, iii. iii. 620 ; Syst. Veg., iii. 683. — Sieb. & Zucc. in
300. Mem. Acad. Yindob. (1846), 232. — Benth., Fl.
2 GaeDN., in Calc. Journ. of Nat. Hist., vii. Hongkong ., 334. — Bl., Enum. PI. Jan. i. 79
348. — C. J. de Coedem., in Adansonia, iii. 301. (Ascarina) ; Fl. Jav., fasc. 8. — Rcem. & Sch.
3 In S.chloranthoides Gaedn., the fruit recalls Syst., iii. 29, 461, 567. — Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. i.
the ovary in its external characters. The seed 802.
contains a very copious fariuaceous albumen, with 7 Sw., Prodr., 847 ; Fl. Ind. Occ, 59.
a subapical embryo, whose ovoid radicle is much Endl., Gen., n. 1817. — Tr/BP., in Diet. Sc. Nat.
better developed than the cotyledons. Around Atl., t. 287. — Ag., Theor. Syst., 210. C. J.
the latter is a little irregular pulpy mass, the de Coedem., in Adansonia, iii. 302. — De Solms
rudiment of the fleshy amniotic albumen of Piper. Prodr., 479. — Tafalla R. & Pav., Prodr., t. 29 •
The apex of the radicle ends in a little point. Fl. Per. et Chil., 270.
4 De Solms., Prodr., 474.
, n ( 1. Euchtoranihus.
s Chloeanthfs I 0 „, . ,
; 2. Tricercandra.
sect, 6. | 3 Sarcandm
478
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
parts of America.1 Their branches are opposite, articulated at the
nodes. The leaves are opposite simple petiolate, each pair united at
the base, for a whole internocle, into a subcylindrica! sheath embrac-
ing the branch, and bearing above two stipules2 on either side, often
Hedyosmum arborescens.
Fig. 521.
Stamen (f).
Fig. 520.
Male inflorescence.
Fig. 523.
Long. sect, of female flower.
Fig. 524.
Fruit (\).
Fig. 522.
Female flower {\).
Fig. 525.
Long. sect, of fruit.
persistent after the fall of the rest of the leaf. The male catkins are
solitary terminal, or grouped in terminal racemes, with opposite
divisions. The female flowers are in little cymes or glomeruli,
terminal, or again grouped into terminal racemes. In each cyme,
biparous or triparous, there are as many axillant bracts as there are
flowers, which by their union for some distance edge to edge form a
sort of little involucre around the partial inflorescence.
1 W., Spec, iv. 476. — Speeng., Syst., iii.
865.— R. Be., in Bot. Mag., t. 2190.— Geiseb.,
Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 172.— Maet., Fl. Bras.,
fasc. xi. — H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec, vii. 126,
165, t. 654, 655. — Don, in Fdinb. Rev., iii.
432.— Kabst., Fl. Columb., ii. 129, t. 168.
2 Each of these is rather the free portion of the
stipule, which is united below with the petiole
and its fellow stipule into this sheath.
PIPEBAGEJ^J.
479
Ascarina,1 finally, may be described as intermediate between Chlor-
anthus and Hedyosmum. Of the former genus it has altogether the
habit, leaves, inflorescence, ovary, and fruit. But its broad stigma
is sessile ; the gynseceum is axillary to a bract, accompanied by two
sterile bractlets ; and the unisexual flowers are dioecious. The male
spikes consist of monandrous flowers as in Hedyosmum, with each
stamen axillary to a bract. The two-celled anther tapers to the
apex, and opens by two sublateral longitudinal clefts. The two or
three species of Ascarina2 inhabit the islands of Oceania.
IV. ? HOENWOET SEEIES.
The Hornworts3 (Fr., Cornifle ; figs. 526-532) have monoecious
Ceratophyllum vulgare (demersum).
Fig. 527.
Male flower (f )
Fig. 528.
Fruit (f).
Fig. 526.
Flowering branch.
Fig. 529.
Long. sect, of
fruit (f).
Fig. 530.
Embryo (f ).
unisexual flowers. The males have a short convex receptacle, bear-
1 Foest., Char. Gen., 59. — J., Gen., 482. — Seem., in Bonplandia (1861), 251; Fl. Tit., 258,
Eitdl., Gen., n. 1818. — C. J. de Coedem., in t. 74.
Adansonia, iii. 301. — De Solms, Prodr., 477. 3 Ceratophyllum L., Gen., n. 1055. J., Gen.,
2 W., Spec, iv. 647. — Spbeng., Syst., i. 19.— 18. — Gjsetn., Fruct., i. 211, t. 44.— Lame.]
Hook, f., in Journ. Linn. £oc, i. 127, 129.— Diet., ii. 113 ; III., t. 775.— Schkuhb, Handb'.,
480
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Ceratophylium vulgare (submersum).
ing a multifid perianth.1 Inside this we find the indefinite stamens,
each formed of a snbsessile extrorse anther, dehiscing more or
less completely by longitudinal clefts2 (fig. 527). The females
(figs. 531, 532) have the same receptacle and perianth; and the
gynajceum consists of a free one-celled ovary tapering above into a
long subulate style, undilated at
its stigmatiferous apex.3 Within
the ovary and near its apex is
a placenta bearing a suspended
orthotropous ovule with its micro-
pyle inferior. As the ovary grows
two or three little points develop
near its base, which enlarge and
harden greatly in the fruit of
Long. sect, of female certain varieties4 (figs. 528, 529).
flower. The fruit is an achene,5 containing
a suspended orthotropous seed, with
very thin coats and a large exalbuminous embryo. This is well-
developed, a complete plant in miniature ;6 its short radicle is
inferior ; and the axis bears first the two large opposite cotyledons,
and then a pretty large number of leaves, arranged like those on
the stem,7 and often possessing axillary buds.9 Ceratojjliyllam com-
prises perennial aquatic herbs, submerged-natant, abundant in the
fresh waters of Europe, North America, and the Antilles. Their
branches are herbaceous, long and slender, covered with rigid brittle
verticillate leaves, once or repeatedly di- or trichotomous, multifid
Fig. 531.
Female flower (f).
Fig. 532.
iii. 254, t. 297. — DC, Prodr., iii. 73. — Nees jttn.,
Gen., viii. 1. 11.— Endl., Gen., n. 1829. — Liitol.,
Veg. Kingd., 263, fig. 178. — Schleid., in Lin-
ncea, xi. 513, 1. 11. — C. J. DE Coedem., in Adan-
sonia, iii. 292. — Lem. & Dcne., Tr. Gen., 505. —
Hydroceratopliyllum Vaill., in Act. Ac. Par.
(1719), t. 2, fig. 2. — Dichotophgllum Dillen.,
Gen., 91, t. 3.
1 Its divisions are equal or unequal.
2 The clefts may be well defined or irregular,
or else of tardy occurrence. The apex of the
connective is prolonged into one or two points
above the cells.
3 It is papillose on one side.
4 Especially C. demersum L. (-Spec , 1409). —
C. cornidum Rich. (Anal. Fr., 46, 93) ; while in
C. submersum L., it is said that the prickles are
quite absent. This is true of the flower in general,
even where they are present and attain to a more
or less notable development in the fruit.
5 It is finally quite dry, but is really rather a
drupe, with a very bard stone and a very thin
exocarp, covered with little warty dots.
6 Its development was first studied in 1827 by
Ad. Beongniaet (in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 1, xii.
251, t. 44, fig. B).
7 The first pair above the cotyledons are usually
simple, and were described by Nees as a third
and fourth cotyledon.
8 C. J. de Coedem., loc. cil., 293. A trace of
mucous albumen is often found between the folds
of the embryo. Above, the seed bears a little
brown chalazal cupule, much thicker than the
rest of the seed-coats.
PIPEBACE.fi.
481
and exstipulate. The flowers are solitary axillary. Three or four
species have been made ;' but Schleiden2 reduces them to varieties
of a single species.
The twelve genera we admit in this order belong to four small
series, the general characters of which we can now give.
I. Saurure^e. — Herbs, with hermaphrodite pluricarpellary flowers.
Carpels superior or partly inferior, free altogether or partially, or
united edge to edge below or all the way up into a one-celled ovary
with several pluriovulate parietal placentas. Leaves alternate. Fruit
dry. Albumen double. Fibro-vasculate system simple peripheral (4
genera). A. L. de Jussieu,3 who knew Saururus and Hoidtuynia,
placed them both in Monocotyledons, the former in Naiadece, the
latter in Aroidece. L. C. Richard,4 in 1. 803, proposed to make a
distinct order of the Saururea, accepted by most subsequent authors.5
C. De Candolle6 has recently made it a tribe of the order P/peraceof.
The genera Anemiopsis7 and Gymnotheca* were added in the second
quarter of this century.
II. PiPEREiE. — The genus Piper was classed by A. L. de Jussieu9
in the Genera Urticis affinia. A. P. De Candolle10 made it a tribe of
Urticete under the name of Piperitece. Kunth, in 181 5, n following
the opinion of L. C. Richard,12 made the Piperacea a distinct order.
This was accepted by Endlicher in 183613 to include only the two
types Piper and Zijjpelia ;u besides, as doubtful members, Ottomia of
Sprengel,15 and Laurea, which is a true Urticad. Several genera
proposed as distinct by Gaudichaud'6 were kept by Endlicher among
the Peppers. Then Miquel made a particular study of this group,
1 L., Spec, 1419.— (Ed., Fl. Ban., iii. t. 510.,
xii. t. 2000.— Sow., Engl. Bot,, t. 679, 947.—
Cham., in Linncea, iv. 503, t. 6, 336. — A. Gray,
Man., ed. 5, 427. — Geen. & Godr., Fl. de Ft:,
i. 592.
2 Loc cit„ 540 (C. vulgare Schleid.).
3 Gen. (1789), 19, 25.
4 Anal, du Fruit (1808), 41.
5 Saurnrece Endl., Gen., 266, ord. 82. —
Ad. Br., Enum., 98, film. 198.— Ag., Th. Syst,,
93. — Lem. & Dcne., TV. Gen,, 5Q0.—Sauru-
racece Lindl., Yeg. Kingd., 521.
VOL. III.
8 Prodr., xvi. sect. i. 235-237 (1869).
' Hook. & Arn., in Beech. Yog., Bot. (1841).
8 Dcne., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, iii. (1845).
9 Gen., 405.
111 Theor. Flem. (1813), 218.
11 In H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spec, i. 46.
12 Anal, du Fruit (1808).
13 Gen., 265, ord. 81.
14 Bl., in Roem. et Sch. Syst., vii. (1829).
15 N. Entd., i. (1820).
16 In Freyein. Yoy., Bot. (1826), 513.
I I
482 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
and in his memoirs1 divided it into a large number of genera, which
have only been considered sections of Piper and Peperomia by the
most recent authors, especially C. De Candolle.2 This botanist
retains as distinct genera the two just mentioned, and Verhiellia
and Chavica.3 These four have the following characters in common :
a single one-celled ovary, with a nearly basilar suberect orthotropous
ovule ; a one-seeded berry and a double albumen, just as in Saururea.
The flowers are naked, unisexual or hermaphrodite, spicate or race-
mose. Of this series C. De Candolle makes two tribes, Piper ea
and Peperomiea, according as the fibro-vascular system in the stem
is simple or double.
III. Ch lor an the.*:. — The genus Chloranthus was classed by A. I±.
de Jussieu4 with Loranthads, and by Sprengel5 with Caprifoliads.
K. Brown6 was the first to make it the type of a distinct order,
retained as such by all recent botanists.7 Nearly all have judged it
akin to Piperacea, but they kept it distinct, while we include it in
the latter order as a mere tribe or series. It is distinguished by the
insertion of the ovule, near the apex of the posterior wall, instead of
near the base of the ovary ; and we have shown8 that the ovule thus
becomes descending instead of ascending. The direction seems also
connected with the perigyny of Chloranthus, where the ovary is partly
inferior. The flower is, according to our view, hermaphrodite, with
a unilateral gynseceum.9 This series also contains Ascarina,™ left by
1 Pisput. Tax. et Geogr. de Piper ac. {Com- " Lindl., Veg. Kingd., 519, ord. 197 (Chlor-
ment., i.), Lugd. Eat. (1839) ; Ohs. de Piperac. anthacece). — Ekdl., Gen., 264, ord. 80. —
(Comment., ii.), Lugd. Bat. (1840); Syst. Pipe. C. J. DE Coedem., in Adansonia, iii. (1863),
rac, Roterod. (1843-44), 8vo. 280.— H. A. de Solms, in DC. Prodr., xvi. sect.
2 Mem. stir la Fam. des Piperacees (in Mem. i. 472. ord. 188.
Soe. Geneve, xviii. p. ii.) ; Prod,:, xvi. sect. i. 8 Sur la Position des Chloranthacees (in
235 fo, ord. 186. Adansonia, x. 138).
3 Besides Dvgagelia Gaudich., which we 9 This view is shared by most authors, and
have referred to Peperomia, and Symbryon only confirmed by what we know of the flower
Geiseb. (Cat. PI. Cub., 64), unknown to us, and in Piperem. However, C. J. de Coedemoy (in
considered by C. De Candolle (Prodr., 471) as Adansonia, iii. 288) applies to Chloranthus the
a doubtful genus. It is a knotty shrub, with theory which gives Euphorbia monoecious flowers,
alternate leaves and diclinous flowers. The and regards the stamens as a cyme (lateral tri-
females, alone known, have a single uniovulate floral biparous) of monandrous flowers, while the
ovary, surmounted by a sessile stigma, and ac- gynseceum represents a terminal female flower,
eompamed by two lateral scales. whence his expression that in Chloranthece we
In Ann Mus., xii. 299. have "pseudo-hermaphrodite flowers."
Anl. z. Kenntn. d. Geic., ii. 620. io FoRST Char. Gen. n776\
In Pot. Mag., n. 2190 (1820) ; Misc.
Works (ed. Benn.), i. 215; ii. 67l (Chlor-
anthea).
PIPERACE.E. 483
Jussieu in the Genera incerta sedis, and Ifedgosmum,1 wherein the
receptacle is quite concave, and the flowers are dioecious. — Leaves
opposite with lateral stipules, aclnate to the receptacle, and some-
times to one another, for a long distance. Seed with a simple
albumen in some species containing a rudiment of the fleshy
mass2 which is developed in the embryo-sac in Piperece and Saur-
urecB.
IV? C erato phylle.e. — A. L. de Jussieu3 made Ceratophyttum a
Naiad. Mirbel4 first regarded it as the type of a distinct group, held
by F. C. Richard5 and Sohleiden6 a neighbour of Coniferece. Gray7
made it into the order Ceratophyllea, which De Candolle8 placed
near Haloragece, Hippuridea, and Lythrarim, a view which has found
the greatest support. Endltcher9 classed it next to Callitrichea and
Podostemacea ; Lindleyiu next the Nettles ; Ad. Brongniart11 beside
Chloranthaceai and Santrdacece ; A. Gray,'" because of the structure of
the embryo, near Nelambece and Cabombece. C. J. de Cordemoy13
thought it should be placed in the same tribe with Chloranthece and
Platanete. We make it, not unhesitatingly, a series or tribe allied
to Chloranthea. It is characterized by monoecious flowers ; a circular
gamophyllous perianth, incised into a variable number of lobes ; a
free one-celled ovary, containing a single, almost suspended, ortho-
tropous ovule ; a drupaceous fruit with a very thin mesocarp, and
hard stone ; an erect exalbuminous embryo,14 so highly developed as
to resemble a little plant, possessing leaves with axillary buds above
the two large fleshy cotyledons. By this great development of the
embryo the plants appear analogous in this order to Nelumbece in
NymplKEcicea. — Submerged swimming herbs ; leaves verticillate,
incised 2-3-chotomous, not aromatic. Flowers axillary sessile.
1 Sw., Prodr., Fl. Ind. Occ. (1788). 13 In Adansonia, iii. 293 (1863).
2 See p. 477, note 3. H Sometimes the mucilaginous remains are
3 Gen. (1789), 18. left between the little leaves of the embryo.
4 Ex Ag., Theor. Syst., 55 (1858). According to C. J. de Cokdemoy, " the absence
5 Anal, du Fruit., 46, 93. of albumen is not a character we can really use,
6 In Linncea, xi. (1837), 540. for if we follow the development of the ovule, we
7 Brit. PL Arr., ii. 554. think that at the time when it becomes a seed,
8 Prodr., iii. (1828), 73, ord. 73. and the embryo is present, there exists a true
9 Gen., 267, ord. 83 (1836). albumen." But the precocious growth of the
10 Veg. Kingd. (1846), 263, ord. 85 {Cerato- plantule early exhausts the albumen; and, finally ,
filiyllacece). the seed of Ceratophgllum resembles what that
11 Fnum. (1843), 115, fam. 240? of CMorantkus must be when, after germination,
12 In Ann. Lye. N.-York, iv. (1837), 48. it has attained the same grade of development."
I I 2
484 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Thus the variable characters by which we separate the series of
this group are as follows : the structure of the seed, the number and
direction of the ovules, the number of carpels, the presence or
absence of the perianth, the form of the floral receptacle, and the
characters of the vegetative organs. The points by which the genera
are distinguished in the several series are, in CMoranthea, the herma-
phrodism or dicliny of the flowers, the presence or absence of a floral
bract in the males, and the depth of the receptacle and organization
of the perianth in the females. In Saururece : the independence or
union of the carpellary leaves, the adnation or independence of the
floral bracts, the number of parts in the androceum and gynaeceum,
the form and depth of the floral receptacle. In Piperece : the de-
hiscence of the anthers (into two valves or four), and sometimes the
number of divisions of the style, and lastly the structure of the
stems. Earely has such a character as the last been used in char-
acterizing the tribes of an order, and this just proves its importance
here. Long since was the attention of botanists called to the histo-
logical organization of the Pipereee by their peculiar habit, their
often sarmentose branches with prominent articulated nodes, by the
insertion of the leaves, and the development of adventitious roots on
certain parts of their stems.1 Moldenhauer2 noticed in 1812 that
certain species have neither pith nor medullary rays. Since then it
has been shown3 that in the herbaceous stems and branches the fibro-
vascular bundles are irregularly scattered through the cellular mass,
as in many Monocotyledons. When the axes become woody a
regular sheath of wood forms in the second year or vegetative season,
surrounding the parenchymatous mass in which the first fibro-
vascular bundles are isolated. Then in time the woody zone thickens,
and is enlarged with new elements. Finally, " in the arborescent
. In roost -P^j-** where they occur they 3 Dutebn.j Unters_ ueb. Keim_ rf> M
2™5 T tbetln?des- . \*W? Cubeba and 23, t. l.-K., in Mem. Mus., iv. (1818), 442
mos 1° r nir P1'T r dfel°Pment « demerit. ™b. d. Fam. d. Piperaa\m Linnaa
Si 3 tlU. r°, ' rTmed °f a hemi" <1839)< 561 ■> in A™- So. Nat., ser. 2, xiv.
MS? Stlng °Ut tLr°llgh a 173)-E- Mey-> »e Soultuynia atque Saurur.
base of tl e petiole Ks^V* ^ ^ f the (1827>' 38> ***■ 5-B-Bi., V J la Struct.
cessor Lr in- from « m;ede«**°r and sue- des Poivres (in Mem. Soc. Sc. Batav., xi. (1826),
?2SE5£ r S brl hS aUernat'10n iehrK » p63-THET1E., Ays. a. Gel,, i. 210.-
\ Beitr. m. Anat. d. P/ (1812) 5 not YEN" **■«"*%«. »■ 332-
PIPER ACE JE. 485
and frutescent species the wood is compact, in layers, traversed by
large medullary rays." We find numerous variations in detail in the
different species. Unger1 demonstrated in 1S40 that some Piperads
have two fibrovascular systems, a central and a peripheral. In the
internodes their course is parallel, without anastomosis, but at the
nodes they unite to form a plexus, whence the buds and roots take
origin. Wood-formation is limited to the outer system, on the
external surface of which are produced new bundles, composed of
vessels and connective parenchyma.3 Hence the stems only become
hard and woody in those plants which possess an external fibro-
vascular system ; they are herbaceous where there is only the primi-
tive system with scattered bundles ; thus it is that C. De Candolle3
distinguishes Peperomiece (herbaceous) from Piperece proper (woody).
The perfect decussation of the leaves in Chloranthem leads to a regular
arrangement of the bundles. In Chloranthus inconspicuus there were
found4 four large bundles arranged in a square, in each internode.
" These four large bundles are separated, each from its neighbours,
by a pair of smaller ones which join together. When the bundles
are fully developed they have all the general characters of the
Dicotyledonous stem. The anatomical structure of Ceratophyllea? is
quite peculiar, and correlated with their aquatic habitat. In the
arrangement of its parts the stem recalls that of plants widely
separated in other respects, but of submerged habit. Beneath the
epiderm is a copious thick cortical parenchyma, with its cells full of
pink liquid, or starch and chlorophyll. But its deeper layers are
traversed by enormous tubular spaces filled with gas, separated from
one another by vertical septa often consisting of a single stratum of
1 TJeb. d. Bau uad das Waehsth. d. DicoL 9, 10. — Lindl., Veg. Kingd., 515. — Henfe.,
Stam. Petersb. (1840). — MiQ., Comm. Phyt. Flem., 533. — Oliv., Stem in Dlcot., 32 (in Nat.
(1838-40), 3; Syst. Piperac, 5, 7; in Mart. Hist. Rev., iii. 251).
Ft. Bras., Piperac., Anat. The author con- 3 Mem. sur la Fam. des Piperacees ; Prodr.,
firmed what was already known of the general 235 65.
structure of the stem. Studying this and that of 4 Ung., Ueb d. Bau. &c. — C. J. de Cordem.,
the root in Peperomia, Piper, Artanthe, Chavica, in Adansonia, iii. 2S6. This author found that
Tildenia, he found that the medulla was traversed in the young stem, at first cellular, there ap-
by fibrovascular bundles. The stem of an peared " twelve fibro-vascular bundles, which
Artanthe revealed a score in transverse section, soon united into eight, by the symmetrical junc-
most widely scattered towards the centre. In tion of eight in adjacent pairs."
the wood there were medullary rays of various 5 Schleid., in Linneea, xi. (1837), 530;
generations, and dotted vessels. Orundz., i. 250 ; ii. 54, 142.
2 Sec also on this point : Link, Ic. Anat., ix.
486 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
cells. The axis of the stem is occupied by close-packed elongated
elements, which, perhaps, represent a woody zone, or rather a pith with
its cells drawn out.1 The leaves are remarkable for that the paren-
chyma with chlorophyll is only superficial, surrounding a very large
central canal, here and there interrupted by thin transverse cellular
septa.
Affinities. — The Piperacea are especially close to Urticacea, of
which they often have gynseceum, placentation, and ovule, and some-
times, as in Laurea, habit, foliage, and inflorescence. But their
perianth is different, save in doubtful cases, such as Hedyosmum,
where the ovary is quite inferior, and Ceratophyllum, so distinct in
all other features. Moreover, Urticacece lack the double embryo of
most Piperacece, their aromatic odour, and the leafy embryo of Cerat-
ophyttum. All the secondary groups that were formerly placed with
Piperacece in Urticinece, such as Morea, Artocarpece, Vlmacece, Canna-
binece, &c, have a gynaBceum of more than one carpellary leaf and
anatropous ovules, not to mention the characters of the habit and
male flower. Through Chlorantkcce and Ceratophyllece this order
seems allied to Hippuridea, and, as some have thought, to Loran-
thacear. But this last affinity, and that to Polyyonacece, Sakolacea,
&c, seems to us less evident, for all these types have a pluricarpellary
gynaeceum, with truly central placentation. Piperacece are, in the
first place, inseparable from the Nettles. Next, by their more
complicated types, they come very close to Datiscece. If we compare
Gymotheca and Tetrameles we shall see that their floral organization
is fundamentally the same, except that the latter has a perianth.
This closely connects Ur/icacea and Saxifrayacea, which are also
linked by Myosurandrece, for, as we have already shown, Myosurandra
has the branches, opposite leaves, odour, and inflorescence of Chlor-
antlius, the sheaths and stipules of Hedyosmum, the naked flower of
the Piperea and Saurtcrece, the free carpels of several of the latter,
with a ventral placenta, and differs in no absolute character but its
anatropous ovules and single albumen.
1 Spiral vessels have been described in these plants, but we have been unable to find them.
PIPEBAGEjE. 487
Piperacece are, generally speaking, tropical plants, always except-
ing SaururecB and Ceratophyllece, chiefly spread over the temperate
and cold parts of the Northern hemisphere. Houttuynia and Gymno-
thecus are exclusively Asiatic, and so is one species of Saiirurus ; the
other, like Anemiopsis, is confined to North America. In Piperece
all the species of Chavica come from Tropical Asia and Java. Ver-
huellia is American, save one species from the banks of the Nile.
Piper1 and Peperomia are spread over all tropical and subtropical
regions in both Worlds ; but not evenly, for in 1 849 Miquel described
five hundredand twenty-one species, whereof three hundred and ninety-
two belong to the New World, leaving only one hundred and twenty-
nine to the Old. The latter are thus distributed : Africa, 1 9 ; Australia,
19 ; Asia, 91. Their limits are 35° N. lat., and 42° S. They are
especially common in America within 30° S., and some species extend
beyond the Tropic of Capricorn ; in the Andes they become humble
and herbaceous. In the Indian Archipelago and Malaysia they are
nearly as numerous as in America ; but their number diminishes on
the continent of Asia ; they are rare in the Himalayas and China.
They are also rare in Australia, and extend up to 40° S. in New
Zealand. They are also found at the Cape, but are far more common
in Madagascar and the Mascarene islands ; and a few species advance
northwards as far as the Nile valley. All of them affect warm,
damp, dark valle}^, and the neighbourhood of watercourses ; they
are rare on heights.2
The various parts of most Piperads, and especially their leaves
and fruits, are gorged with a peculiar essential oil, a more or less
acrid resin, and a crystalline matter, which render them odoriferous
and aromatic, pungent, stimulant, or irritant, or tonic, stomachic,
and digestive. Hence they are used3 as spices, condiments, and
sialogogue aperients, or as drugs in fluxes, catarrhs, rheumatics, &c.
1 Of the genus Piper the whole section Schi- 2 Miq., Si/st., 37, 554 bis. — Endl., Enchirid.,
zonepliros belongs to the Old World, while the 150.
sections Enchea, Carpanya, Nematanthera, are 3 Endl., Enchirid., 150.— Lindl., Fl. Med.,
confined to the New. Eupiper, Potomorphe, 310,635. — Guib., Drog. Simpl., ed. 6, ii. 271. —
and Steffensia are represented in both ; while of Rosenth., Syn. PI. Diaphor., 175, 1102.
the section Apopiper one species is American,
the other is Australian.
488 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Common Black-Pepper is the fruit of P. nigrum? (figs. 497, 503-506),
indigenous in India, the cultivation of which has been essayed in
nearly all tropical regions, especially Java and Sumatra. It is
generally thought2 that the same fruit, freed from the pericarp, con-
stitutes the White Pepper of commerce, which, though less active,3
is more used as a spice. Cubebs or Tailed Pepper, so much used in
medicine for the same purpose as Copaiva, is the pedicellate fruit
(fig. 508) of P. Cubeba,' a native of Java and Borneo. With it are
sold under the same name the berries of P. caninum :5 they are a
little smaller, more oval, and end in a rostrate apiculum ; besides
beinc less aromatic, acrid and bitter, and with a stronger taste of
Anise. Moreover the dry fruit is brownish-black, with well marked
rugosities in P. canina, and the pedicel is of the same length as the
fruit ; while in P. Cubeba the fruit has a longer pedicel, and is
black and scarcely rugose. In fine, P. caninum is less active than
true Cubebs.6 Long-Pepper, formerly used in making diascordium
and theriaca, but in much less demand now-a-days either as a drug
or a condiment, is the cylindrical compound fruit (fig. 507) of
P. longum' and officinarum? formed of a large number of sessile
berries. The Betel of the East, whose leaves are used all over
1 See p. 496, note 2. — Nees & Eberm.,
Handb., i. 98; PI. Med., 21.— Guib., loc. tit.,
272, fig. 414. — R£v., in Fl. Med. du xixe Steele,
hi. 98.
2 " Sucb is the usually received opinion touch-
ing the origin of White- Pepper ; however, it
would seem from a passage of Garcias ab Hobto
(Dujardin), supported hy figures given by
Cltjsius (Fxot., 182), that the White- Pepper
plant is not identical with the Black-Pepper...
I conclude that if nowadays the White-Pepper
is in great part Black-Pepper without the skin,
yet there exists a plant which more distinctly
bore its name, and formerly was its chief source."
(Guib., loc. cit., 273, note 2.)
3 Both contain an essence lighter than water
(C10H8), starch, and a crystallizable matter,
lighter than water, extracted by Pelletieb (in
Ann. Chim. et Phys., xvi. 337), and named
Piperin (C31H^N206), — See Guib., loe. cit.,
273 ; Pliarm. Pain., ed. 3, 704.
4 See p. 470, note 6.— Nees & Eberm:.,
Handb., i. 102.— Bl., in Act. Bat., xi. 200, fio-.
21.— -Lindl., Fl. Med., 313.— Pereira, FAem
Mat. Med., ed. 4, ii. p. i. 391.— Gpib., loc cit,
274, fig. 415.— Berg. & Schmidt, Off. Geiv , ii
t. 29 a.— Rty., in Fl. Med. du xix.e Siecle, i. 424
5 Dietr., Sp., i. 681.— C. PC., Prod,:, n.
412. — Guib., loc. cit., 275. — Pereira, loe. cit.,
391.—? P. Cubeba Roxb., FL Ltd., i. 159 (nee
L.). — Cubeba canina Micj., Syst., 293.
6 They both contain a green essence (C20H32
according to Watts), an acrid resin, and a crystal-
lizable substance named cubebin (C34H''010), by
Soubeiran (in Jonm. Pharm., xxv. 355).
7 See p. 470, note 4.
8 DC, Prodr., n. 478. — P. longum Rumph.,
Herb. Amboin., v. 433, t. 116, fig. 1.— Piso,
Mant. Arom., 182, icon, (nee L.). — Bl., Fnunt.
PI. Jav., i. 70. — P. Amalago L., Spec., 41 (exi-1.
syn.t. — ? P. Melamiris Hili, Diet., xxvi. t. 16,
fig. 3. — Chavica cfficinarum Miq., Syst, 256;
III., 39, t. 34.— Guib., loc. cit., 276. — Rosenth.,
loe. cit., 178. — C. maritima Miq., Syst., 262. —
C. Labillardieri Miq., Syst., 263. — Pharmacum
magnum vulgare Rumph., Herb. Amboin., 42, t.
26, fig. 1. There is a third Long-Pepper in
India j its fruit is used as spice, and its roots are
sold under the name of Pippula-moola. It is
Chavica HoxburgMi Miq. (Syst., 239; III.,
t. 30, n. 256), which, as a form with slender
fruit, belongs to P. longum L., not to P. qffici-
narum.
PIPEBACE.E.
489
Tropical Asia to envelop the mixture of powdered Areca-nut and
lime, is P. Befle.x In Polynesia the acrid astringent leaves of
P. methysticum- the Kava, Kama, or Awa, are chewed, and from
them is prepared the intoxicating drink so dear to these benighted
nations.3 Matico* long since used by the Peruvians and their
neighbours as a sudorific and luemostat, and in all the cases where
we use Cubebs, consists of the leaves of Pipers of the section
Steffensia {Artanthe), especially P. angustifolium* (fig. 510), and in
the next place of P. aduncum6 and lancecefolium ;7 these leaves are
elongated acuminate, rugose velvety, reticulated with numerous
meshes, convex above, below separated by the rich plexus of pro-
minent veins. Innumerable are the remaining species of this genus
prized as remedies where they grow ; such as the root of Piper
umbettatunf {Pariparobo or Caapebd), P. Hoffmanseggianum? margin-
atum™ Partheniutn" unguiculatum,13 eucalyptifolium™ &c, in Brazil;
1 See p. 470, note 5. — Lindl., Fl. Med.,
312.— Guib., loc. tit., 277.
2 See p. 470, note . 7. — Foest., PI. Esc.
Austr., 76. — Lindl., Fl. Med., 313.— Gum.,
loc cit., 27*7. — Gobl., in Journ. Pharm., xxxvii.
(1860), 19.
3 M. Cuzent (in Rev. Colon., ser. 2, xv. 582)
terms kava a "deadly drink." O'Rorke (in
Rev. Colon., ser. 2, July, 1856) says that, bar-
ring the way some abuse it, it may be a very
useful drink, producing a general feeling of
comfort, appetite, and calm sleep. He describes
its preparation. It is not alcoholic, or prepared
from the fresh root j but the dried root cut into
sticks is chewed and insalivated by assistants,
and then water being added in a common vessel, it
is drunk at once. Its abuse leads to cutaneous
affections. Kava is, moreover, a sudorific and a
powerful adjunct in the treatment of syphilis.
4 Guib., loc. cit., 278, fig. 416. — Pebeira,
op. cit., ii. p. i. 395. — Bentl., in Pharm. Journ.
(1863), 290.— Mabcotte, Du Matico (Tkes.
Fcole Pharm. Par., 1864). — H. Bn., in Diet.
Fneycl. des Sc. Med., p. ii. v.
5 R. & Pat., Fl. Per. et Chil, i. 38, t. 57,
fig. a. — C. DC, Prodr., n. 185.— -P. granulosum
R. & Pav., op. cit., i. 38, t. 64. — P. elongatum
Vahl, Enum., i. 312. — Steffensia elongata K.,
in Linncea, xiii. 637. — Gaudich., in Voy. Bonite,
Bot., 95. — Artanthe elongata MiQ., Syst., 434. —
Guib., op. cit., 278, t. 416. — A. granulosa Miq. —
A. cearensis MiQ,
6 L., Spec, 41.— C. DC, Prodr., n. 184.— P.
scabrum Lajik., III., 80. — P. celtidifolium
H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec, i. 50. — Steffensia
adunca K., in Linncea, xiii. 633. — Artanthe
adunca Miq. It is the P. a fruit crochu of
Descourtils (Fl. Ant., iii. 355, t. 230) and the
Saururus arborescens fructu adunco of Plumier.
7 H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec, i. 49.— C
DC, Prodr., n. 323. — Schilleria lancecefolia K.,
in Linncea, xiii. 702. — Artanthe lancecefolia
Miq.
8 L., Spec, 43.— C DC, Prodr., n. 383.—
Peperomia umbellala K., Syn., i. 124. — Lindl.,
Fl. Med., 314.— Mart., It., ii. 93.— Heckeria
umbellata K., in Linncea, xiii. 569.- —Potomorphe
umbellata Miq. It is the Agua xima of Piso
(Hist., 197, ic.) and the P. a ombelles of Des-
courtils (Fl. Ant., i. 177, t. 37).
9 Rcem. & Sen., Mant., i. 242.— C DC,
Prodr., n. 556. — P. citrifulium Link., Jahrb., i.,
iii. 63 (nee Lamk.). — Rosenth., op. cit., 176.
10 Jacq., Ic. Par., ii. 2, t. 215. — P. caudatum
Vahl, Fcl., i. 3. — P. decumanum Aubl., Guyan.,
i. 21 ? — P. anisatum H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et
Spec, i. 58. — Rosenth., op. cit., 177. — Schil-
leria caudata K. — Artanthe caudata Miq.
11 Mart., Syst. Mat. Med. Brasil., 100.—
Artanthe Mikaniana MiQ., Syst., 383 (vulg.
Paribarabea).
12 R. & Pat., Fl. Per. et Chil., i. 34, t. 37,
fig. 6. — P. glaucescens Jacq., Eel., t. 76. — P.
celtidifolium Desf., Cat. Sort. Par., ed. 3, 414.
Enckea unguiculata K. — E. glaucescens K. — E.
Amalago Griseb. Used chiefly as a diuretic in
Brazil, where it is often replaced by P. reticu-
latum L., or nodulosum Lk.
13 C DC, Prodr., n. 43. — Ottonia eucalypti-
folia K., in Linncea, xiii. 582.
!'.'<»
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
P. arborescens? &c.,2 in Tropical Asia ; P. capense* in South Africa.
Several Peperomias are also used as stomachics and tonics, such as
P. trifolia, hispidida, rotundifolia, &c, in Tropical America, and
P. grandifolia* in Guinea. In the herbaceous species the sapid and
aromatic principles become scantier ; but their leaves are used as vege-
tables or infused like tea.5 The Chloranthece are also aromatic and
bitter, tonic and stimulant. C/doranthus officinalis6 and brachystachys1
are prized for their roots, which have a persistent pungent scent of
camphor, with a rather bitter taste. They are supposed to have the
same properties as Aristolocliia Serpent aria ; the mountaineers often
find their stimulating infusion efficacious in fevers accompanied by
great muscular weakness and suppression of the action of the skin.
This drug, mixed with the bark of Cedrela Ihona, has cured
epidemic intermittent fever, and severe cases of typhus ; com-
bined with Cinnamomum Culilawan it is used to relieve spasm in
children ; and with carminatives it is of the greatest service for
children in small-pox and chicken-pox. It is, in fine, an inestimable
stimulant, according to Blume. Ascarina po/ystac//ys,s the Earaihau
of Tahiti, has very persistent aromatic properties.9 The species of
Hedyosmum are similarly used in America as aromatic stimulants.
H. Botiplandianwn10 is an analeptic, useful in fevers, lumbago, head-
ache, &c. Several other species have the properties of Artanthe, and
share with it the name of Herba soldado. In the Antilles //. nutans"
and arborescens12 (figs. 520-525) are popular remedies for spasms or
1 RoXB., Fl. hid., i. 161. — Sirium arborescens
tertium Rtjmph., Herb. Amboin., v. t. 28, fig. 1.
Its bark is deemed an energetic rubefacient.
2 Among other useful species we may mention
P. dilatatum Rich., dichotornum R. & Pay.,
Carpunya R. & Fav., attenuatum Miq. (diffu-
sum Vahl), sanctum Scheechtl., geniculatum
Sw., asperifolium R. & Pav. (Matico of Peru),
peltatum L., subpeltatum W., Churumaya R. &
Pav., longifolium R. & Pav., Waracabouca C.
DC. (Nhambi of the Brazilians), crocatum R.
& Pay., Jaboratidi Velloz (Serronia Jaborandi
Gatjdich. & Guillem.), Neesianum C. DC.,&c. —
See Rosenth., op. cit„ 176-179, 1102, 1103.
3 L. fil., Suppl., 90.— C. DC, Prodr., n.
405. — Coccobryon capense Kx. (ex Miq., Syst.,
343; III, 50, t. 61).
4 Use is often made of P. reniformis Hook.,
talinifolia L.K., variegata R. & Pav., elliptica
Lk. (Piper mauritianum Sch.), cristallina R.
& Pav., incequaUfoJia R. & Pav., acuminata R.
& Pav., &c. — See Rosenth., op. cit., 179, 1103.
5 For instance, P. pellucida H. B., rotundi-
folia H. B., &c.
6 Bl., Enum. PI. Jan., iii. 10, 1. 1. — Schnizl.,
Iconogr., t. 80, figs. 1-6. — De Solms, Prodr.,
474, n. 1. — C. sumatranus Miq. — C. salicifolius
Pbesl. — C. indicus Wight. — Cryphaa erecta
Ham.
' Bl., Fl. Jav., iii. 13, 14, t. 2. — Lindl.,
Veg. Kingd., 519.
s Foest., Char. Gen., t. 59.— De Solms,
Prodr., 478, n. 1.
9 Endl., Enchirid., 148.
10 H. B. K., iVoo. Gen. et Spec, vii. 165, t.
654, 655. — Rosenth., op. cit., 175.
11 Sw., Fl. Ind. Occ, 959. — C. J. de Coedem.,
in Adansonia, iii. 305.
12 Sw., loc. cit., 961.
PIPE BAG EM.
491
indigestion. II. Granizo Lindl., has been cited as an antisyphilitic.
The Saururece1 are also aromatic, though in a less degree. Hoidtuijnia
cordate? (figs. 500-502) is considered an emmenagogue in Eastern
Asia. The bruised root of Saururus cernuus3 (figs. 498, 499) is used
topically in pleurisy ; and the Indians - are said to e&V that of
S. chinensis*
1 Endl., JEncMrid., 153. — Lindl., Teg.
Kingd., 521. — Kosenth., op. cit., 180.
2 See p. 46S, note 4.
3 See p. 466, note 1. {Breast- Weed, Lizard's
4 They cultivate Piper, Peperomia, CJilor-
anthns, as ornamental plants.
6 See p. 467, note 2.
Tail of the Americans).
492 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
GENERA.
I. SAURURE.E.
1. Saururus L. — Flowers hermaphrodite (rarely polygamous)
naked ; receptacle convex. Stamens 6 ; 4 lateral in pairs ; filaments
free, sometimes (Saururopsis) articulate ; anthers 2-celled ; dehiscence
longitudinal, introrse lateral or sometimes extrorse. Carpels 3, 4,
free ; ovary tapering above into short style, sulcate stigmatose
inside ; ovules 2, inserted at base of ventral angle, sessile descending
orthotropous ; micropyle superior extrorse. "Berries'" 1-4, 1-
seeded . Seed orthotropous ; albumen copious fleshy ; embryo
minute subapical inverted, clothed by a second subcarneous amniotic
albumen. — Aromatic perennial herbs ; rhizome subterranean annual ;
branches erect ; leaves alternate simple petiolate ; petiole sheathing
at base, produced inside into connate stipules ; flowers in short
terminal racemes or spikes ; bracts alternate 1 -flowered, free or
connate with elevated axillary flower {North America, Temperate and
Tropical Continental and Insular South- Eastern Asia). See p. 465.
2. Houttuynia Thunb. — Flowers hermaphrodite (nearly of
Saururus) ; stamens 3, perigynous free ; carpels 3, superposed (more
rarely 4), adnate at base to inside of receptacle, and connate high up
into a 1 -celled ovary; placentas 3 (more rarely 4) parietal, alter-
nating with styles ; styles stigmatiferous within ; ovules oo , usually
few (of Saururus). Fruit baccate; seeds few (of Saururus). — A
perennial herb (polygonaceous) ; leaves alternate cordate petiolate ;
petiole sheathing at base and produced into connate stipules ;
flowers 1-bracteate, in terminal spikes; a few lower bracts of
inflorescence broadly petaloid, coloured, involucrating base of spike
{Continental and Insular South-Eastern Asia). See p. 407.
3. Anemiopsis Hook. & Arn. — Flowers nearly of Saururus,
hermaphrodite; stamens 5, 6. Germen 1-celled, at base deeply
immersed in and adnate to pits of rachis ; placentas 3 parietal ;
FITERACE&. 493
ovules go (of Saururus). Styles 3, free, stigmatiferous inside at apex.
Baccate fruit and seeds of Saururus. — A perennial herb ; leaves
alternate ; flowers spicate terminating 2-phyllous twigs ; bracts
free, 1-flowered {New Caledonia). See p. 468.
4. Gymnotheca Dcne. — Flowers hermaphrodite naked ; recep-
tacle naked. Stamens 6 (more rarely 7, 8), subepigynous on margin
of receptacle, free. Grermen adnate inside receptacle, 1- celled ;
placentas 4 parietal ; ovules co (of Saururus), 2-seriate on eacb
placenta ; styles 4, alternate with placentas, recurved stigmatose a
long way down inside. Fruit...? — A perennial herb; aspect and
leaves of Saururus ; flowers spicate {China). See p. 468.
II. PIPERE^.
5. Piper L. — Flowers hermaphrodite or 1 -sexual, spicate or
racemose. Perianth 0. Stamens 1—10, inserted below gynseceum ;
filament usually short, free ; anther sometimes articulate 2-locular
basifixed 2-rimose, 4-valvate when mature. Germen free superior,
sessile or stipitate, 1 -celled; style short or more or less elongated;
apex simple or more frequently 2-4- or plurifid or partite ; lobes
often reflexed, subequal or unequal, stigmatiferous inside. Ovule
subbasilar suberect orthotropous ; micropyle superior. Fruit drup-
aceous, sessile or stipitate, 1 -seeded. Seed suberect orthotropous;
albumen copious floury ; embryo apical inverted, closely coated with
a second rather flesh v amniotic albumen. — Trees or shrubs, often
climbing ; branches sarmentose, knotty-articulate ; fibrovascular
system double ; outer zone tubular ; leaves simple petiolate ;
stipules 2 lateral adnate to continuous margin of sheath and petiole
to a variable height, usually high -connate together, persistent or
caducous ; flowers grouped in scattered simple spikes, or crowded
paniculate or spicate at ends of twigs, terminal or (the vegetation
being also interrupted at the node) leaf-opposed; bracts 1-flowered;
flower sessile or inserted in pits of receptacle, with the margin some-
times produced (and simulating lateral bractlets) ; bract free or pro-
duced into a cupule including the flower {All Tropical regions). See
p. 469.
494 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
6. Chavica MiQ. — Flowers and fruits of Piper ; anthers 2-4,
2-valvate when mature, dehiscing outwards.— Shrubs ; aspect, fibro-
vascular system, leaves, and inflorescence of Piper {Tropical Asia,
Sunda Isles). See p. 473.
7. Verhuellia Miq. — Flowers nearly of Piper ; stamens 2, lateral ;
mature anthers 4-valvate. Free germen and ovule of Piper ; style
short, unequally 4-fid-stigmatose. — Small slender herbs ; fibro-
vascular system simple scattered ; small leaves and inflorescences of
Piper {Tropical and Subtropical America, East Africa). See p. 473.
8. Peperomia Euiz & Pav. — Flowers of Verhuellia ; anthers
(not articulate) 2-valvate extrorse (of Chavica). Germen and ovule
of Piper ; style simple. — Herbs or shrubs, often slender ; fibro-
vascular system of Verhuellia ; leaves alternate opposite or verticil-
late ; inflorescence of Piper ; bract free {All Warm countries). See
p. 473.
III. CHLORANTHEJE.
9. Chloranthus Sw. — Flowers hermaphrodite naked ; receptacle
cupuliform, produced outside in front below stamens into a scale.
Stamens inserted anteriorly on margin of receptacle, either 1 ; fila-
ment thick ; anther introrse 2-celled, 4-locellate, longitudinally
2-rimose {Sarcandra) ; or else 3 ; filaments connate at base into a
3-partite fleshy scale ; middle anther 2-celled (sometimes sterile) ;
lateral 2, 1 -celled {Euchloranthus) ; connective muticous at apex, or
long-loricate beyond cells. Germen adnate at base inside recep-
tacle, 1-celled; style short simple, soon dilated stigmatiferous ;
ovule 1, inserted below apex of inner wall, subpendulous ortho-
tropous ; micropyle inferior. Drupe fleshy or subcarneous, accom-
panied by adnate base of receptacle ; putamen fragile. Seed
subpendulous orthotropous ; albumen copious ; embryo small ;
radical conical inferior ; cotyledons small divaricate. — Shrubs or
perennial herbs, aromatic ; branches glabrous opposite knotty-arti-
culate ; leaves decussate simple ; stipules lateral, connate at base to
no great height together and with petioles; flowers 1-bracteate in
PIPERAGEJE. 495
branching terminal spikes {North- East and South of Asia, Tropical
and Subtropical Continental and Insular). See p. 475.
10. Hedyosmum Sw.- — Flowers monoecious or dioecious; males
spicate ebracteate, 1-anclrous ; anther sessile 4-locellate ; cells
parallel, longitudinally rimose ; connective shortly apiculate or
peltate obtuse above cells. Female flowers : receptacle sacciform ;
mouth shortly tubular, crowned at apex by 4 usually obtuse teeth
(sepals?). Germen (of Chloranthus) adnate inside receptacle; style
erect slender, ligulate or subclavate, sometimes irregularly 3-alate at
stigmatose apex ; ovule and seed of Chloranthus. Drupe sub-
carneous ; putamen very hard ; embryo minute albuminous ; coty-
ledons superior, scarcely visible. — Aromatic trees and small trees ;
branches opposite, nodose articulate ; leaves opposite simple ; stipules
only free at apex, below connate together and with petioles into a
long amplexicaul ochreiform tubular sheath ; flowers terminal ;
females branching-subcapitate or cymose [Tropical and Subtropical
North and South America). See p. 477.
11. Ascarina Forst. — Flowers nearly of Chloranthus, dioecious;
male 1-androus, 1-bracteate, laterally 2-bracteolate. Female flowers
naked; germen and ovule of Chloranthus ; style thick, very short
subsessile, at apex flat dilated stigmatose ; naked drupe and seeds of
Chloranthus. — Small trees and shrubs, aromatic ; habit leaves and
inflorescences of Chloranthus {Oceania). See p. 479.
IV. CERATOPHYLLE.E.
12. Ceratophyllum L. — Flowers monoecious; perianth simple
10-12-fid, or partite ; lobes entire or incised, subequal. Male
flower : stamens go , erect free ; filaments very short ; anthers basi-
fixed, ovate oblong, at apex 1-3-cuspidate or submuticous ; cells 3,
extrorse longitudinally rimose. Female flower : germen sessile
1 -celled ; base muticous or aculeate by 2, 3 descending cusps ; style
subterminal subulate, stigmatose at apex ; ovule 1, orthotropous,
subpendulous from below apex of cell ; micropyle inferior. Fruit
496
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
drupaceous, finally nucamentaceous by desiccation of thin exocarp,
armed at apex by style, at base by indurated prickles ; endocarp
hard, 1 -seeded. Seed subpendulous orthotropous ; integument
thin ; embryo exalbuminous straight (green) ; radicle short inferior ;
cotyledons 2, thick fleshy; plumule substipitate, with go leaves
verticillate, 2 lower opposite alternating with thicker cotyledons. —
A submerged, much branching herb ; stem and branches rather
rigid terete, nodose-articulate ; leaves verticillate sessile, 2- or 3-
chotomously plurisect ; segments transversely septate dentate acute ;
flowers solitary axillary [Northern Hemisphere in both Worlds). See
p. 479.
XXIII. UUTICACE.E.
Fig. 535.
Mule flower dia-
gram.
I. NETTLE SERIES.
This order was formerly made to include a large number of types
now separated from it ; it is at present restricted to plants closely
resembling the
Nettles and Pelli- Ur,imp!l^„.
tories, which were
formerly united
into the group of
Urticece proper.
The flowers of
the Nettles1 (figs.
533-538) are uni-
sexual, mono-
chlamydeous, and
tetramerous, usu-
ally regular. The
male flower (figs.
534, 535) of
Urfica pilulifera
has a little convex
receptacle bearing
four sepals, two of which are lateral, and four superposed stamens.
The sepals are free or slightly coherent below, and so imbricated in
the bud that the lateral pair are overlapped by the antero-posterior,
or else subvalvate.2 The stamens are free, inserted below the base of a
little central body, often circular and cupuliform ; each consists of a
filament and an introrse two-celled anther, which dehisces longitudin-
Fig. 533.
Flowering branch.
Fig. 531.
Male flower (f).
1 JTrtica T., Inst., 534, t. 308.— L., Gen., n.
1054. — Adaxs., Fam. des PI., ii. 376. — J.,
Gen., 403. — Lame., Diet., iv. 636 ; Suppl., iv.
217 ; III., t. 761.— Nees, Gen., ii. 28— Gaudich.,
Yog. Uran., JBot., 496. — Exdl., Gen., n. 1879
(part.). — Pater, Organog., 275, t. 60. — Wedd.,
VOL. III.
Monogr. de la Fam. des Urticees, 55, t. 1, C ; in
DC. Prodr., xvi. sect. i. 39.
2 The bud is depressed above. The outer face
of the sepals bears, like most of the organs, a
variable number of urticating hairs, chiefly borne
on the prominent veins.
K K
498 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
ally often a little before anthesis. In the bud the filament is
involute and more or less coiled, with the face of the anther applied
to the concavity of the corresponding sepal. But on expansion it
uncoils by its elasticity1 directly the anther is free to quit the central
body that hooked it down, and becomes suddenly straight, the
anther-cells often opening simultaneously to shoot out the pollen.2
The female flower (figs. 536-538) bears on its convex receptacle
Urtiea pilulifera.
Fig. 536.
Female flower (±).
Fig. 537.
Diagram of female flower.
Fig. 538.
Long, section of female
flower.
four sepals, nearly free or united for a variable distance, imbricate-
decussate as in the males, but often with the two pairs dissimilar,
the lateral two being usually larger and more concave or carinate
than the antero-posterior, and sometimes also dissimilar to one
another, rendering the perianth slightly irregular. In the centre ol
the flower is a unicarpellary gynseceum formed of a free ovary ; the
terminal style is often very short, or at once divides into a large
1 This is dne to a peculiar property of its tissue,
which gives it a great elasticity. " The filament
itself describes a large arc, occupying the space
between the lobes of the anther above ; it is often
transversely notched on its concave side, so as to
allow of this forced inflexion. When at last
anthesis takes place, and the perianth-leaves
scarcely begin to diverge, the filament, by the
mere turgescence of its cells, suddenly springs
up from the position in which it was hithei'to
mechanically retained." (Wedd., Mon., 27.)
" if on gathering the flowers this phenomenon is
at once produced, it must not be supposed that
the shock has excited the irritability of the
stamen ; it has merely freed it from its prison.
And though the singular structure of the fila-
ment, its transverse folds and vertebralike
articulations, may at first sight appear the indices
of a special vital action, it will soon be seen that
this arrangement is not the cause of the phe-
nomenon, but the result of the forced flexure
during its growth." [H. Bn., Des Mouo. dans
les Org. Sex., &c. (Far., 1856), 39.] The facts
observed in the Fellitories, whose stamens do not
always possess these elastic filaments, will enable
us to modify this assertion to some extent.
2 " Spherical, with three umbilici, each sur-
rounded by a halo ; outer membrane transparent,"
in Urlica nrens and Parietaria erecta ; and the
same with four pores in Bvehmeria caudata,
according to H. Mom (in Ann. Sc. 2?at., ser. 2,
iii. 313). Weddell (Blonogr., 27) says that the
pollen is globular.
UBTIGAOEM. 499
number of long papillose hairs, caducous or persistent, which play
the part of a stigma. Near the base of the single cell, is inserted on
the posterior wall a single ovule, almost erect and orthotropous,1
with a very short funicle, and the micropyle superior.2 The fruit is
an oblong or oval compressed achene, often warty, surrounded by
the persistent perianth. The orthotropal seed contains a fleshy
albumen, enclosing in its axis the embryo, whose radicle is superior,
cylindro-conoidal, while the cotyledons are rounded or elliptical,
subcordate at the base. The Nettles are herbaceous annuals or
perennials, rarely frutescent, cosmopolitan, especially frequent in
the Temperate regions of both Worlds, with most of their organs
usually covered with stinging hairs of peculiar structure,3 Upwards
of seventy species have been described, but their number is now
reduced by about one-half.4 Their branches are often tetragonal,
covered with opposite leaves, often dentate, rarely incised lobate,
palmiveined, rarely tricostate, more frequently 5-7-ribbed, petiolate,
with two lateral stipules, often connate with those of the opposite
leaf. The blade is often sprinkled with cystoliths, punctate or more
rarely elongated-linear, prominent in the dry leaf.5 The flowers are
in glomerules, grouped along a common axillary axis into capitula
(fig. 533), or simple or ramified racemes or spikes, often unilateral,
and are dioecious or monoecious ; in the latter case the inflorescences
may be unisexual or androgynous.
Next to Urtica come the two genera Nanocnide and Hesperocnide.
They have the same general organization and straight fruit ; but
the one has alternate leaves, and the two lateral sepals of the female
1 Sometimes a little arcuate, like that of the the tip of the hair breaks off; the skin is iriocu-
Planes, especially before maturity, and more lated with it by the penetration of the hair. The
convex hi front than behind. base of the sting is surrounded by a sheath of
2 It has two coats. prominent cells belonging to the subepidermic
3 Douval-Jouye has shown (in Bull. Soc. Bot. parenchyma, and these are supposed to secrete
de Fr., xiv. 36, t. 1) that the Nettles have three the irritant liquid which then passes into the hair
sorts of hairs: (1) Short, invisible to the naked like a reservoir. This hair is merely an elongated
eye, not urticating, with a unicellular cylindrical epidermic cell. Its wall is hollowed by interstitial
stem, and a swollen head formed of 2—4 cells. vacuoles, forming shining interrupted spiral lines.
(2) Elongated conical, "unicellular, with finely (See DC, Fl. Fr., iii. 322. — A. Juss., Eleni.,
dotted walls. (3) The sting or stimulus, urti- 151. — Barhaedt, De Bills FL, Bonn. (1849). —
eating simple, long-conical, unicellular, formed of Wedd., Monogr., 9. — Duciitre, Mem., 99.)
a dilated basilar bulb, a conical stylet continuous 4 Wedd., Brodr., 39-59, 235c3.
with it. and a little inclined tip swollen into a 5 See Wedd., Sur les Cystolithes... des Ur-
ball. The whole is hollow, filled with an acid, ticees (in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, ii. 207).
irritant liquid, which gives a burning pain when
K K 2
500
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
flower always much larger than the other two ; the other has
opposite leaves, but its female perianth is tubular.
The fruit is oblique in the seven other genera of this series :
Obetia, Fleurya, Lajjortea, Urera, Scepocarpus, Gj/rota/iia, and Girar-
dinia. Tbey all have alternate leaves with the stipules axillary, not
lateral ; tbey closely resemble one another in floral organization.1
II. PEOCEIS SERIES.
Procris" (figs. 539, 540) has unisexual flowers, monoecious or
Proeris Cephalida.
Fig. 539.
Flowering branch (i).
dioecious. The males are formed nearly as in Urtica, but pent-
amerous, with imbricated sepals, five superposed stamens, and a
1 See tbe Genera, pn. 517-522 • «, ,IT
« Commas., „*,'. ^ J. ^:'403.-Lamk m ~ ™" ^ ***' *' 6' * '' ^^
III., t. 763.— Pom., Did., v. 629 (part.) ; Suppl.] 493^
191. — Sciophila Gaudich., Yoy. Uran., Bot.,
VWPICAGEM.
501
little rudimentary globular or obovoid gynseceum. In the female
flower the calyx is formed of three four or five sepals, often obovate,
cucullate, slightly fleshy. Inside each of these we find, sometimes
but not always, a glandular or scaly body, representing a staminode.1
In the centre of the flower is a gynseceum formed as in the Nettles,
of a uniovulate ovary surmounted by a tuft of penicillate hairs,
which early disappear. The fruit is an achene or a drupe with a
scarcely fleshy mesocarp, surrounded by the now succulent calyx.
Procris WigMiana.
Fig. 540.
Flowering branch (f).
Within the seed-coats is a fleshy albumen, often thin or even
reduced to a membrane ; the embryo is turbinate, with a superior
conical radicle, shorter than the elliptical cotyledons. Procris con-
sists of some half-dozen species,2 shrubs or undershrubs from tropical
Asia, Africa, and Oceania. They have alternate distichous un-
1 In certain genera of this series they are much
more developed, sometimes forming, as in certain
Pileas, leafy blades nearly as large as the sepals to
which they are superposed.
- Foest., Prodr., n. 58 (Dorstenia) ■ Char.
Gen., 53 (Elatos/ema). — Pehs., Syn., ii. 556
(Bcehmeria). — El., Bijdr., 508. — Miq., PL
Jargh.y 23 ; Fl. Ind.-Bai., i. p. ii. 258.
502 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
symmetrical leaves,5 very unequal, a large leaf usually alternating
with another that is very small, bract-like and abortive. All are
sprinkled with linear cystoliths. The flowers are collected into little
axillary glomerules, grouped in cymes or more rarely capitula in the
males. The female glomerules are collected on a common fleshy
receptacle, globular or clavate ; so that the inflorescence is the same
as in several Artocarpece.
Next to Proem come two other allied genera : Elatostema has a
triphyllous female perianth shorter than the ovary, with a usually
involucrate capitulum ; Pettionia has cymose flowers, with five sepals
mucronate below the apex in the females ; Pilea, Achudemia, and
Lecanthus form a group apart with opposite decussate leaves. The
flowers of Lecanthus are grouped on a discoidal or concave recep-
tacle ; they are cymose or glomerulate in the other two genera. But
the females are pentamerous in Achudemia, trimerous in Pilea ; the
perianth of the latter is irregular, one of the sepals being larger than
the rest and gibbous.
III. BCEHMEEIA SERIES.
Bcehmcria' (fig. 541) has unisexual flowers, monoecious or dioecious.
The males, analogous to those of a Nettle, have a valvate calyx,
more or less deeply quadrifid, rarely tri- or quinquefid, with as
many superposed stamens inserted below a clavate or subglobular
gynseceum, glabrous or heavy at the base. The female perianth is
gamophyllous saccate or tubular, contracted towards the mouth,
which is incised into from two to four teeth. In this sac, and some-
times adherent to it, is a gyna?ceum formed as in Urtica* The ovary
contains a single ovule, orthotropous and suberect or ascending, and
tapers above into a usually persistent filiform style, bearing stig-
1 Weddell has noticed that the Urticacece 1884; Icon., t. 86. — Wedd., Monogr., 343, t.
with unsymmetrical leaves differ from other orders 11; Prodr., 195.— Duretia Gaudich., Pot).
in that, while one half of the hlade tapers in a point Uran., Pot., 499. — Splitgerbera MlQ., Coram.
towards the base, and the other is much larger, Phyt., 134.
rounded or even projecting into an auricle, it 3 But it seems to stick to the calyx, not to be
is the former half, not the latter, that is on the inserted in its concavity like a truly inferior ovary
side of the leaf turned towards the parent branch. in its sacciform receptacle ; a slight traction will
2 Jacq., Stirp. Airier., 216. — J., Gen., 403. — separate it.
PoiK.j Diet., Suppl., i. 617. — Endl., Gen., n.
VKTICACE2E.
matic papillae on one side only. The fruit is an achene, included in
the persistent calyx, and its crustaceous or nucamentaceous pericarp
contains an albuminous seed like that of the Nettles. Boehmeria
comprises shrubs and undershrubs, with opposite alternate leaves,
homomorphous or dimorphous, symmetrical or unsymmetrical at the
base, dentate,1 sprinkled with inconspicuous punctiform cystoliths,
petiolate and accompanied by free or connate stipules, usually
Bah meria nivea.
Fig. 541.
Flowering branch (i).
caducous. The flowers are grouped in glomerules, accompanied by
short scarious bracts ; they are axillary, solitary or more frequently
collected into ramified spikes or cymes. This genus contains some
forty-five species,2 inhabiting both tropical and still more extra-
tropical regions, all over the world.
> Some are more or less deeply bilobate in a 2 Sw., Prodr., 34.— W., Spec, 340.— H. B. K.,
species which owes its name to this fact, and has Nov. Gen. et Spec, ii. 31.— Don, Prodr. FJ.
been made the type of a genus Splitgerbera. Nepal., 60.— Pkesl, Bot. Bern., 110.-E>'dl.,
51 1 1
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
B. squamig&ra? an Indian species, has been made a distinct genus,
Chamabaina? because the stigmatiferous apex of the style is sub-
capitate, not linear ; but we can only make it a distinct section on
this ground.
The o-enera Pouzolsia and Memorialis, both closely allied to the
preceding one, differ chiefly in their articulate caducous style, and
their fruit, surrounded by a costate or winged persistent calyx. All
these genera together form the subseries Eubcehmeriea with the
following general characters : a tubular female perianth, free or
adherent to the ovary, dry or membranous in the fruit, with two or
four apical teeth.
In the related subseries Sarcocldamydea the female calyx is free,
with a lobed or dentate mouth But it always becomes fleshy and
succulent around the fruit. This is the case with the five genera :
Cypholophus, Touchardia, Laurea, Sarcoc/damys, and Poikilospermum.
A third subseries Villebruniea contains the three genera Pipturus,
Villebrunea, and Debreyeasia, wherein the female calyx is adnate to
the ovary, with a very small limb, dentate or subentire.
In Maoutiece, the fourth subseries, the female calyx is rudimentary
or absent. It contains the four genera, Leucosyke, Maoutia, Myrio-
caipct, and P hen ax.
IV. PELLITORY SERIES.
The Pellitories3 have polygamous flowers. Those of our com-
monest species, the Wall Pellitory (figs. 542-540), are partly her-
maphrodite. Their receptacle is convex, bearing four valvate sepals,4
free or coherent below to a variable distance, lined right at the
bottom by a variable quantity of hairs. Four stamens are super-
Prodr. Fl. Norfolk., 38 ; Iconogr., t. 86. — Hook.
& Arn., in Beech. Toy., Bot., 214, 271. — Bejjth.,
Niger FL, 519— Zoll., Verz., 100, 101, 105.—
Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 199. — Bl.,
Mus. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 201, 210, 211, 226.
1 Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 203.
2 Wight, Icon., vi. 1. 1981. — Wedd., Monogr.,
387, t. 12, B ; Prodr., 218.
8 Varieiaria T., Inst., t. 289.— L., Gen., n.
1152 (part.). — Adans., Fam. des PI., ii. 261. —
J., Gen., 404. — PoiE., Diet., v. 13; Suppl., iv.
300. — Lame., Ill, t. 853. — Endl., Gen., a.
1S85 (part.). — Payer, Organog., 276, t. 60. —
Wedd., Monogr., 503, t. 17 ; Prodr., 235 "'.—
Thaurnuria Gaudich., Voy. Uran., Bot., 501. —
Freirea Gafdicii., loc. cit., 502 (incl. : Ges-
nouinia Gaudich., Helxine Req.).
4 According to Pater there are (probably)
two anterior, two posterior.
UBTIGAGE2E.
505
posed ; eacli has a free filament of variable form1 inserted under the
ovary, and an introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence.
The gynaeceum, inserted on the conical apex of the receptacle,
consists of a one-celled uniovulate ovary, analogous to that of the
Nettles, surmounted by a slender style, articulated at the base and
Parietaria officinalis.
Fig. 543.
Hermaphrodite flower (&).
Fig. 542.
Flowering branch.
Fig. 544.
Long. sect, of female
flower (|).
caducous, with a stigmatiferous head, whose unilateral investment
with long papillose hairs gives it the look of a bottle-brush
(figs. 543, 544). The female flowers possess only a gynseceum,
closely surrounded by the tubular gamosepalous calyx. The males
have a shorter calyx, with the leaves free or nearly so, lined with
hairs, close to the base of a rudimentary gyna3ceum. Against this
are applied the anthers, while their filaments are strongly bent in
the bud ; on anthesis they become straight by elasticity. The fruit
(figs. 545, 540) is a straight somewhat compressed achene, smooth
and shiny,'2 enveloped in the persistent calyx. The orthotropous
seed, formed nearly as in the Nettles, has a cylindro-conoidal
embryo, of nearly the same length as the cotyledons, which are
1 When the anthers are retained at the centre
of the male bud, either by the rudimentary
gynseceum or by the hairs at the bottom of the
perianth, the filament thickens during this incur-
vation, and then there form on its inner face the
superposed transverse ridges alternating with
grooves. To the turgescence of these bars is due
the elastic rising of the filament. But when the
filaments are shorter, not incurved, but erect and
straight, which is the case in some flowers that
are female or more or less completely herma-
phrodite, no transverse band is developed on
the inner face ; it remains smooth like the outer
one, and no phenomenon of elasticity takes place.
2 Green, more or less dark in colour, according
to the age.
506
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Parieiaria officinalis.
Fig. 545.
Fig. 546.
Fruit. (f).
Long. sect, of
fruit.
elliptical or ovate -oblong. Wall Pellitory is a perennial herb covered
with hooked hairs, possessing alternate entire tricostate leaves,
sprinkled with punctate cysto-
liths, petiolate, with very small
stipules or none. The axillary
flowers are usually grouped five
together into a little cyme on
either side of a little axillary
twig. The central flower is
female; the four others, male or
hermaphrodite, are paired on either
side, axillary to a bract, accom-
panied by two lateral bractlets, forming with it a sort of involucre.
Other species are distinguished by their frutescent or annual
stems, their unsymmetrical cymes, uniparous by abortion, their
leaves three-ribbed at the base. In P. arboreax made into the
distinct genus Gesnouinia2 the stigma is linear, not aspergilliform,
and the cymes are trifloral, with the central flower female : from
these characters we make it a separate section. So we regard
P. Soleirolii? a species from Corsica and Sardinia, which has been
made into the genus Helxine ;4 its inflorescence is reduced yet more,
containing only one flower, male or female, in the axillary involucre.
Thus constituted, Parieiaria comprises a dozen species' from the
cold and temperate regions of both Worlds. Next to it come two
closely allied genera, HemistyJis and Roussclia, representing the same
t}^pe, very slightly modified in America.
V. FORSKOHLEA SERIES.
ForskoMea* (figs. 547-551) has monoecious flowers, reduced to a
1 Lh£e., in Roz. Journ., xxxiii. 55.
2 Gaudich., Toy. Uran., Pot., 502. — Wedd.,
Monogr., 521, t. 18, B ; Prodr., 23549.
3 Spbeng., Syst., iv. p. ii. 218.— Geen. &
Gode., Fl. de Fr., iii. 110.— P. repens Soleib.
(ex Mut., Fl. Fr., iii. 172).
4 Req., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 1, v. 384. —
Wedd., Monogr., 529, 1. 18, A ; Prodr., 235 *>.—
Soleirola Gaudich., Voy. Uran., Pot., 504:
Voy. Pon., Pot., t. 114, B.
5 L., Spec, 1492.— Foest., Prodr., n. 387.—
Del., Egypt., 137, t. 50.— Due., in Duchtr.
Rev. Pot., ii. 427.— Bl., Mtis. Lugd.-Pat., ii.
245.— Webb, Phyt. Canar., iii. 264. — Wedd., iu
Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 207 {Gesnouinia). —
Dub., Pot. Gall., i. 418 (Helxine).— Viy., App.
Fl. Cors. Prodr., 7 (Parieiaria). — Ledeb., Fl.
Poss., iii. 639.
6 Mantiss., 11, n. 1262.— Ekdl., Gen., n.
UBTICACE^.
507
single stamen or carpel. The stamen (figs. 547-549), resembling
that of the Nettles, is accompanied on the outer side by a gamo-
Forskohlea tenacissima.
Fig. 547.
Inflorescence (^).
Fig. 548.
Long. sect, of inflorescence.
sepalous sort of bract, obtusely tridentate at the apex, and perhaps
representing a triphyllous perianth, cleft right down on the inside.
There is no rudimentary gynseceum. In the female flower
Forskohlea tenacissima.
Fig. 550.
Female flower {\).
Fig. 549.
Male flower (f ).
Fig. 551.
Long. sect, of female flower.
(figs. 550, 551) there is a perianth (?) analogous to that of the
male ; and inside this a uniovulate ovary, like that of the Nettles,
tapering info a long slender style, covered with hairs.1 The fruit is
1887.— Wedd., Monogr., 532, t. 19, B ; Prodr.,
23554. — Forskalea J., Gen., 403. — G^ETN.,
Fruet., i. 332, t. 68. — Lamk., Diet., ii. 521 ; III.,
t. 388.— Caiclbeja Foese., Fl. Mg.-Arab., 82.
1 The ovary when young looks just like a little
oval leaf, folded into a cornet with a very oblique
mouth, and tapers to an apex in front, where the
style is to he ; while the ovule takes origin behind
at the bottom of the gaping orifice.
508
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
an acliene ; within the seed-coats is a fleshy albumen surrounding
an embryo with rounded cotyledons, more or less cordate at the
base, as long as the superior conical radicle or longer. ForsJwJdea
comprises herbs or undershrubs, from the Mediterranean, North and
South Africa, and West Asia. Their leaves are alternate, accom-
panied by lateral stipules, and covered with hooked hairs; the
flowers are surrounded by a little axillary common involucre, formed
of from two to six foliaceous bracts, free, but covered inside with a
quantity of wool that often holds them together ; they contain one
or more female flowers, usually surrounded by a certain number of
males (figs. 547, 548). Five species of this genus have been
described.1
Of Droguetia? only distinguishable with difficulty from Forskohlea
by a gamophyllous perianth, we make a mere section, comprising
four species, Asiatic and African.3
In the little group Aiistralinea the involucre disappears. The
flowers are monandrous and of similar organization in Australina
and Didymodoxa, diandrous in Distemon.
The Nettles, with some allies, entered into Linnaeus' Scabridece ;A
Adanson5 placed them in his family Chdtaigniers (Chestnut-trees).
In the time of A. L. de Jussieu6 the Urticece were held to comprise
not merely the Nettles and similar genera, but also Artocarpea,
Morece, Cannabinece, Piperaceae, and even CynocrambeaJ R. Brown,8
in 1818, established Artocarpea, Celiidete, &c, as distinct orders, on
the one hand, and Urticea proper on the other. Endlicher9 only
changed the name to Urticacece. Of the order thus restricted
1 L. fil., Suppl., 245. — Rjetz., Obs., fasc. iii.
31.— Desf., Cat. Sort. Par., ed. 3, 347. —
Webb., Spicil. Gorgon., 179 ; Phyt. Canar., iii.
266.
2 Gaudich., Toy. TJran., Pot., 505 ; Voy.
Bon., Bot., t. 87. — Endl., Gen., 285.— Wedd.,
Monogr., 538, t. 19, A; Prodr., 235 ^.— Didy-
mogyne Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 35
(part.).
3 Pees., JEncIiir., ii. 554 ( Urtica). — A. Rich.,
Fl. Abyss. Tent., ii. 259 {Pouzolzia). — Wight,
Icon., t. 1982 (Forskohlea). — Bl., Mus. Lugd.-
Bat., ii. 201 {Boehniei-ia).
4 Ord. Nat. (1737), 593.
5 Fam. des PL, ii. (1763), 376.
6 Gen. (1789), 400.
7 He even included the Monimiads Ambora
and Sedy carta, mistaking their flower for an
inflorescence; the Haloragad Gunnera; and the
Paronchiad Pteranthus.
8 Obs. PI. Cong., 35; Misc. Works (ed. Benn.),
i. 137.
9 Prodr. Fl. Norfolk., 37 ; Gen., 282, ord. 94
(1836).— Lindl., Teg. Kingd., 260, ord. 84.
URTICACE^J.
S09
Linnaeus knew only the three genera Urtica, Parietaria, and Fors-
Icohlea. Jussieu in 1789 published Procris of Commerson ; the
two Forsters founded Elatostema in 1776, and Jacquin BceJuneria in
1763. The other genera are comparatively recent. In 1821
Lindley made the genus Pilea for a number of species, and
Wallich made known Memorialis of Hamilton. Another Indian
genus Chamahaina, is due to Wight. Gaudicha.ud, from 1826 to
1829, in the accounts of the botany of the voyages of the Bonite and
Uranie, published the largest number of our modern genera. Of
those at present retained there are fifteen : Australina, Debregeasia,
Droguetia, Fleurya, Girardinia, Laportea, Neraudia, Obetia, Pelliouia,
Pouzohiu, Rousselia, Sarcochlamys, Touchardia, Urera, and Vittebrunea.
Yet more recently appeared Myriocarpa and Hemistylis of Bentham,
Didymodoxa of E. Meyer, Leucosyke of Zollinger. H. A. Weddell,
in the remarkable memoirs we shall refer to below, established the
seven genera Cypholophus, Distemon, Lecanthm, Maoutia, Phenax,
Pipturus, and Scepocarpus. Blume, whose researches on this group
are of later date,1 distinguished two other generic types, Achudemia
and Nanocnide. To these thirty-six genera have been added Gyro-
taenia by Grisebach in 1860, Poikilospermum of ZirpEL by Miquel
in 1863, and Tlesperocnide by Torrey & A. Gray in 1857.
Weddell, who has recently given most attention to this so
natural an order, and studied it with extreme care,2 divides it into
five tribes, characterized as follows :
I. Urere.e. — Plants with stinging (urticating) hairs, leaves
opposite decussate, or alternate and inserted in a spiral. Female
perianth 4-partite or 4-lobate, rarely 2-partite or 2-lobate, or tubular,
always free (3 genera).
II. ProcridEjE. — Unarmed plants ; leaves opposite or (by abor-
tion) alternate and often distichous. Female perianth 3-partite,
1 Weddell has shown {Monogr., 48, 5L 90.
588) that Bltjme's works on the Urticacew,
published in vol. ii. of ihe Museum Botanicum
Lugduno-Batavum, though dated 1842, only
appeared in 1856.
2 In several remarkable works, especially his
Monographic des Urticees (in Arch. Mus., ix.
49) and the Urticaeece of De Candolle's Pro-
dromus (xvi. sect. i. 32-23S64). These excellent
publications date from 1856 and 1869 respec-
tively. We have used them as a guide in the
study of this order, and adopted as far as possible
the conclusions of their author. Bleme is the
last author who has made great investigations
into this family ; we have mentioned these in
note 1, and that they were really posterior to
Weddell's.
510 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
rarely 5-partite, free, often accompanied by oppositipetalous stami-
nocles. Stigma penicillate (6 genera).
III. Bo3HMERiE/E. — Unarmed plants ; leaves opposite or alternate.
Female perianth free or adnate, adherent to the ovary, sometimes
(very frequently) tubular, sometimes very short or absent
(16 genera1).
IV. Parietarie/e. — Unarmed plants ; leaves always alternate
and quite entire. Flowers diclinous or polygamous. Inflorescences
(at least the females) possessing two or more herbaceous bracts.
Female perianth tubular free (5 genera2).
V. FoRSKOHLEiE. — Plants unarmed or sometimes covered with
indurated hairs ; leaves alternate or opposite. Flowers diclinous,
often involucrate. Female perianth tubular or absent (5 genera).
Here we see the most variable characters that allow us to divide
the order into tribes or series. The other variable characters of less
importance, on which the genera and smaller divisions are founded,
are as follows. The stem may be woody or herbaceous, erect or
rooting. The leaves may be opposite or alternate, symmetrical or
unsymmetrical at the base ; and we often find inequality between the
two opposite leaves or two adjacent alternate leaves, the smaller
sometimes aborting completely. The venation is pinnate ; or the
blade may be tricostate or triplicostate3 at the base. The leaves,
moreover, like the other organs, are glabrous or covered with hairs,
which, again, may be of three kinds : simple non-urticating ; simple
and urticating, glandular at the base ; capitate pericellular, non-
urticating.4 Cystoliths5 are also usually present in the blade, pre-
senting pretty constant variations in arrangement and form ; the
latter may be rounded, oblong, fusiform, linear, or more rarely
stellate. The stipules are sometimes lateral, sometimes axillary,
cauline or petiolar, free or united in pairs for a variable distance,
caducous or persistent. The floral cymes are simple or ramified,
solitary or grouped into simple or compound racemes or spikes,
symmetrical or unilateral. The axis of the general inflorescence is
1 Reduced by us to 15 by restoring Cliama- insertion of the petiole; in a 3-plicostate leaf
baina (B. squamigera) to Bcehmeria. (folium S-plinervium) they are given off a little
2 Reduced to 3, by uniting Gesnouinia and above the insertion." (Wedd., Prodr., 34.)
Helxine to Parietaria. 4 See p. 499, note 3.
3 " In a Z-costate leaf (folium Z-nervium) the & Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, ii. 267 ;
basilar ribs spring from the midrib at the very Mono<]>:, 10.
URTICAGEJa. 511
sometimes cylindrical, filiform, sometimes dilated into a mem-
branous cladode,1 or a plate, cup, or pyriform sac, like the common
receptacle of a fig. The flowers are sessile, or pedicellate ; the
pedicel has often one or even two articulations, especially in the
males. The inflorescence is sometimes naked, sometimes possessing
bracts, small and distant, or leafy and involucrant ; free or cohering
for a variable distance, they may form a single pair or verticil, or
belong to numerous successive generations, corresponding to all the
axes of a contracted dichotomous cyme. The type of the flower is
variable ; the number of sepals, when present, is from one to five,
equal or dissimilar, free or coherent, valvate or imbricate. In the
fruit they disappear, or persist, dry and membranous, or thickened
and fleshy. The rudimentary gymeceum present in the male flower
varies in form with the genus. In female flowers there may be
rudimentary stamens below the gynseceum, but they are usually
absent. The form of the parts of the gynseceum also varies greatly,
according to the genus. The ovary, like the fruit, may be
symmetrical or unsymmetrical, with the style at the geometrical
apex or some way off it. The middle layer of the pericarp is more
or less fleshy ; its surface is smooth granular or tuberculate. The
albumen varies greatly in quantity, and may even be reduced to a
simple membrane. The form and relative dimensions of the radicle
and cotyledons are also subject to numerous variations.
The constant or nearly constant characters of the order are as
follows : simple stipulate2 leaves, apetalous diclinous flowers3 grouped
in definite cymes,4 an isostemonous or meiostemonous androceum,5
with a rudimentary pistil in the male flowers, and in the females a
unicarpellary gynseceum, with a one-celled ovary ; a solitary, ascend-
ing or suberect orthotropous or suborthotropous ovule, with its
micropyle ; and finally an inclehiscent fruit.
The Urticacece also j)resent several histological characters that are
constant or very general. AVeddell6 has shown that the stem of most
1 Especially in Urtica membranacea (PoiE., ii. [1861], 319^, considering the inflorescence of
Diet., iv. 63S), where the axis seems to he the plant as a whole, says that in Urticea it
fasciate. forms a repeated polydiopsidal cyme, repeated
2 In Parietaria alone are the stipules rudi- indefinitely on axillary branches of all ages ; or
mentary or absent. an indefinite, indefinitely repeated, sessile axiliary
3 Usually unisexual, but polygamous in Parie- Cymobotrya.
twria. 5 Of never more than cue verticil.
4 GuiLLAED (in Presse St: des Deux Moudes, 6 Monogr., 7.
512
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
of them is not noticeably distinct from that of Dicotyledons generally,
but in several species certain tissues are exceptionally modified,
especially in the liber and woody system. " In the tribe Urerece, for
instance, which gives us an exceedingly interesting study in this
respect, the medullary rays are much prolonged vertically, without
anv consequent change in the form of their cells, and are often seen
to constitute real septa between the fibrovascular bundles."1 The
vessels are very variable in calibre, most voluminous where the wood
is soft. The dots too, rounded or more or less transversely elon-
gated, are larger as the wood is less compact. Some Nettles have
been said to lack medullary rays.2 Guillard3 thinks the woody fibres
remarkable " in the thinness of the walls, retained even in the adult
branches, in the regularity of their prismatic quadrangular form,
and in their equality in thickness, about Tw of a millimetre." The
same author notices that the trachea? of the medullary sheath are
sometimes few and very large, approximated into bundles, sometimes,
as in certain species of Urtica and Pilea, " grouped in no apparent
order." He distinguishes the medullary rays as " extraordinary for
the height of their cells." But all authors'1 agree in recognising that
it is especially in the organization of the liber that the Urticacece are
distinguished from the rest of Dicotyledons by a striking character.
In fact, the cortical, singly very long and very fine, adhere to one
another end to end, though not fused ; this renders them textile and
of industrial value. Moreover, it is easy enough to make out that
the fibres are so arranged inside the bark as to form concentric
zones, and that each fibre is separated from its collateral neighbours
by one or more rows of cells ; the fibres of the outermost layer are
almost scattered through the cellular tissue of the middle layer of
the bark."5 The suberous layer is generally ill developed.6 The
wood may present peculiar features in some trees that grow to a
1 " I found this arrangement in a woody
Pilea; it, no doubt, is also present in Ela-
tostema." (Wedd., op. cit., 8.)
2 Chatin, Anat, Comp. des Veg., livr. iii. 9
(not.).
3 Loc. cit., 314. The author gives in the same
work (p. 312) a table of the general structure of
the stem, and represents that of Parietaria
(Gesnouinia) arborea (figs. 15, 17) ; he also
describes and figures the structure of the leaves,
the starch-granules, crystals, raphides, &c.
4 Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, vii. 309. —
Guill., loc. cit., 312, 313. — Keissek, in Denk.
d. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vi. — Oliv., Stem in
Dicot., 33 (in Nat. Hist. Rev., iii. 252).
5 In fine, the liber closely resembles that of
Hemp, and has nearly the same properties.
6 "The suberous layer has usually from four
to eight concentric zones. This is as many, or
more, than we find in most other orders."
(Guile., loc. cit., 315.)
URTICACEJS. 513
great height ; for instance, in Laportea gigas,1 which may attain one
hundred feet, the dots of the woody fibres and vessels are surrounded
by a concave areola, which, with that of the neighbouring fibre, forms
a lenticular chamber, comparable to that found in many trees of
various orders.2
The affinities3 of the order Urticacece are numerous. We have
mentioned4 its close ties with Piperece, and shown how it is chiefly
distinguished by the organization of the fruit, seed, and embryo ; it
also differs in the manner of inflorescence, and its perianth and
properties. All the secondary groups formerly united with this into
one immense common order, and now separated into Cannabinece,
Morece, Artocarpece, Ulwacece, Celtidece, are, no doubt, most nearly
related to it. But they are constantly separated, generally speaking
by the presence of two carpel lary leaves, united into a two-celled
ovary, with one cell sometimes sterile, often distinct towards the top
of the style, and connected below by an axile placentary column,
which is inserted on either side an ovule more or less decidedly ana-
tropous and descending. It is by an analogous character that
Urticacece are far removed from many Polygonacece, Salsolacece, &c,
with which they have been compared.5 In all these plants the basilar
or free central placenta bears more than one carpellary leaf. But in
Urticacece the gynaeceum is unicarpellary, as in Ceratoplnjllece and
Piperece, to which botanists have rightly noticed their relations,6 and
as in Ngctagi/tece, distinguished from this order chiefly by their often
petaloid perianth and their anatropous ovule. The latter character
also extends to several unicarpellary Phytolaccacece. Weddell has
chiefly compared the present order to Tdiacece and Maloacece, consider-
ing it especially as a reduced type of the former/ like Buettneriece may
be said to have a reduced type in Etiphorbiacece. The last-named order
shows in certain cases such close analogies in habit, foliage, and
1 Wedd., Monogr., 129, t. 3, 4; Prodr., 82, 311) presumes that this is exceptional in the
n. \\.— Urtica gigas A. Cunn., hiss. — Urera order.
excel'sa Wedd., in Ann. So. Nat., ser. 4, i. 178.— 3 Wedd., Monogr., 32.
U. rotumdifolia Wedd., loc. eit. 4 See p. 4S6.
2 Wedd., Monogr., 131, t. 4, figs. 1-9. The 5 Lindl., Veg. Kmgd., 261, 262.
bark contains, besides liber fibres, large oblong « Lindl., loc. eit., 264.
cells filled with acicular or prismatic raphides of 7 See, for the development of this proposition,
oxalate of lime (tig. 2). Guillakd {loc. eit., his Monographic, 35-41.
VOL. III. L L
514 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
inflorescence, that it has been rightly affirmed that there is scarcely
a collection in which they are not frequently confounded. True
Euphorbiacea may be often distinguished by the gynseceum formed
of two, three, or more carpels. But when these are solitary, as is
the case in Macarcmga, Eremocarpus, Antidesma, &c, with the flowers
moreover unisexual, and sometimes even achlamydeous, the only
remaining essential character lies in the more or less complete
anatropy of the. descending ovules.
The geographical distribution of the thirty-nine genera (com-
prising some five hundred species) now admitted in this order pre-
sent some interesting features. According to Weddell,1 " the New
World contains about a third ; Europe and Malaysia another third ;
Oceania and Africa divide equally nine-tenths of the remaining
third ; while Europe only claims a dozen species." Among these last
are five or six species of Nettles and Pellitories that multiply about
our dwellings. Some species of Urtica, such as U. dioica and urens, and
Parietaria, such as P. debilis, are spread over the temperate and sub-
tropical regions of the five quarters of the globe. U. urens extends
into the Arctic regions, nearly as much a cosmopolitan as P. debilis ;
indeed, it is that one of those species that accompany man everywhere
in his migrations. Near the Equator, where the Urticacea are the
worst weeds, we find a curiously unequal distribution between the
continents and islands. In the Tropical archipelagos the percentage
of species in the Phanerogamic flora is 5 to G ; in the neighbouring
continents it is only 2.
The properties2 of the Urticacece are unimportant ; were it not for
the stinging hairs, which make some species prized as urtkatinf
1 Monogr., 41, 45. This work contains op- 6, ii. 328.— Kosenth., Syn. PI. Diaphor., 199,
posite page 552 a detailed table of the geo- 1108.
graphical distribution, with the total number of 3 Therapeutical irritation is sometimes practised
species representing each genus in the various in Europe with U. dioica L. or wrens L., more
parts of each hemisphere. According to this rarely with U. pilulifera L. It causes a trail-
summary, out of 476 species, the Old World sitory cutaneous irritation, sometimes very acute,
contains 289, the New 187. due to inoculation with the acid liquid contained
2 Endl., Enchirid., 170.— Ltnd., Yea. Kingd., in the stings (see p. 49S, note 3).
261 ; Fl. Med., 295.— Gtjib., B,og. Simpl., ed.
VRTICAGEM.
>15
counter-irritants, and which make the contact of certain tropical
species1 so dangerous, their use in medicine would be very slight ; for
there is no great foundation for medical virtues2 in the calcareous
salts contained in the Nettles,3 or the nitrate of potash in Wall-
Pellitory4 (figs. 542-546). Tasteless, and with scarcely any active
properties, the leaves or young shoots of several species of Urtica,*
Pilea,6 Pouzohia,7 Elatostema* &c, are only used in our country-dis-
tricts and several tropical countries as watery vegetables, as greens
and topical emollients, like Lettuce, Purslane, or Spinach. But the
' These species, formerly regarded as Nettles,
generally belong to Daportea. D. crenulata
Gaedich. (Voy. Uran., Bot., 196; — Wedd.,
Monogr., 133, n. 8; Prodr., 85, n. 16 ;— L.
gigantea Gaudich., loc. cit. ; — D. latifolia
Gatjdich. ; — Urtica javaensis J. ; — U. gigantea
Poie., Diet., Suppl., iv. 221; — U. crenulata
Koxb., Fl. Ind., iii. 591 ; — U. sinuata Bl. ; — ■
U. Churta Ham.; — Urera javaensis Gaudich.;
— U. gigantea GArDlCH.; — U. crenulata Wedd.j
— U. Commersoniana Wedd. ; — Dendrocnide
crenulata Miq., PI. Jungh., 31) is famous from
Leschenault's account of his being stung in the
Calcutta Botanical Gardens by this plant, the
Mealum-ma, of which the Hindoos are very
much afraid. Though only three fingers were
pricked, severe inflammatory and tetanic symp-
toms came on, with intense pain, and only dis-
appeared after eight days. The sting of this plant
has been said to determine violent fever, and even
death. D. decumana Wedd. {Monogr., 127, n.
4; — Urtica decumana Rumph., Herb. Amboin.,
vi. 171, t. 20, fig. 1 ;— Wight, Icon., ii. 689), is
the Dan gattal besaer of the Malays, much
used by them for systematic artication. The
part rubbed by the leaves reddetis, and often
blisters, unless the epidermis is too thick, as on
the sole of the foot. The pain is not severe ; it
is rather, if the friction be vigorous, an itching,
which soon disappears if the skin be afterwards
rubbed with oil. Men and women often have
recourse to this revulsive with great advantage.
D. stimulans Miq. {Urtica stinvulans L. fil.,
Suppl., 418), of Java, produces, according to
Leschenault, the same effects as D. crenulata,
but less energetic. However, he relates that in
Java they rub buffaloes with it to excite them to
fight with tigers. Urtica ferox, of New Zea-
land {Ogna-wa of the natives), gives a painful
sting that lasts four days (Collenso) ; and U.
urentissima, of Timor (vulg. Daoun setan, or
Devil's Deaf), is said by the natives to produce
injuries that last a year, and may even cause
death. Eis'dlicher ascribes the causticity of the
Nettles to carbonate of ammonia, but the liquid
has an acid reaction. The American species,
Urtica baccifera, caravellana, pumila, are also
cited as urticating (Rosenth., op. cit., 200).
2 Certain peculiar properties are ascribed to
Boehmeria caudata (vulg. Asapeixe), used in
baths in Brazil, for hemorrhoids ; Pilea mucosa,
prescribed in dysuria ; and Urera baccifera,
much used as an aperient and resolvent in the
Antilles, in a decoction or poultice.
3 Wedd., Monogr., 48. Urtica dioica was
formerly regarded as aperient, astringent, em-
menagogue, excitant (Guib., loc. cit., 239). Even
volumes have been written on its virtues, its
properties as a drug, a textile, a dye stuff, on its
oleaginous seeds as nutritious for man or beast.
U. pilulifera has been vaunted as a diuretic,
astringent, and anti-choleraic; its roots are used
as a yellow dye in Sweden. U. membranacea
was reputed an emmenayogue, aphrodisiac, &c.
4 Parietaria officinalis L., Spec. (ed. 1), 1052.
— Wedd., Monogr., 506, u. 1 ; Prodr., 2354-, n.
1. — Meu. & Del, Diet. Mat. Med., v. 202.—
GriB., loc. cit., 329. — A. Rich., Diem., ed. 4, i.
247. — Gken. & Gode., Fl. de Fr„ iii. 109. —
Rev., in Fl. Med. du xixe Siecle, iii. 10.— P.
diffusa Koch, Sun., 636. — P.judaica Vill., Fl.
Davph., ii. 346 (nee alior). — P. maderensis
Reichb., in Bot. Zeit. (1831), 131 {Wall
Pellitory, Common Pellilory, Herbe du verre, de
none, de muraille, de Notre-Dame, Operatoire,
Cassepierre, Epinard de muraille, Morelle de
muraille, Espargoule, Panatage, Vitriole, Perce-
muraille).
5 U. dioica, pilulifera, membranacea, simensis
{Sama of the Abyssinians), &c.
6 Notably P. muscosa, peploides, Wightii,
htcens, &c. P. argentta DC. is used to make a
sort of tea.
7 Wedd., Monogr., 46. The fleshy root of P.
tuberosa is eaten in India, raw or cooked.
8 D. platypliyllum and lineolalum, among
others, from the East Indies.
L L 2
£16
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
TJrticacece deserve mention from an industrial point of view, since
their liber is often textile. Without noticing JJriica dioica, canna-
Una, parvifolia, &c, which even in France have been suggested as a
substitute for Hemp, or Girardinia heierophylla? Pipturus propinquus?
and Maoutia Pvya* also used for textile fabrics in hot countries, we
must pause a little on the China Grass, Ma of the Chinese,4 often
termed in France Chanvre de la Chine (Chinese Hemp). This is
Bcehmeria nivea' (fig. 541), a native of Tropical Asia, chiefly culti-
vated in the temperate and warm regions of the East, China, Bengal,
Assam, Silhet, &c. Its culture has also been essayed in the warmest
parts of Europe. The fibre obtained from it by steeping is the chief
textile material used by the inhabitants of the Indian Archipelago ;
from it they make cordage, nets, and especially body-clothing, that
is light, cool, readily absorbing the perspiration, strong, and most
durable against damp.
1 Dcne., in Jacquem. Voy., Sot., iv. 151, t.
153. — Wedd., Monogr., 164, n. 1.- — Urtica
palmata Foesk., Fl. JEgypt.-Arab., 159.
2 Wedd., Monogr., 4Al, n. 3. — Urtica ar-
gentea Foest., Prodr., n. 343. — U cinerascens
Bl., Pijdr., 497. From this good cord is made
in Tahiti.
3 Wedd., Monogr., 477, t. 16, B. — Urtica
Pnya Wail., Cat., n. 4605.
4 Or Chu-ma, Tchou-rna in China, Rhea in
Bengal, Ramie in Java, Caloiee in Sumatra.
5 Hook & Abn., Beech. Voy., Pot., 214 ; in
Jonrn. of Pot. (1851), t. 8.— Miq., PI. Jungh.,
33 ; Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii. 253.— Wedd., Mon.,
380, t. 11, figs. 10-17 ; Prodr., 206, n. 25.—
H. Bn., in Diet. Encycl. des Sc. Med., x. 15. —
? B. utilis Bl., Lid. Bij. (1853), n. 4.—B.
tenacissima Gaudich., Voy. Uran., Bot., 500. —
B. candicans Hassk., Sort. Bog., 79. — Urtica
nivea L., Sort. Cliff-., 441; Spec., 1398.— U.
tenacissima Roxb., FL Ind., iii. 590. — Z7. candi-
cans Bl., Bijdr., 503. — Procris nivea Gaudich ,
Voy. Uran., Bot., 499. — Pamium majus Humph.,
Herb. Amboin., v. 214, t. 79. Decaisne [in
Rev. Sort., ser. 4 (1855), n. 9] considered the
Ramie (B. utilis), whose leaves are shorter and
not so white below, distinct from the Ma (B.
nivea). Royle is of the opposite opinion, and
makes them only forms or varieties of one and
the same species. — [See Wiesneb, Rohstoffe des
pftanzenreiches (Leips., 1873), 320-322, 386-389.
This book is a valuable compendium of Economic
Botany. — Tb.]
UBTJGAGEM. 51 7
GENERA.
I. URTICE^E.
1. TJrtica T. — Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; receptacle small
convex. Male calyx 4-phyllous ; sepals free or connate at very base,
subequal, concave inside, outside more or less stinging hispid ; bud
depressed at apex ; pignoration alternative-imbricate ; lateral sepals
interior. Stamens 4, oppositisepalous ; filaments free, inserted
under generally cupuliform hyaline rudiment of gynseceum, rather
thick, inflexed in bud, elastically patent at anthesis ; anthers 2-celled,
introrse ; longitudinally rimose. Female calyx 4-phyllous ; sepals
free or connate at base, decussate-imbricate ; lateral 2, in pignora-
tion interior, larger, erect sometimes cucullate ; exterior usually much
smaller, sometimes subcarinate, patent. Germen free, 1- celled; style
short or nearly absent, soon dilated to papillose-stigmatose long
penicillate-capitate apex, either deciduous or rather long-persistent.
Ovule 1, inserted behind a little above base of cell, ascending sub-
erect orthotropous ; micropyle superior, usually adhering to top of
cell by narrow obturator ; funicle short or nearly absent. Fruit dry
straight, oblong or ovate, compressed rather smooth or verruculose,
clothed in enlarged membranous or very rarely rather fleshy calyx.
Seed suberect suborthotropous ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons of axile
fleshy embryo obcordate-rotundate or subelliptical ; radicle superior
cylindro-conical. — Annual or perennial herbs, rarely frutescent; leaves
opposite petiolate, dentate or more rarely entire or incised-lobate,
palmately 5-7 or very rarely 3-ribbed, sprinkled with punctiform or
more rarely linear cystoliths ; stipules lateral interpetiolar or con-
nate in pairs : flowers small glomerulate ; glomeruli bracteate at base,
spicate or racemose in simple or branching axis (not 2-chotomous)
sometimes rather thick, sometimes 1-lateral, more rarely solitary or
capitate; inflorescences 1 -sexual or androgynous 2-nate in each axile;
male pedicels articulate, usually ebracteate (All cold, temperate, and
warm regions). See p. 497.
5i8 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
■ 2. Nanocnide Bl.'— Flowers monoecious. Male perianth 4, 5-
partite ; segments externally glabrous or setulose ; bud depressed in
middle.' Stamens as many ; anthers uniform. Eudiment of gynse-
ceum hyaline obovoid. Segments of female perianth 4, unequal
erect ; 2 exterior larger keeled ; 2 interior narrower nearly flat.
Gyna?ceum of TJrtica. Achene straight compressed, enclosed in
enlarged calyx. Seed of TJrtica. — Annual (unarmed ?) herbs ; stem
slender; leaves alternate crenate, 3-5-ribbed ; cystoliths oblong or
linear ; stipules lateral free ; flowers in axillary, solitary or 2-nate
glomeruli ; males pedunculate rather lax ; pedicels articulate ; bracts
deciduous; females sessile dense; bracts persistent2 {China, Japan3).
3. Hesperocnide Torr. & Gray.4 — Flowers monoecious ; males as
in Nanocnide; calyx 4-merous, outside setulose-hispid. Female
perianth tubular oblong-ovoid, hispid all over outside with hamate
hairs ; mouth minute, 2-4-dentate ; teeth 2 larger. Gynseceum of
Urtica. Achene straight ovate lenticular-compressed apiculate,
clothed in enlarged membranous calyx. — Annual herbs, stinging ;
leaves opposite, incised or crenate-serrate, 3-5-ribbed ; cystoliths
punctiform or oblong ; flowers in axillary androgynous glomeruli ;
pedicels articulate, ebracteate {California, Sandwich Islands').
4. Obetia Gaudich.6 — Flowers dioecious ; male perianth 5-partite ;
leaves ovate-obtuse puberulous-hispid. Stamens 5. Rudiment of
gynseceum globose. Female calyx 4-phyllous ; sepals unequal
glabrous. Germen at first straight, afterwards oblique ; stigma sub-
sessile ovate, villous or penicillate-capitate, persistent, finally inflexed ;
ovule erect. Achene obliquely ovate compressed, straight-set on
pedicel, and loosely involucrate by enlarged membranous calyx ; both
faces scrobiculate concave rather smooth; edges acutate. Seed nearly
of Urtica; cotyledons longer than radicle, transversely oblong-rotund-
ate, emarginate at base and apex. — Stinging shrubs; leaves alternate,
1 Mus. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 154.— Wedd., Monogr., 4 In Whippl. Exp., Sot., 83. — Wedd.,
289, t. 9, B ; Prodr., 68. Frodr., 67.
* A genus referred by Blume to Procridece, b Spec. 2. Wedd., Monogr., 67 ( Urtica).
but it agrees better (according to Wedd.) in 6 J'oy. Bonite, Bot„ t. 82. — Wedd.,. in Ann.
perianth, stigma, habit, and deficiency in stamin- So. Nat., ser. 4, i. 178; Monogr., 106, t. 1, B;
odes with TJriicem. Prodr., 69.
3 Spec. 2. Wedd.. loc. cit.
VHTICAGB2E.
519
lobate or coarsely crenate, penniveined or subdigitiveined ; cysto-
liths punctiform ; stipules lateral-axillary free ; flowers in loosely
cymose-racemose glomeruli ; pedicels terete ; bracts linear (Mada-
gascar*).
5. Fleurya Gaudich.2 — Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Male
calyx 4, 5 -partite ; bud umbilicate ; outside glabrous or variously
clothed. Stamens 4, 5. Budiment of gynaeceum globose, clavate or
sublobate. Female calyx 4-lobed or 4-partite; segments subequal
or more often unequal ; one (superior) of the exterior (smaller than
interior) rotundate, cucullate or furnished with a stinging hair ;
the other ovate lanceolate or minute. Germen (of Obetid) finally
more or less oblique ; stigma sessile, ovate lanceolate or linear,
persistent and finally uncinate, sometimes 2, 3 -partite ; lobes conni-
vent ; one soon elongated ; the other 2 rudimentary. Achene
obliquely ovate or rotundate, obliquely set on articulate pedicel, and
falling from it at maturity with persistent slightly enlarged calyx.
Seeds sparingly albuminous at apex ; cotyledons of rather fleshy
embryo transversely elliptical-rotundate emarginate. — Annual herbs,
stinging or almost unarmed ; leaves alternate, serrate or crenate-
dentate ; cystoliths linear ; stipules axillary, 2-fid ; flowers3 in small
2-chotomous-scorpioid cymes or in subdistichous racemose axillary
glomeruli ; males and females in the same inflorescences or distinct ;
pedicels 1, 2-articulate; females cylindrical or more rarely compressed
below flower {All Tropical regions*).
6. Laportea Gaudich.5 — Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Male
calyx 4-5-partite, in bud depressed in middle, glabrous or more or
less hispid. Stamens 4, 5. Rudiment of gynseceum subglobose.
1 Spec. 2. Poie., Diet., iv. 638, n. 10
{Urtica). — Bory, Voy., i. 281 ( Urlica). —
Gaudich., Voy. TJran., Bot., 496 {Urera?).
2 Voy. TJran., Bot., 497. — Exdl., Gen., n.
1S79, d. — Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat.,sev. 3, xviii.
204; Ilonogr., 109, t. 1, A; Prodr., 70. —
Schychowshia Ekdl., in Ann. Wien., i. ]87. t.
13.
3 Females greenish ; males whitish or pink.
4 Spec, about 8. L., Spec., 1397 {Urlica). —
Pltjm., Cat., 11. — Jacq., Hort. Schcenbr., iii. t.
3S8.— Forsk., Ft. Mg.Arab., 160. — FoufcT.,
Prodr., 341.— El., Bijdr., 503.— H. B. K.,
Nov, Gen. et Spec, ii. 42 (Urtica). — Hook. &
Arn\, in Beech. Voy., Bot., iv. 69. — A. Rich.,
Fl. Cub., ii. 224 ( Urtica).— Griseb., Ft. Brit.
W.-Ind., 154.— MiQ., in Zoll. et Mor. Verz.,
106 ; in Mart. Fl. Bras., Urtic, 196.
5 Voy. Uran., Bot., 498. — Endl., Gen., n.
1879, c— Wedd., Mon., 121, t. 2-4; Prodr.,
77. — Dendrocnide MjQ., PI. Jungh., 29. —
Sclepsion Rafin., mss. — Discocarpus Liebm.
(i.ec Kl., nee Pfeiff., ex Wedd., loc. cit.).
520
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Female calyx (persisting almost unchanged around fruit) mem-
branous, 4-lobed or 4-partite ; segments equal, or sometimes more
or less unequal and dissimilar among themselves (as in Fleuryd).
Germen finally oblique ovoid; stigma sessile, linear-elongated or rarely
short, persistent ; ovule erect or ascending. Achene obliquely ovate
or rotundate, sometimes slightly drupaceous and ventricose, more
often compressed, sometimes very abruptly narrowed at base ; faces
smooth or granulate ; edges equal or thickened. Cotyledons of
thinly albuminous embryo rotundate, emarginate at base, sometimes
truncate at apex. — Lofty trees or more often small trees, shrubs, or
perennial herbs, sparingly or plentifully stinging-hispid; leaves alter-
nate, entire or variously dentate penniveined ; cystoliths punctiform ;
stipules axillary, 2-ribbed, entire or 2-fid, deciduous ; flowers glomer-
ulate ; glomeruli 1-sexual in much branching axillary racemes (male
inflorescences in some species double superior) ; pedicels articulate;
females sometimes variously dilated or fasciate ; bracts varying in
form or 01 (Trq/ncal Asia, Oceania, North America2).
7. Urera Gaudich.3 — Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Male
calyx 4, 5-partite ; bud subumbilicate. Stamens 4, 5 ; anthers reni-
form. Eudiment of gynseceum subglobose, depressed or cupulate.
Female calyx 4-lobed ; lobes very unequal ; interior 2 larger ; of the
exterior one anterior, very small, or even deficient. Germen straight
or oblique subovoid ; stigma sessile peniciliate-capitate, rotundate,
or more rarely lanceolate and densely villous-papillose, persistent ;
ovule erect or subascending. Achene almost dry, straight or oblique,
convex or compressed on either side, smooth or tuberculate, clothed
1 4 sections, according to Wedd., thus: 1.
Sclepsion. Female flowers 4-partite ; segments
very unequal; pedicels very often winged. — 2.
Sarcojms (Wedd.). Female flower that of Sclep-
sion ; fruiting pedicels botuliform thickened. —
3. Liscocarpus (Liebm.). Female flowers
those of Sclepsion; fruiting pedicels not
winged nor fleshy. — 4. Dendrocnide. Lobes of
female calyx subequal • fruiting pedicels un-
thickened, cylindrical or 0; extreme small twigs
ol in florescence sometimes fastigiate-dilated.
" Spec. 20-25. L. f., Suppl, 418 (Uriica).—
RUMPH., Herb. Amboin., vi. t. 20, fig. 1 ( Uriica).
— Foie., Lie/., Suppl., iv. 214 ( Uriica) ?— Jacq ,
Fran,. Bot., t. 33 'Uriica).— Bl., Bijdr., 496,
504 {Uriica).— Boxb., Fl. Lid., iii. 5S7 ( Uriica).
— K., Lid. Sem. Sort. Berol. (1846), 11.—
Be>'TH., in Hook. Niger, 517 (Fletirga). — SlEB.
& Zvcc, in Abd. d. M-tth.-Pliys. Kl. d. Baier.
Akad., iv. p. iii. 214.— Liebm., in Kbn. Densh.
Tid. Selsk. Skr., xviii. 60 (Discocarpus). —
Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 178 (Urera).
— AIiq., Ft. Lid. Bat.,i.]). ii. 230, 2b4(Boehme-
ria); PI. Jinir/h., 30 (Dendrocnide). — Seem.,
Fl. Fit., 238, 239, t. 60 ; Ace. Gov. Miss. Fiti
lsl., 427. — Hook, f., in Jonm. Linn. Sac, vii.
215. — Walp., in Nov. Act. Acad. Leop.- Carol.,
\\\., Suppl. ii. 422.
:< Fug. Uran., Bot., 496. — Wedd., Monogr.,
143, t. 2, A ; Prod,:, 88.
URTICACEJE. 521
in accrete baccate and coloured calyx. Seed very sparingly albu-
minous ; cotyledons of embryo rotundate emarginate on both sides. —
Small trees, shrubs or erect undershrubs, sometimes climbing, plenti-
fully or more rarely sparingly stimulate or aculeate (sometimes un-
armed?) ; leaves alternate entire, crenate, dentate or incised, penni-
veined or digitiveined ; cystoliths punctiform, oblong or fusiform ;
stipules axillary, 2 -keeled, entire or 2-fid, deciduous ; flowers' either
discrete, or in glomeruli (sometimes capituliform) ; glomeruli aggre-
gated into 1 -parous or 2-chotomously 2-parous cymes; inflorescences
solitary in each axil, 1 -sexual; male pedicels articulate; bracts usually
0 {Tropical, rarely Extra-tropical America, Oceania, and Africa*).
8. Scepocarpus Wedd.3 — Flowers dioecious (?) ; males...? Female
calyx tubular, wholly including germen ; mouth contracted incon-
spicuously denticulate. Germen straight oblong ; ovule erect sub-
sessile ; stigma sessile penicillate-capitate and rotundate, persistent.
Achene obliquely set on thickened pedicel, obliquely ovate, convex
on both sides rather smooth, closely clothed by baccate4 perianth.
Seed of Urera. — A climbing stinging shrub; leaves alternate dentate,
3-ribbed very small subpunctiform ; stipules axillary entire, de-
ciduous ; female flowers glomerulate ; glomeruli in 1-parous or
spuriously 2-chotomous axillary cymes {Tropical Western Africa").
9. Gyrotaenia Griseb.6 — Flowers dioecious. Male calyx 4-partite;
segments orbicular ; bud subumbilicate. Stamens 4 ; anthers reni-
form. Rudiment of gynaeceum globose. Female calyx small, 2-
lobed ; lobes equal, ciliate-denticulate at edge. Germen straight
ovoid-oblong ; ovule erect ; stigma sessile penicillate-capitate rotund-
ate, persistent. Achene (almost dry) scarcely oblique ovate sub-
compressed, accompanied at base by unchanged calyx. — Shrubs or
1 Coloured. Herald But., 194, n. 494.— Miq., in Mart. Fl.
2 Spec, about 18. L., Spec, 1398 (Urtica).— Bras., Urtic, 194 ; Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 232.
Sw., Fl. Lid. Occ, i. 322 (Urtica).— Pom., 3 Prodr., 98.
Diet., Suppl., iv. 224 (Urtica).— Jacq., Sort. 4 "Coloured."
Sehaenbr., iii. 71, t. 386 ( Urtica).— H. B. K., 5 Spec. 1. S. Mannii Wedd., loc. cit.
Nov. Gen. et Spec, ii. 41 (Urtica).— A. Rich., 6 In Mem. Amer. Acad. Sc. et Art., n. ser.,
Fl. Abyss. Tent., iii. 260 ( Urtica).— Wedd., in viii. (1860), 174 ; Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 155.—
Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, xviii. 177, 203 ; ser. 4, i. Wedd., Prodr., 99.
177.— Geisfb., Ft. Brit. W.-Ind., 154.— Seem.,
522 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
small trees, not stinging (?) ; leaves alternate, entire or serrate ;
cystoliths punctiform or oblong; stipules axillary entire, 2 -ribbed ;
flowers spicate or capitate axillary ; females inserted in fleshy
receptacle, ebracteate1 {Antilles1).
10. Girardinia Gaudich.3 — Flowers monoecious or dioecious.
Male calyx 4, 5-partite ; segments ovate hispid. Stamens, 4, 5.
Eudiment of gynseceum globose or cupulate. Female calyx bipart-
ite ; segments very dissimilar ; one larger subtubular, 2-fid, dentic-
ulate at apex ; the other ovate smaller or very small linear,
sometimes abortive. Germen ovoid lanceolate ; ovule usually
ascending ; funicle slender ; stigma filiform, usually minutely
papillose, persistent. Achene accompanied at base by persistent
patent calceolate calyx, obliquely rotundate compressed, smooth or
thinly granulose, or very rarely setulose on both subconvex faces.
Cotyledons of sparingly albuminous embryo rotundate, emarginate
at both ends ; radicle oblong. — Annual or perennial herbs, more or
less woody at base, tall erect, armed with hairs or stinging prickles ;
leaves alternate serrate or lobate, 3-ribbed ; cystoliths punctiform ;
stipules of both leaves connate, not persistent to 1 axillary, entire
or 2-fid at apex ; male flowers4 early deciduous, in glomeruli collected
into a simple or forked, sometimes much branching raceme ; bracts
few minute ; pedicels articulate ; females in compound cymiferous
and (in superior twigs) scorpioid racemes ; cymes very dense
and bristling with stings when fruiting {Warm and Temperate
Asia and Africa6).
II. PBOCEIDE^.
11. Procris Commers. — Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Male
calyx 5-partite ; sepals obovate muticous rather fleshy. Stamens 5,
1 " Between this genus and Urera there is no 4 Greenish.
essential difference, except that the 2-lobed * Spec, about 7. Bttbm., Zeyl., 232 ( Urtica).
perigonium is little enlarged after anthesis." — Foesk., Fl. Mg.-Arab., 159. — Vahl, Symb.,
(Wedd.) i. 76.— Link, Faum., ii. 285.— Zknk., PI. Lid.
2 Spec. 3. Poir., Diet., iii. t. 763, fig. 2 ScTvm., dec. 1, n. 3, 4. — A. Rich., Fl. Abyss.
{Procris).— Pees., Syn., ii. 556 (Boehmeria).— Tent, ii. 262.— Wight, Icon., ii. t. 687.— Miq.,
Wedd., Monogr., 155 {Urera). Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 233; PI. Jungh., 32
3 Toy. Uran., Bot., 498.— Endl., Gen., n. ( Urtica).— Dcne.. Voy. Jacquem., Bot., 151.—
1879, e.— Wedd., Monogr., 163, t. 2, B; Prodr., Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, xviii. 203;
100.
ser. 4, i. 181. — Bl., Mus. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 158.
VRTICACEM. 523
inserted under globose or obovoid rudiment of pistil. Calyx of
female flower 3, 4-phyllous ; sepals obovate cucullate rather fleshy.
Hypogynous staminodes 3, 4, oppositisepalous, minute or 0. Germen
ovate, shorter than calyx ; apex stigmatose long penicillate, soon
evanescent ; ovule subbasilar ; funicle very short. Fruit ovate or
elliptical subbaccate striolate-painted, covered with persistent fleshy
calyx ; capitulum finally fragariiform when fruiting. Cotyledons of
sparingly albuminous or exalbuminous turbinate embryo broadly
elliptical, longer than conical radicle. — Succulent shrubs or under-
shrubs, almost erect or ascending, usually glabrous; leaves 2-
stichous inequilateral, and very unequal in size (each larger leaf
alternating with a very small bracteiform or abortive one), entire or
sinuate penniveined ; cystoliths very small linear ; stipules entire
axillary ; male flowers in glomeruli (rarely capituliform) ; females
densely inserted in fleshy globose or clavate receptacle ; cymes and
capitula solitary ; females sessile or pedunculate ; male pedicels
ebracteate ; female bracts linear-spathulate, often glandular at apex
{Tropical Africa, Asia, and Oceania). See p. 500.
12. Elatostema Forst.1 — Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Male
calyx 4, 5-partite ; segments mucronate below apex. Stamens 4, 5 ;
filaments more or less adnate to calyx at base ; anthers oblong.
Rudiment of gynseceum conical, clavate or glabrous. Female calyx
3- or more rarely 4, 5-phyllous, or very small or imperfect, segments
lanceolate or linear-subulate, sometimes ciliate. Germen ellipsoid ;
ovule erect ; funicle short ; stigma sessile, bearing a brush of
papilla? or hairs, soon evanescent. Achene ovate or elliptical rather
compressed, smooth, more rarely furrowed, often punctulate-painted ;
pericarp thin fragile ; embryo of erect seed exalbuminous or spar-
ingly albuminous ; cotyledons elliptical of nearly same length as
thick radicle. — Undershrubs or more often perennial or annual
herbs ; leaves distichous subopposite or more often (by abortion
of one of each pair) alternate, inequilateral (edge of narrower side of
limb looking upwards), entire or variously dentate, 3-pli- or penni-
1 Char. Gen., 53.— J., Gen., 403. — Gattdich., Procris Spkeng., Syst., in, 846 (nee Commers.,
Toy. Uran„ Bot., 493. — Exdl., Gen., n. 1880. — nee G^udich.). — Langeveldia Gaudich., lop.
Wedd., Monogr., 290, t. 9, c, 10 ; Prodr., 171.— cit.
524 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
costate ; cystoliths usually linear ; petiole short or nearly absent ;
stipules axillary entire, none the less developed to deficient leaves ;
flowers collected in pedunculate or subsessile 1-sexual capitula;
capitula solitary or paired at each node ; receptacle narrow or dilate,
flat or convex, sometimes fig-shaped, regular or irregular, sub-
carneous ; bracts involucrant more or less coalite or more rarely
free; inflorescences sometimes exinvolucrate1 (East India, Oceania,
Madagascar, Tropical Africa").
13. Pellionia Gaudich.3 — Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Male
calyx 4- or more often 5-partite; segments obtuse, mucronate at top
of back, membranous at edge, much imbricate, Stamens 4, 5 ;
anther-cells oblong-reniform. Rudiment of gynseceum conical
glabrous. Female calyx 4, 5-partite, persistent ; segments equal or
unequal, bare or mucronate. Germen elliptical rather compressed
(shorter than calyx) ; ovule erect ; stigma sessile penicillate. Achene
subcylindrical or compressed smooth, punctulate-painted or more
often tuberculate. Seed erect ; cotyledons of sparingly albuminous
embryo usually rotundate, twice as long as thick radicle. — Under-
shrubs or most often herbs, glabrous or villous ; leaves subopposite ;
one of each pair very small or hardly conspicuous, sometimes
altogether abortive ;4 both inequilateral (edge of narrower side
looking upwards) ; entire or serrate penniveined or 3-costate ;
cystoliths fusiform ; stipules supra-axillary, sometimes elongated ;
flowers glomerate or densely or rather laxly cymose; inflorescences
sessile or pedunculate axillary, more often solitary ; glomeruli exin-
volucrate; floral bracts small, 3-angular lanceolate5 (Tropical and
Temperate Asia, Oceania*).
1 Hence, according to Wedd., 2 sections, Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 241. — Hassk., Sort-
thus : 1. Androsyce. Inflorescence exinvolucrate, Bog., 79. — Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i.
receptacle fig-shaped.— 2. Fuelatostema. Male 188. — Hook, f., Fl. N.-Zel., 227. — Seem., FL
inflorescence usually distinct involucrate, re- Vit,, 240.
ciptacle commonly discoidal. '6 Voy. Uran., Bot., 494. — Endl., Gen.,
• Spec, about 50. Poie., Diet., v. 628 (Pro- n. 1883. — Wedd., Mow.gr., 282, t. 5, 6, A ;
cm), — Ham., in Don Prodr. Fl. Nepal., 60 Prodr., 165.
(Procris). — Hook. & Abn., Beech. Voy., Bot., A Whence leaves seem alternate.
70 (Procris).— Pees , Syn.,\\. 556 (Boehtneria). — 5 Habit of Elatostema, but "inflorescence
Ad. Be., in Voy. Coq., Bot., 206. — Wall., Cat., rather of Pilea. The essential characters of the
n. 4628-4636, 7273. — Bl., Bijdr., 509 (Pro- genus are taken from the number of perigynous
wis). — Wight, Icon., t. 2091, figs. 3, 4 (Pro- female segments." (Wedd., loc. cit.)
vris).— Guillem., in Ann. Se. Nat., ser. 2, vii. 6 Spec. 25. Bl., Bijdr., 510 (Procris). —
183.— Zoll. & Mob., Verz., 74, 102 (Procris).— Wall., Cat., n. 7272 (Procris).— Sieb. & Zucc
•»
TJRTICACE2E.
525
14. Pilea Lindl.' — Flowers monoecious. Male calyx 4-partite
(very rarely 2, 3-partite) ; segments concave rather fleshy, usually
thickly mucronate under membranous apex. Stamens as many.
Rudiment of gynseceum conical. Female calyx 3-partite ; segments
rather fleshy, usually unequal ; lateral rather flat, usually smaller ;
third gibbous or cucullate. Stamens rudimentary, oppositisepalous,
squamiform inflexed. Germen straight rather compressed ; ovule
suberect ; funicle slender oblique ; stigma sessile shortly penicillate.
Achene rotundate or ovate, suboblique compressed, smooth or rather
scabrous, almost naked or clothed by slightly enlarged calyx.
Cotyledons of exalbuminous or sparingly albuminous embryo rotund-
ate or ovate, longer than conical radicle. — Undershrubs or very
often annual or perennial herbs, erect or prostrate and rooting ;
leaves opposite, usually petiolate, generally unequal or 2-morphous in
the same pair, equilateral or more often inequilateral, entire or
variously dentate, 3-costate 3-plicostate or more rarely penni veined ;
ribs often immersed in rather fleshy limb ; cystoliths linear fusiform
punctiform or stellate ; stipules 2, connate to one, intra-axillary
entire deciduous or persistent ; flowers2 glomerulate ; glomeruli
sometimes solitary or rarely geminate in often 2-stichous branching
cymes ; male pedicels articulate ; floral bracts shorter than calyx or
rarely large ; males soon deciduous3 {Trojjical and subtropical
regions*).
15? Achudernia Bl.5 — Flowers polygamous. Male flower of
Pilea, 5-merous ; sepals unequal. Female and hermaphrodite
flowers 5-merous ; perianth-leaves a little unequal. Stamens 5,
in Abh. d. Math.-Phys. Kl. d. Baier. Ak., iv.
(iii.), 317 (Procris). — Benth., Fl. Hongkong.,
330.— Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 239.— Seem.,
Fl. Vit., 239. — Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4,
i. 187 {Pilea). — Walp., Ann., i. 647 (Procris).
1 Collect., t. 4. — Endl., Gen., n. 1822.—
Wedd., Moaogr., 176, t. 6, C, 7, 8; Prodr.,
104, 235 63. — Dubrueilia Gaxjdich., Voy. Uran.,
Bot., 495.
2 .Males pink, whitish or pale-greenish ; females
green or reddish.
3 Weddell divides the very numerous arti-
ficial species first by the shape of the leaves,
whence 3 sections : 1. integrifolia ; 2. hetero-
phyllce ; 3. dent at a.
1 Spec, descr. about 160. Sw., in Act. Holm.
(1787), 61; Fl. Ind. Occ, 305 (Vrtica).— Hook.
& Aen., Beech. Voy., Bot., 96. — Wight, Icon.,
t. 1973.— Hook, f., Fl. Antarct., 344.— Wedd.,
in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, xviii. 208 ; ser. 4, i.
186. — Bl., Mus. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 45, fig. 18.— A.
Gray, Man., ed. 5, 437.— Penzl., in Denk. d.
Wien. Kais. Akad. d. Wiss., i. 4. — Liebm., in
Keen. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skr., 5 Ra>kk. Nat.
og Math. Afd., ii. 296.— Geiseb., Cat. PI.
Cub., 59; Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 157.— Seem., Bot.
Her , 194.— Miq., in Zoll. et Mor. Yerz., 105 ;
Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 236 ; in Mart. Fl. Bras.,
Urtic, 200. — Hance, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 5,
v. 212.
5 Mus. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 57, t. 20. — Wedd.,
Monogr., 278, t. 9, A ; Prodr., 163.
526
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
sterile squamiform inflexed in female flower. Achene lenticular-
compressed subinflated, clothed in persistent calyx. Embryo of
erect seed sparingly albuminous ; cotyledons flat-convex ; radicle
short. — A herb ; aspect of Pilea ; leaves decussately opposite, petio-
late equilateral, dentate, 3-costate ; stipules axillary ; flowers of both
sexes in the same glomerulus ; glomeruli 1 -lateral subspicate in long-
pedunculate sparingly branching cymes ; pedicels of male flowers
articulate; female flowers subsessile, bracteolate at base1 (Java-).
16. Lecanthus Wedd.3 — Mowers monoecious or dioecious. Male
calyx 4, 5-partite ; segments petaloid a little unequal, gibbous-
cucullate at back ; bud obconical. Stamens as many. Female calyx
3-partite or 3-phyllous ; leaves in fertile flowers, rather flat denticu-
late, in sterile more or less cucullate. Rudiments of stamens scale-
shaped inflexed, in sterile flowers often subequal to perianth.
Germen ovate nearly straight compressed ; ovule erect ; funicle
short ; stigma sessile penicillate, soon disappearing. Achene ovate-
subcompressed straight striate. Albumen of erect seed rather thick ;
cotyledons elliptical longer than conical radicle. — An annual Kerb ;
leaves petiolate opposite, in the same pair unequally large, equi-
lateral, usually serrate, 3-ribbed, spreading ; cystoliths linear ;
stipules axillary ; flowers4 inserted in discoid peltate or campanulate
receptacle ; receptacles exinvolucrate axillary solitary pedunculate,
1-sexual ; male capitula sometimes very small ;s flowers generally
pedicelate, ebracteate ; female receptacle denticulate at edge ; fertile
and sterile flowers intermingled6 {East India, Tropical east and tvest
Africa1).
1 " A genus distinct from Pilea by its poly-
gamous flowers and female perigonium, like the
male 5-partite, not 3-partite." (Wedd.)
a Spec. 1. A. javanica Bl., loc. cit. — Miq.,
Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 238. — Pilea subpuberula
Miq., in Zoll. et Mor. Verz., 105; Fl. Ind.
Bat., i. p. ii. 236. — Wedd., Monogr., 244.
3 In Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 187 ; Monogr.,
279, t. 9, C ; Prodr., 164.
4 Males whity-brown ; females green.
5 Counterfeiting flower.
6 Differing from Flatostema in its at
first sight decussate leaves, from Pilea in its
capitate flowers.
' Spec. 1. L. peduncularis Wedd., Prodr. —
L. Wightii Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., loc. cit. ;
Monogr., 280. — L. major Wedd., loc. cit. —
Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 238.— Procris
obtusa Rotle, Til. Rimal., t. 83, figs. 2, 3. — P.
peduncularis Wall., Cat., n. 4634 (part.). —
Flatostema ovatum Wight, Icon., t. 1985. — E.
ojppositifolium Dalz., in Hook. Journ., iii. 179.
UBTICACEJE. 527
III. BCEHMERIE.E.
17. Bcehmeria Jacq. — Flowers monoacious or dioecious. Male
calyx 4-partite or 4-lobed (very rarely 3- or 5-partite) ; lobes leafy
ovate, subaouminate or mucronate under apex, valvate. Stamens as
many superposed ; inserted under clavate or subglobose rudiment of
gynseceum, glabrous or shortly lanate at base. Female calyx
tubular, compressed or ventricose, 2-4-dentate at contracted mouth.
Germen included, free or coherent with calyx, sessile or stipitate ;
style elongated filiform, on one side papillose-stigmatose ; ovule
suberect or ascending. Fruit included in marcescent calyx ; pericarp
crustaceous thin or nucamentaceous ; albumen of suberect seed more
or less copious ; cotyledons of rather fleshy embryo elliptical, usually
a little longer than conical radicle. — Small trees, shrubs, or under-
shrubs, usually downy ; leaves opposite or alternate, either equi-
lateral homomorphous, or more or less nnequilateral 3-morphous,
variously dentate (very rarely unequal-2-lobed), 3-ribbed petiolate at
base ; cystoliths minute punctiform ; stipules axillary, free or more
or less highly connate, commonly deciduous ; flowers glomerulate
shortly scarious-bracteate ; glomeruli axillary in spikes or branching
racemes {All Tropical and subtropical regions). Seep. 502.
18. Pouzolsia Gaudich.1 — -Flowers monoecious or more rarely
dioecious. Male calyx 4, 5-lobed or partite, rarely 3-partite ; lobes
ovate-acuminate, convex at back (neither mucronate, nor transversely
infract), valvate. Stamens 3-5. Rudiment of gynseceum obovate
or clavate-glabrous or lanate. Female calyx tubular, often ovate
ribbed ; mouth contracted, 2-4-dentate. Germen sessile included,
usually free, more rarely more or less adnate to calyx ; ovule erect
or ascending ; stigma filiform, articulate at base and usually falling2
before ripeness of fruit, sometimes laterally villous. Achene clothed
with marcescent calyx (almost unchanged, or accrete with ribs or
«5S*
1 Voy. Uran., Bot , 503. — Wedd., Monogr., ii. 211. — Margarocarpus Wedd., in Ann. Sc.
389, t. 13, A; Prodr., 219. — Leptocnide Bl., Nat., ser. 4, i. 203, 205.
3Ius. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 193. — Stachyocnide Bl., 2 Detained inside the now elongated neck of
l^c. cit. — Leucococcus Liebm., in Keen,. Dansfc. calyx, and wrougly said to be persistent at top of
Vid. Selsk. Skr., 5 Reekie. Nat. og Mat. Afd„ achene.
508 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
wings) ; pericarp crustaceous stinging ;J seed erect or suberect. —
Herbs, undershrubs or shrubs; covering 0, or varying; leaves
alternate or more rarely opposite, homoniorpbous or very rarely
inequilateral, entire or variously dentate, 3 -ribbed ; ribs basilar
branching, never produced to apex of limb ; cystoliths punctiform ;
stipules free, generally persistent; flowers in axillary or spiked
glomeruli ; male and female monoecious in different species often
mixed ; bracts small scarious ; male pedicels 0, or articulate {All
Tropical and subtropical regions").
19. Memorialis Ham.3 — Flowers monoecious or rarely dioecious,
nearly of Pouzolsia ; segments of male calyx 3-5, ovate, shortly
acuminate infract at top of back, transversely crested ; crest
wrinkled or more often ciliate ; bud campanulate or turbinate ;
prienoration valvate. Stamens 3-5. Eudiment of gynseceum linear-
conical glabrous. Female flower and fruit of Pouzolsia ; pericarp
black ; wings of calyx (when present) usually marginal. — Herbs,
perennial or suffruticose at base ; leaves opposite, ternate, or superior
alternate, homomorphous and equilateral, entire 3- or 3-pli- or 5-
plicostate ; ribs basilar, produced from base to apex of blade,
simple ; cystoliths punctiform ; stipules axillary or axillaiy-lateral,
or free, or connate with stipules of opposite leaf ; flowers monoecious
in axillary or spiked glomeruli, with both sexes mixed in some
species; bracts small scarious {East, continent and islands of India*).
20. Sarcochlamys Gaudtch.5 — Flowers dioecious. Male calyx
5-partite ; segments ovate-obtuse, imbricate. Stamens 5. Eudi-
ment of gynaeceum conoid small densely lanate. Female cahyx
shortly unequal-4-lobed, campanulate, soon (owing to 1 -laterally
much accrete tube) gibbous ; limb altogether lateral subanatropous
1 Black, brownish, or ivory-white. Mosc, xix. (1846), 509. — Hyrtanandra Miq.,
2 Spec. about 35. L.,Fl. Zegl.,n. 371 {Parie- PI. Jungh., i. 25; Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 260.
tana). — Roxb., Fl. Ind., iii. 587 ( Urtica). — 4 Spec, about 12. Roxb., Fl. Ind., iii. 573
Benn., PI. Jav. Bar., 67. — Benth., Niger, 518; (Urtica). — Wight, Icon., vi. 36 (Pouzolzia). —
Fl. Hongkong., 331.— Wight, Icon., vi. n. 36, Benn., PI. Jav. Far., 66 (Pouzolzia). — Hassk.,
44, 45. t. 1779 bis, 1980, 2098-2100.— Miq., Fl. Cat. Hort. Bogor., 80.— Wedd., in Ann. Sc.
Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii. 260. — Bl., Hits. Lugd.-Bat., Nat., ser. 4, i. 205 (Pouzolzia). — Bl., Mus.
ii. 193, 230, 236. — De Solms, in Schweinf. Beitr. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 239 (Pouzolzia). — Benth., Fl.
z. Fl. Mth., 889. Hongkong., 332.
3 In Wall. Cat., n. 1598, 4601.— Wedd., 5 Yog. Bonite, Bot., t. 89.— Wedd., Monogr.,
Monogr., 415, t. 13, B; Prodr., 235 2, 235 63.— 439, t. 16, C; Prodr., 235M.
Qonostegia Turcz., in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.
UBTIGACE^J.
529
mouth contracted ; lobes subconnivent. Germen included in calyx
stipitate broadly elliptical oblique ; ovule suberect ; funicle short
ascending ; stigma sessile penicillate-capitate persistent. Achene
oblique smooth, laxly included in accrete fleshy succulent calyx ;
seed...? — A shrub; leaves alternate, 3-ribbed serrulate, hoary
below ; cystoliths punctiform hardly conspicuous ; stipules 2,
connate to 1, axillary or axillary-lateral 2-fid ; flowers glomerate-
spicate ; spikes axillary solitary or paired ; males lax ; females very
dense (India1).
21? Poikilospermum Zipp.2 — "Flowers dioecious. Male calyx
campanulate, 4-fid ; lobes ovate, valvate. Stamens 4. Eudiment of
gynseceum obconical glabrous. Female calyx obconical campanu-
late ; mouth very minutely 4-denticulate. Germen altogether
included in calyx; stigma sessile capitellate peltate, minutely
papillose. Achene baccate, embraced at base by finally accrete
fleshy cupulate calyx. Seed of the same form ; albumen scanty. —
A shrub; leaves alternate, 3-ribbed; stipules axillary; flowers
frequently dichotomously cymose "3 (Amboijna Islands, Ceram4).
22 ? Laurea Gaudich.5 — Flowers dioecious. Segments of male
calyx 4, rather obtuse puberulous, imbricate ? Stamens 4. Rudi-
ment of gynseceum lanceolate, hairy at base, rather long-acuminate-
attenuate hispid at apex. Female flower...? — A rather glabrous
shrub (aspect of Piper) ; leaves opposite petiolate, slightly unequal
in same pair, inequilateral entire, 3-ribbed ; cystoliths 0 (?) ; stipules
axillary entire, deciduous ; male flowers in very dense spikes, simple
or subsimple, axillary, 2-nate6 (Guiana').
23. Cypholophus Wedd.3 — Flowers monoecious or dioecious.
Male cal}rx 4 -partite ; segments mucronate or bare under apex,
1 Spec. 1. S. pulckerrima Gaudich., Ioc.
cit. — MiQ., Fl. Incl. Bat., i. p. ii. 2fil. — Urtica
pulcherrima Roxb., FL Ind., iii. 587.
2 Ex Miq,, iu Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat., i. 203. —
Wedd., Frodr., 235 15.
3 A genus differing, according to Miq., from
Sarcochlamys in its regular female calyx.
4 Spec. 1. P. amboinense Zipp., Ioc. cit.
6 Toy. Coq., Bot., t. 88. — Wedd., Monogr.,
443, t. 12, D ; Frodr., 23514.
VOL. TTT.
6 A genus too imperfectly known, placed
among SarcocJilamgdere, from a certain similarity
to Sarcochlamys. (Wedd.)
7 Spec. 1. L. tiluefolia Gaudich., Ioc. cit. — <
Piper tiliafolium Desvx., in Ham. Frodr. Fl.
Ind. Occ, 4. — Mtq., Syst. Piperac, 551. — C.
DC, Frodr., xvi. 379, 388.
8 Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 198;
Monogr., 433, t. 12, C ; Frodr., 235 9.
M M
630 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
valvate. Stamens 4. Rudiment of gynawenm obovoid, glabrous
except at sparingly hairy base. -Female calyx tubular-ventncose ;
mouth contracted, 2-4- unequal-dentate. Germen included, free
from or scarcely adhering to calyx, sessile oblong ; ovule suberect ;
stigma filiform much incurved; convexity hairy or subplumose.
Achene obovoid or ellipsoid, sometimes lenticular, clothed with
accrete, baccate or rather fleshy, compressed or angulate calyx;
pericarp crustaceous, hence often thickened under apex. Seed sub-
erect ; albumen not scarce; cotyledons of rather fleshy embryo
elliptical, a little longer than radicle.— Small trees or shrubs ; leaves
opposite petiolate, usually inequilateral and heteromorphous, den-
tate-serrate ; cystoliths punctiform ; stipules free axillaiy-lateral,
deciduous; flowers glomerate; glomeruli axillary, 1 -sexual or more
rarely androgynous capituliform ; females very dense, finally
amplexicaul; bracts go, scarious1 {Oceania, Malaysia").
24. Touchardia Gaudich.3 — Flowers dioecious. Male calyx
nearly of Cypholophus, 5-merous ; rudiment of gynseceum shortly
clavate glabrous. Female calyx subcampanulate, 4-lobed ; lobes
more or less unequal, angulate, sometimes cucullate, rather fleshy.
Germen subequal to calyx, ovoid straight ; ovule oblique more or
less inflexed on ascending funicle ; stigma spathulate, on one face
and edges rather long-papillose. Achene ovoid ventricose smooth,
for a long time clothed with accrete fleshy calyx. — A shrub ; leaves
alternate crenate, 3-ribbed ; cystoliths punctiform ; stipules axillary
broad entire, subpersistent ; flowers crowded pedicellate in capitula
terminating an axillary simple forked or 2-chotomously branching
peduncle ; bracts linear4 {Sandwich Islands5).
25. Neraudia Gaudich.6 — Flowers dioecious. Male calyx 4-
partite ; segments ovate-acute rather fleshy, valvate. Stamens 4.
Rudiment of gynaeceum narrowly conical densely lanate. Female
1 A genus with aspect of Bahmeria, also 3 Toy. Bon., Bot„ t. 94. — Wedd., Monogr.,
allied by its inflorescence to Touchardia, but 441, t. 13, C ; Prodr., 235 13.
owing to its distinct stigma, and its fructiferous 4 A genus by its inflorescence strongly allied
baccate calyx, placed among Sarcochlamydece. to Ci/pholophvs, by its female calyx (rather
2 Spec. 9. Seem., Fl. Vit, 242, t. 62 (Bath. young) to Sarcoehlamys.
meria). — Be, Hius. Lugd.-Bat., 207 (Boehmeria). 5 b'pec. 1. T. latifolia Gaudich., loc. cit.
— Miq., Fl. hid. Bat., i. p. ii. 209, 251 (Bah- 6 Voy. JJran., But., 500, t. 117.— Wedd.
meria), 262. Monogr., 437, t. 12, A ; Prodr., 235 lfi.
VUTIGAGEM. 531
calyx tubular- ventricose, tapering at apex ; mouth contracted sub-4-
dentate. Germen included sessile ovoid ; ovale erect ; funicle short ;
stigma elongated-filiform, articulate at glabrous base, deciduous, in
other parts villous. Achene depressed-conical, often lobulate at
base, included in accrete fleshy globuliform calyx; embryo...? —
Shrubs; "juice milky;" leaves petiolate alternate equilateral entire,
3-ribbed ; cystoliths punctiform ; stipules axillary small ; flowers in
axillary, usually few-flowered glomeruli1 {Sandwich Islands2).
26. Villebrunea Gaudich.5 — Flowers dioecious. Male calyx 4-
partite ; segments ovate-acute, rather hispid outside, valvate.
Stamens 4. Rudiment of gynaeceum obovate-clavate, lanate at base.
Female calyx ventricose-tubular ; limb very small, 4-5-dentate.
Germen adnate to calyx ; ovule erect ; funicle short ; stigma sub-
discoid subpeltate, long papillose-ciliate at edge. Achene subnuca-
mentaceous, clothed outside by a fleshy ventricose stratum, obsoletely
angulate (formed of adnate accrete calyx and simulating sarcocarp).
Seed erect ; albumen not scanty ; cotyledons of rather fleshy embryo
elliptical, subequal to radicle. — Small trees or shrubs ; leaves alter-
nate, entire or crenulate, penniveined or 3-ribbed, glabrous or
pubescent ; stipules connate to 1, axillary, 2-fid ; flowers in capitula
or dense glomeruli, terminating simple, fasciculate, forked or 2-
chotomous peduncles ; bracts numerous involucrant coalite around
female flower to finally much accrescent fleshy cupuie {India,
Malaysia, Oceania*).
27. Debregeasia Gaudich.5 — Flowers monoecious or dioecious.
Calyx 3- or more often 4-partite ; segments convex behind, shortly
acuminate, valvate. Stamens 3, 4. Rudiment of gynpsceum ellips-
oid apiculate, lanate at base. Female calyx ventricose-tubular;
1 A genus especially distinguished from pre- Abh. d. Math.-Phys. Kl. Akad. fViss., iv. 3
ceding genus by its early deciduous stigma. (part.).
'■ Spec. 2. Hook. & Abn., Voy. Beech., Bot. 4 tpec. 6-8. Bl., Bijdr., 506 ( Urtica) ;
96 (Buehmeria). — Meyen, Beis., ii. 124. — Mus. Imgd.-Bat., ii. 166. — Benth., FL Hung-
Gaudich., Voy. Bon., Bot., t. 133. kong., 332.— Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i.
3 Voy. Bon., Bot., t. 91, 92. — Wedd., Mon- 195. — Hassk., Hort. Bog., 79 (Boehmeria).
ogr., 451, t. 15, C ; Prodr., 235 m. — Oreocnide 3 Voy. Bon., Bot., t. 90. — Wedu., Monogr.,
Miq„ PI. Jungh., i. 39 ; Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 459, 1. 14, 15, A ; Prodr., 235 23.— Sieb. & Zucc.,
269. Morocarpus Sieb. & Zucc, in Munch. in Munch. Abh. d. Math.-Phys. Kl. Akad. M iss ,
iv. 3 (part.).
M M 2
532
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
month contracted, 4-dentate. Germen obovate-oblong, subadnate to
calyx; ovule suberect; funicle short; stigma sessile penicillate-
capitate. Achene nucamentaceous, fleshy outside and clothed in
accrete baccate adnate obovate calyx. Seed erect ; albumen fleshy ;
cotyledons of fleshy embryo small subrotundate, nearly as long as
conoid radicle. — Shrubs; leaves alternate serrate, often wrinkled,
ashy or white-tomentose beneath; stipules axillary, 2-fid ; flowers
at apices of twigs of forked or 2-chotomous peduncle ; males glomeru-
late ; females capitellate ; glomeruli and capitula solitary or paired ;
receptacle hardly fleshy ; peduncles paired in each axil, sparsely
bracteolate (Abyssinia, India, Malaysia1).
28. Pipturus Wedd.2 — Flowers dioecious. Male calyx 4, 5-
lobed ; lobes ovate-acute. Stamens 4, 5. Rudiment of gynseceum
clavate lanate. Female calyx ovoid-ventricose, gradually taper-
ing above ; mouth contracted very small, 4-5-denticulate.
Germen of same shape as and adnate to calyx ; ovule erect ; funicle
short ; stigma elongate-filiform, articulated at base, very caducous,
hence glabrous. Achene nucamentaceous, closely enveloped in
accrete baccate ventricose adnate calyx (?). Seed erect ; albumen
scanty ; cotyledons of rather fleshy embryo ovate or elliptical a little
longer than radicle. — Small trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing,
rather glabrous or more often downy or tomentose ; leaves alternate
petiolate equilateral, entire or dentate, 3 -ribbed ; often greyish,
3-ribbed beneath ; cystoliths punctiform ; stipules 2, axillary con-
nate to one deeply 2-fid ; flowers closely glomerulate or capitate ;
inflorescences axillary or interruptedly spicate ; spikes sometimes
2-stichously branching ; female receptacle finally fleshy moriform ;
bracts co , small hirsute (Oceania, Malaysia, Mascarene Islands*).
29. Maoutia Wedd.4 — Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Male
1 Spec. 5. Bl, Mns. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 155 3Ius. Lugd.-Bat., ii. f 14. — Pretoria H. By.,
(Morocarpus). — Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 272 M. Gen. Fuphorbiac ., 469.
(Morocarpus) ; PI. Jungh., i. 36 (Leucocnide).— 3 Spec. 8. Poir., Diet., iv. 644, n. 38 (Ur-
Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 195 {Mis. tica).— Hook. & Aen., Voy. Beech., Bot., 96
siessya).— Wight., Icon., vi. 7, t. 1959 (Cono- {Buehmeria).—^., Bijdr., 497, 501 ( Urtica) ;
cepkah<s)—-HocBST., in A. Rich. Ft. Abyss. Herb. (Croton).— Labill., Sert. Austro-Caled'.,
Tent., ,i. 264 (Frocris).— Wall., Cat., n. 4067 79, t. 80 (Urtica).— Done., Herb. Timor., 163
( Urtica). {Boibmeria).—MiQ., Ft. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 267.—
3 In Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 196; Monogr., Seem., Fl. Tit., 243.
444, t. 15, D; Prodr., 235 ".—Nothocnide Bx., * In Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 193; Mcnogr.
URTICACEJB. 533
calyx 5 -partite ; segments ovate, usually shortly acuminate, rather
hispid outside, valvate. Stamens 5. Rudiment of gynaeceum
obovoid, nestling in dense wool. Male calyx 0, or very rarely
short.1 Germen ovoid straight, bristly or subappressed-hispid ;
ovule suberect ; stigma (borne on short style) sublateral, lanceolate
or subcapitate, shortly or long-papillose, persistent. Achene ovate
rather compressed or obtusely 3-gonous, hispid or bristly ; pericarp
fleshy outside, inside nucamentaceous or bony, sometimes thickly
marginate. Seed elliptical compressed ; albumen scanty ; cotyledons
elliptical or oblong, a little longer than slender radicle. — Shrubs ;
leaves alternate, serrate or crenulate, 3-ribbed, grey beneath;
cystoliths punctiform ; stipules axillary, generally 2-fid ; flowers in
capitula or glomeruli loosely and irregularly cymose, bracteate at
base ; inflorescences axillary, usually paired (East India, Malaysia,
Oceania:).
30. Myriocarpa Benth.3 — Flowers dioecious or more rarely
monoecious. Male calyx 4- or more rarely 3, 5-partite ; segments
ovate-obtuse ciliolate. Stamens 4, or more rarely 3, 5. Eudiment
of gynseceum small conical glabrous. Female calyx 0. Grermen
elliptical-compressed, tapering at base, tapering at apex into a rather
long style stylose-ciliate-like germen ; stigma lateral semi-
lunar villous-papillose, persistent ; ovule erect ; funicle slender.
Achene tapering at base. Seed erect ; cotyledons of fleshy embryo
rotundate, half as long again as conical radicle. — Small trees or
shrubs, more or less downy ; leaves alternate petiolate dentate,
3-ribbed ; cystoliths linear radiating from base of hairs of superior
surface ; stipules axillary entire ; male flowers glomerulate ; female
supported on 2-4-phyllous calycle, in spikes or sub- 1 -lateral very
slender pendulous racemes {North and South Tropical West America').
476, t. 16, B; Prodr., 235 ™ ' .—Lecanocnide Bl., Bijdr., 498 (Urtica).— Seem., Fl. Yit.,
Bl., Mus. Litgd.-Bat., ii. f. 12. 244.
1 In 1 spec, H. ambigua (Wedd., Monogr., 3 Toy. Sulph., Bot., 168.— Wedd., Monogr.,
483 ; Prodr., n. 8j, approaching the genus Mis- 484, t. 16, D ; Prodr., 235 33.
siessya. 4 Spec. 6. MlQ., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Urlic,
2 Spec. 8. Miq., in Zoll. et Mor. Vers., 100; 197.— Liebm , in Kuen. JJansk. Fid. Sehk. Skr.,
P ^.Jungh., i. 34 (Bcehmeria) ; Fl. Ind. Bat., i. 5 Rcekk., Nat. og Math. Afd„ ii. 306.— Wedd.,
1. ii. 272. — Wall., Cat., n. 4.605 {Urtica).— in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, xviii. 231.
534 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
31. Phenax Wedd.1 — Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Male
calyx 3-5-lobed; lobes ovate, usually rather long mucronate below
apex, more rarely transversely folded. Stamens 3-5 ; filaments
thick, sometimes adnate at base to rudiment of gynseceum. Rudi-
ment of gynseceum narrowly conical or linear, lanate. Female calyx
0.2 Geraien ovoid glabrous or hairy at margin at apex ; ovule almost
erect ; stigma elongated filiform, one side glabrous or hairy ; the other
subvillous. Achene ovoid minute ventricose, usually punctulate-
verruculose, crowned with stigma and for a long time obvallate-con-
cealed by scarious floral bract ; pericarp thin crustaceous. Seed
erect ; cotyledons of albuminous embryo subrotundate, a little longer
than terete radicle. — Shrubs or undershrubs, diffusely branching,
glabrous or variously downy ; leaves alternate petiolate equilateral,
entire or more often dentate, 3-5-ribbed ; cystoliths very small
punctiform ; stipules free rusty-scarious ; flowers axillary densely
conglomerate ; both sexes intermingled ; male pedicels articulate ;
female 0, or nearly absent; bracts rusty, sometimes rather large,
usually ciliate (Tropical America, Mauritius).
32 ? Leucosyke Zoll. & Mor.4 — Flowers monoecious or very often
dioecious. Male calyx 4, 5 -partite ; segments ovate acute, valvate.
Stamens 4, 5. Piudiment of gynseceum conical, glabrous or lanate.
Female calyx short or very short, cupuliform, shortly and usually ob-
tusely 4, 5-dentate. Germen oblique elliptical-ovoid subcompressed,
glabrous or strigillose at margins above ; ovule erect ; funicle short ;
exostome usually dilated fimbriate, adherent to top t)f cell ; stigma
subpeltate or penicillate-capitate long-papillose. Achene sometimes
rather fleshy subdrupaceous outside ; endocarp chartaceous. Seeds
erect; albumen scanty, cotyledons elliptical, hardly longer than terete
radicle. — Small trees or shrubs; leaves 2 -stichously alternate subequi-
lateral, more or less serrate, 3-ribbed, grey-tomentose beneath ; stipules
2, connate to 1 axillary, 2-fid ; male flowers glomerulate, bracteate ;
1 In Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 191 ; Monogr., (Boelirneria). — Sw., Fl. Ind. Occ, i. 285 (Pro-
490, t. 16, A; Prodr., 235 36. oris).— Geiseb., Cat. PI. Cub., 60 (Procris).—
2 According to Bl., equal to germen, and MlQ., in ILart. Fl. Bras., Urtic, 194 (Ges-
closely adnate as far as apex. nouinia).
3 Spec. 10. Speexg., Syst., iii. 817 (Prccris). 4 Verzn., 76. — MlQ., in Zoll. et Mor. Verzn.,
— Jacq., Eclog., t. 135 (Bcelimeria). — Poie., 100. — Widd., Prodr., 235 :6. — Missiessya
Bid., v. 15, n. 4 (Parietaria) ; 628, n. 2 (Pro- G^rDiCH., Voy. Coq., Pot., t. 93.
cris). — H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec, ii. 34
VRTICACEJE.
female densely aggregate, globular, finally fleshy ; receptacle
sessile or shortly pedicellate ; pedicels terete, or thickened above,
bracteolate ; capitula axillary, geminate or more rarely corymbose,
sometimes irregularly cymose {Malay, Oceania}).
IV. PARIETARIE^].
33. Parietaria T. — Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Calyx
4-merous ; sepals in hermaphrodite or male flowers ovate or shortly
acuminate (2 anterior), valvate, finally patent, in females more
or less highly connate to tubular or ventricose calyx, glabrous or
lanate within. Stamens 4, oppositisepalous hypogynous ; filaments
incurved in bud, finally elastically recurved or straight ; anthers in-
trorse, or in female flower rudimentary or 0. Germen (rudimentary
in male flower) straight, ovoid or oblong ; ovule ascending or sub-
erect ; style elongated filiform, erect or short ; apex long laterally
papillose, linear (Gesnouinia) or aspergilliform. Fruit dry straight
ovoid-subcompressed shining included in marcescent (often elongated)
cj'lindrical perianth ; cotyledons of albuminous embryo ovate-oblong
nearly as long as radicle. — Shrubs undershrubs or herbs, usually
covered with hamate hairs ; leaves alternate entire, 3-ribbed or 3-pli-
costate ; C}' stoliths punctiform ; stipules small or 0 ; flowers densely or
rather laxly cymose; cjmies axillary, paired, sometimes 1-flowered (Hel-
(ui/ia) ; inflorescence androgynous, 3-llowered {Gesnouinia), or more
often polygamous, 3-x> -flowered ; herbaceous bracts 1-3, involucrant
{Temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres). See p. 504.
34. Hemistylis Benth.2 — Flowers monoecious. Male calyx 4-par-
tite ; segments acute, valvate. Stamens 4. Rudiment of gymeceum
obovate, lanate at base. Female calyx ventricose-tubular ; mouth
contracted, 4-dentate. Germen ovoid-lanceolate free ; ovule erect ;
style filiform, straight or incurved, sometimes stigmatose from base
to apex, articulate at base, soon deciduous. Achene compressed, for
1 Spec. 9. Wedd., in Ann. Se. Nat., ser. 4, i. (Urtica). — Miq., Fl. hid. Bat., i. p. ii. 284.—
195; Monogr., 465, t. 15, fig. IS (Missiessi/a). — Seem., Fl. Tit., 214 (Missiessya).
El., Bijdr., 498 ( Urtica) ; Mus. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 2 Plant. Kartweg,, 123. — Wedd., Monogr.,
t. 24 (Touchardia).— Roxb., Fl. Ltd., iii. 589 524, t. 18, C ; Prod,:, 235 5I.
536 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
a long time clothed in calycle and much compressed persistent calyx,
meinbranous-marginate, by one face adherent to tube of involucre,
by other connate to calyx of adjacent flower.1 Seed erect; albumen
scanty ; cotyledons quadrate-orbicular, emarginate at both ends,
longer than ovoid radicle. — Small trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate
full, more often entire, 3-costate or 3-plicostate; c}7stolithspunctiform;
stipules axillary free, caducous ; male flowers in spiked glomeruli ;
females in 2-flowered small cymes ; male glomeruli (sometimes with
few flowers) in axils of small subscarious bracts ; female eymules
involucrate at base of male spike, or sessile in axils of higher leaves
of branch, more rarely constituting distinct inflorescence ; bracts of
involucre 2, broadly ovate with linear lobule on both sides at bottom
of narrowed base, connate into a short tube ; receptacle of involucre
sometimes more or less produced between fruits (Columbia2).
35? Rousselia Gaudich.3 — Flowers monoecious. Male flowers
nearly of Ilemistylis ; rudiment of gynseceum narrow conical or rather
terete. Female calyx ventricose-tubular ; mouth contracted, 2-4-
dentate. Germen ovoid free ; ovule erect ; style filiform incurved,
articulate at base, 1 -laterally4 papillose-plumose. Achene compressed,
for a long time clothed in developed involucre, and narrowly mem-
branous marginate by compressed accrete calyx, which is sometimes
coherent with upper excavated surface of involucre. Seed erect; embryo
scantily albuminous (of Hemistylis). — A perennial herb, sometimes
suffruticose at base ; stem slender creeping ; leaves alternate entire,
3-ribbed ; stipules free petiolar, persistent ; flowers cymulose in its
higher leaves ; small cymes rather laxly few-flowered, exinvolucrate ;
females 2-flowered involucrate ; bracts of involucre 2, sessile, broadly
ovate entire ; female receptacle compressed disciform, bearing hori-
zontally patent or diverging flowers on both faces5 (Antilles*).
1 Very often nfterwards splitting from base to 4 "Behind." (Wedd.)
apex on either edge. s Allied to preceding by character of calyx,
2 Spec. 4. Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Wat., ser. 4, i. differing in inflorescence and involucre.
208.- Miq., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Urtic., 193. « Spec. 1. P. lappulacea Gaudich., loc. cit.—
6 Toy. Uran., Bot., 503; Voy. Bon., But., t. Griseb., Fl. Brit. IV.-lnd., 159; Cat. PI. Cub^
98.— Wedd., Monogr., 527, t. 18, D; Prodr., 60.— Ur.'ic, lappulacea Sw., Fl. Ind.Occ'., 37.—
235 ° • U. humilis Sw., loc. cit.
URTICACE2E. 637
V. FORSKOHLE.E.
36. Forskohlea L. — Flowers monoecious. Male calyx 1-phyllous,
narrowly tubular at base, obtusely 3-dentate at dilate apex, longi-
tudinally open behind, hence bracteiform. Stamen 1, anterior ;
filament incurved ; anther introrse 2-celled, 2-rimose. Female catyx,
like male, anterior bracteiform. Grermen free ; style filiform, villous-
hispidateat stigmatose apex ; ovule 1, ascending, orthotropous. Fruit
dry straight compressed punctulate, covered with cottony wool ; seed
suberect ; cotyledons of albuminous embryo subrotundate, emarginate
at base, longer than radicle. — Undershrubs or herbs, tough, some-
times {Euforskoldea) covered with hamate hairs ; leaves alternate or
more rarely opposite, crenate or dentate ; cystoliths punctiform ;
stipules lateral free ; flowers in campanulate or turbinate involucres ;
males more numerous peripheral, or more rarely 0 ; females few
(1-6) central ; bracts of involucre 2-6, nearly free or more rarely
{Broguetia) more or less highly connate {South Eurojje, warm Africa,
South-west Asia). See p. 506.
37. Distemon Wedd.1 — Flowers monoecious. Male calyx sub-
infundibuliform, bipartite ; segments equal entire shortly acuminate.
Stamens 2. Rudiment of gynaeceum linear lanate. Female calyx
tubular-ventricose, adnate to germen ; limb very small denticulate.
Germen straight oblong-lanceolate ; ovule suberect ; funicle very
short ; style linear, articulate at base, soon deciduous, sometimes
stigmatose-papillose from base to apex. Fruit simple or double,2
nucamentaceous, clothed in persistent finally rather fleshy ovate calyx,
adnate outside.3 Seed erect ; cotyledons of albuminous embryo quad-
rate-rotundate, longer than conical radicle. — A perennial herb; stem
erect ; leaves alternate largely serrate, 3-ribbed ; stipules lateral free ;
flowers in small-flowered, often 3-flowered, exinvolucrate laxly
spicate glomeruli; females often 2-nately concrete {East India, Java*).
38. Australina Gaudich.5 — Flowers monoecious. Male cal}7x
1 Monoqr., 550, t. 20, A ; Prodr., 234 62. Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 275. — Urtica grossa
2 That is formed from 2 concrete flowers. Wall., Cat., n. 4615.
3 Whence spuriously drupaceous. 5 Vby. Uran., Bot., 505. — Wedd., Monogr.,
* Spec. 1. D. grossum Wedd., Prodr., loc. 543, t. 20, C; Prodr., 235 M.
cit. — D. indicum Wedd., Monogr., 551. — Miq.,
538 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
gamophyllous, infundibuliform or subcampanulate, unequal-2-lipped ;
exterior lip longer inflexed in bud. Stamen 1. Female calyx ventri-
cose-tubular ; limb sub-5-dentate. Germen straight; ovule erect;
funicle short or 0 ; style linear, sometimes more villous. Achene ovate
included in persistent calyx. Seed erect ; albumen scanty ; coty-
ledons broadly elliptical, longer than conical radicle. — Perennial
herbs ; stem creeping ; leaves alternate or more rarely opposite, petio-
late, serrate or crenate, 3 -ribbed ; stipules lateral petiolar, connate
interpetiolar leaf-opposed in some plants ; flowers in cymes or few-
flowered, sometimes I -flowered, exinvolucrate glomeruli; small female
cymes sessile, sometimes 1 -flowered; males pedunculate, 2-flowered
(Australia, Tasmania, New-Zealand, Abyssinia1).
39. Didymodoxa E. Met.2 — Flowers monoecious. Male calyx
subbracteiform, shortly tubular at base, cucullate acuminate at
apex; edges ciliate closely connivent in lanceolate bud. Stamen 1.
Female calyx 0. Germen straight ; ovule erect ; stigma subcapitate
or shortly filiform, sometimes incurved, rather villous. Achene
ovate suboblique compressed, hence rather thick-keeled. Seed erect;
albumen scanty ; cotyledons rotundate subequal to terete radicle. —
Annual diffuse branching herbs ; leaves alternate, entire or crenate,
3-ribbed ; stipules petiolar scarious ciliate ; flowers in axillary
exinvolucrate androgynous glomeruli ; females sometimes 2-nately
concrete3 (Cape of Good Hope4).
1 Spec. 3. Poie., Diet., Supp]., iv. 224, n. 2 In Fxs. Drege (ex Wedd., Jlonogr., 547, t.
16 (Urtica).—A. Rich., Fl. Abyss. Tent., ii. 20, E ; Prodr., 235 6').
259 (Pouzohia). — Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3 A genus very near Avstralina, differing in
4, i. 212.— F. Muell., Syst. Ind. PI. Vict., 18.— androgynous inflorescence and female calyx 0.
Hook, f., FL Nov.-Zel., 225; Fl. Tasman., i. * Spec. 3. Thuxb., Prodr., 31 {Parietaria) ?
345. — Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 212 (Aus-
tralina).
INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA
CONTAINED IN THIS VOLUME.
Abrophyllum,HooK. F.,359, 440
Abuta, Bark., 5, 33
Aceranthus, Morr. & Dcne,56
Achlys, DC, 61, 75
Achudeniia, Bl, 525
Acinotum, DC, 234
Ackania, A. Cunn, 378, 450
Acrocarpidium, Miq., 473
Acropbyllum, Benth, 377, 450
Adamia, Wall., 343
Adeliopsis, Benth., 18
Adenocheton, Fenzl , 2
Adlumia, Bafin., 123, 142
iEonium, Webb, 30S
iEthionema, B. Br., 289
Agallis, Phil., 210
A?onolobus, C A. Met., 237
Aiohryson, Webb., 308
Aithales, Webb , 305
Aizopsis, DC, 269
Akebia, Dcne, 46, 72
Alandina, Neck., 161
Alliaria, A dans., 236
Alloceratium.HooK.F. & Thoms,
234
Altingia, Noronh., 396
Alyssopsis, Boiss., 268
Alyssurn, L, 267
Ammosperma, Hook, f., 276
Anacanipseros, T., 306
Anadopodophyllum, T., 58
Anamirta, Colebr, 15, 40
Anasfatica, L., 235
Anchonium, DC, 248
Andrzejowskiq, Reichb, 232
Auelasma, Miers, 5
Auemia, Nutt, 468
Anemiopsis, Hook.& Arn.,468,
492
Anictoclea, Nimmo, 404
Anneslea, Andr, 86
Anodopetaluui, A. Cunn, 376,
448
Anoma, Lour., 161
Anomalos-tenion, Kl., 146
Anomospennum, Miers, 6, 34
Anopterus, Labill., 357, 439
Autiphylla, Haw., 323
Antitaxis, Miers, 19
Autizoma, Miers, 16
Apabuta, Griseb., 8
Aplianopetalum, Endl., 375, 448
Aphragmus, Andrz, 236
Aplectrocapnos, Boiss., 125
Apophyllum, F. Muell., 154,
173'
Apopiper, C. DC, 472
Arabidopsis, Schur, 236
Arabis, L., 229
Arctomecon, Torr., 106
Argemoue, T., Ill, 138
Argophyllum, Forst., 351, 436,
Arietaria, Sternb., 325
Arkopoda, Bafin., 294
Armoracia, G.ertn., Mey. &
Schreb., 270
Arnoldia, Bl., 371
Artanthe, Miq., 472
Ascarina, Forst., 479, 495
Aspidocarya,HooK.F. & Thoms.,
14, 40
Astilbe, Hamilt., 330, 424
Abtrocarpus, Neck., 291, 302
Astrocoma, Neck, 383
At.alanta, Nutt., 146
Atamisquea, Miers, 153, 172
AUlantliera, Hook. f. & Thoms.,
227, 231
Aubrieta, Adans., 272
Aubrietia, DC, 272
Audouinia, Ad. Br., 384, 454
Australiua, Gaudich., 538
Bancroftia, Macf., 128
Barbarea, R. Br., 228
Barclaya, Wall., 85, 102
Bateriuin, Miers, 8
Batschia, Thunb., 5
Bauera, Banks, 368, 444
Beautenipsia, Gaudich., 153
Beckea, Burm., 382
Belangera. Cambess., 374
Belbarnosia, Sarrac, 113
Berardia, Ad. Br., 383
Berardia, Harv. & Sond., 3S3
Berberidopsis, Hook, f., 49, 73
Berberis, L., 49, 73
Bereuice, Tul., 352, 436
Bergenia, Moinch., 323
Bergeretia, Desvx., 257
Berteroa, DC, 268
Berzelia, Ad. Br., 384, 454
Bicuculla, Borkh., 123
Billardiera, Sm., 363, 443
Biscutella, L., 281
Bistella, Del., 332
Bivonea, DC, 289
Blennodia, B. Br, 275
Blondea, Neck, 328
Bocconia, Plum, 114, 139
Boelimeria, Jacq, 527
Boissiera, Domb, 43
Bolaudra, A. Gray, 329, 424
Boleum, Desvx, 264
Bongardia, C A. Mey., 54
Bouuauia, Presl, 191
Boquila, Dcne, 44
Boraphila, Engl, 325
Boreava, Jaub. & Spach, 259
Boscia, Lamk, 157, 175
Botrycarpum, A. Rich, 367
Botryopsis, Miers, 8
Boykinia, Nutt, 329, 423
Brachycarpsea, DC, 2S4
Brachylobos, Schur, 228
Brachynema, F. Muell, 359
Bracliypus, Ledeb, 199
Brachystachys, C DC, 473
Bradypiptum, DC, 283
Brasenia, Schreb, 81, 101
Brassica, T, 244
Braunea, W., 6
Braya, Sternb. & HoprE, 236
Breynia, Plum, 152
Breyniasfruin, DC, 152
Brexia, Dup.-Th, 355, 439
Brcssardia, Boiss, 281
Broussaisia, Gaudich, 343, 431
Brunia, Burm, 381, 453
Bryophyllum, Salisb, 310, 321
Buchiugera, Boiss. & Hohen,
273
Bucklandia, R. Br, 396, 460
Bulbocapnos, Bernh, 123
Bulliarda, DC, 313
Bunias, R. Br., 264
Burasaia, Dup.-Th, 14, 39
Bursaria, Cav, 362, 442
Busbeckia, Endl, 152
540
IXDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.
Biuhia, Bge., 147
Caapeba, Plum., 16
Cabomba, Aubl., 79, 100
Cadaba, Foksk, 156, 174
Caidjeba, Forsk, 507
Cakile, T., 251
Calanchoe, Pers, 310
Calantbea, DC, 153
Caldcluvia, Don, 376, 449
Calepina, Adans, 259
CalJianira, Miq., 473
Callicoma, Andr, 3S1, 452
Callipbyilum, Gaud., 325
Calobotrya, Spach, 367
Calopetalon, Haw., 362
Calosantbes, Haw., 311
Caiycocarpum, Nutt, 13, 38
Calycomis, Don, 377
Calycomis, E. Br., 381
Camelina, Crantz, 273
Campylantbera, Hook., 364
Campyloptera, Boiss, 290
Cannabina, T., 402
Cannabis, P. Alp., 402
Capnoides, Boerh., 123
Capnorchis, Pl., 122
Capparidastrum, DC, 152
Capparis, T., 149, 172
Capsella, Mcench, 286
Carara, Cesalp., 285
Cardamine, T., 230
Cardaminum, DC, 228
Cardamon, DC, 283
Cardaria, Desyx, 283
Cardiandra, Sieb. & Zucc, 342
Carpenteria, Torr., 347, 433
Carpoceras, Boiss., 204
Carpodetus, Eorst, 352, 436
Carponema, Eckl. & Zeyh.,
250
Carpunya, Presl, 472
Carrichtera, Adaxs, 277
Castalia, Salisb., 83
Cathcartia, Hook, p., 112, 13S
Caulobryon, Kl., 469
Caulopbyllum, Michx, 54
Caylusea, A. S. H., 299, 303
Cebatba, Forsk, 2
Cepbalotus, Labill., 335, 42S
Cerastitcs, Gray, 110
Ceratocapnos, Dur, ]23
Ceratopetalum, Sai, 375, 447
Ctiiatopbyllum, L., 479, 495
Cerciaiphylliim, Sieb. & Zucc,
405
Cerophyllum, Spach, 367
Clntinabaina, Wight, 504
Cliamffiplium, Spach, 236
Chamira, Thunb, 244
Cbartoloma, Bge., 197
Cliasnianthera, Hochst, 11, 37
Cbavica, Miq , 473, 494
Cheirantbera, A. Cunn., 363
Cheiranthus, T., 179, 227
Cheiri,DC, 182, 443
Cheiroides, DC, 182
Cbeiropsis, C A. Mey., 237
Chelidonium, T., 115,139
Chiazosperrnum, Bernh., 122
Chilocalyx, Kl., 146
Cblorautbus.Sw, 475, 494
Chondodendron, R. & Pav, 8, 35
Cbondrosea, Haw., 323
Chorispora, DC, 249
Cboristylis, Harv., 355, 438
Cbristolea, Cambess, 239
Cbronobium, DC, 30 S
Chryseis, Lindl., 117
Chrysobotrya Spach, 367
Cbrysocamela, B.iss, 271
Chrysodraba, DC, 269
Chrysogonum, Rauw., 54
Cbrysosplenium, T., 327, 421
Ciliaria, Haw., 323
Cissampelos, L., 16, 41
Citbareloma, Bge., 233
Citriobatus, A. Cunn., 364, 443
Clambus, Miers, 19
Claudestinaria, Spach, 228
Clastopus, Bge., 271
Cleome, L., 144, 171
Cleomella, DC, 147
Closteraudra, Bel., 106
Clypeola, L., 257
Coccobryon, Kl., 469
Cocculidium, Spach, 2
Cocculus, Bauh., 1, 32
Cocblearia, L., 270
Codia, Forst., 379, 452
Cogylia, Mol, 43
Colicodeudron, Mart., 153
Colombo, H. Bx., 13
Colpopodium, Wall., 355
Coluteocarpus, Boiss., 272
Combesia, A. Rich, 313
Conringia, Reichb., 236
Cordylocarpus, Desf, 252
Coieosma, Spach, 367
Coruidia, R. & Pav., 341
Coronopus, Hall, 285
Corydalis, DC, 123, 142
Corylopsis, Sieb. & Zucc, 3S8,
456
Corynandra, Schrad, 146
Coiynelobos, Koeji, 186
Coscinium, Colebr, 15, 40
Cossonia, Dur, 24S
Cotylea, Haw, 323
Cotyledon, Gaud, 325
Cotyledon, L, 309, 321
Cotyliscus, Desvx, 2S5
Courbonia, Ad. Br, 159
Crambe, T, 252
C'assouvia, Commers, 310
Crassula, L, 311, 322
Crata;va; L, 156, 175
Cremolobus, DC, 282
Crenularia, Boiss, 257
Creodus, Lour, 476
Cristatella, Nutt, 147
Crypbsea, Hamilt, 475
Cryptoceras, Schott, 123
Cryptopetalum, Hook. & Arn.,
331
Crypt ospora, Kar. & Kir, 247
Cubeba, Miq., 472
Cunonia, L, 369, 445
Curtogyne, Haw, 314
Cuspidaria, DC, 237
Cuttsia, P. MutLL, 359, 441
Cyamus, Sm, 77
Cyanitis, Reinw, 343
Cyclea, Arn, 18, 41
Cyclopterygiuin, Hochst, 287
Cycloptycbis, E. Mey, 263
Cymatoptera, Turcz, 290
Cymbalaria, Gaud, 325
Cynocardamuui, Webb, 2 S3
Cynophalla, DC, 152
Cypbolopbus, Wedd, 529
Cyrbasium, Endl, 147
Cysticapaos, Boerh., 123
Cystocarpum, Spach, 271
Dactylsena, Schrad, 147
Dactylicapnos, Wall, 122
Dactyloides, Tausch, 325
Dablia, Tuunb, 390
Danielia, DC, 314
Dailmgtonia, Torr, 90, 103
Datisca, L, 402, 463
Davidsonia, E. Muell, 378,
451
Debregeasia, Gaudich, 531
Decaisnea, Hook. f. & Tuons,
44,71
Decaptera, Turcz, 291
Decastemon, Kl, 146
Decumaria, L, 346, 432
Detforgia, Lamk, 351
Deilosina, Spach, 2 i_'
Deltocarpus, Lher, 260
Deudiociiide, MlQ., 519
Dendromecou, Benth.,119, 141
Dentaria, L, 230
Dermasea, Haw, 323
Descurainia, Webb, 236
Debiuoearpus, Wall, 156
Destru-esia, Gaudich, 153
Detandra, Miers, 8
Deutzia, Thuxb, 343, 431
Diamorpba, Nutt, 306
Diania, Noronh, 389
Diantbera, Kl, 146
Diastrophis, Fisch., 2S9
Diceutra, Borku, \z2, 141
Diceratella, Boiss, 232
Diceratium, Lag, 232
Dicbonangia, Michel, 353
INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.
541
Dichotophyllum, Dill., 480
Dichroa, Lour., 343, 431
Dichroautbus, Webb., 182
Diclytra, DC, 122
Diconangia, Michel., 353
Dicorypha, Spreng., 389, 392
Dicorypbe, Dup.-Th., 389, 45G
Dicranostie;ma, Hook. f. &
Thoms., 112
Didesmus, Desvx., 252
Didymodoxa, E. Mey., 538
Didymogyne, Wedd., 508
Didymopbysa, Boiss., 282
Dieterica, Ser., 376
Dileptium, DC, 2S3
Dilophia, Thoms., 288
Diinorphopetalum, Bert., 310
Diinorphophyllum, H. Bn., 55
Dinacria, Harv., 314
Dipetalia, Rapin., 299
Diphylleia, Micnx., 60,^75
Diploclisia, Miers, 2
Diplotaxis, DC, 192
Diptera, Borkh., 323
Dipterygium, Dcne., 256
Diptychocarpus, Trautv., 234
Dirbynchosia, Bl., 378
Disanthus, Maxim., 393, 459
Disciphania, Eichl., 19
Discocapnos, Cham., 125
Discocarpus, Liebm., 519
Discoviurn, Rapin., 211
Discurea, Schur., 235
Dispeltophorus, Lehm., 290
Disporocarpa, 0. A. Mel, 313
Disporocarppea, C A. Mey., 314
Dissopetalum, Miers, 16
Distenion, Wedd., 537
Distomanthera, Turcz., 405
Distylium, Sieb. & Zucc., 392,
458
Ditliyrea, Harv.,2S1
Dolichostylis, Turcz., 269
Dollineria, Salt., 269
Donatia, Forst., 332, 427
Dontostemon, Andrz., 241
Douepea, Cambess., 246
Draba, L.,269
Drabella, DC, 269
Drabopsis, C Koch., 236
Droguetia, Gaudich., 508
Drummondia, DC, 328
Dryopetalum, A. Gray, 230
Dubrueilia, Gaudich., 525
Dugagelia, Gaudich., 473
Dulougia, H.B. K., 354
Durandea, Delarbr., 194
Duretia, Gaudich., 502
Echeveria, DC, 309
Echtrus, Lour., Ill
Elatostema, Forst., 523
Elisarrhena, Miers, 7
Ellimia, Nutt., 299
Ellipsaria, DC, 283
Emblingia, F. Muell., 158, 176
Enartbrocarpus, Labill., 251
Etickea, K., 472
Enneadynamis, Gesn., 337
Epibaterium, Forst., 2
Epimedium, T., 54, 74
Erasmia, Miq , 473
Eremobium, Hoiss., 242
Eremosyne, Endl., 332, 426
Eresda,' Spach, 294
Ermannia, Cham., 233
Erophila, DC, 269
Eruca, T., 245
Erucago, T., 265
Erucaria, G^frtn., 254
Erucastrum, Presl, 190
Erysimasfrum, C. A. Mey., 237
Erysimum, L., 237
Erytbrospermum, Lamk., 48, 72
Escallonia, L. fil., 34S, 434
Escbscholtzia, Cham., 118, 140
Euadenia, Oliv., 156, 175
Euaiyssum, H. Bn., 268
Eubrassica. H. Bn., 190
Eucadaba, Endl., 156
Euoapuos, Sieb. & Zucc, 122
Eucapparis. DC, 152
Eucbasmauthera, H. Bnt., 13
Euchloranthus, H. Bn., 477
Euclidium, R. Br., 262
Euclisia, Nutt., 230
Kucocculus, H. Bn., 4
Eucotyledon, H. Bn., 310
Eucrassula, H. Bn., 314
Eudema, H. B., 236
Euionopsidium, H. Bn., 286
Eumaerua, H. Bn., 159
Eunpadynamis, Gesn., 337
Eunomia, DC, 2S9
Eupiper, C DC, 472
Euryale, Salisb., 86, 102
Eustisjma, Gardn. & Champ.,
390, 457
Eustreptantlius, Endl., 230
Entillfea, H. Bn., 314
Eutrema, R. Br., 236
Euzomodendron, Coss., 246 •
Euzomum, Link., 245
Falklandina, H. Bn., 229
Farsetia, Turra., 266
Feudlera, Engelm. & Gray,
346, 432
Fibraurea Lour., 14, 39
Fleurya, Gaudich., 519
For^esia, Commers., 351, 435
Forskalea, J., 507
Forskholea, L., 508
Forsytbia, Walt., 346
Fortuynia, Shutt., 254
Fothergilia, L., 392, 459
Franciscea, DC, 312
Francoa, Cav., 339, 429
Freirea, Gaudich., 504
Fumaria, T., 125, 142
Geissois, Labill., 374, 447
Geococcus, J. Drumm., 274
Geryonia, Schr., 323
Gesuouiuia, Gaudich., 506
(nllbeea. F. Muell., 377, 450
Girardiuia, Gaudich., 522
Glastaria, Boiss., 260
Glaucium, T., 116, 140
Glaucoreseda, DC, 298
Globulea, Haw., 314
Glyce, Lindl., 268
Glycoxylon, Chapel., 389
Goldba'cbia, DC, 249
Gonostegia, Turcz., 528
Graellsia, Boiss., 272
Grammanthes, DC, 312
Graveuborstia, Nees, 384
Greenovia, Webb., 307
Greggia, A. Gray, 239
Grossularia, A. Rich, 364
Grossularia, T., 364
Gesnouinia, Gaudich., 504
Guiraoa, Coss., 254
Gumillea, R. & Pav., 374, 447
Gynmogouia, R. Br., 147
Gymnospermium, Spach, 54
Gymnotbeca, Dcne., 468, 493
Gynandropsis, DC, 147
GyrotEenia, Griseb., 521
Haematocarpus, Miers, 8, 35
Halimolobos, Tausch., 211
Hamamelis, L., 386, 455
Heckeria, K„ 472
Hedyosmum, Sw., 477, 495
Heldreichia, Boiss., 282
Heliamphora, Benth., 91, 103
Heliopbila, L., 244
Helophytum, Eckl. & Zeyh.,
313
Helxine, Req., 504
Hemicrambe, Webb., 253
Hemistylis, Benth., 535
Henonia, Coss., 246
Henopbyton, Coss. & Dur.,
246
Hermupoa, Lcefl., 155
Hesperis, L., 242
Hesperocuide, Torr. & Gray,
518
Heterodon, Meissn., 384
Heucbera, L., 328, 423
Hexaptera, Hook., 290
Hexastylis, Rafin., 299
Hierocboutis, Adans., 235
Hirculus, Haw., 323
Hirculus, Tausch., 325
Hirschfeldia, M(ench., 191
542
INDEX OF GENERA AND SUBGENERA.
Holarges, DC, 269
Holargidium, Turcz., 209
Holbcellia, Wall., 45, 72
Holopeira, Miers, 2
Holopetaluin, Turcz., 299
Homalodiscus, Bge., 299
Homback, Adans., 152
Homocnemia, Miers, 18
Hornungia, Reichb., 279
Hortensia, Commers., 341
Hoteia, Morr. & Dcne., 330
Houttuynia, Thunb., 467, 492
Hugueninia, Reichb., 236
Hunnemannia, Sweet, 119
Hussonia, Boiss., 251
Hutchinsia, R. Br., 279
Hydatica, Neck., 323
Hydrangea, L., 340, 430
Hydrocallis, Pl., 85
Hydroceratophyllum, Vaill.,
480
Hydropeltis, L. C. Rich, 81
Hylomecon, Maxim., 112
Hymenolobus, Nutt., 286
Hymenophysa, C. A. Mey., 284
Hymenosporum, F. Muell.,
362
Hypecoum, T., 120, 141
Hypelate, Sm., 161
Hyperanthera, Forsk., 161
Hyperbsena, Miers, 8
Hypserpe, Miers, 4
Hyrtanandra, Miq., 528
Iberidella, Boiss., 279
Ibeds, L., 278
Ileocarpus, Miers, 18
Ionopsidium, Reichb., 285
Irio, DC, 236
Isatis, T., 197, 255
Isomeria, Torr. & Grat, 325
Isomeris, Nutt., 147
Itea, L., 353, 437
Ixerba, A. Cunn., 358, 440
Ixiosporus, F. Muell., 364
Ixodia, Soland., 81
Jaborandi, Velloz, 490
Jacsonia, Rafin., 146
Jamesia, Torr. & Gray, 347,
433
Jateorbiza, Miers, 13
Jeffersonia, Bart., 59, 75
Jondraba, Webb., 281
Jovibarba, DC, 308
Kalanchoe, Adans., 310, 321
Kalenchoe, Haw., 310
Kalbsclria, Engl., 325
Kalosantbes, Haw., 312
Kardanoglyphos, Scultl., 230
Kernera, Medik., 270
Kibera, DC, 236
Kin?stonia, Gray, 323
Kladnia, Schur., 242
Koeuiga, R. Br., 268
Kremeria, Coss., 252
Labillardiera, RcEM. & Sch., 363
Lachnoloma, Bge., 264
Lajlia, Desvx., 264
Lagowskia, Trautv., 272
Lamanonia, Velloz, 374
Lanceolaria, DC, 244
Langeveldia, Gaudich., 523
Laportea, Gaudich., 519
Lardizabala, R. & Pav., 43, 71
Larockea, Pers., 314
Laurea, Gaudich., 529
Leseba, Forsk., 2
Leavenwortbia, Torr., 231
Lecanthus, Wedd., 526
Lecanociiide, Bl., 533
Leguephora, Miers, 3
Leiolobium, Reichb., 227
Leiospora, C. A. Mey., 233
Leontice, L., 53, 73
Leontopetalam, T., 53
Lepia, Desvx., 2S3
Lepidiastrum, DC, 283
Lepidium, L., 283
Lepidostemon, Hook. f. &
Thoms., 241
Leptaleum, DC, 276
Leptarrhena, R. Br., 331, 425
Leptasea, Haw., 323
Leptocarpsea, DC, 236
Leptocnide, Bl., 527
Leptormus, Eckl. & Zeyh., 244
Lepuropetalou, DC, 331, 425
Leucocnide, Miq., 532
Leucococcus, Liebm., 527
Leucodraba, DC, 269
Leucoium, Mcench., 234
Leucouympbsea, Boerh., 83
Leucoreseda, DC, 298
Leucosinapis, Spach, 191
Leucosyke, Zoll. & Mor., 534
Levisanus, Schreb., 3S3
Liaupauke, Feutll., 339
Ligularia, Desvx., 323
Limacia, Laour., 2
Linconia, L., 384, 454
Lipopbragma, Schott. &
Kotsch., 257
Liquidambar, L., 394, 460
Litbropbragma.ToRR. & Gr.,327
Lobaria, Haw., 323
Lobulavia, Desvx., 268
Lonchophora, Dur., 234
Lonchostotna, Wickstr., 384,
454
Loropetalum, R. Br., 388
Loropbyllum, Griff., 18
Lotos, Pl., 85
Loxostemon, Hook. f. &Thoms.,
231
Lunaria, T., 199, 266
Luperia, DC, 234
Luteola, Bauh., 402
Luteola, DC, 297
Luteola, T., 294
Lyrocarpa, Harv., 280
Mricba3ropborus Schltl., 276
Maclaya, R. Br., 114
Macrocapnos, Royle, 122
Macroceras, Morr. & Dc\e., 55
Macroceratium, DC, 232
Macromerum, Burch., 156
Macropiper, Miq., 472
Macropodium, R. Br., 231
Mtcrostachys, C DC, 473
Ma3rua, Forsk., 158, 176
Maboni, Nutt., 52
Malcolmia, R. Br., 242
Mancoa, Wedd., 287
Mauoploga, Bge., 283
Maoutia, Wedd., 532
Margarella, B. H., 314
Margarocarpus, Wedd., 527
Marianthus, Hueg., 362, 442
Martiusia, Godr., 259
Mathewsia, Hook., 275
Mattbiola, R. Br., 234
Mattuschkia, Gmel., 465
Meconella, Nutt., 105
Mecouopsis, Wig., 110, 138
Megacarpaia, Boiss., 282
Megasea, Haw., 323
Melanosiuapis, Si'ENN., 191
Memorialis, Hamilt., 528
Meniocus, Desvx., 26S
Meuispermum, T., 4, 32
Menkea, Lehm., 274
Menonvillea, DC, 290
Meridema, Don, 375
Micambe, Marcgr., 145
Microceras, Morr. & Dcne., 55
Microclisia, Benth., 9
Microlepidium, F. Muell., 286
Micropetalum, Tausch.,325
Microstigma, Trautv., 211, 234
Mildea, Griseb., 473
Miscopetalum, Haw., 323
Missiessya, Gaudich., 534
Mitella, T., 328, 422
Mitellopsis, Meissn., 328
Mnemosylla, Forsk., 120
Mollia, Gmel., 348
Mouanthes, Haw., 307
Morettia, DC, 232
Moricandia, DC, 246
Moriera, Boiss., 256
Moriuga, Burm., 161, 177
Morisia, J. Gay, 254
Morisouia, Plum., 153
INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.
543
Moroearpus, Sieb. & Zucc, 531
Muldera, Miq., 473
Muricaria, Desvx., 252
Muscaria, Haw., 323
Myagrum, T., 260
Myosurandra, H. Bn., 400, 462
Myrioearpa, Benth., 533
Mjrothanmus, Welw., 402, 462
Nandin, K^empf., 57
Naudina, Tuukb., 57, 74
Nanocuide, Bl., 5 IS
Nasturtiolum, Medik., 2S5
Nasturtiopsis, Boiss., 228
Nasturtium, R. Br., 227
Nebelia, Neck., 382
Neekeria, Scop., 123
Nectrisj Schkeb., 80
Nelumbium, J., 76
Nelumbo, T., 76, 100
Nematanthera, Miq., 473
Nenuphar, Hayn., 81
Nephroia, Lour., 2
Nephroica, Miers, 2
Nephrophyllum, Gaed., 325
Neraudia, Gaudich., 530
Neslia, Desvx., 262
Neurolama, Asdrz., 233
Niebuhria, DC, 159
Nigrina, Thonb., 475
NoccEea, Reichb., 286
Norta, Schur., 236
Northocnide, Bl., 532
Notoceras, 11. Br., 232
Notothlaspi, Hook, f., 2S7
Nuphar, Sm., 81, 101
Nympha?a, L., 83, 101
Nymphosauthes, Rich, 81
Obetia, Gaudich., 51 8
Ochradeuus, Del., 299, 303
Ochthodium, DC., 263
Octoceras, Bge., 265
Ootomeles, Miq., 405, 464
Odontarrhena, C. A. Met., 268
Odoutocarya, Miers, 14, 38
Odontocyclus, Turcz., 270
Odostemon, Rafin., 52
Oligomeris, Cambess., 299. 302
Oncosporum, Putterl., 362
Oreanthus, Rafin., 328
Oreas, Cham. & Schltl., 236
Oreocnide, Miq, 531
Oreosplenium, Zahlbr., 323
Oresitrophe, Bge., 329, 424
Orium, Desox., 257
Osmiscus, Eckl. & Zeth., 244
Orobium, Reiciib., 236
Orthoselis, Spach, 244
Orychophragmus, Bge., 247
Osterdyckia, Burm., 369
Ostrearia, H. Bn., 414
Othrys, Noronu., 156
Otocarpus, Dur., 252
Ottonia, Spreng., 473
Oudneya, R. Br., 246
Oxystylis, Torr. & Frem., 148
Pachyacris, B. H., 314
Pachycladon, Hook, f., 277
Pachvgone, Miers, 7, 35
Pachynotum, DC, 234
Pachv phylum, Kl., 309
Pachypodium, Nutt., 240
Pachy podium, Webb., 236
Pachypteris, Kar. & Kir., 255
Pachypterygiuin, Bge., 255
Pachvstylum, Eckl. & Zeyh.,
244
Palmstruckia, Soxd., 262
Pancheria, Br. & Gr., 379, 452
Papaver, T., 106, 137
Paraboena, Miers, 14, 39
Parietaria, T., 504
Parlatoria, Boiss., 248
Parnassia, T., 337, 428
Parolinia, Webb., 233
Parrotia, C A. Mey., 391, 45S
Parrya, E. Br., 233
Parvatia, Dcne., 44, 71
Pastorea, Todar, 2S6
Peautia, Commers., 341
Pectanisia, Rafin., 294
Pfllionia, Gaudich., 524
Pell aria, L., 258
Peltiphyllum, Engl., 325
Peitobryon, Kl., 473
Pendulina, Willk., 192
Penianthus, Miers, 19
Penthorum, L., 234, 427
Peperidia, Reichb., 475
Peperomia, R. & Pav., 473,
494
Teraphora, Miers, IS
Pereiria, Lindl., 15
IVricampylus, Miers, 2
Perichasma, Miers., 18
Peritoma, DC, 146
Perrevmondia, Barn., 243
Petrocallis, R. Br., 269
Petrogeton, Eckl. & Zeyh., 314
Petropbyes, "Webb. & Berth.,
308
Pbacocapnos, Bernh., 123
Plienax, Wedd., 534
Pbiladelphus, L., 344, 432
Phoenicaulis, Nutt., 183
Phillobryon, Miq., 473
Pbyllonoma, W., 354, 438
Physalidium, Eenzl., 284
Pbysanlhemum, Kl., 159
Pbysaria, Nutt., 271
Physocalycium, Vest., 310
Physolepidium, Schrenk., 2S3
Physoptychis, Boiss., 271
Physorhynchus, Hook., 253
Physostemon, Mart. & Zucc,
146
Phyfeuma, Magn., 294
Pilea, Lindl., 525
Pileostegia, Hook. f. & Thoms.,
342, 431
Pinaria, DC, 234
Piper, Bl., 472
Piper, L., 469, 493
Piperoides, C. DC, 473
Pipturus, Wedd., 532
Pistorinia, DC, 309
Pittosporum, Banks, 360, 441
Piagiorhegma, J\Jaxim., 59
Platanus, T., 397, 461
Platycapnos, Bernh., 3 25
Platycrater, Sieb. & Zucc, 342,
430
Platylophus, Don, 376, 449
Platypetalum, R. Br., 236
Platyptelea, Drumm., 375
Platyspermum, Hook., 267
Platystemon, Benth., 104, 137
Platystigma, Benth., 105, 137
Pleogyne, Miers, 9, 36
Podogyne, Hoffmsg., 147
Podophyllum, L., 58, 74
Podoria, Pers., 157
Poikilospermum, Zipp., 529
Polanisia, Rafin., 146
Polyosma, Bl., 353, 437
Polypara, Lour., 46S
Polysteruon, Don, 374
Porojhyllum, Gaud., 325
Porphyiocodon, Hook, f., 237
Potomorphe, Miq., 472
Pouzolsia, Gaudich., 527
Primula, Lour., 341
Priuglea, Hook, f., 271
Procrassula, Griseb., 305
Procris, Commers., 501
Pronaya, Hueg., 364, 413
Pselium, Lour., 19
Pseudoliuum, DC, 228
Psilonema, C A. Mey., 268
Psilostylum, DC, 236
Psychine, Desf., 288
Pteridophyllum, Sieb. & Zucc,
127
Pteroloma, Hochst. c& Steud.,
256
Pteroueuron, DC, 230
Pterophylla, Don, 371
Pterostemon, Schauer, 318,
434
Ptilotrichum, C A. Mey., 268
Pugionium, Certn., 266
Pycnarrhena, Miers, 8, 35
Pyramidella, B. H., 314
Pyramydium, Boiss., 265
Pyrgosea, Eckl. & Zeyh., 314
Pyrola, Mor., 337
544
INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.
Quadrella, DC, 153
Quinio, Schltl, 19
Quinsonia, Montrouz, 360
Quintiuia, A. DC, 350, 435
Raffenaldia, Gopr, 248
Rameya, H. Bn., 10,37
Randonia, Coss., 299, 303
Ranmanissa, Endl., 146
Raphanistrum, T., 193
Raphanus, L., 193, 247
Ra])istrum, All., 193
Eapistrum, Boerh., 251
Raspalia, Ad. Br., 383
Rebis, Spach, 367
Reboudia, Coss., 254
Redowskia, Cham. & Schltl.,
280
Reseda, Rafin, 297
Reseda, T., 294, 302
Resedastrum, Dub., 297
Resedella, Webb & Berth., 299
Rhaptomeris, Miers, 18
Rhigiocarya, Miers, 19
Rhizobotrya, Tausch, 2/0
Rbodiola,'L., 305
Rhodoleia, Hook., 393, 459
Rhyncholepis, Miq, 469
Rbytidosporum, F. Muell, 362
Ribes, L., 364, 444
Ricotia, L., 267
Ritchiea, R. Br., 157, 175
Robertsonia, Haw., 323
Robsonia, Berl., 367
Rochea, DC. 312
Rremeria, DC, 117, 140
Rcemeria, Tratt., 155
Rceperia, F. Muell., 147
Romneya, Harv., 106, 137
Ropalocarpus, Boj., 160, 177
Rorida, Rcem. & Sch., 146
Roridula, Forsk., 146
Roripa, Btss, 270
Roussea, Sm, 35S, 440
Rousseauvia, Boj., 358
Rousselia, Gaudich., 536
Roussoa, RtEM. & Sch., 358
Roydsia, Roxb., 154, 173
Russelia, L. fil., 332
Saintlegeria, C. J. de Cordem.,
, 477
Sameraria, Desvx, 197
Sanguinaria, Dill., 112, 139
Sarcandra, Gardn, 477
Sarcocapnos, DC, 125, 142
Sarcochlamys, Gaudich., 528
Sarcolipes, Eckl. & Zeyh, 314
Sarcopetalum, F. Muell., 7, 34
Sarcopus, Wedd., 520
Sarcostyles, Presl, 341
Sarracena, T , 88, 102
Sarraeenia, J.. 88
Saururopsis, Turcz., 467
Saururus, L., 465, 492
Saururus, Plum., 469
Savisnya, DC, 245
Saxifraga, T., 323, 421
Scepoearpus, Wedd., 521
Sehellatnmeria, Heist., 180
Schepperia, Neck., 156
Sehilleria, K., 472
Scbimpera, Hochst. & Steud.,
260
Scbiwereckia, Andr, 268
Scbizomeria, Don, 376, 449
Schizonepbros, Griff., 473
Schizopetalon, Sims., 243
Scbizophragma, Sieb. & Zucc,
342
Scliizowskia, Endl., 519
Sebonwia, DC, 287
Sciadotsenia, Miers, 9, 36
Sciophila, Gaudich., 500
Sclepsion, Rafin, 519
Sedirwickia, Griff., 396
Sedum, T., 304, 320
Selenia, Nutt, 267
Selenocarpoea, Eckl. & Zeyh.,
244
Selwynia, F. Muell., 5
Sempervivum, L., 307, 320
Senacia, Commers, 360
Ser.ebiera, DC, 285
Serronia, Gaudich. &Guillem.,
473
Sesamella, Reichb., 292
Sesamoides, T., 293
Siliquaria, Forsk., 146
Sinapidendron, Lowe., 192
Sinapistrum, Spach, 192
Sinapistrum, T., 145
Sinistrophorum, Schrank, 260
Siphocalyx, B. H., 367
Sirium, Rumph., 490
Sisymbrella, Spach, 235
Sisymbrium, L., 235
Slackia, Griff., 45
Smelowskia, C. A. Mey., 238
Sobolewskia, Bieb., 261
Sodada, Forsk., 152
Soleirola, Gaudich., 506
Sollya, Lindl., 363, 442
Somphoxylon, Eichl., 19
Sophorocarpus, Turcz., 123
Spathium, Lour., 467
Spathularia, Haw., 323
Sphseritis, Eckl. & Zeyh., 314
Sphserocardamum, Schau., 274
Spbserosfacbys, Miq., 469
Spirseopsis, Miq., 378, 451
Spirantbemum, A. Gray, 372,
446
Spiranthera, Hook., 364
Spirorhynchus,KAR.&KiR , 261
Spirosperrhum, Dup.-Th., 6, 33
Splitserhera, Miq., 502
Staavia, Thunb., 3S3, 453
St.acbyocnide, Bl., 527
Stanleya, Nutt., 240
Sfauntonia, DC, 45, 71
Steffensia, K., 473
Stenonema, Hook., 269
Stenopetalum, R. Br., 275
Stephania, Lour., 42
Stephania, W., 155
Stereoxylon, R. & Pav., 34S
Sterigma, DC, 250
Sterigmostemoii, Bieb., 250
Steripliotna, Spreng., 155, 174
Stevenia, Ad. & Fisch., 229
Sticlioueurou, Hook. f. &
Thoms., 355,438
Streblocarpus, Arn., 159
Sfreptanthus, Nutt., 229
Streptoloma, Bge., 241
Strigosella, Boiss., 242
Stroemia, Vahl, 156
Stroganovia, Kar. & Kir., 285
Stropha, Noronh., 475
Strophades, Boiss., 237
Stubendorfia, Schrenk., 289
Sl.vlophorum, Nutt., 112, 139
Subularia, L., 208, 291
Suecovia, Medik., 276
Sullivantia, Torr. & Gray, 329,
124
Sychnosepalum, Eichl., 8, 36
Sycopsis, Oliy., 391, 45S
Symbryon, Griseb., 4S2
Sympliocalyx, Berl., 367
Sympliyostemon, Kl., 146
Synclisia, Benth., 6, 33
Synthlipsis, A. Gray, 2S0
Syrenia, Andrz., 239
Syrenopsis, Jaub. & Spach, 279
Syringa, T., 344
Syrrhouema, Miers, 19
Tafalla, R. & Pay.. 477
Tapbrospermum, C A. Mey.,
270
Tauscheria, Fisch., 256
Tcbihatchewia. Boiss., 258
Teesdalia, R. Br., 279
Tellima, R. Br, 327. 422
Telmissa, Fenlx, 305
Tereianthes, Rafin, 294
Tetilla, DC, 340, 429
Tetracarpsea, Hook, f, 373, 446
Tetracme, Bge, 243
Tetrameles, R. Br., 404, 443
Tetrapbyle, Eckl. & Zeyh, 314
Tetraplasium, Kze, 340
Tefrapoma, Turcz, 228
Tet.rapterygium, Fisch. & Mey.,
258
Tetrateleia, SoND., 146
Tetratbyrium, Benth, 391,457
INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.
545
Texiera, Jaub. & Spach, 260
Thamnea, Sola.nd., 385, 455
Thaumuria, Gaudich., 504
Thelvpodium, Endl., 240
Thisantha, Eckl. & Zeyh., 314
Tiilaspi, Dill., 203, 278
Tlilaspidium, Spach, 281
Thouinia, Domb., 43
Thylacbium, 155, 174
Tliysanocarpus, Hook., 257
Tiarella, L., 328, -J 23
Tildenia, Miq., 473
Tiliacora, Colebr., 6, 33
Tillsea, Mich., 313
Tinomiscium, Miers, 13, 38
Tinospora, Miers, 13
Tittinannia, Ad. Br., 380
Tolniiea, Tour. & Gray, 331,
426
Tonguea, Endl., 230
Toucliardia, Gaudich, 530
Tovaria, R. & Pay., 127
Trachyphyllum, Gaud., 325
Trallia, Lindl., 200
Trent epolilia, Roth., 244
Triacti a, Hook. f. & Thoms.,
30(5, 320
Tribeles, Phil., 300
Tricerastes, Presl, 403
Tricercandra, A. Gray, 477
Trichoa, Pers., 5
Trichocladus, Pers., 390, 457
TrichoJobos, Turcz., 235
Triclisia, Bentii., 9, 37
Trigonophyllum, Gaud., 325
Trilophus, Pisch., 5
Trilopus, Mich., 3S6
Trimerisma, Presl, 370
Tripodandra, H. Bn., 19
Tristichocalyx, F. Muell., 2
Tropidocarpum, Hook., 275
Turuosea, Haw., 314
Turritis, L., 229
Umbilicus, DC, 309
Urera, Gaudich., 520
Urtica, T., 496
Uterveria, Bertol., 152
Vahlia, Tnvxr,., 332, 426
Valdivia, Rem., 350, 435
Vancouveria, More. & Dcne.,
56
Vauanthes, Haw., 312
Velarum, Schau., 236
Vella, L., 277
Venana, Lamk., 356
Vereia, W., 310
Vereia, Andk., 310
Verhuellia, Miq., 473, 494
Vesicaria, Lamk., 271
Vigiera, Velloz, 348
Villebrunea, Gaudich., 53 L
Vogelia, Medik., 202
Warea, Nutt., 240
Weinniannia, L., 370, 445
Wendlandia, W., 2
Windmannia, P. Br., 370
Whipplea, Tour., 347, 433
Wislizenia, Engelm., 148, 171
Xerosollya, Turcz., 363
Zahlbrucknera, Reichb., 323
Zerdana, Boiss , 238
Zilla, Foksk., 263
Zippelia, Bl., 473
Zygopeltis, Fe.nzl., 282
END OF VOL. III.
VOL. III.
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