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mr. Ao NARA HISTORY (OF THE 


BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA 


mi tHAT-BOOK FOR STUDENTS AND COLLECTORS 


BY 


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Le. TUThS EES, 


9?) 


Author of ‘‘ The British Noctuz and their Varieties,’ ‘‘ Monograph of the 
British Pterophorina,’”’ ‘‘ British Butterflies,’’ ‘‘ British Moths,” etc. 


VOT EEE: 


LONDON : 
SWAN SONNENSCHEIN. & Co., Paternoster Square, E.C. 


BERLIN: 
FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, 11, Carlstrasse, N.W. 


PUUEN,. 1902: 


CONTENES. 


THE SPHINGO-MICROPTERYGID STIRPS (concluded ) 
THE LACHNEIDES (concluded) 


PACHYCHASTRIINA coe eee ee 
PACHYGASTRIA .... oe eee cee 
PACHYGASTRIA TRIFOLII ... eee O60 
LASIOCAMPA Ae cee cee eee 
LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS coe eee cee 
EUTRICHID/ coe eee cee eee 
METANASTRIINZ eee oes coe 
MACROTHYLACIA oes coe coe 
MACROTHYLACIA RUBI ee cee sles 
COSMOTRICHIN/E one eee eee 
COSMOTRICHE ... eee 600 000 
COSMOTRICHE POTATORIA... eee see 
EUTRICHIN A eee eee cee dae 
GASTROPACHA ... eee an eee 
GASTROPACHA ILICIFOLIA... coe O00 
EUTRICHA cee cee eee eee 
EUTRICHA QUERCIFOLIA ... ace cee 


ADDENDUM TO LACHNEIDES—PC@CILOCAMPA POPULI 
CATALOGUE OF THE PALAARCTIC LACHNEIDES 
DEMORPHIDES ... eee noc BoC 
DIMORPHA eee uc 

DIMORPHA VERSICOLORA ... 


ATTACIDES eee 050 560 Aor 
ATTACIDZE 06 ae 

SATURNIA ee 06 cee oe 
SATURNIA PAVONIA Sac 50e refs 


CATALOGUE OF THE PALAARCTIC DIMORPHIDES 
BRAHMAIDES AND ATTACIDES 
‘SPHINGIDES eee oes eee eee 


BOMBYCIDES, 


BAGE, 


186 
n99 
201 
224 
225 
229 
235 
236 
265 
285 
a3 
306 


341 
342 


iv. 
AMORPHID/ 
MIMANTIDI 
MIMAS 

MIMAS TILLE 


SMERINTHIDI Ane 
SMERINTHUS 606 


SMERINTHUS OCELLATA 
SMERINTHUS HYBR. HYBRIDUS 


AMORPHIDI 500 
AMORPHA Ane 
AMORPHA POPULI 
ADDENDUM RELATING 
SPHINGID/A oe 
HEMARINZ 500 


SYNONYMIC NOTE ON THE TWO BRITISH HEMARID 


HEMARIS eee 
HEMARIS FUCIFORMIS 
HEMARIS TITYUS 
ERRATA SOc 
INDEX eee 


CONTENTS. 


TO THE AMORPHIDS 


SPECIES 


Pek A Get, 


I have great pleasure in offering a third volume of British 
Lepidoptera to my brother entomologists, and I sincerely hope that 
they may be able to give it the same satisfactory reception as its 
predecessors. I can assure them that, whatever labour was expended 
on volumes 1 and i, the work of preparing this volume has been 
much greater than that of either. This has been due essentially 
to the fact that the species discussed in this volume are all exceedingly 
well-known, and, as a result, they have been treated by so many 
authors, that a complete grasp of the literature relating to them, 
has been more difficult to obtain than when dealing with a group that 
is but little known and has been but little studied. One could possibly 
write half-a-dozen volumes of this size de novo, in the time that one 
has to spend in doing justice to the work of one’s predecessors and 
seeking out minor details that one may have missed in one’s own 
work. 

It was quite clear from the commencement that, if the species 
were to be treated at anything like the length that their previous 
study deserved, there could be no general chapters in this volume. 
The amount of material relating to Lasiocampa quercis alone that 
had to be digested was so great, and the different points of view 
from which it had to be treated were so varied, that it was clear 
that the account of this species alone could be made to form the 
basis of a liberal education in lepidopterological science. Again, 
the consideration of the Attacids and the Sphingids on a wide 
basis also opened up so many and-so different views of entomological 
science—synonymical, biological, physiological and classifactory— 
that it was self-evident that these chapters would more than recom- 
pense for any feeling of disappointment that might be felt by some 
in the absence of any summaries of special points relating to the 
general subject. 

We are, in spite of our efforts, entirely dissatisfied with our 
knowledge of the relationship of the various families of the 
SATURNIIDES zuter se, of those of the SPHINGIDES znzer se, and of 
these two superfamilies to each other. One might have supposed 
that of these two superfamilies, composed of species of such large 
size, lepidopterists knew almost everything that could possibly 
be learned. As a matter of fact there can be very few superfamilies, 
even among the smallest lepidoptera, of which our knowledge is 
more vague and less satisfactory than is that of our knowledge 
of the Sphingids to-day. We can only claim to have tried to 
throw light into some of the dark and difficult places, 


Vi. PREFACE. 


For any scientific value that there may be in this volume, 
lepidopterists are indebted to many willing helpers, and es ecially 
to Dr. Chapman, Messrs. A. W. Bacot and L. B. Prout. To these 
my sincerest thanks are due, for not only have all their own 
discoveries and original descriptions been inserted first hand, but 
the generous labour that they have bestowed on the work in order 
to make it a success has been no whit less onerous than my own. 
To many other lepidopterists my best thanks are also due, among 
whom, Mrs. Cowl, Messrs. Bignell, Durrant, Griffiths, Oberthiir and 
Sich may not pass unmentioned. The body of the work itself will 
show where help has been so generously given. 

The criticisms passed on the last volume, so far as they bore 
suggestions to carry out in future volumes, were largely, as I 
had anticipated, directed to the problem of getting a quart into a 
pint pot. Those of Messrs. Kirby and Merrifield for an extended 

Contents,” I have, in this volume; carried out, that of Mr. Bateson 
for a comprehensive’ general index im addition “tothe some 
already supplied is more difficult. It is purely a question of time 
which I have unfortunately not at my disposal. If anyone will doa 
careful general) index to vols. 1, “mu, and an, 1 will) pulse 
with the next volume. Mr. Bateson’s further claim on our space 
for fuller references must also at present remain unheeded. One 
may fairly claim that few lepidopterological books are so thoroughly 
indexed, and none has so complete a set of references (synonymic 
and otherwise) as this. Books like this are after all a labour of 
love, they can never be expected to pay expenses, and a busy 
man must draw the line somewhere. 

In this volume another departure has been made. In vols. i 
and i1 I accepted the ruling of certain authorities in the matter 
of nomenclature. My own opinion that ‘‘Synonymy is of the 
devil” has been quoted sufficiently to ensure that British lepidop- 
terists, at least, know my own private opinion thereof. But my 
readiness to accept the dicta of the authorities (who differ so 
widely among themselves) led me into many illogical positions and 
forced me at last to take an independent stand on the subject. 
I have discussed the synonymy of the Sphingids largely on the 
lines of the ‘‘Merton Rules,” and certainly to me we appear to 
have reached a point at which the maximum of accuracy and the 
least possible alteration of names in the future have been attained 
if the rules be logically applied. I would if I could have nothing to 
do with synonymy; circumstances are frequently stronger than 
ourselves. 

The completion of another volume enables me to again fulfil 
one of the most delightful obligations, viz., to thank all those 
lepidopterists without whose generous help these volumes would 
never see the light. Few new subscribers have come in since the 
publication of the last volume. More particularly I am _ dis- 
appointed that the work, so kindly received by a few leading 
American lepidopterists, has not been found more generally useful 
in America, where scientific entomology has touched a point never 
reached before. Perhaps the title British Lepidoptera is against the 
work abroad; one can only trust that it is not so. 


PREFACE, Vil. 


To those whose names have previously been published have 
now to be added— 


PereeN, Jj. i. R.,' FES. KEARFOTT, W. D. 
AsuHBY, H., F.E.S., MusHaAM, J. F.- 
BARNES, WILLIAM NortTH LoNDON NATURAL HISTORY 
BLAND (Major), T. D. SOCIETY 
EMSLEY, F. RoceErs, E. A, 
GARDNER, JNO., F.E.S. SMITH, G. B. 
(omitted by error from vol. i.) WHEELER (Rev.), G., M.A. 


GARDNER, J. E. | 


I would here beg all subscribers to send me in detail a list of 
the species that inhabit their own immediate neighbourhood for 
use in future volumes. Many lepidopterists, living in outlying and 
little worked districts, can be of the greatest service in this direction. 
It will be observed that some counties are scarcely ever mentioned 
imende lists of “* localities,’ even for the commonest species. . Ht is, 
unfortunately, the occurrence of common and less local species that 
is least often recorded. Of the capture of rarities one always 
hears; it is much more difficult to make up a really good list showing 
the distribution of the more common species in the British Islands, 
due to the fact that so many lepidopterists consider that the record of 
the occurrence of a common species is not worth making. May I 
ask each of our subscribers to send up his own complete list of 
localities for all the remaining British Sphingid species (rare or 
common) not treated in this volume, so that I may have really 
reliable data as to the distribution of these species? It is the detail 
that is valuable. I would earnestly ask our lepidopterists to give me 
such information as they can. 

We Ea 


PRESS NOTICES OF VOL. Il. 


‘‘The second volume of Mr. Tutt’s great work fulfils the promise of the second, and indeed 
supplies some chapters which were wanting to complete matters of a general character. That 
most striking of all the attributes of insects, metamorphosis, is in this second volume treated at 
length, the observations and theories of the well-known leading authorities on the subject being 
stated and discussed with especial reference to the many recent contributions to the know- 
ledge of it by Dr. Chapman, to which great prominence is given, and whose views are 
generally adopted by Mr. Tujt. There is a separate chapter on phenomena incidental to 
metamorphosis, such as the passing sometimes of several years in the pupal stage, and the 
impossibility in such cases of forcing. The external morphology of the pupa has a chapter to 
itself, the author correcting some common errors as to the structure and significance of the 
different parts, and setting forth the view that the pupa is the (modified) representative of the 
ancestral form of the insect, from which the larva on the one side, and the imago on the other, 
have been developed. Professor Poulton’s views are discussed very fully, and in some cases 
combated. Many interesting questions are treated in a separate chapter on the internal 
structure of the pupa, including the formation of the wings, and of the scales upon them. The 
chapter on the phylogeny of the lepidopterous pupa is by Dr. Chapman, whose previously 
published writings on the subject are well known, and it is unnecessary to say that it is 
characterised by great fulness of original observation and carefully thought-out conclusions. The 
introductory chapters noticed occupy as far as the hundredth page; the rest of the volume, com- 
prising 467 pages, is taken up with descriptions of species and all that belongs to them, in the 
same copious style as in the first volume. Over three hundred of the pages are occupied with the 
superfamily of the PsycAzdes, that strange tribe with the extraordinary females—fleshy bags—to 
our eyes singularly repellent and even loathsome, but most fascinating and attractive to their gay 
and active partners. There is no accounting for tastes, especially where sex comes in. These 
three hundred pages present all that is known of the British species, with very full references to 
many others, and a complete catalogue of the species of the Palearctic region. Vast labour has 
been devoted by the author and his coadjutors to this part of his work, a study of which is 
indispensable to all who desire to be fully informed on this obscure and difficult subject. The 
rest of the volume is occupied with a portion of the Lachnezdes, which many will know by the 
older name Laszocamfpidae, or, as Stainton called them, the Boméycrdae, the woolly brown moths 
with large and beautiful caterpillars, which are the delight of young collectors and breeders. 
The present volume takes in our old and familiar friends, the ‘‘ December math”’ (Poecrlocampa 
popult), Trichtura crataegz, the ‘‘small eggar,” Lachnets (Erivgaster) lanestris, and the 
“lackeys,”’? Malacosoma (Clisiocampa) neustria and castrensis. The volume is completed by that 
great desideratum, a full index, and there are several plates. . . . We would venture to suggest 
that in the forthcoming volume, to which we look forward, there should be a table of contents, nam- 
ing the species treated of. It may seem a little ungracious to find any sort of fault—though only in 
matters of very minor importance—in this most valuable work; our excuse must be that we wish 
to render it even more so. With this we must for the present conclude. Nothing but a 
lengthened study, such as there had been no time to give it, could do justice to the work; and 
when we think of the amount of attention necessary to assimilate its contents, we are filled with 
admiration of the labour that must have been devoted to its production.’’—F. MErRiFIELpD, F.E.S., 
The Entomologist. August, 1900. 

“It is pleasant to write a few words in appreciation of the second volume of Mr. J. W. 
Tutt’s British Lepidoptera. Of the great utility of the work there can be no doubt whatever, 
and the punctual appearance of Vol. II will be a matter of general congratulation amongst 
naturalists. Mr. Tutt’s work aims at being, in the first place, a complete collection of al] that 
is as yet known of the natural history of the species dealt with. These books are no mere 
compilations, but in the fullest sense original treatises. No pains have been spared to get 
together everything that relates to the structure, distribution, variation. life-history and habits 
of each form in its several stages. Many of the facts, thus given, are new, a large part being 
the results of the author’s own direct observation. Moreover, much of the information here 
published has been communicated privately to Mr. Tutt by his numerous correspondents, and 
the mass of facts, given at first hand, is greatly increased. This is especially the case in regard 
to the life-histories, which, in many instances, have been worked through in minute detail by 
Mr. Tutt and his coadjutors expressly for this book. Owing to the wide appeal which the 
author has made to living entomologists for such personal records, and to his laborious researches 
into the literature already printed, the book probably represents the sum of existing knowledge 
on the subjects contained. It is a special charm of Mr. Tutt’s treatise that the reader hasa 
comfortable sense that his author is giving him no scamped work. Everything capable of 
verification has been verified, and nothing is repeated in slovenly fashion unchecked. For such 
a work, not only professed entomologists, but all naturalists who, from time to time, require 
precise information as to lepidoptera, will be grateful to Mr. Tutt, and his books will be required 
in every working library of natural history. Nothing of the kind has hitherto been attempted, 
and by reference to them much searching and weary correspondence will be avoided. The 
present volume deals with the Psychides and part of the Lachnerdes. Whether the views 
adopted by Mr. Tutt on questions of classification and the like are sound or not, can, of course, 
only be judged by specialists, but it will be evident to any student of zoology that he has 
attacked these problems in a most fruitful way, and that, in each of the numerous discussions of 
special questions, he has provided a marshalling of the facts which will help succeeding students. 
Several sections of this kind are introduced, relating to general questions of the morphology of 
lepidoptera, especially the nature of metamorphosis and the structure of pup. In addition to 
these there is an important chapter written by Dr. T. A. Chapman on the phylogeny of the 
lepidopterous pupa, a subject on which he is the recognised authority.’”,"—W. Bargson, M.A. 
F.R.S., Zhe Entomologtst’s Record. September, to00, 


’ 


PRESS NOTICES OF VOL. II. ix, 


“The second volume of Mr. Tutt’s exhaustive work has now appeared, and this continuation 


‘merits all the good words which were so freely spent upon the appearance of the first volume. 


We have first 100 pages devoted to general subjects, such as ‘ Metamorphosis in Lepidoptera,’ 
and the ‘ External Morphology of the Lepidopterous Pupa,’ &c., and then (pp. 102—434) there is 
such a full account of the Psychides as has not before been published. This is the chief merit of Mr. 
Tutt’s work, that everything that has been written on a species has been consulted ; the original 
description is given, the synonymy has been exhaustive, all known and many new biological 
facts are carefully added. The number of pages devoted to a single species is thus far in excess, 
and the work has so much the more value for consultation. With regard to the Psychides, it seems 
extraordinary that there should still be so much thatis newand yet to be learned about the European 
members of this dificult group. The author has been careful to give the gist of what has been 
published in France and Germany, and concludes his study of the British species by a catalogue 
of the Palzarctic Psychides. Thus there is a broad basis to Mr. Tutt’s work, which relieves it 
from all charge of insularity, and should commend it at the same time to continental students no 
less than to those everywhere interested in the subject. Pages 434 to the close of the volume are 
given to the commencement of the Lachneides, and this group is very carefully treated, particular 
attention being given to Dr. Dyar’s studies, while, on plate vii, a phyletic tree is produced from 
the pen of our American authority. ._. . . Itis not possible, within the limits of this notice, 
to enter into questions of detail. Mr. Tutt has generally quoted all opinions upon the intricate 
question of generic synonymy. Where these have differed, in any one case, then the matter has 
been originally inquired into and a conclusion reached. . . . . To conclude; No general 
faunal study is known to the reviewer which can compare with Mr. Tutt’s in scope and execution. 
It is greatly to be hoped that the volumes we now have will be followed by others to the com- 
pletion of the entire work.”—A. R. Grorr, M.A,, Canadian Entomologist. November, 1900. 

“* It will be remembered that some time ago we noticed (Sczence Gossip, N.S., vol. vi., p. 275) 
Mr. J. W. Tutt’s first volume of A Natural History of British Lepidoptera. In that volume 
the author divided his subject into two parts, the first dealing with ‘ The Origin of the Lepidoptera,’ 
‘The Ovum,’ ‘Embryology,’ ‘ Parthenogenesis,’ ‘ Structure of the Lepidoptera,’ ‘ Variation of 
the Imagines of Lepidoptera,’ ‘ Protective Coloration and Defensive Structures of the Larve,’ and 
‘Classification.’ In the second part was considered ‘ The Sphingo-Micropterygid Stirps, Sub- 
families i, ii, iii, and iv,’ ‘ The Micropterygides,’ ‘The Nepticulides,’? ‘The Cochlidides,’ 
and ‘The Anthrocerides.’ The whole volume formed a most valuable treatise, so far as it went, 
on the order Lepidoptera, although primarily intended for British students. We received in 
due course the second yolume of this work, and regret that various events have delayed an earlier 
notice of so important a book. Following the plan adopted in vol. i, Mr. Tutt again divided 
the subjects in the second volume into two parts. The first is occupied by chapters on 
“ Metamorphosis in Lepidoptera,’ ‘ Incidental Phenomena relating to Metamorphosis,’ ‘ External 
and Internal Morphology of the Pupa,’ and ‘The Phylogeny of the Pupa.’ The second section is 
occupied by a continuation of the Sphingo-Micropterygid stirps, the subfamily v, Psychides, and 
commencement of subfamily vi, Lachneides, occupying the rest of the volume. There cannot be 
any doubt as to the amount of hard conscientious work put into this second volume by the author. 
The result is that the promise indicated in the first volume has been more than fulfilled towards 
forming a really fine book on the British lepidoptera. Of course, treated as has been the 
subject by the author, these two volumes by no means exhaust it, and we must expect much more 
from his pen before an end comes to his labours in this direction. Whilst contemplating the 
author’s task, what he has already done towards it, and the comparatively small leisure he has for 
this purpose, we are arrested by admiration, if not amazement, at his perseverance and dogged 
pertinacity. Added to these qualities, so necessary to the successful author, is that of originality, 
the valuable faculty of arranging the work of others, and, with his own, weaving a plan inde- 
pendently of previous writers. Such deviation from the beaten track is never popular with the 
older students of any subject, and especially is this so among the lepidopterologists, the most 
conservative of naturalists. Yet, in face of all opposition, Mr. Tutt has slowly won for himself 
the respect deserved by his work ; and, if not the whole of his audience are disciples, he has 
awakened among them a wider, more scientific, mode of thought and study than has hitherto 
obtained among them. We all know for how long tbe term ‘lepidopterist’ was but a synonym 
for collector, and how readily the more exact students in some other branches of science sneered 
at them for ‘moth-catchers.’ This is now passed, as there has arisen a numerous body of 
scientific lepidopterologists, of which the author of the volumes before us is the type. They will 
engender in the rising generatiou of students of this order, an entirely new system of work, as th 
realise that the identification and arrangement in cabinet drawers is but the smallest part of the 
duties of a good entomologist. The first portion of each of the two volumes issued, of Mr. Tutt’s 
work on British lepidoptera, forms an elaborate natural history of earlier stages of the order until 
we reach the pupa, which is most fully and scientifically considered. Any student following these 
chapters with thoroughness will have a liberal education upon insect metamorphosis. In 
addition, he will meet with comparative points, indicating the value of this knowledge, when 
studying the question of evolution of animals in the wider sense. With regard to the second 
portion of the volumes, the old arrangement and consideration of the lepidoptera have gone, and 
gone, we suspect, forever. Whether Mr. Tutt’s views are wholly accepted or not, he shows that, 
with the present wider knowledge of the order in the embryonic stages, the old classification, 
founded on the morphology of the perfect insects, is impossible. Therefore, the reader who will 
obtain this work must expect to be ‘shocked,’ if he be an old coilector; but the shocking should be 
for his benefit. In his treatment of subfamily v, the Psychides, we have by far the most 
comprehensive monograph on them yet written in the English language. Again, repeating our 
previous statement, the amount of good work done by Mr. Tutt in the 330 pages, devoted to the 
Psychides is astonishing. It is very pleasing to find the amount of support he has received from 
all parts of the continents of Europe and America. friends and strangers alike placing most valu- 
able information at hisservice. We have thus before us an unravelling of a most complicated 
subject. Here again will be found a rearrangement of facts of the utmost value in the study of 
evolution at large. This work is indispensable to all lepidopterists,’’—Joun T. CARRINGTON, 
F.L.S., Sczence GosszZ. December, 10901. 

‘*The second volume of this important work described by Mr. Merrifield (Zxtomologis7, April, 
1899), as being, ‘in comprehensiveness and fulness of detail on all points of interest to the biolo- 
gist, the systematist and the collector . . . , without a rival,’ has now been published. It 
consists of 584 closely printed demy octavo pages, on good paper and well-bound in cloth. It has 


xX. PRESS NOTICES OF VOL. II. 


an index consisting of thirty columns of references merely to the names of the species dealt with 
and referred to, and the whole book contains, not only a complete vzesumé of the families dealt 
with culled from all possible sources, but a large mass of original matter written by the author 
and those entomologists whose help he was fortunate to obtain. The book consists of two parts : 
(1) The introductory part (100 pages) containing chapters on ‘Metamorphosis in Lepidoptera,’ 
‘ Incidental phenomena relating to Metamorphosis in Lepidoptera,’ ‘The External Morphology of 
the Lepidopterous pupa,’ ‘The Internal Structure of the Lepidopterous pupa,’ and ‘ Phylo- 
geny of the Lepidopterous pupa.’ (2) The systematic part (469 pages) dealing with the species. 
In this section each species is described under a series of headings—Synonymy, Original 
description, Imago, Sexual dimorphism, Gynandromorphism (description of all known 
forms), Variation (with original descriptions of all known forms), Comparison with allied 
species, Egg-laying, Ovum, Habits of Larva, Larva, Variation of Larva, Comparison of 
Larva with those of allies, Cocoon, Double and Composite Cocoons, Variation in colour of 
Cocoons, Parasites, Food-plants, Habits and habitat, Pupal Habits and extended duration of 
Pupal Stage, Time of Appearance (details for phenological work), Localities (county lists for the 
British Islands), Distribution (classified lists under the countries in which the species occur). 
The headings just enumerated are those under which Lachzezs lanestris is described. In addition 
to most of these, there are other headings in the Psychides—Case, Puparium, Dehiscence of 
Pupa, &c. There are also full details of the superfamilies, families, subfamilies, tribes and genera 
under which the species have been described. The feature of this volume will be considered, 
undoubtedly, the very full and complete monograph of the Psychzides. This exceedingly interest- 
ing group has been hitherto practically unknown to British lepidopterists, and such authors as 
have dealt with it have largely copied their descriptions and notes from the Continental authorities, 
with the result that a very large proportion of the little that has been published about them in 
Britain is erroneous. In this work almost every British species of the Micro-Psychina, as well as 
the Macro-Psychina, has been worked out in detail, and there is no doubt that British 
lepidopterists will now be far ahead of their Continental brethren in their knowledge of the 
group, especially as in the Micro-Psychina the author has given a summary of the whole of the 
known Palzearctic species. A full consideration of their position with regard to their super- 
families and z7ferv se has been given, and the whole group has been so thoroughly overhauled that 
the work will be invaluable to Continental as well as British lepidopterists. The superfamily 
Lastocampides or Lachnetdes has been similarly treated. The whole of the family has been 
considered historically, and the positions of the various authorities discussed. With the exception 
of a few instances, the author finds himself in agreement with Aurivillius as to the names to be 
used, but the life-histories have had to be worked out de zovo, on modern lines, to determine the 
characters on which the classification of the group should be based. The work has been so 
arranged as to make the facts of the greatest possible use to the synonymist, the systematist, the 
biologist, phenologist, and the student of variation and distribution. At the same time the collector 
has unequal lists of food-plants, dates of appearance, full county lists, full account of the habits 
(larval and imaginal) and habitats, mode of pupation, &c., in such detail as has never been 
offered before. Help has been obtained from a very large number of our best lepidopterists at 
home and abroad. Lord Walsingham, Messrs. Durrant, Kirby and Prout are stated to be 
almost entirely responsible for the synonymy; Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. Bacot for the life- 
histories, descriptions of larvz, pupz, &c. Some 250 local and county lists have been overhauled 
and put together for the localities, which form a really good series of county lists. Special help 
has been obtained from those who know any species particularly well, whilst considerable help 
has also to be acknowledged from Messieurs Oberthiir, Dupont, and Dr. F. J. M. Heylaerts, of 
Breda. As the work can only be continued by the goodwill of subscribers, it is hoped that every 
entomologist who is anxious that we should have a series of books on British lepidoptera 
that shall be far in advance of anything before offered to the entomological public, and form a 
real work of reference, based on the lines of modern science, will support this undertaking, not 
su by becoming a subscriber, but also by inducing his friends to do so.’’—Extomologis?’s Record. 
uly, 1900. 

“Mon attention a été encore appelée spécialement sur la famille des Zygénides par 
Vapparition récente d’un ouvrage des plus importants di a un auteur anglais, M. J. W. Tutt. 
Dans le premier volume, paru in 1899, de sa Watural History of the British Lepidoptera 
(Londres, Sonnenschein and Co.). l’auteur n’a pas consacré moins de 163 pages d’un texte trés 
serré aux Zygénides. II] ne s’occupe, il est vrai, que des espéces britanniques, mais il étudie 
leurs variétés et Jeurs races méme continentales. Jamais, & ma connaissance, il n’avait été fait 
une étude aussi approfondie des Lépidoptéres, examinés minutieusement dans leur quatre états 
successifs ainsi qu’au point de vue des moeurs, de la répartition géographique et de l’habitat. 
ye renvoie a cet ouvrage ceux des lecteurs qui voudraient faire une étude approfondie de la 
amille des Zygénides.”?—(Professor) L. Duront, Les Zygénes de la Normandie. 1900. 

‘‘The first volume of Mr. Tutt’s great work on British Lepidoptera appeared in January, 
1899, and already the second volume is lying before us. Weare glad to find that the author has 
received so much encouragement that he is enabled to proceed with the book without delay, and 
in the most elaborate manner. The second volume is thicker than the first by no less than 24 
pages, and is similarly divided into two parts. The first part is divided into five chapters, of which 
the first two deal with metamorphosis in Lepidoptera, and the others with the external mor- 
phology, internal structure and phylogeny of the Lepidopterous pupa. The second part includes 
the Psychides eases into Micropsychina and Macropsychina) a catalogue of the Palzarctic 
Psychides, the first portion of the Lachneides and Index. The author has not only epitomized a 
large portionof the extensive literature relating to the various subjects, of which he treats, but 
has added a very large amount of entirely new and original matter derived from the observations 
of himself and his correspondents. No less than 334 pages of the second volume are devoted to the 
interesting but extremely difficult group of the Psychides, which is one of the most remarkable 
among the Lepidoptera. The females are almost always apterous, and, in some species, are almost 
destitute of legs and antennz as well, being thus reduced to the condition of mere helpless egg- 
bags. The larvze form cases for themselves on the plants on which they feed, somewhat resembling 
those formed by the larvz of caddis-flies (Trichoptera) to which some entomologists have con- 
sidered the Psychides to be allied. Here the pupa is formed, and the more helpless females never 
quit it but deposit their eggs within it. Another peculiarity is that parthenogenesis is so common 
in some of the species, especially in the genus Sodenodia, that you may go on breeding from the 
larva-like female for generation after generation, without even seeing a male, which greatly adds 
to the difficulty of satisfactorily separating and defining the species. Mr. Tutt has thoroughly 


PRESS NOTICES OF VOL. II. XI. 


_ revised this difficult group. His catalogue of the Palzarctic Psychides includes no less than rr 
‘families, 20 subfamilies, 36 genera (of which 8 are new) and 143 species, besides varieties, &c. 
Among the Psychides, Mr. Tutt places several genera which many previous authors have included 
in the Tineides, such as Dzplodoma, Lypusa, Melasina, Solenobita, Taleporia, &c. But if we 
exclude these we find that the Psychides proper, which a few years ago used to form a single 
family of three genera at most, and which were often included in one, has now expanded to four 
families comprising twelve sections and twenty-seven genera. This will appear to old-fashioned 
entomologists a terrible and unnecessary amount of subdivision, but, in most similar cases, the 
foresight of the author making the innovation is, sooner or later, largely justified by the judgment 
of his-successors. The natural history of each species is also Sareea out as exhaustively as 
possible; thus the account of Pachythelia villosella, Ochs., comprises more than eighteen 
closely-printed pages. The reprint of the original description of each genus and 
species, whether short or long, is a great assistance, especially as the original types 
of the genera are clearly indicated. Had this always been done, we should have been 
spared a tremendous amount of confusion, though few cases are quite so glaring as that of 
the genus @cophora, to which we may here allude, though it does not belong to any of the 
families that have yet been discussed by Mr. Tutt. . . . The remainder of the present volume 
is devoted to a portion of the Lachneides (or Lasiocampides), and the classification of Hiibner, 
Aurivillius, Dyar, and others are quoted in full. Only five species are dealt with, however, 1n the 
present volume—Poeczlocampa popult, Trichiura crataegt, Lachnezs lanestris, Malacosoma 
castrensis and M. neustria. Mr. Tutt estimates that the remaining five genera and six species 
of the superfamily Lachneides will occupy 200 pages of the next volume. In his remarks on the 
phylogeny of the Lachneides, we are pleased to see that, while freely expressing his own views, 
and criticising those of his predecessors, he puts them forward tentatively, and quite avoids the 
dogmatic tone assumed by certain writers on what must necessarily long remain one of the most 
dificult and uncertain problems in entomology—all the more go because, in lepidoptera at least, 
we have nothing but the barest fragments of any geological record to help us to verify any of our 
conclusions, and without this we are necessarily groping in the dark. Five of the seven plates in 
the present volume are devoted to Psychides—phylogeny, neuration, spurs, antennz, imagines 
and cases of Whzttleza vetiella, and the transformations of 7hyridopteryx ephemerazformts. 
Plate i is devoted to the wings, wing-scales, &c., of lepidoptera, and plate vii to Dyar’s phylogeny 
of the Lachneides. We can fully sympathise with what Mr. Tutt says in his preface about the 
difficulty of getting more matter into each volume; but yet we should like to suggest that it 
would be very useful to include in the Contents a list of the British genera and species discussed 
in each volume. As the number of these is very limited, this would require very little space, and 
would probably not involve the sacrifice of more than a single page.’”’—W. F. Kirsy, F.L.S., 
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. October, 1900. 


ellis LEPIDOPTERA. 


Superfamily VI: LACHNEIDES (continued). 
Family : LACHNEIDA. 
Subfam.: PACHYGASTRIINA. 


This subfamily has always been looked upon as a strictly typical 
Lachneid group. The early authors, however, did not separate it from 
the allied subfamilies, and we find it included by Schrank, in 1802, in his 
Lastwcampa, with most of the then known Lachneid species, and by Och- 
senheimer in section C of Gastropacha (where, however, Macrothylacia 
rubt is placed with Pachygastria trifolii, P. var. medicaginis and Lasio- 
campa quercis), whilst Germar included in his genus Laszocampa, such 
divergent species as dumeti, taraxact, rubt, quercis, medicaginis, lobulina, 
pint, neustria, castrensis, franconica and crataegz. Hubner was the first 
author to really separate the subfamily from the allied groups, and refer- 
ence to our previous quotation from Hubner’s Verzezchuntss (anted, vol. i1., 
pp. 450—451) will give that author’s views on the subject. He trans- 
fers the name Laszocampa to an Eutrichid group, and gives to the sub- 
family that we now have under consideration the name Fachygastriae, 
the first plural name applied to the group, and hence the one that we 
prefer to use in forming the subfamily and tribal names. He included 
in his genus Pachygastria the species ¢réfolit, spartit, guerctis and medica- 
gis. Meyrick unites (Handbook &c., p. 320) the species of this sub- 
family into a single genus, Zaszocampa, and diagnoses it as: 


Palpi short. Forewings: 6, 7, 8, approximated at base, 9 to termen. Hind- 


wings: 6 from angle of cell, 7 from upper margin before middle, 8 connected or anas- 
tomosing shortly with 7, 


Staudinger, in the recently-published 3rd edition of his Catalog, 
pp. 120-121, maintains this grouping also under the generic name 
Laswocampa. ‘Yhe characters which Aurivillius gives (/7zs, vil., p. 148) 
for the subfamily read as follows : 


ImAGo.—Eyes (weakly and not uniformly) haired; palpi short, not (or scarcely) 
extending beyond the forehead, shaggily-haired, the terminal joint distinctly haired, 
the hairs more appressed; legs medium; femora with long hairs; the front tibize 
anteriorly with appressed scales, posteriorly with long hairs; the middle and hind 
tibize long-haired all round, and armed terminally with two spurs; all the tarsi with 
appressed scales. Wings with margin entire or slightly wavy, with moderately long 
to short fringes. Forewings with costa almost straight, or slightly arched behind the 
middle, hind margin straight, outer margin more or less arched, and apex rounded ; 
hindwings with costa arched at the base, afterwards straight, and outer margin more 


2 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


or less strongly rounded. Neuration: discoidal cell of all wings closed; the “ closing- 
nervure ”’ of the forewings broken in the middle, that of the hindwings broken near 
the front angle. Forewings with 12 nervures : 2—5 separately out of the middle cell, 
6—8 either all free out of the front angle of the middle cell or 6 and 7 (decolorata, 
staudingert) with very short stalk, or 8 out of 9 and 10 (salomonis), 9 ne 10 with a 
common stalk, which is always much (3 to 5 times) shorter than the free part of the 
nervures, 11 free out of the costa, 2—9 run into the outer margin. Hindwings with 8 
nervures : 2—5 free out of the middle cell, 6 out of the front angle of the cell, 7 arising 
before the middle of the upper margin of the cell; 8 approaches 7 for some distance 
behind the commencement of the latter, and anastomoses with it either a longer or 
shorter distance, or is joined to it by a short obliquely-placed transverse nervure 
The basal cell is consequently moderately large, and extends almost as far outwards 
as the front angle of the middle cell ; trom it, no distinct supplementary nervures run 
towards the costa. Antennz, ¢, strongly pectinated; ¢ , with short pectinations or 
nearly simple, with scarcely noticeable pyramidal teeth (stawdingeri), Abdomen uni- 
formly-haired without anal wool. Wings in stawdingeri, aborted, very short, in the 
rest of the species longer in the ¢ thaninthe ¢. Flies June to August. LARVA 
The tull-grown larva densely and uniformly-haired ; the hairs consist both of longer 
erect ones and of shorter ones bent in different directions. The hairs cover the whole 
upper side, and leave only the front and hind margin of each segment free; there, on 
this account, the colour and markings of the skin are very distinct ; head varying from 
yellow-brown to brown, with dark markings. or blue-grey with light markings. 
Pupa : Thin-shelled, yellow-brown in colour, without ana! hooks, in a firm and thick 
parchment-like cocoon, which is without an ‘‘ athemloch ” or ‘* breath-hole.” 


There are, in this subfamily, two well-defined tribes: (1) The 
Pachygastrid?, including the species so generally known as the Lasio- 
campids (sezs. strict.) and divisible into three genera—Lasiocampa (type 

is), Aurivillia* (t adecolorat Pachygastri trofolit 
guercis), Aurtvillia ype decolorata), Fachygastria (type trifoliz). 
(2) The Lambessidi, with only one genus—Zambessa (type staudinge?t ). 
These subdivisions are well shown in the tabulation proposed by Auri- 
villius (/7@s, vil., pp. 150—151), which reads as follows: 

A. Female with developed wings and shortly-pectinated antenne. 

a. Forehead and front tibiz unarmed ; front tibiz longer than the first tarsal 

joint—guercis, grandis, serrula. 

6. Forehead with a corneous protuberance. 

1. Front tibize at the tip unarmed, as long as first tarsal joint—decolorata, 
datini, davidis. 

2. Front tibize at the tip armed with a distinct spine, shorter (or at least not 
longer) than the first tarsal joint—¢7¢foli, josua, eversmanni, nana, 
concolor. 

B. Female with undeveloped wings, and with nearly simple (unpectinated) antenne ; 
forehead and front tibize armed—staudingert. 

Of these groups we have in Britain representatives of A, sect. a— 
quercis, and A, sect. 6—/trifoliz, ‘The former species is the type of the 
genus Lasiocampa, the second of the genus Fachygastria. Christoph 
gives (Stett. Ent. Zeit., Xxvil., pp. 240—242) a note on Pachygastria 
eversmanni, in which he states that it is a distinct species, and that he 
inclines to believe vatamae and ferrenit to be varieties of this rather than 
of P. ¢rifolit, while he also is inclined to consider cocles a distinct 
species. 

Gynandromorphism must be exceedingly prevalent in this sub- 
family, if the known examples of 7% achyeastria trifolt and Lastocampa 
guercis may be considered as offering rat oo for generalisation, 
Schultz alone records (///us. Zeits. fiir Ent,, ii., p. 494, and iii., p.-3rt) 
no less than 31 gynandromor phous'ee examples, 77z., Pachygastria t Ye: 53 


* Diagnosed by Asriealiane as: ‘* Forehead witha corneous protuber ance. F ront 
tibia at the tip un: irmed, as long as first tarsal joint.” There is, we know, a genus 
Aurivilliana, Dist., but we consider this name sufficiently distinct, 


PACHYGASTRIINEA, S 


P. trifolii and var. medicaginis 1, P. trifolii var. medicagints 1, Lasiocampa 
quercis 24. We have added, in our detailed account of the species, 
others not noted by Schultz. Standfuss states (Handbuch &c., p. 57) 
that Wagner has hybridised Laszocampa querctis 8 Xx fachygastria 
trifolii 2 and obtained a female from the cross. ‘This we would call 
Lasiocampa hybr. wagnert.  Bouskell records the laying of a few 
parthenogenetic eggs by a 2 of P. ¢rifoli (antea, vol. i., p. 29). 

The subfamily is, so far as is known, a small one, and confined to 
the Palearctic area, the species extending (with only one or two excep- 
tions) no great distance north or south of the Mediterranean, but 
travelling further eastward: into Central Asia. 


Tribe : PACHYGASTRIIDI. 


This tribe, as we have already said, includes the typical Lasio- 
campids and has three Palearctic genera—Fachygastria, Lasiocampa and 
Aurivillia. It excludes the Laméessid7, typified by Lambessa staudingert, 
in which the female is more or less apterous. ‘The genera are highly 
specialised, and form a branch apparently quite distinct from the 
Eutrichids, and having no close relationship with JZacrothylacia, with 
the species of which those representing the Pachygastriid genera have 
been included, even in the same genus. 


Genus: PACHYGASTRIA, Hubner. 


eee. —Crenus -. -Lachyrastria, Eb.. “ Verz.,” p. 186 (21822); Tutt, 

pebidis ep... i1., pp. 436, 439,.458, ef seg. (1900) ; Bacot, ‘abibt Sabmtylep:,” ily. 
p- 439 ae es Schiff., ‘* Schmett. Waent, 0-057 (1775)50 habs <* Mant. 
= patie (1707); “int. Syst.,’ " ill., I, p. 423 (1 793); View., “Tab, ietzance 

iD 45 (07 89) ; Poe. eee TI, GremiMen: aXtXe. pl. ARI (OA) 5 Eb “tla epas 
iii. Pbomb. u., Vers, P. a..1 (? 1800); “ Eur. SchmMett.; (i. fig. 170 (P 1803) > “text 
p- 143 (? 1805) ; lll., eS Ysts WELZg WICK Ms CAulISo.. 12 p. Elo (L601) > Selrks, 
“Faun. Boica,”’ ii., Abth. Pepe 2 if wOOl)blawe,. 4 ep. bit. .’: pt. 1. pi.63 (1802))- 
adine tlist. Nat.,”’ 1v., p. 99 (1822) ; Bdv., “Eur. Lep. Ind. Meth.,” p. 48 (1829) ; 
pelcenes,”” p. 158, pl. Ixv., fig. 2 (circ. 1840); ‘‘ Icon. Chenilles,”’ pl. v., fig. 3 (cere. 
eon (Gen.et Ind. Meth.,”’ p. 71 (1840); Dup., ‘* Hist. Nat..” supp. it, p: 85 
fice). tcon. des Chenilles,” i, pl. iv., fig..2 (cz7cl 1840 2); “Cat. Méth.,” p. 78 
fist4);) Bin., “ Neu. Beit.” pl. 434 (1844) ; Boh., ‘‘ Vet. Ak. Handl.,” 1848, p. 141 
Mene)e oraid., “Cat...” 1st ed., p..29 (F86n); 2nd ed., p. 68 (1871); ** Hor. Soc. 
finiceinoOss.,.” Xiv., p. 357 (1879) ; Snell. “We Wilmd:,: p. 184 (1667); Berce .o Haun. 
irane..”’ ii., p. 189 (1868) ; Nolck., “Lep. Ensebsty, 7? 1s; P. A (1868) ; Newm., 
“« Brit. Moths,” p. 44 (1869) ; Wallgrn., ‘‘Skand. Het. Fyar.,’ p. 65 (1869) ; Cuni 
y Mart., “ Cat. Lep. Barc., "ip: 68 (1874) ; Guén., ‘* Lép. Eure- oe ‘Loin? ps o2 (1875) ; 
mail «Cat. Lép. Alp.-Mar.,’ pews (1875) ; Curd, Bulle Soc. Ent. Ital.,”” viii., 
Pat50( 1576) ; Frey, ‘‘ Lep. ‘Schweiz,’ p- 96 (1880) ; Lampa, ‘‘ Ent. Tids. : » p- 
a (1885) ; Jordan, ‘‘Schmett. N.-W. Deutsch.,”’ p. G6 (1886) ; Ruhl, « Soc. Ent.. 

ep. hy : (Geni. Tutt, <“But. Moths, ? p. 56 (1896) ; Reutti, “« Lep. Bad., 2nd ed., 
4 57 (1898). Phalaena (- -Lombyx), Esp., ‘< Schmett. Duis, Alte. POs pl. XY, figs, 
eai7os); Will), inn. Ent.;” u., p: 136 (1789) ; Bkh., « Sys. Besch., AOR 88 
R790); ‘ Rhein. Mag.,” 1., p. 363 (1793). Phalaena, Lewin, ‘ ‘ Trans. “inn. ‘Soc., e 
lil., p. 3, pl. ii., figs. 1—4 (1797). Aan Schrank, ‘¢ Faun. Boica,’ Abth, 
2 D. 154 (1802); Germ, “Bomb. Spec: ti:,\p. 47 (1812); Leach, «Edin. ieee 
pets2 (1815); Oken, «© Lehrb. Naturg.,’ Dd. FO ous) Cure. spt. Ent. iii, 
pl. 181 and expl. (1827) : Mamide ss: -V42 (hO20) st pus. <° Wl saust.,"* 1s p39 
be25)-°° Cat. Brit. Ins.,’’ p. 46 (1829); SOISt An: Br. ee is ed.,-p: 46 
(1850); 2nd ed., p. 42 (1856) ; Meig., ‘Eur. Schmett.,”’ i1., p. 197 (1830) ; Wood, 
“Ind. Ent., « p. 21 oes Al (1839) : Humph. and We Brit, Moths,’”’ p. 58 
(? 1843); Sta., Re Man.,” ep Ou lies (1857); Eumph., “ Gen. Brit, Moths.” p. 24 (1860); 
evmlos ° Cat. Lép. And.,’’ p. 357 (1266) ; Bang-Haas, eNat aids...) (Bye ix. p: BE 
(1874); Buckl., ‘‘ Larve, &c.,”’ ii1., p. 78 (1889); Strém, “ Danm. Somm..,”’ p. 20 
(asgm)s) Karby, ‘‘Cat.,” p. 828 (1892); Meyr., ‘‘ Handbook, &c.,” p. 321 (1895) ; 
Pity, MAS.”* Vil., p. 151 (1894); Barr., *‘ Brit. Lep.,”’ p. 21. pl. xc (1896) ; Dyar, 
mean int), XXx.,.p. 5 (1698); Grote, Illus. Zeits. fir Ent.,” ii., p- 70 (1898) ; 


4 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Tutt, ‘‘ Proc. Sth. Lond. Ent. Soc.,” 1898, pp. 1 e¢ seg. (1898) ; Staud., ** Cat.,’’ 3rd ed., 
p. 121 (1901). Lombrx, Latr., *‘ Hist. Nat.,”’ xiv., p. 178 (1805). Gastropacha, Ochs., 
‘Die Schmett.,” iil., p. 262 (1810) ; Evers., ‘‘ Faun. Volg.-Ural.,” p. 153 (1044) 
H.-Sch., ‘ Sys. Bearb.,” ii., p. 107 (1847) ; Heyden., ‘‘ Lep. Eur. Cat. Meth.,”’ ed. 3, 
p- 26 (1851) ; Speyer, “‘ Geog. Verb.,”’ i., p. 412 (1858); ii., p 288 (1862); Hein., 
‘* Schmett. Deutsch.,’’ p. 206 (1859) ; Auriv., ‘* Nord. Fjar.,” p. 63 (1889). Bombyx 
(-Lastocampa), Led., ** Verh. z.-b. Wien,” ii. Abh., p. 75 (1853). Zreocampa, Rbr., 
“*Cat. Lép. And.,”’ pl. v., figs. 1—2 (1858). 


The genus is diagnosed (Verz., p. 186) by Hiibner as follows: 


Die Schwingen mit einem weissen Punkt und auch die Senken mit einem breiten 
hellen Streif bezeichnet.—Pachygastria trifolit, Schiff., ‘* Verz.,” Bom. K., 4; Hiibn., 
 Bom.,” 171. £. spartiz, Hubn., ““Bom.,” 173, 2242 - P. quercis, Naim ee 
Phal.,”’ 222; Hitibni,,‘“Bom.,” 172, 225. P: medicaginis, Ochs., “schmi aaeneenee 
Etiibn, «Bom. 204. 

Hubner’s genus, as here diagnosed, is heterotypical, and we have 
already pointed out (av/ed, vol. 11., p. 450) that ¢77foli, owing to the 
elimination of guwercts as the type of Laszocampa, becomes the residuary 
type of FPachygastria. At the time of the publication of Hubner’s 
Verzeichniss, Latreille and Germar’s restrictions of Laszocampa (vide, loc. 
cit., pp. 449—450) had left only three possible types of this genus, 77z., 
guercus, neustria, and castrensis. In this work, Hubner created the 
practically monotypical genus AJalacosoma for castrensis, neustria, &c. 
(the divergent /o/z, which he included, not agreeing with the generic 
diagnosis), while, from this removal of castrensis and neustria, they 
ceased to be possible types of Laszocampa, and left guercis the resid- 
uary type of the genus. But this determination at once removed 
guercis as a possible type of Pachygastria, and left ¢rzfola the residuary 
type of the latter genus. 

The European species belonging to this genus are /7<folz, Esp., 
Josua, Staud., eversmanni, Evers., nana, Staud., and concolor, Christ. ‘The 
first of these is the only species obtained in Britain, where it is extremely 
local, but often abundant in its restricted haunts. It is especially 
interesting from the tendency it exhibits to form local races, and at the 
same time the minor variations in individual specimens are so numer- 
ous as to make it almost polymorphic, and between the pure yellow- 
coloured extremes of ab. flava, n. ab., and the purely dark red-brown 
extremes of ab. rufa, n. ab., there is exhibited a great range of colour- 
variation. It may be further noted that whilst the unicolorous forms are 
also extreme from the point of view of having no markings whatever, 
and remind one of the unicolorous females of Zachnets and JZalacosoma, 
others have exceedingly well-developed transverse lines, in all the 
typical forms of each colour aberration. Aurivillius treats (/77s, vil., 
p. 151) grandis, which Rogenhofer described as a variety of P. ¢7¢folzz, 
as a distinct species belonging to the genus Zaszocampa. Christoph’s 
note, already referred to, does not conclusively prove that PP. evers- 
mannt may not be really a local form of P. ¢vifolt7. It is somewhat like 
eastern European examples of /. ¢vifolii var, ¢terreni, in build, colour and 
general appearance, the females, however, scarcely larger than the 
males. One female example from Sarepta (in the Brit. Museum coll.) 
is suffused, inclining to buff, and reminds one a little of the peculiar 
tint of true P. ¢rifolit var. ratamae. 

The eggs of the species of this genus are broadly oval (often but 
little removed from oblong in outline). The surface is shiny, and 
aparently smooth, but, under a lens, is seen to have a very fine poly- 


PACHYGASTRIA. a 


gonal reticulation with minute black points at the angles. Observers are 
divided as to whether the eggs (of P. ¢rifoliz) be laid loosely or attached 
to a stem of a plant (zzde, posted), but in Lastocampa (quercis) the 
eggs appear always to be scattered whilst the female is on the wing. 
The newly-hatched larva of Pachygastria is stated (vide, anted, vol. 11., 
p. 461) to be quite a moult behind Laszocampa when it hatches from the 
egg, judged by the character of the warts, so that the latter genus 
appears to have had at least a moult thrust back upon that period of 
development that takes place in the egg. Writing of the generic 
claims of Pachygastria, Bacot observes: ‘The first larval. stages of 
Lymantria monacha and Porthetria dispar are structurally identical and 
only differ slightly in size and colour, and yet, taking into account 
all the allied European and exotic species, they certainly represent 
two well-marked groups, each of which is distinctly of generic value, 
and many. parallel cases might be quoted. If this be granted, and 
the very close similarity between the larve of Odonestis pruni and 
Lutricha quercifolia in their hybernating instars be no bar to their 
being placed in separate genera (and the action of all the authorities 
supports this), we may conclude that differences in the first larval instar 
are, in the Lachneid group, of great importance, and of generic value. 
I consider, therefore, that guercis and ¢rzfoliz should be placed in 
separate genera, the larve in their first stages being quite distinct” 
(in ltt.). ‘The adult larva of Pachygastria (trifolit) also shows several 
structural peculiarities, but its mode of life is so different from that of 
Laswcampa (quercis) that one expects some variation in response to 
environment. Both genera have similar cocoons, and the pupe are of 
the same squat type, but Aurivillius, as we have already pointed out 
(anted, p. 2), finds characters of the imagines which further serve to 
separate Pachygastria from Lastocampa. 

The Pachyvgastria species are limited largely to that portion of the 
Palearctic area that runs from France and Spain eastwards to Central 
Asia in about the latitude of the former countries, and are localised as 
follows: TZvfoli (southern and central Europe, southern Sweden, 
Livonia, Asia Minor, Transcaspia, Palestine, Syria, and Mauretania), 
josua (Palestine), eversmanni (the Russian steppe district, Armenia, 
Pontus, Taurus, Syria, Issyk Kul district, and Fergana), ana (north- 
east Persia and Central Asia), concolor (north-east Persia). P. tréfoliz 
has the widest range, and extends somewhat to the north and south 
of the general area indicated. 

In order that one may have the necessary means of comparison, 
we append the original descriptions of the non-British species: 

1. Yosua, Staud., * Iris,” viil., p. 296, pl. v., fig. 8 (1896).—From pupz whose 
Jarvee Herr J. Paulus found last year in the Jordan valley, we bred here in the 
autumn some 20 specimens of this new species. Herr Paulus writes me that this form 
must, in his opinion, especially according to the larva, be distinct from all other species 
found by him in Palestine. As the 2. joswa has a large spur on its short front tibize, 
like &. ¢r¢foldi and its varieties, Prof. Aurivillius considers it must be a variety thereof. 
But I hold bathseba from Palestine, which has like front tibize, and is much more like 
trifoliz, to be its local form there. Also the specimens from Palestine, which I have 
placed as terreni (?), may belong as aberrant specimens to bathseba (therefore to 
trifoliz). But that zoswa cannot be a local form of the Jordan valley is proved by two 

g specimens of it captured near Jerusalem, which I years ago placed as a separate 
form, but would not describe from these two specimens alone. In size B. josua varies 
from 45 to 63 mm., the gs mostly 45—49mm., the ?s50—55 mm. The principal 
difference of B. joswa from all other allied species is that its brown forewings are 


, 


6 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


densely yellowish dusted, that they have a sharply defined, light basal patch, 
acutely running outwards, and a sharply expressed light outer band. The latter is 
continued (almost always) egually distinctly on the brown hindwings. In particular 
the distinct light basal patch, mostly produced into two points, is not present thus 
(pointed) in any similar species. When in the light varieties of bathseba and ratamae 
a light outer band is present (which is rarely the case), it does not stand out so sharply 
on all the wings as in joswa, and is not curved in somewhat S-form, as in that species. 
ihe sor? of B. josua are far more densely light-sprinkled than the ¢ ¢, occasionally 
they are on the forewings predominantly light. In these specimens the light basal patch 
is narrowly brown margined, but also pr olonged into a point; the light outer band is 
here internally sharply dark margined (as mostly i in bathseba when it there occurs). 
Only in the smallest (somewhat rubbed) very pale ? josza is the light outer band on 
the upper side of the hindwings hardly perceptible at all. In all (yosza) there is a dis- 
tinct light, dark-margined central spot on the forewings. The underside is in most 
specimens predominantly pale (only in some males the brown colour predominates) ; the 
outer marginal part (behind the light band) is predominantly brown, intersected by the 
light nervures. There seems to me no doubt that this 2. joswa must be a distinct 
species from bathseba, since I have not received, among a great number of the latter, 
a single specimen which even approximately forms a transition to joswa. Whether 
Herr Paulus will really succeed in establishing constant differences between the larvae, 
appears to me doubtful. The larvee of var. vatamae, found by me in abundance at 
Cadiz, vary quite extraordinarily—much more than the very variable moths bred from 
them (Staudinger). 

2. Eversmanni, Evers., “ Bull. Mosc.,’’ 1843, i., pp. 542—4, pl. x., figs. 2a 
—¢e.—a. Gasteropacha alz anticee supra ochraceo-lute, cillis, striga externa modice 
flexuosa punctoque medio ferrugineis; hoc albo- pupillato ; posticee ferrugineze, 
unicolores. 3. Ale anticee spatio inter strigam et basin ferrugineo, postice luteo. 
Comes near Gasteropacha medicaginis or trifolii, but differs in the yellow colour of 
the forewings and especially in the ferruginous or cinnamon stripe, not yellowish; the 
stripe is therefore darker than the ground colour, while in G. medicaginzs it is paler, 
and is slightly flexuous, parallel with the outer margin. The yellow colour of the fore- 
wings does not differ much from that of ¢ G. potatoria ; the ferruginous colour of hind- 
wings hardly differs from ¢ G. medicaginis, except in being somewhat paler. Differ- 
ence in size between the g¢ and ? much less than in the “related species; ¢ differs 
from ¢ in rather paler colour. In variety (8 the space between the base and the ferru- 
ginous stripe is filled up with ferruginous, the yellow colour only remaining at the 
posterior margin [/.e., inner margin] of wings. Larva differs from those of all the 
allies : fuscous with bluish incisions, short ferruginous hairs, fulvous-spotted beneath, 
laterally striped with yellow, anterior segments above varied with red. Feeds on 
Caragana frutescens. Pupates end of June, imago appears after the middle of August. 
Inhabits Ural and southern Altai districts (Ev ersmann). 

3. Nana, Staud., ‘‘ Stett; Ent. Zeit.,”’ xlviii., p: 99 (1887). Aerez, Ci eee 
XXil., p. 309 (1888).—Haberhauer sent me four bred females from Mar gelan, unfortu- 
nately in part somewhat crippled, which can only be a dwarf form of eversmannit.* 
They measure 33—38 mm., consequently are only as large as ¢ meustria or castrensts. 
My largest eversmannii ¢ measures 55 mm., my strikingly smallest from Sarepta only 
40mm. These var. zava of Central Asia either show no trace of the narrow brownish 
outer band of the forewings, or, where (in two specimens) it is just faintly perceptible, 
it stands immediately behind the median cell (thus about the middle of wing) and is 
connected with a very faint brownish, light, granulated spot at the end of median 
cell, only showing in one of the four ¢s. It is very instructive that also in my small 
Sarepta ? of eversmanni this brown band is brought back much further inwards, 
close against the brown central spot. The distance of such bands from the outer 
margin or central spot has very frequently been used in descriptions as a specific 
difference (Staudinger Jp Christoph, under the name of ers’, diagnosed both sexes 
(Horae Ross., XxXil., 309) as: “ ¢ @. Ochracea; ale antice striga obliqua 
obsoleta punctogque edie ferrugineis. Long. aleant. ¢ 16mm., ? 19 mm. Dis- 
tinguished from 2 eversmanni by the more elongated wings—with a more oblique 
transverse line, much more shortly pectinated antenna, and very different larva, 
Schahrud. The larva in May on Lyciwum barbarum.” 

4. Conevlor, Christoph, “ Iris,’ vi., p. 88 (1893). Proxima Lombyx herzi, 
Christoph (=zana, Staud.). Alis ochraceis, venis leviter brunnescentibus ¢ ¢. 
Long. ala ant. ¢ 15 mm. 9? zo mm. Hyreania—Schahrud. 

* Nana was here described by Staudinger as a var, of eversmanni. He later 
considered it to be a distinct species. 


PACHYGASTRIA TRIFOLII. 7 


PACHYGASTRIA TRIFOLII, Schiffermuller. 

SyNONYMY, aero Lrifolit, (Schiff.], “ Schmett. Wien.,’” p. 57 (1775) 3 
Hsp. ot Eur. , p- 97, pl. xv., figs. pa (4793) Brahm, “ness: -New. 
Mae, iil..pp.. 151, op | eae Fab., “ Mant., hes iL, no. 46 (1787) ; Soronts 
ee ii Bis (1p: 423, Do. oe 793); View., Tab. Vers. ee SBu (1709) = wi Ley, 
Penn. nt...” u., p. 13 36 (17 89) ; Bkh., a Syss besch., Ul, pp 88 — gO, no. 23 (1790) ; 
“ithein. Mag.,” Ley P- 363 (1793); "Panz., SOT: Gees A eX UN oD ies EXOT (LOA 
Hb., ‘‘ Larve Lep.,”’ iti., Bomb. i1., P @., figs. ta—6 (cére. 1800) ; «Eur, Schmett.,” 


ft, pl. RIX, Lie. 17 I (? 1803) ; p. WAST (ESOS) iss MeIZ 7 pal too (2 1822) ; Tie 
syst. Verz. Wien., Th. Ausg., Ie LOn LOO) eS Chit ics “ oe Hee Ns x , Abth. 
Eeap. 277 (1801) ; Abth, Zeaemts Ae (LOO2) is. tabias “bast; Nat, Sepa Zon hoOs) 


Sens Die Schmett.,”’ ii., pa 202i TSO) 5 Germ., ** Bomb. Shea? i., p-47 (S42) ; 
Leach, ‘* Edin. Encycl.,” ix., p. 132 (1815); Oken, ‘* Lehrb. Naturg.,”” p. 707 eee 
ode. bist; Nat.,’’ 1v., p 99 (1822) ; Curt., “ Brit. Ent,,”’ expl. pl. 181 (1827) 
emide, p.'142 (1829) . Sips. <0, Haust.,” isp 3O)( LOZO) eal ate Iotles tse. 
Beeoio29); List Br. An. Br. Mus.,” v., 1st ed., p. 46 (1850); 2nd ed-, p. 42 
(1856); Bdv., ‘Eur. Lep. Ind. Meth.,”’ p. 48 (1829); ** Icones,” p. 158, pl. Ixv., 
eee (erretO40); °* Icon. Chen.,”’ pl. v., fig..3 (crc. 1840); ‘* Gen. et Ind:,” p. 71 
eto) Meis.. *¢ Kur’ Schmett.,’’ 11., p. 197 “(1 oe Dupe, “alist Nat, eistipp. ie. 
Paes (0636) ; ~‘ Icom: des Chen.,’’ u., pl. iv., fig. 2 (cire. NGAG) eC ata Neth. Dp. 710 
eet ca Wood, “Ind. Ent.,’’ p. 24, fig. 41 (1839); Humph. & Westd., *‘ Brit. 
Mipths, pp! 55 (° 1643); -F rr, “< Neu. Beit.” pl..434 (1844); H.-Sch., <‘ Sys Bearb.,”’ 
Ho p- 107 (1847); Guén., «Ann. Soc. Ent. Ei ps A5On(1S50) 726° Cat IWep., Bire- 
et-Loir,’’ p. 82 (1875) ; Bohs Wet. Ak: Hand.,’ 18485 p: la (0850); Eleyd..*“Lep: 
Peat. Meth.,”? ed. 3. p. 26 (1851) ; Led., °° Verh. z.-b. Wiens; 7 ii:,.p- 75) (1853) 3 
Selys, ‘* Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. » 1, p- 58 (1857) ; Stay. | Mame ioe Pa 53) (Losi 5 
Spey. = Gaeor., Verb. Schmett., =, D412 (1853); M., p. 296 (1862) Hein., <*Schmett. 
Deutsch ,”’ p. 206 (1859) ; eae “Gent Brit. Moths;i7-p. 245(1360)). (Staud:, 
medi cd. 1, p. 29 (1801); ed. 2,.p. 68 (1871); ed. 3, ps 121 {1901) ; ** Hor. Soc, 
ities. Oss. XIV., P- 357 (1979); Kbr., ‘Cat. Lép. And.,”’ p. 357 (1866); Snell., ‘« De 
Wlind.,” p. 184 (1867); Berce, “‘ Faun. Frang¢.,”’ i., p. 189 (1868); Nolck., “Lep. Fn. 
steep. 127 (1863); W. allyrn., ‘« Skand... Het. eee ies Os OS (1869)); Newm., 
eee, Tl., p-, 291 (1865) ; ‘« Brit. Moths,” p. 44 (1869); Bang-Haas, ‘* Nat. Tids.,”’ 
tx, -p- 412 (1 1874); Cunt y Marta! Cat-iep. are. :p.105 (1874); Vine Cate leen: 
Ape WVlat.,, p- 143 (1675); Curd, ‘* Bull. Soc. Ent. ‘Ttal., 7 NMI. 5 Pe 150 (1876) ; Frey, 
pecs Scuweiz,.” p. 96 (1880) ;- Oberth., ‘ Et. Ent.,” Mie OA LOOM) en Orde, 
««Schmett. N.-W. Deutsch.,” p. 96 (1886) ; Failla-Ted., “ Nat. Sicil.,” vii., p. 230 
(1888); Buckl., ‘‘ Larvee, &c.,” ii., p. 78, pl. xlvil., fig. 1 (1889); Auriv., «Nord. Fjar.,”’ 
Bos (1co9)); <6 Ins,’ vil-, p. 151 (1994); Strom, “ Danm. Somm.,’’ p. 20 (189%); 
Pen S0C. Ent." yv., p. 178 (1893); ~- iXirby, “‘Cat.,’? p. 628 (1892); Meyr., 
ppulandinke,’7p. 321 (1895); Lutt, ‘ brit. Moths,” p. 50 (1890) eTOCs Stik om: 
Bij SOC., PP 1 ec seq. (1898) ; Barr. , ** Lep. brit., Ds Zilae PlaexCa(LOOO) is 
yar << Can. Pnt.,” xxx., p.-5 (1898); Grote, “Tllus. Zeits. fir Ent.,” lll., p. 70 (1898) ; 
Pveutti, “‘ Lep. Bad.,” 2nd ed., p. 57 (1898). PD WILELL Se EMCSSa5 jes VieWZen en 1.315 Os 
Meet 75). Ouvercus, Sepp, “’ Ned. Ins.,” 1., “st. 4, p. 59, pl.-13—14 (? 1777). 
Onobrichis,* Gladb., ‘‘ Nam. und Preis.,” s.p. (1778) ; Kuhn, ‘ Kurze Anleitung,” 
Eeeerepa 2. (1783). _ 77vfolus, Waw., “* Lep. Brit:,” p. 83, no. 6 (1803). 
ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.—|Sect.: Larvae Villosae. Ph. Bombyces 
Centropunctae. ‘The larve have on the segments short complicated 
furry hairs. The transformation takes place above ground, in the first 
two species (fofatoria, rubi) in soft- and in the other species in hard- 
shelled cylindrical coverings. The moths are tongueless, have large 
rounded wings, mostly with a whitish central spot and one or two 


* Onobrichis, Linnei, Gladb., ‘‘ Namen-und-Preissverzeichniss,” 1778. With 
reference to Rosel, Band i., Taf. 354, *‘ Der rare Quittenvogel.” [Reprinted 
iieecions “° Kurze Anieitung,” &c., ed. 2 (1783),-p. 121. Zeller -(Stett. Ent. 
Zelt., Xvi., p. 94) called attention to Gladbach’s ‘‘ Name and Price Cata- 
logue,” in which an early, though crude, attempt was made to supply a Linnean 
nomenclature to Kosel and Kleemann; the name onobrichis may perhaps be 
considered inadmissible on the ground of the erroneous addition of ** Linnei,”’ but 
it is to be feared that the right of priority will have to be accorded to some of 
Gladbach’s names. which are properly formed. Werneburg and others refer 
Rosel’s figures (pl. 35a) to the medicaginis form of trifolii ( (Prout). ] 


8 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


transverse stripes—fotatoria, L., rubi, L., guercis, L., trifoli, dumetz, L., 
and Jlobulina.| Wiesenkleespinner Raupe (Z7ifolz pratens.). La 
Chenille du Gazon, * Réaum. Wiesenkleespinner—Z. ¢rzfoli (Schiffer- 
muller), The earliest description of this species is that of Esper, 
which reads as follows: ‘* Phalaena (Bombyx) al. revers. trifoli. Der 
Kleespinner. Phalaena Bomb. eling. al. revers. rufis, superioribus 
puncto albo, lineaque repanda livida, Syst. Vers. der Schmett. der Ween. 
Gegend, Fam. K, Bomb. trifoliz, Wiesenkleespinner.—Das ist derjenige 
Falter, den man fur die Ph. dumeti gehalten, wie ich schon.in Besch- 
reibung der letztern Gattungen erwahnt. Nach zuverlassigen Nachrich- 
ten haben die Verfasser des Wvzen. Verz. obstehenden Namen von der 
gewohnlichen Futterpflanze, dieser Phalane ertheilt. Ausser Roseln, 
der sie zuerst in Abbildung geliefert, ist solche den Beobachtungen 
vieler Kenner entgangen. Man hat sie sogar mit der Ph. guercis fur 
einerley gehalten. Rosel hatte den Unterschied sehr sorgfaltig 
angegeben. Ich weiss seinen ausftihrlichen Bemerkungen nichts 
hinzuzusetzen. Doch nach neueren Beobachtungen sind noch einige 
Umstande beyzufiigen. Wir finden die Raupe in Wiesen. Sie 
nahret sich besonders von dem Wegrich, dem Klee, und andern nie- 
deren Gewachsen. Auf Stauden und Baumen haben wir sie niemalen 
angetroffen. Doch vermuthlich mochte sie sich in ihrem ersten Alter, 
wie die Raupe der P’. rub da enthalten. Man kann sie wenigstens 
mit Baumblattern gleichfals erziehen. Sie ist schon im May vorhanden, 
und sonach hat sie sicher den Winter, nach einer oder der andern 
abgelegten, Hautung in diesem Stande zugebracht. Doch ist sie auch 
spater und vielleicht nach der zweyten Erzeugung den Sommer hindurch 
vorhanden. In hiesiger Gegend ist sie etwas selten, in Franken aber, 
besonders bey Uffenheim, haufiger anzutreffen. Der Unterscheid von 
der Raupe der Ph. guercts ist auffallend genug. Sie ist nicht so 
geschlank gebaut, und im Verhaltniss der Lange um vieles dicker. 
Die Haare sind kirzer, und etwas steif. Sie ist mehr olivengelb, als 
fuchsroth gefarbt. Die weisse Seitenstreife stehen auf den Ringen etwas 
schrege in abgesonderten Parthien. Rosel hat sie zu gerade gebildet. 
Im jugendlichen Alter, in welchem ich nach der vierten Figur eine 
Abbildung beygefiigt habe, ist sie von sehr veranderter Farbe. Sie ist 
hellgelb, mit schwarzen Punkten gezeichnet, und gegen die untere Seite 
weissgrau. Nach ihren Kunsttrieben und nattrlichen Eigenschaften 
kommt sie mit der Raupe der Ph. guercis tiberein. Sie baut sich nach 
der Form ein gleiches Gehause. Bey dem Anfihlen aber ist dieses 
sehr rauh von dem eingewebten steifern Haaren. Sie dringen in die 
Haut, und bleiben an den Fingern kleben. __Rosel hat diesen Unters- 
cheid sorgfaltig bemerkt. Die Chrysalide ist nach dem Hinterleib griin- 
lich, vorne aber braunlich gefarbt. Ueberdiess aber ist die Schaale, die sie 
umgiebt, sehr weich. Die Phalanen Kommen daraus in drey Wochen 
zum Vorschein. Nach dem Umriss der Fliigel sind sie schon von der 
Ph, quercis verschieden. Sie sind etwas kiirzer gebildet, und die 
Borden an dem Rand _ wellenformig gekriipft, ohngeachtet sie in 
gleicher Lange stehen, und einen gerade laufenden Rand bilden. Die 
Grundfarbe ist ein schmutziges Ockergelb, das durch dichte einge- 
streute Atomen eine dunklere rothlichbraune Farbe erhilt. Der Punkt 


* This reference to Réaumur makes the species unmistakable, Réaumur’s insect 
being undoubtedly the species known to entomologists as ¢¢foliz, Esp. 


PACHYGASTRIA TRIFOLII. 9 


in der Mitte der Vorderfliigel ist hellweiss, und braun eingefasst. Die 
Binde ist ausgeschweift, und von gleicher Breite, zur Seite dunkelroth- 
lich grau eingefasst. Sie ist von bleicher Farb. Das Mannchen ist von 
dunkleren Colorit, und hat blasse starkgefiederte Antennen mit einem 
weissen Stiel (Esper, Schmett. Eur., pp. 87, 88). 

IMAGo.—43'74 mm.—67°5 mm. Anterior wings yellow, reddish- 
grey, or reddish-brown; a white, dark-edged discal spot; a pale 
curved transverse line between this spot and the hind margin; a more 
obscure transverse line between the discal spot and the base; some- 
times a pale basal patch; outer area sometimes irrorated with pale 
scales. Posterior wings unicolorous yellow, reddish-grey, or reddish- 
brown, sometimes with faint transverse shade. Head and thorax of 
the same colour as forewings, the abdomen as the hindwings. 

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.— The females are usually much larger than 
the males, the forewings more extended and rounded at the apex, and 
somewhat less densely scaled. A number of males give measurements 
extending from 43°74 mm.—s5o mm., a number of females from 46 mm. 
—67°5 mm. The males have strongly pectinated antennz, whilst those 
of the females are comparatively simple, and the general build of the 
sexes suggests the actual difference of habit—the quick zig-zagging 
flight of the males, the steadier, heavier flight of the females. ‘The 
g antenne are about 12 mm. in length, the: plumules about 2 mm. ; 
there are about 65 joints, the plumules hang down (in lop-eared fashion), 
side by side. ‘The antenna is like that of Z. guercis in having opposite 
plumules of equal length, and in having the strong terminal spike quite 
on the front of the terminal (slight) bulb, and in pointing forwards 
parallel with the antennal stem ; about 72 transverse rows of hairs to a 
plumule, those of the two sides not always opposite. The terminal 
spike is very thick and strong, and the notch half-way up is barely 
indicated ; no trace of scaling on pectinations. The 9 antennz are 1o 
mm. in length, of about 60 joints, scaling irregular as in g, plumules 
about °3 mm. in length, slightly clubbed, have two end bristles, and the 
thick spike, which is shorter than the bristles and much thicker, as in the 
g , arises not from extreme end, but from front of spike ; it is, however, 
parallel with plumule and not with shaft of antenna as is that of the g. 
The plumules are clothed on almost all aspects with very fine short 
hairs (Chapman). The colour of the wings is not usually strikingly 
different in the sexes (although in both it is exceedingly variable), but 
the transverse lines of the forewings are usually much more distinctly 
marked in the males than in the females. ‘The relative proportion 
of males and females emerging from a number of pupz in the 
possession of Standfuss is recorded as follows: 1882—29 gs and 
252s, 1893—114 gs and 106 9s=—143 ¢sand 131 QS. 

GYNANDROMORPHISM. — The following are the only records of 


gynandromorphic examples of this species that have occurred to us : 

a. & left, ¢ right, completely gynandromorphous. The left (¢) side shows the 
colouring of the var. medicaginis, the right (¢) that of tvéfoli’; the left palp more 
strongly developed and clethed with hairs; the left forewing shorter; on left side of 
abdomen an anal tuft. The entire underside of the ¢ wings yellowish, on the other 
side, on the contrary, only the base is tinged with yellow. Bred in Zara. In 
Macchie’s coll. (Rogenhofer, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien., viii., p. 245). 

B. ¢ right, ¢ left. Abdomen like the ¢ but more slender, with extremely 
accurate trace of the partition concerning the sexual parts. Of the form known as 
var. medicagints. In Berlin museum; from Berg’s coll. (Klug, Verh., p. 367. 


Fuhrb., p. 255; &c.). 


10 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


y. Bred early in August. 1882. The right antenna male, strongly pectinated, 
the left female, quite plain. Wings on right side male, smaller and little lighter, with 
outer marginal band less distinct than in the majority of specimens. On the upper 
side the body is equally divided, lighter on the male side than on the other; on the 
underside of the body the difference in colour is more distinct, on the male side light 
buff, on the female side deep chocolate, the line dividing the two colours being dis 
tinct, so that the insect has the appearance of two specimens cut in two, vzz., the nght- 
hand side of a male joined to the lefthand side of a female. The extremity of abdomen 
looks peculiar with tufted tail of male on right, and rounded anal extremity of female 
on left. Krom Crosby (Fraser, Eztom. Alo. AMlag., 1882, p. 111). 

o. A male specimen in antennze, wings and coloration, but with a female body, 
pressure of which caused the extrusion of two or three imperfectly developed eggs 
(Webb, Zutom. Mo. Mag., xxxiv., p. 20). 


We have seen Webb’s example and noted it as being in appearance 
a yellow male with (for this sex) abnormally large abdomen, now 
collapsed. 

e—. Two examples both with the left half ¢ and the right half ¢. In coll. 
Staudinger. Stdgr. cz Zett. (Schultz, élus. Wochenschrift fur Entomologie, il., p. 413). 

n. A hermaphrodite of P. tvzfolit was exhibited at the exhibition of the Ento- 
mological Society at Leipzig, in 1894 (Heyne, Zisekten-Borse, 1894, p. 167). 

§@. Right ¢, left ¢. Antenna on the nght side ¢, strongly pectinated, left ?. 
Wings on right side smaller and lighter than on left. Body divided on the upper 
side, the g side lighter than the female side of the body, the colour difference is 
very distinct, the right side being a light chamois, the left a deep chocolate, with a 
distinct dividing-line. Abdomen on the right side ¢ in form, on left rounded like ¢. 
Bred in August, 1882 (Schultz, //lus. Zetts. fiir Ent., ii., p. 168). 

t. Completely halved ; antennze, wings and body on the left ¢,right ¢. From 
Nordhausen. In coll. Fr, Philipps, Cologne (zz tt) (Schultz, /dlus. Zeits. fur 
yay siilee Ove (Cis). 

VARIATION.—This is probably one of the most variable species in 
the whole Lachneid superfamily, forming distinct races in almost every 
locality, and varying to every shade of colour between the palest straw- 
yellow and the deepest red-brown. ‘The intermediate stages are so 
exceedingly numerous that one might almost say the species was 
polymorphic, yet each district has a sort of average form, which is 
usually easily recognisable. Strangely enough, we have two very 
distinct races in Britain: (1) The ordinary dark red-brown form charac- 
teristic of the central European races. (2) A distinct yellow race closely 
approximating to the[?P extreme southern (Lambessa) and ]Jeastern (Russia 
and Asia Minor) forms. ‘The former appears to be the general type 
from the coasts of Lancashire, Cheshire, Devon, and the heaths of 
the New Forest, whilst the latter appears to be confined to the Kent 
and Sussex coasts, between Dungeness and Beachy Head, more 
particularly on the shores of Romney Marsh, about Rye and Lydd. 
One can only, with such a species as this, give some general tabulation 
of the aberrations and local races that have been noted, and in each 
group it must be understood that intermediates intergrade with the 
more extreme forms. ‘Those we have observed in the British races 
work out as follows : 

GROUND COLOUR PALE YELLOW. 

1. <All the wings unicolorous yellow or yellow-ochreous, absolutely without 
any markings=ab. obsoleta-flava, n. ab. 

2. Pale yellow or whitish-ochreous, with the transverse lines including 
a more or less undefined median band, the central white spot clearly defined ; 
the hindwings grey, often with a slight pinkish tinge ; the females inclining to fawn 
rather than bufl= pal/ida-flava, n, ab. 

3. Distinct yellow males and females with two well-developed, pale-edged, 
darker, transverse lines developing into a moderate band in some examples; the 
hindwings usually with a slight reddish tinge=ab. flava, n. ab. 


PACHYGASTRIA TRIFOLII. 11 


4. Yellow with the transverse median band contracted and broken (in one 
example observed restricted to a small semicircular costal patch that just includes 
the typical white median spot)=ab. contracta-flava, n. ab. 

We have seen no examples of P. ¢rifolit from any part of the 
Palearctic region quite like the specimens that belong to this group, 
which, in Britain, appears to be confined to the coasts of Kent and 
Sussex, between Lydd and Rye. ‘The nearest approach to it is found 
in P. eversmanni, generally, however, considered a distinct species, and 
P. trifolit var. terrent. In P. eversmanni and P. terrenit (at least those 
in British Museum coll.) as in P. ¢rifolit var. flava, there is the same 
general tendency to a clear yellow colour, to a restriction of the red 
(when not altogether absent) to the transverse lines of the forewings, 
the edge of the white central spot, and to a general suffusion of pinkish 
leading up to red on the hindwings. 

GROUND COLOUR YELLOW-GREY OR BUFF. 

1. All the wings yellow-grey without markings=ab. obsoleta-medicagints, 
n ab. 

2. Yellow-grey with pale outer transverse line and darker basal patch=ab. 
medicaginis, F. J. A. D. 

3. Yellow-grey with distinct transverse lines and more or less developed 
median band=ab. virgata-medicaginis, n. ab. 

4. Forewings buff, outer transverse line reddish edged externally with paler, 
fringes reddish ; hindwings reddish with a pale transverse stripe=var. ratamae, H-. 
Sch. 


5. Forewings buff, outer transverse line and edge of white median spot reddish, 
outer margin tinged faintly with reddish ; hindwings buff, the pale transverse stripe 
narrowly shaded with reddish internally and externally shaded with reddish to outer 
margin==var. cocles, Hb. @ 

This is a very distinct group from the above (fava). The forewings 
of the g are covered with a mixture of coarse yellow-ochreous scales, 
with some red ones, producing a general dirty yellow or buff appear- 
ance ; the transverse lines, the circumscription of the central spot (and 
sometimes the basal area of the forewings) are generally reddish ; 
whilst the hindwings approach the redness of the following group in 
tint. The @? is usually yellower, less coarsely scaled, and with the hind- 
wings much more closely approaching the forewings in tint. The 
group includes the southern races—the “ yellow-grey”” form named 
medicaginis, the ‘yellow-ochreous” Spanish vatamae, the Algerian 
“clay-yellow” mauritanica. The Sicilian cocles 2, judging by 
Hubner’s figure (335) would belong here, the g (figs. 332-333) is, 
however, very different, and cocles would appear to have the colour 
difference strongly developed as a secondary sexual character. 


GROUND COLOUR FAWN-GREY OR REDDISH-GREY. 

1. All the wings unicolorous reddish-grey without any markings=ab. odsoleta- 
cervina, 1. ab. 

2. Pale reddish-grey with distinct transverse lines, more or less developed 
median band and reddish-brown hindwings=ab. cervina, n. ab. 

3. Pale reddish-grey with the transverse band contracted=ab. contracta- 
cervina, n. ab. 

This group contains the various aberrations which are by most 
continental authorities combined erroneously to form the var. 
medicaginis. ‘The sexes are not very dissimilar, and the general 
appearance of the specimens gives one the impression that they 
constitute an extreme development of the preceding section. The 
forewings, however, are essentially clothed with reddish or.red-brown 
scales, but with enough ochreous ones mixed therewith to give them a 


12 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


distinct greyish appearance ; the hindwings are usually quite reddish or 
reddish-brown and typical. This group appears also to include the 
British examples usually referred to var. medicaginis. 


GROUND COLOUR REDDISH-BROWN. 

1. All the wings unicolorous red-brown with both the transverse lines obsolete 
in the forewings of both sexes=ab. zberica,’Gn. 

2. Red-brown, with the basal line of forewings obsolete in both sexes=ab. 
unilinea-typica, Nn. ab. 

3. Ked-brown, with ill-defined transverse lines but well-marked pale longitu- 
dinal nervures=ab. suffusa- typica, 0. ab. 

. Red-brown, with two paler transverse lines across the forewings and more or 
less well-defined median band=¢r<folz7z, Esp. 

This and the succeeding group comprise the best known forms in 
Britain and Central Europe. The tint varies from reddish-brown to a 
really bright ferruginous-orange (two very fine 9s of this tint in the 
British Museum coll.). The ochreous scales are reduced to a minimum 
and hence the grey appearance of the preceding group is, as a result, 


unnoticeable. 


GROUND COLOUR DEEP FOXY RED-BROWN. 

1. All the wings uniformly unicolorous bright foxy red-brown with the mark- 
ings obsolete=ab. obsoleta-rufa, n. ab. 

2. Bright foxy red-brown, with conspicuous transverse lines and more or less 
well-developed median band=ab. rufa, n. ab. 

3. Bright foxy red-brown, with contracted band=ab, contracta-rufa, n. ab. 

There are many notable aberrations intermediate between the forms 
here named : ¢.g., there is one whole group in which the tendency to 
ochreous in the fawn-grey tint 1s very noticeable. We have seen in 
Webb’s collection a fawn-grey @ with red transverse lines (ab. 7z/fo- 
linea), the outer edged externally with paler, and with a pale basal patch, 
other females are intermediate in colour between fawn-grey and red- 
brown with distinct lines; there is also much variation in the develop- 
ment of the pale basal patch, both in the width and general brightness, 
as also in the direction of the outer transverse line. ‘The depth of the 
colour of the hindwings is also, in the red-brown forms, extremely 
variable. Considerable differences in size also exist; we have given 
some average measurements under the head of sexual dimorphism, 
but Agassiz notes an extremely small aberration of only 36 mm. 
expanse (=ab. minor, n. ab.). Gregson notes two females as of a rich 
deep red-brown colour, and haying the usual curved marking almost 
obliterated, evidently of the obsoleta- rufa form. From the Scilly Isles 
Adkin notes specimens varying from the type as follows: (1) White 
discal spot with tendency to enlargement and elongation, Wales 
wedge-shaped. (2) A male of distinctly female coloration. (Sie pale 
female, especially pallid from line on forewing to margin. Rambur 
notes (Cat. Lép. Andalousie, p. 358): “ Trifolit is variable in markings 
and colour, also in the form and width of the wings, especially in the 
case of the females, which differ also in the form and quantity of scales 
and hairs with which the wings are covered.” He states that he “has 
a specimen of var. coc/es in which the outer part of the forewings is 
entirely covered with scales, whilst in others, as the var. erica, 
especially abundant at Paris and in central France, these parts of 
the forewings present more hairs than scales and are everywhere 
sparsely covered, sometimes also the scales are erect and curved at the 
tips. [he species is very common around Cadiz and Malaga, where 


PACHYGASTRA TRIFOLII. 13 


almost all the varieties are found,” He further adds that “the Andalusian 
females are identical with the variety ¢evrenz of the same sex figured 
by Herrich-Schaffer, and that the var. vafamae, as represented with 
him, has a yellow spot at the anal angle of the fringe; this is too, 
the colour of the fringe in var. cocles, although many of the Anda- 
lusian vatamae have also the fringe yellow.” Staudinger notes that 
though some of the varieties of this species are very striking, yet 
the transitions from one form to others are very gradual, and that, from 
Cadiz larve, he bred all transitions from vatamae to zberica. Moeschler 
describes a series of transitions from the type to var. medicaginis as 
follows : | 

a. ¢ dark red-brown without trace of a light band, central spot distinct. 

6. ¢ dark red-brown with indistinct internally dark-shaded band, and distinct 
central spot. 

¢. ¢ dark red-brown with sharp yellow band that is neither internally nor 
externally dark-shaded ; the central spot scarcely perceptible. 

d. @ light red-brown, with narrow band, which is largely dark-shaded, central 
spot small and indistinct. 

é. ¢ red-brown with denser yellow dustings, especially towards costa, and dis- 
tinct internally dark-shaded band ; central spot large. 

¢ light red-brown with rather uniformly distributed fine yellow scaling. 

Band externally shading off into ground colour, internally dark-shaded, central spot 
small but distinct. 

ge.  ¢ red-brown with much yellow scaling, denser on outer margin and broader 
band, central spot small. 

h. & forewings clay-yellow. The margin which, in all the previous forms is 
lighter, here appears dark red-brown; central spot distinctly margined with red-brown. 

Nageli notes that at Zurich in August, 1893—1894, when the 
species was extraordinarily common, he obtained ab. zevica (entirely 
brown without band), ab. medicagznis, and also albinic examples ofa pale 
ochre-yellow colour without markings, whilst in the @ even the white 
central spot fails. Nolcken states that the specimens from Libau are in 
both sexes of a red-brown colour, and show no difference from specimens 
from Sarepta and Germany. Prittwitz says that the Silesian examples 
are always dull-coloured, the imagines brighter in the south, and adds: 
“ Rambur figures a g (=var. razamae) with straw-yellow forewings, two 
red-brown transverse lines, a red-brown discoidal spot, and red-brown 
fringes, the hindwings with a straw-yellow base and central band, yellow 
nervures and a yellow line before the fringes which broadens out into a 
yellow blotch before the anal angle. The head, antenne, thorax and ab- 
domen also straw-yellow. Another g (=var. zberica) figured by Rambur | 
is bright cinnamon-brown on the thorax, collar, shoulders, fringes, central 
band of hindwings and two transverse shades on forewings darker red- 
brown.” Our own notes upon the more striking specimens in the British 
Museum collection, are as follows: (1) An example labelled “ var. 
ratamaé, H.-Sch., Frey coll.,” with the thorax, abdomen, and forewings 
buff, the outer transverse line red-brown edged externally with paler, no 
basal line, white central spot ringed with red-brown, fringes red-brown, 
shiny ; hindwings red-brown, buff at base, fringes concolorous with hind- 
wings. (2) A male, pale reddish-brown, with outer line slightly paler, an 
oval basal patch with yellow transverse line edged externally with ochre- 
ous in contact with patch, white spot edged with darker, fringes concolor- 
ous with wings, shiny ; hindwings reddish-brown, faint transverse line, 
fringes concolorous. (3) A g¢ specimen near this, labelled “‘Greece, Merlin 
coll.,” roughly-scaled, transverse line without dark edging, the white spot 


14 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


also without darker edging. (4) An uniform orange-brown form, with no 
markings clearly-defined except the white spot in both sexes ; from Zeller 
coll. (5) An excellent pair from “ Bremgarten, Frey coll,” the ¢ ofa very 
deep red form, with very pale outer line and a very intense white central 
spot, oval basal mark, the hindwings rather duller red-brown, with trans- 
verse line; the ? equally red, transverse lines and median spot less 
conspicuously marked, no shade on hindwings. (6) One 2 , bred 15—8-80, 
from the Zeller coll., has quite a deeper median band in spite of its being 
fairly dark in colour, the rather paler outer and basal areas being separa- 
ted from the more ruddy median band by paler ochreous transverse lines. 
(7) From “Sarepta, Zeller coll.,” there is also a very small smooth male, 
with well marked outer transverse line and median spot, but no inner 
line ; hindwings with a very faint transverse line. The basal mark 
in some specimens suggests that of Lachnets lanestris in shape, in 
others it forms quite a basal patch bounded by a distinct line. 


a. ab. (et. var.) medicaginis, Dr. F. J. A. D.,* Bork.’s Rhein. Mag.,’’ 1, pp. 363 
—4 (1793); Ochs., *‘ Die Schmett.,’’ iii., p. 264 (1810); Germ., ‘‘ Bomb. Spec.,”” ii., p. 
47 (182); Tb., *¢ Verz.,” p.. 186 (° 1822); Curt., “Brit: Ent. expl: pl remem 
“Guide,” p. £42 (1829) ; Stphs., “‘lll.,” u., p. 401628) ; “Cat. Brit aase eee 
(1829); Meig., ‘Eur. Schmett:,” 11, p. 197 (1830); Wood, ‘Ind. Font." genau 
42 (1839); Dup., ‘‘ Cat.,”’ p. 78 (1844) ; Evers., ‘‘ Fauna Volg.-Ural.,” p. 153 (1844) ; 
- Wllgrn., ‘“‘Skand. Het.,’’ 1i.; p. 65 (1869) ; “‘ Horee Soc, Ent. Ross-,” vile pod 67 ee 
XiV., Pp. 357 (19879) 5 Staud., “-Cat., 2nd ed., p. 68 (1871) ; 3rd ed:) puree aageee 
Kirby,. “'Cat.,””. p. 828 (1892) ; Auriv., “‘Ins,” vil, p. 151 (1894); Hewthiy sees: 
Bad.,” 2nd ed; p. 57 (1898). — Z77folzz, Esp., “Kur. Schmett.,”* i. plays 
@ (1783); Panz., ‘Fn. Ins. Germ:,” xix., pl. 23, (1794) ; God_,. ‘“Eisty ieee 
pl. ix., figs. 3—4 (1822).—Phalaena Lombyx medicaginis. <Alis reversis luteo 
cinereis, superioribus puncto albo, lineaque repanda albida. Esp., tab. xv., fig. 3, die 
Raupe. Rarer than B&B. ¢rifolit. 3. Yellow-grey, brownish at base, the thorax 
also yellow-brown; the ? generally paler, often entirely dirty-yellow. The larva, 
as also the cocoon and pupa, differs from that of the last species (¢¢foliz)—Bork., 
« Nat.;”’ til., pp. 89—90; Fuessly, “Neu. Mag.,” til, pt. 2, Pp. 251, HOeanmeE 
insect is called Bombyx medicaginis because the larva is very fond of Avedicago 
falcata and Onobrychis (Dr. F. J. A. D.). | DISTRIBUTION :—ASIA: Asia Minor, 
Armenia, Tura (Staudinger), Smyrna (Speyer). AUSTRO-HUNGARY: Bukovina, 
rarer than type (Hormuzaki), Taufers and Innsbruck, the prevalent form 
(Weiler), Epiries, rare (Husz), Upper Carinthia, Salzburg (Nickerl), Buda, rare 
(Speyer), BULGARIA: Varna, with type (Lederer), FRANCE: Commoner round 
Paris than the type (Berce), Haute-Garonne, rarer than type (Caradja), Loire-Infér- 
ieure, with the type (Bonjour), Auvergne (Sand), Puy-de-Dome (Guillemot), Aix-les- 
Bains, very common (Agassiz), Gironde, rare (Trimoulet), Alpes-Maritimes, replaces 
type (Milliére). GERMANY: North-west Germany—Hanau, Giessen, Trier, Elberfeld, 
&c. (Jordan); Wirtemburg—Stuttgard, rare, Tiibingen and Reutlingen, common 
(Seyffler), Lower Elbe (Zimmermann), Erfurt, the var. only (Keferstein), Zeitz- 
on - the - Elster (Wilde), Rudolstadt, rarely with the type (Meurer); Meck- 
lenburg — Neustrelitz (Schmidt), Dresden, with type (Steinert), Thuringia, 
rarely with type (Krieghoff); Baden, as common as the type (Reutti); Prussia 
—Dantzig, rare (Schmidt), Upper Lusatia (Moeschler); Alsace—Val de Ste.- 
Marie-aux-Mines (Peyerimhoff). GREECE: Parnassus, Milos (Staudinger), ITALY: 
Dominant form in centre, and south, and in Sardinia and in Corsica, not infrequent 
in north (Curd), Lombardy with type (Turati) ; Sicily—Madonie, Palermo, Messina, 
Ficuzza, and usually supplants the type (Mina-Palumbo and Failla-Tedaldi), Roman 
Campagna — Sassoferrata, rarer than the type (Calberla). ROUMANIA: Very rare, 
with type (Caradja). RusstA : Volga dist.—Sarepta, but not frequent (Eversmann), 
southern Russia (Moeschler), Podolsk (Assmuss). SWITZERLAND: Distributed with 
the typical form (Frey), Berne, commoner than type (Benteli), Ziirich, very common 
(Nageli), 

Staudinger diagnoses the form as: ‘ Alis plus minusve flavido- 
irroratis,” too generalised a description to be of much service, and 
hardly agreeing with the original description already quoted. Schmidt 
observes that, by breeding in Mecklenburg, he obtained the var. 


PACHYGASTRIA TRIFOLII. 15 


_ medicaginis just as commonly as the type, as well as many inter- 
mediate forms. Staudinger observes that he has but few males from 
Greece, but these are to be referred to the var. medicaginis, although 
one from Milos reminds him of the Sicilian cocles. Frey notes the 
Swiss examples as being paler or yellower than the type. Chapman 
notes that this form, as represented in Constant’s collection, is smaller, 
paler, and washed out in appearance ; Benteli, that the specimens of 
this form taken at Berne are chiefly males. Curtis notes that medzca- 
ginis is to be distinguished from /P. ¢vifol? by the abbreviated fascia at 
the base of the forewings, and the obscure one across the hindwings, 
whilst the breadth of that parallel to the outer margin of the forewings 
is also greater, characters not included in the original description. 
Standish obtained larva near Lyndhurst at the end of June, these 
were full-fed at the beginning of July, and imagines appeared 
at the beginning of August. Ingpen also states that, in July, 1827, he 
obtained larve of ¢7zfolzZ near Brockenhurst, and bred a single example 
of the aberration from one of the larvee, which did not differ from the 
others that produced P. “#folzz, Stephens notes examples in the 
“ Brit. Mus. Coll.,” from Bristol (we cannot now trace these examples). 
Ruhl very rightly disputes (Soc. £vt¢., vill., p. 44) the statement of 
Ochsenheimer “that all the earlier stages of ¢vefolit and medicaginis are 
very different.” 

B. var, ratamae, H.-Sch., ‘“ Sys.-Bearb.,”’ figs, 152-3 (1851); vi, p. 51 (1852); 
Sra Cat. 2ndeed., p.08 (1é71)> 31d ed. p. 121 (190); Kirby, “Cat.” pi829 
Gico2) re smivyes °oiris,”? sa. p. 15r (1894). Y7zfol var., Hib., ‘« Eur. Schmett.,”’ 
Pomnroos) vbr. “Cat. Wép. And,,’ pl. v., fig. t (1853). \Retamae, Rbr., ‘Cat. 
Lép, And.,”’ p. 357 (1866).—Ratamae, Sppl. 152-153. Ochraceo-lutea, alis posteri- 
oribus et anteriorum ciliis, strigis duabus transversis nec non ambitu stigmatis medii 
albi ferrugineo-fuscis.—Fine pair sent by Pogge from Spain. ¢ agrees best with fig. 73 
of eversmanni but the wings rather narrower, the border of forewings straighter and 
their tips more pointed ; the colour ochreous-clay-yellow ; the two transverse stripes, 
the fringes, the circumference of a pure white central spot, and the whole hindwings, 
red-brown with a slight violet tinge ; the hindwings with a faint lighter central stripe, 
nearer the base than that of forewings. The ? agrees very well with figs. 122-123 of 
terrent, the colour of the hindwings reddish-brown; the two transverse stripes on 
forewings, the circumference of the very small whitish central spot and the fringes 
rusty-brown.. The hinder transverse stripe not so dentated as in ferrenz, and not so 
light towards the base. The forewings in both sexes a little darker beneath, all with 
a broad transverse stripe beyond the middle (Herrich-Schaffer), LOCALITIES: 
Morocco: common (Blackmore). SPAIN: Cadiz, Malaga (Rambur), Bilbao, 
frequent (Seebold). 

Rambur notes this form as having a yellow spot at the anal angle 
of the hindwing, also that several specimens have the fringes yellow. 
Chapman notes that the examples (from Spain), as represented in Con- 
stant’s collection, are yellowish-white, with dark median fascia, the 
white stigma ringed with dark, the inner line dark, hindwings as in Z. 
guercus 2. Hofmann describes it as: “‘ Forewings yellow, with brown 
bands ; the hindwings brown.” Staudinger diagnoses it as: “ Alis 
ant. flavidis, brunneo-fasciatis; alis post. brunneis, sapius plus 
minusve flavido-fasciatis. Andalusia—Gades.” 

dbs WO iCa OMe Ann. OO. Ent. HE,” 25) Wi.,/p. 453° (1858)5. Staud:,, 
Ea@atc 2ndeeds, p06 (1871); 3rd-ed., p; 121 (1901); Kirby, ‘‘Cat.,”’ p.829 (1892) ; 
EMOnIVe MS): avi... 151 (1894); Elotm., ‘* Die Gross=Schmett.,” p. 61, (1897); 
etineh olep. bad... 2nd ed. p.57 (1698). Z7rifolz, Dup.,**Hist. Nat.,” ii., 7, 10; 
var., Kbr., ‘* Cat. Lép. And.,”’ pl. v., fig. 2 (1858).—I only possess the ¢ of this new 
species, but it is so striking that one cannot doubt its distinctness. It has somewhat the 
shape of P. tvzfolzz, but all the wings are less thickly scaled and notably narrower. The 


16 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


forewings have the apex sharper and the costa straighter. They are of a ferruginous- 
brown, clear, and slightly transparent. The only mark is a cellular point smaller than 
in any other species of the group ; no trace of lines on either fore-or hindwings, above 
or below; the hindwings a little paler than the forewings, of a tint slightly flesh- 
coloured, but unicolorous. These are also proportionally narrower and the apex 
noticeably prolonged. The antennz less robust than in P. ¢rifolit (Guénée). 
LOCALITIES: FRANCE: Burgoyne (Constant coll.). GERMANY: Carlsruhe, one 
example in the park (Bischoff ¢este Reutti). Spain: Andalusia (Lorquin ‘¢este 
Guénée). SWITZERLAND: Ziirich (Nageli). 


Chapman notes that specimens from Burgoyne in Constant’s coll. 
are pale red, unicolorous, with only a central white spot, dark-ringed. 
Hofmann says: ‘‘ Quite brown, without bands.” Staudinger diagnoses 
the form as: ‘ Alis omnibus brunneis, non fasciatis.” 


6. var. mauritanica, Staud., ‘ Iris,” iv., p. 262 (1892); Auriv., ‘‘ Iris,” vii., 
p. 151 (1894). Mauritunnica, Kirby, ‘‘ Cat. Lep.,” p. 829 (1892). Coeles var., 
Staud., ‘+ Cat.,’’ 3rd ed., p. 121 (1901).—From Constantine in Algeria I received 
through Zach a form of ¢rzfoliz, most specimens of which agree almost entirely with 
cacles from Sicily, but some specimens vary very much; thus one @ is almost quite light 
clay-yellow with a narrow brownish transverse line and a white dark-bordered central 
spot on the forewings. Afterwards I found larve myself at Constantine, and bred 
quite similar specimens which are to be referred to var. cocles. On the other hand I 
bred from larvze which were plentiful in May at Lambessa, and were generally to be 
found on Artemisia, asmaller form, many specimens of which are very near to dathseba. 
We have distributed these as var. mauritanica which name perhaps might be retained for 
the Lambessa form. It is true that the specimens vary very much in size, the ¢s 33mm. — 
43mm.,the ¢ sfrom45mm.—6omm. Most specimens are light yellowish and those with 
brown ground colour are thickly strewn with yellow scales on forewings so that they 
look more light than dark—in bathseba such a regular thick yellow scattering over the 
brown never occurs—but it does in many cocles from Sicily, so that this var. mauri- 
tanica is essentially only smaller lighter cocles (Staudinger). 


Staudinger later refers (Caz., 3rd ed., p. 121) this aberration to 
cocles, possibly not considering it, on mature reflection, to be sufficiently 
separate to be definitely differentiated by a distinct varietal name. 


e. var. cocles, Hb.-Geyer, ‘* Eur. Schmett.,” figs. 332-5 (? 1827); Frr., ** Neu. 
Beit.,” 44 (1832) ; Dup., “ Hist. Nat.,” suppl. iii., p. 89, 167, 2 (1836); Bdv.,‘‘Icones,”’ 
66, 3, 4 (eurc. 1840); H.-Sch., ‘Sys. Bearb.,” ii.; p. 107 (1845) 5, staan ee 
and ed., p. 68 (1871); 3rd ed., p. 121 (1901); “* Hore Soc. nt itesc ames 
P. 357° (1879); Curd, “ Bull. Soc, Ent..Ttal-,” viit., :p. 150 (1876); WKarbye eae 
p. 828 (1892) ; Auriv., ‘‘Iris,’’ vil., p. 151 (1894).—Hubner’s figures (332-333) repre- 
sent a male, dark red-brown in colour, with a pale brown transverse line beyond the 
middle crossing both fore- and hindwings, the inner margin darker, shading into 
ground colour, the central spot white, with a dark border, the nervures of all wings 
paler, no basal line to forewings ; thorax, abdomen and scales at base of inner margin 
of forewings and at base of hindwings, yellow ;_ fringes of forewings almost of colour 
of wings, of the hindwings paler. ¢ (fg. 334), pinkish-brown with pale yellowish 
transverse line, paler nervures, white central spot with dark edge, fringes yellowish. 
Fig. 335 is more ochreous without pink tinge, otherwise of similar form, the area 
outside transverse line paler than area within and no basal line to forewings. Herrich- 
Schiffer diagnoses it as: ‘*Sordide ochracea (mas obscurior) striga alarum omnium 
pallidiore pone medium limbo parallela,’’? and adds that Hiibner’s figure is good, that 
generally the insect is of a paler tint, and the form is probably a local variety of tr¢fodzz. 
LocaLitiks: ALGIERS: Bona (Lucas), Oran (Oberthir). IrAty: Central Italy 
(Staudinger), Sicily (Curd). [GREECE (Curd) ]. SPAIN: (Agassiz). 

Staudinger diagnoses this form as: ‘ Major, al. crassius flavido- 
irroratis.” Lucas notes that the larva of cocles bears a great resem- 
blance to that of /. ¢vzfoliz, but from several larve that he obtained 
at Bona only one imago (¢) emerged. The larve fed on “sea- 
Genista” at the end of June, pupated towards the end of July, the 
imago appearing at the beginning of October. Oberthtr records a @?, 
taken early in November at Bona. Chapman notes that specimens 


PACHYGASTRIA TRIFOLII. 17 


from Sicily in Constant’s coll. are pale, well-marked, with the nervures 
very pronounced, and with a pale basal patch. Hofmann says of it: 
“ The wings variegated with yellow.” 


£, ab. romana, Calb., ‘‘ Ins,” i., p. 156 (1886).—? Without description. 


Calberla simply notes: “ ab. romana, Stdfs.—Die Stammform in 
Mose. (MM), Auch Aug. (C.). Bei Macerata im Sept. (Z.)”  [Z7zs, 1., p. 
156 (1886) ]; whilst another note reads: “Tuscany where it is the 
typical form (Standfuss), Roman Campagna (Calberla).” It appears 
to be merely a MSS. name. At any rate we can trace no description, 
and Standfuss states that he has never cescnived it. 


n- var. semifasciata, Failla, ‘‘ Nat. Sic.,’’ vii., p. (1888).—Two specimens 


only in our collection, may be distinguished by the ents ae of the yellow fascia 
of the hindwings. It is smaller, but of the medicaginis form (Failla-Tedaldi). 

9. ab. terreni, t= SCS SV S.¢ OEALD.,7 | ii., De 107, tps. 120-3 (1847) 5. vi., 
peers 52) 7 tamb., ‘Cat. Lép. And.,” p. 350'(1866); Staud., “ Cat., peondr eds, 
p. 68 (1871); 3rd ed., p. 121 (1901) ; ‘‘Horz Soc. Ent. Ross.,” xiv., p. 357 (1879); 
Pins ise, p- 200 (1392); Kirby, ‘: Cat.,” p. 829 (1802) ; Amiv., SE linlS. 2 ewalen 
p- 151 (1894).—Sordide ochracea, mas magis stramineis foemina magis lateritia, alis 
anterioribus maris apice valde obtusis, posterioribus foeminze innotatis. Only one ¢ 
from Frivaldsky, sufficiently different, however, to be separated from eversmannt. 
The body plumper than in German specimens (Of ¢r¢folz7), almost plumper than in 
eversmannt; the outer border and apices of forewings are much rounder, the fringes 
longer, the first transverse line farther from base, and not contracted into an oval, the 
hinder is much more strongly sinuate and is continued sharply on the hindwings 
nearer the base ; the colour is fainter, dirtier, more straw-yellow, fringes of all wings 
darker ; the transverse lines dirty reddish-brown, not rusty-brown, the basal half of 
hindwings of same colour, a broad marginal border is only interrupted by the nervures. 
The underside is straw-yellow, the fringes rather darker, central stripe (which is con- 
tinued in a straight direction on hindwings) reddish-brown. I do not think I am 
mistaken in referring to the ¢ figured at 122-123, as this insect ; it is like a large ? 
of G. querctis, but has the tips of the forewings much more rounded, the transverse 
lines much more strongly sinuate, further from the border on the inner margin and 
absent on the hindwings ; colour more rusty-brown, only somewhat yellower towards 
base of hindwings ; on : the underside, only the hindwings have a broad darker central 
stripe and border. Bischoff Sane this ? from the neighbourhood of Constantinople 
(Herrich-Schaffer, Sys. Bearb., ti., p. 107). To this he adds later: ‘‘Specimens which 
Lederer subsequently received on Brussa as medicaginis make me doubt its specific 
validity, and accept his suspicion that it really belongs to trifolit. The specimens 
agree exactly with my figs. 120-121, but the markings are more reddish, and the 
curved line on the underside of the hindwings i is more acutely angulated on nervure 6, 
The ? scarcely differs from the ¢s of German LILO (LOG. Cit... Moa Pe 51)s, ILOCALI= 
TIES.—ASIA MINOR: Smyrna (Staudinger). SyRIA: Brussa (Herrich-Schiaffer) ; 
Palestine (Staudinger), Russia: Transcaucasia (Brit. Mus. Coll.). SPAIN: Cadiz, 
Malaga, several ¢s (Rambur). TURKEY: southern Turkey (Staudinger), nr. Con- 
stantinople (Herrich-Schaffer). 

Staudinger diagnoses the form in his Catalog, p. 121, as: “ Alis 
omnibus flavidis, brunneo-fasciatis, in var. Palestin. plus minusve 
brunnescentibus; an sp. div. (?).” He also notes that specimens, 
probably from Smyrna or Brussa, scarcely differ from coc/es, and later 
writes (/77s, iv., p. 26) that ‘a third similar form also occurs at Jerusa- 
lem, of which Paulus also sent a few bred specimens, which he is 
inclined to consider a distinct species from the two others (salomonis 
and ¢rifolit var. bathseba), as he says the larva differs from those of 
both. I refer them provisionally to zerrenz, H.-Sch., and think it not 
impossible that this may be a distinct species. Zerrenz, H.-Sch., male 
is quite light, with a sharp brown transverse band on all the wings, and 
a second in the basal part of the forewings which carry centrally a 
large white dot surrounded by dark. The Jerusalem specimens are 
rather browner than Herrich-Schaffer’s figures, otherwise the figure of 


B 


18 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


the female agrees quite tolerably. The male from Frivaldsky’s collec- 
tion, on which Herrich-Schaffer founded ¢errenz, came probably from 
Smyrna, from which I possess a similar male. In Lederer’s collection 
there was a similar pale male from Beyrout, and also another g and 
two 2s which look very different from Mersin, which, however, corres- 
pond with each other. These three specimens have prevailingly brown 
forewings with a comparatively broad white transverse band, not sharply 
defined on inner side in the ¢, the light transverse band is also distinctly 
continued on the hindwings (variegated with paler). For the present 
I consider these also to be aberrations of var. ferrenz.” ‘The Transcau- 
casian ferrenz in the British Museum coll. is a much paler form than 
those under the same name from Europe, and the fore- and hindwings 
are without the red tinge of the latter. 

t. var. maculosa, Rogenh., ‘‘ Ver. z.-b. Ges. Wien.,”’ xli., Sitzb. p. 86 (Dec., 
1891) 5 Staud., “‘Iris,’” iv., p. 348 (4892); -‘“ Cat.,” 3rd ed., p. 121 (190%) = amnawes 
“Mrs,” vil., p. 151 (1804). Bathseba, Staud., °*‘ Ins,’” iv., .p- 200)(Meb, 192) a paaae 
(1892) ; Kirby, oO (CEs 40) 340) (1892). — Gastropacha trifolit var. maculosa. A’ smaller 
form ; the male distinguished on the upper side by a brown median area with a dark 
central dot. The base and marginal area, pale clay-yellow with darker and often 
partly chequered fringes,  tlindwings uniform red-brown, costa paler. Body and 
antennz ochre-yellow ; underside ochre-yellow with a rather broad brown common 
band ; fringes dark. ¢, above uniform pale red-brown with a ring-shaped central dot 
to both wings; resembling a pale ? of var. medicaginis ; the underside paler and 
without a band. ¢, 37 mm.—41mm.,¢45mm. Specimens in the Wiskott collection 
and in the Royal Imperial Museum at Vienna (ogenlno! 2) LOCALITIES: Syria, 
Palestine (Staudinger). 

Staudinger independently re-named this insect within a couple of 
months of Rogenhofer’s communication and described it as follows : 
“B. trifolit var. bathseba, strongly aberrant small form. Paulus sent a 
considerable number of bred specimens from Jerusalem. fs 32 mm. 
—4gomm., ?s 38mm.—52z2mm. This, therefore, is the smallest form 
of ¢rifolit, which otherwise is near or identical with many specimens of 
the very variable cocles from Sicily and the 92s of which are very little 
different from medicaginis 3s, brown and yellow (varied), sometimes 
almost quite brown in the broad yellowish transverse lines (narrower 
transverse bands), sometimes almost entirely light-brownish-yellow with 
brown transverse bands on brownish basal half of forewings. Some- 
times the brown hindwings have a sharply marked yellow transverse 
band. The hindwings are occasionally quite light brownish-yellow, with 
a very indistinct median shade. On the pale underside on all the wings 
a dark (brown) transverse line sharply bordered with light outside as 
in var. cocles. ‘The 9s of dathseba are sometimes very near ¢ s of var. 
medicagints. On the upper side always light brownish-yellow with brown 
transverse band edged externally with pale. The dark central spot is, 
as in the males, generally very weak, sometimes not white-centred and, 
in a small ?, both it and the transverse bands are entirely absent. 
On the underside, the hindwings only bear a rather broad and generally 
somewhat obsolete brown transverse band like ?s of cocles, whereas 
this is generally narrower in those (2 s) of medicaginis. In any case this 
small form, with broader transverse bands, &c., is so different from 
LB. salomonis that no one could take them to be the same species (/77s, 
iv., p. 260). Later Staudinger noted (doc. ci¢., p. 348) that dathsedba fell 
before the var. maculosa of Rogenhofer. In the 3rd edition of the 
Catalog, Staudinger diagnoses it as: ‘* Minor, inconstans, trans. ad. var. 
coclem,” 


PACHYGASTRIA TRIFOLII, 19 


COMPARISON OF PACHYGASTRIA EVERSMANNI WITH P. TRIFOLII 
AND ITS VARIETIES.—Christoph compares (Sze¢/t. Ent. Zeit., xxviil., pp. 
240—242) P. eversmannit with P. tréfolit and states that although he 
did not wish to compare the former with the varieties of the latter to 
prove the specific distinctness of the former, yet P. eversmanni showed 
no transitions to P. var. medicaginis, &c., adding, however, that “so 
long as that distinctness depends on a comparison of the imagines of 
these two related species, so long will P. eversmanni be not recognised 
generally asa distinct species.” He, however, goes on to say that he rears 
the larve every year, and this stage alone will give eversmanni specific 
right. Apart from the altogether different aspect of the larva, its mode 
of life differs very considerably from that of P. ¢zfoliz, The imago 
flies in August and first half of September on dry salt steppes. In the 
latter half of April and in early May, in rather circumscribed localities 
on the steppes, the young (and at most not half-grown) larve are to be 
found sitting on the bare earth, and less frequently on the stems of 
plants. The young larve at first feed exclusively on young leaves of 
the hard steppe-grasses, but later refuse this food and are to be reared 
only on various leguminous plants, ¢.¢., Astragalus onobrychis, although, 
where the larvze are found, with the exception of A/hagz camelorum, 
such plants do not grow, and the habits of the larve in captivity give 
no clue to their habits in the open ; he has never been able to find a full- 
grown larva of P. eversmannz in nature, and he thinks that they possibly 
retire into the cracks in the ground, often a foot in depth, during the 
daytime, coming out to feed by night. The larve of P. ¢r7foli are 
never to be found in the same localities with those of P. eversmannt, 
whilst they also feed exposed until full-fed, and are easy to find. The 
larva is described as: 

About 70mm.* long and 8mm. wide; the head-hemispheres a fine blue-grey ; 
the middle of the head above the mouth-parts yellow-grey, with a short black longi- 
tudinal streak, the latter red-yellow. The segmental incisions of a fine light blue. 
The ‘‘head-segment ”’ is bright cherry-red above, margined with yellow-red anteriorly. 
On the next two segments are found dorsally, on each side, two large not distinctly 
defined spots of like colour. Along the dorsum runs a whitish band, only distinctly 
white between the incisions; then follows, as a continuation of the already mentioned 
red lateral spots, a band (often interrupted by the blue-grey ground colour) bounded 
towards the sides with velvct-black also only in patches. This black shades, towards 
the venter, into grey and reddish-grey (almost flesh-colour). On the second and 
third segments the black is sharply cut off before yellow-white spots, decreasing 
towards the venter into fine dots; on the next two segments two short obliquely-placed 
stripes run from the black towards the legs, without, however, reaching them ; on the 
following segment is found, instead of the third oblique line, only an elongated white 
spot. Venter and legs bright red-yellow ; between the legs the red-yellow is enclosed 
by somewhat broad black rings. The fine yellow-grey hair is somewhat longer than, 
but just as dense as, in P, ¢rzfolit. The larva is of uniform thickness throughout, 
rather more slender than that of P. trzfolzz, and the fine hair is more equal in length 
than in the latter. 

It must be confessed that the life-histories of the two insects run 
very parallel. We still await a critical comparison of the larve, the 
mere description being of little value in determining the matters of 
detail on which specific identity (or the reverse) must be decided. 


EcGc-LAavInc.—There appears to be some doubt as to whether or 
not the eggs are attached. Some sent to us by Mr. Edelsten were laid 
on a sprig of heather, several on the same sprig, and two or three 


* Christoph’s note says 7 mm., an obvious misprint. 


20 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


sometimes near each other, others were laid singly, but all were very 
slightly attached. Eggs Teceived from Day in August, 1897, had 
been laid loosely in confinement. Bowles says: ‘‘ Eggs unattached, 
smaller than those of Z. guercis, shells not smooth as in the latter 
species, but of uniform dull brown colour and looking rough, almost 
pilose. I have had a batch hatch in January, but “they were kept 
indoors, but normally they emerge much later—February, March.” 
Reading says that near Plymouth the eggs are deposited singly and 
without any adhesive matter among the orass on the cliffs and slopes. 
Newman states that a succession of females extrude their eggs through- 
out the month of August and during the first ten days of September, 
the oviposition of each individual female extending to three days and 
no more; the pale brown eggs are dropped among the herbage without 
apparent method, always finding their way to the ground. Edelsten 
notes a batch of eggs laid August 15th, 1897, which commenced to 
hatch January zoth, 1898, and finished doing so February 26th, 1898. 
Our evidence, and that of Bowles, Edelsten, W. H. B. Fletcher and 
others, all tends to show that the eggs do not in England disclose the 
larvee until late winter or early spring, and that the larve do not hyber- 
nate, although most continental authorities state, as a matter of course, 
that ‘the larvee go over the winter and are to be found in spring. We 
suspect the assumption of their hybernation is often based on the fact that 
the larvze are to be found in early spring. Wailly notes (vz, xiil., pp. 
63—64) that a few years ago he received from France many larvee 
of P. ¢rifoliz, cocoons, imagines, pairings and fertile eggs being obtained 
in due course, the latter “ instead of hatching during ‘the autumn, ap- 
peared at the end of February, the larva having remained fully de- 
veloped within the egg during several months; some of the eggs were 
opened during the winter (as were also those of Antheraea yamamat) to 
see the living larva in the egg.” Harker’s evidence (£77, xxix., p. 21) 
that, on the Lancashire coast, the larva does not hybernate, and that the 
larve hatch from the ova in spring, fully supports our own observations. 

EGG-PARASITES.— The eggs are attacked by Zelenomus phalaenarum 
(Bignell). 

Ovum.—Roughly ovalin outline, flattened and centrally much de- 
pressed at the micropylar end, much less flattened at its nadir, so that it 
forms an oval with one end flattened in horizontal section ;a slight depres- 
sion on the upper surface of egg; the egg is of a dark creamy ground 
colour, marbled with two shades of brown, the darker tending to dull 
mahogany, t these shadings slightly opalescent (less so than the egg of 
L,, guercas) the micropylar end of egg with deep basin, in the base 
of which is another secondary depression—the micropyle proper— 
blackish-brown in colour, very finely reticulated, but with none of the 
dark raised points found on rest of surface [Eggs laid August 5th, 1897, 
received from Mr. Day and described August 27th]. Whitish- -creamy in 
colour, but so washed with pale brown that most of the ground-colour 
is obscured; there are also many very deep red-brown irregular 
patches scattered over the surface ; the micropyle also dark ; surface 
covered with the minutest, shiny, metallic-looking, raised black dots 
placed at the angular points of the fine, irregular, polygonal surface 
reticulation, which is only just visible under a two-thirds lens (Eggs 
from Mr. Edelsten, described January 7th, 1898, hatched January 31st, 
and following days), Bacot notes: ‘“ A short rounded oval in outline, 


PACHYGASTRIA TRIFOLII. 21 


slightly flattened at ends, depressed at micropyle (some slight varia- 
tion in shape of individual eggs) ; the surface smooth, dull compared 
with the varnished appearance of the egg of Z. guerctis; colour, 
wainscot, mottled with umber-brown, the surface speckled regularly 
with black points; the micropylar depression deep umber-brown, at 
bottom of the depression a sculptured rosette of cells, the sculpturing 
neither deep nor clearly marked. In bulk the eggs are about one-third 
those of English Z. guercis ; whilst in general appearance (both shape 
and colour) they are much nearer to the French races of ZL. guerctis— 
meridionalis and viburni—than to the English races.” [Described 
August roth, from eggs laid August 5th, 1897, and received from 
Mr. Day]. : 

HasitS OF LARVA.—It is generally reputed on the Continent that 
this species leaves the egg in autumn and hybernates as a young larva, 
€.2., Sepp says that eggs in his possession hatched before the winter, 
namely, at the end of August and in September, and fed as long as food 
was obtainable. Milliére says that the species hybernates in the larval 
stage in the Alpes-Maritimes, but very small, and that the larvee do not 
mature till April and May; and Chapman notes Godart, Boisduval, 
Dubois, &c., as stating that the eges hatch in autumn. Ruhl asserts (Soc. 
Ent., vi., p. 44) that it is not normal for the species to hybernate as 
larve at Zurich; that in 1880, 1882, and 1884 he possessed hybernated 
eggs from which, in April, healthy larve emerged, although, at the 
Same time, larve existed in great numbers in October on the 
Greifensee, and from eges which @s laid in captivity in September 
larvee emerged in October. He adds: ‘“‘The autumnal larve invariably 
perish in winter.” Prittwitz asserts that it passes the winter as a larva in 
Silesia, where it is common in the Oder meadows, and Selys says that, 
in Belgium, the larva hybernates, being found in May on broom and 
trefoil, the imagines very rare in July and the commencement of August. 
Whether this habit be correctly observed or not for the continent, it is 
quite certain that in Britain the larva does not normally leave the egg 
until early spring, although Wailly, as we have noted, says that the 
larva is fully developed within the egg for some months previous to its 
emergence in February. ‘The larve from the same batch of eggs do 
not hatch simultaneously ; Edelsten notes a batch, the hatching period 
of which extended from January zoth—February 26th, 1898, and some 
we had continued to emerge for some days after January 30th, when 
the first appeared. Harker observes that on the Lancashire coast 
also the larve hatch in the spring. The erroneous idea that the eggs 
normally hatched in autumn in Britain appears to have originated with 
Barrett (Substitute, pp. 40-41), but Reading at once pointed out that the 
eggs in his possession did not hatch until March, and that the egg stage 
lasted six months; in spite of this Newman repeated most circum- 
stantially the autumnal hatching of eggs, and stated that the larvee 
hybernate near the surface of the earth (Zvfom., i1., p. 291). Lewin 
gives one of the earliest notes as to the occurrence of this species in 
Puma and: writes (7rans. Linn. Soc. Lond.,-in:, p. 3 (1797) + “The 
larva feeds on trefoil, pupates in June, the imago coming forth the 
latter end of August. The larve are to be met on the uncultivated 
grassy chalk-hills of Kent, particularly near Darenth Wood; they 
secrete themselves under stones in the day, and come forth to feed in 
the evening.” Dell states that the young, bright, yellow larvz are 


tp BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


most commonly found on fine grass, eating from the top downwards, 
but when they have reached about two-thirds their full size they 
leave the grass, and feed almost exclusively on Ornithopus perpusillus, 
and one is always more fortunate in breeding imagines from bird’s 
foot trefoil than any other plant; they can, he asserts, be starved 
on the grasses, but thrive on clover of any sort. Mitford notes 
that on Romney Marsh the larve feed in May on the tufts of a 
very wiry grass, growing on the shingle above high-water mark. 
Gregson says the young larve are very small, and very yellow in 
colour in March, when they are abundant on the Crosby sandhills. 
The larve are best obtained after 7 p.m. on the star-grass, but on 
hot close days they may be found stretched out on the bare sand 
in the afternoon. Walker says that the larve should be collected 
just before dusk, when they are very conspicuous, but they soon take 
alarm and roll themselves into a ring, but do not, as a rule, drop from 
the plant on which they rest. Harker says that to breed the larve suc- 
cessfully plenty of fresh food and light are required. Turner notes that 
‘“‘at Bolt Head and Starehole Bottom the larve are common in April, and 
appear to be very general feeders, nor was there any clover of any 
kind growing in the locality in which they occurred. Several were 
found eating different species of grass, one was seen to nibble bracken, 
others were found, though not actually feeding, on heather, bramble 
and violet ; one was found eating gorse-blossom, which had apparently 
been its food for some time, as it ejected several pieces of yellowish- 
brown frass. The larve are very shy, and on one’s approach they 
curl up, often writhing to and fro, and remain thus for a considerable 
time ; several were found sitting on rocks, but by far the greater 
number were stretched out on dead bracken. After the severe winter 
of 1894-5, the larve did not appear at Salcombe until April 26th 
(compared with April 14th in 1894), and the specimens found were 
very small indeed; these, and others found later, were at rest on dead 
bracken or bare stumps of blackthorn, and it was not until May ist 
that they were actually observed feeding.” Lane observed half-fed 
larve basking in the sun about 4 p.m.on Whitemoor, Lyndhurst,in May, 
1898. Newman says that the larva (after hybernation) is first observed 
in spring when it is three-tenths of an inch in length; it then rests 
extended on a blade or stalk of grass in a straight position, and, when 
it feeds, embraces the food with its feet, and devours from the top 
downwards, but if disturbed it immediately falls to the ground and 
rolls itself into a compact, but not very perfect, ring, the two 
extremities not meeting with precision, but passing each other, and 
thus giving a one-sided appearance to the ring, and the same characters 
are observable during the entire period of its growth, whilst after the 
end of April it feeds up very rapidly, and is fullfed at the end of May 
or beginning of June. Fowler says that larve occur on the ‘‘ cvzbram” 
ground at Ringwood ; he finds them in June, when they are usually 
about an inch long. The larve positively swarm in certain seasons in 
some districts. Sepp collected 85 larvae on Calluna vulgaris in early 
June, and bred imagines from the beginning of August onwards, 
Prescott observes that on June 8th, 1857, he obtained 86 larve at Black- 
pool, and saw 400 taken the same day. Bishop notes that on June 
16th, 1857, he had collected a large quantity in the Plymouth district, 
and from the same locality Lethbridge obtained a great number on 


PACHYGASTRIA TRIFOLII. 20 


_ June 29th, 1857. Gregson observes the larve as very common on the 
Crosby and Wallasey sandhills on May 3rd, 1856, and Gascoyne 
states that at the end of May, 1856, on the Sussex coast, he collected 
300 in less than an hour, and could have taken a thousand more; 
they fed well on various grasses, but would not touch trefoil or 
plantain. Galliers reports larve as abundant at Wallasey in June, 1859. 
Harker observes that he found the larve common between June 23rd 
—3oth, 1873, all round the coast of Alderney, but most abundant 
close to Fort Turaille, where fifty specimens were taken in about two 
hours, feeding on a tough, wiry grass growing among the sand. Bacot 
has taken them on Whitemoor before breakfast in several different years, 
and considers the early morning, with the sun shining on the short 
heather, the best time to obtain them ; yet Hewett observes that the 
larve (half-grown and fullfed) feed only in the evening on the heaths 
near Lyndhurst, crawling up from their hiding-places among the roots 
about sunset (earlier if there has been a shower) and sitting on the dead 
shoots or twigs of Zvica tetralix. Bowles states that the larve were 
more plentiful than usual at Lyndhurst in 1896; they drink freely, and 
like moistened food. Réaumur (and several later observers) has stated 
that only a small proportion ever reach full-growth in captivity, and of 
those that pupated and emerged almost all were cripples. Adkin says 
that the larvee, in the Scilly Isles, usually feed many close together, 
but isolated ones are often seen ; on bare sand they lie stretched out 
on the ground, but roll into a ring when anyone approaches ; on thick 
heather they usually lie exposed. The larve are exceedingly local, 
not always found in the same place, nor even on the same island. 
Ebrard notes (Gull. Soc. Ent. France, 1868, p. xc) that he has had good 
success in rearing P. ¢refoli, feeding the larve on Spartium scoparium 
in a perforated metal cage, the food being placed in water, and 
frequently renewed to keep it fresh. Zeller records (/szs, 1847, p. 421) 
larve as abundant at Messina, on the sandy peninsula forming the 
‘Haven ;” they were found amongst $Ywuncus acutus feeding on soft 
grasses. On Feb. 24th they were of varying sizes, but none full- 
grown. When there had been rain in the night, they sat on the upper 
parts of the plants and were very easy to find, but by April they had 
disappeared (presumably for pupation). The following dates as to 
larve have been collected: larve, June and July, in Pomerania 
(Hering) ; larvz, fullfed in New Forest in June (Edelsten), fullfed, 
in July in Guernsey (Luff) ; common, June rst, 1860 on sandhills near 
Liverpool (Gregson) ; June rath, 1860, from near Liverpool (Fenn) ; 
June 24th, 1893, in Guernsey (Hodges) ; June 13th, 1894, about three- 
quarters grown in South Devon (Prideaux); April 21st, 1895, May 
4th—1ith, 1897, small, at Formby (Freeman); May 23rd—26th, 
1896, at Lyndhurst (Bowles) ; May z9th—3oth, 1896, on Whitemoor, 
Lyndhurst (Lane); almost fullfed larve at Digne, April 15th—3oth, 
1897, and fullfed larve in Fontainebleau Forest, June 21st—29th, 1897 
(Tutt); June 17th, 1899, several larve on Longy Common, Alderney 
(Luft), common in the Island of Malta from March 26th, rgo1, 
onwards (Fletcher), &c. 

Larva.—lIn the first stadium, the head is large, black, shiny, with 
traces of white markings on clypeus, inclining to be trapezoidal in 
shape, a few scattered black hairs. Body short, rather thick and 
stout (well raised from resting-surface), prolegs rather large, anal 


24 BRITISH LEPIDOPTFRA. 


claspers very large, tapers slightly from head to anus; 9th abdominal 
segment long ; the prothorax large, scutellum very large and developed 
into two cushion-like warts, which give rise to long and large black 
hairs ; ear-tubercles very large ; prothorax divided into 2 (? 3) subseg- 
ments, a vey large anterior, and a small posterior (possibly sub- 
divided) ; j rthe thoracic segments longer (front to back) than the 
abdominal. ‘The tubercles form large many-haired warts, i and ii are 
large, and appear to be placed at corners of an imaginary square on 
thoracic, as well as abdominal, segments, 1 larger than nu, 11 also is a 
large many-haired wart; iv and v form a subspiracular, many- 
haired wart, whilst there is a similar supplementary prespiracular wart. 
The dorsal hairs are mostly black and shiny and slightly serrated, very 
large and long; many of the lateral hairs are white, finer and smaller 
than the dorsal. There is a broad, whitish, dorsal band, the dorsal and 
subdorsal areas are dark chocolate-brown, and the lateral area white, the 
oblique stripes appear as dark streaks bordered with white, suggesting 
the origin of the double obliques in Laszocampa querctis, Cosmotriche 
potatoria, &c. The dorsal band has a chain of yellow spots in it, 
one of each of the abdominal subsegments is yellow in the line of the 
white band. This yellow section appears to be that of the 4th sub- 
segment, and the band is much broader here than elsewhere. The 
yellow spots end on the 7th abdominal. ‘The anterior trapezoidals on 
the 8th abdominal are large and very close together, on the gth they 
are also large. ‘The lateral tubercles on .the abdominal segments 
appear to be the supra- sub- and the prespiracular, the latter very far 
forwards. In the second stadium the head is black, shiny, with a 
number of stout, black hairs, the clypeus pale cream colour, except 
for a central (vertical) brown band; the scutellum, not chitinous in 
appearance, forms two raised cushions, one on either side of the 
median line, each bearing many long stiff black hairs (z.e., very similar 
to scutellum in larva of Z. guerciés in first stadium, except for the size 
of hairs) ; the abdominal segments are divided into five subsegments, 
the thoracic are difficult to determine. The dorsal tubercles well 
marked (more so than in Z. gwercis in 1st stadium); i larger and 
more pronounced than u, which are not only smaller but less wart-like. 
The lateral tubercles are very large, especially on thoracic segments 
(on prothorax they form the large ear-tubercle), and consist of supra- 
sub- and prespiracular, whilst the basal tubercles are large, and carry 
several hairs ; there are also present several small single-haired tuber- 
cles ina line with vii, but on the rst subsegment ; the prespiracular 
tubercle is on the 1st subsegment ;1is on the 2nd subsegment, iii and iv 
(? and y) on the 3rd, 11 on the 4th ; it is perhaps not quite correct to state 
that iv is on the 3rd subsegment, as the subsegments become obscure 
before they reach the spiracular area (the spiracles are quite indistin- 
guishable in this stadium). ‘The coloration is much as in the rst stadium 

—a broad, white mediodorsal longitudinal band, with a yellow blotch in 
it on each segment, the dorsal area on either side of a leaden or slaty 
hue, mottled with black, and there are traces of a white subdorsal 
line ; lateral area also slate-coloured, with double oblique white stripes 
(sloping from head to anus) on abdominal segments 1-8 on the 
thoracic segments, and on abdominals 8-10 is a broad white lateral 
band, at same height (so that oblique stripes are possibly due to 
the splitting up of longitudinal band); the stripes are conspicuous, 


PACHYGASTRIA TRIFOLII. ae 


although not sharply defined. The skin is covered with a coat of 
minute bristles, and the hairs are serrated rather than thorny (not 
unlike those of TZvichiura crataegi only more marked.) No free 
secondary hairs are yet present on dorsal area, and they are either absent 
or very sparse on the lateral areas. There is as yet no trace of the 
lateral and dorsal thoracic markings that are present in /ofaforia, and 
in a somewhat different form in guercis and guercifolia *(Bacot). ‘The 
adult larva is thickly covered with golden-brown hairs on back, which 
are erected medially on each segment ; laterally the brown colour is 
less distinct, and there are a few black hairs on the thoracic segments, 
and four little tufts on abdominal segments ; area below spiracular line 
and the venter, dull black, covered with grey hairs. Head variable 
in colour, thickly covered with black and white hairs, with tiny black 
spots at bases, dull slaty-blue, shaded with bright orange-red, with 
a dark band down either side of the clypeus, which, with a border 
outside it, is whitish-brown ; ocelli, small, shining, black, placed on a 
red-brown patch; prothorax, with a dorsal chitinous-looking black 
patch mottled with orange-red, bearing a transverse series of tubercles 
carrying bright reddish golden hairs, two small bunches of black hairs, 
laterally ; meso- and metathorax, with subdorsal groups of black hairs, 
each divided into three (or four) subsegments; laterally a large round supra- 
spiracular black tuft, and smaller black tuft in spiracular line. Abdo- 
minal segments, each divided into four (or five) ill-marked subsegments, 
each segment bearing a few black hairs on either side of the raised 
mediodorsal golden-coloured hairs, and, laterally, a small black supra- 
spiracular, and another subspiracular blackish tuft; the abdominal 
incisions, velvety-black, with bluish-white spots running longitudinally 
dorsally, and on either side subdorsally ; the venter very velvety, each 
segment showing more or less distinct traces between the prolegs of a 
reddish medioventral line; the spiracles almost hidden by hairy coat, 
small, oval, pale, with blackish-red rim. The true legs brownish with 
black claws ; the prolegs reddish with black hooks (Tutt). Réaumur 
notes (AZémorres, 1., p.85) the peculiar arrangement of the hairs, by means 
of which half the hairs from the lateral tubercles tend to be elevated, and 
the other half depressed, with this pecuharity that part of those that are 
elevated are applied against the body of the larva, and surround it, whilst 
the others are more raised and pass the centre of the back, when those on 
one side meet those arising from the opposite side. Newman thus des- 
cribes the larva: ‘‘ Head hairy, scarcely as wide as the znd segment, 
which has three wart-like protuberances on each side of its anterior 
margin; body almost uniformly cylindrical, the incisions of the 
segments not distinctly marked, every part of the body being densely 
clothed with soft hairs ; the hairs on the dorsal region tend towards a 
mediodorsal line, thus forming a mediodorsal ridge or crest, which 
extends the entire length. Colour of the head purplish-black, adorned 
with orange markings ; the labrum and clypeus are pale, and a pale 
stripe extends from the latter to the epicranium ; colour of the body 
intense velvety-black, with three longitudinal dorsal series of small 
snow-white spots, visible only on the incisions of the segments, and 


* The larva in 2nd stadium in some respects reminds one of Cosmotriche potatoria 
in Ist stadium, and appears to be nearer this species than to Lastocampa quercus 
n this stadium, and to be also a more primitive form than the latter (Bacot), 


26. BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


either when the larva is crawling or, more obviously, when rolled in a 
ring ; hair on the mediodorsal region fulvous-orange, that on the sides 
fulvous-grey ; the 3rd and 4th segments have each a lateral crescentic 
bright orange marking; anal flap orange, freckled with black; 
spiracles pale, each having above it an oblique line of a dingy brown 
colour in the middle, and almost white at both extremities ; below 
each spiracle is a jet black verruciform dot; venter smoky-black, 
irregularly variegated with orange ; legs orange-red with black claws ; 
claspers pitchy-red, inclining to smoke-colour.” 

VARIATION OF LARVA.— Buckler gives two excellent:figures of 
adult larvee: (x) Of the ordinary type, with golden dorsum, black trans- 
verse medio-segmental lunular marks and black intersegmental rings, 
and bluish or slaty lateral hairs below the spiracular line (PI. xlvii., 
fig. 1). (2) A white-grey form, with brown head and yellow clypeus, 
and brown anal claspers. ‘The dorsal and ventral areas are covered 
with greyish-white hairs, white mediodorsal and supraspiracular 
lines, and black intersegmental rings between the abdominal segments, 
the thoracic segments divided into three, and the abdominal into four, 
subsegments (PI. xlvii., fig. ra). Adkin says that in the Scilly Isles 
about 5 per cent of the larve have greyish-white hairs instead of 
yellow. 

Pupation.—The cocoon is made slightly under the surface of the 
ground ; it is quite concealed by fragments of grass, moss, soil, &c. ; 
pupation takes place in confinement at the end of June and July, but 
depends somewhat on food supply (Bowles); the pupal period lasts 
about three weeks (Hewett) ; the larvee spin up just beneath the surface 
of the sand, and they must, in confinement, be kept slightly damp, both 
larve and cocoons have strong urticating properties (Jones) ; the larvee 
have no certain rule as to where their cocoons shall be placed, some 
spin them on the surface of the ground among roots and moss, others 
go under the earth from one to six inches (Reading); the larva burrows, 
found several cocoons some with, others without, a loose cocoon of 
earth outside the cocoon proper (Bingham). One found at Bobbie, in the 
Vaudois in August, 1901, was spun under the ledge of an overhanging 
mass of rock ; it was partly hidden ina crack and with little loose outside 
spinning, and at least 6 ft.—7 ft. from the ground (Tutt) ; spun under 
the surface of the sand, which abounds where this species occurs, and 
frequently slightly attached to the roots of the grasses on which the 
larva feeds (Newman); spins up in confinement among moss (Hodg- 
kinson). 

Cocoon.—There is a considerable quantity of flossy silk on outside 
of cocoon by which it is attached to objects usually on surface of 
ground, The cocoon proper is within this, varies somewhat in shape, 
the more regular ones being similar to those of Laszocampa quercts, L. 
var. callunae, &c. Some that were measured worked out as follows: 
rather over +% in. in length, +% in. in width; rather over +3 in. in length, 
3 in, in width; ¢ in. in length, 4%, in. in width. The inner cocoon is 
yellow-brown in colour (one was dark brown and much rounder in 
shape), fairly stiff and hard, yet much thinner and less tough than that 
of Z. guercis ; it is composed of closely felted silk, with a number of 
short hairs (chiefly on outer surface) mixed with the silk; the inside 
smooth, papery in texture, somewhat glazed ; in two cocoons the inner 
layer almost white, in others of same tint as outer case; the inner coat- 


PACHYGASTRIA TRIFOLII. vei 


- ing cannot be separated from the remainder of cocoon as in that of 
L. quercis. Edelsten notes: “The cocoon is oblong in shape, yellow 
in colour, attached by white silken threads, that of ZL. guercis being 
larger, more elongated, dark-brown, very firm and coriaceous in texture, 
and smooth inside.” Bacot notes: ‘Cocoon of the usual ‘eggar’ 
shape, oval, golden-brown in colour, slightly swollen centrally.” On 
the emergence of the moth, the cocoon is usually opened at one end 
by an irregular fracture which is sometimes longitudinal, small pieces 
of the brittle structure of the cocoon being broken off on either side. 
Sometimes the loosened piece is circular and turned back ld-like, 
reminding one of the pseudo-lid of the cocoon of Lachnezs lanesirvs. 
In others a circular opening is made, rather to one side and not at the 
end, and the disturbed material appears then to be pushed back all 
round the opening. There is sometimes an abundant staining at the 
emergence-end, suggesting the use of a fluid at the time of escape of 
the moth. : 

ABNORMAL cCocoons.—Newnham records (£7. fec., 1., p. 236) 
the occurrence of two pupz of this species in one cocoon. Clark 
notes (£7fom., XxXi., p. 111) a single cocoon with two exits, the exit 
end of the cocoon thinner than the rest of the cocoon. 

COMPARISON OF COCOONS OF PACHYGASTRIA TRIFOLII AND Lasio- 
CAMPA VAR. VIBURNI.—These cocoons are superficially very simular, 
but that of P. ¢7zfo/z is much thinner and the two coats are not distinct, 
the inner being a mere varnish as though coated with white of egg 
(Bacot). 

Pupa.—Three pupz gave the following measurements: ¢ greatest 
length 43 in., greatest width * 3in.; ¢ length 44in., width * 2in.; 
? length # in., width * ;4 in.— ?. The female pupa is short, stout, and 
dumpy, widest at the 4th abdominal segment (end of wing-cases), tapers 
rapidly from here to the blunt rounded anus and more gradually to 
shoulders, from here it curves bluntly round to head; the face-parts 
project ventrally but the venter otherwise almost flat from head to anus ; 
much curved dorsally ; distinctly constricted at metathorax and first 
abdominal; leg- eye- and antenna-cases prominent; these and wings 
dark umber-brown, lighter on thorax, the abdomen whitish-yellow with 
a broad dark mediodorsal line or band, darker at anus; spiracles 
large and prominent, blackish-brown; proleg scars on sixth and seventh 
abdominal segments; anus rounded, blunt, shows scars of anal claspers, 
thickly covered with short, scattered bristles: abdominal incisions very | 
marked. g. The male pupa more slender and much paler than that 
of 2; the wings, antennz, legs, head and thorax hght reddish-brown, 
rather paler on thorax; the abdomen pale yellow; spiracles black ; 
the wing-cases very transparent, the covered abdominal segments 
visible through them; rather concave in outline dorsally at 4th and- 
5th abdominal segments ; the cremaster as in 2 pupa but the bristles 
more numerous (Bacot). 

Foop - PLANTS. — Grass, elm, hornbeam, bramble (Réaumur), 
Artemisia (Staudinger), Spartium, Genista, and other Leguminosae 
(Rambur), Ovzonis spinosa, Cytisus laburnum, some few species of 
grasses (Rossler), Calluna vulgaris (Sepp), Retama monosperma (Walker), 


* The width of the pupa is almost the same as that of the cocoon, the pupa 
filling up (in this direction) almost the whole of the available space in the cocoon. 
The pupa is usually somewhat shorter, however, than the length of the cocoon (Bacot). 


28 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Plantago minor (Prideaux), Anthyllis vulneraria, Lotus corniculatus, 
hawthorn, sallow (Jones), Z77zfolium pratense, Medicago falcata (Stephens), 
star-grass (Ellis), Gemzsta ? cinerea (Bromilow), grass, Ornithopus perpu- 
sillus, Clover of any sort, oak, willow, bramble, furze (Dell), most species 
of willow and trefoil (Walker), blackthorn, oak (Luff), walnut (Turner), 
heath, plum (Edelsten), dZedicago lupulina (Curtis), Statice armeria (B. 
Adkin), white and red trefoil, plantain, young furze-shoots, bramble, 
etc., and, in confinement, oak, beech, ash, poplar, willow, whitethorn 
and blackthorn (Reading), raspberry (Hawker). Butler notes 
that larve in May, 1894, failed on clover and broom, but féd up well 
on sallow, and imagines emerged August rst—z22nd, 1894. Jones ob- 
serves that the food-plant in the Wallasey district is almost exclusively 
Anthyllis vulneraria, but that the larva also eats Loftus corniculatus, 
whilst sallow and hawthorn are poor substitutes; Bowles says that 
young larve feed freely on heather, whilst in confinement they nibble 
grass and clover, but feed up quickly and freely on young strong 
shoots of plum or sallow, but slowly on older leaves ; he also states 
that he knew a case in which the larvze were reared on Vir ginia creeper 
ina London garden. Aippophaes rhamnoides (Snellen). 


PARASITES.—Gravenhorstia picta, Drewsen and Boie (Mitford, &e, ys 
Cryptus migratory, Fab. (twelve males from one cocoon) (Bignell), 
Ophion obscurus, Fab. (Bairstow), Ophion undulatus, Gr. (Hartlieb), 
Anomaton giganteum, Gry. (Rondani), Lxochelum circumflexum var. 
giganteum (Hartlieb and Ratzeburg). 

Hasits AND Hapirat.—The moths emerge in the early afternoon 
and the males fly before dusk (in a cage they ruin themselves almost 
as soon as the wings are dry). The 9s are very hard to breed perfect, 
a large proportion being deformed (Bowles). Ruhl says that in the 
Zurich district the males fly by day in damp meadows, and Gregson 
notes capturing a male thus flying on August 17th, 1844, and another 
flying at night with Agrotes vestigealis on the Lancashire coast. The 
imagines are not often seen on the wing, but the males are taken on 
the gas-lamps in September at Gibraltar (Walker). Miulliere notes 
females as attracted by light in the Alpes-Maritimes, and Kaye took 
tue species on the gas-lamps on the fore-shore at St. Heliers, whilst 
we found males flying into the lighted rooms of the Albergo del 
Camoscio at Bobbie between 9 and ro p.m., August 14th—17th, rgor. 
Nageli notes both sexes in great abundance at electric lhght at 
Ziirich in the middle of August, 1893, also very abundant at electric 
light at Berne in 1893 (Hiltbold), and at the electric lights in Aix-les- 
Bains <i “189@ \(Acassiz). 9 Che stemale son a. trifoltt readily 
attracts the males, and large numbers of the latter sex may 
be obtained by this means. Harker asserts, however, that the 
males mostly fly from 7 p.m.—8 p.m., that the flight of the 
males is very swift, strong, undulating or jerky, and that they can only 
be assembled about 8 p.m. on favourable evenings. Jones also 
reports numbers being taken by assembling on the Cheshire sandhills, 
whilst Noye captured 13 males on August 18th and roth, 1849, when 
assembling toa fresh @ about half-an-hour before sunset, near Land’s 
End, and Jennings notes that in 1860, in Jersey, a bred female attracted 
Te ae oe quercus. A female bred by Lowe, September rst, 1886, at =) 
Sampson’s, attracted a male (which he caught) although in suburbs 
of the town. Occasional specimens of the imago found by 


-PACHYGASTRIA TRIFOLII,. ao 


searching among the low grass at Crosby on August 22nd, 1880 
(Walker). In Britain the species is more abundant in some years than 
others, and this would appear to be the case on the Continent, e.g 
at Wildungen (Speyer), Carlsruhe, unusually plentiful in 1888 and 189; 3 
(Gauckler), Weissenburg (Huguenin), &c. Its habitats are exceedingly 
various ; on the Lancashire and Cheshire coasts it is confined to the 
sandhills near the sea, where it specially affects the willow beds (Ellis), 
on Romney Marsh it occurs on the shingle just above high-water mark, 
on the Devon coast it is found on the cliffs and slopes facing the sea, 
and in Dorset, Bankes says that it is noticeably attached to the coast, 
being found on heaths and sandy tracts near the sea. In the Channel 
Islands the species is often found on the cliffs, the larvae feeding on the 
flowers of furze, often, however, on the lower ground near the shore, 
and also on the commons inland (Luff), and at Land’s End 
aco on the clins (Noye); it occurs on the heaths in the New 
Forest and we obtained larve on very similar ground in the 
Forest of Fontainebleau. At Digne we found it on the broom over 
all the lower mountains around the towns; whilst Ruhl records it as 
occurring in Switzerland in damp meadows, and Prittwitz notes it as 
occurring in the Oder meadows in Silesia. In Denmark it is, as is 
usually the case with us, confined to coast districts, but in the Nether- 
lands frequents dry places—dunes, heaths, &c.—and heaths are given as 
its sole habitat in Upper Lusatia. Constant notes it as much more 
abundant in the chalky districts of the Saone-et-Loire than in other 
parts of the department, and Lewin states that it used to occur in plenty 
in chalky fields near Darenth. It certainly is occasionally a sub-alpine 
species, and Hinterwaldner gives it as occurring up to 4,300 feet in the 
Tyrol, whilst we have taken it in the Pellice valley up to about 3,500 
feet, and suspect it occurs there at a greater elevation. 


TIME OF APPEARANCE.—August appears to be the normal time 
of its appearance in England, but Bowles states that with him it rarely 
appears in confinement until September. It is worthy of remark that 
in Algeria, its most southern habitat, the imagines are only recorded 
for October and November, whilst Staudinger records a male from 
Milos on October 4th. Imagines in August in Pomerania (Hering), 
middle of August at Berne (Benteli), August in the Alpes-Maritimes 
(Milhere), from July 17th to September sth'j in various parts of Hungary 
(Fritsch), imagines bred in August, 1895—1898, from larve taken in 
Scilly Isles, also end of July and beginning cf August, 1899, from pupee 
found June 22nd (Adkin), imagines wild on sandhills near Liverpool, 
August 17th, 1844, August 15th, 1845, &c. (Gregson), August 17th 
and rgth, 1845, bred from Land's End larvee, and seven others August 
ist—r8th, 1847, of which one 2, hatched August 18th, 1847, attracted 
on the coast near Land’s End 6 males on one day, and 7 males on 
another (Noye); imagines bred August 4th—8th, 1859, from larvee 
collected June 35th at Horndean (Fenn), imagines captured 
August 16th, 1871, in Scilly Isles (Jenkinson), imagines found 
wild by searching, August 22nd, 1880 at Crosby (Walker), 
imagines bred August 8th—September 6th, 1881, from larvez col- 
lected June 2nd, near Liverpool (Bower), imagines bred August 17th, 
1882, &c., from larve obtained between May 1oth—June roth in the 
Isle of Purbeck (Bankes), bred in 1883—August 30th, two g's, Sep- 
tember 3rd, one 2, September 8th, gth, one g each day; in 1886— 


30 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


August 21st, one 9, September rst, one 2 ; in 1896—September r1th, 
one ¢ ; from August 28th into September, 1897, bred several of both 
sexes in Guernsey (Lowe), August 22nd, 1892, on lamp on foreshore 
at St. Heliers (Kaye), bred several August 1st—z22nd, 1894, larve from 
Liverpool district (Butler), bred many August rath, 1895, to end of 
month from Mullion near Penzance (Daws), bred August 3rd—6th, 1897, 
from larvee collected June rst, 1897 at Formby (Whittle), imagines bred 
August 5th—14th, 1897, from larve collected June 19th on the Formby 
sandhills (G. O. Day), imagines bred August roth—rgth, 1898, from 
larvze collected June 8th—14th in the New Forest (Edelsten) [ June 
13th, 1899, a 2 imago in New Forest (Fowler) (possibly an error) ]. 
August 14th—17th, 1gor, at light, from 9—10 p.m., at Bobbie, in the 
Pellice valley (Tutt). . 


LOCALITIES.*—CHESHIRE: All coast sandhills from Blackpool to Wallasey 
(Ellis), New Brighton (Harker), Wallasey (Galliers), Crosby (Gregson), Waterloo sand- 
hills (Moss), Birkenhead (Ragonot). CORNWALL: The Lizard (Marshall), Scilly 
Isles (B. Adkin), Penzance district, Mullion, common (Daws), Land’s End (Noye). 
CUMBERLAND: North part of the Cumberland coast (Dawson /este Barrett), near 
Keswick, very rare (Beadle). DEvon: Plymouth (Rogers), Devonport (Harvie), 
Bolt Head, Starehole Bottom, Salcombe (Turner), Whitsand Cliffs, Bovisand (Dell), 
Teignmouth, Blandford (Stainton). DoRSET: Isle of Purbeck (Bankes), Bloxworth 
(Cambridge), Poole, Studland, Swanage (Bouskell), Winfrith, Parley Heath, Poole 
Heath (Dale). GLAMORGAN: Tenby (Hutchinson). GLOUCESTER: formerly nr. Bristol 
(Stephens), Cirencester (Harman), Hants: I. of Wight— Nettlestone, Long 
Barton (Ingram) ; Lyndhurst (Bowles), White Moor (Lane), Southsea (Forsyth), 
Brockenhurst (Stephens), Horndean (Fenn), Ringwood (Fowler), KENT: Romney 
Marsh—Lydd to Rye (Mitford), [? Folkestone Warren (Knaggs) ], in plenty, formerly, 
nr. Darenth (Lewin), nr. London, formerly, rare (Stephens), [Ramsgate (Stainton.) ] 
Lancs: All the coast sandhills from Blackpool and Lytham to Wallasey (Ellis), 
Lytham (Stainton), sandhills near Liverpool (Gregson), Blackpool (Prescott), Formby 
(G. O. Day). SUSSEX: Sussex coast (Gascoyne), Eastbourne (Stainton), Crowhurst 
(Bloomfield), Rye to Lydd (Tutt). [Want confrmation—DURHAM: nr. Durham, 
larvee abundant (Wood, Aut. W. /nt., 1., p. 151) (? Anthrocera trifolit). MIDDLE- 
SEX : Hampstead, one (Rowland-Brown), SUFFOLK: Aldborough (Bloomfield) }. 


DISTRIBUTION.—AFRIcA: Algeria—Collo, rare (Seriziat), Morocco, common 
(Blackmore), Tangier (Walker). Asta: Amasia, Tokat, Brussa, Smyrna (Speyer), 
The Taurus—Karli, Boghas (Rober), G6zna (Holtz), Mersina (Lederer). AUSTRO- 
HuNGARY: Bucovina, distributed (Hormuzaki), Pressburg (Rozsay), Bohemia, 
sparingly (Nickerl), Stanislawow (Werchratski), Galicia—Holosko, nr, Lemberg 
(Nowicki), Briinn, (Miller), Bregenz, Kessen, Salzburg (Fmtsch), Buda, common 
(Speyer), Tyrol, not common, to 4,300ft. (Hinterwaldner), Taufers, Innsbruck 
(Weiler), Hermannstadt (Czekelius), Eperies, rare (Husz), Chemnitz (Pabst), 
Glockner, Fiume (Mann), Lavantthal—Val Popena (Hofner), BELGIUM: rare — 
Rochefort, Namur (Selys), Hasselt (Mathieu), Han (Hippert), Ostend (Lambillion). 
BuLGARIA: Varna (Lederer). CHANNEL ISLANDS: Jersey (Jennings), Guernsey and 
Sark, all round coast (Luff), Alderney coast—Fort Touraille (Harker). DENMARK : 
Common in coast districts (Bang-Haas). JIRANCE: not rare (Berce), West of France, 
Eure-et-Loir, Chateaudun, Paris, Pyrenees, St. Sauveur, Vernet (Guénée), Fontaine- 
bleau, Digne, &c. (Tutt), Aix-les-Bains (Agassiz), Aube (Jourdheuille), Auvergne 
(Sand), Haute-Garonne, common (Caradja), Dept. Var (Cantener), Maas, Moselle, 
Meurthe (Speyer), Morbihan (Griffiths), Gironde (Trimoulet), Doubs (Bruand), Aude 
(Mabille), Loire-Inférieure (Bonjour), Saone-et-Loire—Autun, rare (Constant), 
St. Quentin (Dubus), Alpes-Maritimes (Milliére), Caussols, common (Bromilow), 
Seine-Inférieure—Pont-de-l’Arche (Dupont), Burgoyne, St. Martin Lantosque 


(Constant coll.). GkERMANY: distributed (Heinemann), north-west Germany almost 
everywhere (Jordan), Baden—general, at Freiburg, Herrenwics and Carlsruhe, common 


(Reutti), Rhine Palatinate (Bertram), Wiirtemberg (Seyfiler), Giessen (Dickore), 
Lower Elbe dist. (Zimmermann), Upper Hartz to 2,200ft., Waldeck— Wildungen, 
common (Speyer), Halle - Dessau, Dolau (Stange), Munich, rather common (Kranz). 


* Meyrick says (Handbook, p. 321): “ Kent to Devon, Warwick to Lancashire, 
local,’ We know no Warwick records whatever. 


LASIOCAMPA, 30) 


Rudolstadt, rather common (Meurer), Mecklenburg—Sulz-Neustrelitz, Wismar 

(Schmidt), Bremen (Rehberg), Saxon Upper Lusatia, rare (Schtitze), Dresden 
(Steinert), Thuringia, not rare (Krieghoft), Gotha, &c. (Knapp), Prussia—K6nigs- 
berg, Gilgenburg, Willenburg, Dantzig (Schmidt), Rastenburg (Klups), Silesia 
(Wocke), Upper Lusatia—Nieskv to 574ft. (Moeschler), Nassau (Rossler), Ratisbon 
(Schmid), Dessau, not rare (Richter), Alsace (Peyerimhoff), Wernigorode (Fischer), 
Pomerania—Fort Preussen, Krekow, Memitz, Vogelsand, Grambow, &c. (Hering), 
Brunswick, not rare (Heinemann), Hanover, not rare (Glitz), F rankfort-on-Oder 
(Kretschmer), Eutin (Dahl). GREECE: Corfu, Syra, Tinos (Erber teste Staudinger). 
IrALy : throughout, fairly common (Cur6), Sicily, type form very rare (Mina-Palumbo 
and Failla-Tedaldi), Roman Campagna, very common (Calberla), Lombardy (Turati), 
Modena, not rare (Fiori), Menaggio (Forbes), Messina, Macerata (Zeller), Piedmont— 
Bobbie (Tutt). MALTA (Fletcher). NETHERLANDS: in most provinces (Snellen), Breda 
(Heylaerts), Gooyland (Sepp). RKOUMANIA: very common, Grumazesti, Kloster- 
Neamtz, Slanic, Comanesti, Dulcesti, Jassy, Tultscha, Turn Severin (Caradja). 
Russia: Baltic Provinces (Sintenis), Libau (Bienert), Sarepta (Nolcken), 
Moscow dept. (Albrecht), Crimea (Melioransky), South Russia (Moeschler), Trans- 
caucasia—Helenendorf, Delijan, Kasikoparan (Romanoff), Lenkoran (Speyer). 
SCANDINAVIA : common in southern Sweden, found to about 60° N. lat., northern 
limit Upland (Aurivillius), Norway—Christiania (Siebke), rare in south-eastern 
Norway, not occurring in Finland (Reuter), SPAIN: Andalusia—Cadiz, Malaga 
(Rambur), Teruel (Zapater), Galicia (Velado), Barcelona—Calella (Cuni y Martorell), 
Catalonia (Martorell y Pena), Gibraltar, common (Walker), Bilbao, common 
(Seebold). SWITZERLAND: distributed (Frey), Weissenburg (Huguenin), Grisons— 
Chur, Bergell (Killias), Zurich dist. generally distributed (Ruhl), Berne (Benteli), 
Valais, not rare on the slopes of the lower region—La Croix de Martigny, foot of Mt. 
Ravoire, Fully, Sion, Salquenen, &c. (Favre and Wullschlegel), Basle (Knecht), 
Thurgau nr. Dusnang (Eugster), Bremgarten (Frey), Aargau—(ftringen, Lenzburg, 
Aarburg (Wullschlegel), Bechburg, (Riggenbach-Stehlin), Schipfen (Rothenbach), 
Cant. Glarus valleys (Heer), St. Blaise Neuveville (Couleru), St. Gallen, (Taschler), 
near Schafthausen (Trapp). TURKEY: Gallipoli (Mathew). 


Genus: Lasiocampa, Schrank. 


SyNOoNYMY,—Genus : Lasiocampa, Schrk., ‘‘ Fauna Boica,’’ ii., Abth. 2, p. 154 
(1802); Germ., “ Bomb. Spec.,” sect. ii, p. 47 (1812); Leach, ‘‘ Edinb. Ency.,” ix 
p. 132 (1815) ; ’ Oken, eiehrb Zool.” p. 708 (1815) ; Curt., < Brit, Puts 7 ii-.,explt 
pl. clxxxi (1827) ; Stephs., “ Thlus, Haust., oil. Pp: 38, 40 (1828); ‘ List. Br. An, 
Br. Mus.,”’ p. 46 (1850) ; Meig., of Tian Schmett.,” il., p- 196 (1830) ; Wood, ‘ Ind., 
Hnt.,  p. 21, fig. 43 (1839); Humph. & Westd., ‘‘ Brit. Moths,” p. 58 (? 1843) ; 
Palm., ‘“ Zool.,”’ v., p. 1656 (1847); Walk., ‘‘ List. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus.,”’ vi., p. 1427 
eae Sia.. <¢ Man..” i p. 153-(1857) 5° Ramb., * Cat. Léep. And.,” pp. 353, 357 
fsbo) Karby, “Eur. Butts. & Moths,” -p. 139, pl. xxrx., figs, 12—e (1880) ; 
“ Cat.,” p. 827 (1892) ; ‘‘ Handbook,” &c., iv.. p. = (1897) ; Buckl., ‘* Larvee,” &c., 
ii., p. 56, pl. xlvii., figs. 2, 2a, 2b (1889) ; Strom, ‘‘ Danm. Sommerf.,”” p. 20 (1891) ; 
ariv.; *° Inis,”" vii. ; o I51 (1894) ; Meyer, -** Handbook, &c.,”” p. 320 (1895); Barr., 
‘‘Lep. Brit.,” iii., p. 25, pl. xci (1896);  Dyar. ‘ Can, Ent., (ERE, p.5), (£899): 
Tutt, “Proc, Sth. Lond. Ent. Soc.,”” pp. I—II (1898) ; Grote, “<Tilus. Zeits. fur 
Bat. di, p. 7O (1998); Staud., *‘*Cat.,” 3rd ed., p. 120: (1901). Phalaena 
(-Bombyx), Ean. ** Sys: ‘Nat., > Toth ed., p. 498 (17 58) ; 12th ed., p. 814 (1767) ; 
Bebaun. Succ: 2nd ed., p. 293 (1761) ; ae, “Ths. Mus. Grac., -p. o5 (F761) 
Migiiee- on. Hrid,/: p. 39 (1704); * Zool.-Dan. Prod...” p. 117-(1776);. Esp:, 
‘‘Schmett. Eur.,” ii., p. 81, pl. xili., figs. 2—6; xiv., figs. I—2 (1783); Vill., 
ein. Ent. i-, p- 125-(1780); Bkh., “Sys.-Besch:,” pp. 984, 464 (1790). 
Phalacna, Scop., ‘Ent. Cam.,” p. 194 (1763); Hfn., ‘Berl. Mag.,”’ il., p- 398 
pezon) Geol, “* Fourc. Ent. Par.,” p. 260: (1785) ; Don., pals) giogedl Pntcee que Tiles 3 yo 
83, S. pi. ohare (1794). Bombyx, Fab., “¢ Sys. Ent.,” p- 562 (1775) ; 6 Spec. 
tas die, p. 175 (1751); ‘* Alant. Ins., ° i, p-) 112 (Den): Eiitiee SY¥S.57° ini a 
P 423 (1793); chit. ] ‘‘ Schmett. Wien.,’ DAS TCL] 75) bib. Se eary, Lep. a 

Bamb. WH), Vere BP. 7.2 (czrc. 1800) ; ‘Eur, ehmett,,”? 1., figs. 172, 225 (c77c. 
foo) text D- Aaa? 1805) lll 6 Syst. Verz. Wien.,” n. Ausg., i., p. 109 (1801) ; 
Schrk., ‘‘ Faun. Boica,”’ ii., Abth. Eee 2/5 (LOOL)|; Haw., iS T eps Biites ihe ()- 
Si2(1003))- Watr., *° Consid. Gen.,” pp. 362, 441 (1810) ; God., “ Hist. Nat. Lép. 
BG AV., Pp. 95 ” (1822) ; Bdv., “< Bar, Lep. Ind Meth., 7 48 (1829) : ‘<. Tcones?? ps 
EG7, pl. Ixvi., figs. I—2 (circ. ” 1840) ; =< tcon:, Chen-,-7 pl. 5; figs. I—2 (core. 1840) ; 
‘Gen. et Ind. Meth., ao pe OO (1840) ; Dup., ‘‘ Hist. Nat. Lép. Eur.,” supp. iii., 
p- 92 (1836); *‘ Icon. “des (Ghen.,"* i-; pl. iv., fig. I (civc. 1840); ‘* Cat. *Méth.,”” pp. 


32 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


77—8 (1844) ; Boh., “Vet. Ak. Hand.,” p. 133 (1848) ; Newm., ‘‘ Zool.,” vii., p. 27 
(1849) ; “Ent.,” li., p: 139 (1865) ; “Brit. Moths,”’ p. 43 (1869); Gu.5 “Ammo 
Ent, 'r.,” (3), Vi. p: 442 1058)5 (4), Vill., p. 405 (1868); ‘‘ Lép. Eure-et-Loir,”’ p. 82 
(1875); Trim., “Cat. Lép.- Gir.,” p. 27 (1858); Staud., “* Cat.)? ast sedis 
(186n) 5; 2nd ed_5 p.) O9n(107 1) Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. , 2 SAV es 358 (1877); Snell., 
“De Wilind.,-.p.01o50( 1607). beLrce = {on ane brane. -aellee p. £gO (1868); Nolck., 
SSICep yeiian Mictlys ule Dany (1868) ; Wallgrn., feces Fjar.,”’ iL, pape 
(1869); Cuni y Mart., ‘‘Cat. Lep. Bare.,”” p- 69 (1874) ; uray ge Bull. Soc. Ent. 
Ital.,” vill-, p. 150 (1876); Frey, ““Lep. Schw.,” p- 97 (1880) ; Gerh = Bedsstaee 
Zeits.,” xxvi., p. 127 (1882) ; Lampa, ‘‘ Ent. Tids.,” p. 41 (1885) ; Jordan, ‘‘ Schmett. 
N.-W. Deutsch.,” p. 96 (1886) ;  Hinchiliff, ‘‘ Ent.,’’ xix., p. 272 (1886); Battersby, 
(Sint, eek Palo (hSo7)- sulle SOC, _eant.,” V.5 p- 198 (1891); ee eee 
Moths, ” p: 54 ee ewer Lep. Bad.,” 2nd ed., p. 58 (1898) ; Agassiz, ‘* Mitt. 
Schw: int; Gess,7 x... (p: 248 (1900). Bombix, Latr:, ** Hist. Nat..7] peeing 
(1805). Bombyx (-Lastocampa), Latr., “Genera,” &c., iv., p. 2107809) anocus 
“Verh. z.-b: Wien.,”’ 1. Abh., p. 75 (1853). -Gastropacha, Ochs., “ DieSchmertee 
ili., pp. 139, 266 (1810); x., p. FOr .(1834); Evers., “ Fauna Volg-ial nee 
(1844); EL.-Sch.,- <‘ Sys. Bearb.,”? ti., p. Tor (1647); eyd., “gegen ene 
Meth.,”’ ed. 3, p. 26° (1851); Speyer, “Geog. Verb.,”? 1.," p. 43m oe 
288 (1862); Hlein., ‘ Schmett. Deutsch.,” 1., p. 201 (1859); Fuchs, = ssterkemen 
Zeit.,”’ xli., p. 129 (1880); Auriv., ‘Nord. Fyjar.,” p. 63 (1889). Pachygastria, 
Hay ae VICKZ5,; pe LOO ae TO22). 

The genus Laszocampa was used by Schrank (Fauna Boica, ii., pt. 
2, pp. 153—155) in a heterogeneous sense, and includes the types of 
many different genera.- It reads as follows: 

Lastocampa.—Antenne bipectinate; the pectinations inclined towards one 
another. Two palpi, shaggy, almost shorter than the nose-shaped frontal tuft. 
Tongue small. Wings at rest deflexed, pointed-roof-shaped—quercifolia, tlicifolia, 
prunt, pint, potatoria, rubt, guercts, roboris, trifolit, dumeti, rimicola (=catax, 
Esp. lii., tab. xvi., figs. I—5), Zanestris, catax, neustria and castrensis. 

By a process of elimination already described (az/ed, vol. ii., pp. 
449—451) this heterotypical genus has, by the separation of the-species 
belonging to later genera, at last been retained solely for the guercis 
group, the latter species having been named by Curtis as the type. 
Aurivillius, by a method of reasoning quite different from ours, has 
come to the same conclusion (/7#s, vil., p. 149). Since Curtis was the 
first to restrict Laszocampa to the guerctis group, we give his generic 
diagnosis, which reads as follows : 

Lastocampa, Schr., Germ., Leach.—Gastropacha, Och.—4ombyx, Linn., Fab., 
Latr., Haw.— Antennze inserted towards the hind part of the head, nearly straight, 
setaceous, strongly bipectinated in the males, each branch being ciliated and “producing 
a rigid bristle near the apex, inclining upw ard ; ; serrated in the females. Marxillze and 
mandibles none. Palpi 2, small, short, hairy; 3-jointed, Ist and 2nd joints robust, the 
former the longest, 3rd minute ovate. Males smaller than the females. Head short. 
Eyes small. ‘Thorax large, not crested. Abdomen of the males attenuated and 
divided at the apex; robust and subovate in the females. Wings entire, deflexed 
when at rest. Tarsi 5-jointed. Claws and pulvilli distinct. Caterpillars with 6 pec- 
toral, 8 abdominal, and 2 anal feet ; cylindrical and hairy, curling themselves up when 
disturbed. Pupa enclosed in an obtuse oblong cocoon of very close texture. Type 
of the genus—Lombyx quercis, Linn. 

Although Curtis cited gwercis as the type of Laszocampa, he retained 
medicaginis and ¢rifoli (the type of Hubner’s Pachygastria) in the same 
genus, whilst Aurivillius (/77s, vil., p. 149) recognising the important 
structural differences between these and their allies retained the name 
Lasiocampa in a tribal sense, and grouped (oc. cit, pp. 150—151) 
the species enumerated therein, according to their peculiarities but 
without naming the genera thus created. He placed, however, only two 
species in the same group as gwercis, viz., grandis, Rog., and serrula, 
Gn, The former was described by Rogenhofer asa variety of /. trifolit. 


LASIOCAMPA, 33 


The synonymy and original description of these species are as follows : 


L. grandis, Rogenhofer, ‘‘ Ver. z.-b. Ges. Wien.,”’ xli., p. 86 (Dec., 1891); Staud., 
pitis, 1v., p. 340 (1392); Auriv., ‘ Iris,” vii., p. 151 (1894). Salomonzs, Staud., 
*«Tris,” iv., p. 259 (Feb., 1892).—Gastropacha trifolii var. grandis. $. Forewings 
reddish-yellow to red-brown with small whitish central spot and a narrow sinuate pale 
yellow band bordered with dark on inner side ; hindwings little paler ; underside rather 
paler, especially the hindwings, with a common sinuated narrow band. ¢, more 
tending to yellowish, resembling many dark ¢s of G. guercués with a larger central 
spot. ¢ 61—65mm., ¢ 80mm. (Rogenhofer). Aurivillius refers sapiens, Staud., 
‘- Iris,” iv., p. 260 (1892) to this species as a variety (/ris, vii., p. 151). 

L. serrula, Gn., ‘Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.,”’ (3), vi., p. 454, pl. x., fig. 2 (1858) ; 
Oberth., ‘‘ Etudes d’Ent.,”’ vi., pl. -iii., figs. 6a—é, p. 75 (1881); Kirby, ‘‘ Cat.,”’ p. 
829 (1892).—¢ only, the species more distinct than ¢bertca. Shape of ¢rifoliz ; 
superior wings wider than those of ¢ P. ¢rzfolii, the outer margin cut less 
obliquely and the fringes longer; the forewings pointed, of a pale ‘‘ gris-noisette,”’ 
sprinkled with reddish scales; the elbowed line very distinct, forming a series 
of deep regular teeth at each nervule, it is only a little darker than the ground 
colour, slightly paler outside, beyond which it is margined with reddish scales; 
the cellular point very large, very round, white without dark margin. The 
inferior wings are almost concolorous with the superior, the base and a slight 
trace of a transverse band a little paler. |The underside is somewhat near coc/es, 
but the ferruginous band of the inferior wings is toothed like the elbowed line 
of the superiors, although a little less markedly. The body is unicolorous; the 
antennz like those of ¢réfoliz. Reported from Andalusia by Lorquin. — Pierret 
stated that the specimen described from his collection was at the time unique (Guénée). 


Some exceedingly interesting experiments have been carried out 
on the various races of Laszocampa querciis, the species being one of 
those that lends itself very readily to experiment, inasmuch as it appears 
in very distinct local forms in various parts of its geographical range. 
Merrifield has shown (Zvans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1892, pp. 38—39) that 
the colour of the imagines of this species is affected by differences of 
temperature applied during the pupal stage. The experiments were 
as follows : 


I.—Some recently changed pupze and fullfed larvae of the type form, obtained from 
the same hedge at Windsor: 

I. Pupz placed at 80°F. after they had turned about a week, but some at a 
somewhat later stage. The resultant imagines emerged in from 29—4o0 
days, and were very light-coloured. 

2, Eighteen pupze (same batch) placed at a low temperature, 47°F.; fifteen 
emerged in from 39* to 71 days, and these show on the whole a tendency 
(more particularly in the light band) to become darker as the length of the 
pupation period, due to exposure to the low temperature, increases. 

IJ.—Pupe of Z. var. callunae obtained from Aberdeen and Perth: 

1. A few Aberdeen pupz, placed at 80° F.; two imagines emerged from 27 
to 46 days; the imagines a great deal lighter than usual, especially the ¢ , 
which can scarcely, if at all, be distinguished from the southern form. 

2. A lot of pupze from Perth, similarly forced, produced three $s and two ?s, 
These are darker, but light for Z. var. callunae. 

3. Another batch of pupze from Perth, divided into— 

a. The first set, forced at 80°F., five ¢s and five $s, appearing in from 
29 to 42 days, the resultant imagines rather light. 

b. The second set, placed in the open air, emerged in June and early 
July; the imagines, six ¢s and nine ¢s, varied but little, but the 
males especially were darker than those of section a, the pupz of 
which had been forced, 


Merrifield concludes that in Z. guercis, at least, the higher tempera- 
ture tends to produce lighter specimens than those kept at a lower 
temperature ; this particularly applies to the males, the females varying 
less, but, in both sexes, the forced ones have a reddish tint which is 


* Had possibly been pupz some time before the experiment wzs commenced. 


Cc 


34 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


wanting in the others. In some cases the effect of temperature is so 
considerable, that some of the forced Z. var. ca//unae would, as regards 
colouring, in the absence of data, pass for Z. guercis, whilst the Z. guercis 
that was 71 days in pupa at the lower temperature, is very dark for the 
typical form. 

The experiments made by Bacot and Warburg in crossing various 
races of LZ. guerctis, have proved exceedingly interesting. The races 
that have been used for the purpose of these experiments are as 
follows : 


1. JL, var. stcula, Staud., the most specialised race of this species; gs with a 
russet- rather than chestnut-brown ground colour, a very narrow, straight, transverse 
band to forewings, and a wide orange-yellow hind marginal area extending from the 
band to the fringe of the hindwings; ¢s a little smaller, somewhat darker, other- 
wise very like our British ochreous forms, all the wings uniformly tinged with 
reddish, the marginal area of the hindwings pale unicolorous, 

2. L. var. meridionalis, Tutt, usually known as the south of France form of 
guercus. This is the most extreme form, in which the ¢s have very narrow transverse 
yellow bands on fore- and hindwings, and dark ground colour; ¢s yellow, with 
scarcely a trace of reddish in ground colour, the forewings duller than hindwings, 

3. L. var. viburni, Gn., $s scarcely distinguishable from var. meridionalis, the 
transverse bands slightly wider on both fore- and hindwings ; ¢s generally exhibiting 
a reddish tint in ground colour, [The great difference between var. meridionadis and 
var. viburne occurs in larval stage. ] 

4. L. guercus (ab. latovirgata), gs with rather wider transverse bands, 
the ground colour somewhat redder; ¢s vary considerably from yellow- to reddish- 
ochreous. 

5. L.var. callunae, Palm., gs with very dark ground colour, with well-marked, 
but not specially broad, transverse band, often with a yellow patch at base of fore- 
wings; the transverse band of hindwings rather distant from margin, and turning 
down rather sharply at anal angle; ¢s much darker than in other forms. 


The parents from which crossings were obtained were as follows: 


I. JL. var. meridionalis (mixed families). 2. Z. var. meridionalis (a single 
family). 3. Z. var. véburni(a single family). 4. Z, var. véburni (from collected 
larve). 5. L. guercis, from Dorsetshire. 6. Z. hybr. merédionalis x viburni, from 
white-haired larve. 7. Z. hybr. meridionalis x viburni, from brown-haired larve. 
8. Z. var. callunae, from Aberdeen. 9. ZL. var. sicula, from Sicily. Mr, 
Warburg had also crossed meridionalis x callunae and obtained ova. 


The actual crossings obtained by Bacot im 1897 were 23 in 
number, of which, however, 6 were duplicate. Of the remaining 17, 
4 were pairings between moths of the same races, 13 being crosses 
between different races. These were as follows: 


$ meridionalis X ¢ viburni (July Ist); 3s wviburni x ¢ quercus (July 
loth); ¢ (meridionalis x viburni, from white-haired larva*) x 9 quercis 
(July roth); ¢ x 9? meridionalis (July 18th); & (meridionalis x viburni, from 
brown-haired larva) x ¢ meridionalis (July 19th); gSweburnt x ¢callunae (July 
19th); & (meridionalis x viburni, from white-haired larva) x ¢ wiburni (July 
19th); 3 (meridionalis x viburni, white-haired) x ¢ meridionalis (July 19th); 
& (meridionalis x viburni, brown-haired) X ¢? wiburnt (July 25th); ¢ X ¢ 
(meridionalis x viburni, white-haired) (July 28th); ¢ guercitis xX 9 meridionalis 
(July 28th); 3 x 9¢ wiburni (July 31st); ¢ (meridionalis x wiburni, from 
brown-haired larva) xX ¢? (meridionalis x vtburni, from white-haired larva) 
(August 3rd); 3 x 9 (meridionalis x. viburni, from  white-haired 
Jarva) (August 3rd); | 3 (meridionalis x viburni, from brown-haired larva) 
X ¢ meridionalis (August 7th); ¢ xX 8 (meridionalis xX viburni, both 
from brown-haired larvze) (August 9th); & meridionalis xX ? viburni (August 


__. * The larvee of the first crosses between v/burni and meridionalis, in all cases 
divided into two series, following the larval forms of the parent, vzz., one series 
white-haired, the other brown-haired. When progeny resulting from this cross have 
been used, the particular larval form from which the insect came is indicated. 


LASIOCAMPA, 35 


12th); 3 (meridionalis x viburnt, from brown -haired larva) x ¢ wiburni 
(August 12th); ¢ sicula x 9? meridionalis (August 24th); 3 sicula x 3? 
(meridionalis x viburni, from brown- haired larva) (August 20th). In 1898 a 
cross of ¢ [(mertdionalis x viburni, white-haired) x (meridionalis x viburnt, 
white-haired)] x ¢ sicuwla, was obtained, 


Bacot notes that there was perfect fertility between all the forms 
with which he experimented, his losses occurring chiefly in the larval 
stage, and being possibly largely due to overcrowding. Warburg’s. 
experience suggests that the brown-haired larve of L. meridionalts 
x wiburnz produce a very small proportion of 2s, the white - haired 
larve of this cross more than the normal proportion. 

We have carefully examined the specimens bred by Warburg 
and Bacot. To us the most interesting of the crossed imagines 


appear to be the following: 

1. Z. hybr. dacote* (=meridionalis * viburnt).—a. The gs (30) are scarcely 
distinguishable from the male parents (the progeny is from four pairings); the 
females are distinctly yellower than the ¢ parents, which are more than usually 
red even for vwéburni (Warburg coll.). 6. 5¢s, all showing rather more than a 
tendency to the widening of the transverse bands of fore- and hindwings; two 
have them somewhat wider even than any wdurnz examined, and in this respect 
approach British gwerczs (Bacot coll.). 

2. L. hybr. warburgt (=quercus X meridionalis)—a. 3 gs and 4 ¢s, the 
former quite of the broad-banded English guwerczs type ; the ¢s also show this broad- 
ening of the transverse bands (Bacot coll.) The larvee also showed the predominant 
characteristics of the English gwercizs strain (Bacot). Pp. 4 gs and 8 ¢s, the 
offspring distinctly like British Z. gwercus in both sexes, the gs with the 
characteristic tendency to wider bands; the ¢s less red and more yellow than 
the ¢ parent (Warburg coll.). y. 11 gs, no ¢s; the offspring small; the 
outer marginal area weak in colour compared with the ¢ parent; the transverse 
bands narrow (Warburg coll.). 

3. L. hybr. intermedia (=sicula x meridivnalis).—a. 3 SS, 1 ¢. The 
ground colour rather nearer the darker tint of wertdionalis than the more russet 
hue of sicuda; the transverse band of forewing definite and narrow; the hindwing 
with the orange marginal area of szcuda altered to the brown marginal area and 
narrow -yellow transverse band of meridionalis; the ¢ retains the russet tint of 
sicula, but has not the distinct pale outer marginal area of that form (Bacot 
coll.). 6. 2 ¢s and 1 ¢ emerged the first year, the males of russet hue of szcuda, 
but the hind marginal area of hindwing surrounded with brown as in meridionalis ; 
2 gs and 2 ?s of same batch emerged second year, one weakly pigmented ¢ 
of above form, the other ¢ with full yellow marginal area to hindwings as in 
sicula; ?%s small, and had evidently been ill-nurtured (Warburg coll.). 

4. L. hybr. prouté (=sicula x querctis (Paris)).—a.8 g¢sand 10 ¢?s; the ¢s 
almost identical with szcw/a except for a gradual fading of transverse band of 
forewings into the marginal area, and a slight trace of a marginal brown shade 
edging the orange marginal area of hindwings; the ¢s distinctly of the 9? 
parent form, yellow, and quite unlike the warmer tinted ¢? szcwla (Warburg 
coll.). $8. 21 gs and 7 ¢s. All the specimens comprising this brood larger, 
otherwise the gs very like the last in ground colour, and follow the ¢ parent; the 
outer margin of hindwing rather less orange-yellow and more shaded with brown 
externally, and hence nearer guercis. The ¢?s also yellow, nearer guercis than 
sicula, although there is a distinct trace of the warmer szcw/a hue than in ?s 
of preceding brood. 3 ¢s (of same brood), emerging after second year in pupa, 
are very dark reddish-ochreous, the outer marginal areas of hindwings scarcely 
differing in tint from the rest of wings (Warburg coll.). 

5. L. hybr. complexa [=sicula x (meridionalis x viburnt, brown-haired larva) ]. 
—8 gsand2 ¢s; the males have distinctly wider transverse bands to forewings than 
sicula, the ground colour showing trace of the szcwda tint, but on the whole both 
bands and colour are nearer those of meridionalis x viburni than of sicuda ; the hind- 
wings in all the specimens with distinct brown marginal border, in three quite as well 
defined as in viburni; the ¢s follow the ¢ parent (meridionalis x viburnt). 


* In the imaginal stage, the cross dacotz is practically indistinguishable from 
the parent forms viburnt and meridionalis. ‘The interest in this cross and in the 
parent forms lies in the characters presented by the larve, 


36 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


6. L.hybr. inversa [= (meridionalis x viburni, whitehaired, 2nd gen.) x 
sicula|,—2 $sand4¢s. The males peculiar, one being very near the ¢ parent, with 
well-developed narrow bands, the other with the transverse band on the forewing restrict- 
ed and not quite reaching the costa ; that on the hindwing absent, the marginal area (in- 
cluding normal position of band) being very dark buff and almost unicolorous, the 
fringes paler ; the ¢ sincline rather to meridionalis « viburni than sicula (Bacot coll.). 

7. L. hybr. complicata [=¢ (sicula x meridionalis) xX 9 [(meridionalis 
x wiburni) x (meridionalis xX viburnt) }|.—2 gs of most bizarre appearance; 
a peculiar mixing of the dark chocolate and russet tints of the males of merid- 
zonalis and sicula respectively, the transverse band on the forewing being 
reduced to a narrow line, that on the hindwing still narrower and tending to 
obsolescence (Warburg coll.). 

In these crossings there appears to be a distinct tendency for the 
progeny to follow the male parent. This, however, is much modified 
by the particular race from which the parents come, a 2 gwercis influ- 
encing the progeny more than a 9 merzdionalis or 2 viburni, and these 
more than a 2 szcula. One suspects that the ca/lunae and guercis 
forms are the oldest and most generalised, and szcw/a the newest and 
most specialised, and that the tendency in crossing is for the progeny 
to revert to the oldest form. Bacot, on larval characters, considers that 
the British gwercis is the most ancestral form, and finds in the hybrid 
larvee more marked tendencies in the direction of guwercis and callunae 
when one or other of these is one of the parent forms. 

Giard touches on the question of pcecilogony in Lastocampa 
quercis, L. var. viburni, L. var. callunae (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, \xii., 
pp. 128—135). The two last-named he notes as the southern and the 
northern representatives of Z. guercis. He writes: “ Although it is 
almost impossible to separate the adults of these three forms, “Guénée 
has discovered that the young caterpillar of Z. var. cad/unae differs 
from that of Z. guerciis, but that the divergence diminishes after the 
first moult and finally disappears.* One may attempt to see in this 
dissimilarity of the larve in the early state a proof of the primitive 
separation of the two species; but the habitat differs suificiently to 
explain this divergence. One of the two forms, without doubt Z. var. 
callunae, represents the first ancestral larva,** which is modified in Z. 
guercis and L. var. viburnz, and this species may truly be considered 
as a poecilogonic { form slightly modified in the adult stages.” 

The larval hairs have already been referred to (av/ed, vol. i., p. 100) 

as showing considerable urticating properties, the finely-pointed urticat- 
ing hairs getting under the skin and setting up considerable mechanical 
irritation which frequently lasts for several days (v7de also South, Zz, 
xvin., p. 5 ; Long, éoc. cé¢., xix., p. 45, Connon, Lv¢. Rec., iii., p. 20, &c.). 
The colour of this urticating fur is largely characteristic of the various 
races of the species, and, in inbreeding and crossing the different forms, 
Bacot has noted many important “results bearing on the broader 
questions of heredity. He describes the larvee of the various races on 
which he experimented as exhibiting the following characteristics in 
their adult forms : 


* Not by any means does the difference always entirely disappear, see Bacot’s 
notes almost directly following. 

** Recent work suggests guercis larva as the oldest form, larvee of viburni and 
callunae both being’ more Sheciat sed although in different directions. 

f Insects that have dissimilar larvae, at different points of their geographical 
distribution, at different seasons of the year, or under different conditions of nutrition, 
whilst the adults are very similar to each other, and present very slight modifica- 
tions, are said to be peecilogonic (z.e., exhibit the phenomenon of peecilogony). 


LASIOCAMPA. By 


1. L. guercus (English): Dorsal (urticating) fur dull white to pale dusky- 
brown. Head dull indigo. 

2. JL. var. callunae (Scotland) : Dorsal fur dull brown. Head dull indigo. 

3. L. var. meridionalis (Cannes): Dorsal fur pure white. Head, orange-red. 

4. JL. var. viburni (Cannes): Dorsal fur red-brown. Head orange-red. 

5. ZL. var. stcula (Sicily) : Dorsal fur red-brown. Head orange-red. 

Bacot further notes: ‘In the English races, the head of the adult 
larva is of a deep indigo-blue, occasionally tinged with orange on the 
cheeks ; in the continental forms the head is normally orange-red, the 
clypeal marks being whitish ; the latter are usually faint or absent in 
larve ofthe English races. Adult continental larve appear to be more 
densely haired than English. In the early stadia the difference is much 
greater, the south of France larve assuming the adult plumage in the znd 
or 3rd stadium, while those of English parentage do not attain the full 
development of hairs, until at least one if not two moults later. Larve 
of Z. var. meridionalisand L. var. viburniare indistinguishable before 
the growth of the urticating fur; the divergence of the coloration then 
becomes more marked at each successive ecdysis. The larve of the 
English races are more variable than those of the French, the 
variable points being the greater or less development of the oblique 
stripes and the development of the blue shading laterally ; the blue 
is generally stronger in English larve, and the dorsal fur of the latter 
varies from dull white to pale brown, &c. Other interesting points 
mentioned by Bacot (Fut. Record, xil., pp. 114—116 ef seg.) are 
the rapidity with which larve of JZ. hybr. meriadtonalis * callunae 
fed up—three to four months from hatching to spinning (August to 
November, 1897)—followed by a pupal stage of from 20—3o0 months, 
all but one or two finally dying. He also notes that when the 
English race is crossed with a foreign race, the former stamps its 
peculiarities most markedly onthe progeny. When JZ. var. merzdionalts 
and ZL. var. wburni are crossed, the resulting larve, as we have 
already noted, divided into two distinct groups following the parents 
—one with white urticating fur, the other with golden-brown—there 
were no intermediates. When Z. hybr. bacots (meridionalis « viburni) 
is crossed with either of the parent races, the larve tend some- 
times to revert wholly to the form characteristic of the race with 
which the cross is paired, at others to split into two moieties—one 
white-haired, the other golden-haired. The most remarkable general 
result is that by crossing two forms (meridionalis and viburnz) 
occupying the same geographical area, we get a separation of the 
larve into two groups following the parental types, whilst in crossing 
two forms (meridionalts and callunae) occupying far distant geographical 
areas, we get a blending of the parental larval peculiarities, and 
what may be termed intermediates between the two forms. Full 
details of the modifications obtained in the various broods have 
been published Luz. Record, xili., pp. 143—144. 

The following is a summary of the results obtained by the 
crossing of the two south of France forms, merzdionalis and viburnt, 
and their progeny. There appears to have been some little doubt* 
whether the first, 1896, cross should be called vzburnt x meridionalis or 


_ 


* Bacot’s original notes (Zt. Rec., xili., pp I14 ef seg.) are wiitten viburni xX 
meridionalis, leaving one to assume that the parentage was ¢ viburni X ¢} merid- 
ionalis ; asa matter of fact the parentage was ¢ meridionalis x ¢ viburni, and this 
is used in Warburg’ s notes (loc, cit., pp. 237 et seq.). 


> 
’ 


38 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


meridionalis x viburnt, but this does not alter the general result, 
viz., that the larve derived from four full batches of eggs, with g 
meriadionalis X Q viburni parentage, divided, as just noted, into two 
approximately equal portions, one with red-brown, the other with white, 
urticating fur, with no intermediates. The larve of the second 
generation, z.¢., larve obtained from eggs laid by imagines _pro- 
duced from this cross, resulted as follows : 


Pairing between moths from larvae of white-haired variety.—Four larve 
lived to adult age, all of which were white-haired. 

Pairing between moths from larvae of brown-haired variety.—These all un- 
fortunately died before reaching adult plumage. 

Pairing between moths fi ‘om larvae of the two varieties, viz., $ brown- 
haired X 9 white-haired.—A\] the larve, when half-grown, tended to follow 
the Jarval form of ? and be white-haired; only two became adult, and these 
had the urticating fur almost white, yet not pure white, being faintly tinged with 
a dusky hue. 

Pairing between a 8 from white-haired larva x ¢ L. var. viburni,—This 
cross produced larvee with red-brown urticating fur. 

Pairing between a 8 from larva of brown-haired variety and a @ L. var, 
meridionalis.—This brood split up into two moieties, one half with white and the 


other with brown urticating fur; six became adult, of which three had white and 
three brown fur. 


Equally interesting are the results obtained by crossing var. 
sicula with the French races. Of these Bacot notes: 


Pairing between 8 L. var, sicula and ¢ L. var. meridionalis.—All the 
larvee were of the Z. var. sicuda or L. var. viburni form, z.e., with red-brown ur- 
ticating fur. 

Pairing between 8 1. var, sicula and 3? L. (meridionalis Xx viburni, from 
brown-haired larva).— All the larve of this brood were of the Z. var. wiburné or 
L. var. sicula form, 7.e., with red-brown urticating fur. 

Pairing between $ L. brood (2nd gen. L. meridionalis xX viburni, from 
white-hatired larva) and ? L. var. sicula.—The larve were of the J. var. vwiburni 
or L. var. sicula form, except that the fur was, judging from memory, slightly 
paler than that usual for the larve of these in their normal forms. 


To the British lepidopterist the results obtained by crossing 
the English races — guwercts from Dorsetshire, and callwnae from 
Aberdeen —with the French races will probably prove still more 
interesting. Of these Bacot notes: 


Pairing between g IL. querctis (English) and @ L. var. meridionalis 
(Cannes).—In the early instars the larve followed the ¢ stock, but at the 4th 
instar the majority closely approached the French form as regards the colour of 
the urticating fur, although in a few it was slightly dusky. The subdorsal band, 
however, was more strongly marked than was usual with the Cannes larve at this 
stage. When full-grown they followed the English stock in having dusky white 
urticating fur, but their heads, as was also the case in the 4th instar, show 
strongly the influence of the French race, being shaded, in some larve strongly, 
with orange-red. 

Pairing between 8 L. var. meridionalis (Cannes) and ° L. var. callunae 
(Aberdeen).—When young, the larve chiefly resembled young larvae of Z. var. 
callunae, but at the 3rd and 4th instars the influence of the ¢ parent became predomin- 
ant, and when in penultimate skin the urticating fur, as well as the longer 
hairs, was pure white. In their last skins, however, the Z. var. cad/unae strain 
again became apparent, the urticating fur being of a pale pinkish-brown, while 
the lateral hairs were pale reddish- brown, and a few of the long dorsal hairs re- 
mained pure white. The heads of these larva’ when full-grown were of various 
shades, from a bright brick-red, slightly mottled with deep indigo, to a form in 
which indigo was the ground colour, and only a slight mottling of the red 
was present. ‘The face marking agreed with that of the French race. 

Pairing between g L. var. viburni and @ L. quercus (English). —Only one 
larva of this pairing lived to assume its final skin. It then had pale brown urti- 
cating fur, evidently a blending of the parental characters. 


LASIOCAMPA. 39 


Pairing between 8 I. var. viburnt and 3 L. var. callunae.—The young 
larvee closely resembled those of JZ. var. cadlunae in their early instars; in the 
penultimate skin they were much nearer to Z. var. véburni, differing only in a few 
points. Thus the long dorsal hairs were either fewer in number or less brilliantly 
white than in Z. var. vzburnd, and faint traces of the chain of white mediodorsal 
tufts were still present. In their last skin all the long hairs of the larvae became 
dusky. The colour of their heads varied, but all showed mottling of red and 
indigo in varied proportions. 


With regard to the white spots which are present in the centre of 
the subdorsal area of the meso- and metathoracic segments, Bacot 
miettes (Zin, Kec., 1X., p. 287) that they “are developed from the 
ends of the last and largest of the orange transverse bands which 
cross the dorsal area of these segments, and which, together with 
similar stripes on the abdominal segments, give the young larva its 
characteristic appearance. After the first larval moult, the ends of 
these bands on the meso- and metathoracic segments become very 
much lighter, and upon the larva attaining its adult stage these 
cream-coloured ends are left as disconnected spots, due to the loss 
of the orange transverse bands, or their obliteration by the dorsal 
hairs. Young larve of Cosmotriche potatoria possess similar bright 
yellow spots in the same position, but, in this species, they are 
distinctly marked as spots in the first skin, and, although clearly 
marked in the fourth skin, have not undergone and do not undergo 
any further development, at least before hybernation.” Whilst 
making some observations on the larva of ZL. guerctis in August, 
1896, Bacot was greatly puzzled as to the significance of these 
spots, but, whilst examining larve of French Z. var. meridionalts 
and ZL. var. viburnt, he noticed that at or about the fourth stage 
the spots in question developed into a prominent white oval spot 
with rather pointed ends, and with a circular orange centre. This 
combination of the two colours, he says, was too remarkable to 
be overlooked, and immediately called to mind the manner in 
which the ocellated spots of the larva of Zumorpha ( Choero- 
campa) elpenor are developed. He adds: “I at first thought that 
these spots on the larva of ZL. guercis might be the remnants of 
identical ocellated spots transmitted from a common ancestor, but 
my notes on the larva of £. e/penor showed that, in this species, the 
ocellated spots were situated on the first and second abdominal seg- 
ments from swellings in the subdorsal line, and not, as in the larva of 
LL. quercts, on the meso- and metathoracic segments. I think, how- 
ever, that the spots in question are really the remnants of ocellated 
spots that probably had a protective value as warning markings in 
the ancestral larval form of LZ. guercis and Cosmotriche potatoria ; 
and I would point out that imperfect or rudimentary ocellated spots 
are present on the metathoracic segment of both Lumorpha elpenor 
and £. porcellus; also that a large black ocellated spot, with two 
blue pupils, is present on the third thoracic segment of the larva of 
Daphnis nerit, while the larve of Dedlephila gallii and D. euphorbiae 
have a series of large yellowish spots on the subdorsal area of all 
the segments from the mesothorax to the eighth abdominal.” 

The cocoon is of the well-known “eggar” shape; in fact, it is 
the cocoon of Z. guercis that has given the group the popular 
name of “eggars.” The imago does not remove a definite lid 
portion from the cocoon on emergence, but softens the material that 


40 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


binds the silk and hardens the cocoon by a distinctly alkaline fluid 
coming from the head. The southern races appear to spin, as 
a rule, lighter (z.e., more yellow) cocoons than the northern forms, 
but this is possibly due, in part, at least, to the drier conditions 
under which they are spun, much variation often occurring, and 
damp distinctly tending to produce darker coloured puparia, although 
one suspects that the food must also considerably influence the 
result, the darkening of the cocoon being largely dependent on the 
final excretions of the larva, which we know are used to harden 
the silk. Latter states (Zvans. Ent. Soc. London, 1895, pp. 407— 
8) that the cocoons of Lastocampa quercts var. callunae, Lachnets 
lanestris and Cochlidion limacodes, have many points in common, and 
that all these have similar applhances for escaping. The cocoons are 
all tough, more or less cylindrical with rounded ends, one of which is 
raised as a lid at the time of emergence. The boring organ is of 
a totally different kind from that existing in the Dicranurids, and 
is not formed either by labial prongs or modified maxillary palpi, 
nor does the anterior portion of the pupa form a “shield” to the 
head and eyes of the imago. On the contrary, by carefully denud- 
ing the head by brushing and blowing, it may be seen that the 
head is far more turned down, so as to bring the mouth-parts into 
a more backward position, while the median frontal portion of the 
head between the eyes is produced forward into a prominent and 
sharply-pointed umbo or boss (oc. cit., pl. 1x., fig. 9d) of great 
strength, and capable of being used as a powerful awl in opening 
the lid of the cocoon. There are slight differences in the details 
observable in the three species named. JL. var. callunae and L. 
Janestris have the boss developed to a less degree and less sharply 
pointed on the head of the pupa also (Joc. ci¢., pl. viii., fig. 8), while 
in C. démacodes the converse holds good, the boss being far sharper 
and stronger in the pupa than in the imago (doc. cit., figs. 10—12); 
indeed, the pupal boss is the only hard structure in the otherwise 
fragile and delicate pupa-case of this species, &c. Crriticising this 
statement, Chapman says (Zz. Rec., xill., p. 299) that ZL. guercis 
var. callunae, he believes, “breaks off a lid as do Cochldion 
limacodes and Lachneis lanestris, but more often it fractures very 
irregularly, and often into several pieces; but it is a fracture rather 
than caused by a solution, although Latter says that the imago 
produces much alkaline liquid. In all three cases the force produc- 
ing the fracture is the pressure, which the inflation of the imago 
enables it to exert from ‘within from end to end of the cocoon.’ 
The ‘sharply - pointed umbo’ merely determines the starting-point 
of the fracture, z¢., it increases the strain immensely at one _ par- 
ticular point, and as soon as fracture commences there it at once 
runs round the whole lid. Mr. Latter is quite right in supposing 
that the lid of C. “émacodes is ruptured by the pupa, ze, by the 
imago within the pupa - skin, since, like all Incomplete, the un- 
ruptured pupa emerges from the cocoon. The sharp point of the 
pupa does not act, as Mr. Latter expresses it, ‘as an awl,’ but 
makes the pressure the whole pupa is exerting a little more strenu- 
ous at one point, tending to an angular bending of the cocoon at 
that point, and so beginning the fracture. When a ‘pupa incom- 
pleta’ has to force its way through meshes of silk, as in most 


LASIOCAMPA. 4d 


~Tortricids, Cossus, &c., an awl-like effect probably occurs, but in all 
cases of lids, as for instance in Sesiids, the process is probably the 
same as that which occurs in Cochlidion limacodes. Most people are, 
I think, familiar with the effect of a very localised interference being 
per se harmless, but determining at once that a strain should pro- 
duce powerful effects.” 

The males of Z. guercis show in a most marked degree the 
phenomenon known as “assembling.” Mathew notes the g's coming 
up to a newly-emerged 2 at Barnstaple 6 or 7 at a time, and 
Blaber records 22 males attracted by a 9, August Ist, 1887, at 
Crowborough Beacon, the box containing the 9 being placed on a 
gorse bush. The attractive odour of the ? is very persistent, and 
lasts for several days. Williams notes it (Zt. Rec., x., p. 106) as 
lasting from July r11th—zoth; Mousley observed a large number of 
$s attracted by a small piece of @ abdomen, which was impaled 
ona thorn in a hedge, the gs crawling up the stem on which it 
was placed until they reached it, when they flew away. Vicary 
records that in 1875, at Newton Abbot, a male was seen hovering 
Over a pupa, which later produced a @ moth; Robinson notes a 
? that attracted several males after it was dead; and Arkle observes 
that Murray placed 3 92s in a perforated zinc case on July rgth, 1894, 
when only 2 males were attracted, owing to its being late, 5 p.m., on 
Witherslack Moss; the 92 was removed on the z2oth, when the 
satchel was taken to the Isle of Man on a collecting expedition till 
the 23rd; Witherslack was visited again on the 24th, and though no 
other @? had been in the satchel since the z2oth, numbers of g's were 
attracted to it and crawled inside; on the 26th others were attracted 
at Clougha Pike, and “troops” on the 27th at Witherslack, and on 
the 29th two at Halton Moss. So much for an empty satchel! On 
the other hand, Doubleday insists that a virgin @ of ZL. gquercis 
seldom lives a week, and generally ceases to be attractive to the 
males after 3 or 4 days. Hamm observes (Z. M%. JZ, xxxi., p. 74) 
that, on July 7th, 1894, he had a ?, took it out, but failed to 
attract a single g, although the weather was apparently everything 
that could be desired; yet, on the 15th, the bag in which he had 
carried the female, 8 days previously, was a great source of attraction 
to many males, which must have been drawn by an odour that 
had been transmitted to the bag by the female when she was carried 
@ierem. Zeller records (/szs, 1847, p. 422) that he had a @ Z. var. 
sparti (=sicula), which he killed and set, and that two months after- 
wards a gf Pachygastria trifolii was attracted to the trunk in which the 
? was contained. He refused to consider it a mere coincidence, in 
spite of his firm belief that P. ¢v¢foléi and L. guercus var. sparti were 
quite distinct species. We have already noted (anfed, p. 3) the 
rearing of a hybrid between these species. That the sense by 
means of which the males detect the females resides in the antennz 
appears to be certain. 

The imagines of Z. guercts are much less frequently taken at light 
than are those of some of the allied species—Eutrichids, &c.—yet Dewey 
records it as coming in abundance one night in July to the electric light 
at Eastbourne (although the sex is not mentioned). Jones captured 
females at light at Eltham on August 14th, 1866, and July gth, 1874, 
and Christy one at Wicken, July 2oth, 18go. 


42 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Cases of parthenogenetic reproduction in ZL. quercis are on record. 
Weir bred a 2 in 1879, and states that no g could have paired with her, yet 
a number of eggs were laid which proved fertile and larve from these 
were feeding in September, 1879. Griffiths notes (zz “##.) that, in 
1870, he bred a 2 (from Ilfracombe larva) and that she laid many 
ova which produced larve that unfortunately died during hybernation ; 
copulation, he asserts, could only have taken place by a wild 9 
through the gauze covering, which Griffiths considers not very likely. 
[See also Mory, Tardy, &c.. (aed, vol. 1., p. 29); Napier, Sczence Gossip, 
wooo, Pp 7E, Waddiman, 77., xi. p.271-|| 

Gynandromorphism is exceedingly prevalent in this species, and we 
have given (fosted, pp. 45—47) a large number of recorded examples. 
Crosspairing is recorded between this species and P. ¢rafoli by 
Standfuss anda single hybrid was bred(wde, anzed, p. 3), but, considering 
the excitement of the males at the time of pairing, one would have 
expected greater results in this direction; thus Johnson records two 
males in their eagerness uniting (Zt. Record, v., pp. 198—9), and 
Hewett gives (zz /:t¢.) two similar experiences when assembling with Z. 
var. callunae, on Rhombald’s moor, one case occurring on June goth, 
1595, and ‘a second: case on June 17th, 18955 so Sieatewasmeme 
excitement of the males on this occasion, that, as they came up 
in numbers “against the wind” to four virgin females taken to the 
Moor, they were so fearless that they could be freely handled 
whilst endeavouring to copulate with the females, and crawled 
excitedly over the box in which the ¢s had been carried as well 
as on the coat in which the box had been placed. As bearing 
on this Durrant notes (zz litt.) that he once took a male ZL. guerciis 
in cop. with a female Cosmotriche potatoria, but was unable at the 
time to appreciate the value of the eggs obtained. Pierce observes that 
the male genitalia of L. guerctis consist of a pair of backward hooks, 
that appear to be a modification of the harpes, and a single very 
strong hook (the uncus), almost at the extreme end of the abdomen 
and all exserted. 

The distribution of the species included in the genus Lastocampa 
works out as follows: Z..gwerctis—Europe, northern and: western 
Asia; grandis—Syria, Palestine ; sexrw/a—Spain, Algeria, Egypt [not 
uncommon near Alexandria (Baker)]. 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS, Linné. 

SYNONYMY.—Species: Quwerczs, Linn., ‘‘Sys. Nat.,’’ xth ed., p. 498 (1758) ; 
Sth ed.ep. oldia( i O7) ou aune, oMeG... 20d eG. ap. a (17 61); Poda, **iusi Mus. 
Grec.,”” p. 85 (1761); Scop., ‘‘Ent. Carn.,’’ p. 194 (1763); Miull., “Svaeeicee 
39 (1764); ‘Zool, Dany Prod,” p. P17 (1770) 5 dalton, Medi Mag., ” li., p. 398 (17 ae ; 
Fab., “Sys. Ent.,”’ p: §62,(0775):5 siSBeS: Ins.,’"i., p. 175 (1781); ** Mantes anes 
p. 112 (1787); ‘* Ent. Syst.,” iii., 1, p. 423 (1793) ; (Schiff., | es Wien.,”’ re 
B77 75) 5 Spy. | SCHMett. Eur., a iil. » p. 81, pl. xiii, figs. 2-6, pl. xiv., OE I-2 


be] 


(1753) sGeon.,. * Lourc, Ent. Paris. " p. 260)(1785)'s Vill, ee Linn. Ent.,;’’ disp ie aes 
(1789); Bhh,, ** Sys. Besch., | pp 4 a (1790) ; Don., ‘* Brit. Tne? pp. 83, 
85, pl. ciii-civ (1794); Hb., ‘ Larv. x Epis Bomb. li,, Vere, Paar aca ‘¢ Fur. 


SClimett., - Ills, figs. 172, 225 (circ. 1800); text p. 144 (? 1805); “« Verz.,”’ p. 160 (efoea): 
Hb.-Gey., ‘‘Eur. Schmett.,”’ iii., figs. 349, 350 (cévc. 1830); Ill., ‘‘ Syst. Verz. Wien.,” 
n. Ausg. 2, p. 109 (1801) ; ‘Schrk., ‘Faun. Boica,’’ ii., Abth. 1, p. 275 (1801); ii., Abth. 
2, p. 154 (1802); Haw,., ‘‘ Lep. Brit.,” 1, p. 81 (1803) ; Latr., “Hist. Nat.,° Seay 
178 (1805); ‘*Gen. Crust. et Ins.,’”’ iv., p. 219 (1809); ‘‘Consid, Gén.,” pp. 362, 441 
(1810) ; Ochs., ** Die Schmett sis iii., p. 266 (1810); Germ., ‘‘ Bomb. Spec.,” p. 47 
(1812) ; Leach, ‘* Edin. Ency.,’’ ix., p. 132 (1815) ; Oken, ‘* Lehrb. Naturg.,”” p. 708 
(1815); God., ** Lép. Eur., i »» P- 95 (1822); Dup., ‘Icon. des Chen.,”’ pl. iv., fig. 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 43 


Gmiezse-to40); “ Cat. Méth.,” p. 78 (£844); Curt., ‘“ Brit. Ent.,” i., expl. pl. clxxx, 
fiee7)- Stephs., ‘‘Tlus. Haust.,”’ ii., p. 40 (1928); “List Br. An. Br. Mus.,”’ p. 46 
(1850); Bdv., ‘‘ Eur. Lep. Ind. Meth.,” p. 48 (1829); ‘‘Icon. Chenilles,”’ pl. v., figs. 
F-2 (c7re. 1840); “‘ Gen. et Ind. Meth.,” p. 71 (1840); Meig., ‘‘ Eur. Schmett.,’’ i1., p. 
196 (1830); Dahlb, ‘‘ Jaktt. Skand. Fyar.,” p. 29, figs. 11-14 (1837) ; Wood, “Ind. 
Ent.,” p. 21, fig. 43 (1839); Humph. and Westd., ‘‘ Brit. Moths,” p. 58 (? 1843) ; 
Bers Haun. Vols.-Ural.,” p..154 (1844)3 H.-Sch., ‘‘Sys. Bearb.,’’.11., p, 106 
iiea7))-leyd., “‘ Lep. Bur.-Cat. Meth.,”’ 3rd ed., p. 26 (1851); Led., ‘‘ Verh. z.-b. 
ren, Able p. 75.(1953) 5 ota., “ Man.,” ©.) p. 153 (1857) 5 Gn., “Ann. Soc. 
Ent. Fr.,” (3), vi., p. 442 (1858) ; (4), viil., p. 405 (1868) ; ‘‘ Lép. Eure-et-Loir,’”’ p. 82 
(1875); Speyer, ‘* Geog. Verb.,”’ 1., p.413 (1858); i1., p. 288 (1862) ; Hein., ‘‘ Schmett. 
Deutsch.,” p. 205 (1859) ; Staud., ‘‘Cat.,” Ist ed., p. 30 (1861); 2nd ed., p. 69 (1871) ; 
3rd ed., p. 120 (1901); ‘‘ Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross.,’’ xiv., p. 358 (1877) ; Newm., ‘‘ Ent.,” 
fie £39) (1805)\; i., p. 27\ (1866).; “Brit. Moths,” p. 43, (1869); Ramb., “ Cat. 
iepeeend., p. 357 (1660); Snell, “De Viind.,” p. 145 (1867); -Berce, ‘* Faun. 
rane il, ps 190)(1868) ; Nolck., ‘‘ Lep. Fn.” Est,” i., p. 127 (1868) ;- Weallgrn., 
PeSicmadnwet. Hyar., i., p-.00;(1569) > Cunt y Mart., ‘Cat. ILep. Bare.,” .p. 69 
(374). Curo, “ Bull. Sec. Ent. Ital.,” vii, p. 150 (1876) ; Frey, ‘“‘ Lep. Schweiz,” 
p- 97 (1880) ; Kirby, ‘‘ Eur. Butts. and Moths,” p. 139 (1880) ; ‘‘ Cat.,”’ p. 827 (1892) ; 
Eeamedbouk. 6cc:, 1v-, Pp» 121 (0807); Lampa, .“* Ent. Vids.,” vi., p. 41 (1885); 
jordan, <“Scbmett. N:-W. Weutsch.,’? p.96 (1886) ; Minchliff, *‘ Ent.,”-xix., p. 272 
(1886) ; Battersby, ‘‘ Ent.,” xx., p. 109 (1887) ; Buckl., ‘‘ Larvee,” &c., iii., p. 56, pl. 
MiMitMes. 24-0 (1059); Auriv.,’ ““Nord. Fyjar.,” p. 63 (1839) ; ‘‘Ins,” vil., p. P51 
peo enn“ S0c. sent... v., p. 178 (1891);  Carad., “Tris,” vill.,.p. G1 
(1895) ; Meyr., ‘‘ Handbook,” p. 320 (1895); Thomps., ‘‘ Ent. Record,” viil., pp. 125, 
Macnee seq-- (1690); Tutt; ‘ Bat: Moths,” p. 54 (1896) ; ““Ent. Record,” viii., p. 299 
(S90) di ps 114, (1901); <: Proc Sth. Lond. Ent. Soc.,” 1898, pp. 1:éf seq. 
Goo) ee bair.. “ep, Brit., ms, p:25, pl. xci (1896); Dyar, Can. Ent.,” xxx., p.15 
epee Grote, “lllus: Zeits. fur Pnt.,”? mi, p. 70 (1898); Reutti, *‘ Lep. Baden,” 
endeeden p56 (1898)? Agassiz, * Mitt. Schw.,” x., p. 248 (1900); Bacot, “* Ent. 
ceo sexi pp.) 114) 22 seg. (1901); Warbg., © Ent. Rec.,”’. xi, pp. 237 
seq. (1901). Roborts, Stephs., “ I]. Haust.,” vii., p. 41 (1828).  amiliaris, Newm., 
Seoul avil.,. 427, (1849); nt.” iil., p. 27 (1866). 


ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION. — Querctis. P. Bombyx elinguis, alis 
reversis ferrugineis: striga flava, punctoque albo.* Mouff., JZys., 
Moppaeec mm GOcd (751) 1, t.7); Last, (Goed. ft. 88 Rai, 77s:, 142, 0. 2 ; 
ema 770 tho ll. Js t, 18, 125) Reaum.. 775., 1:, t. 35 5 
asm yi Males t 25. Wilk, Wap 22, t. 2. @,.11, 125 Vddm, 
Diss., 59. Habitat in Quercu, Betula, Pruno spinosa. Larva levis, 
pilosa, grisea, nigro annulata, alboque maculata (Linné, Syst. Vat. 
Mee ed., P. 493). 

Imaco.—5o0mm.-75mm.in expanse. g'. Anterior wings, rich chestnut- 
chocolate- or red-brown, with a white dark-edged discal spot towards 
costa; a transverse yellow band or fascia between this spot and 
outer margin, very variable in width; posterior wings similar but 
without discal spot. @. Ochreous or tawny instead of chocolate- 
brown. Head, thorax and abdomen of the same colour as the 
wings. 

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—There is a very great difference in the 
sexes of this species—in size, shape, colouring, habits, &c. The 
males are smaller, more strongly .built, and much more active 
than the females. They are of a deep chocolate-, or rich red-brown 
colour, whilst the females are pale ochreous in tint (and only as 
rare aberrations assume the male colour). The @ abdomen 
is large and (before the eggs are laid) very heavy ; the wing-area 


* In the xiith ed. of the Sys. Naturae, and in the Fauna Suecica, Linné adds : 
*« Litura flava ad basin ale superioris.” This may be a direct reference to var. 
callunae, although quercis frequently possesses the basal patch. 


44 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


of this sex is accordingly great, and its slow and steady habit 
of flight is very different from the rapid, zigzagging flight of the 
males. The male antenna is described by Chapman as follows: 
Length, 8mm. in a small specimen, 12mm. in a large one, joints bearing 
pectinations, 58 in one antenna 11mm. long, 69 in another 8mm. long, 
and 78 in one 12mm. long. The first joint of the antenna is very large, 
o'7mm. wide, o-4mm. long, or o-7mm. if the cylindrical process (*35mm. 
wide) that projects into the cranial socket to form the articulation be 
included. This joint is rounded, globular if its unequal diameters allow 
that word to be used. It is clothed with long hair-scales. The 
next joint (second) is larger and squarer than those that follow, but 
is rounded on its basal aspect towards first joint, and swells out 
somewhat (urceolate) towards third joint, it also has strong brushes 
of hair-scales. The third joint is a little wider than the fourth and 
carries a mere rudiment of a plumule. On the fourth joint, the plumule 
is as long as the width of the joint (about -3mm.). The pectinations 
reach full length about the 25th joint, and diminish again about twenty 
to twenty-five joints from the end, at this point the shaft of the 
antenna has dwindled to about half its thickness at the base. The 
shaft is circular in section, the dorsal 2 occupied by scaling irregularly 
disposed, so that no definite rows can be made out. The scales are 
narrow and bifid, the two points rounded and blunt. The ventral 7 is 
occupied by the origins of the pectinations; joints somewhat 
oblique. The pectinations (plumules) are about 1°4mm. long, the 
hairs on the inner surface are arranged in rows transversely to the 
axis of the plumule. Each row begins at the middle line of the ventral 
aspect of the plumule and passes outwards. The rows on each side 
of the middle line may be opposite to or alternate with each other 
on different parts of the same plumule, but the alternate arrangement 
seems the normal one; an actual middle line is almost free of hairs 
but may have some single scattered hairs. Each row may contain 
8 to 1o hairs, one of the largest plumules has on either side about 
53 rows... The individual hairs are about ‘037mm. in _ length. 
Supposing half the plumules are big enough to have only half the 
number of hairs of the longest, then the total hairs on an antenna 
would be about 7oX2x2X53xX10+14 = very nearly 100,000. The 
end of the plumule is perceptibly but not markedly swollen or 
clubbed. The hairs on this portion are rather shorter and thicker 
than on the shaft, more like small spines, they rather escape from 
their regular alignment, are not perhaps quite so numerous and 
invade a little the lateral (or almost outer) area of the plumule. The 
proximal side of the club is rounded off and the distal a little 
produced, and, quite at the side of the extremity, but what may be 
really the true end curved round, carries the strong spine, so that 
this lies parallel with the shaft of the antenna and points in the 
same direction. It is rather longer than the thickness of the shaft 
of a plumule (‘o55mm.) about ‘o6--o7mm. Its width at base is 
about one-fifth of its length, and at three-fifths of its length it has a 
notch as if for a hair base. Just beyond this is a strong bristle, 
about half the length of the spine. The other hairs in the neigh- 
bourhood belong rather to the regular series of hairs. The Q 
antenna is of approximately the same length, and has the same 
number of joints as that of the g¢. The form of the basal 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 45 


‘and other joints is similar, and so is the scaling. The colour 
is pale, corresponding with that of the insect generally. The great 
difference between the antennz of the two sexes is in the com- 
paratively small size of the plumules forming the pectinations in 
the ?. in the latter, these gradually increase in size through the 
first 10 or 12 joints, and diminish, but much less markedly, in 
the last 10 or 20, but chiefly in thickness, maintaining a fair length 
up to the tip. It is not uncommon to find them irregular in the 
later joints, the segments carrying more or less than two’ plumules 
of irregular shapes, and being themselves larger or shorter than is 
due to their position, but with a tendency, or perhaps due to a 
tendency, for joints to fuse together. In the main part of the shaft 
of the antenna, the two plumules arise (as in the g) from the 
inner lower aspect of each segment, the origins not quite touching 
each other, and occupying about half the length of the segment ; 
their direction is at an angle of about 45° to the direction of the 
antennal shaft, and of about 80° or go° to each other. In length 
they are about 1°3 times the length of an antennal segment, or 
about o°35mm.; they are fusiform in shape, 013mm. in diameter 
at their origin, o‘rgmm. rather before the middle, and then taper 
to the extremity; they terminate in a spine or strong bristle about 
o‘o8mm. long, which is in line with the plumule, and, in fact, 
completes its fusiform outline, assisted by two and sometimes three 
more hair-like bristles, of much the same length as the spine. The 
general surface of the plumules is covered with very small hairs 
rather closely set, about o‘ormm. in length, with a few fine hairs 
rather longer; there is also on the outer aspect of each plumule a 
hair-like bristle, like the supporting ones at the tip, at about the 
middle of its length (cz /7tz.). 

GYNANDROMORPHISM.—Few species have more recorded gynan- 
dromorphous examples than this, and yet a great number undoubtedly 
exist in collections that have not been recorded. ‘Thus we met with 
the first 4 described hereunder in Webb’s collection only one of which 
appears previously to have been recorded. ‘Those we have noted are 
as follows : 

a. Antennz male, abdomen male, almost entirely male hindwings; fore- 
wings female in shape and almost female in coloration and scaling (From 
Gregson coll.). 

B. Right antenna, right side of thorax, right pair of wings, all female; left 
antenna, left side of thorax and left pair of wings all male; the abdomen apparently male. 

}- Antennz male, general size and build of male, abdomen male; fore- and 
hindwings distinctly female, with base of hindwings rather dark coloured (From 
Bond coll.). 

6. Antennz intermediate (but nearer male), shape intermediate, wings 
rounded (as if a large ? had the forewings drawn in), the costa of the forewings 
for about one-third their length male in appearance, rest of forewings of female 
coloration ; the hindwings male with longitudinal streaks of female colour ; abdomen 
intermediate (From the Hopley collection). [This would appear to be the example 
exhibited by Bond at the meeting of the Ent. Soc. of London, Feb. 3rd, 1868, 
and described as having the colour of both sexes in longitudinal bands on the wings. ] 

e. g¢ right, 2 left ; incompletely gynandromorphous, body and antennz ? ; 
right wings male, the forewing in the middle area from the base outwards narrow 
towards the outer margin, broadly yellow-spotted, the hindwing only towards the 
outer margin from the middle onwards with an uniformly broad yellow stripe, 
underside bright yellow. Left side ¢; on the outer margin of hindwing two brown 
spots, not visible beneath. In Vienna Museum, From Mazzola’s collection (vide 
Ochsenheimer, Die Schmett., iv., p. 190). 


46 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


¢. Right wings and antenna ¢, left ¢. Bred by Hettlinger [Hettlinger, 
Rozier. Journ, Phys., pl. xxvi., pp. 268—271 (1785) ]. 

yn. & left, gright. Incompletely gynandromorphous. Body and right side ¢, 
left ¢. Hindwings beneath brown with yellow outer margin. Forewings ochre- 
yellow (¢?). Left antenna scarcely stronger, both with chestnut-brown pectinations. 
In Vienna Museum, from Mazzola’s collection (vzde Ochsenheimer, Die Schmett., 1v., 
). 190), 
2 Abdomen, thorax and three wings apparently ? , the fourth wing, both in colour 
and size, a mixture of both sexes ; antennae with pectinations shorter than in ¢, yet 
much longer than in ¢ ; abdomen without eggs, yet in life as stout as an ordinary ? 
later it voided a thick dark brown fluid, and became shriyvelled. Bred 1855 Re 
Dorfmeister (Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1868, p. 183 ; Mitt. Ver. Steierm., iv., p. 69). 


u. Incompletely Eredromonpaae Abdomen filled with eggs. One antenna 
é, the other ¢. Bred by Dorfmeister, Ee (Stett. Ent. Zeitt., loc. cit.; Mitt. 
VEFs SSUCLEL TD .g AS 10) 

K. Tncompletely gynandromorphous. ¢ with ¢ colouring ; body and upper 
side of all the wings fine ochre-yellow, without transverse band, only towards the 
hind margin the chestnut-brown ground-colour shines slightly through, although 
absolutely covered by yellow hairs. The fringes entirely of a pure bright yellow. 
The central spot of the forewings, which is. normally dark-margined, is yellowish- 
white, without bordering. Underside uniform ochre-colour, without band. Antennz 
yellow, with chestnut-brown ‘‘lamellz’’ (pectinations). In the Nickerl collection, 
Prague (Nickerl, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien., 1872, p. 732). 

X. A female, the reproductive organs, however, being but imperfectly de- 
veloped. Bred. Differing from its sisters of the same brood, it failed to attract 
any males by ‘sembling,’ although favourably exposed for that purpose”’ (Griffiths, 
Science Gossip, 1875, p. 270, fig. 167). 


Bacot and Prout agree that the figure looks lke a slightly 
crippled typical ° , with central area of forewings and basal two-thirds 
of hindwings slightly darkened. 


p. Gynandromorphous, so that left half is ¢, right ¢. Bred 1884, Vienna. 
In the possession of Joseph Miiller, Vienna (Wachtl, Wien. Ent. Zeit., 1884, p. 
290, tab, v., fig. 3). 

y. Left wings, left antenna, thorax and abdomen ¢ ; right antenna and 
wings ¢. On the nght forewing stripes of ¢ colouring, also in hind area of 
hindwing; abdomen externally entirely ¢, but when anatomically examined the 
sexual glands were found to be completely arrested; the excretory passages and 
external copulatory parts also purely ¢@. ‘‘Kittdriisen’’ and ‘‘appendix gland ”’ 
of the receptaculum seminis are wanting. Bred 1883 from larva (Bertkau, Archiv 
Naturg., 1889, p. 77; Sttzber. d. Niederrh. Ges., 1888, p, 67). 

g. A genuine mixture of the two sexes, the ? form, however, predominat- 
ing; antennze neither decidedly g¢ nor ¢ ; the right wings show a regular mixing 
of the sexes; the left wings are female, with only a few ¢-coloured areas; the 
abdomen, in form, size, and colour, ¢, containing eggs; the external organs 
female, yet the anal aperture very different from that of the ordinary ¢?. In the 
museum at Geneva (c.f., Guénée, JZém. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat. Généve, xxi., 
pp: 418—422, fig. 8; Mém. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii., 1871 78, pp. 411- 412). 

o- Incompletely mixed. What is ¢ on the upperside of the wings is ? on 
the underside, and vice versd. In coll. Bornemann. Magdeburg (c.f, Ribbe, 
Deutsch. Ent. Zeits., 1889, p. 186, pl. iv., fig. 5). 

a. Male with very much yellow dusting, so that it resembles alight ¢. In 
possession of Herr Bernard, Dantzic, Bernard zz ditt. (Schultz, /élus. Woch. 
fur Ent., i., p. 414). 

p. A ¢, with the absolutely dark-brown colour of the ¢. Caught at 
Dantzic. In possession of the above-named (Schultz, Zoc. cit.). 

¢. ¢, Which has exactly the colour of the ¢. In coll. Gleissner, Berlin [c.f, 
Berl. Ent. Zeit., 1888, Sitzungsberichte, p. (5)]. 

7. Incompletely gynandromorphous. In shape of wings ¢, in colour ¢ on 
upperside. On underside ¢ and ¢ colouring irregularly mingled. Form of 
body, as also antennz, neither ¢ nor ¢, but intermediate; antennal pectinations 
about one-half shorter than those of the ¢. Bred at Freiburg (Silesia). In coll. 
Wiskott, Breslau (Wiskott, Festschr. Ver. Schles. Ins., 1897, p. 119). 

v. Incompletely yynandromorphous. Antennz, form of body and wings 
neither definitely ¢ nor ¢; rather intermediate between the two. Colour on 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS, 47 


upperside predominantly ¢; right hind- and left forewing purely ¢, left hind- 
and right forewing ¢, with intensely dark-brown ¢ rayed markings. The under- 
side of all the wings shows an asymmetrical mingling of ¢ and ? colour. Bred 
at Hanover. In coll. Wiskott (Wiskott, Zoc. czt., p. 119). 

@. Incomplete. Left (smaller) side of wings is, as also is the right (larger) 
side, predominantly ¢ coloured. Yet they show, on the outer margin of fore- 
wings, running from apex towards base, interrupted about the middle by the 
yellow ground colour, a stripe of ¢ colouring some 23mm. broad; there is like- 
wise a further streak of the same brown colour a few millimétres further inwards 
on the forewings. The left hindwing is quite similarly marked; this also has on 
the costa two strokes of the dark ¢ colour, and in addition there are two stripes 
thereof. Body and genitalia ¢?, likewise both antennze with small ¢ pectinations 
In coll. Daub., Carlsruhe. Described by Gauckler of Carlsruhe (Schultz, //Zus. 
Woch. Ent., ii., p. 414). 

x-v. Two gynandromorphous exampies with the sexes mixed in Staudinger’s 
collection, Staudinger zn ditt. (Schultz, 127. Wochenschr. fiir Ent., ii., p. 414). [One 
of these is no doubt the one described by Westwood, see aa below (Prout)]. 

w. A gynandromorphous example of L. var. callunae. The left side is male, of the 
usual rich, glossy, dark chocolate tint, with the ordinary orange-yellow stripes, but the 
antenna on this side is provided with pectinations of only one-half the usual length ; 
the right side is ¢ with ordinary ¢ antenna, and decidedly larger fore- and hindwings 
but the colour is also rich chocolate, not quite so deep, nor so glossy as on the 
male side, but of a very rich colour, while the yellow stripe, though present on the 
forewing, is absent from the hindwing, producing altogether a novel and startling 
effect. The abdomen is much shrunken and twisted, and divided in sex, a clasper 
being clearly visible on the male side (Barrett, Z. 17. AZ, xxxi., p. 219). 

aa. A curious mixture of both sexes. The forewing on the right side alone 
being unisexual ( ¢ ); anterior half of the left forewing also ¢ in colour, but this 
wing is small in size, as in the ¢, and its hinder half curiously mottled with the 
colours of the two sexes: left hindwing with costal one-third ¢ in colour, the inner 
two-thirds ¢, with two large, pale, oval discoidal spots; right hindwing with outer 
two-thirds the colour of a light ¢, with four pale submarginal spots, its inner one- 
third ¢, but with a red-brown spot ; antennz shorter and less pectinated than in the 
é, thorax and base of abdomen broad as in the ¢?, but the abdomen is small, conical, 
and shorter than in the g¢. In Staudinger’s collection, Dresden (Westw., Thesaurus 
Ent. Oxon., p. 189, pl. xxxv., fig. 14). 

8. Gynandromorphous, showing the chocolate wings and feathered antenna of 
the $ on the left side; on the right side the wings are buff, and the antenna is simple 
as in the ¢, the abdomen thicker, and not tufted as on the other. Bred by 
Gunner John Wilson, of the Royal Artillery, Woolwich (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 
1868, p. xxxviii/. 

yy. Incomplete, predominantly ¢. Both forewings ¢, the right hindwing 
g, the left ¢, with broad ¢ -coloured stripes. Antennz short, alike in form and 
colour, midway between gand ?¢, stronger than in the ¢, weaker than in the ¢, 
the pectinations shorter than is normal in the latter sex. Thorax ¢ in form, 
abdomen ¢ but with ¢ scaling. In the Pilz collection. Zz Witt. (Schultz, Z/l. Zetts. 
fur Entom., iii., p. 168). 

00. Halved, left ¢, right ¢. Left pair of wings ¢, the right ¢. Left 
antenna ¢, right ¢. The hairs on the thorax also halved, the left side of 
g -coloured brown, the right of the yellow tint of the ¢. Body ¢ but more 
slender than is usual in this sex. From Myslowitz. In the Phillips’ coll., 
Cologne. Jn. litt. (Schultz, ‘ ZZ/. Zeits. fur Ent.,” ii., p. 169). 

ee. Left ¢, right ¢; incomplete. Left wings ?, right ¢. Both antenne 
%?. Body ¢ with hairs on right side dark brown, on left side light yellow. 
Thorax right side ¢-, left side 9 -coloured. From Brunswick. In the same coll. 
In litt. (Schultz, ‘‘ [ll. Zeits. fiir Ent.,” iii., p. 169). 

6¢-nn- Two examples of var. callunae, ¢ in size and general build, exactly of 
$ coloration, having the spots and yellow bands asin ¢, but with the body and 
antenne ¢. York dist. One in Hewett’s, the other in Capper’s, collection 
(Hewett, 2 Zitt.). 


VARIATION. — The study of the variation of this species is 
exceedingly interesting and difficult. Besides the large number of 
colour aberrations, in which individual specimens may vary from 
the dark chestnut-brown of the most extreme male forms to the 
yellow of the most extreme female forms, the character of the pale 


48 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


transverse band also varies, from a narrow line to a wide band that 
may spread to the outer margin of the wing, and offers a basis of 
variation for a great number of local forms, which are often further 
specialised by a marked increase or decrease in size. Some of 
these local races are further remarkable for the fact that they show 
more or less constant peculiarities in their life-histories and fixed 
characters in their larve, the whole tending to make the working 
out of the special features of some of these races exceedingly difficult. 
The vars. secwla, callunae, mertdionalis and viburni are especially interest- 
ing, and Warburg and Bacot have done much good scientific work in 
crossing these and other extreme forms with each other and with the 
type. The most remarkable of the colour aberrations is probably that 
which Cockerell named ab. olzvacea-fasciata. ‘The difference in size, 
too, 1s sometimes very remarkable. Breyer figures (Ann. Soc. Ent. 
Belg., vii., pl. i., fig. 2) an aberration with much narrower fore- 
wings than is usual, and this he considers to have been caused by 
insufficient nutrition. As to the effect of food on the size of this 
species, the following notes by Fuchs are interesting. He states 
(Stett. Ent. Zeit., xii., p. 120) that he attempted to rear a winter 
brood on pine, and, for this purpose, obtained a number of larvz 
from birch after they had commenced to hybernate in the autumn 
of 1866, that he brought them into a warm room, and placed them 
on pine, after which two moulted and went on feeding, one pupating 
at the end of January, 1867, the other in the middle of February, 
the imagines appearing on February 25th and March 25th after pupal 
periods of four and six weeks respectively. _ Compared with the local 
(Lower Rheingau) form, these specimens were fairly normal in size 
(wing of ¢ 28mm., 2 35mm.), the pale transverse bands narrowed on 
all the wings, and sharply cut off from the ground colour. Bieger 
also experimented (Ext. JVachr., viii, p. 244) in the direction 
of rearing the larve of L. guercés on pine-needles: The larve 
hatched in the middle of August, and the three first stadia had 
their ordinary course, the moults taking place September rith and 
24th and October roth, bringing them to the normal hybernat- 
ing stage. He wanted to force them indoors, but they persisted in 
forsaking their food and laying up for hybernation, so he let them 
have their way and placed them in the cold. At the end of Febru- 
ary they were brought indoors again, and on March roth certain 
individuals had reached the last stadium, and he concluded that these 
must, therefore, have moulted a fourth time in autumn. ‘The last 
did not reach the final stage till April 16th; by May r4th all had 
pupated, and imagines appeared June 22nd to mid-July. The 2 s 
scarcely differ from the ordinary form of this sex; the gs all have the light 
basal spot on the forewings, which, he says, is wanting in specimens 
from hybernated pupe.* The basal area of the 9, both on the fore- 
wing and hindwing, has an angular bend, and is considerably redder, 
especially on the hindwing. The @s resemble those of ca//unae as 
received from Staudinger, whilst the 9s from hybernated pupe from 
ordinary food-plants are, on the whole, darker. Our British var. ca//unae, 
which usually feeds as a larva from the June of one year until the 


* This, of course, is not generally the case. Most of the imagines of var, ca/lunae 
have this basal spot, although hybernating as pupz 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 49 


August of the next, 7.¢., some 14 months, and then remains as a pupa 
from August to June, z.¢., some ro months, is, in nature, usually much 
larger and more intensely coloured than the typical form that goes 
through all its changes in a year. Bearing on this, Standfuss says 
(Handbuch, &c., p. 57): “L. guerctis of the north German lowlands 
expands, g@ 55mm.—57mm., 9 67mm.—7omm.; in the mountains 
of central Germany—Hartz, Bohmer-Wald, Riesengebirge, &c.—it 
becomes the larger var. callunae, Palmer, g 59mm.—62mm., 9? 
73mm.—75mm., whilst the Lapland examples reach, ¢ 63mm,.— 
65mm., 2? 77mm.—86mm. The lowland examples spend only one 
year from egg to imago, the mountain form takes two, whilst in 
the northern latitudes three are taken.” (Standfuss parallels this 
with Sterrhopterix hirsutella which takes two, and S. standfussi 
miemetakes) three years, the latter bemp the larger.) ‘In the 
lower mountains of the Riesengebirge, between Bolkenheim and 
Hirschberg, one finds examples with one- or two-year cycles side 
by side. Parallel with this, one may mention that, at Furstenstein, 
in Silesia, also, the markedly different forms Selenephera lunigera 
(with hybernating larva) and .S. /unigera var. lobulina (with hybernat- 
ing pupa) occur side by side, although the specific identity of the 
latter is less certain than that of the former since the larva of S. 
lobulina var. lunigera also shows certain differences.” British specimens 
of var. callunae are often larger than the extreme measurements given 
by Standfuss, and Morton notes (zw “?¢.) larve from Arran that 
fed up on birch, and produced male specimens averaging 69gmm., 
and females 82mm.; these show the discal white spot with a tendency 
to become diamond-shaped or triangular, and the males have very 
distinct yellowish epaulettes. He also states that a 9 UL. var. callunae 
in Mrs. Fraser’s collection measures 84mm., and further notes that 
pie aneest g from Glen Lochay iS 63°5mm., and the largest 9 
from Rannoch 785mm. Butterfield observes that a brood fed on dry 
oak-leaves produced some remarkable specimens, small, dark, and 
many crippled. We have already stated that whilst our typical 
south British LL. guerctés goes through its metamorphoses in 12 
months, the var. cal/unae takes normally two years, yet occasionally 
it happens that larve of both forms will feed up quickly if the 
temperature be suitable, pupate, and emerge in winter or early 
spring. Standfuss considers this to depend upon the eggs being 
subjected to a high temperature whilst the embryo is undergoing 
development, and states that he has proved this to be the case 
with Lasiocampa querctis and Laria l-nigrum, these insects going through 
to the imaginal stage without any hybernation either as larva or pupa. 
The following notes written mainly by Continental lepidopterists are not 
without interest. Hormuzaki says (Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1895, Pp. 
252): “The specimens from Czernowitz do not appear to differ at all 
from the ordinary German form; a single g, however, from the alpine 
region of the Suhard mountains (over 1700m.) belongs probably 
to a local form, being larger, much darker (coffee-brown colour), 
with broad bands, &c. ‘This specimen, according to Caradja (/7zs, 
Vill., pp. 91—92), agrees with two from the Carpathians, and falls 
midway between var. a/fina, Fr. and var. roboris, Schrk.” Caradja 
notes (/oc. cit.) that the species is very scarce in the plains and 
lower slopes of the Carpathians, but is much commoner above the 


D 


50 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


tree limit, z2z., at an altitude of 1500m.—1800m., where he saw it 
in abundance in August on the Tschachléu and Nagy-Schandor. 
Unfortunately he did not notice at the time that the Carpathian 
form differed from all those hitherto described, and only brought away 
the two males to which we have just referred. He says that they 
have the deep, dark chocolate colour of var. a/pina, combined with the 
extraordinarily broad yellow bands of ab. voboris. As he found 
full-grown larve in August, at the same time as worn imagines, 
he has no doubt the Carpathian form takes two years to reach 
maturity. Steinert says that at Dresden some specimens go over 
the winter as pupa, and that these often produce very light brown 
specimens thinly scaled and poorly marked. The south European 
forms are exceedingly interesting, and have become much more so 
because of the great amount of. excellent work that Warburg and 
Bacot have done with them. The most marked of these races is 
var. szcuda, russet-brown in tint, a narrow yellow transverse band 
across the forewings, and an entirely orange-yellow hind-marginal area 
to the hindwings. The south of France varieties, meridionalis and 
viburni, are much alike, with narrow yellow transverse bands to both 
fore- and hindwings, but whilst the former is produced from larvee with 
white urticating fur, the larvee of the latter have the fur red-brown. 
The central European forms are less interesting; there is the form 
with narrow transverse yellow bands to fore- and hindwings—ab. 
spartit, Hb., if of dark chestnut-brown colour, and typical gwercis if 
ferruginous. The former (ab. sfartiz) is superficially very like var. 
viburnt, Gn., with which it is united by Staudinger, but is obtained 
from normal larve, and occurs as an aberration, never forming a 
local race in central Europe. There is also the wider-banded form in 
which the yellow spreads somewhat towards the outer margin, and 
may be considered as the most usual form in Britain. This culminates 
in the ab. marginata. There are other forms allied to these, 
which will be dealt with in detail, and the mountain and moorland 
forms will also be fully described. Guénée differentiated Z. var. 
viburnt and Parisian LL. guerctis, and noted what he considered some 
more or less constant characters (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1868, p. 410). 
Warburg notes (77 /7tt.) that possibly the only character mentioned 
‘ by Guénée that holds absolutely is that the fringes of the hindwings of 
var. viburni are concolorous, whilst those of Z. guwercis are reddish, ‘with 
only the extremities straw-coloured. Between var. zzburné and var. 
meridionalis, Warburg notes the following usual but not constant 
differences: “In 3 var. meridionalis (from Cannes) the anal, angle 
is fuller, covering the abdomen more completely (when set in the 
same way); the central spot is generally larger; the transverse band 
on the forewing joining that on the hindwing (when set with the 
inner margins in line) and not converging much towards the costa 
as it usually does in var. vburni, in which the band on forewing 
generally falls outside that on the hindwing (the band is the most 
constant criterion). In the @ var. zdurni the bands are more 
differentiated from the ground colour, giving a brighter, more con- 
tracted look.” There is a distinct tendency for odd aberrations of 
var. meridionalis and var. viburni to assume slightly the russet tint 
characteristic of var. sicw/a, and also for a weakening of the brown 
outer marginal band of the hindwings, but the most extreme aber- 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 51 


ration in this direction is far removed from var. szcula, which does 
not appear to occur in southern France even as a chance form. 
Another extreme male aberration occurring with the type, var. vburn?, 
&c., is the ab. marginafa, n. ab., in which the outer marginal 
areas of the fore- and hindwings are yellow, the pale transverse 
band having spread on both wings to the outer margin. This is 
figured by Hubner (Zur. Schmett., fig. 270) and the form is erroneously 
referred to ab. voboris, Schrk., by Humphreys and Westwood (4777. 
Moths, pl. xi., figs. 9, 13); it appears to occur as a rare aberration 
everywhere with the type in central (and southern) Europe. Another 
male form (=ab. gwzllemotit), exactly parallel with var. szcuda in its 
markings (narrow transverse band to forewings, and yellow outer mar- 
ginal area to hindwings), is occasionally found, but the normal dark 
ground colour distinguishes it at once from the russet-tinted var. szcuda. 
The typical males of Z. guercis from the lowlands of central Europe have, 
on the whole, a wider transverse band to the forewings than that of any 
other race, except, perhaps, var. a/p7za (and those aberrations in which 
it is continued to the outer margin). The southern forms are all narrow- 
banded on the forewings, var. szcwz/a especially so, and although var. 
meridionalis has perhaps a narrower band than var. vrburnz, both 
have it characteristically narrow, and var. ca//unae is, on the whole, a 
narrow-banded form. ‘There is also a greater tendency towards the 
development of the yellow basal patch, so characteristic of most 
examples of var. callunae, in British ZL. guercés, than in the con- 
tinental races, the epaulette-marking being far from common in 
examples from central Europe. ‘Typical Parisian LZ. guerciis are very 
similar to English ones. ‘There also appears to be a fairly wide range 
in the colour variation of British females of Z. guwercis, extending 
from pale yellow-ochreous to reddish-ochreous, and with a general 
tendency to uniformity in the colour of the fore- and hindwings ; there is 
frequently a distinct difference of tint between the fore- and hindwings 
of Z. var. callunae (which are generally much darker, and more suffused 
than in ZL. guerctis); this comparative difference in the fore- and_ hind- 
wings is also noticeable in the °s of var. wiburnti and var. meridion- 
alis, whilst in tone the former is somewhat redder than the latter. 
In var. sezcula the @s have a more uniform coloration between the 
fore- and hindwings, and are much redder and more suffused than 
either of the other southern forms. A Swiss ¢ from Vogt, in 
Warburg’s collection, has the outer marginal area of all four wings 
yellow, as in Hubner fig. 270. Two other Swiss males from 
Flims have broad whitish-ochreous transverse bands on all the 
wings (? var. alpina). Other Swiss examples from Geneva are not 
unlike the narrow-banded ab. sfarti7, whilst German males from 
various localities are indistinguishable from British. As for the 
direction of the inner edge of the transverse band of the forewings 
there is great variation. Commencing always at about the same 
point on the costa, it may be perfectly straight to the inner margin, 
oblique towards the anal angle, slightly angulated outwardly near 
costa, curved regularly from costa to inner margin, &c. A some- 
what similar range of variation is observed in the 9s, and the outer 
marginal areas in this sex are more frequently of a paler tint than the 
rest of the wings and concolorous with the band, whilst others have 
distinct narrow pale transverse bands only. ‘There is often a tend- 


oe BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


ency for the males to have the nervures pale in the outer marginal 
areas, and in the @s this is often extended to the nervures of the 
inner half of the wing. There is considerable difference in both 
sexes in the size of the central white spot of the forewings, and in 
the @s this is frequently surrounded by a very dark rim, which 
makes it exceedingly conspicuous. The variation in the width of 
the transverse band has led to considerable difficulty with the 
named forms; this has been especially so with regard to the form 
named roboris by an anonymous writer (Dr. F. J. A. D.) in the 
Rhein. Magazin, in 1793, and discussed later. Esper described 
(Schmett. Eur. ii., p. 81) two forms occurring in central Europe: 
(1) With the transverse bands narrow and _ restricted (? = ab. 
spartit, Hb.). (2) With the outer edge of the transverse bands 
extending towards the margin of the wing and encroaching on 
the ground colour; This latter form. Dr. F. J.-A. Dee 
Mag., 1. p. 362) named vodvoris, and in this was followed by 
Schrank. Much still remains to be learned with regard to the 
Sicilian, southern Italian, and Spanish forms of the species, most of 
the literature relating thereto being very unsatisfactory, and it is 
difficult to determine from the published facts at disposal exactly 
what forms are obtained in Sicily. | Mina- Palumbo and Failla- 
Tedaldi write (Vaz. Sic., vil., p. 231 (331 by error)): “ Bombyx quercis 
occurs from June to September ; the type form has been met with by 
Ghiliani, Mann, and Zeller. The var. sfartii is more frequent, and 
occurs from September to November. It is darker, with a straight 
yellow fascia on all the wings, and has been recorded by Bellier, 
Mann, and Zeller, Bellier making it a distinct species on account 
of the alleged different colour of the antenne, which, however 
we are not able to distinguish, nor does the character appear 
to be sufficiently important for the erection of a species. The var. 
sicula 1s the dominant form. The var. sodor.s, Schr., also occurs, 
this form being larger, with the yellow fascia of the anterior wings 
broader.” We suspect by spartii these authors really mean var. 
viburnt or var. meridionalis, whilst their description of rodoris applies 
well enough to this form so far as the transverse band is concerned. 
We do not know, however, whether the russet colour of var. sicula 
is found in the other forms were mentioned, or whether these agree in 
ground colour with the dark chestnut-brown of true var. meridionalis, 
ab. roboris, &c. The British examples tend much to local races. 
The males from Potton are not unlike the ab. sfartir, figured by 
Hubner, from Germany, but have a slightly wider band and a faint 
yellow shade that spreads as it were from the middle portion of the 
transverse bands on fore- and hindwings, suffusing and narrowing 
the outer marginal areas, and destroying the striking contrast so 
observable in var. merzdionalis, in this respect rather approaching 
var. viburnt. ‘The females are distinctly different inasmuch as the 
fore- and hindwings are of the same reddish-ochreous tint that 
characterises only the hindwings of the French races, and the band 
on the hindwings inclines to obsolescence and tends to blend with the 
ground colour of the marginal area. ‘The white median spot of the 
forewings is distinctly larger, whiter, and not ringed so darkly. 
This tendency to the spread of the yellow of the bands on both fore- 
and hindwings, in the males from Cambridge and other British 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 53 


localities, is strikingly characteristic, narrowing much the chestnut 
outer marginal area of the forewings and often reducing it on the hind- 
wings to a rather narrow marginal chestnut band (=ab. vodoris). In 
the female the tendency is for the outer marginal area to assume the 
colour of the band entirely in both fore- and hindwings (a characteristic 
seen most strongly in the g in ab. marginata, and also in var. sicaula but 
only in the hindwings). Bacot says: “I speak with some hesitation as 
to the imagines, as my series are not very long. The differences are 
most apparent inthe males. JZ. var. szcuda differs more markedly from 
any of the other forms that I know than they do among themselves, 
and, so far as my experience goes, is very constant. The ground colour 
of the males is russet-brown, the band on the hindwings is orange-yellow, 
and extends to the margin, while that on the forewings is narrow, the 
former feature being characteristic of the females as well. JZ. var. 
viburni and L. var. meridionalis | am unable to distinguish. The 
males have a ground colour of a soft but rich deep red-brown, 
and the yellow band on the forewings is much straighter than is 
usual with the British races. Some variation exists in regard to 
the width of the band, but I have never seen a trace of the 
epaulette markings that are tolerably frequent in JZ. var. callunae 
and not infrequent in English Z. guercis, nor have I ever seen a 
forewing band of the Cannes races so waved as they usually are in 
the English specimens, nor a hindwing band extended to the 
margin of the wing as in Z. var. sicula. Males of ZL. var. callunae 
are often, if not usually, of a deeper ground colour than English JZ. 
guercus or L. var. meridionalis. ‘The forewing band is waved and the 
hindwing band is sharp, not fading into the ground colour towards 
the margin as is frequently, but not invariably, the case with Z.° 
var. wiburni and L. var. meridionalis. English ZL. guerctis are the 
most variable in the imaginal as in the larval state. It seems 
useless to lay down even the loosest rule. My own short series of 
nine males shows a wide variation. One taken during July at 
Lyme Regis would easily pass unnoticed in a series of JZ. var. 
callunae. Several have the epaulette marking, while others have no 
trace, most of the specimens have the forewing band waved, but 
two have it much straighter than the others, and with one of these 
it is quite as straight as in the Cannes varieties. Two, in the 
width of the hindwing band and its tendency to suffuse the ground 
colour as far as the margins, approach JZ. var. sicula as does 
another specimen in regard to the ground colour, which is of a 
russet-brown. I am rather inclined to consider that our English 
race is the nearest to the ancestral stock, and that the variation is 
largely due to climatic causes, although it is possible that some of 
the variation towards the southern races may be caused by inroads 
of fresh blood on our southern and eastern coasts.” Among the 
more or less unclassified notes that we have collected relating to 
aberrations of this species are the following: A male emerged at 
Chester with the right lower wing absent (Arkle); Selys, Foucart, 
and Bristowe record females nearly of the colour of the male, and 
Sumner bred one nearly as dark as a g in July, 1894, whilst similar 
ones (referable to var. cal/unae) are in the “ Doubleday” collection ; 
Turner notes a female from Carlisle with the base suffused with male 
coloration, and the submarginal area subdiaphanous; males from 


54 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


Angmering are rather dark, with the light area well defined (Doll- 
man); males from Bognor vary considerably in the width of the 
yellowish band (Trimen); a male with nearly colourless hindwings 
from Eastbourne (Prout); an aberration with angulated hindwings 
(Agassiz); Johnson reared a 2 from Stockport, the base of each 
wing thickly covered with dark scales, but these rapidly decrease in 
quantity towards the centre, leaving a very broad band, almost 
entirely devoid of scales round the outer margins of the wings; the 
fringes, however, are perfect and distinct; the larva was collected in 
1895, the imago emerged June, 1896. Adkin describes a_ similar 
female, in which the outer half of each wing is devoid of scales, 
but with fringes perfectly developed; Kershaw notes, in 1869, a 2 
from Ashton-under-Lyne with transparent wings and brown fringes, 
also a bred male almost black in tint and only barred on the 
upper wings. Frings records a very small female obtained in 1888 
from the Alps, which had small forewings and almost unscaled 
hindwings. Newman has a male with the forewings entirely of a 
dull smoky colour, the transverse band also dull brown, and the 
hindwings of a very distinct pale brown (bred from a Darenth 
larva); Edelsten notes a g aberration at Enfield with the hind- 
wings yellow from band to fringe, and Dale says that females bred 
from Polegate larve vary so that scarcely two are of the same tint, 
and, in 1878, one was bred nearly as dark as a male; whilst Leivers 
observes that the males from Notts are normal in tint, but the 
females vary considerably in the depth of the ground colour. 
Arbuthnott notes a @ of var. cadl/unae, taken July 16th, 1897, at 
the head of Glen Rosa, Isle of Arran, with the coloration of the 
male; and Hewett records another ? cad/unae exactly of male color- 
ation, having the spots and yellow bands as in ¢g, but with body 
and antenne of 2, to which sex it assimilates in size, a similar 
specimen being in the “Capper” collection. He writes that “the 
?s in the York district appear to be decidedly more variable than 
the gs; three males with yellowish-white bands (P?=ab. a/fina) also 
taken, but not in good condition; one female uniform straw- 
colour, another without yellow band to hindwings, and a male also 
without yellow band to hindwings; all the examples captured on 
Rhombald’s Moor.” With regard to dubious cad/unae forms, Nichol- 
son writes that those from the heaths at Ringwood are intermediate ; 
3urrows notes the Penzance males as inclining to the var. cadlunae 
form, and Studd that the Oxton specimens have all the characters 
of var. callunae, but never go over to a second year, and are never 
found on bramble but always on whitethorn. Porritt separates the 
type as a coast form in Yorkshire and Lancashire, and var. ca//unae 
as a moorland form, Briggs observes that the Lynmouth examples 
are in appearance a fine, well-marked form of var. ca//unae, but that 
they have the Z. guercts habit; he bred a 9, July 21st, 1899, to 
which, on the 23rd, a g was attracted; he also captured 9s on 
August 2nd, 1898, and July 28th, 1899; Bacot notes with regard to 
this that on the moors above and about 6 miles from Lynmouth he has 
taken larve in August that pupated and passed the winter as pupe and 
emerged in early June of the following year, 7¢., with definite ca//unae 
habit. Heinemann notes (£77, ii., p. 236) a pair of guerctés that 
are intermediate between typical Z. guercés and var. callunae, the 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 55 


transverse yellow band in these turns a little down at the anal 
angle, but not so evidently as in var. ca//unae, the colour of the 
female darker than in typical Z. guerciés, but paler than in var. 
callunue. Gregson describes certain aberrations as follows: “A 
male, expanding 1” 6”, light buffbrown in colour, with distinct 
shoulder marks ; two large bright light red males; a small dark male, 
expanding 12 in., without any shoulder mark; one male with dark 
female colouring ; another male wanting the usual curved markings 
through the wings;a male and a female with only a faint indica- 
tion of marking upon the hindwings, and one large female entirely 
without any markings on the hindwings, whilst another female is of 
a dark olive-green-brown colour without any markings except a 
faint indication of the pale central spot, and yet another with male 
colouring of a deep, rich, brown tint, with waved striga well defined 
and shoulder marks fairly defined.” These latter, he adds, all belong 
to the generally recognised rsoborrs of Stephens.* The males, he 
observes, ‘‘sometimes have the transverse line across the forewing 
straight, not curved, whilst in one female it is curved circularly, 
and in one male so turned that the costal point is outwards, whilst in all 
the southern specimens possessed, the dark portion of the wings is 
cut somewhat, but slightly, angularly, so as to point inwards.” Stephens’ 
roboris, referred to by Gregson, appears to be typical Z. guercts, whilst 
his Z. guerciis has a yellow epaulette at base of forewings, and is refer- 
able to var. callunae. The specimens from St. Anne’s-on-Sea (Lancs. 
coast) have the habit of guerciés, whilst on the upperside the g imagines 
follow var. ca//unue, and on the underside querciis. ‘The basal patch, or 
epaulette marking, already referred to, which is a very generalised 
Lachneid mark, appears in almost all examples of var. ca/lunue, 
from whatever district they come, and to be generally absent in 
most specimens of Z. guercis, yet Prout has undoubted Z. quercts from 
Southend with it, and Hering notes that, in Pomerania, the males— 
from larve full-fed and pupating in June, the imagines emerging the 
next month, and, therefore, with the qguerris habit—always have a 
yellow patch at the base of the forewings, a character almost equally 
marked in the St. Anne’s-on-Sea LZ. guerctis, to which we have already 
referred. Warburg and Bacot’s examples of var. meridionulis and var. 
viburni from southern France have no trace of the marking. 

The following is an attempt to tabulate the most frequent aberra- 
tional forms of the males of this species : 


GROUND COLOUR REDDISH OR FERRUGINOUS. 

1. With narrow, almost straight, oblique, yellow (or ochreous) transverse band 
to forewings, and narrow band to hindwings=querczs, Linn. 

2. With narrow, curved, vellow (or ochreous), transverse band to fore- and hind- 
wings=ab. curvata, n. ab. 

3. With broad transverse band to fore- and hindwings=ab. /atovirgata, n. ab. 

4. With normal transverse band to forewings, the transverse band of hindwings 
extending to outer margin=ab. semimarginata, n. ab. 

5. With transverse band to fore- and hindwings extending to outer margin=ab. 
marginata, n. ab. 

6. With yellow blotch at base of forewings=ab. bastpuncta, n. ab. 

GROUND COLOUR CHESTNUT-BROWN. 

1. With narrow, almost straight, oblique, yellow (or ochreous), transverse band 

to forewings, and narrow band to hindwings=ab. sgartii, Hb. 


* We have examined these, and find that they belong to var. callunae, Gregson 
evidently erroneously using voboris, Stephens, as a synonym of var. cadlunae. 
Stephens’ vodoris is typical guerczis, whilst the guwercds of the same author is cadlwnae, 


56 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


2. With narrow, curved yellow (or ochreous), transverse band to fore- and hind- 
wings=ab. spartii-curvata, n. ab. 

3. With broad transverse band to fore- and hindwings=ab. voboris, F. J. A. D. 

4. With normal transverse band to forewings, the transverse band of hindwings 
reaching to outer margin=ab. guzllemoti, Trim. 

5. With transverse band to fore- and hindwings extending to outer margin=ab. 
spartii-marginata, n. ab. Z 

6. With yellow blotch at base of forewings=ab. spartii-basipuncta, n. ab. 


GROUND COLOUR DEEP PURPLISH= OR CHOCOLATE-BROWN. 

1. With narrow, almost straight, oblique, yellow (or ochreous), transverse band 
to forewings, and narrow band to hindwings=ab. purpurascens, n. ab. 

2. With narrow, curved, yellow (or ochreous), transverse band to fore- and 
hindwings=ab. purpurascens-curvata, n. ab. 

3. With broad transverse band to fore- and hindwings=purpurascens -latovirgata, 
n. ab. 

4. With normal transverse band to forewings; the transverse band of hindwings 
reaching to outer margin=ab. purpurascens-semimarginata, n. ab. 

5. With transverse band to fore- and hindwings extending to outer margin=ab. 
purpurascens-marginata, n. ab. ; 


6. With yellow blotch at base of forewings=ab. purpurascens-basipuncta, 
Med Dae ox 


GROUND COLOUR RUSSET-BROWN. 

I. With narrow, almost straight, oblique, yellow (or orange) transverse band to 
forewings, and narrow band to hindwings=ab. brumzea, n. ab. 

2. With narrow, almost straight, oblique, yellow (or orange) transverse band to 
forewings, and broad band to hindwings=ab. siczla-latovirgata, n. ab. 

3. With narrow, almost straight, oblique, yellow (or orange) transverse band to 
forewings, the transverse band of hindwings reaching to outer margin= yar. 
sicula, 


4. With transverse band to fore- and hindwings extending to outer margin=ab. 
sicula-marginata, n. ab. 


The principal aberrational forms of the female found in Britain 
may be grouped as follows: 


GROUND COLOUR YELLOW OR PALE YELLOW-OCHREOUS. 
1. Unicolorous yellow or yellow- ochreous, with no transverse markings=ab. 
dbsoleta, n. ab. 
2. Yellow or yellow-ochreous with a pale transverse band crossing fore- and 
hindwings=ab. vz7gata, n. ab. 
3. Yellow or yellow-ochreous with the outer area of hindwings paler to margin 
=ab. semimarginata, n. ab. 


4. Yellow or yellow-ochreous with the outer area of fore- and hindwings paler 
to margin—=ab. marginata, n. ab. 


GROUND COLOUR DULL OCHREOUS. 

1. Unicolorous dull ochreous, with no transverse markings=ab. ochracea- 
obsoleta, n. ab. 

2. Dull ochreous with a pale transverse band crossing fore- and hindwings=ab. 
ochracea-virgata, n. ab, 

3. Dull ochreous with the outer area of hindwings paler to margin=ab. 
ochracea=semimarginata, ti. ab. 

4. Dull ochreous with the outer area of fore- and hindwings paler to margin= 
ab. ochracea-marginata, n. ab, 


GROUND COLOUR FAINT REDDISH-OCHREOUS. 

1, Unicolorous ochreous, faintly reddish, with no transverse markings=ab. 
rufescens-obsoleta, n. ab. 

2. Ochreous, faintly reddish, with a pale transverse band crossing fore- and 
hindwings=ab. rufescens-virgata, n. ab. 

3. Ochreous, faintly reddish, with the outer area of hindwings paler to margin 
=ab. rufescens-semimarginata, n. ab. 

4. Ochreous, faintly reddish, with the outer area of both fore- and hindwings 
paler to margin=ab. rufescens-marginata, n. ab. 

GROUND COLOUR BROWN. 


1, Unicolorous brownish (approaching somewhat male coloration) with no 
transverse markings=ab. brusnea-obsoleta, n. ab, 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 57 


2. Brownish, with a pale transverse band crossing the fore- and hindwings=ab. 
brunnea-virgata, n. ab. 

ae Brownish with the outer area of hindwings paler to margin=ab. brunnea- 
semimarginata, n. ab. 

4. ‘Brow nish, with the outer area of both fore- and hindwings paler tc margin= 
ab. brunnea-marginata, n. ab. 


_ The following are the chief described forms of this species 
with, as far as possible, the original description of each form. 
Some of these are highly specialised local races, and the details 
of their life-histories have considerable bearing on the nature of 
species and so have been described, as far as possible, in full. 


a. ab. tenuata, Fuchs, ‘‘ Stett. Ent. Zeit.,’’ xli., pp. 120—123 (1880) ; Kirby, 
peat Pp. 626. (1692); Anniv. “Ins,” vil., p. 150 (1894); Staud., “Cat 
ed. 3, p. 121 (1901).— The yellow transverse band is narrower in_ both Sexes, 
especially on the hindwings, in which, towards the anal angle of the ¢, it appears 
almost as if broken. The transverse band does not fade into the dark brown ground 
colour of the margin but is sharply divided therefrom; the marginal colour being 
as dark as that of the basal area. In these general characters both sexes agree. 
The forewings of ¢ 28mm. from base to tip (ze., of about normal size), the 
colour somewhat darker than usual, of a deep chestnut-brown, whilst near the 
base on the costal margin is a small, but conspicuous, yellow spot (a character 
shown by no local ¢s). The yellow transverse band is broader on the forewings 
than on the hindwings and is sharply defined exteriorly. Although a male taken 
locally has a similar appearance, and has a transverse band on the forewings 
still narrower than that of var. fezwata, yet it differs from the latter in having 
the brown marginal area outside the centre of the transverse band lighter than 
in this form,* and not of the uniform dark chestnut-brown characteristic of the 
ab. tenwata. The differences in the hindwings are still more important, for the 
yellow band is farther from the margin, is less bent, very narrow, and at the hinder 
angle so constricted that it appears broken, whilst the broad marginal band which 
is distinctly separated from the yellow band is just as dark brown as the basal 
area. In this respect, ab. teswata is exactly the opposite of var. sicuda. . 
The underside of var. fenuata differs from that of typical Z. guercus in that the 
Jatter has the yellow band increased in width, only the apex remaining brown, 
whilst on the hindwings the yellow stretches to the fringes: in ab. tenuata, the 
margin of the hindwings is a broadly brown band but the brown is somewhat 
lighter than that of the upperside, and the broad transverse yellow band is, 
therefore, not so sharply separated. The ¢? var. Zezwata, whose forewings measure 35mm., 
is dark, with distinct narrow yellow bands on all the wings, sharply divided from 
the brown ground colour; the forewings have yellow nervures especially in the 
basal area; the hindwings are uniform dark yellow-brown to the fringes (which 
are yellow), the ground colour only interrupted by the sharply-defined, yellow, 
transverse band (Fuchs). 

This aberration was the result of an experiment in which Fuchs 
gave the larve pine for food, and, under artificial conditions, 
induced them to feed up in the winter, the examples here described 
emerging in early spring (an/ed, p. 48). Comparing the ab. ‘senuata 
with the other varieties of Z. guercts, Fuchs states that the ab. 
fenuata 1s nearest to the @ ab. catalaunica, which is, however, not 
so dark as the g ; from the ab. catalaunica 2, the ab. tenuata @ 
differs in having a distinct transverse band on the hindwings which 
is hardly visible in ab. ca¢al/aunica. In the latter, there is, associated 
with the dark yellowish-brown basal area, a somewhat paler marginal 
band, the colour of which is only a little lighter where it crosses the 
transverse band. Staudinger refers, with a query, var. dalmatina, 
Gerh. (Berl. Ent. Zeit., 1882, p. 128), to this form, diagnosing it 


himself as: “ Alis omnibus anguste flavo-fasciatis.” 


* The descriptions are very suggestive that the typical male of the district 
=the wider banded ab. voboris, F. J. A. D., and that the narrow-banded ab, 
tenuata, is somewhat near ab. spartiz, Hb. 


58 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


6. ab. catalaunica,, Staud., ‘‘Cat.,” ed. 2, p. 69 (1871); ed2 ae eeen 
(1901) ; Hofm., ‘‘Gross-Schmett. Eur.,” p. 61 (1887); Kurby, ‘* Cat? ipaseeg 
(1892); Auriv., ‘Iris,’ vil, p. 150 (1894) ;— Obscurissima, ? maris colore, al. 
ant. fascia angustissima flava, al. post unicoloribus (fascia subnulla). Catalonia 
(Staudinger). DIsTRIBUTION. —Italy: Roman Campagna—Monterotondo (Calberla). 
Sas Catalonia—Barcelona (Cunt y -Martorell), Pyrenean districts (Martorell y 

efia). 


Staudinger modified somewhat the diagnosis in the 3rd edition of 
his Catalog, p. 121, where he writes: “3, obscurissimus, al. ant. fascia 
angustissima fora, al. post. unicoloribus [fascia subnulla]; 92, maris 
colore ; cum trans.” Chapman notes that the examples in Constant’s 
collection are not very different from the type, the yellow band of 
the forewings narrow, and that of the hindwings obscured a little. 

y- var. dalmatinus, Gerhard, ‘‘ Berl. Ent. Zeits.,” xxvi., -p. 126 (862)5 
Kirby, ‘Cat.,”’ p. 828 (1892). Dalmatina, Auriv., ‘‘ Iris,” vii., p. 150 (1894). Zenuata, 
pars, Staud., ¢Cat.,” 3rd ed., p. 121 (1901).—The yellow band on the forewings is 
only narrow, not gradually shading off towards the hind margin, and is continued 


as a still narrower one on the hindwings. The fringes of the hindwings brown, 
only the external margin shows a quite narrow yellow edging (Gerhard). 


Staudinger (with doubt) refers this to ab. ¢ezuata, Fuchs. It 
is as likely from the description to be referable to ab. spartiz, Hb., 
unless, indeed, the brown fringes of the hindwing with a narrow 
yellow margin on the outermost edge is a specialised character of the 
Dalmatian race. 


0. ab. sparte, Hb., “Eur. Schmett.,” ii., figs.-173 ¢, 224 (9 (eee 
text P 143 (? 1805); ‘* Verz.,”’ p. 106 (1822); Gn., “Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr57 
(3), Vl., p. 44 (in part) (1858) ; Zoc. ctt. (4), viil., p. 403 (in part) 1868); [ ? Bell., “Ann. 
Soc. Ent. Fr.,”’ (3), vill., p. 688 (1860); | Staud., “Cat.5~ Ist ed.) page (1861) ; 2nd 
ed * yp nOon LomD)ne sided p aati (1901) 5 [? Curd, “Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital.,” wit pe 
151 (1876); Sordelli, ‘La Farfalle,” p, 121 (1885); ? Lampa, ‘‘ Ent. Tids., vi, » p- 41 
(1885) ; ? Mina-Pal., ‘* Nat. Sic.,’’ vil., p. 331 (1888); ] Hotm., | ‘« Gross- Schmett., 7 ps 
537 (1887); Karby, “ “Cate 1p: 9827 (1892) ; Auriv., ‘* Iris,” (vil,) posse (1894) ; 
att ent. Nee... viii., p- 302 Gn part) (1896); xl. ~p. £13) (igene Reutti, 
Pepe bade and ed., p. 58 (1898) [sec Freyer, Treitschke, Boisduval, Dupon- 
chel, Herrich-Schaffer, ete ]|.—Dark rust - brown, the antennz at the tip yellowish- 
white, with light rust - brown pectinations; the forewings with a white spot in 
the middle, and a narrow, almost straight, pale ochreous-yellow stripe beyond; 
the hindwings near the margin, with a light ochreous-yellow stripe, and fringes 
of the same colour. Locality: Germany (Hiibner). The ¢, fig. 173, is of a deep 
chestnut-brown, with narrow transverse bands to fore- and hindwings, that on 
forewings oblique from costa to inner margin, and almost straight, the white 
central spot well defined. The ?, fig. 224, is ochreous with a brownish tint, the area 
within the transverse line, z.¢e., to base, darker than the outer marginal areas on all 
the wings; a distinct pink or reddish tinge in the darker parts; the inner edging 
of the pale band on forewings is distinctly reddish, the white spot very distinctly 
outlined in dark. 


Hiibner’s sfartiz is a simple aberration of Z. gwercts, occurring 
in Germany (and elsewhere) with the type, and showing the trans- 
verse band on the forewings narrow and nearly straight and with 
no tendency to gradually extend its area outwardly towards the 
hind margin. It is difficult to know how Guénée fell into the error 
of supposing it was the Sicilian form, unless he was misled by the 
earlier authors, but after giving (Adv. Soc. Ent. France, 1858, p. 
441) a good description of Hubner’s figures 173 and 224, noting 
the ¢ as being of ‘a deep violet-brown tint, with a very narrow, 
almost straight, and clearly defined transverse band to the fore- and 
hindwings, that on the latter approaching the outer margin rather 
more than in typical Z, guerctés,’ he goes on to include the Sicilian 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 59 


form (afterwards named szcw/a by Staudinger) under this title, and 
his further details (Joc. cit, p. 442) suggest strongly that he had 
no clearly definite notion of the differences existing between the 
southern races, all of which he erroneously united under the name 
spartii which Hubner had, as we have said, given to a German 
aberration. ‘This he recognised, to some extent, in 1868, when he 
again dealt with the guwerciis group (Aun. Soc. Ent. France, 1868, 
pp. 403 e¢ seg.), this time with considerable success, although he still 
states that the typical sparti? of Dahl and Hubner is only found in 
Sicily, a remarkable statement when one suspects that Guénée must 
have seen Hiibner’s work, and that Hubner, in his description of 
spartit (Eur. Schmet., text p. 144) writes: Heim.: Deutschland; 
einzeln noch, in mehreren Gegenden.” On the other hand, there is 
the suspicion that Guénée believed that Hutbner’s sfartiz did 
represent a southern form, for he described his Provengal wburni as 
a form of sfarti7, a result possibly that led Staudinger erroneously to 
sink the southern var. wburni as synonymous with the German 
aberration sparti7. It must be confessed that the imagines are not 
unlike, but whereas sfartiz comes from quite typical guercis larve, 
the larva of wburnt is quite specialised and distinctive. We know, 
now, that Hubner’s sfartiz (from Germany) and Guéneé’s wiburni 
(from southern France) are quite distinct forms, and that the former 
is simply a narrow-banded aberration of the type, that might occur 
anywhere in central or western Europe, indeed Spuler says (Zep. 
Bad., 2nd ed., p. 58) that in Baden it occurs ‘sparingly everywhere 
in hot summers, in the female sex only approximations, in the male 
the typical. aberration.” Lampa refers (Zz. Tids., 1885, p. 41) 
certain northern examples to ab. sfartii, Hb., diagnosing them as: 
“ Darker, the yellow transverse band narrow,” and recording them 
from ‘“‘ Sweden, East Gothland, Norrbotten, Lapland.” One suspects 
that these examples are likely to have the cal/unae habit rather 
mane that of Sfa7i77, “which is so meartly allied’ to the type, 
although they might just possibly have had to be referred to the 
Linnean type, which is also a narrow-banded form, and very probably 
Scandinavian, but the type is described as ferruginous in colour. 


eavakenenmlonaus. uth." Hnt. INee.,” xii, p. 113. (toon); Bacot, “lec. 
Ey pp Lidaee seg. (1901); Warbure, Joc. cit.) pp. 237 et seg. 1901). Quercus, 
Cie ons SOC. mt ii” (3), vie 0D. 44:1(1858),5  7oc. czt. (4),: Vill, Pp. 403, ez 
aegeerooo) 5 Mull:, << Cat.; Lép. Alp:-Mar.,”” p. 141 (1875)3 . Warburg, “Ent. 
Rec.,”’ viil., p. 316 (1896).—¢. Deep chocolate - brown, with a comparatively 
narrow and very definite yellow transverse band to both fore- and hindwings, 
that on forewing dropping from costa in a short curve (convex to base of wing 
on its inner margin) before turning slightly outwards, and then running to the 
inner margin, where there is another very slight curve towards base; on the hind- 
wings the band forms a regular curve almost parallel to hind margin from the 
costa direct to the anal angle; the outer margins of both fore- and hindwings 
almost as dark chocolate-brown as basal areas; the white median spot of fore- 
wings very bright, moderately large; fringes of the forewings concolorous with 
the outer area, fringes of the hindwings varying from concolorous with outer 
margin to bright yellow; tendency for nervures on outer marginal area of hind- 
wings to be yellowish; antennal shaft paler than pectinations. 2. Forewings 
yellow-ochreous, transverse band narrow, definite, same direction as in male, and 
slightly dark-tinted on inner margin, median white spot surrounded with a dark 
ring. Nervures rather paler in outer marginal area than the ground colour. 
Hindwings of a redder ochreous tint; a definite transverse band, the outer area 
rather paler, the nervures therein still rather paler than the ground colour, 
LarvA: Head orange-red in colour; dorsal urticating fur pure white (Tutt). 


60 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. . 


This race was named in order to do away with the circum- 
locution continuously involved in calling it the south of France 
form of LZ. guercis. The nearness of the imagines of this form to 
those of Z. var. véburnt would make it impossible to discriminate 
the two forms, which also occur in the same district, but the 
larval distinctions are most marked and the peculiarities are main- 
tained when the forms are inbred in confinement. JZ. var. merzdion- 
alts is Guénée’s Provencal guerctis, and his remarks thereon are 
fully quoted in our account of Z. var. véburni (posted). 


¢. var. viburnt, Gn., ‘‘ Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.’’ (4), viii., pp. 403 et seg. (1868); Tutt, 
“Ent. Rec.,”” xiii, p. 113 (1901); Bacot, ‘“‘ Ent. Rec.,” xi. pp. Di4ie7 wegen eee 
Warbeg., “Ent. Rec), xui., pp. 237 22 seq. (190l). Spartz, Staud., “Cate endmeaes 
p. 69, m part (1871); 3rd ed., p. 121, in part (1901); Miull., «Cat. Lép. Alp.-Mar.,” p. 
80 (1874); ? Curd, “ Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital.,” viii., p. 151 (1876); Dbldy.-Robson, “‘ Young 
Nat.,” iv., p. 157 (1883); ? Mina-Pal., “Nat. Sic.,” vii., p. 331 (1888); Karby ye abate 
p- 827, in part (1892); Warburg, ‘‘ Ent. Record,”’ viii., p. 316 (1896). Scopariae, 
Milliére, 2 @tt.—Spartit-viburni. ¢g. D’un brun café ou violet brilé, trésmat. 
Moyen. Ailes un peu carrées. Ces bandes moins jaunes aux premieres ailes ; 
celle des supérieures étroite, bien coupée des deux cétés, droite, avec un sinus a 
chaque extrémité; celle des inférieures arquée - coudée, aussi étroite qu’aux 
supérieures et nettement détachée de Vespace terminal, qui est brun avec la 
frange fauve. Jamais de tache humérale. Antennes d’un brun rouge a sommet 
blanc. ¢.Grande, a4 ailes larges, ni courtes ni oblongues, mates, d’un jaune 
ocracé réchauffé de brun violet; a nervures plus claires ou concolores; base et 
disque des inférieures d’un brun violet; bandes nullement dentées quand elles 
sont visibles; frange des inféricures roussatre avec ]’extrémité seule d’une teinte 
paillée (Guénée). EGG: Oval in outline, only slightly longer than wide; a deep 
-and dark-coloured depression on upper surface, the micropyle a distinct blackish 
dot in very regular depression at one pole of egg, a minute dot at opposite pole; 
dull-greyish or stone colour, with a slight purplish tinge and darker markings 
(under microscope greyish-white, irregularly marbled with purplish and fuscous- 
brown); the surface covered with distinct polygonal pitting; the markings 
decidedly opalescent; the micropylar depression composed of a number of very 
close cells of a deep purplish-brown hue, which form concentric rings about the 
tiny stella forming the central point of the depression ; this depression surrounded 
by a faint, irregular, ochreous-fuscous patch, less defined and characteristic than 
in the egg of callunae; the remainder of the shell at this end is sparingly 
sprinkled with small fuscous marblings, some distinctly ochreous; the black points 
at the corners of the polygonal reticulation very minute at poles, not noticeable 
on other parts of the eggs. [The eggs examined are all very uniform in their 
markings and coloration; the purplish spots remind one of the coloration of the 
marblings of a yellow-hammer’s egg.]| (Tutt). Larva : /7rst instar : Head, round, 
black, shiny, division of lobes distinct, covered with fine hairs, mouth - parts 
yellowish, some white markings on lower part of face. Body: cylindrical, pro- 
legs long, lifting body well off surface when crawling; prolegs placed well under 
body, but anal claspers very widely apart; prothorax wider than head, meso- 
and metathorax narrower but much longer than prothorax, and rather 
longer than the abdominal segments, which are almost equal; the prothorax 
divided into two large subsegments, the meso- and metathorax and abdominal 
segments into six subsegments each; scutellum large, smooth, but much special- 
ised, divided centrally to form what resemble two large, flat, oblong, orange- 
coloured tubercles; tubercles on dorsal area much specialised, forming wart- 
like cushions covered with hairs; four of them may be homologised as 
i and ii on either side, but others are supplementary (secondary tubercles) ; 
the pair representing i on abdominal segment 8 are raised into an ill- 
developed hump; the lateral tubercles less specialised, not so flat (superficially 
more like the Liparid larval type of wart), raised, and emitting numerous hatrs ; 
il distinct, iv + v almost postspiracular, a supplementary prespiracular on 
abdominal segments placed very far forward; also numerous small supplementary 
hair-bearing tubercles; the prespiracular (ear) tubercles of prothorax very large, and 
appear to be the least modihed of any. The ground colour of larva slate or dull 
blue, legs and prolegs yellow; a faint but dark mediodorsal line on thoracic and 
hinder abdominal segments (strongest on 8th), very narrow; an ill-defined whitish 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 61 


‘blotch on both sides of median line on those segments in which it is -present; a 
faint, interrupted, white, lateral line just above bases of prolegs; on the dorsum 
of each segment is a longitudinal series of bright yellow or orange transverse 
spots, pale yellow on the meso- and metathorax, and four in number (two short, 
one long, then another short) ; on the abdominal three (one short, one long, then 
another short), and orange in colour; these are formed by the dorsal tubercular warts 
being bright yellow, as also is the area of the subsegment between them (the yellow 
extending across the back as far, or rather farther, down each side than the supra- 
spiracular tubercles) ; on the subdorsal area, the margin surrounding these yellow 
transverse stripes is blotched with velvety-black, especially well marked on meso-, 
metathoracic and 1st abdominal segments; abdominal segments 1—8 each have 
an oblong blotch or stripe on either side, bordered above by a rather longer 
black stripe; on the 1st and 8th these are horizontal, but on the 2nd to 7th they 
are set obliquely, and, as the larva gets well-grown in Ist stadium, they lengthen and 
form a series of faint oblique stripes in some respects like those on larvee of Cosmo- 
triche potatoria and Dimorpha versicolora, and sloping in the same direction; the 
bases of prothoracic ear-tubercles orange; the other large lateral tubercles (iii, 
iv + v) are whitish at base; the long dorsal hairs are black, the lateral 
hairs and the short dorsal hairs are white (November Ist, 1896). Second tnstar (One 
moulted into this skin on November 8th): Head: dull dead blue, with scattered 
white and a few black hairs, and same face-markings as in Ist instar. Body: 
prothoracic scutellum still fairly smooth; lateral tubercles on thoracic segments still 
Jarge and prominent; all other tubercles of Ist instar almost or quite 
obsolete; the 8th abdominal segment slightly humped in region of anterior trap- 
ezoidals; hairs more numerous and scattered; whilst in Ist imstar only a few 
secondary hairs were present, and these arose from small secondary tubercles, there 
is now a tendency for the tubercles to flatten out and hairs to arise from all parts of 
the skin-surface; the bright yellow and orange of the transverse dorsal spots has 
deepened into orange-red, the spots forming a series of irregular, diamond-shaped 
patches; a group of white hairs (hardly a tuft) present on the dorsum of meso- 
and metathorax; on abdominal segments 1—7 a wedge-shaped spot forms the 
apex of the diamond previously mentioned; the ends of the middle transverse 
bars on meso- and metathorax (now forming the right and left points of diamond- 
shaped marking) much paler than on other segments (and suggest the origin of 
the white or yellowish spots that occur in a similar position on the larve of 
Cosmotriche potztoria); lateral hairs white, long dorsal hairs black, the short dorsal 
ones red; a faint, interrupted, blue subdorsal line present, formed by a dot on each 
segment (suggesting the much more strongly marked blue stripes of the larve of 
Pachygastria trifolit and Malacosoma castrensis (November 15th). Third instar 
(One larva in 3rd instar, November 22nd, nearly all in this skin by December 6th, 
1896). Length from 16mm.—25mm. Head as in second instar, thickly covered 
with fine white hairs. Body: much deeper in colour; dorsal area velvety-black ; 
lateral and ventral areas deep blue, mottled and spotted with black; remnants of 
oblique stripes and lateral lines, clearly marked, deep orange-red in colour; the 
lateral line broken and crossed by the oblique lines, and faintly edged with white 
or cream (especially marked on Ist abdominal); a short white dash on each 
abdominal from 2 to 7, just above lateral line (these dashes sometimes with a 
bluish tint); on the meso- and metathorax the ends of the middle and yellow 
transverse dorsal band now left as disconnected spots (often whitish at top), due 
either to loss of the remainder of band, or to its obliteration by the dense dorsal 
fur (spots of similar form and position are present on the larva of Cosmotriche 
potatoria) ; the mediodorsal line of white wedge-shaped spots is fairly traceable ; 
spiracles white; tubercies quite as smooth as in 2nd instar, colour deep orange- 
red; the 8th abdominal segment still slightly humped; prothorax wider than 
other segments; lateral and ventral hairs white, dorsal hairs short, thick, forming 
a golden - brown fur with a few long black hairs twice as long as the thickness 
of the body; an isolated patch of white hairs still present on dorsum of meso- 
and metathorax, and a few scattered ones on the dorsum of each abdominal seg- 
ment; the short, thick dorsal fur stops abruptly at the junction of the segments, 
exhibiting, when larva is stretched, the velvety-black of ground colour (December 
6th, 1896). ourth instar (Three larvee moulted into this instar, December 2oth) : 
Head: rich golden-brown, mottled and spotted with black, white markings on 
face still present; a short downy coat of golden hairs, a few scattered, long, white ones, 
and a few black ones, of medium length on head. Body: spiracles white, now very 
prominent (previously only those on the prothorax and 8th abdominal segment were 
conspicuous); hairs forming thick, short dorsal fur, golden-brown in tint; in addition to 


62 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


bare velvety-black intersegmental bands, there are, on each segment, four subdorsal 
black spots, caused by a tuft of the short fur being turned down at a sharp angle 
over lateral area (this character very slightly marked in 3rd instar) ; all long body 
hairs now pure white, with only a few black of medium length; an interrupted narrow 
white subdorsal line present, also remnants of the yellow oblique lines; lateral area 
dull blue, slightly tinged with green and mottled with black; the lateral tubercles 
still clearly developed, especially on thoracic segments; the subdorsal spots on 
meso- aud metathorax now very plainly marked, consisting of a golden-brown 
double convex spot with a sharply contrasted white tip (one suspects these to be 
remnants of a double ocellar marking that suggests a possible protective mark of 
warning or startling significance in the past history of LZ. guwercus and C. fotatoria, 
as do similar markings now for the larve of Ewsmorpha elpenor and Agtlia tau). 
Altogether the larva of wbwrni when it has just entered the fourth stadium 
is not unlike that of Pachygastria trifolii, though one misses the blue bands of 
the latter species (December 2oth, 1896). As the larve get larger in the fourth 
stadium they appear to grow darker, passing from a golden-brown to a deep red- 
brown, due, it appears, to a change in the tint of the short dorsal fur, the long 
hairs and ground colour remain the same; larva 50mm. in length at end of 
4th instar (January 3rd, 1897). ifth instar (One larva moulted into this skin 
January 17th): No great changes occur at this moult. The dorsal fur is distinctly 
lighter after the moult, so that the hairs possibly do deepen in tint as the larva 
gets older; the red and white ‘ocellar’’ markings on thoracic segments weaker ; 
the white of the interrupted subdorsal line stronger, and spread out at: junction of 
metathorax and Ist abdominal segment. Some details in the observations made on 
the fullgrown larvze have led me to suppose that some at least may reach a 6th 
instar, but I suspect this is not really so, and that the great difference in size 
and the laggard habit of the larger larvze really mean that the female larvze 
undergo each ecdysis later than the male larva, becoming much larger (and taking 
more time to become larger) before they are ready for pupation (January 17th, 
1897). These larva were finally fullfed by January 30th and the few days follow- 
ing (Bacot). . Cocoon: ¢, 28mm. long, 14mm. wide; ?, 34°5mm. long, 
14°5mm. wide, forming a compact cylinder of closely-felted, pale, ochreous-brown 
silk, PupA: More squat, shorter and comparatively broader than that of var. 
meridionalis ; some difference in the curve of the antennz, resulting from the 
difference in shape (Bacot), FOUDPLANTS: Rubus, Viburnus tenus (Guénée), 
Erica arborea, Scoparium, Arbutus, Cytisus hirsutus, &c. (Milliére). DIsTRIBU- 
TION: France: Auvergne (Sand), Cannes, Hyéres (Berce), Haute-Garonne— Pibrac, 
Luchon (Caradja), Var (Cantener), Provence (Guénée).. Italy: (Curd), [Sicily 
(Mina-Palumbo) ]. Spain: Pyrenees (Agassiz). 

This form, in spite of its southern habitat, appears on the wing late 
in the year (see Constant, Lt. Record, xiil., p. 257). Miulliere says 
‘July, August, and sometimes in September, the var. wburn¢ much 
more frequent than the type (var. merzdionalis) in the Alpes-Maritimes, 
&c., most characteristic and constant, and _ probably specifically 
distinct.” Bruand notes its capture as late as October in Provence 
in 1866. Guénée says (Aun. Soc. Ent. France, 1858, p. 441) 
that “ wburnd differs from gwuercis in that the forewings of the males 
are squarer, z.¢., the terminal edge is straighter. ‘The ground colour is 
dark violet-brown to the transverse angulated bar, which is narrow, 
almost straight, sharply-edged on both sides; on the hindwings it 
is still more contracted, and nearer the outer margin than in gwercis 
and callunae ; it is also regularly arched, but not sinuate ; more often 
all the terminal space is yellow.* The @ is very near gwercis var. B, 
but the elbowed line is, as in the ¢, regularly arched and very 
much nearer the outer margin. [He adds: “It is found in Sicily 
where Dahl ft has taken it abundantly, but we also get it in southern 


France. The larva differs notably from that of Z. guerciis, the 


ig Certainly here Guénée refers either to var. stcuda or ab. gutllemotit. 

+ There is no evidence whatever, we believe, that Dahl took either var. vidurnd 
or ab. spfartii in Sicily; he brought (teste ea gee var, sicuda from Sicily and 
died almost directly after he retumed to Germany (see, fosfed). 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 63 


colour being darker, the front segments more ferruginous, the 
black segmental incisions narrower, and also in the absence of the 
white subdorsal line, and of the “dessin du boutonniéres”; the 
area surrounding the stigmata is bluish-brown. ‘The larva lives on 
Rubus *, and like that of guercis hybernates in the winter, spins up 
in May, the imago emerging in August and September.”| Herrich- 
Schaffer diagnoses } it (Sys. Beard., i, p. 106) as: “ Striga pallida 
angustior limbo propior,” and Staudinger (Caz, p. 69) sinks it as a 
synonym of ab. sfartit which he describes as: ‘“ Obscurior, alis* 
omnibus anguste flavo-fasciatis.” When describing Z. var. vzburni 
(Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1868, pp. 403 ef seg.), Guénée compared 
it with the south of France gwerciis (var. meridionalis, Tutt) and 
criticised the ignorance of authors concerning the geographical 
variation of Z. guercis. He, however, as we have just stated, fell 
into considerable error himself, stating that the typical sfartz of Dahl 
and Hubner is only to be found in Italy. This is true of Dahl’s spartiz 
which is referable to var. szcwla, but Hubner writes of his sparti 
(Zur. Schmett., text p. 144): “ Heim.: Deutschland ; einzeln noch, 
in mehreren Gegenden,” and both are entirely different from the 
south of France races, one of which Guénée named wzburnz, whilst 
the other, which he called Provencal guerciis, we have since named 
var. meridionalis. Guénée insists that var. veburnz does not replace 
var. meridionalis in Provence, but that both exist there, flying side 
by side, without mixing, and that one, therefore, cannot assume 
viburnzt to be merely a climatic variety or one that has been induced 
by a difference of latitude. The distinction is essentially based 
on the perfectly distinct larve. The differences exhibited, he says, 
are not matters of chance nor is it a simple larval dimorphism set 
up among the individuals of any or every brood, but a racial 
difference shown by the two forms producing, in confinement, each 
its own specialised form of larva. He reared some 600 larva, 
obtained from two well-authenticated pairings—one of vzburnz, the 
other of guerciis (=var. meridionalis)—about 300 of each, and all 
the larve of the two pairs, without a single exception, presented 
in all their stadia the differential characters distinguishing them 
moemeveach Other. Ele adds that, in spite of the distinct larval 
differences, the imaginal differences are very slight indeed, and 
further observes that the larva of gwercis from Provence (var. 
meridionalis) differs slightly from the larva of JZ. quercis from 
Paris, but he has, he states, met with intermediates, and he 
notes that the greater number of larve of Provencal qwercis (var. 
meridionalis) have particularly white hair and a distinct facies, ob- 
servable at once. The imagines from Provence (var. meridionalts), 
he adds, are naturally of a warmer tone and larger than the 
Parisian, but this, he says, is evidently due to climatic conditions, 
and does not affect the question as between viburnd and meridion- 
alis, both of Provence. He questions, too, whether the peculiarity 
sometimes exhibited by the Spanish race (apparently cafalaunica, 


* Rubus was the food-plant on which Dahl found larve of var. sécwla. Probably 
Guénée was getting his information secondhand from Treitschke (Die Schmett., x., 
Pe. 1, p< 191). 

ft Herrich-Schaffer’s diagnosis might fit the real ab. sfartii but he gives 
Sicily as its home, so that he, too, either had var. riburni from Sicily, or was 
working on the same erroneous data as was Guénée. 


64 BRITISH LEDIDOPTERA, 


Staud.), in which the yellow transverse band often entirely dis- 
appears in the ground colour, be not due to climatic causes. He 
enters into a detailed comparison of the larve of var. wburnz and 
var. meridionalis (loc. cit., p. 407), noting: 


1. Larve of both hatch simultaneously at commencement of October, and 
are very similar in first stadium. 2. The yellow dorsal marking, in the 2nd 
stadium, is entire or simply divided by two very fine black lines in var. rzburnz, 
the marking being distinctly broken up into four parts in the form of ‘‘accents”’ 
or ‘‘accolades’’ in var. mertdionalis. 3. In the 3rd stadium (end of November) 
the dorsal fur of var. vzburnz becomes beautiful golden-yellow in. colour, whilst 
that of var. meridionalis is dirty grey; the lateral hairs sparkling white in var. 
etburni and of a dirty hue in var. meriditonalis, &c. 4. In the 4th stadium (Febru- 
ary) the differences are accentuated, the fur of var. vzburnz becomes golden red, 
with the lateral hairs and long dorsal hairs (not the dorsal fur) white, whilst 
meridionalis has the fur pale grey, the longest lateral hairs white, with ferruginous 
bases, the hairs on prothorax and the dorsal hairs ferruginous, &c. 5. In the 5th 
stadium (end of February), var. vzburnt is covered with long white arched hairs ; 
var. meridionalis has similar hairs but yellowish-white, the two extreme segments 
strongly conspicuous from their rusty colour. 6. The last (5th) represents the 
adult coloration although the larva of wburni gets in the 6th stadium some 
carmelite, red-brown hairs (almost like those of the larve of Macrothylacia 
rubt), and that of var. meridionalis becomes whitish-blond; besides this, ezburné 
still has the subdorsal line less white and narrower than in all the forms of guerciis 
(including var. merédionalis) from all localities and always interrupted at the 
incisions by spots or dots of bright ferruginous; lastly all the hairs (dorsal and lateral) 
are mixed with other white hairs (not fur) bent in many directions of different lengths, 
but always thick and a little woolly, whilst the larve of the Pansian guwercis 
haye all the hairs concolorous, pale ashy, silky and straight. 


Guénée asserts that these differences were to be noted in all 
the larve of var. meridionalis and var. viburnt which he reared. 
From his observations he formulated the following conclusions: 

1. That the larva of viburni by the red-brown or carmelite colour of its fur, and 


the long white hairs mixed therewith, possesses a facies that, once seen, cannot be 


mistaken. 
2, That the larva of the guwerezs of Provence (=var. meridionalis) differs, 


much less essentially without doubt, from the larva of Z. querczs from Paris; in 
the early stadia, by the ‘‘ éparpillement ”’ or breaking-up of the fleur-de-lys design ; 
and, in the later stadia, by the whiter dorsal fur and more abundant hairs. 

3. That the difference between the larvae of riburni and callunae (compared 
with those of var. meridionalis or Parisian gwerciis) becomes marked at first 
as the larve grow, is most marked after the first moult, and becomes less 
marked as the larvee get older. 

As to the time of appearance of var. vzburnz, Guénée notes that 
when he first bred the Provengal form he expected the imagines would 
emerge early, and carried the pupz with him on a long journey into 
Switzerland, but they did not emerge until after he had returned to 
Chateaudun, in September and October, although /.. guerciis was flying 
everywhere, even in the Swiss mountains, in the middle of July. 
The food-plants utilised varied, but Viburnus tenus, our common 
garden laurestinus, was preferred. Guénée found no difference 
between the cocoons and pupz of var. véurnt and those of var. 
meridionalis. He further observes that the imagines are very close, 
the most constant point of difference being in the tint of the 
yellow bands, that of the forewings being paler than that of the 
hindwings in vzéburnt, whilst they are of the same shade in mevidz- 
onalts. Millitre notes, as we have already stated, that in the Alpes- 
Maritimes the species emerges in July and August, sometimes in 
September, the male flying during the day at great speed, the variety 
(viburni) being much more frequent than the type (meridionalis). He 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 65 


adds that wzburnz is a most marked and constant variety, and very 
probably a distinct species. 


aenrovor7s, «iH. |. A D:.* “ Bork. Rhein: Mag.,” 1., p., 362 (with 
fetenetice to Hsp., «° Schmett. Hur.,” pl. xi., figs. 2-3) (1793); Schrank, ‘‘Faun. 
DOled tl, pp. 275-270. (1601); Germ., ** Bomb. Spec.,” p. 47 (1812) ; Sordelli, 
eeamaamale, p, 120 (1685)5 Kirby, *Cat..” p. 828 (1892); Aumiv., ** Ins,” 
ieepens©. (1604); Tutt, “int. Rec:,” xii., p. 113 (1901). Quercus, Esp., 
‘«Schmett. Eur.,”’ ui., pl. xitl., figs. 2-3, p. 84 (1783 .—Phalaena Bombyx quercis. 
Alis reversis ferrugineis: fascia flavo punctoque albo. Linn., no. 25; Esp., tab. 
xill., figs. 2-6; tab. xiv., figs. 1-2; Résel, tab. xxxva, fig. 1 larva, tab. xxxve, figs. 
4, 5, 6 imago. Common everywhere in Oberhessen. Of guercus there are two 
different races, which I am almost inclined to consider two different species, for 
I have, on investigation, found that they breed true as Herr Esper has already 
remarked, but in the larve I found no difference in all the various stages of their 
growth. Linné, it is clear from his description, knew only Esper’s second race 
(tab. xiv., figs. 1-2); should there, therefore, be two different species, this one must 
retain the name of Bombyx quercus and might best be defined: Bombyx alis 
reversis, Maris saturate brunneis, foeminis ferrugineis: fascia flava punctoque albo. 
The second species, or Esper’s first race (tab. xili., figs. 2-3), which is the commoner 
in our district and throughout Hessen, may, on account of its relationship, be called 
Lombyx roboris and might be defined as: Bombyx alis reversis, maris brunneis, 
foeminis luteis: fascia flava postic: diluta, punctoque albo. However, I leave 
the decision of the question to more experienced entomologists ¢ (F. J. A. D.). 


Westwood and Staudinger, and, following them, most recent 
authors, have referred this varietal name to Schrank, and attached to 
it a diagnosis that does not apply to Esper’s figures (pl. xiil., figs. 
2, 3), on which the original describer of the form largely, if not 
entirely, based his diagnosis. Schrank himself also appears to have 
studied Esper’s figures, and makes the same references and uses 
the same name as the original describer in Borkhausen’s hezn. 
Mag., p. 362. Schrank’s description reads as follows: ‘“Sommer- 
eichen Spinner, no. 1461. ¢. The wings on both sides reddish- 
chestnut-brown ; a white spot on the forewings—on the upperside 
with a spot at the baset, and a band, yellow; the underside with 
the whole outer half yellow. ¢@. The wings brownish - ochreous- 
yellow, a white spot on the forewings, an obscure, anteriorly dark- 
margined, almost straight, transverse line on all, whitish; the rest 
of the wing beyond the line paler. Bombyx roboris (Bombyx 
acini, “Kaun, ssuec.,) no. 1106; Esp, vol. ii... pl. xi, 
figs. 2—6). Hab.: on oak, whitethorn, dwarf birch.  Flight- 
time: June. Very similar to the preceding species (querciés), and 
the gs hardly distinguishable at all. It is somewhat smaller than 
guercus, and the ? also somewhat more brownish-yellow. In the 
g the yellow band on the upper wings is, indeed, somewhat 


* Hagen attributes this article to Dr. A. F. A. Diel, we do not know on 
what authority. Not only do the initials disagree, but the contemporary account 
of Diel’s writings (in Hamberger’s Gel. Yeutschl., edn. 5, Bd. ii., 1796) makes 
no allusion to it (Prout). 


¢ Borkhausen, on p. 363, adds an editorial note: ‘‘I do not believe the two 
races are different species. Only last summer I fed up a great number of larve 
which I found on alder bushes, and bred among them several females which were 
very different in their ground-colour. Some were quite dark yellow, others as 
dark as the females of the second race, whilst others might be regarded as inter- 
grades between the two. They, therefore, do not probably breed true. If one 
is to regard merely the change of colour as of specific value, then one might also 
make a separate species of the light ochre-yellow ¢ which Herr Gerning possesses.” 


+t No mention is made of a spot at the base in the original description (supra). 


E 


66 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


removed from the outer margin, but on the under surface* it is 
quite at the outer margin. The part of the underside of the fore- 
wings which projects beyond the hindwings is somewhat duller than 
the prevailing wing colour; this colour also shows itself somewhat 
on the underside of the hindwings just before the fringes.” Schrank’s 
reference to Linné’s Fauna Suecica, no. 1106, which is described as 
“‘Pallide ferrugineus, aliis obscure ferrugineus; alz omnes utrinque 
fascia arcuata flava; punctum album in medio ale; litura flava ad 
basin alarum superiorum,” is due to Linné’s mention of .the yellow 
epaulette. Esper (on whose figures the name 7odoris largely depends) 
writes (Schmett. Eur., iii, p. 84): “There are two very different 
races of this moth, which I have figured on the two accompanying 
plates. I have observed no difference in the larve; perhaps the 
food and habitat have produced the difference. The larva that 
produced the moth figured on pl. xi, figs. 2—3, fed on willow, 
but that from which the moth on pl. xiv., figs. 1—2, came, fed on 
broom. Yet this difference is not an essential one. In the two 
kinds the colour shows considerable divergence. The male of pl. 
“Xil., fig. 2, 1s ‘weichselbraun’ towards the outer sidey) auswemm 
broad, light ochre-yellow, somewhat curved band, runs through the 
middle of both wings, but is lost towards the outer margin in the 
brown-yellow colour. The ? is of an almost unicolorous pale 
ochre-yellow colour, and only darker tinted towards the body. 
The brown-margined white spots in the middle of the forewing are 
alike in both. The form figured in pl. xiv., figs. 1—2, is different. 
Here the g has a deep, dark, ‘weichselbraun’ ground colour, and a 
narrow, bright, yellow-coloured band runs sharply defined through 
the ground colour without losing itself therein. The | ‘Qe 
reddish-yellow; the wings darker towards the body and also 
at the border of the bands; I have compared examples from other 
districts which, in colour, almost agree with the g¢. ‘They breed 
true, yet they are not different enough to form distinct species. 
Rosel has figured -both sexes of the latter kind at pl. xxxy., figs. 
4—6.” One must largely depend on Esper’s description for a 
clear idea of what the two forms, to which he refers, really are, 
for his pl. xi, fig. 2, represents a g guwercis (highly coloured) 
with the transverse band extending considerably towards the outer 
margin without reaching it, whilst, on the hindwings, the band is 
almost typical, just a little broad, and shading off gradually into 
the slightly darkened marginal colour. It is clear that ab. voboris 
is, therefore, really but a slight aberration of the type, having 
wider transverse bands, and must not be confused with ab. euzllemofi?, 
Trim., or ab. margznata, n. ab. 

9. ab. guillemotii, Trim., ‘*Actes Soc. Linn. Bord.,” xxaj pppoe 
—32 (1859); Berce, ‘‘ Faun. Fr.,’’ ii., p. 191 (1868); Warburg, ** Ent. ec 
Zill., p. 238 (1901)... Koboris, Staud., “ Cat.,” 2ndved., pp. 60, dag utememes 
(1871); .3rd ed., p. 121 (1tg01);. Hofm., ‘* Gross - Schmett.,” ‘ps §ayeeeeune 
Tutt, ‘‘Ent, Rec.,”’ viii, p. 303 (1896); Seebold, ‘: Ann, Soc. Esp.)” (azyame 
p- 124 (1898). — This very remarkable form (¢g and ¢) almost entirely re- 
places the type in the Gironde district, and differs from the latter in that 


* There appears to be some confusion in the various translations of the original 
between ‘under wings” and ‘‘under surface.’? The diagnosis supra) makes it 
quite clear that it is ‘*on the underside that the whole outer half of the wings”’ is 
yellow, and not the ‘outer half of the hindwings,” as Staudinger notes in his diagnosis. 


- 
LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 67 


the male has the transverse band on the hindwings entirely yellow and ex- 
tending to the margin without the reddish border, whilst in the female the 
ground colour is reddish, not yellow. The ¢ is not larger than the ¢ (Trim- 
oulet).—DIsTRIBUTION. Austro-Hungary: Tyrol (Staudinger). France: Dept. 
Gironde (Trimoulet), Nice (Agassiz), Rennes (Oberthir), Rouen, Saintes 
(Dupont), Haute-Garonne—La Croix, Falgarde, with the type (Caradja), Aude 
(Mabille), Auvergne (Sand), nr. Autun (Constant). Germany: south (Staudinger). 
Italy: [Sicily (Mina - Palumbo); requires confirmation, possibly var. sicudla], 
Roman Campagna, Boscolungo (Calberla), northern Italy (Curd). Portugal: north 
(Staudinger). Spain: Bilbao (Seebold). Switzerland: Martigny, Fully, &c. 
(Favre). 

Berce describes this aberration as: “g%, having the band of the 
hindwings completely yellow, without the red border; ¢ of the size 
of the g, with the ground colour tending to that of the male, 
reddish not yellow.” Staudinger erroneously refers it to voboris, 
diagnosing it as: “g. Al. ant. fascia lata flava, al. post. margine late 
flavo.” Hofmann says: “Male with broader yellow band,_hind- 
wings with yellow margin.” Chapman observes that this form 
stands under the name of vodoris in Constant’s collection. The 
aberration must not be confounded with the russet-brown Sicilian 
race, var. szcula, which also has the outer margin of the hindwing 
yellow. The form has undoubtedly a wide range, occurring as a 
rare aberration in many districts with the type. 


mane Ouravcalensis, Gerard, << Berl. nt, Zeits.,  xxvi., p: 127 (1882) ; 

eins" (Cat., p. 628 (1892); Auriv., “Ins,” vil., p. 150 (1894).—Very similar 
to var. sicwzda, only in the latter the margin of the hindwing is entirely yellow, 
whilst var. burdigalensis has a bright brown dusting before the yellow fringes. 
Bordeaux (Gerhard). 


One suspects this to be very nearly identical with Trimoulet’s 
guillemoti, especially as it comes from the same district. It differs 
from it, however, in not having the yellow border extending quite to 
the hind margin. The French and German lepidopterists frequently 
do not seem to understand that, though var. szcw/a has the marginal 
band of the hindwings widened similarly to that of ab. guz//emotit, the 
band of var. s¢cu/a is of a bright orange-yellow colour, whilst the 
ground colour is distinctly russet-brown, and neither of the deep 
chestnut-brown nor of the ferruginous tint that is usual in the various 
moms OL. L. guercus. whe whole facies of var. sicuda is. very 
distinctive. Staudinger makes durdizgalensis synonymous with ab. 
guillemoti, and quite erroneously with ab. vodoris. 


ck. ab. marginata, n. ab. Ongcus, tbs “Bur  Schmett.,’7; fig. 270 
feeooO)o. tinmph. and Westd., ‘* Brit. Moths,” 1., pl. xi., fig. .13 (1843). 
meovoris, Humph. and Westd.,-“‘ Brit. Moths,’’ 1., pl. x1., fig. 9 (1843) ;° Guénée, 
feoonm, Soc. Ent. Fr.,” (3), vi, p- 449 (1853). — Of the normal coloration, 
but with the yellow band of both fore- and hindwings extended to the 
outer margin. Hubner figures (fig. 270) an excellent example of this aberration ; 
the marginal areas are wholly concolorous, and the fringes are of the same yellow 
colour, It is, of course, an extreme development of the characters exhibited by 
ab. gzillemotii, in which the yellow is extended to the outer margin only in the 
hindwings. [Humphreys and Westwood copy Hibner’s figure and call it guercis; 
they also figure a somewhat similar one, which they call roboris.] 

Meevecesicwe, staud., “Cat. Lep. Kur.,” ed. 1,p 30(1861); ed. 2, p. 69 (1871) ; 
Pg ta) (101); Sord., “La Warfalle,” p. 121 (1885); Mina-Pal., “ Nat. Sic.,”’ 
Sepa st (1606); Kirby, “Cat.,” p. 3828 (1892); Auriv., “‘Ins,” vil., p. 150 
meee) iioim., “Gross-schmett. Eur...’ p. 53 (1887); Tutt, ‘Ent. Rec.,” viil., p. 
Beemtcoo)e vol. xii., p. 113 (1901); Bacot, “Ent. Rec.,” xui., pp. 114 ef seq. 
Poon Warbure, “Ent. Rec.” xi., pp 257 ef seq. (1901).. Sparti, Frr., ‘“ Neu. 
Rett. pp. 46, 177, pl. xxvi (October, 1831); Bdv., <‘Icones,”’ p. 157, pl. lxvi., figs. 
I—2 (1834); Treit., ‘‘ Die Schmett.,”’ x., pt.i., 191 (exc. cit, Ochs. et Hb.) (1834); Dup., 


68 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


‘¢ Hist. Nat.,’’ supp. ili., p. 92., pl. viii., figs. a— (1836); H.-Sch., ‘‘Sys. Bearb.,”’ ii., p. 
106 (1847); ? Bell.,‘* Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.,”’ (3), vili., p. 688 (1860).—Alis ant. anguste flavo- 
fasciatis, al. post. margine late flavo, sepius brunnescente (Staudinger, Cat., 3rd ed., p. 
121), LARVA: First stadium: To the naked eye the larva appears to be of a dark 
chocolate colour,* slightly hairy, with a broad white mediodorsal band, The 
structure and development of tubercles are as in the larvze of the other forms and races 
of LZ. quercuts. The lateral area is seen with the aid of a lens to be dull blue with 
traces of the oblique stripes. the dorsal and subdorsal tubercles being yellow or orange 
as in the other varieties, but the extent to which the yellow spreads from the bases 
of the tubercles is greatly curtailed by the white dorsal band (this is the chief 
cause of the difference in appearance from the English forms), amd the black 
margin or border on the subdorsal side of the yellow triangles is very greatly 
developed, and still further curtails the yellow area which is the predominant 
feature of the larve of the French forms var. viburni and var. meridionalis. The 
general effect on the larva of var. sicw/a, of the restriction of the yellow by black and 
white areas, aided by the black or dark brown hairs, is to produce the dark 
chocolate ground colour of the larva; although, if a lens be used, or the larva be 
placed in bright sunlight, the different colours which go to make up this general 
effect can be clearly distinguished. The head of the larva of var. sicuda is shiny 
black with a trifoliate white marking on the face, being, possibly, a further t develop- 
ment of the marking seen on the face of the larve of var. viburni and var. 
meridionalis (October 24th, 1899). Second stadium (well-grown): The larve do 
not seem to differ greatly from those of var. wiburni and var. meridionalis. Still 
there is a superficial difference, due to the size of the markings, although the latter 
appear to be fundamentally the same. The lateral hairs are white and curve 
downwards; the dorsal hairs brown or black, and mostly short on thoracic seg- 
ments; these short dorsal thoracic|| hairs are very numerous, and form the 
commencement of the coat which, in later stages, covers the dorsal area of all 
the segmentst (Bacot, November 7th, 1897). Almost fullgrown (? Penultimate 
instar).—5o0mm. long when at rest, 58mm. when stretched, 7mm. wide at the 3rd 
abdominal segment; the head comparatively small, partially retractile within pro- 
thorax, the width pretty uniform, but the meso- and metathorax rather less 
than the prothorax and abdominal segments, of which the 3rd—6th are rather 


* The larve of var. meridionalis and var. viburni, in 1st stadium, are light 
red- or orange-yellow, with white mediodorsal band; but those of English JZ. 
guercus and of var. callumae appear as dark blue-black larve with orange 
triangles on each. segment, and the width and flatness of the triangles 
almost suggest yellow transverse bands. The French races appear to be rather 
more hairy; the colour pattern is really the same, but the British races do not 
develop the white mediodorsal band until about the 3rd stadium, and then only 
as a chain of spots. The great difference in the appearance of the larvae, to the 
naked eye (other than that caused by the absence or presence of the white band), 
is brought about by the greater or less development of the yellow and black 
areas (Bacot). 


ft I am of opinion that the larva of var. sicwla is the most specialised form 
presented by the larva of Z. guwercus and its numerous varieties with which I am 
acquainted (Bacot), 

§ More distinctly marked in the larva of var. siewla than in the larve o1 
the other varieties is the resemblance that the markings, formed by the junction 
of the lateral band with the transverse central dorsal stripe, bear to those of 
Trichiura crataegi and Lachneis lanestris, in which the interrupted lateral (or 
subdorsal) band and its junction with the divided transverse dorsal band form the 
most noticeable feature of the larval markings (Bacot). 

|| The thoracic segments of the larger Lachneid larvee are of special import- 
ance when the larvee are young, compared with the abdominal. These segments 
are usually larger in size, and bear specially bright-coloured markings, hairs, or 
hair-tufts. Adult characters, too, are first developed on the thoracic segments, 
e.g., Lutricha quereifolia, Cosmotriche potatoria, Odonestis pruni, Dendrolimus 
pini and Macrothylacia rubi (Bacot). 


{t This suggests that the thoracic segments of the ancestral form had some 
special development, from which have been evolved, on the one hand, the dorsal fur 
of the larva of LZ. queretis, and, on the other hand, the hair-tufts of the larva of 
Cosmotriche potatoria, as well as the special startling colours and scale-like hairs of 
Dendrolimus pini and Eutricha quercifolia (Bacot). 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 69 


the widest. Mead: uniformly brown; clypeus triangular, similarly coloured, 
smooth; the two lobes covered with pale brown and longer grey hairs. Aody: 
coloration sharply divided on either side by a white supraspiracular line; the 
dorsal area (thoracic and abdominal segments) bright golden-brown with wide 
velvety-black segmental incisions, and much less defined subsegmental incisions 
(6 subsegments to abdominal segments, arranged as—black, red-haired, red-haired, 
red-haired, red-haired, black—the first and last subsegments of two successive 
segments make the velvety-black segmental incisions); a series of grey hairs 
down mediodorsal line, longer than brown hairs, and forming a somewhat marked 
series of loose tufts, one on each segment; sides below supraspiracular line, 
blackish-grey, covered with grey hairs pointing downwards and_ backwards; 
the incisions less distinctly marked; the spiracles (including the prothoracic) 
conspicuous, white; the prothorax swollen laterally, fairly well developed traces 
of ‘‘ear-tubercles;’’ meso- and metathorax each divided into 4 subsegments ; 
between subsegments 3 and 4 of the meso- and metathorax, and in the segmental 
incision between abdominal segments 8—9, is a pale, flesh-coloured supraspiracular 
boss represented in incisions of other segments by a small boss bearing red-brown hairs 
only noticeable when the larva is crawling, and almost of the same tint as the dorsal 
clothing; when at rest the terminal segments are drawn under the 8th abdominal 
in such a manner as to give the latter a slightly humped appearance; the venter 
velvety-black, hardly so intense as the dorsal incisions, but sharply cut off from 
the lateral areas; the true legs are brown in colour, as also are the prolegs; on the 
Ist and 2nd abdominals are brown warts representing marginal tubercles (vii), and 
well developed at base of prolegs; the anal flap edged with bright red. This larva 
does not roll in a ring when disturbed, as does the larva of var. mertdionalis from 
Cannes [Tutt. Received, March 11th, 1899,-from Mr. Brabant, the latter having 
obtained it with others from Sicily when small, and reared them through the winter 
on fullgrown (old) leaves of ivy]. Pupa: ¢. Coloured like that of ZL. var. viburni, 
but hardly so cylindrical in shape, the hollowed or indented wing-cases somewhat 
of the form of those observed in the pupa of Pachygastria trifolii, but in a much less 
marked degree; the wing-cases also appear to project more at the base. COCOONS: 
Vary much in size, one is 1°3 inches long and °7 inches thick (Bacot). Darker than 
those of L. guerczs (Bellier). [HABITS OF LARVA: Lives singly or in groups of two or 
three; it hides during the heat of the day (Bellier). PARASITES: Ophion undulatus, 
Grav., Metopius dentatus, Grav. (Bellier). FOODPLANTS: Rhamnus alaternus 
(Bellier), bramble (Dahl), &c. TIME OF APPEARANCE: September, October and 
November; possibly pupz that go over the winter emerge in July (Bellier).] 
Loca.Litigs: Sicily (Dahl). Spain: Andalusia (Staudinger). 

The var. szcula is the most specialised of all the races of L. querciis. 
It is exceedingly constant in its ‘“‘russet” ground colour, the narrow 
transverse band of the forewing, and the orange-yellow marginal area 
of the hindwing. The larval characters, too, appear to be pretty con- 
stant. It has, as we have already shown, been probably much confused 
by collectors and authors with var. wvéburnd (under the name of 
var. spartiz), but is a very distinct and separate race. Staudinger did 
not diagnose this form when he named it (Ca/., 1st ed., p. 30), but 
aimeivaeied the rererences> “ Prt. 265 .1., p. 177 (October, 13831) ; 
Mires, ton (excl, cit. Eb.); Bdy., lic, 66, 1-2.” “Phis; leaves 
the descriptions and figures of these three authors as detailing the 
characters of the variety. In his Catalogue, 2nd ed., p. 69, Staud- 
inger describes szcula as: “ Al. ant. fasciis angustis flavis, al. post. 
margine lato flavo.” Freyer writes (4V. Bér., 1., p. 48): ‘ Gastropacha 
spartit, ‘Tab. 26. The insect figured by Hubner as JB. spartit (fig. 
173) appears to be merely an aberration of our common guwercis , 
jek am auch imclined to refer Hiubners fig. 224* here, since 


* This is a ¢, somewhat more brownish-ochreous than in L. guercus, the 
area within the transverse line, t.¢., to the base, darker than the outer marginal areas 
in all the wings, and with a distinct reddish tinge over the darker areas, the inner 
edge of the pale band on forewings being more distinctly reddish. One suspects 
it, however, asa German example, vide Hiibner’s text, p. 143. 


70 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


his figure agrees tolerably well with mine; Esper’s, pl. xi, fig. 
2*, might also be rather referred here than to the ordinary quwercis, 
more particularly on account of its broad yellow margin, which 
is the chief distinction separating spfartzz (=sicula) from quercis. 
That B. spartit (=sicula) issreally distinct from gwercis is certain 
from their being bred from distinct larve. The larva of B. sparti 
(=sicula) that I figure on the accompanying plate is, indeed, extra- 
ordinarily similar to that of Z. guerciis, but lacks the white, hook- 
formed lateral stripes which the larva of JZ. quercis pos- 
sesses, and this is the strongest proof of its specific distinctness ; 
the larva is also darker than that of Z. guercts, and its black-brown 
sides are thickly clothed with fine grey hairs (my figure is made 
from a very well blown example received from Herr Buringer). J. 
spartit (=stcula) has the colour, size, and form of our quwercis; the 
yellow line which runs through the forewimgs is very narrow, 
straighter and not -so arched, and is sharply separated from the 
ground colour on both sides. ‘The other principal difference is that 
in the g the white spot of the forewings is farther removed from 
the yellow line in sfartit (srcula) than in guerciés; further, the 
hindwings in sparti (sicula) have a broad, orange-yellow border. 
The ? is smaller than that of 7. guercis, and the band on the fore- 
wings much narrower. The whole ground colour is somewhat darker than 
in 2 guercés. On the underside the two species are pretty much alike, 
yet the white spot of the forewing of the g szcu/a shows through more 
distinctly than does that of guerciis. ‘This species was brought by Dahl 
from Sicily, and the original of my figure is from the collection of 
Herr Buringer of Gunzenhausen.” Freyer further quotes (oc. cit¢., p. 
177) a letter from Treitschke, in which the latter says: “The larva 
is not quite like the figure, the blown skin may have been damaged ; 
it is much more fox-red than the figure, &c.” Freyer’s only comment 
is that “the larval skin from which the figure was made was in 
a very good state of preservation.” ‘Treitschke’s diagnosis (Die 
Schmett., x. pt. 1, p. 191) reads as follows: ‘‘ Gas/ropacha. Mas. 
Alis brunneis; anticis puncto medio albo, fascia subrecta flava, 
posticis limbo flavo. Foemina: Alis dilutioribus, fascia media lim- 
boque posticarum obsolete flavidis. Ochs., iii., p. 266, and iv., p. 58, 
G. quercis var. ; Hb., 173 and text p. 143, no. 2. Sfa7vtiz eee 


* This is a highly-coloured ¢, with the transverse band extending con- 
siderably towards the outer margin without reaching it, whilst in the hindwings 
the band is almost typical, only just a little broad. It is, of course, the figure 
on which the ab. voboris is partly founded (see azzed, p: 65). It is remarkable 
that Freyer makes a point of the broad yellow margin. One is almost inclined 
to wonder whether some copies of Esper were differently coloured, although Esper’s 
own description of the insect represented by pl. xiii., fig. 2, forbids the association 
of it with var. szeuda. 

t Ochsenheimer’s variety is based on Hiibner’s figs. 173 and 224, the narrow- 
banded ab. spartit, and Esper’s pl. xiii., figs. 2—3. the wide-banded ab. roboris, 
reference also being made to the original description of the latter form in ‘ Bork. 
Rhein. Mag.,’’ p. 362, and to Schrank’s description of vodoris, ** Haun. Boica,” 
i, 1 Abth., p. 275. An incongruous mixture, having no connection with sécuda !! 


{ Hubner’s fig. 173, ¢, is his type of ab. sfartii. a common aberration of 


L. quercus from Germany. The text at p. 143 describes this common German form. 
Neither figure nor letterpress gives any suggestion whatever of var. sicuda. 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 71 


(jc2am.)*, 270 (mas){, guercis var. ; Freyer, n. Btr., i., Heft v., p. 48, 
and Zusatz, p. 177; tab. xxvi., B. spartz.’ He then says: ‘Hubner 
long ago called attention to sfartz as a species distinct from guercis, 
but his figures were positively declared by Ochsenheimer and others 
to be aberrations of the latter, so much the more as all examples 
sent out by dealers as sfartiz were really nothing more than rather 
common aberrations of .g gwerctis with narrower band, and the 
darker redder 2 also belonging thereto. The true sfartez I found 
among a small collection brought here from Sicily, but only males, 
which, however, were again stated to be varieties, and of which 
probably one passed into Hiubner’s hands, and which he reproduced 
as fig. 2708. Dahl’s residence in Palermo first cleared up the 
matter; he found the larvae commonly on bramble and bred them. 
The day before he left he further met with a worn 9, which laid 
him nearly 200 eggs. They almost all hatched, and the larve 
accepted bramble as food. This was in October, the winter at 
hand, and he had, therefore, to think of another foodplant. He 
chose the garden rose, covered a number of stocks with gauze, and 
placed the larve on them, the latter, in a warm room, reaching a 
size of 14 inches after about 3 moults. They then rested immoy- 
ably on the stems for about 6 weeks, eating nothing, and shrivelled 
up, and he thought he should lose them; yet, in February, they 
were again active, grew rapidly, moulted about six times more, and 
on reaching the ordinary size of guwercués larve, spun up in the month 
of May among leaves or on the earth among moss. In August 
and September the moths emerged, and were like those reared in 
Sicily the preceding year; several pairs copulated at once, and 
fertile eggs again resulted. Unfortunately Dahl’s severe sickness 
and death brought the whole colony to grief, and from the few at 
my house, I obtained only males. ‘The six-weeks’ rest of the larvee 
seems to correspond to the rainy season in their native land. We 
took care often to sprinkle the rose-stocks with fresh water, and 
saw that they greedily drank the single drops, as is also done by most 
of the related species. The egg resembles that of guerciis, is oblong, 
and pale brown, although greenish at first. The larva differs from 
that of guerctis in its higher fox-red colour, especially on the anterior 
segments, in its more slender form, and especially in the lack 
of hook-formed white lateral stripes. The protuberance in which the 
spiracles stand as single white dots is bluish- brown. The seg- 
mental incisions are velvety-black. The cocoon and pupa are as 
in guercis. The imago is as large as those of that species, the 
gS in particular are sometimes still larger. Few, but constant, 
characters, distinguish the newer species. In the g the ground 
colour is a brighter purple-brown. ‘The yellow line of the forewings 
very narrow, almost straight, only at the costa a little curved. It is 
sharply cut off exteriorly, while in gwercis the colour gradually passes 
into the ground colour. The white spot is more widely removed from 
the yellow line. The margin of the hindwings is bright yellow, while 


* Hiubner’s fig. 224, represents a rather dark ¢, most probably of German 
origin (see, aztea, p. 69, footnote). 


t+ Hibner’s fig. 270, ¢ = thetvpe ofour ab. marginata, n. ab. (antead, p. 67). It 
certainly is not var. sic#da, which has a very narrow band to forewings, and there is no 
evidence whatever in support of Treitschke’s view that it may have come from Sicily, 


79 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


in the ? there is only a line of that colour. To be sure we obtained 
also some aberrations where the yellow was more or less dusted with 
brown, but the yellow ground colour always shone through distinctly, 
and on the underside it was likewise present in the form of a 
band. The @? has almost the colour of Pachygastria medicaginis. On 
the forewings the paler lines and the white spot stand as in the g; on 
the hindwings the inner area is ruddle-red ; the outer, before the line, 
red-yellow. The underside of both sexes corresponds with the upper- in 
the differences mentioned.” Bellier de la Chavignerie appears to main- 
tain secuda (under the name of spartz) as a species on account of the 
g having the antennal shaft brown, whilst, he says, it is washed with 
yellow at the extremity of that of Z. guercius and its different varieties. 
Mina-Palumbo and Failla-Tedaldi state (Vaz. Szc., vil., p. 331) that 
they are unable to recognise the difference in specimens in their 
possession, and that they think it an insufficient character on which 
to found a species. | 

p. var. subalpina, Agassiz, ‘*‘ Mitt. Schw. Gesell.,” x., p. 248 (1900).—Agassiz 
simply notes, ‘‘ Swiss Jura,” without description. 

y. var. alpina, Frey, ‘‘ Lep. der Schweiz,” p. 97 (1880); Hoffmn., ‘‘ Stett. Ent. 
Zeit.,.2 xlixs,, p. 153 (1888); liv., p..125 (1893); Kirby, Cat psocemnciemene 
Auriv., ‘‘ Enis,’?7 vil} p. 150 (1894); JNeutti, “Lep: Bad.,77 p. 53 (1608) = swayne ss teciae 
Val,” p. 111 (1899) ; Staud., ‘‘ Cat.,”’ 3rd ed., p. 120 (1901).—In the higher moun- 
tains at Zermatt, Gadmen, and in the Upper Engadine, from 6000 to 7000 feet, occurs a 
very interesting variety, dark in both sexes, which, in these high altitudes, emerges 
from pupe that go over the winter. In this alpine form the ¢ is deeper brown, 
the broad transverse band paler, the fringes of the hindwings pale; the ? ccmes 
nearest to var. cal/unae. Itis found on the Stelvio, at Zermatt, in the Upper Engadine, 
on the high Alps around Gadmenthal, and Sardasca in the Grisons (Frey); Brenner 
dist —Navis, July 17th, 1899 (Galvagni); Upper Hartz (Hoflmann); nr. Herren- 
wics (Spuler); Valais—Glacier de Trient, Loéche-les-Bains, Riffelalp, Simplon, 
&c. (Favre) ; Finland - Kuusamo (Hoftman). 

Hoffmann says CS. 2. Z.. xhx., p>rs53): “The var. ape beers 
flies in the Upper Hartz at the end of May and throughout June; the 
larva emerges from the egg at the beginning of July, but does not grow 
much the same year, hybernating small, and, in June of the next year, 
one may still find them gregariously on Vaccinium and Cadlluna, 
although later they separate. By the end of July they are full- 
grown, and at the beginning of August pupation takes place; these 
pupze hybernate, the moth appearing in the spring of the next 
year, so that one finds together quite small larve and fullgrown 
ones from the moths of the previous year. The same peculiarities 
are observed inthe high Alps of Switzerland, and it forms a transi- 
tion between the lowland form and var. cal/unae.” He also states 
(Joc. cet.. liv., p. 125) that he collected at Kuusamo, in North Finland 
in 1892, fullgrown larve in the middle of August, on Vaccinium and 
Calluna, which, in the spring of 1893, produced the mountain form, 
var. alpina, Frey. Favre notes (Z¢p. Val., p. 111) the Gate 
‘dark brown, with the band wider, paler, and the fringes of 
the hindwings lighter than .in- the type; the 9  yeryeiiean 
callunae. Hybernates in the pupal stage under rocks and stones; 
very rare in the alpine region of the Valais.” Caradja observes 
of the Roumanian gwercéis, that the males form a transition 
from var. alpina, Frr. to var. voboris, Schrk., having deep, dark 
chocolate-brown (not red-brown) ground colour, and extraordinarily 
broad, orange-yellow bands; Hormuzaki obtained a similar male in 
the mountains of Bucovina, 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 73 


é. var. callunae, Palmer, ‘ Zool.,” v., p. 1656 (1847); Weaver, ‘ Zool.,”’ xi., 
p. 4066 (1853); xv., p. 5403 (1857); Harding, ‘ Zool.,” xvi., p. 5925 (1858); Gn., 
<< Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.’’ (3), vi. p. 442, pl. x., fig. 3 (1858); (4), vili., p. 410 (1868) ; 
Edl., “Ent. W. Int.,” vii.. p. 93 (1859), ‘‘Zool.,”” xviil., p. 6815 (1860) ; Shipston, 
ini Went... 1x., p. 05 (1860) ; “¢ Zool.,” xix., p.-7359 (1861); Parke, “*Zool.,” 
aesoe47 (1803); Newm., “Ent.,” i., p- 137 (1865); ui; p. 27 (1866); Snell., 
De Viind.,” p. 186 (1867); Staud., ‘‘Cat.,” 2nd ed., p. 69 (1871); 3rd ed., 
p- 120 (1901); Lampa, “Ent. Tids.,” vi., p. 41 (1885); Ellis, «“ Nat.,” 1886, p. 108 
ieaeo)-) imchlitt, “Hnt.,” xix.,p. 272 (1886); Batt, “Ent.” xx., p. 109 (1887); 
Eine aross—Schmett.,”’ p. 53 (1887); Buckl, “<Larve,” &c., i, p. 58 
(1889); Tutt, ‘‘ Brit. Moths,” p. 56 (1896); “Ent. Rec.,” viii, pp. 298—302 
Mis9o) eau.) p. 113 (1901);~Thomps., “Ent. Rec.,” vill., pp. 125 et seq., 158 
Eeesrgeeeat sce seg. (1890) ;\ Barr., “ Lep. Brit.,” p. 27, (1896); Hewett, ‘at. 
Rec.,” viii., pp. 209—210 (1896); Reutti, ‘‘Lep. Bad.,’’ 2nd edi, p. 58 (1898). 
Gi seeimn., “aun. Suec.,” “2nd ed., no. 1106 (1761); “Sys. Nat,” 
sith ed., pp. 814— 5 (in part) (1767); [? Esper, “ Schmett. Eur.,” pl, xiv., 
nieewet—-2°(1793).|; Stephs., “1.” i., p. 30 (1828) 5 Zett., “*Ins. Lapp.,” p. 925 
Med) Gi Stas, <-Zool.,” ii., p. TOO! (1845); ive, p. /1230,(1846) ; Elarding, * Zool.,”” 
v., p- 1731 (1847).—From repeated conversations which I have had with my 
friend the well-known naturalist, Mr. Weaver, and from careful investigation of 
all the facts and circumstances stated by him, little doubt exists in my 
mind that, under the common designation of LZ. qguerczs, two perfectly distinct 
species of British ‘‘ Eggers’’ have been confounded by entomologists. I have 
minutely examined through a powerful microscope the antenne of the common 
species (guercuis), and those of that which Mr. Weaver is seeking to establish as 
new, and can consequently vouch for the correctness of his observations respecting the 
peculiarities of structure of that important organ, which tend so powerfully to 
corroborate his views. . . . . The following is Mr. Weaver’s statement : 
‘«Entomologising on Rannoch moors, in June, 1845, I had the good fortune to 
capture ten specimens of this noble moth—eight males and two females—flying at. 
mid-day. ‘Their flight is so high and so rapid that it is very difficult to capture 
them. I took also, at the same date, in the dusk of the evening, a very fine 
specimen of the female. In June, 1844, on Rannoch moors, I found a caterpillar 
of which I had not before seen the like, and, therefore, it was the more interesting 
to me. By diligently searching on a misty day over the moors, I found others 
feeding on heath, which, in September, formed their cocoons. In June, 1845, I 
found more on the heath, and these also changed to the chrysalis state in Sep- 
tember. Again, in June and July, 1846, I took a few more of the caterpillars on 
the heath, which changed in September, and these I now have in the chrysalis 
state. I have given my best attention to all the changes of this interesting 
species for the last three years, and the result is that I find all the cireumstances 
precisely the same in each year. The larva, whilst young, feeds on birch, willow 
and heath (Calluna vulgaris). It comes out from the egg in July, and is 
adored with a row of small grey spots-on the back, which increase in size as the 
caterpillar grows, till the spots appear as large as common peas. These spots 
are not in the skin, but consist of light grey-coloured hairs, the rest of the hairs 
being of a dark chestnut colour, and so contrasting with the light grey before 
mentioned; but at the end of 12 months the caterpillar changes into its last skin, 
and the spots at the same time entirely disappear. It might then be mistaken for 
the caterpillar of another species, if its size and the season of the year were not 
regarded, and also the long period of 15 months which it had passed in the cater- 
pillar state. | Forming its cocoon in September, it lies through the winter in the 
pupai state; therefore it requires two fuil years to complete its metamorphoses.”. . . 
Comparing it with quercis, we have: {1) Lasiocampa quercis, according to 
Donovan (Lritish Insects, iii., pp. 83—85), appears mm the winged state in June, and 
according to Westwood in August. The ? deposits her ova in June and July, the 
caterpillar is hatched in autumn, and remains during the winter in this state. It 
feeds on Quercus robur, Prunus spinosa, Crataegus oxyacantha and divers herb- 
aceous plants. All the successive skins assumed by the animal in this state 
exhibit, from first to last, the same general colours and markings. In the middle 
of May it spins a cocoon of a dull, dirty straw-colour, and the perfect insect comes 
out in June or July, so that one year only is occupied in its progress from the 
ovum to the imago. The antenna of the male is very strongly and distinctly pectinated, 
and consists of 64 minute articulated pieces, the joints of which are nearly hidden by 
fine hairs, and measures, on an average, three-eighths of an inch in length. The size 
of the insect is generally smaller, and the colouring of the body. wings and antennz 
less deep and rich than those of the species following. (2) Lasiocampa callunae, The 


74 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


perfect insect appears in June. The precise period of deposition of the ova is 
unknown. ‘The caterpillar hatches in July, and passes through the first winter in this 
condition. Calluna vulgaris constitutes its principal food. In every succeeding 
skin except the last, the hairs investing it are so coloured as to represent a series 
of circular ash-grey spots arranged along the dorsal region of the caterpillar, and 
increasing in size as the caterpillar grows. From the last skin these spots wholly 
disappear, and it then resembles, in colour and markings, the caterpillar of the 
common species, and may be readily confounded with it by those who have had 
no opportunity of observing the caterpillar in the successive stages of its development. 
It passes into the chrysalis stage invariably in September, and-goes through the ensuing 
winter and spring in that state, the cocoon being of a deep muddy-brown colour, so 
that two entire years are consumed in the process of evolution. The antenna of the 
male is more closely and delicately pectinated than in the preceding species; it 
consists of 84 pieces not concealed by fine hairs, and measures fully half-an-inch 
in length. The antenna of the @? is also stronger and longer than in the ¢ of Z, 
gquercus. The size of the insect is larger and the prevailing colours deeper than 
in the first species, and a rich, glossy piece not seen in that insect is exhibited on 
the wings of both sexes. It may, perhaps, be objected that Z. guercitis sometimes 
passes a second winter in chrysalis; this, however, constitutes the exception, not 
the rule. The same phenomenon has occasionally been observed in our new species, 
and two, and even three, winters have elapsed ere the insect has emerged from its 
cocoon. Size and colour, it may be argued, are very uncerta’n characters for the, 
discrimination of species. Taken by themselves they are certainly fallacious, 
but acquire considerable value when invariably connected, as in the present 
instance, with other more solid and important differences of structure and 
habit, and, I may affirm that many species universally acknowledged as distinct 
are founded upon characters much less strongly marked and invariable than 
those distinguishing ZL. querciis from the new species that Mr. Weaver has had 
the honour first clearly to identify, and which he has kindly deputed me the 
pleasant task of thus imperfectly introducing to the scientific world. It is gratifying 
to add that the opinions of Mr. Weaver and myself on this interesting subject 
derive powerful confirmation from the testimony of your able correspondent, Mr. 
Stainton, to whose remarks (Zool., iii., p. 1091) I beg leave to refer the curious 
reader (Palmer). The first description of the imago was made by Guénée (dz. 
Soc. Ent, France, (3), vi. p- 447) and a later comparative one (oc. cit., (4), Vill., 
p- 410), which reads: ‘‘ Callunae. ¢g. D’un brun chocolat un peu transparent. 
Grand. Ailes oblungues: les inférieures ovales. Ces bandes concolores aux quatre 
ailes; celle des supérieures large, réguli¢rement sinuée en S du coté interne, trés- 
rétrécie au bord interne, fréqguemment dentée, touchant du coté extérieur a un 
large espace plus clair et transparent, marqué de nervules foncées; celle des in- 
férieures peu arquée, mais offrant un sinus a langle anal; Jlespace terminal 
largement d’un brun pur sur lequel tranche la frange d’un jaune clair. Une tache 
humérale formée par des poils jaunes, Antennes plus longues, a tige d’un gris 
brun avec une tache plus foncée précédant Vextrémité, qui est blanche. ¢?. Grande 
et oblongue; d’un jaune qui a 4 la fois quelque chose de violatre et de verdatre ; 
ailes un peu transparentes par places, 4 bandes trés-distinctes, souvent un peu 
dentées ; les supérieures ayant cette bande précédée d’une ligne dentée d’un brun 
violet, les inférieures 4 bord teiminal d’un brun roux comme la base; frange 
brunatre aux premiéres, jaune aux secondes ; nervures concolores mais se dessinant 
sur la transparence du fond; poils de la base trés touffus et reproduisant parfois la 
tache humérale.’”?” OvuM: Somewhat cylindrical in shape, with rounded ends. The 
length: breadth: height:: 3: 2: 2. There is a somewhat irregularly oval depression 
centrally on the upper surface. The egg appears creamy-brown in colour to the naked 
eye, with rather darker brown markings ; the micropyle is placed at one end of the 
egg, and appears as a small brown-black dot to the naked eye. Under a: two- 
thirds lens the opalescent character of the markings of the egg is well-marked. 
It is now seen to be creamy-white in colour, with darker creamy and creamy-brown 
markings irregularly distributed over the surface, and giving a distinctly opalescent 
appearance to the egg. The surface is covered with minute polygonal cells, more 
especially distinct on the paler parts of the egg. ‘The cells are much more distinct 
at the end surrounding the micropylar area. These cells are surrounded by a fine 
but distinct reticulation, with minute black knobs at the angular points of the 


polygons forming the reticulation. The micropyle is situated in the base of a 
small hollow at one end of the egg, and is composed of an open net-work of 


brown-black cells somewhat quadrangular in shape, which become smaller centrally. 
The micropyle proper is situated in the centre of the area, and forms a minute star of 
radiating cells, [Eggs laid June 28th, received from Mr, G. B, Routledge, description 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 75 


made July 8th under a two-thirds lens.] The number of eggs laid by 5 females in 
1895 were 121, 204, 226, 227 and 122 respectively ; those laid on June 17th hatched 
July 13th—ryth; those laid June 20th hatched July 15th—16th (Hewett); eggs of 
callunae obtained in 1894 hatched a fortnight before those of Z. qguerczs (Pitman) ; 
eges laid July 6th natched July 30th, in Argyll (Chapman); eggs laid July 24th, 
1859, at Bowdon, hatched August 10th; whilst a ? was found laying eggs in nature 
on Carrington Moss, as late as August 7th, 1859 (Edleston); the eggs are laid in 
June and hatch about the middle of July (July rath, 1898) in Hoy (Cheesman). 
Larva.—Vfirst instar: Head —large, rounded, black, glossy ; only faint traces of the 
white face-markings conspicuously present in larva of Z. guercis ; numerous scattered 
black hairs. ody —structurally agrees with that of larva of Z. var. véburiz, already 
described; tubezcles many-haired warts, i and ii large and flat, iii supraspiracular, iv + 
v subspiracular ; a large accessory prespiracular; few secondary hairs present; trape- 
zoidals yellow and suggest the yellow bands seen in larve of L. guercus and 
var. viburni, but much less developed than in these larvee; yellow bars divided 
in centre by a broad gap of ground-colour; on each segment traces of a dark 
mediodorsal line; no lateral markings yet present but on subdorsal area of each 
segment is a large irregularly-shaped black velvety patch; from the mesothorax 
to the 8th abdominal, this patch partly surrounds the yellow transverse bars—7 e., 
at front, back, and lower edge—below the posterior trapezoidals ; it is, however, 
only narrow behind, and below the bar, and forms a large patch in front; it is 
much larger behind the bar on metathorax and joins the forward patch on Ist 
abdominal. Prolegs spread widely and have a slight tendency to a | -shaped foot. 
Hairs black, brown and white on the dorsal area, mostly white laterally, the black 
hairs the longest, the white ones the shortest (July 11th, 1897). The second instar 
is similar to the first in many respects, although it foreshadows the third instar 
in others. Third instar: Head—dull blue in colour, surface dull; covered with 
fine hairs, no white face-markings. ody—of even thickness, cylindrical, segments 
fairly distinct; dorsal area velvety-black, with a diamond-shaped, bright, yellow 
mark on each segment, the apex of the diamond being pale, whitish rather than 
yellow ; a small yellow spot on either side of front part of diamond; on thoracic 
segments (2 and 3), the mark is larger than on abdominal segments and triangular 
rather than diamond-shaped ; lateral area dull blue with faint traces of double 
oblique stripes. Hazrs: long ones black, short ones brown. fourth and Llifth 
instars (October 24th, 1897): Nowvary from I3in, to 2}in. in length (the smaller 
in the fourth, larger in the fifth, instar). The short fur dull brown, the long hairs dark 
brown or black; still retain the interrupted, whitish, mediodorsal band (composed 
of tufts of white hairs) broken up into discontinuous spots, one on each segment ; 
the subdorsal white band (or line) fairly clearly marked; traces of the oblique 
stripes present (these can be traced on some of the hybrid wiburni x querciis larve 
but are not present as a rule in the larve of Cannes var. meridionalis) ; traces of bright 
blue shading still to be seen on velvety-black of the intersegmental areas, (apparently 
the remnant of a blue subdorsal band). ? Stxth instar (November 7th): One 
larva now in adult plumage; the urticating fur uniform bright-brown in colour 
(very much darker than in ZL. guercis); the long hairs of the same colour (not 
paler or white as in var. viburnz) ; the colour, spots, &c., of thorax as in English 
L. quercuis. _Head—dark indigo blue with just a trace of red on cheeks (Bacot). 
Three forms of the young larvze of ZL. var. callunae are tigured by Buckler (Larve 
&c., pl. xlvii., figs. 3, 3a and 36). He also figures (3c) the larva just previous to 
the last moult, and the fullgrown one (3d). Cocoon: Dark, brown-black; male 
cocoons somewhat paler than those of females; oval in shape, twice as long as 
broad, both ends almost equally rounded; of a close, thin, papery texture, readily 
splits at that end towards which the head of the pupa lies; the inside smooth; 
the cast larval skin lies loosely at anal end. Reid says: ‘‘It is found among moss 
at the roots of heather, being most frequent round the edge of large stones or 
by the sides of footpaths or overhanging brooks.’? Gordon notes: ‘Often spun 
among heather and consists of a loose superstructure enclosing the hard, darkbrown, 
oval-shaped cocoon: proper.’’ Horne says there is always some loose spinning 
about the cocoon of callunae. The larva, he states, usually spin up among the 
moss, around the roots of the heather, sometimes, however, they spin higher up like 
Saturnia pavonia, but such cocoons rarely maintain their position through the 
winter, getting shaken down among the roots by the wind; Arkle found cocoons 
on the rocks at Tan-y-Bwlch; Cheesman in Hoy finds cocoons amongst heather and 
moss, almost on the ground, well concealed, the colour harmonising well with that 
of the environment; Chapman notes the cocoons as being found on heather in 
Argyllshire generally close to the ground. Tyrer states that he has often obtained 


76 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


winter cocoons by raking grassy banks, and Tunaley obtains them at Derby in 
winter at the bottom of hawthorn hedges (wide, postea). Hewett avers that in 
Yorkshire the cocoon of callunae is lighter than that of Z. quercus; this was 
decidedly the case with one that we obtained from a larva found on Mont 
de la Saxe, near Courmayeur, and which was quite bright yellow ochreous in tint. 
Pups: The pupa active, moves about much within the confined area of its cocoon. 
The skin delicately wrinkled transversely; the legs and antennz very finely and 
distinctly segmented; the thoracic segments, wings, and ventral limbs purplish- 
brown in female, red-brown in male, these portions of body being covered with a 
delicate bloom; the head ventral, an upper projecting dorsal head-piece with 
narrow semilunar glazed eve on either side; labrum above, and? mandibles on either 
side of, labial palpi, well-developed ; labial palpi, maxillze, and two (Ist and 2nd) 
pairs of legs enclosed in the area bounded by the antennz; the latter reaching about 
two-thirds “along costa of wing; beyond tips of antenne the third pair of legs 
extend to the apices of wings, separating the costz of the two wings; in male 
the antennze extend farther and the second pair of legs are more conspicuous; the 
prothorax placed quite frontally; the prothoracic spiracle in the pro-mesothoracic 
incision ; the mesothorax large, swollen dorsally, expanding laterally without a break 
into forewings; the metathorax contracted, wrinkled, much reduced centrally ; 
the hindwings rising from it traceable narrowly along inner margin of forewings ; 
forewings well-developed, the nervures distinct, and slightly mdged; wing dark- 
coloured yet transparent and the internal structures to be seen beneath it ; the 
abdominal segments ventrally and dorsally paler red-brown than other parts of the 
body, but the contrast much less strongly marked in ¢ thanin 9; the first abdominal 
segment much contracted, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th increasing in size, the pupa attaining 
its greatest width at 4th segment, the movable incisions in both sexes between 
4-5, 5-6, 6-7, abdominal segments; the skin of movable incisions very smooth ; 
spiracles on abdominal segments 2-7 conspicuous, that on 8th aborted; spiracles 
narrow, almost linear, with well-marked, shining, black rim; the anal segment 
blunt, thickly studded with short, red-brown hairs. The peculiar head-structure, 
the legs, and the character of the striations of the ventral surface remind one of the 
similar structures in the pupa of Dimorpha versicolora [Description made January 
27th, 1897, from pupze sent by Mr. Horne of Aberdeen]. LARVAL HABITS: 
Larve feed from June until August of the following year, the pupal stage lasting 
thence until June, so that the insect takes two years to reach maturity and there 
must be distinct races appearing in alternate years (Reid); great differences 
exist in the size of larve in spring, e.g., on May 18th, 1898, at Corsemalzie, several 
halfgrown ones were found, also two small ones, with two large ones on the same 
heather bush, although they usually feed singly; contrary to what might have 
been expected the largest did not spin up till the end of July and the imagines 
appeared in June, 1899 (Gordon); the larve are fullfed in mid-August in the 
valleys of the Upper Engadine (Mengelbir), the larve also fullfed in August, 
the insect hybernating in the pupal stage in the mountains of Silesia (Prittwitz) ; 
fullfed larvae are to be found in August on heather on all the moors of the Scotch 
Highlands including Skye; the imagines from these emerge the following year 
at the beginning of June ; : one also finds young larve at the same time as the fuilfed 
ones ; occasionally one must feed up more rapidly and emerge without hybernating 
as a pupa, as an imago was taken on August 15th, 1895, on the moors of Argyllshire 
(Christy) ; larva are to be found by day among the dead sallow-leaves, and at 
night on the sallow stems (Gregson); the @ lays eggs round the stems of heather* 
in May and June; the larve emerge in from 14-21 days, feed during summer and 
autumn, undergoing three moults during this period, then descend to roots of 
heath, and spin a slight web on which they remain during the winter months; 
they reappear in following spring, feed during summer, undergo three or four 
more changes of skin and pupate in August and “September, the imagines emerging 
in May and June the next year (Shipston) ; in Hoythe ova are deposited about the 
middle of June, hatch early in July, the larve feed slowly and hybernate in second (or 
third) stadium from the end of August until early May, feed on slowly again till the 
end of August or beginning of September (August 27th to September 13th, 1898) 
and then pupate, imagines appearing the following June (Cheesman) ; at “Rannoch, 
in Arran, and on all the Scotch moorlands, one sees many large larve late 
in autumn, whilst one finds, not only here, but in the Orkneys, &c., in April, young 
larve, _larvee fully half-grown, and pupze on the same day; the larvae remaining 


This we consider is an error of observation. The eggs noted were e probably 
those of Macrothylacia rubi or Saturnia pavonia. See also Parke (Zoo/., p. 8647), 
who considered them to be the ova of Saturnia pavonia. 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. Th 


abundant throughout the summer and autumn, yet the young ones are rarely 
seen during this part of the year; the larvae appear in great profusion in Hoy 
in some years, but have not yet been found in the Shetlands (McArthur); as observed 
in Argyllshire the insect takes two years to mature, commencing its existence about 
July ist in the oval state; the larve emerge from the egg in 24 days, and by the 
end of autumn are fully an inch long, and then pass their first winter in the larval 
state resting on heath; they become fullgrown larve in August of the next year, spin 
their egg-like cocoons and pass the second winter as pupz; imagines appearing 
the following year from middle of June to middle of July (Chapman); eggs at 
end of June, on Cannock moors, hatch in 10 or 18 days according to temperature ; 
larvae hybernate during winter about 13 inches long; fullfed next year in July and 
August, and spin up, a few of the early ones emerging in August if weather be 
favourable, but most going over till the third week in June of the following year 
(Freer); ¢ captured at dusk ovipositing whilst flying along a grassy bank between two 
fields at Pwllheli, July 17th, 1895 ; no heathy ground or moorland near (although the 
? is of the callunae form); eggs were laid and hatched, and the larve fed on willow, 
bramble, hawthorn, privet, ivy; they fed right on, pupated before Christmas, 1895, and 
the imagines began to emerge April 4th, 1896 (Nicholson) ; larvee abundant at Crosby, 
May 21st, 1881, over-wintered as pup, and emerged next year (Walker); from the moors 
about Harrogate young larve were obtained, these hybernated all the winter, fed up 
next spring and summer, and pupated in September, went over the winter as pupz, and 
the imagines emerged following summer (Ridley). Routledge notes that on October 
12th, 1894, an imago emerged from a pupa of the year, all the other pupz obtained 
going over, at Carlisle. Larvee on Rhombald’s Moor, May 17th, 1896, about half-grown ; 
the larve at this time closely resemble the twigs of heather on which they rest, and 
are very difficult to detect; about 7 p.m. the larve move up the twigs to feed 
(Hewett). Sometimes pupz go over two years, making the life cycle occupy three 
years altogether, e.g., a larva spun up in 1898, went over twe winters as 
pupa, imago emerged June, 1900, at Keswick (Beadle); larvae, June 17th, 1883, 
at Duntroon, 11 females and males emerged June 6th—18th, 1884, the remainder did 
not emerge till June, 1885 (T. Briggs); larve of 1879, pupated autumn of 1879, did not 
produce imagines till June, 1881 (Lowrey); pupze from Ilkley Moor, December, 
1898, imagines emerged June 6th—16th, 1899; a pair of these copulated June 12th, 
larvee appeared July 2nd, 13 had spun up by October 12th, 1899, others were then of 
varying size from one-half inch tofullfed, the small ones hybernated, the larger ones died, 
whilst of those that pupated 7 emerged June 17th—July 19th, 1900, the other cocoons 
contain pupze that are going over a second winter (1900-1901) in the pupal stage; the 
hybernating larve spun up in September and October, 1900, and are going over 
the winter 1900-1 with the others (Butler). FooDPLANTS.—Practically polyphagous 
(Chapman), almost all low-growing plants, heather, &c., on moors (Reid); broom, 
birch, plum (Pearson) ; blaeberry, bog-myrtle (Gordon) ; Cad/una, sallow (Dalglish) ; 
aspen (Newman); oak (White); poplar and hawthorn (Elliot); bramble (Clarke) ; 
Hippophaes rhamnoides (Tutt); mountain-ash (Cheesman); ivy (Hutchinson); privet 
(Nicholson) ; gorse flowers (Robinson). HABITS AND HABiITAT.—The male flies by 
day, especially in the afternoon, the ? immediately after impregnation (Reid) ; males 
fly strongly in sunshine (Gordon), not only in the sunshine, but also at sunset, whilst 
the ¢s fly very late, several caught on the wing after 10 p.m. (Dalglish) ; males on 
wing during the hottest part of day, the ¢s only at dusk, when oviposition takes place, 
then, however, their flight is rapid (Day); males fly freely over the moorlands at 
Galashiels in June, assembling freely to the ¢s in the evening (Haggart); the males 
fly in the sunshine over the bogs and moors in Ireland, average dates, June 23rd—27th 
(Kane) ; newly-emerged females frequently picked up in Glen Mallon, July, 1897, 
at rest on heather (Daiglish); bred a ? callunae on July 2nd, 1897, to which 
males of typical Z. gwercés assembled freely at Boxworth (Thornhill) ; the males 
fly by day and the females in June and July at dusk in Cumberland (Routledge). 
Elliott states that the imago emerges from 8 p.m—1i12 p.m., but Hewett says 
that the majority emerged at York between 1 —2.30 p.m., although one male and 
one female emerged between 7.30 and 9 p.m., and another between Io p.m. and 
6 am. The males, he adds, assemble most freely between 11.30 and 2 p.m. 
Edleston observes that the females come out in the early forenoon, and the males fly 
directly after mid-day. The habitats of this form are not very varied, being almost 
always moorlands of some form or other, maybe they are bleakly exposed, sometimes 
on mountain sides, at others more or less sheltered by scrubby wood, still callunae 
is. essentially a moorland form. Thus we have—open moors and hills to about 
2,000 feet all over central and northern Scotland (Reid); on moors and in woods 
in Moray (Gordon): on the moors throughout the Rannoch district (G. O. Day) ; 


78 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


on the moorlands at Galashiels (Haggart) ; abundant on all the moors of Aberdeen- 
shire; scarce at Muchalls, on the Kincardine coast (Horne); on all the moors 
round Corsemalzie (Gordon), at Hoy prefers the heathery mosses from the sea- 
shore to the base of the hills, rarely going far up the hills (Cheesman) ; swarming 
at Hoy on the heather on the north part of the island, July, 1895 (Horne) ; 
abundant on the moors of Arran and Rannoch, but rare on the moors of 
Lewis (McArthur); generally distributed over (and possibly the only form in) 
Ireland, prefers the bogs and moors (Kane); abundant on the sides of the Tyrone 
mountains that are covered with heath and fern (Greer); on railway embank- 
ments and on boggy Jand at Galway; on the bogs and mountains about Ennis- 
killen (Allen); on the heaths at Perth, where Wylie asserts that gwerciés is as 
common as var. callunae, a very doubtful assertion; on the moors at Whitby 
(Lockyer) ; moors about Harrogate (Ridley); on the broom, birch and heather 
on the mountain sides of Crafnaut and Capel Curig (Pearson); on the heaths of 
the Wye Valley (Vaughan); on the mosses around Carlisle (Day); abundant on 
the mosses, heaths and sandhills of Lancashire and Cheshire (Ellis); on the 
heaths at Ringwood (Fowler); on the heaths in the western part of Durham 
on ling (Gardner) ; on the Northumbrian moors (Nicholson), TIMES OF APPEAR- 
ANCE.—Middle of May to middle of July in Scotland (Reid), occasionally emerging 
in August in English localities (see posted); larva, August, 1832, pupated in 
autumn, imagines May 2g9th, 1833, at Lycksele, in Lapland (Zetterstedt); larvze 
from Halifax, June gth, 1860, pupated in autumn, imagines emerged from June 
2Ist, 1861; also bred several from Aberdeen pupz from June 9th—16th, 1890 
(Fenn); larvae on Rannoch moors, August gth, 1860, and at Spaen Bridge, 
August 12th, 1860 (Keays); May 7th, 1861, bred from Scotch pupz (Huckett) ; 
larvee on Whitby moors, August, 1866 (Lockyer); imagines, June 19th, 1867, 
at Rannoch, June 8th, 1870, at Kirriemuir (White); imagines, June 13th, 1870, 
at Braemar (Traill); larve in hundreds on Rhombald’s Moor, Bradford, on June 
Ist, 1881 (Carter); imagines common at Rannoch in May, 1898 (G. O. Day) ; 
larvee, July 5th, 1883, on Faraway Moss (Shuttleworth) ; imagines, July 15th, 1886, 
at Tarbert; May 25th—28th, 1893, June 5th—S8th, 1895, at Loch Riddon; and 
2 2s, just emerged, taken, July 11th, 1897, in Glen Mallon (Dalglish) ; imagines, 
August 8th, 1886, June 25th, 1890, June roth, 1894, June 28th,* 1896; larve, 
June 26th, 1897, June 7th, 1898, June 14th—15th, 1899, at Carlisle (Wilkinson) ; 
imagines, June 14th, 1889, June 2nd, 1895, at Hayton Moss; June 12th and July 
Ist, 1897, a female captured on each of last-named dates about Io p.m. (Routledge) ; 
bred June 18th—22nd, 1890, from Aberdeen pupz (Daws); larve, June 27th, 
1890, at Rixton Moss (Collins); at Galway, larva, June 5th, 1892, pupated same 
year, imago emerged June 18th, 1893 (Allen); bred June 6th, 1893 (¢), at Pen- 
rith; larve, April 16th—May 5th, 1894, at Penrith; others, May 31st—June 
19th, at Aberdeen; emerged July 6th, 1894 (¢), May 30th (¢), May 31st (¢), 
June ist (4 9s), Jume 2nd (9, 2 os), Jume 5th (o'); Jume Oth! (omen 
(2 gs), June 10th (¢), 1895; captured at Penrith, July 7th, 1894 (2 gs); at 
Aberdeen, June sth (?), Jume 8th (2'¢s, 1 9); 1895; at Pennth) june seer 
(¢), 1896 (Varty); fullfed larvee, July 29th, 1894, at Haverthwaite; imagines, 
July 24th, 1894, at Heysham Moss; July 25th, 1894, at Witherslack (Arkle) ; 
larvee, fullfed, June, 1894, on ling at Keswick (Beadle); larva, abundant, Sep- 
tember roth, 1894, in southern Argyll (Christy); imagines, end of June, on 
Skiddaw (Beadle); imagines during July, 1895, at Pwllheli (Nicholson); bred 
from Aberdeen pupz, June 2nd—t12th, 1895 (Prout); through June, 1895, in 
Glen Lochay; June 17th — 2tst, 1898, at Rannoch, both imagines and _larvee 
(Morton) ; bred June 5th—2g9th, 1895, several males and females; many males 
assembled to virgin ¢s on Rhombald’s Moor on June 9th and 17th; others bred 
May 31st—June 2nd, 1890; half-grown larve, June 26th, and others nearly full- 
grown, July 9th, 1896; many ¢gs and ¢s bred from Rhombald’s Moor, June 
22nd—July 4th, 1897; many males assembled, June 27th and July 4th, almost 
fullfed larve also taken on the moor on latter date; fullfed larvz from the moor, 
July 22nd, 1898; imagines, bred July qth, 1899 (Hewett); June gth, 1897, at 
Winster; July 1st, 1897, at Rowdsey Moss (Cotton) ; May 16th—rgth, 1895, larvae 
2 inches long on Quhillart moor, began to spin July 14th, emerged 1896; abundant 
at Corsemalzie from June 27th—July 11th, 1898; one male bred on September 
4th from cocoon formed during the preceding July ; first seen on wing in 1899 on July 
12th, and continued throughout the month (Gordon); ¢ taken on heather, and 
larvae about 1 inch long collected, May 25th, 1896, at Great Ayton; moths from 
these emerged July Oth—25th, 1897, one or two ¢s being very dark; one 
laid ova that hatched August 12th, 1897, the larve went through winter 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS, 79 


small, but two or three fed up rapidly in spring and pupated about mid- 
summer, 1898; the rest spun up later; many larve three-parts grown found July 
Tith, 1898, at Ribsdale (Lofthouse) ; imagines, bred May 29th, 1895, others captured 
June 24th—27th and July roth, 1897, on Yheaths at Carlisle, 3s flying by day, ?s at 
dusk to oviposit (F. H. Day); three nearly fullfed larvee, on July 7th, 1897, on 
Sleight’s Moor, and at same time a worn @¢ sitting on heather on open moor 
(Ash) ; larvae nearly fullfed, on heather, May 18th, at Altadiawan (Kane) ; larvae, 
May Ist, 1897, at Heswall, hybernated as pupze, imagines emerged in 1898; 
other imagines captured, same locality, August 5th, 1895 (i*reeman); ¢? emerged 
June 8th, 1897, from cocoon spun by larva taken at Capel Curig (Tetley); bred 
@ on July 3rd, 1897, at Boxworth, to which ordinary local males “nsasiioled freely 
(Thornhill) ; larve, August, 16th, 1897, at Whitby (James); larvee and imagines, 
May 2Ist—3Ist, 1898, ‘at_ Galashiels (Hagegart) ; larva on August 25th, 1898, on 
mts. of Dungannon (Greer); bred between June 30th — July 12th, 1898, from 
Aberdeen pupze of 1897 (Adkin); larva, 2—2$ inches long, abundantly at Capel 
Curig, June 2nd—3rd, 1898, feeding on heather on mountain slopes, fed on plum, 
on return to Notts, till fullfed in August, when they spun up (Pearson); imagines 
and larvae abundant June 8th—22nd, 1898, at Rannoch (Porritt); imagines, June, 
1898, at Rannoch; also larve, three-quarters grown, one of which reached an 
enormous size, and emerged in June, 1899, at Bournemouth (Cowl); June Ist is 
a good average for favourable seasons at Hoy, imagines found June znd—z8th, 1898 
(Cheesman). Loca.iriks.— In Ireland, there is no county known that has been worked 
by an entomologist where cal/unae does not occur (Kane); certainly the prevalent form 
throughout Scotland, the northern counties of England, and the highlands of Wales; 
overlapping the typical form in the midlands, western, and south-western counties, 
ABERDEEN: All moors near Aberdeen (Horne), Pitcaple (Reid), Pitfour (Mutch), 
Castleton, Braemar (Traill). ANGLESEA (Blagg). ARGYLL: Common along all the 
west coast of Scotland (Chapman), Tarbert, Lochgoilhead, Loch Fyne (Dal- 
eglish), Carradale (Ord), Kilmartin (Vaughan), Loeh Ruiddon (Christy), Kilberry 
(Cottingham), Duntroon (Briggs), Dunoon (Stainton). Ayr: Ayr (Fergusson), Beith 
(J. Smith), Shewalton (Rose), Straiton (Dalglish). BRECON: Wye Valley (Vaughan), 
Black mts. (Kane). Bure: I. of Arran, Brodick (Stainton), I: of Bute, common, 
Cumbraes, common (Dalglish), Lamlash (Mackay). CARNARVON: Tan-y-Bwlch 
(Arkle), Pwllheli (Nicholson), Llanwrst (Cotton). CHESHIRE: mosses, heaths 
and sandhills throughout the county (Ellis), Bowdon, Carrington Moss (Edleston), 
Heswall (Freeman). CORK: Queenstown (Bond). CUMBERLAND: mosses around 
Warlisle, Durdar, WVodhills, Bolton Fell, Bowness (F. H. Day), Orton Moss 
(Stephens), Penrith (Varty), Hayton Moss, Gelt Wood (Routledge), Keswick, 
Skiddaw (Bence DERBY: Breadsall Moor (Sheldon), Little Eaton, Derby (Hill). 
Devon: Exmoor* (Bacot), Buckerell (Riding). DONEGAL: Donegal (Campbell). 
DorseEr: Portland (Forsyth), DumMBARTON: Glen Mallon, Luss, Arrochar, Glen- 
falloch, Isles of Loch Lomond (Dalglish). DUMFRIES: Dumfries (Lennon), DURHAM: 
moors in west of county (Gardner), Bishop Auckland (Greenwell), Chopwell, 
Marsden (Hedworth), Shull (Backhouse), Highforce (Howse), Hartlepool (Lees), 
Darlington (Milburn). FERMANAGH: ~Enniskillen (Allen). FLInr: Overton 
(Perkins). GALWAY: Galway (Allen), Ardrahan (Kane), GLOUCESTER: Bristol dist. 
(Clarke). HANTS: Lyndhurst (Prout), Ringwood (Fowler). Hunts: Fens (Harding). 
INVERNESS : Inverness (Barclay), Outer Hebrides, Lewis (McArthur), Skye (Christy). 
IsLE OF MAN: mountains and heaths (Clarke). KerRRy: Killarney (Birchall), 
KINCARDINE: Muchalls and _ coast districts (Home). KIRKCUDBRIGHT: 
Douglas (Robinson). LANARK: Lamington, Carluke (Dalglish), Steps (Ord), 
Douglas (Mackonochie). LANCASHIRE: mosses, heaths and sandhills throughout 
county (Ellis), Rixton Moss (Collins), ? St. Anne’s-on-Sea (Baxter), Crosby 
(Walker), Chat Moss (Gregson), Formby (Moss), Clougha Pike, Heysham 
Moss, Haverthwaite (Arkle), Faraway Moss (Shuttleworth). LIMERICK: 
Castle Cornell (Marsden). LincoLn: MHartsholme (Carr). LONDONDERRY : 
Londonderry (Campbell). MERIONEYH: Barmouth (Imms). Capel Curig, Crafnaut 
(Pearson). Moray: Forres (Norman). NArrRN: Ardclach dist. (Thomson). NoRTH- 
UMBERLAND: nr. Hexham, Gilsland (Nicholson), Iwizell (Robson) Ridewater 
dist. (Howse), Morpeth dist. (Finlay). ORKNEYS AND SHETLANDS: abundant—Hoy, 


* McArthur notes that he has found Z. guwerczs fairly common on Exmoor, 
feeding on heath, the young larve appearing early in the spring, feeding up, 
pupating, and emerging in about the same time as the larvae do on the south 
coast ; the imagines, however, are slightly darker than south coast specimens; in 
confinement the larvee readily ate sallow, whitethorn, &c, 


80 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Pomona (Cheesman), absent in Shetlands (McArthur). PERTH: throughout the county 
on the moors—Kirriemuir, Glenfalloch dist. (White), Perth (Wylie), Glen Lochay, 
Rannoch (Morton), Methven Moss (Bush), Callander, Aberfoyle (Evans), 
Camachgouran (Longstaff), RENFREW: Port Glasgow (Cross), Kilmalcolm (Duns- 
more), Mearns Moors (Dalglish). Ross: Contin (White), Outer Hebrides 
(McArthur). RoxpurGH: Hawick (Guthrie), Galashiels (Haggart) Jedburgh 
(Elliot). STAFFs : Cannock -dist. (Bostock), Rugeley (Freer), Burnt Wood, Market 
Drayton dist. (Woodforde). STIRLING: Drymen (Ord), Fintry (Eggleton), 
Stirling (Sim Zeste Studd). SUTHERLAND: Lochinver (Beveridge), Strathmore, 
Milness, &c. (Mackay). TyRoNE: Tyrone, Dungannon (Greer), Altadiawan (Kane), 
WESTMORLAND: _Witherslack (Porritt), Winster, Rowdsey Moss (Cotton), 
Windermere, Kendal (Moss). WicGron: Monreith (Morton), Corsemalzie dist., 
Whauphill, Quhillart Moor, &c. (Gordon). © YORKS: very common on moor- 
lands of West Riding (Butterfield), Crosland Moor, Huddersfield, Linthwaite 
(Porritt), Whitby, Sleight’s Moor, (Ash), Harrogate (Ridley), Exton Hills, nr. 
Battersby, Lennington, Great Ayton, itibsdale (Lofthouse), Birstwith (Walker), 
Halifax (Fenn), Greetland Moor (Shipston), Rhombald’s Moor, Leeds (Hud- 
son), Cloughton Moor (Head), Newlandale (Hall), Bradford (Carter), Colther- 
stone (Hewett), Danby, Ribblehead (Pearson), Ilkley Moor (Beauland). 
DISTRIBUTION. — AUSTRO- HUNGARY: Bucovina (Hormuzaki), Carpathian 
mountains (Caradja), the Riesen and Marienbad (Nickerl). BELGIUM: Once nr. 
Taviers, 15 miles from Namur (Lambillion). DENMARK: heath districts (Bang- 
Haas). GERMANY: mountains of Silesia (Prittwitz), nr. Ueberlingen, Eckberg, 
nr. Sackingen (Reutti), Thuringian mountains (Krieghoft), Saxon Upper Lusatia 
(Schutze), Dresden (Steinert), mts. of Wirtemburg (Hofmann), Oberursel (Schmid), 
Rheingau (Fuchs), Cassel (Jordan), Wolmar (Lutzau). IraLty: Piedmontese 
mountains, Courmayeur (Tutt), NETHERLANDS: heath districts (Snellen), Upper 
Hartz (Heinemann). Russia: Baltic provinces, Treiden, &c. (Nolcken). SCAN- 
DINAVIA: Sweden, East Gothland (Lampa); southern Lapland, rare—Lycksele, 
&c. (Zetterstedt). SWITZERLAND: Upper Engadine* (Mengelbir). 


Possibly as much has been written of this local race of Z. guerctis as 
of any other insect inhabiting Britain. It was introduced as a distinct 
species in 1847, by Weaver, and many discussions took place as to 
whether it should or should not be so considered, these discussions 
being largely based on differences in the appearance of the larva and the 
imago, and physiological differences in the economy of the insect as com- 
pared with the normal habits of guercés in our southern counties. Weaver 
insists (Zool., 1856, p. 5403) on its specific distinctness, gives ca/lunae, 
the larve of which he first found in 1844 on the Rannoch moors, the 
name of the “Scotch Eggar,” says that it is of a darker colour, the 
antennz one-third longer with 84 antennal joints (guercis 64); the 
larva, more or less bluish in parts, the underside brownish with a 
row of large black spots, the cocoon larger, rough, dark brown in 
colour, the insect requiring two years to undergo its transformations. 
Doubleday, who was very: keen on the differences between guwercis 
and callunae, and inclined to give the latter specific rank, notes 
guercés as having “larvee found on whitethorn hedges, fullfed early 
in June, when they spin up, remaining six or eight weeks in the pupal 
stage, the moths appearing about the end of July or beginning of 
August.” It differs, he says, from ca//unae in the form of the band on 
both upper and lower wings, on the upper wings of gwercis, the band 
always turns inwards on the lower margin, in ca//wnae it turns out: 
wards, whilst on the lower wings of cad/unae the yellow band turns 
cow tow tHe anal angle, while in REGGE it is nearly as \Semme 


* Mengelbir notes that Pfaffenzeller gives ‘‘spartii’? as occurring in the 
Engadine, but adds that he suspects that Pfaffenzeller was referring to the dark- 
coloured form of Z. quercus, the var. spartit being a southern form, Pfaflenzeller 
was evidently right; at any rate Mengelbir is entirely wrong in calling spartit 
a southern form, 


' LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 81 


circle. He states that he believes that in all the northern examples 
the white spot on the upper wings of the male is seen on the under 
as well as on the upper surface, but he never saw the least trace of 
it on the underside of the wings of gwercis, and really thinks cal/unae 
is a species distinct from gwuercis, the general appearance of the two 
being so different (este, Robson, Young (Vat., iv., p. 157). We are now 
aware that none of the differences on which reliance has been placed 
for the specific separation of the forms holds absolutely, although the 
racial peculiarities are, on the whole, abundantly evident. The 
Cheshire, Lancashire, and Yorkshire coast districts seem to be the most 
northerly limits of pure gwercdis, all specimens exhibiting the guercis 
characteristics of habit, physiological peculiarities, &c., coming from 
the north of this area being either offshoots towards the guercis form 
from the ancestral ca//unae race, or, on the other hand, they may be 
considered as exhibiting atavic traces of the ancestral guerciés form, 
if, indeed, guercés, and not callunae, be the older form. Although 
callunae may be considered, in general, as the moorland race of 
these islands, it is, nevertheless, true that special racial peculharities 
are developed in the specimens of different localities, which are less 
or more particularly marked as they approach to, or are very 
different from, the normal habitats of typical gwerciis; in some 
of these localities, too, there is a much less perfect segregation of the 
moorland form, than occurs, for example, in the high moorlands of Scot- 
land, or in the outlying islands of the outer Hebrides, the Orkneys, 
&c. Apart from these differences, there are also large numbers of 
individual aberrations of ca//unae recorded, and it is probable that ab. 
olivaceofasciata belongs almost entirely to the ca//wnae race. Edleston 
notes of the ca//unae taken (and bred) at Carrington Moss: “The speci- 
mens are most variable, especially the males, some are very small, others 
very large, some deep chocolate, others reddish-brown. I possess 
a male and female olive-brown. ‘The basal tawny patch is developed 
in an extraordinary manner through all gradations to none at all, and 
the tawny bands assume all sorts of forms being sometimes very broad 
at others dwindling down to a narrow streak, while yet others 
occur, but rarely, without any band at all. The female is not so 
liable to these extraordinary changes, and it is chiefly in the tone of 
colour that variation occurs, some examples being very dark and others 
very light, the largest and darkest females coming from the moors. 
Newnham notes an aberration in which the right and left hindwings 
have two teeth, the dentations making them appear similar to those of 
Eutricha quercifolia. Studd has a male bred by Sim, May 31st, 1891, 
from a larva found in Stirlingshire, all the wings of which are of a dark 
claret-colour, the forewings with a narrow yellow band, the hindwings 
unicolorous with no band; Adkin has a female, the outer half of each 
wing scaleless yet with the fringes developed, and Varley used to breed 
transparent-winged forms from Huddersfield larve; Hewett hasa 9 
without the pale band on hindwings, and a male with the bands suffused 
with olive, whilst Porritt notes a female, chocolate-coloured, with the 
usual band replaced by one of dark olive-green; Walker bred a 2 from 
a Crosby larva with the basal half of the upper- and underwings of 
a dark chocolate-brown, bounded by a median line of a darker shade, 
whilst beyond the outer margin of this line lies a broad band of dark 
olive-green which gradually merges into the ground colour; the 


82 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


spot in upperwings pure white. Horne states that a long series bred 
from Hoy are distinctly darker than Aberdeenshire specimens, and 
Gordon notes that the females from Corsemalzie are much darker 
than New Forest specimens, whilst Kane records an Irish female with 
hindwings very dark brown like the male; Marsh notes the breed- 
ing of a male, in 1887, minus the left hindwing, otherwise perfect ; 
a male exactly the colour of a female was captured in Lancs. (Sum- 
ner). That our own moorland form is well distributed on the contin- 
ent under identical conditions, and also exhibiting exactly the same 
peculiarities in its economy, as in Britain, is shown by the following : 
Krieghoff notes that, in Thuringia, /. gwercis hybernates as larva, but 
on the higher mountains as pupa; Schutze observes that in Saxon 
Upper Lusatia the pupa sometimes hybernates ; Steinert notes that 
at Dresden some examples go over the winter in the pupal stage ; 
Hormuzaki says that it is certain that, in the Carpathians, at 
1500m.-1800m. elevation, Z. guerciis requires two complete years for its 
development, and, in the second winter, at least generally, hybernates 
as a pupa; Hoffmann and Keller state that, in the higher moun- 
tains of Wurtemburg, the moth (quite like the Scotch var. ca//unae) 
flies in the latter half of May and in June, the hybernation being 
double, first as larva, second. as pupa; Schmid “says thageae 
Ratisbon some examples stay, not infrequently, two years in pupa; 
Bang-Haas notes that in the heath-districts of Denmark fully grown 
larvee as well as young ones are found in August, the former hyber- 
nating as pupz the imagines emerging at the ordinary time (July and 
beginning of August); Snellen says that, in the Netherlands, the dark 
chocolate-brown g swith a yellow spot at base of forewings and brown- 
dusted antennal shaft are bred chiefly from heath larve; Nickerl 
says that Z. guerciés occurs everywhere in Bohemia but has two races 
—in Prague the imagines fly at the end of July and in August, the 
progeny hybernating as larve, whilst in the Riesen and at Marienbad 
the imagines appear in June and the progeny pupate the same year (?), 
hybernating in that stage; Lutzau notes that, at Wolmar, transitions 
to ab. cal/unae occur, and he gives the latter half of May and beginning 
of June as the time of their appearance ; Heinemann records finding a 
fullgrown larva on heath in the Upper Hartz, at 3000ft., at the end of 
July, which pupated and hybernated in the pupal stage; Nolcken notes 
that, in the Baltic provinces, Teich found fullfed larvae in August, 
1865, which overwintered as pupz, and Bienert found a larva at 
Treiden which pupated at the end of July and did not produce 
an imago till the June of the following year. It is generally supposed 
that var. cad/unae alone is found in Ireland, bnt there are certainly 
some districts in which the usual habits of this race are not at all so 
completely segregated as in Scotland and certain parts of northern 
England. Allen gives (zz @¢¢.) an interesting note on this phase of the 
subject. He says: Near Galway, a larva found June 5th, 1892, on rail- 
way embankment, fed on oak, pupated same year, an imago emerged June 
18th, 1893; another larva June 3rd, 1894, in the same district, on ling, 
pupated June gth, and imago emerged July 30th, of the same year; near 
Enniskillen large larve were found on boggy land, September 17th, 1895, 
also almost fullfed larva on May 3oth, 1896, on ground covered with 
ling, a half-grown larva at same place June roth, 1896, another nearly 
fullfed one July 5th, 1897, and a very large number later in the 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 83 


autumn, whilst at the top of a mountain near Enniskillen a larva 
was found spinning its cocoon, March 31st, 1899, all of which, 
perhaps, go to suggest ca//unae as the usual form occurring in Galway 
and Enniskillen, except that the specimen bred in 1894 had 
definite guerciés habits. Much information is available on this point 
of overlapping areas, where part of a brood, or an occasional 
specimen of a brood, of callunae will give up the normal habit 
‘(of hybernating as a larva one winter, as a pupa the second winter, 
emerging at the end of the second year), and will complete its meta- 
morphoses guwercis-like in one year. ‘Thus we have: Larve at Dum- 
fries, on heather, May roth, 1860, pupated from July z14th, emerged 
from August 12th, 1860 (Lennon); the larvze of ca//unae were very 
abundant about Forres in 1868, only one out of more than 20 pupae, 
however,. gave the imago the same year, vz., on July 29th, all 
the rest went over the winter in the pupal stage, the summer being a late 
one (Norman); larve, Aberfoyle, Apriland May, 1896, one larva spin- 
ning up May 24th, the moth emerging July 5th, 1896 (Evans); on August 
roth, r891,a male emerged from a pupa, one of a brood the rest of which 
went over the winter of 1891-1892 and emerged in 1892 (Arkle) ; at Carl- 
isle one imago out of a large number of larve of var. ca//unae reared, 
came out in October, all the rest emerging the following year (Rout- 
ledge) ; of the fullfed larve that spin up and pupate in June or July, on 
the moors at Morpeth, a few imagines occasionally emerge at 
the end of August, but the usual time of emergence is about 
the end of the third week in June of the following year (Finlay) ; 
Nicholson’s account already quoted (azted, p. 77) of a Pwllheli 
brood that completed its metamorphoses under favourable artificial 
conditions between July 17th, 1895 (eggs), and April 4th, 1896 
(imagines), probably bears less on this point, and simply shows that 
some specially favourable circumstances in the oval stage were the main 
factors in the result, ¢.¢., such circumstances as those mentioned by 
Standfuss (anfed, p. 49). Similarly, in the case of eggs from 
a Perth @, obtained August 15th, 1889, larve kept in _living- 
room, full-grown by Christmas, spun up in due course, the first 
imago emerging July st, 1890, the others following directly 
after (Forrester). An almost parallel case is that in which Mera 
obtained eggs of ca//unae in June, 1899, three larvee of which spun up in 
the autumn of the same year without hybernating, one of the cocoons 
producing a 2 on Junerith, 1900. One of the most valuable series of 
field observations on this species was published by Edleston (Zoo/., 
XVil., pp. 6815—-6816) ; these observations were made on Carrington 
Moss, near Bowdon, and result as follows: Larvae vary much in size in 
early spring, some grow in their later stages with amazing rapidity, 
and pupate and emerge in about a month, thus keeping the guercis 
habit ; others feed slowly till August and September, and then go 
into cocoon and pass the winter as pupe. ‘These latter give 
imagines near the end of June, but the later imagines (from cocoons 
of the year) keep on emerging until August. Edleston notes the 
largest and darkest specimens as coming from the moors, the light- 
est from the lanes; one might have been inclined here to suspect 
a mixing of larve, those from the lanes being true gwerciés, and, 
therefore, those that emerged from cocoons of the year, those from 
the moors being cal/unae, and hybernating as pup, but this is 


84, BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


not so, for of six moorland larve obtained at Carrington Moss 
on May rath, 1858, four pupated prior to July 23rd, a 9 emerging 
from one of the cocoons on July 24th, when two of the larve were still 
feeding ; by August 2nd one of these larve had spun up, whilst another 
@ emerged, 20 fine selected males that assembled to her on the 
moss being taken the same day; on August 6th another 2 emerged, 
and on the 7th, on the moss, males visited her also in great numbers; as a 
result, by the end of August, these six larvae had given three imagines, 
two pupz were going over, and one larva was still feeding. On May 
gth, 1859, on Carrington Moss, Edleston took eight and Sidebotham 
some larve; two of Sidebotham’s pupated in June, 2 ?s emerged 
July 7th, at this time all the other larve were feeding; on July 19th one 
larva spun up, the others continued to feed till late autumn, so that, in 
this district, whilst some of the spring larvz pupate in June and emerge in 
July and August of the same year, most of the others do not spin until 
August and September, and emerge the next year. Here there can be no 
doubt then, that, even on the moors, mixed guercis-callunae habits pre- 
vail, and, as bearing on this point, Edleston adds that not only 
did the females bred from moorland larve attract wild moor- 
land males in abundance, but they also attracted ordinary 
males from the lanes around Bowdon when placed in his 
garden for this purpose. “Some of the dates of emerenceummom 
at Carrington, are unusually late for the moorland forms; thus, 
in 1858, the 9s had evidently been out some time-on Carrington 
Moss on July r4th, yet, on July 24th, August 2nd and August 7th, 
large numbers of very perfect males “assembled” on the moss to 
newly-emerged 9s; also, in 1859, cad/unae was seen on the wing 
at the foot of Skiddaw, in Cumberland, on June 21st; and large 
numbers of g's were attracted at Carrington Moss on June 27th, 
and, again, on July 8th, yet they were still flying abundantly on 
the moss onthe 18th, and probably much later. These details suggest 
that the more southern moorland ‘ca//unae) forms (e.g., of our midland, 
western, and southern counties) emerge later (late June, July, and early 
August) than in Scotland (end of May and throughout June), and 
one suspects that Prout’s record of a@ taken on an elevated heath in 
the New Forest at end of July, 1894 (one just emerged July 28th, 
and resting on a twig. of #vica with unexpanded wings), may 
well have been this form, which Prout says it approached, although 
hardly agreeing with the best marked specimens of the cad/unae 
variety. On the experimental side, Young tells us that on August 
15th, 1899, a 2 caddunae laid a large batch of ova. These were divided 
into four portions: (1) Kept in living-room, fed on crab and bramble, 
began to spin up Christmas, the first imago, a ? ,appearing on July rst, 
1900, and the rest continued rapidly to emerge on the following days. 
[This result is very similar to that obtained by Nicholson (sur). | 
(2) Fed on bramble and crab, but kept in a cellar, began to 
pupate May 27th, 1900, and no imago had emerged up to July, 
Ig00. (3) Similarly treated as the last, but all died off. (4) Kept 
in a shed out of doors, fed on crab till September, then placed 
(still out of doors) on a growing plant of bramble, partially hyber- 
nated, appeared to eat very little, and got rather smaller; about the 
middle of March placed back in shed, hawthorn and crab given as 
soon as leaves could be obtained, some began to spin up June rst, 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 85 
others still feeding, in July. That the New Forest heaths are common 
ground for those forms of the species with the combined ca//unae 
and guercis habits is clear from Fowler’s note that “larvae occur on the 
heaths and in the lanes, about an inch long in April, are fullfed in June, 
producing, in some cases, imagines in late July and August, whilst 
in other cases the pupz go over the winter and the imagines emerge 
the following June.” On several occasions, he adds, fullfed larve 
have been found in late August, which have pupated in due course, 
and produced imagines during the following June. 

In concluding our notes on this form, we may mention that 
Newman describes (£77. 11, pp. 137—139) fully the superficial 
differences between the larve of L. guercis and L. var callunae, 
foemadtnerences in their habits, &c., and then gives (ec. c7z.,: pp. 
140—141) the following table, many of the characters mentioned 


in which, our own account shows to have no real specific value. 


L. quercus. 

Imago appears in July. 

Takes one year to come to maturity. 

Larva feeds on whitethorn, blackthorn 
and broom. 

The young larva has a dorsal series of 
lozenge-shaped markings, white and 
orange. 

Cocoon smaller and yellower. 

The wing nervures in passing through 
the pale band of the wings assume 
its colour. 

The lower extremity of the transverse 
bands of fore- and hindwings has a 
direction towards the abdomen, more 
especially marked in hindwings. 

Males of a ferruginous-brown colour. 

Imagines smaller than var. callunae. 


Mrs. Battersby quotes (£77, 
as giving the following differences 


L. quercus. 


The white spot on the upper wings (pre- 
sumably) of the ¢ to be seen only on. 
the upper surface. 

The transverse band on the upper wings 
turns inwards and on the under wing's 
forms nearly a semicircle. 


L. var. callunae. 


Imago appears in May. 
Takes two years to come to maturity. 
Larva feeds only on ling. 


The young larva has a dorsal series of 
triangles only. 


Cocoon larger and browner. 
The wing nervures are darker than the 
pale band. 


The directign of the lower extremity of 
the band is towards the anal angle of 
both wings. 


Males umber-brown in colour. 
Imagines larger than ZL. quercis. 


XX., pp. rog—110) Doubleday 
between the two forms: 


L. var. callunae. 


The white spot on the upper wings of 
the ¢ to be seen on the under as well 
as on the upper surface. 

The transverse band on the lower 
margin of the upper wings turns out- 
ward, and on the under wings turns 
downward to the anal angle. 


We suspect Mrs. Battersby is referring here to the quotation 


already noted (anted, pp. 80—81). 


Doubleday also mentioned that 


he considered the form figured by Newman (47itish Moths, p. 43) 
to be the typical form of callunae. Many entomologists have disposed 
of the assumed differences tabulated above, and it is now well known that 
few of them, indeed, are always quite constant even in the same brood. 
There is sufficient general difference in appearance and habit to 
give us, in Britain, two good local races, but there can be no 
doubt that differentiation has not yet reached that point at which 
we consider the variant forms to be species. 

E. var. lapponica, Fuchs, ‘‘ Stett. Ent. Zeit.,” xli., p. 123 (1880). ? Quercus, 
Zetia. Ins app. p. 925 (1840). ? Sparizz, Lampa, ‘Ent. TVids.,”? vii, p. 41 
(1885).—As var. dapponica, I received, in the autumn of 1879, from Herr Kricheldorft, 
a ¢, which, although of the same size as local specimens (38mm.), differs in the 


86 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


shape of the forewings, which are more pointed, and the outer margin, instead 
of being curved, forms a straight oblique line. and is, in fact, bent slightly inwards 
medially. I am unaware whether this is an individual peculiarity or whether it is 
always present in var. /apponica 9. That the wing-form of qwercus varies in 
different localities is shown by my @¢s of var. szcula, the forewings of which are 
narrower and not so round as those of typical guercis ; var. lapponica has them just as 
broad but not so round as those of the typical form. Otherwise, var. /apponica 32, 
like that of var. tevzzata, is one of the dark forms: Its colour is darker yellow-brown than 
the darkest of my Oberursel females. The broad transverse band is brighter yellow, 
which makes it more prominent on all four wings. ‘The fringes of the forewings are 
lighter than in Z. guerciis, those of the hindwings are pure yellow (Fuchs).. 

o. var. olivaceo-fasciata, Cockll., °‘ Entom.,” xxii., p. 3 [with reference to 
‘Ht, Xi. p. 103 (1380) —Ouercus, Prohawk, °° Dnt. (2 cca eee 
fig. 8 (1900). — Lasiocampa quercus olivaceo-fasciata, Entom, Xi., p. 103, due 
to development of green pigment; probably the change in the Cascocampa represents 
the excessive metabolism which normally only attains the brown and black stages 
(Cockerell). The reference (Zztom., xi., p. 103) simply reads: ‘* Messrs. Porritt 
and Varley showed . . . . an olive-banded variety of Lastocampa quercis 
from Huddersfield.” 

This aberration was first figured by Engramelle (fig. 2252) 
from Gerning’s collection, and is described as having “tne band- 
elette greenish.” Borkhausen speaks of this (Sys. Gesch., i., p. 
464), and Guénée also refers to it (Ann. Soc. Lunt. Gene 1858, 
p. 441). Edleston observes (Zool., xvili., p. 6815) that he has two 
olive-brown examples (¢ and 2) from Carrington Moss. Gregson 
notes (#uz., iv., p. 13) a female, of a dark olive-green-brown, with- 
out any markings whatever upon it except a faint indication ‘of the 
central light spot. Porritt writes (7.7) that he bred) oni iimliysaacr 
1873, from a single larva picked up on Crosland Moor, nr. Hudders- 
field, in 1871 (or 1870), the pupal stage lasting two (or three) years, 
a @ of rich chocolate-brown colour, with the bands on all the 
wings and the margin of the hindwings clear olive-green, though 
the olive-green extends over a wider area than the yellow in 
ordinary specimens: By 1883, Porritt noted (Zaz. Vorks. Lep.p. 
29) that two or three others had been bred. Walker notes that, 
from a Crosby larva taken in 1880 which wintered as a pupa, a 2 
was bred with the basal half of the upper- and underwings of a 
dark chocolate-brown banded by a median line of a darker shade. 
Beyond the outer margin of this line lies a broad band of dark 
olive-green, which gradually merges into the ground colour. The 
spot in upperwing pure white. Pearce records (Zzfom., xv., p. 
254) that, on July 28th, 1882, a g emerged at Portsmouth of a deep 
chocolate colour, with the usual white spot in the centre of the 
forewings ; the stripe across both pairs of which is narrow and of a 
deep green colour, and the fringe of the underwings is of the same 
colour as the stripe. The larva was black, with the usual white 
markings; the cocoon was also black. Porritt again notes (2.2.) 
another ¢ and 2 from Rhombald’s Moor in 1893, the @ bred, and the 
male obtained by assembling; another ? is recorded by Porritt as 
bred in June, 1894, from a Huddersfield larva, with a deep chocolate 
band very fairly tinted with dark olive. Tunstall records breeding 
in June, 1898, from a larva obtained on Royd’s Edge Moor, nr. 
Huddersfield, a dark chocolate 2 with the band very faintly traced 
in dark olive; and Porritt states that yet another 2 is recorded 
from Norland Moor, some five miles from Huddersfield in another 
direction. Hewett has three g specimens all from Rhombald’s 
Moor in his collection, taken by ‘assembling,’ and says that the 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 87 


olive-green colour of the band is so apparent that it can be detected 
when the insect is on the wing. The example figured in £n/om., 
XXXili., pl. iil., fig. 8, is stated to have been bred by Purbrook of 
Brighton, its locality not being mentioned. It is described as having 
the pale median band of a light greenish-olive, which gradually 
blends into the marone or purplish-brown margin, the underside 
being similarly coloured to the upper, but somewhat paler. 

a. ab. olivacea, n. ab.—The whole of the wings suffused with greenish, and 
not merely the transverse bands so tinted as is the case with ab. olivaceo-fasciata. 
This form is even rarer than the last-named. 

p. ab. fenestratus, Gerhard, ‘Berl. Ent. Zeits.,” xxvi., p. 128 (1882) ; 
earbyen- Cat... p.. 528 (1892): eestyata, Auriv., ** ims,’ vil., p. 150 (1894).— 
An interesting form, frequently bred from hybernated pupz. The yellow band 
beyond the middle is, on both fore- and hindwings. as also in both sexes, rubbed- 
looking, and the whole surface appears transparent (Gerhard). ‘‘ ? Leipzig.” 

These more or less scaleless specimens, which are often distinctly 
transparent, are frequently bred, and are probably the result of bad 
nutrition in the larval stage. Porritt notes that Varley used to 
breed a form having transparent wings from larve found in the 
Huddersfield district, and many such bred examples are on record 
in our various magazines, generally occurring unexpectedly and 
usually with a number of quite normal examples. Some of these 
have already been noted (anted, pp. 53—54 and p. 31). Staudinger 
diagnoses ab. fenestratus as: ‘‘ Ab. al. extus subdiaphanis.” 

Ecc-Lavinc.—The eggs are laid loosely, our note (anzed, vol. 
il, p. 436) of eggs being attached, evidently referred to eggs of 
Macrothylacia rubt, so also, we suspect, does the record of Ship- 
ston, noted anted, p. 76. The female deposits her eggs with great 
rapidity, over i100 were extruded in an hour, but the stimulus of 
flight appears to be necessary for a female to lay all her eggs 
(Clifford). A captured ? will often lay them freely whilst one holds 
her in the hand (Tutt). Speaking of var. callunae, Parke notes 
(Zool., xXxXi., p. 8647): “From one to two hours after copulation 
(which extends to about three hours), the @ takes wing, and flies 
swiftly in circles over the foodplant (Cal/una vulgaris), reminding 
one of the peculiar oscillating movement of the Aefzalidae, and 
dropping her eggs as she flies. The time thus occupied seldom 
exceeds from z0—4o0 minutes. The @ then settles down and rarely 
lives out the day.” The eggs of all the forms hatch in late summer and 
autumn. In Belgium the egg hatches in August, the larva remains 
small all winter, and lives solitarily (Lambillion) ; eggs from Newton 
Abbot hatched August 4th, 1898 (Holdaway); eggs laid by a 9 
at Polegate on August 12th, hatched September 2nd, 1898 (Carr) ; 
the eggs are laid quite loosely; when extruded the eggs are of a 
pale drab colour, but a few days before hatching they become 
wholly brown; after the larva leaves the egg the shell largely regains its 
original colouring ; eggs laid August 6th, 1886, in S. Devon, hatched 
August 3oth, 1886 (Prideaux); a batch laid August 25th, 1875, 
gave larve September 12th, 1875 (Buckler); a ? at Bulmer de- 
posited r1z ova on August roth, 1899, and 3 others next morning ; 
these hatched August 30th, 31st, September rst and 2nd, some on 
each day (Ransom). Van Segvelt notes (/euz/l. Nat., xii., p. 11 
the hatching of eggs in the body of a ?,a very remarkable phen- 
omenon, and one that suggests some error of observation, 


&8 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


EGG-PARASITE.— Teleas ? sp. (Bartlett). 

Ovum.—Z. guercts (English) : Cylindrical in outline with rounded 
ends; Jength: breadth: height:-4: 3: 3; colour to the nakedmege 

lackish-grey, with the micropyle showing as a black point at one 
end; no depression on the upper surface, but a very smooth area 
occupies the usual position of this depression; under a two-thirds 
lens the opalescent character of the egg is most marked; the ground 
colour is white, marbled with dark greenish-fuscous, .and it is these dark 
fuscous markings that give so a remarkable an opalescent appearance 
to the egg; the surface is covered with minute shiny points, which are 
traceable as the angular terminations of a polygonal reticulation 
which covers the surface, each being placed at an angle of one of 
the polygons forming the reticulation; the points are very irregularly 
placed, hence the reticulation is irregular; the central part of the egg is 
somewhat smoother than the ends; the micropylar area forms a distinct 
depression, black in colour, the cells small, but with a minute 
central stellate structure; the black micropylar area is sharply cut 
off from the surrounding area, which is white. [Eggs laid on July 
3rd, description made July 8th, under a two-thirds lens.] Z. 
var. meridtonalis (French): Oval in outline, but appearing scarcely 
so round as those of var. vzburniz, examined at the same time (azdéed, 
p. 60); distinctly brown or reddish in colour to the naked eye, mottled 
finely with darker; the micropyle reddish, and the depression on the 
upper surface not dark as in var. wiburni; there is no noticeable 
dark part at the nadir of the micropyle. Under a two-thirds lens 
the colour of the egg is seen to be white, marbled thickly over with 
bright reddish, or brownish, opalescent patches, the depression being 
marbled in the same manner as the rest of the eee 3 themsmelmns 
rather less distinctly reticulated than is that of var. vzburnz, but the re- 
ticulation shows as fine shiny threads ina good light, forming a network 
of irregular polygonal structure, the minute black points being distinctly 
marked; the micropyle proper is placed at one pole of the egg in a not 
very distinctly marked depression; the micropylar area is composed 
of a number of very minute red-brown cells with a very tiny central 
depression, the true micropyle; the micropylar area is surrounded 
by an irregular ring of pale, washed-out, red-brown colour, and the 
irregular markings beyond are of two shades, some being pale brown, 
others inclining to reddish-brown; the 12 eggs examined are very similar 
in markings and coloration; the shell reminds one of a piece of 
opalescent tree-sparrow’s egg. 

COMPARISON OF OVA OF LASIOCAMPA VAR. MERIDIONALIS AND L, VAR. 
VIBURNI.—The egg of Z. var. meridionalis is distinctly red, whilst that 
of L. var. véburni is distinctly ochreous in general tint; that of the 
former has no distinct dark patch in the depression on the long side, 
a character which is well marked in the egg of JZ. var. wiburni ; 
the micropylar area of L. var. wiburni forms a distinct depression, 
that of Z. var. meridionalis is very much less defined. 

COMPARISON OF OVA OF LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS (ENGLISH) AND L. 
VAR. CALLUN&. — The two eggs are similar in their opalescent 
appearance. We cannot think of a better simile to describe the 
difference between the egg-shells of these two races, in colour and 
markings, than to say that the egg of Z. guwercis reminds one of 
an opalescent piece of the shell of a thickly-mottled house-sparrow’s 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 89 


egg, whilst that of Z. var. callunae (anted, p. 74) suggests an 
opalescent piece of the shell of a robin’s egg. They are also 
similar in the raised points which are found at the angles of the 
reticulation with which the eggs are covered. The reticulation, in 
both eggs, is more distinct over the ends of the eggs than over 
the central parts. The eggs of both are laid loosely. The eggs 
suggest a wider separation than we had previously considered possible 
between the more isolated forms of the two races. The main differ- 
ences noted were as follows: 

| 1. L. quercus —Blackish-grey, the black micropylar area cut oft sharply from the 
surrounding white area; plumper and rounder, especially on upper surface, where 
there is no depression, only a smooth shining portion marking the position of 
the usually sunken area; micropylar area black, formed of closely-set cells, the 
black area cut off sharply from ground colour. 

2. L. callunae—Pale creamy-brown, the black micropylar area surrounded 
by a ring of large, pale brown polygonal cells, which, in turn, are surrounded by the 
creamy ground colour; the egg flattened at top and bottom (long sides), and with a 
distinct depression on upper surface; the micropylar area composed of distinctly 
open (clearly defined) cells, and not cut off sharply from ground colour. 


COMPARISON OF OVA OF LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS (ENGLISH) AND L. 
VAR. MERIDIONALIS (FRENCH).—In critically comparing an English 
egg of Z. guercés with a French one, we are much astonished 
at their close resemblance, as they at first appeared very differ- 
ent owing to the fact that, whereas the ground colour of the 
egg of the French insect is tinted with reddish and the mark- 
ings tend to a more ochreous-brown colour, that of the English 
guercis has the ground colour clearer white and the markings of 
a more fuscous hue. Still the difference appears a very superficial 
one when closely compared, and the modification, marked as_ it 
appears when the eggs are examined separately, is a very slight one. 
Even the micropylar areas are identical in structure, although different 
in colour, the same minute depressed micropylar point, and the same 
want of defined coloration around the area. The depression on 
the long side, too, is very much less marked in both than in the eggs 
examined of either var. cal//unae or var. viburni. |We have already 
described eggs of British Z. guerctés.as being without a depression; this 
is true of some, but a depression has since been observed in others. | 

HaBits OF LARVA.—The larva hybernates at least one winter in 
all its various forms, but, as var. callwnae, usually in a later stadium 
than does the southern guercés. In spite of this, the latter commences 
to feed up more rapidly in spring, overtakes and passes the cal/unae 
larva, and, pupating in June and early July, the imago appears 
the same year, whilst the larve of the latter, feeding on until 
July and August, pupate then, but do not disclose their 
imagines (except very occasionally) until the succeeding May 
and June. In southern Europe, the metamorphoses take place 
within a year, but, in the high mountains of central Europe, and 
in high latitudes, the ca//unae habit of two years is normal. On the 
south coast of England, ¢.g., at Plymouth, the larve cannot be said 
to hybernate at all; they may be found throughout the winter on 
sunny days feeding in hedges, but they are still very small, and do not 
increase much in size until the spring is far advanced, and, never, in 
this district, have been known to pupate in the autumn of the year in 
which they hatch (Reading). We have also already noted (anced, 


90 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


pp. 77, 83) that occasional instances of exceptionally rapid feeding-up, 
pupation, and emergence have been recorded. Andrews states (Z.JZ.IZ, 
XXXVIL, Pp. 125 ef seg.) that a 2, taken in the New Forest, August, 1900, 
laid some 100 eggs, which hatched in 12 days; the larve fed slowly 
on oak until September zoth, then broad-leaved sallow was given them 
until October roth, and willow until November roth, when bramble was 
substituted. Until this date, each of the larval moults had occupied 
six days, but a moult that occurred now extended over 12 days, and the 
larvee were then put on ivy ; feeding up rapidly, the first larva pupated 
on December 15th and the last during the first week of February, 
except one larva which remained unchanged in its cocoon from early 
January until the middle of February (6 weeks). This was then 
removed to a warm room, where it pupated in three days. ‘The first 
imago appeared on February 23rd, 1901, and between this and March 
2znd,6 gésand 7 9s emerged. A pairing was obtained about the 
middle of March, and 150 eggs resulted ; these eggs hatched at the end 
of April, and the larve were fed during the first stadium on oak, and 
afterwards on willow ; they fed up rapidly, the first larva spinning up on 
July 15th, and the first emergence taking place about August 24th. 
Another pairing was obtained in due course, and fertile eggs from this 
coition are now (October rst, 1901) undergoing development. It 1s 
further interesting to observe that, at the present time, one pupa of the 
brood that spun up between December 15th, 1900, and the first week of 
February, 1901, is still in that state, and, in spite of its being kept in 
the same place and under exactly the same conditions as the rest, 
shows no sign of emergence, and evidently intends passing the winter, 
1901-2 aS a pupa. Ransom observes that the larve feed by night, 
preferably on whitethorn in the Sudbury district, and often hide in 
the grass below the hedges by day; Clifford states that the young 
larve will continue to feed on even into December, if the weather 
be mild, on oak, hawthorn, and hazel leaves, not even rejecting them 
when withered; they prefer to place themselves on the twigs to 
winter, although some will extend themselves upon the ground, 
usually singly, and once they begin to hybernate they continue 
stretched out on the twigs, and, from time to time, move their 
position slightly, recommencing to feed in February and March, 
when they will indulge in a slight repast upon the young vegetation 
springing up from the ground, although they may yet more often 
be found stretched at length on hawthorn twigs. Rea says that, 
at Worcester, larve feed up all the winter without hybernating. In 
the spring, when nearly fullfed, the larve may be found during 
the day in the Strood district, stretched at full length on the stems 
of various bushes, preferably on maple, where they are rather difficult 
to detect except by a well-trained eye, so weil do the lateral 
hairs meet the twigs, and break the shadows that would otherwise 
be formed. The larve, about an inch long, are to be found in 
the Weymouth district in late autumn and spring principally on 
bushes in dry situations, feeding on bramble, whitethorn and_ black- 
thorn, but, in the autumn of 1895, at Portland, although the bramble 
stems on which they are then usually sunning themselves were carefully 
searched, none was found, when, by chance, one was seen upon a 
scrubby piece of dogwood, and further search resulted in 40 being 
found in half-an-hour (Forsyth). Corbin says that the larve must 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 91 


come early from their winter- quarters, as he found several when 
beating leafless hawthorn hedges for females of Aybernia rupica- 
praria. The larve are found in the Reading district by searching 
whitethorn hedges in the daytime; but at St. Helen’s, in the 
Isle of Wight, in 1895, they were found feeding on willow and broom 
by the river Yar, few to be seen by day, but up and feeding in great 
plenty after dusk (Holland). The larve sun themselves on the 
bramble in Folkestone Warren in early June (Pickett). The peculiar 
way in which the larve jerk themselves from side to side if one 
suddenly shouts or whistles near them is perhaps worthy of note, 
and Andrews states that the larve he reared during the autumn and 
winter of 1900—1901, were supplied with a piece of wadding sopped 
with water, in which they would fasten their jaws and draw in the 
igeids atier the manner of cows (#. M. M7, xxxvii., p:. 125); 
Ransom observes that the young larva can suspend itself by a thread 
as soon as hatched, and undergoes the first moult when 12 days 
old. We have already noted that it is the larval habit of true Z. 
quercis to hybernate as a small larva, to feed up in spring, to 
pupate in June and early July, the imagines emerging in July 
and August; whilst the ca//unae larval habit is to feed from June, 
to hybernate as a rather large larva, then to feed on until the 
- following July and August, to hybernate a second winter as a pupa, 
and, finally, for the imagines to emerge in May and June of the 
following year. The normal quercis larval habit, however, is some- 
times modified in undoubted larve of ZL. guerctis, so as to assume 
the callunae larval habit, z.e., occasional larve of true quercis feed 
on until August and pupate late, hybernating a second winter as 
pupz, and producing imagines the following year. Such instances ap- 
pear often to be in direct response to unsatisfactory weather conditions, 
é.g., the inclement summer and autumn of 1891 resulted in the 
larve of £. guercis, in its most southern British localities, going on 
feeding until September and October, when they pupated, and pro- 
duced imagines in July, 1892, a year later than their normal 
time, but others are not to be so explained, ¢g., the single 
example noted by Andrews in his forced brood (supra). 
Occasionally only a single individual of a whole brood will develop 
this habit. The following records are interesting as illustrating this 
particular phenomenon: At Ashbourne, eggs laid August 13th, 
1855, hatched September 5th, fed slightly through the winter, 
pupated from June 23rd, 1856, first imago emerged August st, 
1856, whilst others went over the winter 1856—1857 in the pupal 
stage, emerging in the summer of the latter year (Lighton); larva 
found in May in Suffolk, then 24 inches long, with rusty hairs and 
lilac rings, spun up in August, emerged the following June (Greene); 
larva from Bisterne pupated July 28th, went over the winter, emerging 
the next year, although another obtained at the same time and place 
pupated June 12th, and emerged July 28th of same year (Substitute, 
p. 29); larve and pupze common in hedgerows at Skipwith, but some 
of the pupz go over one winter to emerge the next year (Ash) ; in the 
southern counties, ¢.g., Hants, Berks and Oxon, the number of JZ. 
quercus larve that feed slowly, pupate in autumn, and go over the 
winter as pupe to emerge next year is small; in the New 
Forest, on the contrary, the number is greater, and increases as one 


92 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


goes north (Holland); eggs hatched August 18th, 1864, at North- 
leach, pupation of larve took place during August, 1865, an imago 
emerged June 28th, 1866 (Todd); a larva pupated in 1865 at 
Worcester, produced an imago, July, 1866 (Edmunds); a cocoon was 
picked up at Witney in early May, 1861, having gone through 
the preceding winter as pupa, and emerged in due course in 
the summer (Stone); a @? emerged May, 1861, from a pupa 
found at Stoke, in south Devon, and that had evidently gone over the 
winter in that stage (Harvie); on February 14th, 1865, took 29 
cocoons of Z. qguercis from the bottom of a hawthorn hedge near 
Derby; they were large, brown, and oval-shaped, and produced 
ordinary typical-looking imagines (Tunaley); larva, in summer of 
1870, at Driffield, went over winter 1870—1871 and emerged in the 
summer of 1871 (Dawson); larva, found at Harrow, spun up June, 
1872, emerged July 2nd, 1873, yet another, taken at the same place, 
which spun up July 2nd, 1873, emerged on August znd, 1873 (Bull); 
larva at Christchurch, Hants, in August, 1890, and another at Yar- 
mouth, Isle of Wight, a day or so later, produced imagines which both 
emerged within two or three days of each other in 1891, the earlier, a 
2, on July r4th (Bristowe) ; fullfed larve, taken August 29th, 1891, at 
Folkestone, spun up within a few days, went over the winter as 
pupe, and produced imagines in 1892 (Mackmurdo); larve, August, 
1891, at Folkestone, hybernated as pupz, and emerged June, 1892, 
as typical L. guerctés (Bacot); on sandhills at Stockport, larve col- 
lected in 1895, most of which produced imagines the same season, 
but 1m “went over as pupe and emerged in June wraes 
(Johnson) ; Wicken larve, obtained June, 1891, gave several imagines 
July 12th, &c., of the same year, but some of thes pup sacs 
not disclose imagines till the summer of 1892 (James); of two 
larve at Chester, June, 1891, one produced an imago August gth, 
1891, the other went over the winter as pupa and emerged in 1892 
(Arkle); larvee at Overton usually spin up and produce the imagines 
the same summer, but one emerged July 3rd, 1893, from an 1892 
pupa (Perkins); August 25th, 1894, small larva on ash at Eltham, fed 
up slowly through 1895, passed winter of 1895—-1896 as pupa, emerg- 
ing June 29th, 1896 (Bower); a single pupa of a whole brood 
taken at Mansfield, went over the winter in this stage, and 
produced a typical Z. quercis the next summer (Daws); larve half 
grown, at Wrotham, June 6th, 1897, produced imago August 14th, 
1898 (Carr); larva, at Benfleet, 1897 (or earlier), produced imago 
July 18th, 1898 (Whittle). Tero observes that, on December 17th, 
1882, he reared a specimen of ZL. guercés that had been in the pupal 
stage since 1879. Occasionally an example spins up normally, goes 
over its usual time for emergence, giving one the idea that the winter 
will be passed in the pupal stage, and then emerges late in autumn. 
Such an one is noted by Prout, who bred one from a Sandown larva 
on September 26th, 1900, after it had been three months in the pupal 
condition. The peculiarity of the larval habits of typical JZ. 
guercus, when compared with those of its varieties, makes all 
scraps of information from other than British districts more or 
less important. Not only do we find some larve in many 
British localities following the habit of typical Z. gwercés and others, 
in the same district, under apparently identical conditions fol- 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS, 93 


lowing that of Z. var. ca//unae, but this plurality of habit has been 
noticed elsewhere, and will possibly prove of interest to future workers. 
Nolcken notes that Teich found, in the Baltic Provinces, in 1865, some 
full-grown larve in August that hybernated as pupz, and states 
that, from four larve found in the spring of 1866, he obtained 
three females in June of the same year, the other larva not being 
fullfed at the end of July; whilst Bienert, from a larva found at 
Treiden, and which pupated in July, did not get an imago till the 
June of the following year—suggesting that here (Baltic Pro- 
vinces), as with us, the habit is inconstant. The following dates 
on which larve have been taken have accumulated: May 17th 
—18th, 1899, at Lyntham (Marsden); larve, May 7th, 1871, 
at Southstoke, common every year at Oxton in April and May, 
eg, April 5th, 1895, April 22nd—z2oth, 1896 (Studd); April 28th, 
payne eat Wanstead; April «1th, 1887, June 27th, 1888, July 2nd, 
1890, October 5th, 1897, at Brentwood (Burrows); larve plentiful 
Pam ein, 1372, at Wallasey (Porritt); April 30th, 1871, at Lee; 
May 20th, 1872, at Darenth; May a2sth, 1873, at Lee; April rath, 
1877, at Loughton; April 14th, 1877, at Eltham; May aust, 1877, 
at Warenth; May 24th, 1880,. at Eltham; May 3rd, 1892, at 
Bexley; August 25th, 1894, very small, at Eltham; June rst, 1896, 
fullfed, at Chattenden, August znd, 1898, very small, on an 
elm at Mottingham (Bower); larve, June 12th, 1880, at Rugby 
(Rowland-Brown); June z2oth, 1885, at Abbot’s Wood (Hanes) ; 
May goth, 1887, at Brentwood; May 7th, 1892, at Panton; August 
21st, 1896, at Woodhall Spa; June 15th, 1898, at Woodham Ferris 
(Raynor); May 28th, 1887, at Fermain Bay, Guernsey (Walker) ; 
‘halfgrown at Ferrol, in northern Spain, April 4th, 1889 (J. J. 
Walker); June 27th, 1889, in north Cornwall (Sheldon); April 
17th, 1890, at Whitwell; April 16th — 21st, 1896, at Crosby; 
April 17th—May 4th, 1896, April 17th, 1897, May 5th—rr1th, 1897, 
at Formby ; April 9th—May 6th, 1896, at Wallasey (Freeman); June 
14th — 16th, 1890, at Tancarville (Leech); June, 1891, at Lyme 
Regis; June 3rd, 1892, in Folkestone Warren (Helps); June 13th, 
1891, at Ipswich; April 6th, 1896, at Southend (Williams); June 
18th—26th, 1892, at Folkestone (James); April 24th, 1894, at 
Chilwell (Pearson); April 18th, 1894, at Felixstowe (Morley); eggs 
laid at end of July, 1894, produced larve which, on November 
2nd, were two inches long, pupated December, and emerged April, 1895 
(Nicholson) ; larve, May 28th, 1894, September 26th, 1897, at Newn- 
ham (Lifton); April 30th, 1894, at Salcombe (Turner) ; half-fed, June 
roth, 1896, although fullfed larve had been found May 3oth, 1896; 
others found half-fed in autumn and fullfed in early summer, at 
Enniskillen, suggest an overlapping of JZ. querctis and JZ. var. 
callunae, so far as larval habits are concerned (Allen); larve, April 
15th—zoth, 1897, at Angmering; May 11th, 1897, at Leigh (Doll- 
man); larve, May, 1897, at Chester, some spun up by July 22nd, 
1897, others went on feeding till late autumn (Arkle); June 5th, 
1897, fullfed at Freshwater, Isle of Wight (Kaye); April 17th—May 
r1th, 1897, April 24th, 1898, at Formby (Patton); April 2nd, 1900, 
at Deal, only about one inch long, whilst, on May rst, at Margate, 
eight larvee were found about three inches long (Colthrup) ; Septem- 
ber, 1900, on sallow, at Fleet, June 15th, 1901, on blackthorn, at 


94 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Addington (Russell); April 23rd—May 7th, 1901, on bramble, at 
Epping. June ist, 1901, at Rye, June 5th, 1901, at Marhamchurch 
(Image). Larvae are much more abundant in some years than others 
in many districts, ¢.g., the Chatham and Strood district (Tutt), the 
King’s Lynn district, especially so in 1898 (Atmore), &c., whilst 
Galliers observes (Zz. W. /nt., vi., p, 107) that he and friends alone 
took away more than 250 larve from the ie) sandhills in the 
spring of 1859. 

LarvaA.—Structurally all the forms of the Jarvee of L. guercts 
are identical with that already given of L. var. wiburni (anted, pp. 
60—62) and ZL. var. callunae (anted, p. 75); there is, therefore, no 
need to reproduce the structural peculiarities. [In the first two 
instars, the colour of the larvze of the two French forms is almost 
identical, although considerable differences occur in this particular 
in the later stadia. The following notes, therefore, relating to 
the larve of LZ. var. meridionalis, must be read in conjunction with 
the description of the larva of ZL. var. wéburni already given, and 
if it be observed that they refer more particularly to differences of plum- 
age, it is because the structural characters are identical. These notes, 
which are comparative, were made on the same dates and side by side 
with the larve already described (anéed, pp. 60-—62). 1. Larva from 
Southern France* (L. var. meridionalis): First instar: No certain differ- 
ence observable between the larva in this stage and that of Z. var. 
viburnt. The oblique stripes are, perhaps, rather stronger, but the 
difference is not sufficient to certainly distinguish them, the character 
being more or less emphasised in different larvae (November rst, 
1896). Second instar: No differences noticeable from larve of Z. var. 
viburni; they appear to be identical even to the colour of the hairs 
(November 15th). Zhzrd instar: Exactly similar still except in one 
respect, z.¢., the colour of the hairs on the central dorsal area, in 
the line of the wedge-shaped spots ; the colour of these hairs is much 
lighter in var. merzdionalis than in var. vzburni (December 6th). fourth 
instar: There is now a very marked difference between this and 
var. viburnt. ‘The short downy hair or fur which covers the dorsal 
area, with the exception of the intersegmental areas, is pure whitef, 
as also are the lateral and the long dorsal hairs; there are a few 
scattered black hairs of medium length present as in var. wdburni; 
the only golden-brown hairs on var. mervzdionalis larva now are a few on 
the head, thoracic segments, and gth abdominal, and, in some larve, 
a few scattered patches on lateral area; in all other respects the 
larve appear to be identical (December 27th, Hoe. Lifth instar: 


* This account of the (ns of LI. var. meridionalis w ould have been better 
added to our description of the imago /anted, p. 59), but, having been omitted 
there, has found a place here. 

+ This difference in the colour of the dorsal fur is really an important one, 
for the fur is, perhaps, the most characteristic feature of the larva. The larva 
of L. var. viburnt gives one the impression of a golden-red or -brown larva with 
black bands. Larve of Z. var. mertdionalis from southern France suggest a white 
larva with similar bands. It would be interesting to know if the habits and habitats 
of these two forms of the larva are exactly similar in nature, and, if not, what 
the difference is that produces so striking a change in colour. There must be some 
important environmental factor at work in this direction. The larve of Z. quercus 
trom Dorsetshire differ from both the continental forms in the characters by which 
they have just been distinguished ; they approach, however, nearest to the larvae of 
Irench meridionadis in the third instar, but are somewhat larger (Bacot). 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 95 


In this instar the differences already noted are still more clearly 
marked; traces of the oblique stripes are still present (January 3rd, 
1897). Sixth instar: No real change from previous instar, al- 
though the difference between the larva of var. meridionalis and 
the larva of var. viburnz is still more strongly accentuated ; 
traces of oblique stripes are present in both forms of the larva 
(Bacot, January 17th, 1897).] 2. Larva from Dorsetshire L. 
guercts: 2? Third instar: Very different in appearance from the 
two French forms of the larvae (meridionalis and wiburnt); the white 
markings on face, conspicuous in the French larve*, being usually 
absent (occasionally faintly discernible); the body hairs scanty, and 
almost exactly resemble those of French larvee (of both forms) that are 
still in second instar, although twice as bulky; no trace of the white 
lateral hairs that occur in larve of var. véburn¢d and var. meridionalis 
(December 6th, 1896). ? Fourth instar: Larger than var. meridionalis in 
third, not so large as var. vzburnz in fourth, instar; the larva is longer, 
thinner, and less thickly haired than either form of the French larve, 
and there is quitea bright blue, but narrow, band in the centre of the 
velvety - black intersegmental areas (the blue much more marked 
in some larve than others); the oblique stripes more conspicuous, 
the spiracles also very distinct; usually no trace of white markings 
on face (although they can be faintly traced in a few larve, but in no 
case are they so well marked as in the French larve). The differences 
between the English and French larve are now so clearly marked 
that they can be distinguished at a glance (December 2oth). ? Fifth 
mmstar: ead: Still deep blue, face-markings very faint or absent ; 
if face-markings be present they differ from those of the French 
larve by being divided by a A-shaped mark of the ground colour. 
Body: The dorsal fur much more scanty; the fur varies in colour 
from red-brown on the thoracic, to dull whitish on the abdominal, 
segments ; the whitish dorsal fur on the abdominal segments en- 
croaches, along the mediodorsal line, upon the red-brown hair of the 
thoracic segments; the white subdorsal line, although interrupted, as 
in the French larve, is much stronger, and the oblique lines show up 
more markedly; traces of blue shading are often present on the 
black intersegmental bands; in some larve this feature is specially 
well marked |; the skin surface can still be clearly seen laterally, 
blue mottled with black. In this stage the English larva is more 
striking and rather prettier than the French. In the adult English 
larva the dorsal fur has a dusky, silky appearance, very different 
from the pure white and bright red-brown of var. meridionalis and var. 
viburnt larve; also the long hairs of the English larve are brown, 
whilst in the larvee of both the French races they are white (Bacot, Jan- 


* Some larvze of mixed broods of French meridionalis received later show rather 
more similarity to the English larve, in these particulars, than those of the 
first brood examined. In one or two examples of the mixed lot, the face-markings 
are absent or very faint, and the white wedge-shaped patches on the dorsum 
show up clearly, whilst in several others there were rather more red and orange on the 
sides than was usual in the larvze of the first batch (Bacot). 


Tt In an earlier stage some English larve have the blue shading so strongly 
developed that it almost replaces the black of the intersegmental areas just above the 
subdorsal line (Bacot). Some larve are much darker and bluer when young than 
when fullfed, the blue marks between the segments becoming later of a rust-red 
colour (Whittaker). 


96 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


uary 17th, 1897). Fenn describes the adu/¢t larva as follows: Head 
rounded; lobes of the head dull purple dusted with grey; face 
ochreous marked with brown. Body hairy, except at the segmental 
incisions, cylindrical, rather elongate ; intersegmental incisions velvety- 
black, the remainder of the dorsum covered with soft, fulvous hair 
of moderate and unequal length ; an interrupted white lateral stripe, 
below which the sides are dark purplish-brown marbled with orange, 
with tawny hairs; spiracles white; an oval white (red- or brown- 
centred) spot immediately above the lateral stripe on the meso- 
and metathorax; front edge of prothorax dull orange, and when 
half-fed, with a short, whitish, diagonal dash meeting the lateral 
stripe; venter black, marked with ochreous and tawny at the side, 
and with a series of shiny black spots on the posterior segments ; 
prolegs tawny, with black dashes; legs shining brown spotted with 
black; anal segment tinged with ferruginous (May rs5th, 1875). 
Buckler figures -(Zavvac, &c., pl. xlvil., fig. 20) (a) daneenenm 
aberration of the larva, with long brown hairs, a purplish (bluish) 
supraspiracular line, bluish spiracles, and a small lateral oval mark 
(Bacot’s “ocellar” marking) on the meso- and metathorax. This 
larva was found feeding on sloe. Buckler also figures (loc. ciéz., 
fig. 2), excellently, the typical form of the larva just previous to the 
last moult. Linné describes the larva as: ‘Larva levis, pilosa, 
grisea, nigro annulata, alboque maculata” (Sys. /Va¢., 12th ed., p. 
815). Ramdohr, in 1811, described and figured ( Verdauungswerkzeuge 
der Insecten, pp. 163—166, pl. xvi, figs. 5—6) the intestinal canal 
of the larva of Z. guerctis, and this species was one of those that 
were dealt with, in 1815, by Gaede in his Leytrage zur Anatomie der 
Lnsekten. 


GENERAL COMPARISON OF THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE LARVA 
or L. QuERcUS.—The difterences between the various forms of the 
larva of this species that have been examined—English gwercis, 
callunae, mertdionalis, viburnt, and stcuda—consist chiefly in the 
colour and markings of the head and the colour of the hairs (see 
anted, p. 37). The latter may, for convenience, be considered 
under two heads: 1. The long hairs, more or less evenly distributed 
all over the body. 2. The fine, short, closely-massed hairs of the 
dorsal and subdorsal areas, which form a thick fur. This fur, as 
we have already shown (az/ed, p 36), is most probably of protective 
value, as the hairs forming it are readily detached, and produce 
irritating urticating results if they enter the skin. The following 
are the chief colour peculiarities presented (compare, avzed, p. 37): 

1. Callunae.—Both the long hairs and short fur are dark brown (approaching 
the hairs of M/acrothylacia rubi in colour). [This appears to be the most specialised 
form in an opposite direction to the line of development exhibited by the larva of 
L. var. meridionalis. | 

2. Quercis (English).—The long hairs brown; the short fur dirty white or pale 
dusky brown. 

3. Viburni.—The long hairs white; the short fur bright reddish-brown, 

4. Sicula.—Both the long hairs and short fur as in the larva of vzbernz, but 
possibly a little paler, 

5. Meridional’s.—Both the long hairs and short fur pure white (sometimes 
slightly dusky directly after a moult). |This appears to be the most specialised form 
in an opposite direction to the line of development exhibited by the larva of Z. var 
callunae. | 


No doubt a perfect series of transitional forms, between the 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 97 


larve of cal/lunae on the one hand and meridionalis on the other, 
could be obtained, yet the larve of the races inhabiting the extremes 
of latitude are distinct. In their early stages, the larve of the two 
south of France races, veburnt and meridionalis, are alike, but very 
different from the larve of the two English races, guercis and callunae, 
in the same stadia; the latter races, also, being very similar to 
each other in their early stages. The larva of szcuda follows the 
south of France races, rather than the English forms, but it differs 
from them in tint and in several details of pattern. 

COMPARISON OF LARVZ OF L. QUERCUS (ENGLISH) AND L. VAR. 
CALLUN®.—Comparison of Buckler’s figures of a full-grown larva of 
English LZ. guercis (Larvae, &c., pp. 57 —58, pl. xlvii., fig. 2 6), and of Z. 
var. callunae (loc. cit., fig. 3 2) would suggest considerable difference 
in the plumage of the fullgrown larve; the former having distinct 
white spiracles, a white supraspiracular line (broken by the inter- 
segmental incisions), and red subspiracular line; the latter with 
yellowish spiracles, yellowish supraspiracular line (much less well- 
developed) and no red subspiracular line. ‘This larva of cal/unae is, 
however, scarcely typical of the fullgrown form. Buckler’s comparison 
reads as follows: 

I. Quercus: The general colour of the hairs above the subdorsal stripe of 
a rather light brown, but below and on the ventral surface darker brown; along 
the subdorsal region a large triangular mark or streak of white with black centre ; 
besides the much-interrupted white subdorsal streak on the mesothoracic and 
metathoracic segments, there is, just above it on the black rings, a whitish oval 
or shuttle-shaped mark, with a black spot within it near its anterior margin; the 
white subdorsal stripe appears to be contimuous on all the black velvety parts of the 
body that were not hidden with hairs, for these interrupted it from view about 
the middle of each segment; from the subdorsal stripe oblique white streaks 
flow backwards near the beginning of each segment, those beyond the thoracic 
spotted or mottled with dull red below; above the legs are two whitish and red 
dull stripes, with indications of an interrupted middle line between them ; the oval 
spiracles white. 

2. Callunae: The general colour of the hairs above the subdorsal region 
bright golden-brown, darker or lighter in individuals, but very bright and glossy ; 
below, on the sides, the hairs deep blackish-brown, the ventral surface still darker 
brown and nearly black; the triangular subdorsal mark on the prothorax just 
edged above with white, but chiefly bright red, and the same with the ear-like 
subdorsal marks, of which one is about the middle of the mesothorax and one 
on the metathorax; there ts no subdorsal stripe, but only a row of subdorsal 
spots one behind each segmental division; these spots have much the character 
of atriangular oblique streak of red, having, in some individuals, the anterior 
apex white, but in others wholly bright red; there is only one stripe above the 
legs ; this is red and only obscurely visible; the oval spiracles white, with a fine 
hair-like black line down the centre, marking the aperture. 

NOTE ON LARVA OF L. HyBR. BACOTI.—We have already referred 
(anted, p. 34, footnote, and p. 38) to the fact that the larve resulting 
from the pairing of meridionalis 3 with viburnt 9, ultimately divided 
into two moieties that followed closely the respective parents, at 
least so far as the colour of the urticating fur was concerned. Of 
one special batch, however, that Bacot had under observation during 
the autumn and winter of 1896—1897, he noted that, in the 3rd 
instar, many of the larve exhibited a tendency to be more like 
the British forms; the white wedge-shaped dorsal spots being well 
marked in some larve, and the head, in two cases, resembled that 
of the British races in being without the white mark on the face. 
In the 4th instar, the larve showed extremes of variation, extending 
from the pure white dorsal fur of the typical larva of meridionalis to the 


G 


98 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


red-brown fur of that of wzburni, yet one or two curiously showed a 
tendency to the dusky-coloured fur characteristic of the larva of 
English guercis. There were, however, no truly doubtful forms, 
as those most approaching the English larval type were, in reality, 
but little divergent from the larva of merzdionalis, and were very 
much nearer the latter than the former (January 17th, 1897). Of 
ten larve of this batch that had reached maturity by February 
2oth, 1897, six were of the wburni, and four of the merzdionalzs, 
larval form, except that the latter presented a distinct dusky tinge 
to what should otherwise have been a pure white dorsal fur. [It 
is doubtful whether dirt had not something to do with this latter 
peculiarity | (Bacot). 

Pupation.—The fullfed larva usually spins its cocoon in a 
fork of two or more small branches, or suspends it among the twigs 
of its foodplant, or encloses it between two or more leaves. Harrison 
notes it as spun among small branches of the foodplant in a 
breeding-cage, or placed in a corner either on the floor or roof 
of the cage. Larvze were observed spinning up in the crevices of Castle 
Rock, Lynton, June 22nd, 1899 (Bartlett). Lambillion says that, 
in Belgium, the cocoons are found in hedges, cracks of walls, and under 
moss ; and de Selys-Longchamps observes that they are fixed between 
the branches of trees. Many of those of var. cal/unae are hidden low 
down among the roots of heather on the moors that this particular form 
loves so well. ‘The cocoons of many of those that go over the winter 
in the midlands as pupe may be found among the dead leaves 
at the bottom of hedges, usually spun up in leaves that have fallen in 
the autumn, whilst others still remain attached to a dead leaf or two 
that have been fastened to the twigs by a loose spinning of silk. Tunaley 
notes (xt. Rec., vill., pp. 167—168) that, near Derby, he obtained many 
cocoons by sifting, through the fingers, the dead leaves accumulated 
in the forked branches at the bottom of a hawthorn hedge, during 
the winter. Pickett discovered six cocoons in August, 1900, attached 
to dry bramble leaves, on the Dover cliffs, where the bramble was 
growing very flat and straggling; the cocoons looked very like the 
dry leaves. Once the place is selected, the spinning of the cocoon 
is a short but exceedingly interesting occupation, splendidly 
described by Réaumur (JZémoires, 1., pp. 516—517). After remarking 
on the disproportion between the large size of the larva and the cocoon 
it spins, he enters into details of the making of the cocoon, which 
he describes as an elongated ellipsoid in shape, almost cylindrical, 
with the ends rounded. To spin a cocoon of this shape, the larva 
holds its body bent in different ways at different times, but always 
‘“‘raccourci, au point d’avoir précisement, dans le sens ot il est le 
plus long, une longueur égale a celle du plus grand diametre interieur 
de la coque, et contourné de maniere que les deux parties qui sont aux 
bouts de la plus grande longueur, ont tofijours une courbure 
semblable 4 celle que doivent prendre les deux bouts de la coque. 
Assés souvent la chenille est plige en S. Sa téte et son derriere sont 
quelquetois presque vis-a-vis lun de l’autre, et vis-a-vis le milieu du 
corps, mais placés de differents cotés; quelquefois la téte est placée 
plus prés du milieu du corps que ne lest la queué.. Les deux portions 
du corps, qui representent celles ot I’S s’arrondit, ot elle a_ ex- 
terieurement deux convexités, sont les moules des bouts de la coque. 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 99 


Dans d’autres temps la chenille est pliée en deux, de maniere qu'elle 
forme un anneau applati et allongé. Alors sa téte et son derriere sont du 
coté du ventre ; et c’est tantot lun et tantdt autre qui sont plus proches 
du milieu du corps. Elle varie de mille manieres differentes, soit les 
figures d’S, soit celles d’anneau applati qu’elle fait prendre a son corps; 
mais malgré ces varietés, il y a tofjours deux bouts diametralement 
opposés, qui ont la courbure de ceux de la coque. C'est par degrés 
insensibles quelle échange chacune de ces attitudes, et qu’elle passe 
d’une attitude a une autre. C’est aussi peu a peu, lorsque sa téte 
a appliqué assés de fils vers un des bouts de la coque, quelle la 
conduit vers l’autre bout, pour y ajofiter des fils. Elle fait glisser tout 
doucement son corps, contourné en anneau, le long des parois 
interieures de la coque commenceée, elle le fait tourner, comme on 
feroit tourner un écheveau de fil sur un devidoir, en le tirant avec la 
main, dans le sens ot on veut le faire tourner. D/ailleurs sa maniere 
de travailler n’a rien de particulier ; la téte applique des tours de fil 
tantot 4 un des bouts, tantét 4 lautre, tantdt sur quelqu’autre 
partie de la circonference interieure; mais quand le tissu de la coque 
est devenu une espece de reseau 4 mailles assés serrées, et quia de la 
consistance, c’est alors qu’on peut observer une petite manceuvre 
qui lui est propre, et & quelques chenilles du méme genre. On voit 
tout-a-coup une partie de la coque devenir herissee de poils, qui 
sélevent beaucoup au-dessus de sa surface exterieure. Ce sont 
ceux d'une partie du dos quelle a fait passer au travers des mailles 
de la coque. Elle se donne alors de petits mouvemens, comme pour 
frotter cette partie de son dos successivement en des sens contraires, 
contre la surface interieure de la coque. Quand Ilceil ne pourroit 
pas suivre les petits mouvemens de la chenille, les poils qui sont 
a Vexterieur les apprendroient. On leur voit faire des vibrations, 
sincliner successivement, et assés vite, vers des cotés opposés. Les 
frottements d’une portion du dos contre la coque, tendent a arracher 
les poils dont cette portion est couverte, et qui étant passés dans 
les mailles, y sont retenus en quelque sorte comme dans un étau. 
Les poils sont aussi bientot détachés par cette manceuvre. Des qu ils 
le sont, la chenille se retourne bout par bout, elle conduit sa téte 
a Vendroit oti les poils sont resté engagés en partie dans le tissu de la 
coque; quoiquwils s’élevent 14 au-dessus de sa surface superieure, 
il y a encore une longue portion de chacun en dedans de la coque ; 
ils ly herissent comme par dehors, ce qui n’accomoderoit pas la 
chenille; elles veulent toutes que lorsqu’elles seront en crisalide, 
leur corps soit touché par des surfaces lisses. La téte travaille donc 
a coucher sur les parois interieures, les bouts interieurs des poils, 
et a les retenir couchés par des fils qu’elle tire dessus. Les portions 
exterieures des mémes poils se couchent alors necessairement,au moins 
en partie, sur la circonference de la coque, qui cesse de paroitre 
herissée. Son tissu se fortifie et devient plus opaque. Enfin, quand 
la chenille s’est entierement épilée, que tous ses poils ont été bien 
arrangés et bien attachés, on ne peut plus l’appercevoir au travers de la 
coque. L’ouvrage est conduit 4 ce point en trois heures, mais il 
nest entierement fini qu’en neuf a dix heures; et alors l’interieur 
de la coque est tapissé d’une couche de soye bien lustrée.” 
Réaumur then says that ‘when the larva wishes to rid itself of its 
hairs it pushes them through the interstices of the cocoon, This 


100 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


does not offer any special difficulty. Imagine the larva twisted up 
in its cocoon, its hairs flat on its body and all pointing in one 
direction—z.e., towards the rear. If it advance, roll round, or 
twist about, head forward, its hairs will always he flat; but if it 
endeavour to go backwards its skin sticks up and its hairs will 
be pushed against the walls. of the cocoon, and all those that 
happen to be opposite interstices will be pushed outside; by 
repetitions of these movements it will ultimately get rid of all of 
them.” He further notes that, in the neighbourhood of Paris, the 
pupal stage lasts at least a month, the imagines emerging through the 
whole of August. This is, of course, forthe type. The pupal stage, how- 
ever, even of the type is often extended to 13 months, that of the var. 
callunae is normally 9-10 months, but frequently extends to 21-22 months. 
Still longer pupal periods are on record, and one finds several 
noticed also in a continental magazine (Zz. /Vachr., v., pp. 218, 257— 
258, 285), ¢.g., a g bred July 2nd, 1879, from a pupa of the summer 
of 1876 (Stein), &c. 

Cocoon.—The cocoon is cylindrical, rounded at both ends, 
composed of dense silk, intermixed with the _ short dorsal 
fur of the larva, masses of the urticating hairs that form the 
dorsal fur, often lying loose in the outer web by which the cocoon 
is attached to the twigs, &c., among which it is spun; they also 
stand out directly from the cocoon proper, and hence careless 
handling of the cocoon is almost sure to result in breaking off 
some of the fine points in the skin. 1. Z. var. vzburnt: A cocoon ex- 
amined (containing ¢ pupa) is 28mm. long and 14mm. wide, forms a 
compact cylinder with rounded ends, rather brittle, pale yellow- 
brown in colour, composed of closely felted silk with a paper-like 
texture, some hairs on surface mixed with silk, some fine flossy 
silk on outer surface of cocoon which forms means of attachment 
to twigs, leaves, &c., among which larva spins up. The cocoon, on 
being opened, is seen to consist of double walls, the inner of fine 
whitish material, wafer-like in appearance, but thin and papery in 
texture, easily separated from outer coat, coming off in thin flakes. 
A @ cocoon of the same batch is 34°5mm. long, 15°5mm. wide, and 
about 12°5mm. in thickness; the inner lining thinner and more papery 
in texture than in § cocoon. ‘The cocoons of Z. var. meridionalis from 
southern France are like those of DL. var. viburnt. 2. The cocoon of 
L. quercis (English) [compared with that of Z. var. wburni|: Much 
darker, softer, more silky as regards outer casing; 25mm. long, 
r12‘5mm. wide; tougher, thinner, less brittle; the inner wall not 
peeling so easily from outer wall, also very thin, silky, less wafer- 
like. 3. Z. var. callunae (Scotch) : Very large, 30-36mm. long, 15-16mm. 
wide; similar to those of English JZ. guerctis as regards quantity 
and general appearance of inner lining, but of closer texture, and 
harder externally. [Possibly the paler colour of the cocoons of the 
southern (French) forms is due to a drier atmosphere, for some cocoons 
of Z. hybr. dacotz, allowed to pupate in glass jar instead of the ordinary 
cardboard box, are quite as dark as the cocoons of Z. var. callunae. | 
(Bacot). 4. Réaumur describes the cocoon of Parisian quercis as: 
“Brown, its exterior apparently smooth, but’ bristling with. stiff 
hairs to the touch; an elongated ellipsoid in shape, almost cylin- 
drical, with the ends rounded.” 5. Andrews notes (£. M. MM; 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 101 


XXXVll., p. 125) that the first covering of the cocoon consists of web ; 
the second consists of a glutinous secretion—probably the web itself 
in a liquid state—which the larva smears over the first; and the final 
coat is web again ; the hairs of the larva are also mixed ‘with the outer 
covering, and, in consequence, handling the cocoons causes a certain 
amount of irritation. 6. Nicholson observes that the cocoons 
made by larve of ZL. guercis and ZL. var. callunae, that had been 
bred side by side, were not really different in appearance; some in 
each set varied from dark brownish-black to greyish. Crallan notes 
that he obtained both light and dark cocoons from larve collected 
on Hayward’s Heath (and that never fed on ling), but that there 
was no difference in the imagines bred therefrom. Ross notes 
(Zool., 1846, p. 1346) that the empty cocoon, when burnt in candle 
flame, turns first to white ash, then becomes equal in intensity to 
the “Bude light”—a brilliant phosphorescent white of dazzling bright- 
ness. 

Beps—— i. 2. var. meridionals: ~§- 24mm. in ‘length, 
11mm. in width (from end of wing-cases to shoulders), about 
9°5mm. in thickness just at tips of antenna-cases which are much 
raised. Ventrally: The wing-cases reach to end of 4th abdominal 
segment, giving a very wide and heavy appearance to pupa; 
segments 5, 6, and 7 taper rapidly to anus, forming a relatively 
short cone attached to the more oblong portion formed by thorax 
and wing-cases; the head blunt, almost square in outline. Dorsally: 
The pupa tapers gradually from the 1st or znd abdominal segment 
to anus; the thoracic plate is markedly convex, and appears stout 
and strong; colour, red-brown, pale on ventral surface of abdominal 
segments, dark on dorsal area, almost black on thorax and head ; 
wing-cases dark brown. General notes: The antenna- and leg-cases 
very marked, the former much raised; the head small, but stands 
out clearly from thorax; the eye-cases prominent; spiracles black 
raised bosses, with a deep, slit-like pit in centre, those on 7th 
abdominal specially prominent; anal end evenly rounded ; cremaster 
consists of a thick mass of short, stout, pointed bristles, most 
conspicuous dorsally ; a few fine, short bristles round the spiracles 
on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th abdominal segments; the fine sharp pitting 
on surface suggests that the pupa was ancestrally covered with 
fine hairs (like that of Macrothylacia rubi), 92. 32mm. in length, 
14mm. in width, and 11°5mm. in thickness; greatest girth at 4th 
abdominal segment, at end of wing-cases; tapers considerably 
towards head; wing-cases not projecting from sides (so much as in 
g pupa); the antenna- and leg-cases not so prominent; otherwise 
the 2 pupa is structurally very similar to that of g. 2. L. var. viburni 
(from southern France): Pupe of two males examined; only 
difference from above is that the pupa of Z. var. viburni is more squat, 
shorter, and comparatively broader than that of Z. var. meridionalis. 
3. L. guercis (English): ¢. 22mm. long, 11mm. wide, about 9mm. in 
thickness. No difference to be detected between the pupz of English Z. 
quercis, and French Z. var. meridionalis. The difference in the curve of 
antenne is very different in both English guercés and French meridionalis 
from that of the pupa of Z. var. viburnt, probably due to greater width 
of the latter. There is no development in the g pupa suggestive 
of the strongly pectinated antenne of the g imago, although the pupal 


102 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


antenne are rather more prominent and raised in the male than in 
the female (Bacot). Fenn notes the pupa as: ‘‘ Very stout, segmental 
incisions and appendages strongly indicated, spiracles prominent, 
anal extremity blunt and bristly ; colour purplish-brown.” 

COMPARISON OF PUP OF LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS AND COSMOTRICHE 
POTATORIA.—The pupa of JZ. guwercts, compared with that of C. 
potatoria, 1s shorter, stouter, bright red-brown in colour, and not 
dark (almost black) mahogany-brown, the shell semitransparent 
and more fragile than is that of C. pofatoria. The antenna-cases 
of the pupa of C. fofatorta have more in common with those of the 
pupa of ZL. quercis than with those of Eutricha quercifolia; those 
of L. guerctis are raised, and curved in transverse section, rather 
than broad and flat; they taper gradually and are not sharply 
elbowed; those of the g are rather longer than those of the 9, 
rather broader, and much more raised above the general surface, 
and, in both sexes, they project beyond the second pair of legs and form 
the apex of the angle between the wing-cases. The pupal antenna-cases 
of $ C. potatoria and 2 L. querctis have decidedly more in common than 
have those of the opposite sexes Z.¢., f L. quercts and 2 C. potatoria), 
and as regards prominence though not width), those of g C. potatoria 
agree better with those of 9: Z. guercds than with these wemna 
L. quercus. VYhe anal portion of the pupa of 2. guercas@iswiless 
smoothly rounded, and covered with a growth of stout, recurved, 
chitinous bristles. The face-parts appear to be identical, although 
their relative proportions may differ slightly, but the pupal head of 
L. querctis projects slightly ventrally, which is certainly not the 
case with that of C. potatoria. ‘The pupe of ZL. guercés and C. 
potatoria agree in being comparatively smooth and shiny, whilst that 
of Z. guercifolia is so dusted with white powder that the skin shows 
a marked bloom ( Bacot). 

DEHISCENCE.—The dehiscence of the pupa of Z. “guercis takes 
place along the mediodorsal line from meta- to prothorax, the latter 
being entirely detached from the rest of the case, and, in all the pupz 
examined, has dropped out. The fracture extends along the front 
of the antennz about as far as the base of the second pair of legs, 
and between the antenna- and wing-cases, for a little less than half 
the length of the former. There is also a fracture between the 
wings and the mesothorax for about half the length of the latter, 
whilst posteriorly the break extends between the meso- and meta- 
thorax, and between the fore- and hindwings as far back as the 
spiracles on the 3rd abdominal segment (Bacot). 

FooppLants.— Quercus, Betula, Prunus spinosa, Erica, Salix 
(Linné), bramble (Brown), blackthorn, whitethorn, maple (Tutt), 
Rosa canina, Betula alba (Lambillion), Cornus sanguinea (Allchin), 
sallow (Freeman), plum, pear, raspberry (Edelsten), hazel, fruit- 
trees (Ruhl), Savothamnus, Salix sp. preferred, Cadduna (Hering), 
Rubus saxatilis (S. E. Z., xxxix., p. 438), Portugal laurel (Wilson), 
dwarf sallow (Porritt), laurel, ivy (Pitman), meadowsweet (Arkle), 
sand-rose (Gardner), broom (Holland) ash, elm (Bower), Aippophaes 
rhamnotdes (Raynor), leaves of many trees and some low plants, 
apple, &c. (Caradja), Vaccinium myrtillus, &c. (Meurer), V. udligin- 
osum, Arbutus and fruit-trees (Cunt y Martorell), ews (Garbowski), 
Cytisus (Nesbitt), aspen (Nolcken), gorse (Turner), rose (Charles), 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 103 


Erica arborea, Scoparia, Viburnum, Arbutus, Cytisus  hirsutus 
(Milliére), black poplar (St. John); Sorbus, Prunus padus, Populus 
alnus, Rubus (Favre), strawberry (Butler). 

PARASITES.—Cryptus obscurus, Gr. (Rogenhofer), C. migrator*, 
Fab. (Fitch), ro gs and 1 @ bred, February znd, from one cocoon, 
and 3 gs, May oth, from another cocoon (Bignell); C. “tlator, 
Gr. (Tugwell) ; Ophion ventricosum, Gr. (Marshall) ; Ophion undulata, 
Gr. (Perris) ; Gassus nigritarsus, Gr. (Bignell) ; Limneria rufa, Bridgn., 
bred from half grown larve, the ichneumon larve emerging from the 
living caterpillars, April 5th and 21st, and making oval black cocoons 
(Bignell) ; AZetopius dentatus, Fab. (Farn); J. mucratorius, Fab. 
(Norgate); Gravenhorstia picta, Wiegm. (Giraud); Zhryptocera bicolor, 
Meig. (Bignell). [Patten observes that in the Wye valley, in the 
wet summer of 1889, the larve were attacked by a species of slug. 
Tempel of Chemnitz notes that in 1897 he found in larva of this 
species two tapeworms, about 25cm. long and 2mm. in diameter, 
which were determined as belonging to the genus Mermis. Fom a 
larva of the same species Werner also obtained three white Fi/ariae, 
7—7z ins. long (S. Z. Z., 1842, p. 158).] 

Hapirs anD Hapirat.—The males fly swiftly by day, especially 
in the afternoon sun, and are attracted by a newly-emerged female 
in a very marked manner (vide, anted, p. 41). One of the most 
interesting of the many accounts of this habit, is that detailed 
(Entom. Record, x., pp. 106—107) by Williams, who notes that larve 
were found on ivy near Southend, April 8th, 1898, spun up in due course, 
the first on May 30th, 2 emerged July 7th, taken out on 8th, 2 carried 
in a tin box and afterwards hung up on branch of tree in a muslin 
cage, about 4 feet from ground, but 2 males only arrived; on the 
way back, at 3 p.m., 13 males attracted by the 2 within closed 
tin box, and, on the roth, more were attracted by same ?. Another 
? emerged July 11th, and towards Leigh (the ? being in tin box, 
and this inside a closed leather bag) males were attracted in numbers ; 
whilst near Hadleigh Castle, as he held the tin in his hand, the 
males came up to it, against the wind, dashing round, sometimes 
three or four at a time, and occasionally settling on the tin. 
Fifteen absolutely perfect specimens were taken home, but a hundred 
or more could easily have been captured if required. On the after- 
noon of July 2oth (nine days later) the bag (containing the tin in 
which the ? had been) was being carried near Leigh, when many 
males were attracted, and the bag being placed on the ground, some 
gs entered it to investigate. Clifford notes that, in Kent, on 
August 1st, 1871, he placed newly-emerged ?s in a box, which was 
soon surrounded by males, whilst others flew around it ina circle. The 
presence of the males was recognised by the captive females, who be- 
came excited. No males came after 2 p.m., nor did any @ attract a 
g after she had once paired. Daws says that in the Penzance 
district the males assemble in swarms to a newly-emerged female, 
and Burrows notes that at Land’s End on August 11th, 1890, 
he found the males assembling to a wild 9. Lampa writes 
(Ent. Tids., 1886, pp. 155—158) on the assembling of this species, 

* Under the name of C. bombyct, the life-history of this parasite is well 
aL aii), and illustrated by Bodidier (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, v., pp. 357—365, 
pl. viii), 


104 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


which he considers to result entirely from the sense of smell. 
Wonfor records (AZ. Micr. F., vi., pp. 251—252) that 2 L. var callunae 
in Jersey will assemble typical ¢. Z. guerctis; Thornhill records 
a similar fact (see anéed, p. a1): which is interesting in the face of 
Harding’s statement (Zool. p.. 1731), that ? catlunae would not 
attract 3g guercis. This, Lawes is less remarkable than John- 
son’s observation (/zz., ix,, p. 62) of a g guerctis being attracted 
by a virgin 2 Sachygastria ¢trifolit in Jersey (see also Zeller, 
anted, p. 41).  Bacot observes that if pairing is going to take 
place the -male is usually much excited as soon as*jeemms 
placed with the female, and copulation generally takes place at 
once; the moths do not remain paired more than 15 minutes, 
often less; a male has been known to pair with two females ,in 
quick succession, whilst Poskin, in 1898, observes (Rev. Soc. Ent. Namur., 
lll., p. 22) that he had four newly-emerged @s in his laboratory at 
Gembloux, when, soon after midday, a ¢ flew against the window, 
and which, being admitted, at once paired with the first female it met ; 
the copulation lasted about a quarter of an hour; immediately 
after separation, the ¢g paired with a second @, and then with a 
third, after which the ¢ tried to escape. Ruthl says that the male 
flies by day in the Zurich district, whilst the ? is often beaten from 
bushes in July. The female oviposits when flying at dusk. We 
have taken it between g p.m. and 10 p.m. at Strood flying along hedge- 
rows, and Ford notes one netted at night in 1891 at Hastings, which 
ejected more than roo ova (see also ated, p. 87). Jones re- 
cords the capture of two females at light at Eltham (azfed, p. 41) ; 
Dewey observed them in abundance at electric light at East- 
bourne, and Lowe records specimens coming up to the light at Aigle, 
July 3rd-4th, 1898; a malewas captured at light at Salisbury in July, 1896, 
by Ridley, and Fenn captured a @ at light on July 17th, 1875, at 
Eltham. Bevis notes that on April 8th, -1883, between Siena and 
Monastero, he saw a male with a dry piece of blackthorn that had 
become attached to it by means of a thorn that had passed 
through its abdomen. It had evidently become entangled and 
broken off the piece which had lacerated its wings as well as 
abdomen, and, when observed, it was making a noise like a grass- 
hopper on the wing. Barrett notes (Z.AZM/, iii., p. 259) that, in 
August, 1866, he observed scores of males of this species trying to 
fly over the crest of the hill crowning Hindhead, while the wind, 
which was very powerful, constantly drove them back; they 
would come beating and tacking up the side of the hill, often 
dashing into the heath and getting up again, until they got fairly 
on the edge, when the wind would carry them back hundreds of 
yards and hurl them into the valley below, when the same per- 
formance would be gone through again. So numerous were they 
that though the wind made a perfect plaything of the net, over thirty 
were caught in an hour. Reid notes that in Aberdeenshire the 
imagines are destroyed in great numbers by ‘‘the black-headed gulls.” 
Hedges, lanes, outskirts of woods, coast sandhills, sea-cliffs and 
downs are the chief habitats of typical Z. gwercts, as moorlands 
are the chief home of Z. var. cal/dunae, which is, in this country, 
indeed, a moorland rather than a mountain race, although its 
most marked characteristics are more strongly developed on the 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 105 


moors among the Scotch mountains than elsewhere. Some of the 
habitats given for the typical form are noted as follows: The males 
fly swiftly up and down the cliffs in the afternoon sun at Dover 
and Folkestone (Pickett); hedges in Guernsey and Sark (Luff) ;. 
the favourite localities in Notts appear to be hedgerows, but 
the males fly freely in wood ridings, and have been observed 
flying round, and settling upon, oak (Lievers); in lanes on 
bramble and hawthorn at Salisbury (Ridley); in woods and on 
hedges throughout Sussex (Nicholson); on the sandhills at Wallasey, 
Crosby and Formby (Freeman); larve always abundant on hedges 
in the Eastbourne district (Montgomery); on heather in the New 
Forest (Edelsten); hedges in the Brighton district (Merrifield) ; 
hedges in the Gloucester district (Merrin); hedges by roadsides in 
Lincoln district (Musham); whitethorn hedges at Reading, but on 
willow and broom on the banks of the Yar in the Isle of 
Wight (Holland); hawthorn and bramble hedges at Skipwith (Ash); 
on whitethorn hedges at Buckingham, especially abundant from 
1869 to 1873 (Slade); very abundant in some years on the sand- 
hills of the Lancashire and Cheshire coast (G. O. Day); especially 
so on the Wallasey sandhills, where 250 larve were taken in June, 
1859 (Galliers); in damp hedgerows about Chester, feeding on 
meadow-sweet (Arkle); on the cliffs in great abundance between 
Weymouth and Portland (Burraud) ; on hedges at Benfleet (Whittle) ; 
very abundant on the sandhills at Culleenamore, the larve feeding 
on dwarf sallow (Russ); on the sandhills among sallow at Wallasey 
(Ellis) ; in hedges and country lanes, as well as moors and coast 
sandhills, at Durham (Robson); on the downs at Emsworth 
(Christy); on rough ground at edge of the cliff at Bembridge, the 
males flying in swarms (Kaye); heaths, hedges, meadows, parks 
railway banks in Hants and Berks, the males flying swiftly up and down 
ridings in woods, &c. (Clarke); low growing ivy in woodside 
hedges produce most unstung larve, a large proportion of those high 
up are ichneumoned (Williams); hedgerows at Darenth (Newman) ; 
hedges by roadside at Darenth, Lee, Eltham, Bexley and Chattenden, 
in the open forest at Loughton (Bower); chiefly in lanes about 
Norwich (Pitman); on sallow bushes by the seashore at Sandown, 
on hawthorn hedges near the sea at Southend, on bramble close to the 
seashore at Deal (Prout);on hedges in the Dept. Loir-et-Cher (Harrison). 
Nolcken says that in the Baltic Provinces the species prefers birch 
trees in swampy places, and Favre observes it as very common in the 
Valais throughout the whole region of deciduous trees. 

TIME OF APPEARANCE.*—The type occurs throughout July 


* We cannot insist too strongly on the apparent vagaries as to the time of 
appearance observable in certain broods of this species when reared artificially, 
Schulz notes (Gerl. Ent. Zeits., xlv., Sitz. p. 40) that he had eggs of var. szcula, 
from which larvee emerged at the end of September, 1897, that they fed on through 
the winter on ivy, the first imago appearing February, 1898, a large number appear- 
ing in March, after which no more emerged till July, when a few made their 
appearance, the remainder, about 30, being still alive and going over the winter 
as pups. He further observes (Zoc. ect., p. 61) that the larvee of var, alpina leaves 
the egg in August, hybernates small, usually under the snow, pupates the following 
July or August, hybernates again as pupa, the imago emerging the following June. 
Eggs of this var., sent by him from the Alps to Klooss, in 1899, produced larvee 
in August, in Berlin, which fed right on and pupated during December of the 
same year, occupying only some four months from egg to pupa. The dates of the 
emergence of the imagines are not stated. 


106 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


and August (occasionally at the end of June, when the 
examples have possibly passed the winter as pupe, and rarely 
at the commencement of September, when ‘they have been delayed 
as larve) in England; average dates elsewhere, July 1st — 20th 
in Belgium (Lambillion); regularly in August in the Scilly Isles 
(Adkin); larve fullfed in May, imagines in July and August in 
the Channel Islands (Luff); larve fullfed in June, imagines in 
July, in the Zurich district (Ruhl); larve fullfed in June, imagines 
in July, in Pomerania (Hering); males on the wing from July 
roth—13th at Gipfel, on the Brocken (Bartling); in July in Trans- 
caucasia (Romanoff); June to September in Sicily [where it occurs 
as vars. spartit (? viburni), sicula and roboris| (Mina - Palumbo) ; 
June to October in the Loire-Inférieure (Bonjour); second week 
in July in the Dept. Loir-et-Cher (Harrison); at the end of July and 
commencement of August, at Aix-les-Bains and Chambéry ; the first 
and second weeks of August at Torre Pellice (Tutt) ; June 2oth—July 
26th are average dates in Austria, one from Kessen on September 7th 
(Fritsch); from the middle of June lasting well into July in the 
Baltic Provinces (Nolcken); a larva, August | 6th, 1876 3eioeme 
Iser-Gebirge, pupated the middle of the same month, but, though 
kept warm during winter, refused to emerge till June roth, 1879, 
when it produced a normal g in Arctic Norway, whither its possessor 
had travelled (Schilde); larve at Buchenau, in the Linz district, 
on May 14th, 1896, pupated May 6th—zoth, emerged June roth until 
beginning of July (Himsl). The following are dates on which imagines 
have been bred or taken: Between July 16th—August 16th, 1849— 
1859, larve best ‘Searched for about May 16th "to sendmees 
first week in June in the Brighton district (Merrifield); July 31st, 
1856, at Shanklin (Trimen); July 14th, 1857, at Wandsworth (Black- 
more); imagines flying July 27th, 1858, at Marlow, larve from Marlow, 
spun up june roth) emerzed July 16th, 1850 (Clarke) ems: 
common, May r2th—r1gth, 1860, imagines bred July 16th—zoth, 1860; 
larve May 2znd—13th, 1861, imagines bred May 28th and onwards; 
larve April 28th, 1862, all at Lee; larve June roth—r4th, 1863, at 
Portscatha; imagines August 5th, 1866, at Bexley; August 3rd 
—8th, 1867, at Deal; larvae May ist, 1875, at Tilgate, bred July 
18th, 1875; July 17th, 1875,a @ at light at Eltham; August rst, 1875, 
at Deal; larve June roth, 1885, at Lee (not seen in Lee district since), 
imagines July 13th—August 5th, 1889, at Deal; larve June 17th, 
1893, at Chattenden; April 21st, 1894, larvae common at Farning- 
ham; April 3oth, 1895, larve abundant at Swanley; May, 1896, 
larve common at Eynesford (Fenn); average dates from June 26th 
to August 6th in Chatham district (Chaney); bred July 15th, 1866; 
? August 14th, 1866, at light at Lee, another @ at light, July 
20th, 1873, at Eltham, yet another -2, July. oth, 1874) tatoos 
at Lee (A. H. Jones); bred July 17th, 1871, trom Wanstead, 
July 23rd, 1889, at Brentwood; caught August rith, 1890, 2 males 
that were assembling to wild @ at Newlyn, nr. Penzance; July 
22nd, 1893, at Bentley, August 5th, 1901, at Mucking (Burrows) ; 
larve May 7th, 1871, gave imagines July 26th—3:1st, 1871 ; 
a 9 captured July 31st, 1871, at Southstoke; larve July 5th, 1892, 
pupated August 19th, &c., at Frimley; bred commonly at Oxton, 
August 13th, 1895, July 16th—2gth, 1896, August 7th—1 1th, i896, July 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 107 


rith—zoth, 1897, July 31st—August 4th, 1897, July 21st—August 
6th, 1898, @ taken July 31st, 1897, laid eggs which hatched August 
2oth; July 22nd—August 6th, 1899, at Oxton (Studd); larvae, May 24th 
—July 9th, 1873, at Norwich, produced imagines, July 4th, 8th, 12th, 
&c., 1873 (Laddiman); a pair zz cop., August 25th, 1875, at Ems- 
worth (Buckler); August 4th, 1875, at Bulmershe, July gth, 1876, 
at Wokingham, July 28th, 1889, at Goring, July rath, 1891, at 
Padworth, July 24th, 1892, at Mortimer (Holland); August 6th, 
1881, at Netley, larve at Hitchin, May 31st, gave imagines August 
2nd, 1882, also fullgrown larve at Hitchin, May 3oth, 1883 (Durrant) ; 
bred July 25th, 1882, August 6th, 1885, August 27th, 1889, from 
Purbeck larve (Bankes) ; pupated June 22nd, emerged August 17th, 
1882, at Carmarthen (Wilson); bred a 9, August 3rd, 1883, in 
Guernsey, males assembled freely to her in garden (Lowe); in 
Magers s5, males, at ot. Ives (Nors, 277., xix., p. 178); July 
27th, 1885, at Bletchingley, July 22nd, 1896, at Hitchin (Barclay) ; 
July 8th, 1882, July roth, 1885, July 12th, 1887, July 29th, 1895, at 
Reading, July 8th, 1894, July 12th—19th, 1895, at Folkestone (Butler) ; 
August 4th, 1886, and following days; on the first-named day gs 
assembled to @ when in a boat more than a mile from shore; 
July 18th, 1895, males flying in south Devon; July 22nd—2z3rd, 
1895, males assembled to female in Isle of Wight, the @ attracted 
most strongly when about 48 hours old (Prideaux); July 2nd, 
1887, at Armagh (Johnson); larve at Portland, September 11th, 
1895, larve, April 19th, 1889, produced imagines July 23rd — 
PueMse2tst, 1660 (Brown); 2 bred June 27th, 1889, males 
attracted same date, others, July 4th, 1889, at Rainham (Raynor) ; 
July 31st, 1890, at Whitwell (Freeman); August 24th, 1890, at Brid- 
port, August 18th, 1891, at Street, August 25th, 1894, at Braunton, 
larve June 22nd, 1899, at Lynton, gave imagines July 29th, 1899 
(Bartlett), larva May 28th, 1890, at Benfleet, gave an imago July 31st, 
1890, another larva June 8th, 1896, gave imago July 19th, 1896; imagines 
just commencing to emerge ‘July 11th, 1894, at Southend ; larve June, 
1897, bred July 15th, 1897, and following days, also one imago from 
these 1897 pupx, emerged July 18th, 1898, all from Benfleet (Whittle) ; 
July 21st, 1890, between Aberdovey and Glandovey (Arkle); August 
12th, 1890, at Weston-super-Mare (Lifton) ; June 28th—July 17th, 1890, 
at Brockenhurst (Blagg); imagines in early June, 1891, at Brentwood 
(Mera); ¢, July 24th, 1891, at Eissell (Morley); swarming on the cliffs 
at Swanage in early August, 1891 (Alderson); August 15th—za1st, 1891, 
at Bembridge (Kaye); July 17th, 1891, males at Pembroke (Jeffreys) ; 
July rith, 1891, a @ drying its wings at Theydon Bois; many 
moths emerged from July 12th, 1891, onwards, from Wicken larve 
of the year, but some pupz went over until the summer of 1892 

July 27th, 1894, males flying at Dartford; males common at Polegate, 
August 1st and 2nd, 1894, apparently indifferent to wind and heavy 
rain (James); July z1st, 1892, in New Forest (Simes); captured 
July z9th—August 15th, 1891, July 27th, 1893, August 6th, 1894, 
August 6th, 1895, July 21st, 1896, at Sandown; bred from same 
locality, July 28th, 1894, August 2nd—r1zth, 1899, September 26th, 
1900 (after being 3 months in pupa) ; captured July 3oth, 1898, at 
Torquay, September 4th, 1900, at Niton; bred July 16th, 1893, from Deal 
July gth, 1893, from Southend, July 24th—z26th, 1894, from Pett, 


108 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


several males assembled July 27th, 1894, in New Forest, ? newly 
emerged, July 28th, 1894, in the New Forest (Prout); in July, 1893, 
at Barmouth (Helps) ; in June at York (Walker); July 21st, 1894, 
July 15th, 1896, July 20th, 1898, at King’s Lynn (Atmore); end 
of July, 1894, at Cromer, a 2 caught July 26th, 1894, laid eggs, 
which produced larve that pupated May and June, 1895, the 
imagines emerging from June 4th, 1895, onwards (Nicholson) ; 
larve, May 28th, 1894, at Bungay, emerged July 11th, 1894 
(Clutten) ; larvz, June 13th, 1894, at Cannock, emerged July zoth, 
1894 (Freer); June 4th, 1886, July 29th, 1895, at Emsworth 
(Christy); July 1oth—August 17th, 1894, these dates are about 
an average for most years at Mansfield; July 4th, 1895, till end 
of month, first noticed in 1898 on August ist, and in 1899 on 
July 15th, at Penzance (Daws); July 21st, 1895, from Beverley 
(Hewett); July 21st, 1894, at Wisbech, July 12th, 1896, at Monks 
Wood (Glenny) ; july. Fink 189m. at Lynton, bred June 15th, 16th, 
1896, at Worcester (Rea); larvae, June rith, 1895, emerged July 
19th, 1895, from Polegate, imagines July 24th, 25th, 1897, at 
Eastbourne; larve, April 13th, 1895, gave imagines July 13th, 
1896; imagines also taken July 21st — 28th, 1896, July r9th— 
August 4th, 1897, August 2nd, 1898 (Montgomery); larve, April 
26th, 1896, at Epping, pupated May gth, and larve, June 24th, 
1897, from Epping, produced imagines same year as captured 
(Bayne); larve, June 3rd, 1894, at Galway, on ling, pupated June 
gth, 1894, emerged July 30th, 1895 (Allen): larva common at 
Folkestone, May, 1896—.:897, earliest larva pupated June 12th, 1896, 
latest, July 3rd in 1897, earliest date of emergence of imagines, July 
12th, 1896, latest, August 2nd, 1897 ; captured two males flying in hot 
sunshine, August 4th, 1897, at Folkestone (Lane); July 3rd—zrath, 
1897, July rath—rogth, 1898, at Boxworth (Thornhill); June 2zoth, 
1896, at Delamere Forest (Arkle); June 4th, 1897, at Rhinefields 
(Tremayne}; July roth—z4th, 1897, at Barmouth (£. JZ. MZ); 
taken at Hitchin, July 12th, 1896, also a larva found, May, 1898, 
spun up at end of June, g imago emerged July 28th, 1898 (Cottam); 
July zist—August ie 1898, at Hayling Island (May); August 
ist, 1898, .at’ Cheddar Gorge (Griffiths); larve, June aging 
Enfield, produced imagines that emerged July 28th, 1898 (Edelsten) ; 
July 24th, 1898, at Leicester (Dixon); males abundant, August 4th, 
1898, at Sidmouth (Studd); August 11th, 1899, at Polegate (Carr) ; 
larva well grown on whitethorn, May 21st, 1899, at Polegate, produced 
? July 21st, 1899; two well grown larve, May 28th, 1gor, at 
Monks Wood, gave gf and@ July 15th; these paired, and 70 ova were 
laid, which hatched August znd— 4th, 1901 (Russell); July 12th, 1900, 
bred a 2 at Hazeleigh, attracted 3 gs at 3 p.m., on July roth, and3 
more at 5 p.m. on July z4th (Raynor) ; larve, May 11th, rgo1, at 
Blackpool, spun up June znd—z3rd, imagines emerged July 18th— 
25th, 1901, but two pupe are going over the winter (Clutten); July 
26th—3oth, 1901, common at Chambéry, August rst—roth, r1gor, 
common at Torre Pellice (Tutt). 


LOCALITIES.—Possibly many of the following may refer to var. cadlunae, 
although an attempt has been made to differentiate between the localities whence the 
variety and the type have come; where, however, no hint has been given by correspond- 
ents, the reference is included in this list. In Ireland; the Hon. Emily Lawless says 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 109 


the insect is common everywhere, and appears to be typical guercis; on the 
other hand, Kane thinks that all the Irish specimens are referable to caddunae. 
In Scotland it is very doubtful whether true gwercis occurs, a few callunae 
emerge the same year as pupation takes place, but there seems to be 
no segregation of the physiological peculiarities characteristic of guercus, even in 
the southern counties. ANGLESEA: Anglesea (Arkle), [ARGYLL: Kilberry 
(Cottingham).] [ARMAGH: Armagh (Johnson).]|} BrEpDs: Potton, abundant 
(Bond-Smith). BERKS : Reading “(Butier), Wokingham (Clarke), Padworth, 
Mortimer, Bulmershe (Holland). Bucks: Marlow (Clarke). Buckingham (Slade), 
Black Park (Stevens). CAMBS: common everywhere (Balding), Cambridge 
(Jenyns), Wicken Fen (Christy), Ely (Cross), Boxworth (Thornhill), Burwell Fen 
(Lee). (CARDIGAN: Glandovey (Arkle).] CARMARTHEN: Langland Bay, 
near Swansea, Tenby (Robertson), Carmarthen (Wilson). [CARNARVON : 
Conway valley, abundant, Crafnau valley (Bland), MLlanwrst (Cotton).] 
CHESHIRE: generally distributed, but common on the coast (Day), coast 
sandhills (Porritt), Wallasey (Freeman), Bowdon (Chappell), Chester, Delamere 
Forest (Arkle), Stockport (Johnson). (CORK: Queenstown (Bond), Skibbereen 
(Wolfe), Cork (Birchall).] CORNWALL: very abundant in the Penzance district, 
Paul, etc. (Daws), Bude (Image), Whitsand Bay (Dell), Scilly Isles, abundant 
(Adkin), Looe (Horton), Newlyn, Lands End (Burrows), north Cornwall — Port Isaac 
(Sheldon), Portscatho (Fenn). [CUMBERLAND: Carlisle (Morris). (Routledge states 
that var. callunae is the only form found in the Carlisle district).] DENBIGH: 
Colwyn Bay, Little Orme (Whittaker), © DERBY*: not common (Brown), 
Chellaston, Little Eaton (Payne), Ellastone, Ashbourne (Lighton), Derby (Tunaley). 
Devon: Sidmouth, abundant (Majendie), North Devon (Lockyer), Lundy (Bacot), 
Topsham (Ross), Barnstaple (Mathew), Newton Abbot (Vicary), Plymouth 
(Reading), Buckerell (Riding), Torquay (Oldham), Braunton, Street, Dartmouth 
(Bartlett), Lyme Regis (Helps), Lynton (Rea), Oxton, near Exeter (Studd), 
Salcombe (Turner), MHorrabridge (Still), Ilfracombe (Griffiths), Lynmouth 
(Briggs), Dawlish (H. J. Turner). DoRSET: generally distributed (Dale), 
Swanage (Cowl), Portland (Partridge recorded this as cal/unae, which Richardson 
doubts), Dorchester, Weymouth (Forsyth), Lyme Pregis (Bacot), Purbeck (Bankes), 
[DUBLIN : near Dublin. (Vigors).] DURHAM: sea-coast near Hartlepool 
(Gardner). Essex: Chelmsford (Miller), Canvey Island, Wanstead, Brentwood, 
Rainham, Mucking (Burrows), Leigh, common (Dollman), Feering, Wickham 
(P. Reid), Epping (Bayne), Bulmer, Sudbury dist., common (Ransom), 
Colchester (Harwood), Southend (Battley), Sewardstone (Rose), Great Hallingbury 
(Bird), Chingford, Walthamstow (Meldola), Benfleet (Whittle), Bentley (Williams), 
Hazeleigh, common, Maldon, Woodham Ferris (Raynor), Loughton (Bower), 
Theydon Bois (James), Abridge, near Theydon (Pickett), [FERMANAGH : 
Enniskillen (Allen).}|| FLINT: Overton, Rhyl (Perkins). [GALWay: Galway 
(Allen).] GLOUCKFSTER: Bristol district, generally distributed, Painswick, etc. 
(Watkins), Gloucester district, general (Merrin), Northleach (Todd), Cirencester 
(Harman), Newnham (Lifton). Hants: Isle of Wight - Niton, Sandown, abundant 
(Preut), Shanklin (Ince), Yarmouth, Lyndhurst, Freshwater, Bembridge (Kaye), 
banks of the Yar, St. Helens (Holland), Netley (Durrant), Wishanger (} (Newland), New 
Forest (P. Reid), Winchestert (Hewett), Basingstoke (Holdaw ay), Frimley (Studd), 
Ringwood (Nicholson), Fleet (Russell), Christchurch (Bristowe), Rhinefields (Harvey), 
Emsworth (Christy), Pamber (Clarke), Bisterne (Szbstitute, p. 29), Hayling Island 
(May), Portsmouth (Pearce), Lymington, Hurst Castle (Hawes), Brockenhurst (Blagg), 
Romsey (Buckell). Hunts: St. Ives (Norris), Monks Wood (Glenny). HEREFORD: 
Hereford (Chapman), Leominster (Hutchinson), Tarrington (Wood), HERTFORD: 
Hertford (Stephens), Hitchin district (Durrant), IstzE or Man _ (Clarke), 
KENT: generally abundant, but now rather rare in the south-east metropolitan 
district— Lewisham, Grove Park (Fenn), Strood, Rochester, and Chatham districts 
abundant; Woolwich and Plumstead district, Darenth, Deal, Dover, Folkestone, 
ete. (Tutt), Shorncliffe (Rogers), Herne Bay (Butler), Walmer (Shepherd), 
Blackheath (Pitman), Lee, Eltham, Bexley, Mottingham, Chattenden (Bower), 
Wrotham (Carr), Shooter’s Hill, Farningham, Swanley, Eynesford (Fenn), Dartford 
(James), Kidbrook (West),Margate (Colthrup). [KERRy: Kerry (Lawless).] LANCS : 


* Sheldon states that Breadsall Moor, near Derby, produces var. callunae, the 
larve teeding on heather. 

+Hewett notes that ‘at Winchester, larvee found in May and June, spin up 
in June, some emerge end of July, the majority the following May, but most larvz 
are full-fed at end of May.” 


110 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


generally abundant in coast districts (Day), Blackpool (Clutten), St. Anne’s-on- 
Sea (Baxter), Southport (Porritt), Stockport (Johnson), Stalybridge (White), 
Liverpool (Walker), Formby (G. O. Day), Crosby (Freeman), Moss-side, near 
Manchester (Chappell), Lancaster (Sumner), Winster, Rowdsey Moss (Cotton), 
Wigan (Giraud), Haverthwaite (Arkle). LEICESTER: rare in Leicester district— 
Quorn (Bouskell), Knebworth, Ansty, Evington, Wislow, etc. (Dixon), Loughborough 
(Moss), Braunstone (Storer), Forest Rock (Rowley), Gumley (Matthews). 
[LimEeRICcK: Castle Cornell (Marsden).] LincoLn: MHartsholme (Carr), Woodhall 
Spa, Panton, Mablethorpe (Raynor), Lincoln (Musham). [LONDONDERRY : 
Derry (Campbell).] [MERIONETH : near Barmouth (Helps), Aberdovey, 
(Arkle).]| MIDDLESEX: Wandsworth (Blackmore), Harrow (Melville), Ealing 
(Adye), Mill Hill (South), Enfield, Enfield Lock (Edelsten). MONMOUTH: 
Llandogo (Nesbitt), Abergavenny (Chapman), Wye Valley (Patten). NORFOLK: 
generally distributed (Balding), Cromer (Nicholson), Great Yarmouth (Harmer), 
Norwich (Pitman), Whitwell (Freeman), King’s Lynn (Atmore), Wisbech (Glenny). 
NORTHAMPTON: Oundle (Whall), Peterboro, common (Mousley), Northampton 
(Tomalin). Notts: generally distributed over the county (Lievers), Chilwell 
(Pearson), Mansfield, abundant (Daws), Worksop (Alderson). OXFORD: Oxford 
(Fuller), Southstoke (Studd), Witney (Stone), Nettlebed (Henderson), 
Warren, Henley (Clarke), Goring (Holland). PEMBROKE : Pembroke 
(Jeffreys). RUTLAND : Uppingham (Fox). SHROPSHIRE : Wyre Forest 
(Wainwright). [SLiGo: Culleenamore, common (Russ).] SOMERSET: Taunton, 
Frome (St. John), Weston -super- Mare (Lifton), Bridport (Bartlett), 
Cheddar Gorge, abundant (Griffiths), Clevedon, common (Mason), Castle 
Cary (Macmillan) STAFFORD :_ generally distributed (Daltry, Stafford 
(Bond), Stoke (Devon), Ashton-under-Lyne (Kershaw), Burton-on-Trent (Brown), 
Cannock (Freer), Stone (Bostock). Madeley (Daltry). SUFFOLK: common 
(Bloomfield), Ipswich (Freeman), Bungay (Clutten), Felixstowe (Morley), Bentley 
(Burrows), Sudbury district, common (Ransom), Waldringfield (James). SURREY: 
Wimbledon, Mitcham (Briggs), Redhill (Turner), Nunhead, Hindhead (Barrett), 
Ripley (Stevens), Bletchingley (Barclay), Eissell (Morley). Addington (Colthrup). 
SUSSEX: almost throughout (Nicholson), Brighton district, everywhere, Blatchington 
(Merrifield), Newhaven (Reeve), Hastings, St. Leonard’s, Guestling (Bloomfield), 
Angmering (Dollman), Polegate, Eastbourne, Abbots Wood (Montgomery), Tilgate 
(Fenn), Bognor (Trimen), Hayward’s Heath (Crallan), Lewes (Nicholson), Hailsham 
(James), Groombridge, Crowborough Beacon (Blaber), Pett (Prout), Worthing 
(Fletcher), WARWICK: Birmingham ‘Johnson), Rugby (Rowland-Brown), Sutton 
Coldfield (Wynn). [WESTMEATH: Rathowen, Cromlyn (Battersby), Westmeath 
(Birchall).]_ [? WESTMORLAND: Witherslack, Clougha Pike, Heysham Moss 
(Arkle) ]. Wits: Salisbury (Ridley). WoRCESTER : common, Tiddesley Wood, 
etc. (Rea), Worcester (Edmunds), Bockleton (Decie), Wyre Forest (Wainwright). 
YORKS: Western amsty of county (Waite), plentiful on coast (Porritt). Beverley 
(S. Walker), Rotherham, Melbourne (Hewett), Sheffield (Wellman), Skipwith, 
abundant (Ash), Bradford (Firth), Hull (Boult). 


DISTRIBUTION. — AFRICA: Canary Islands* (Speyer). ASIA: Alltai 
(Speyer), Siberia, Asia Minor — Brussa, Kis Aolé, Armenia (Staudinger), 
Cilicia, on the ruins of the old Corycus (Holtz). Ausrro-HUNGARY: Bukovina 
(Hormuzaki), Pressburg (Rozsay), Bohemia, common (Nickerl), Galicia, distributed 
and not rare (Garbowski), Lemberg (Nowicki), Upper Styria—S. Lambrecht 
(Kodermann), Neu Sandec (Klemensiewicz), Stanislawow (Werchratski), Brinn 
(Miller), Biala, Bregenz, Cilli, Kessen, Linz, Trotzberg (Fritsch), Tyrol. common 
to 6,oooft. (Hinterwaldner), Taufers, Innsbruck (Weiler), Hermannstadt (Czekelius), 
Epiries, common (Husz), Chemnitz (Pabst); Hungary—Trencsen, Teplitz (Vangel), 
Golnitz (Hudak), Glockner, Fiume (Mann), Upper Carinthia—Salzburg (Nickerl), 
Lavantthal (H6fner) ; Carinthia—Portschach (Wagner). BELGIUM: common almost 
everywhere (Donckier), Virton, common (Bray), Namur (Colignon). CHANNEL 


IsLANDS : Guernsey (Blaber), Jersey (Hawes), Herm, Sark (Luff), DEN- 
MARK: distributed, and rather common (Bang-Haas). FRANCE: through- 


out (Berce), Aube (Jourdheuille), Douai (Foucart), Auvergne (Sand), Eure-et-Loir, 
common (Guénée), Haute-Garonne, nowhere rare, type at  Bouconne, St. 
Jean, Cier-de-Riviére (Caradja), Aude (Mabille), Loire-Inférieure (Bonjour), 
Saone-et-Loire (Constant) ; Seine - Inférieure, common (Viret), St. Quentin 


: ; sat ses ne 

*Speyer suspects this should be referred to Z. var. spartit. We suspect it 

would mnch more likely be one of the southern forms— var. viburni, or var, meridion- 
alis, or even var. sicula. 


EUTRICHIDA. 111 


(Dubus), Puy-de-Déme (Guillemot), Morbihan, very common (Griffith), 
Gironde (Trimoulet), Doubs, very common (Bruand), dept. Var (Cantener), Loir-et- 
Cher (Harrison), Caussols (Bromilow), Seine-Inférieure—Pont-de-]l’ Arche (Dupont), 
Aix-les-Bains, Chambéry (Tutt), Sarthe (Desportes), Normandy—Tancarville (Leech). 
GERMANY : everywhere, not rare (Heinemann), north-west Germany, almost every- 
where (Jordan), Thuringia, distributed and not rare (Krieghoff), Dessau (Richter), 
Alsace (Peyerimhoft), Pomerania (Hering), Brunswick (Heinemann), Rhine Palatinate 
(Bertram), Wiirtemburg (Seyffler), Giessen (Dickore), Lower Elbe dist. (Zimmermann), 
Waldeck (Speyer), Erfurt (Keferstein), Zeitz-on-the-Elster (Wilde), Halle—Dessau 
(Stange), Munich (Kranz), Rudolstadt (Meurer), Mecklenburg (Schmidt), Bremen 
(Rehberg), Saxon Upper Lusatia (Schiitze), Dresden (Steinert), Prussia, 
everywhere common (Schmidt), Silesia (Wocke), Upper lLusatia (Moeschler), 
Nassau (Rossler), Ratisbon. (Schmid), Hanover. frequent (Glitz), Frankfort- 
on-Oder (Kretschmer), Eutin (Dahl), Gipfel-on-the-Brocken (Bartling), 
Thuringia- Gotha, Lauchaer, etc. (Knapp). ITALY: pretty common throughout 
(Curo), Lombardy (Turati), Modena, very common (Fiori), Roman Campagna— 
Boscolungo, common (Calberla), Sicily (Mina-Palumbo), Siena, Monastero (Bevis), 
Torre Pellice, Villar (Tutt), NETHERLANDS: rarer than ¢rzfolii (Snellen), every- 
where common, Breda, etc. (Heylaerts). ROUMANIA: rare and local to 700m—8o0om., 
very common at 1500m — 1800m. (Caradja). RussIA: Baltic Provinces (Sintenis), 
Treiden (Bienert), Moscow district (Albrecht), Wolmar (Lutzau), Volga district, not rare 
(Eversmann), Transcaucasia, generally distributed—Borjom, Helenendorf. Lagodeihi, 
Guéroussi (Romanoff), St. Petersburg (Erschoff). South Russia (Moeschler). 
SCANDINAVIA : not rare up to 66° N. lat., not met with in the polar circle (Aurivillius). 
Norway—south and central, not infrequent (Siebke), to 63° N. lat. in Norway, to 
66°N. lat. in Sweden, to 64°N. lat. in Finland (Reuter). Spain: Catalonia 
(Martorell y Pefia), Barcelona (Cuni y Martorell), Andalusia—Granada (Rambur), 
Galicia —Santiago (Macho-Velado), Ferrol (Walker), Bilbao, common (Réssler). 
SWITZERLAND: generally distributed in the lower districts, giving place to var. 
alpina in the mountains (Frey), Grisons (Killias), Weissenburg (Huguenin), Dole 
(Baker), Aigle (Lowe), Zurich district, generally distributed (Ruhl), Visp and 
Saas valleys (Jordan), near Martigny, Mt.-Chemin, Fully, Saillon, Sion, Sierre, 
Brigue (Favre). 
Family : EUTRICHIDA. 


Nothing has been more unexpected in working out the characters 
of the various species of this superfamily in detail than the certainty 
that the Metanastriids belong to the Eutrichid, and not to the 
Pachygastriid, side of this superfamily, and our conclusions, based 
largely on the material in the British Museum collection*, lead us 
to suggest the following main subdivisions of the family Eutrichidae. 


I. Subfam. : METANASTRIINZ. 

1. Tribe: Macrothylacitdi—Macrothylacia (type JZ. rubi, L.). With general- 
ised characters, but more definitely referable to the Eutrichid than the Pachygastriid 
side of the Lachneid tree. 

2. Inibe: Gloveriidi— Gloveria (type G. olivacea, Hy.-Edw.),. 

3. Tribe: Metanastritdit — Metanastria (type MM. hyrtaca, Cram. (repanda, 
Walk. teste Kirby). 


II. Subfam. : DENDROLIMINA, 
I. Tribe: Dendrolimidi—Dendrolimus (type D. pinz, L.), A very distinct 
evolutionary branch from the Metanastriid stem, with less specialised characters 
than those exhibited by the Cosmotrichids and Eutrichids (sens. strict.). 


III. Subfam. : COSMOTRICHIN. 
I. Tribe: Cosmotrichidi— Cosmotriche (type C. potatoria, L.), A specialised 
group, branching independently from the Metanastriid base. 


IV. Subfam.: PINARIN#. 
1, Tribe: Pinaridi—Pinara (type P. obliqgua, Walk.), Suwana, Taragma, &c. 


* We have no great faith in some of the associations made in the British 
Museum collection, between certain larvze, cocoons, pupze, and imagines. In some 
cases, the cocoons, pupz, &c., have clearly no connection with the imagines 
with which they are placed. We have neglected obviously bad associations, never- 
theless others less obvious may have been inadvertently admitted, 


112 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


V. Subfam. : EUTRICHINA. 

1. Tribe: Odonestidi—Odonestis (type O. prunt, L.), &c. 

2. Tribe: Hutrichidi—Eutricha (type E. quercifolia, L.), Gastropacha (type 
G. tlictfolia, L.), &c. 

The above simply suggests the main lines on which the 
structural peculiarities appear to run. The Macrothylaciids certainly 
appear to fall into the same subfamily as the Metanastriids (sews. 
stvict.), although in different tribes. This will indicate our dis- 
agreement with Kirby, who sinks Mefanastria, Hb., as being included 
in Dendrolimus, Germ. We are quite unable also to appreciate 
the lumping necessary to make up Kirby’s genus Dendrolimus ( Cat., 
pp. 813—816), in which we find pznz, L., aconyfa, Cram., hyrtaca, 
Cram., dipars, Walk., capensis, Linn., mexicana, Druce, and many 
other species included. In the British Museum collection, the 
material (cocoons and imagines) belonging to J/etanastria hyrtaca, 
Cram., certainly suggests distinct affinities with the Macrothylaciids, 
although hardly of a generic character, whilst the relation-. 
ship of JZ. latipennis thereto is still more marked, although 
the latter appears to be distinctly a form with characters suggesting 
affinity with both the Macrothylaciids and Dendrolimids (zz), 
these intermediate characters being shared by JMetanastria ampla, 
Walk. (referred by Kirby to Lebeda), the 2 showing very distinct 
Dendrolimid tendencies. MM. punctata, Walk., is also near MM. 
ampla, but still nearer to D. pinz, possessing a cocoon somewhat 
resembling that of the Cosmotrichids, the larva also with characters re- 
minding one of Cosmotriche (potatorta) and Dendrolimus (pint). M. rubt, 
also classed in the British Museum coll. as a A/efanastria, has less 
distinct Eutrichid affinities than any of the species already men- 
tioned, and, as we have elsewhere stated (fosted) somewhat at 
length, its nearest relative (so far as we have detected) appears to be 
M. psidit, Sallé. Gloveria (olivacea, H.-Edw.) is as distinctly Metanas- 
triid as are many of the species included in the British Museum col- 
lection in Mefanastria, and would appear to have more in common 
with Aacrothylacia rubt, than the latter has with such forms as cafensts, 
Linn. (pi¢hyocampa, Stoll) and obscura, Walk., which probably again 
have more in common with Pachypasa ofus. One suspects, from a 
study of the specialised imagines, that Syvastrena (minor, Moore) 
and Bharetta (cinnamomea, Moore) belong to the Metanastriid rather 
than to the Eutrichid (sevs. strict.) stem. 

So far as larval characters are available, it is clear that Kirby’s 
family Pinaridae belongs to the Eutrichid stem. Hampson rightly 
unites (but much too closely), in the British Museum collection, such 
species as serratilinea, Gn. (placed in Wapita, Kirby, Caz, p. 830), 
cajant, Vins. (placed in Lzbethra, Kirby, Caz, p. 820) and margine- 
punctata, Guér. (placed in Borocera, Kirby, Caz., p. 857%, all of which 
are distinctly Eutrichid, though in varying degrees. Swama, as repre- 
sented by concolor, Walk., is also Eutrichid. It is strange how these 
evidently related species tend to exhibit characters found in different 
subfamilies, for, whilst the ova of serratilinea are of the banded type 
(well illustrated in the egg of Lutricha quercifolia), and laid roughly 
in rows, those of casanz are laid round a twig, and whilst the 
cocoon of Suzana (concolor) is Cosmotrichid, those of cayamz and 
marginepunctata have a tendency to the compact form of Pachygastria 
(but are flexible and thin), and that of serratilinea appears to be 


EUTRICHIDA, 1138 


intermediate, Cosmotrichid in general character, but tending to the 
stumpiness of those of cayani and marginepunctata. So far as can 
be judged from the pupa and cocoon of Bhima (undulosa), there 
is some alliance indicated with the species just mentioned, but the 
tufted abdomen of the imago indicates considerable diversity. 
Taragma (siva), from its cocoon and shrunken larval skin, would 
appear to be Cosmotrichid, whilst the egg is almost Pcecilocampid 
in colour, but not in structure. Pachyfasa (otus) is distinctly Eutrichid 
from the larval structures, but Lebeda (nobilis), of which there are 
no eggs, larvz, cocoons, or pupz in the collection, appears to be 
rather Metanastriid than Eutrichid. Z7adbala vishnou, Lef., although a 
tufted (2) species, has larva and cocoon which appear to show 
Eutrichid characters, but the adult larva of this is very specialised, 
and there is a certain suggestion of Pachygastria about the dorsal 
hairs, whilst the pupa is very rounded and smooth. As a matter 
of fact, this species appears to combine the characters of separate 
Lachneid groups in a remarkable manner; the imago has suggestions 
of Cosmotriche (potatoria), Macrothylacia (rubi), and Lastocampa 
(guercis) ; the cocoon suggests Cosmotriche, but is very specialised; 
the larva, also very specialised, suggests FPachygastria (trifolit) and 
LEutricha (quercifolia), but one cannot say, on the material, which 
resemblances are due to convergence and which to real relation- 
ship; one requires young larve to settle some of these points. 
Arguda flavovittata, Moore, placed in Radhica by Kirby (Caz., p. 810), 
is apparently Eutrichid, whilst Jerhoba, Moore, and vita, Moore, 
placed in Odonestis by Kirby (Caz, p. 811), and zosea, Hamps., 
in Radhica (teste Kirby, Cat, p. 811), are all certainly related to 
Odonestis (prunz), and show a distinct affinity thereto. One might 
fairly, perhaps, consider that the Metanastriids exhibit sufficient 
general characters to suggest a closer alliance than any other Eutri- 
chids with the Pachygastriid stem, but still with the main (egg, cocoon, 
and some imaginal) characters of the present specific forms distinctly 
Eutrichid and not Pachygastriid. Nor does Dyar’s tree (anfed, 
vol. u., pl. vii) help us here. This author certainly brings Gloverza 
and Macrothylacia somewhat near together, but still follows the old 
views that the alliance is such as to bring them both close to 
Laswocampa and separate them widely from the Eutrichids, the various 
subfamilies of which he distributes in such a manner as to suggest 
for them no real connection. He widely separates, as we have 
already pointed out (doc. cit, pp. 460—462), Eutrichids on both 
sides of his tree, and we have to unite his phyla, B, C, and J 
(as well as part of D), for our Eutrichid stem. ‘There is no need 
to repeat here the critical arguments adduced ‘Jvc. cit., pp. 458— 
463) to show that the Dendrolimids, Cosmotrichids, and Eutrichids 
(sens. stricto) are distinctly related, and we have already expressed in 
tabular form (avzed, p. 111) our views of the main subdivisions of the 
family Lutrichidae so far as we have been able to study them. Bacot 
insists (27 Zitt.) that Odonestis (prunz), usually closely associated by the 
authorities with Dendrolimus (pint), has a young (prehybernating) larva 
that he can barely separate specifically from that of Eutricha (querct- 
Jolia) in the same stage, whilst from the structural characters presented 
by the newly-hatched larva of Dendrolimus, the latter, he says, appears 
to be rather nearer Cosmotriche than Eutricha, Inthe Fournal of the 


H 


114 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


New Vork Ent. Society, 1896, pp. 22—26, Dyar gives a summary of 
the American species of Dendrolimus, based on the characters of the 
@s, but we are not altogether certain that the American species 
are truly congeneric with the Palzearctic D. pznz. 

The Eutrichid egg is somewhat different from the Pachygastriid 
(Lasiocampid) egg. It is, however, of the same general flat type, 
somewhat similar in outline, with only traces of the black points 
at the angles of the polygonal reticulation so characteristic of the 
egg of Lastocampa. It has, generally, in addition, a series of 
concentric ovals of a different tint—purplish, green, etc.—from that 
of the paler ground colour of the egg. There is some varia- 
tion in the mode of egg-laying ; many species lay only a few 
eggs in the same place, and these somewhat irregularly—Lutricha 
guercifolia, etc.—others place them more or less in rings or irregular 
masses, several in a batch—JMacrothylacia rubi, Cosmotriche potatoria, 
etc.—whilst Dyar notes that the eggs of Dendrolimus howard: are laid 
in irregular clusters without any covering (the latter character, of 
course, being characteristic of all Eutrichids known to us), whilst 
Fletcher observes (£77¢., xxxiv., p. 198) that, at Wei-hai-Wei, on October 
4th, 1899, the small fir-bushes were covered with ova of D. pzuz, most 
of which had already hatched out, the young jarve being about half-an- 
inch long. The larger (micropylar) end of the egg appears usually 
to be eaten away by the Eutrichid larva on emergence. 

Graber states (Morph. Fahrbuch., xiii., 1888, pp. 609, 610) that 
he found the abdominal segments of the developing embryo of 
Liutricha quercifolia at first devoid of appendages, and that, when 
the latter appeared, they developed only on those segments on 
which they persist in the adult, and, on this ground, he is inclined 
to consider the prolegs secondary appendages (vide, anted, vol. 
1, p. 22). The newly-hatched Eutrichid larva is characterised 
by having tubercles 1 and ii large many-haired warts, i a large 
many - haired wart, iv + v a large many-haired wart, whilst there 
is a large supplementary prespiracular wart towards the front edge 
of the abdominal segments 1—7 (av/ed, vol. i1., p. 439). The presence 
of a dull larval head in newly-hatched larve of S£utricha 
(quercifolia) and Dendrolimus (pint), whilst those of Cosmotriche 
(potatoria), Macrothylacia (rub), etc., have shiny heads _ in 
this stage, suggests the more specialised character of the 
former. The full-grown Eutrichid larve are particularly specialised, 
and that of Cosmotriche (potatorta) is possibly almost as specialised in 
its own peculiar way, as are those of Dendrolimus, Odonestis, 
and L£utricha, which, in specialisation for protective purposes, are 
perhaps unequalled (anéed, vol. ii., pp. 441-442) among any 
lepidopterous larve. Bacot notes certain resemblances between 
the larve of D. pint and C. potatoria, and observes that a faint 
dark mediodorsal line is present in the first instar of the larva of 
Dendrolimus pint, the 2nd and 3rd thoracic, and the 8th and oth 
abdominal, segments being darkened on the dorsal area. ‘This 
darkening is especially well-marked on the meso- and metathorax 
and is strongest on the low transverse ridge that bears tubercles i, 
the space between being pale yellow, suggesting the similar yellow 
blotches observable in Cosmotriche potatoria. Practically, the coloration 
is the same as in the latter species, but the colours are much fainter 


EUTRICHIDA. 115 


in D. pini, and the pale double oblique stripes present in C. pofatoria 
are only faintly visible in D. pznz. In the second instar, the larva 
of LD. fini alters greatly in appearance, is long, thinner, les closer 
to the pine-needles on which it rests, and resembles, in general character, 
rather Lutricha (quercifolia) than Cosmotriche (potatoria); in this stage, 
in the position formerly occupied by tubercles 1 (from mesothorax to 
8th abdominal), are remarkable, scale-like hairs *, dark in colour, broad, 
flat, square- (or ragged-) ended; tapering to base, the scales being 
more numerous and larger on the meso- and metathorax and 8th ab- 
dominal segment than elsewhere; there are also some white, grass- 
leaf-shaped hairs on various parts of the body, a few on anterior 
edge of scutellum, a very marked ridge of them on mesothorax (just 
behind position of 1) and a slight ridge in same position on metathorax ; 
a few small ones on the lateral area of each segment from mesothorax 
to 8th abdominal; on the 8th abdominal, the scale-like hairs have 
a lovely blue or purple gloss on them; the dark colour of the area 
(occupied in rst instar by tubercle 1) agrees with that exhibited 
by the larva of C. pofatorta. There is not such a strong development 
of secondary hairs in D. gm (2nd instar) as in C. pofatoria in the same 
instar, and there is not the same suggestion of shagreen on the skin 
as in the larva of the latter. Comparing the larve of C. potatoria 
and D. pinz at this stage, one sees at once that the colour-scheme 
is theoretically the same—strongly developed, however, in C. potatorza, 
only faintly traceable in DY. pzmz—in the latter apparently develop- 
ing towards an unicolorous larva, with the exception of certain 
local startling or warning markings. In the larva of C. potatoria the 
dorsal area is practically bright yellow with a series of large, oval, 
central, dull blue blotches, one on each segment from ist to 8th 
abdominal, joined to each other by two black spots set only slightly 
apart and showing a streak of the yellow ground-colour between 
them ; the black dorsal spots (similar to those of Dimorpha versicolora 
in 2nd instar) are situated on the outer or subdorsal edge of the 
blue dorsal patches; this arrangement nearly fills up the central 
dorsal area, but there is a broad, yellow, subdorsal band, and again, 
below this, the yellow and blue mottlings in about equal proportions, 
the blue chiefly above and the yellow beneath, but much more 
broken up by being arranged roughly into double oblique stripes ; 
blue was probably the original ground-colour, but it has been much 
encroached upon by the spreading of the yellow. In the 3rd instar the 
scale-like hairs of the larva of D. fini already described are very 
marked and steel-blue in colour, whilst the white grass-leaf-like hairs are 
also more strongly developed. The remarkable larval scales*, already 
mentioned as being found on Lutricha quercifolia and £. americana, are 
meuned by Packard (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., xxxi., pl. x., figs. 15-17 
and pl. xi. fig. 18), as well as those of Heteropacha rileyana (loc. 
epi x, wf. 16).> - Dyar considers (Journ. W.Y. nt. Soc.; 
1896, pp. 22 ef seg.) that the short hairs of the adult larva of 
Dendrolimus howardi are of a defensive nature, and states that 
they become detached when the larva is handled, and, entering the 
skin, produce some irritation and finally small blisters which last for 


* See also anted, vol. ii., p. 437, where similar larval hair-scales are described 
as present in the larve of Autricha quercifolia and E. americana. 


WG: BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


several days. Of the larval habits of D. pzuz, Fletcher notes (Zz/om., 
Xxxlv., p. 198) that the larvae occur in thousands at Wei-hai-wei, 
on fir-trees, in May, and are fullfed about the middle of June. The 
larvee occur in two distinct shades—orange and grey. When annoyed 
they eject a clear watery liquid, and curl their heads down, thus 
prominently exposing the big, blue, hairy tufts, composed of short 
easily-detachable bristles. If further annoyed, they lash about with 
the fore-part of the body and try to bring these tufts into contact with 
the aggressor, and one left a number of short blue hairs embedded in 
Fletcher’s skin. These hairs are also woven in the texture of the cocoon 
so as to form a regular chevaux-defrise, they are not easily extracted 
from the skin, but break off, leaving the points embedded and would, 
no doubt, prove highly urticative to persons with a tender skin. 
The Eutrichid larve are generally solitary, but those of Dendrolimus 
howarai are Stated (fourn. WV. VY. nt. Soc, 18096; p. 23 )mtomue 
gregarious, forming a web or tent, and Toumey says that great 
bands of web hang from the branches immediately around the 
tent, like long streamers. 

It may be here noted that Suckow’s investigations into the 
development of the female generative organs and the accessory 
structures were carried out on larve of Dendrolimus pini. He 
found the two filamentous oviducts to be prolonged beyond 
their point of attachment between the 7th and 8th abdominal 
somites, as two separate broader and longitudinally striated bands 
which end in contact with two small white knobs. ‘They shorten 
gradually in the quiescent caterpillar and are thickened at the 
commencement of pupal life, and, by their union, they form the 
vagina. ‘The two knobs just mentioned are, at the outset, separated 
from one another by a slight space, and are fixed to the hypodermis, 
whilst a nerve derived from the terminal ganglion of the chain 
passes to each of them. During the time that the formation of the 
vagina is taking place, the knobs approach each other and unite; 
moreover, they are brought by the contraction of the muscles and skin 
in pupation into opposition with the attached ends of the two oviducts. 
They are destined to give rise to four swellings—the rudiments of 
the bursa, the receptaculum and the two sebaceous glands. These 
conclusions are criticised by Jackson (Studies Morph. Lep., pp. 
155 and 170). 

There are two very distinct forms of cocoon made by the 
Eutrichid larve known to us, wz., the smooth parchment-like 
form exhibited by that of Cosmotriche potatortia, and the more loosely- 
woven form, largely intermixed with hairs, seen in its extreme form, 
perhaps, inthe cocoon of Lutricha quercifolia. The cocoon of 
Macrothylacia rubi is probably to be referred to the latter group. 
Dyar’s description of the cocoon of Dendrolimus howardi ( Fournal 
New York Ent. Soc., iv., p. 26) suggests a rather near relationship to 
Cosmotriche. He describes it as “thin, almost papery, of dark-brown 
silk, single, but with some loose silk without, elliptical, less definite 
in shape than in C/szocampa, the ends thinner than the central portion.” 

Standfuss records having experimented on eggs of Odonestis prunt 
and Dendrolimus pint, which he exposed to a temperature of 34°C. 
(93°F.) during the process of laying by the females and afterwards kept 
at this temperature until the time of hatching. Asa result they produced 


EUTRICHID. 117 


larve in two-thirds or less of the normal time*, and then emerged as 
perfect insects in the same year, z.¢., without hybernation of the larva 
—of O. prunt 100 per cent., and of D. pind 81 per cent. The 
larve and pupze were kept as far as possible at a mean 
temperature of 25°C. (77°F.). Part of the eggs laid by the same 
females as those used in the above experiment, which had already 
been laid in a temperature of about 22°C., and were kept in this 
until hatched, afterwards remaining as larve and pupz in the 
same mean temperature of 25°C. as the first portion of the broods, 
produced a considerably smaller number of perfect insects without 
hybernation of the larva, wz., O. pruni, 64 per cent., D. fini, 28 
per cent. Standfuss concluded that the acceleration of development 
which the larva had already undergone in the egg had transferred 
the energy to the later stages of growth, and he pointed out that 
the shortening of the period of development is, in very many 
cases, associated with an obviously altered aspect of the imagines, 
é.g., Lutricha populifolia compared with its var. aestiva (obscura, Heu.), 
and Odonestis pruni with its var. prunoides, and suggests that this 
alteration in the aspect of the imagines of the late broods must 
be influenced by the temperature to which these individuals have 
been exposed in the egg stage. He has further dealt somewhat 
at length with the differences presented by the two broods, where, 
as is frequently the case, in a more or less complete manner and under 
more or less favourable conditions, the species is completely or 
partially double-brooded. There can be no doubt that a_ study 
of the phenomena presented by complete and partial double- 
broodedness would give important clues to the geographical 
origin, and the phylogenetic age, of different forms of various species. 
Standfuss, referring (Zz, xxvil., p. 73) to the difference between 
Eutricha populsfolia and its var. aestiva (=obscura, Heu.), and Odonests 
prunt and its var. prunoides, asks: ‘ Are the two differently-formed 
broods in instances like this of different phylogenetic age? Lutricha 
populifolia is probably of northern origin, although in the north 
the species never produces two broods, whilst in the more 
southerly parts of its distribution—Carinthia, Piedmont, and 
south-east France—it often, possibly regularly, has a_ second 
brood. Thus, £. jpopfulifolia would be the type and the second 
generation, aestiva, the variety.” As to the differences observable in ~ 
colour and size, in these seasonally dimorphic (or trimorphic) 
Eutrichids, Standfuss asserts that such usually result in being 
larger and more strongly pigmented when developed in late spring 
and early summer, and smaller and more weakly pigmented in late 
summer or autumn. He notes (£v/fom., xxviil., pp. 73-74) that a 
pair of Lutricha querctfolia, of which the male measured 58mm. 
the female 89mm. across the wings, produced offspring, of 
which, on being reared at a temperature of 25°C.—30°C., and 
after a sojourn of 70-85 days in the larval and 12-15 days 


* Belling records (Berl. Ent. Zetts.. xlv., Sitz. p 43) that a Berlin collector, 
by keeping the insects in an uniform, moist and warm temperature, has reared three 
generations of 4. populifolia ina year, the second generation, from egg to imago 
occupying only 25 days. The 2nd brood is known as var. obscura, Heu., the 3rd 
brood as var. autumnalis, Jaen. Petersdorff also notes (doc. czt., p. 52) the rearing 
of three broods of Z. populifolia and two of E. querctfolia in one year. See also 
Pig INCc:, Xi, Pp. 11. ‘ 


118 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


in the pupal condition, the males measured only 35mm.-37mm., 
and the females 36mm.-39mm., no hybernation of the larva 
having taken place. On the other hand, eggs of Dendrolimus 
pint, 3 59mm. and ? 74mm., yielded descendants expanding 
gs 65mm.-68mm., 9s 84mm,-86mm., after 150-172 days of larval 
feeding, and 25-37 days in the pupal condition. Standfuss 
further notes (/oc. ct.) that the form and appearance of the 
insects, produced by means of forcing under a raised temperature, 
were most marked in Lutricha populifolia of all those species upon 
which experiments were made. The second and third broods of this 
species, v7z., var. obscura, Heu. (aestiva, Stand.), and var. autummnalts, 
Jaenich, exhibit, especially the latter, a more deeply-indented border to 
the wings than does the form resulting from hybernated larvee. 

Both these varieties, however, reared in shorter time 
and also at a higher temperature, become darker than the ordinary 
torm of £. populifolia (obtained from hybernated larve) by an increase 
in the dark elements of the pattern. He further suggests that 
Gastropacha (Epicnaptera) tremulifolia and Eutricha populifolia, which, he 
says, resemble each other extraordinarily in the imaginal, and to 
a  ceftain extent in the earlier, stages, have  possibiyeaeces 
differentiated as species as a result of the fact that, in earlier 
periods of the earth's history, their ancestors, whilst in the larval 
condition, did not react in the same manner to changes of 
temperature, and that the difference exhibited by G. stremulifolza, 
hybernating as a pupa, and £. populifolia, hybernating as a larva 
(and rapidly emerging from the pupa), may have arisen as a necessary 
consequence of a divergence in the larval habit at the time of 
the establishment of the species. 

The sexual dimorphism, so distinctly marked in the Macrothy- 
laciids and Pachygastriids, particularly the specialised features 
exhibited in the. antennal structure, and the difference in colora- 
tion (being, as one would surmise, due to a response to the 
different habits exhibited by the sexes, the males flying swiftly by 
day, and assembling to the females in the afternoon or at dusk), is 
largely lost im, or. has never been gained - by, many sone ame 
higher Eutrichids — although retained to a certain extent in 
Cosmotriche—the difference in the habits of the sexes being less 
marked, and a much greater resemblance between the sexes being 
noticeable in the general shape and coloration of the wings. The 
males of C. fotatoria, however, differ largely from the females, but, in 
Dendrolimus, Odonestis, Gastropacha, and £utricha, the coloration 
and shape of the wings approach somewhat in the sexes, evidently 
in response to their resorting to a common habit for the purpose 
of protection, the resemblance to dead leaves being undoubted. The 
sexual difference in size is, however, maintained, for the females have a 
great body, necessary to hold a considerable number of com- 
paratively large eggs, and they have also a proportionally large 
wing-area to carry the body. In some Eutrichids (e.g., the Pinarids) 
the males are exceedingly small compared with the females of the 
same species. As a result [except in Cosmotriche potatorta, which, 
especially in its strongly developed antenna, wide variation in ground 
colour (yellow to deep brown), a tendency by polymorphic colour- 
variation for the extremes of colour normal to either of the two sexes 


EUTRICHIDA. 119 


to be developed in the other sex, and in its habits (the males 
flying and assembling at early dusk and later appearing at light to 
the almost total exclusion of females), approaches the Lachneid (sensu 
strict.) side of the tree, rather than the other Eutrichids], there is no 
great range of sexual colour-difference in the remaining more special- 
ised British Eutrichids. ‘The general tendency in Gastropacha tremu- 
lifolia, G. wicifolia, G. suberifolia, Dendrolimus pini, and, to a less 
extent, in Lutricha guercifolia, is to become simply grey in both 
sexes, a result induced either in response to the conditions of 
environment, or as a direct. outcome of identity of habit in the 
sexes. As may be expected, however, there is, in these species, 
a considerable range of variation in the direction of a brighter, 
or darker, or duller red or red-brown tint, a very common 
feature throughout the group, and having its origin probably in a 
phylogenetic basis. Of the numerical relation existing between the 
sexes in certain Eutrichid species reared by Standfuss, we obtain 
the following details : | 

7 Odonestis pruni: 1880—89 gs, 81 28; 1882—128 gs, 125 @s=217 gs and 
206 ¢s. 

pir olimius pon - 1879—782 SS, 745 @S. 

Gastropacha tlictfolia : 1882 —68 3s, 64 9s; 1892—187 gs, 170 ?S=255 gs, 
234 @s. 

We have already (anted, vol. il, p. 445) given some notes on 
the Lachneid antennal structure. Chapman writes: ‘The general 
character of the Lachneid antenna is similar to that of many 
other families; it closely resembles in many details that of 
the Lymantriids. It is a pectinate (or plumose) antenna with 
two plumules to each antennal joint, arising not very far 
apart on its underside, so that they do not spread laterally, 
but tO) some extent hane down side by side below the 
antenna, lop-eared fashion. In the male antenna these are always 
well developed; in the female they are much shorter, but are never 
quite obsolete. The number of joints appears to be very variable, 
é.g., in L. quercis from 58 to 78. They are often somewhat oblique, 
that is, the ventral side is nearer the base than the dorsal. The 
dorsal area is clothed with scales, the ventral side and plumules have 
none. In Lagoa, the Cochlidids, and the Arctiids, very similar antenne 
have the outer surfaces of the plumules clothed with scales. Here, 
and in the Lymantriids, Dimorphids (Endromids), and in £riogaster* 
(Cnethocampa), the plumules bear no scales. The outer aspect has a 
smooth surface, except that it is covered with very minute spicules, and 
the inner surface is clothed with regularly-arranged, rather long, hairs. 
The extremity of the plumule is often a little swollen or clubbed, and 
Carries one or two, usually two, strong bristles, and, in addition, a 
thick, short, robust spine, that varies a great deal in size, &c., in 
different species.” 

Gunther hints (Berl. Ent. Zeits., liv., pp. 11—12) that the 
differently tinted specimens of Dendrolimus pint may select resting- 
places that agree with their own particular colour tint. Considering 
the great variability in the tint of the pine-trunks on which the 
imagines of this species rest, the explanation that the cause of the 
variation of this insect is due to natural selection preserving those 


*For the synonymy of the genus Zvtogaster (see anted, il., p. 450). 


120 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


forms agreeing best with the resting-places is evident, but that there 
is any selection of particular resting-places by individual moths does 
not appear to be at all likely, although Bacot believes unconscious 
selection of a resting-place to be very possible. Stichel says that the 
variation of the insects and their resting-places corresponds in sucha 
manner that the chance ot any moth resting accidentally on a 
spot where it will not readily be seen is very great. 

Of the Eutrichids, Schultz recorded (/@/us. Woch. fir Entomologie, 
ll., p. 494) no fewer than 48 gynandromorphous examples belonging 
to g species, 72z., Macrothylacia rubt 1 specimen, Cosmotriche potatoria 
g specimens, C. albomaculata 1, Eutricha quercifolia 2, E. populifolia 
1, Gastropacha ilicifolia 1, G. tremulifolia 1, Dendrolimus pint 28, D. 
undans (fasciatella) ab. excellens 4. He later added (Joc. céz¢., iii., p. 
311) 14 further examples, wz., Macrothylacia rubi 1, Dendrolimus 
pint 2, D,. undans ab. excellens 10, Eutricha populifolia var. obscura 
(aestiva) 1. Most of these records were obtained from comparatively 
few sources and collections, and no doubt could easily be multiplied 
if lepidopterists had any idea of their scientific value. 

No experiments have been tried, to our knowledge, in hybrid- 
ising the allied species of this group. We have already noted 
(anted) that Durrant observed a pairing between Laszocampa quercis 
g and Cosmotriche potatoria §, and Loffler obtained a pairing 
between Dendrolimus pint 3 and a Lymantria monacha Q, at 
Grunewald, near Berlin (Bertin. Ent. Zeits., 1888, p. 24), both pairings 
that one could scarcely expect to be fruitful. 

Supposed cases of parthenogenesis in the Eutrichids have been 
recorded (vzde, anted, vol. i., p. 29), the species noted being Lutricha 
guercifolia, Dendrolimus pint, and Cosmotriche potatoria, as well as 
Macrothylacia rubi : post., p. 123), but many careful observations in 
this direction are still required. 

Many of the Eutrichid imagines follow those of the Malacosomas 
in the manner in which they are attracted to light, and, like them, 
some of the species are only attracted in the male sex. Thus 
males of Cosmotriche potatoria fly to the light in great numbers on 
Wicken Fen and elsewhere on suitable nights, though scarcely 
a female is ever attracted. Schultz observes (Berl. Ent. Zeits., liv., 
p. 9) that, in Berlin, in some years, countless numbers of Dezdrolimus 
pint are attracted to, the street lamps, and fall  downwsen 
the pavement, where they are crushed by carriages and pedestrians, 
in some places leaving behind ‘ spots” of grease several feet in 
diameter. It is a remarkable fact that Lutricha quercifolia, also 
attracted in large numbers by light, is so attracted in both sexes. 


Subfam.: METANASTRIINE. 


We have already suggested (antfed, p. 111) that the subfamily 
Metanastriinae is divisible into at least three tribes—JMacrothylactid, 
Gloveriidt, and Metanastriidi—of which the first-named seems to be the 
most specialised, and the last-named much the most generalised, a 
wider gap existing between the second and third than between the 
first and second tribes. Nor do we wish to suggest that these are 
the only tribes to be included in this subfamily; on the other hand, 
many species, that have not yet been sufficiently studied to lead 
one to assert with certainty that they belong to separate tribes, 


METANASTRIINA. 121 


appear, superficially, to be quite out of place in any of the tribes 
at present defined. Not only is this so, but our other Eutrichid 
subfamilies (ated, pp. I11 —112) contain many, at present, un- 
collated tribal divisions beyond those that we have indicated, 
whilst it is quite possible that other subfamilies, fully equal in 
value to those already suggested, will have to be created. 
At first sight the Macrothylaciids appear to have much in 
common with the Malacosomas and Pachygastriids, and yet, in reality, 
they are very distinct from both. The eggs of the typical species 
of the tribe—JMacrothylacia rubt—are not unlike those ot Lasiocampa, 
yet show a distinct resemblance to the Eutrichid egg, which is not 
noticeable in Lastocampa, whilst Bacot also notes that the egg of JZ. 
rubt shows a distinct relationship with those of the Eutrichids (potatoria, 
guercifolia, &c.), both as regards colour and pattern (zz /zt¢.). On the 
other hand, the mode of egg-laying usually adopted roughly resembles 
the more thorough and artistic work of AZalacosoma. ‘The Macrothy- 
laciid cocoon, however, is quite sad generis, and reminds one rather of 
those of some Eutrichids, being quite unlike those of the Pachygastriids 
and Malacosomas. The imagines, also, have the Lasiocampid 
habit, the males flying swiftly by day, assembling readily to newly- 
emerged females, the latter egg-laying after dusk. Hubner, in the 
Verzeichniss, p. 186, unites (see, azfed, vol. il., p. 450) rubz with hyrtaca, 
Cram., and aconyfa, Cram., in his coitus JMZetanastriae, hence the 
subfamily name. In 1866, Pambur separated rwdz under the generic 
name we use in this work, leaving Ayrtaca and aconyta as possible 
types of Hubner’s genus. Moore, in 1883 (Lep. Ceylon, p. 147), 
declared hyrtaca* to be the type of Metanastria, thus leaving aconyta, 
as a possible type of any later genus should it. be found not to 
be congeneric. Aurivillius considers the two species, included by 
Hubner in MMetanastria with rubi, as nearly related thereto, a con- 
clusion with which one must agree, in the broad sense. The actual 
limits of the tribe AZacrothylaciidi have yet, however, to be worked 
out. In the British Museum collection, as we have already stated, 
Macrothylacia, Rbr., is included in AZe¢anastria, Hb., but the latter genus 
is there used in such a comprehensive manner that it allows almost the 
whole subfamily Me¢anastriinae with its many tribal divisions, each con- 
taining many more or less closely allied genera to be included. The 
want of information as to the structural peculiarities presented by 
the early stages of most of the species prevents one from being 
able to determine, in more than a tentative manner, what these 
relations really are. The only species in the collection whose 
imagines bear any really close resemblance to Macrothylacia rubi 
is that labelled A@etanastria psidit, Sallé, but the relationship ¢ of these 
species is not at all clear, and one suspects that the similarity is 
due rather to convergence than to any real community of descent, 
a suspicion borne out by the localities of the respective species, 
rubt being a Palearctic and fszdiz a Guatemala - Mexican species. 
There is a broad similarity in the colour of the wings, the character 

* The alliance between rudi and hyrtaca is such that the genus or tribe 
containing Ayrtaca must be included in the same subfamily as that containing rubi 


(Bacot). Kirby places (Cat., pp. 814-815) hyrtaca and aconyta next each other in his 
heterogeneous genus Dendrolimus. 


ft Certainly psddzz is not congeneric with rudz, and equally certain it does not 
belong to the genus A/etanastria (sens. restr.), which has kyrtaca for type. 


122 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


of the two transverse lines and the hind marginal shade of the 
forewings, and a broad parallel resemblance in the sexual differences 
exhibited by the two species. A general uniformity of wing coloration 
exhibits conspicuously, in both species, the nervures of the fore- and 
hindwings, whilst the increased scaling and intense coloration, notice- 
able at the bases of the hindwings of rubz, are also present in pszdvz, 
and are further edged by an ill-developed transverse line in some of 
the males of the latter species. In some aspects, W. psrdit appears 
to preserve a combination of the characters of JZ. rudz and Pachy- 
gastria trifoli, the general shape of the wing and the ill-developed 
white discal spot suggesting the latter. The larva of AZ. pszdiz, 
so far as can be judged from the dried examples in the British 
Museum collection, is rather close to that of Jf, rudz. The relation- 
ship of the Metanastriid species is much more marked in the 
females than in the males, which are, as is, indeed, usual in 
the Lachneids, more specialised, and hence more diverse in their 
appearance. Thus the female imagines of JZ. psidii and AL. rubi 
closely resemble each other, whilst the males, although con- 
vergent, as we have shown above, present certain differences 
such’ as the greater width between the transverse median 
lines of the forewings in MZ. fpszdiz, the outer of which takes 
a decided oblique turn towards the apex of the wing, whilst 
the presence of a small white central spot is very distinctive. 
The outer marginal band is less developed in MZ. fpsedzz than in 
M, rubi, and the single transverse line on the hindwings of the male 
of MZ. psidiz fails in the female. [It may be worthy of mention 
that O. W. Barrett observes (Caz. Eut¢., xxxil., p. 235) that the hairs of 
the larva of JZ: pstdiz, Sallé, are barbed at the tip and very 
irritating, in the same way as those of Aolzsondota propingua, but 
contain no poison.*] Other Metanastriid species show characters 
that strongly suggest that the Macrothylaciids had origin within 
the subfamily JZefanastriinae. One further suspects that the 
ancestral base of the latter was also not far from the point at which 
the Eutrichids originated. The South African Jfetanastria pithyo- 
campa and M. ferruginea (from Natal) have the space between 
the two central lines of a different colour from that of the general 
surface of the wing, thus turning the two lines into the margins of 
a band; the lines are much more oblique than in JZ. pstdiz, and 
the remnant of the outer marginal band in the males of both 
species rather stronger than is that of JZ. rubz. In these species, 
however, the shape and shortness of the wings, the length of the 
abdomen, and the prominence of the head in the males, give 
them a much more Eutrichid appearance than has JZ. psidiz, 
which, in turn, possesses it in some faint degree when compared 
with AZ. rub. ‘Those species usually referred to the Metanastriids, 
however, of which punctata, Walk., may be considered the _ type, 


*Stowell states that, being stung by the hairs of the larva of AZacrothylacia 
rubi, the urtication produced did not finally disappear until the fifteenth day 
(Zoologist, p. 7898), whilst South (A77., xviil., p. 5), Sharp (doc. cit., p. 324), 
Jenkyns (doc. cit., xix., p. 42), Long (doc. cit., p.45), Lawford (2nt. Io. Mag., Xxxil.,- 
p- 69), Blandford (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., Feb. 5th, 1896, pp. iii-iv), and others, draw 
attention to the urticating properties of these hairs which are not barbed in any way 
and resemble those forming the urticating fur of the larva of Lasiocampa quercitis. 


MACROTHYLACIIDI. 123 


appear to be much nearer to the Eutrichids (sezs. strict.) than to 
the Macrothylaciids, and the structural peculiarities of the blown 
larve of MW. punctata support this view, showing distinct affinities 
with Dendrolimus pini, Cosmotriche potatoria, etc. ‘There is, it is true, 
in the larva of WZ. punctata, an indication of a scanty dorsal fur similar 
to that of the larva of AZ. rubi, yet the strongly developed lateral 
thoracic pencils, and the transverse meso- and metathoracic dorsal 
tufts of hairs, convey the idea that the position is much nearer to the 
lower Eutrichids than to Macrothylacia. One is forced, by these 
and other considerations, to the conclusion that the subfamily 
Metanastriinae belongs really at the base of the Eutrichid stem, 
and that the Macrothylaciids, originating within the Metanastriid 
phylum, must be grouped therewith and not with the true 
Lachneid (or Lasiocampine) stem. It will be interesting, when 
opportunity offers, to examine the early stages of many of the 
species at present included in the British Museum collection under 
the generic name JMe/anastria.* 

At the meeting of the Entomological Society of London, May rst, 
1901, Hampson exhibited two females of an apterous Lachneid from 
the Transvaal, with cocoon and ova, bred by Colonel J. M. Fawcett, 
Bim wancers. he larva, he states, 1s very much like that of the 
British Aacrothylacia rubt. ‘The female does not emerge from the 
cocoon, its antenne being aborted and all the joints coalesced 
with a flabellate organ with slight striz indicating the joints, the 
fore tibiz short with traces of tibial claws. The male is unknown, 
and as Colonel Fawcett was on active service at the time of 
the emergence of the female, he was unable to expose her for the 
purpose of attracting the male. 

Vangel notes a case of parthenogenesis in JZ. rubi (Rovart. L.apok, 
me ppsix and: 59). St. George, m the A7vch. Mikros. Anat.,. xxx., 
p. 429, pl. xxv, has used the larva of this species, amongst others, 
for his investigations into the formation of spermatocysts. 

Tribe: MACROTHYLACIIDI. 
Genus: MacrotTuyiacis, Rambur. 


SyNoNYMY.—Genus : Macrothylacia, Rbr., ‘: Cat. Lép. And.,” pp. 352, 358- 
360 (1866) ; Kirby, ‘** Cat.,” p. 834 (1892); Auriv., ‘ Iris,” vil:, p 152 (1894) ; Dyar, 
pare tents, Xxx. pp. 4, 15. (1098) ;. Lutt, < areas Sth. Lond. Ent. Soc.,”” 1898, pp- 
I-11 (1898) ; Grote, és lids Zeits. fiir Ent., 1eDer 7 O (1898) ; Staud., “Cat. 3rd 
ed., p.122 (1901). Phalaena (-Bombyx), ae nee a. Nat., > xth ed., p. 498 (1758) ; 
Mie eds, p- O13:(1767) 5 “* Pain. Suec.,”’ 2nd ed. p- 292 (1761); Mal, “ Faun. 
Blade )-939 (h 704). Zool, Dan. Prod-,” p. Er7 (1776) ; Esp., “¢ Schmett: Eur.,”’ iii., 
Pog (t753) 5 Vill. Linn. Hee lisp. 5224 0789); bkhy, * Sys: Besch.,” lil., p- 
99 (1790); ‘‘ Rhein. Mag. yd 1., p. 364 (1793). Phalaena, Scop., ae Carn., 

197 (I 763); Fuess. i Verz., p, BAS E775) Meyer, «- kuess. Mac:.”7 1.,.p. 209 (1778 Ms 
Goze, “Ent. Berk, 7st s |p. nee 7or)\= wetz., Gen. eb Spee: a Dp. 30) (1703) 
Brinn, “Fuess, Neu. Mag.,” HG De fh IOS); Brahm, ‘“Huess. (New. Mag,” ii, pp. 
145, 149, 157 (1787). Bomobyz, Fab., ss Sys. Ent.,’? -p: 565 (1 775); ‘Sp. Ins.,” i. p. 
Eo (tjo.); §* Mant. Ins.,” 11., p. 113 (73g )s “Ent, SVor. lls, be I, P. 427 a 793); 
[Schiff.,] ‘‘ Schmett. Wien.,” p. 56 (1775)t; Esp., « Schmett. Eur.,’ iis, Pld Xes altos: 
uO (1782); View., “Tab. Verz.,” p. 34 (1789) ; Brahm, ‘<Tns. Kal. 4 et 197 (I 790) ; 
Don. * Nat. Hist. B. Ins.,” i1., p. 37 (1793) ; Hb., “Lary, ep:,: , Bomb. ii, 


*One suspects that this genus forms the Lachneid dustbin, =) by the Brit. 
Museum authorities for those Macrothylaciids, Eutrichids, etc., that were not provided 
with distinct generic names when described, and whose facies hardly rank them with 
the higher Eutrichids, and certainly exclude them from the Pachygastriids. 

+ On the original date and title of the ‘‘ Vienna Catalogue,’’ vide, Ann. Mag, 
Nat. Hist. (7), vi-, p. 158. 


124 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Wee 1s O (2 ieee) 8 Oi SemNet, The ile, 1A (PP 1OR) 8 Do alu, (2 7805) 5 He 
SO SySn VierZ. NVIET. =. Me AMIS. 1.5 1p: 108 (1801); Schrk., ‘* Fauna Boica,”’ , Abth. 
Hy Do Aqal (inston 8 Jalen, C2 ILGioy Jeysien join ley [Do 2 (SOR) 5 GCrolt, Hist. "Nat.,” 
Noy [D5 Weyl (1822) ; Bdy., G6 Jape. Lep. Inds Meth sp. 40 UeeO ‘Genter mas 
Meth.,”’ Oy Wi (1840): Dup., e“licon. des Chen; ii , pl. V1l., fig. 2°(cz76. 1840) ee eaien 
INGO NS” Oe We. (ivy) & Sieanl, 66(Cale.” sit eel, eet 30 (186) ; 2nd ed., p. 69 (1871); 
Snell., «De Vlind.,”’ p. 186 (1867); Berce, «Faun. Fran¢.,’? i., p. 192 (1860)5 Nelcke: 
we Lep. Fn. Estl.,”” 1D L209) (1808) Newm., ‘¢ Brit. Moths,’”’ p. 43 (1869); Cunt y 
Martyn Calceleep: Bare., 705 (OO (1874); Mull. °¢ Ann. Soc. linn, ey ont savuuieempe 
13, (1869) ; (Groen, Lép. Eure-et- Loir,” [On 83 (1875); Curo, “ Bull. Soc) Bntitalys 
Wiles Oo UBM (MIVO)\S Iehe, OILS, Glee skeoniv.,77 jdb.O7 (1880) ; Lampa, ‘(Ents ids avase 
De 42 (1885); Jord., ‘‘ Schmett. N.-W. Deutsch.,” p. 96 (1886); Ruhl, “ Soc. Ent.,” 
Woy }Os 17S (1891) ; Carad., co iris;;* Villy, p. 92° (1d95)\s Dutt, <<: Bint Mothsi aspen 
(1696) Reutty cep. Bad-) 72nd eds p58 (1s98)r ees ae . ** Fauna 
‘Boica,’711,; Abth, 2, pp. 153, 154 (1602) > Germ. “Bomb, Specs... pseaWiala es 
Leach, « Edin, Ency.,”” DRA [Do Ley (1815); Okenjesseelnb: Neue” , p. 708 (1815) ; 
Curt., "ee Brit. Emt:,” iil. , expl. ol. Cl (1827) ; COGHTCIaY” JO, TA coat Stephs., 
Sons ‘Haust.,” hoy P- 39 (1828) 5) Cat. Brat. Tns.,” p. 46 (1829) >.“ lists Birce aie baie 
Mus-,”) ast ed.) p..45 (1350) 5 2ndied:, p.42)(1350)5 Meig.,<" hur) Schmettrastaame 
202 (1830) ; Wood, ‘Ind. Ent.,’’ p. 21, fig. 40 (1839) ; Humph. & Westd., “Brite 
MOEN,” D> Sy (Cele) es Sinn, CF Wlaie Ta. oe 153 (1857) Humph., “Gen. Brit. 
IMFO thsi sp.) 24 ee Bang-Haas, SG INauegs Cele (Aya iDRas, JOR. AL (1874) ; Buck., 
SCID AIRES) (S8C55"” (De “3 (1889) ; _Barr., “Lep. Brt.,”’ i., p.°32, ple excumtiégas 
Bomoix, Watr.,““tHist. Nat.,7 xiv., p. 18% (i805). Gastropacka,, Ochoa gmic 
Schmett.,”’ iii. P. 270 (1810) ; ee ‘Faun. Volg.-Ural.,”’ p. 156 (1844) ; H.-Sch., 
SO SEs BEANO,” hk, [Ds HOO (1847) Heyd:, § Iuep.) ur. Cat. Meth, sedeaararamen 
(1851) ; Spey., ‘Geog.’ Verb.” 1.5 p» 414 (1858); Hem. “ Schmett.) Wentsehe aio: 
206 (1859). AZetanastria, Hb., c Verz.,”’ p. 186 (? 1822). Bombyx (-Lasiocampa), 
Bedi acoWVierhZs-b. Ges. Wien,” ii, Abh., p. 75 (1853). Lachnocampa, Wallgrn., 
‘‘ Skand. Het.,” ii., pp. 89, 91 (1869); Auriv., “‘ Nord. Fjar.,” p. 63 (1889) ; Strom, 
‘Danm. Somm.,’” p. 80 (i391); Reuts, “Act, H.W) Hennt;’2 p, 28 (1893) Eriogaster, 
Meyr., ‘“‘ Handbook, &c.,”’ p. 322 (1895). 


Rambur’s diagnosis of the genus (Cat. Le. And. p. 359) 
reads as follows : 

Macrothylacia, nobis.—Téte petite, front non gibbeux, épistome saillant, 
antennes assez fortement bipectinées chez le male, ayant les dents un peu courbées 
a Vextrémité; munies d’une petite épine tournée un peu en dedans, a peine 
bidenticulées chez la femelle; chez celle-ci le thorax et surtout l’abdomen 
extremement épais, velus; ce dernier assez gréle chez le male, terminé par une 
touffe de poils allongés ; pattes assez fortes, ayant V’épiphyse peu sensible et les 
éperons bien visibles; ailes grandes, larges, couvertes d’écailles peu serrées, 
longuement divisées en laniéres fines ressemblant a des poils, franges peu larges ; 
nervule des premiéres partant aprés le troisisme rameau et aboutissant au quatriéme 
de la troisiéme nervure; secondes ayant Ja marge antérieure trés-dilatée surtout 
a la base qui est trés-saillante et arrondie, recevant deux rameaux accessoires, 
dont un épais et courbé; aréole petite, fermée par un rameau court, €pais, premier 
rameau de la deuxiéme nervure trés-rapproché de la premiére et tendant a s’y 
unir; nervule d’abord droite et formant un angle au quart de sa longueur, puis 
oblique et aboutissant au dernier rameau de la troisiéme nervure; abdomen 
du male trés-aminci a l’extrémité, premier segment en dessus, plus étroit que la 
suivant, membraneux 4 son bord antérieur, huitiéme étroit, long en dessus, trés- 
court en dessous; piéces génitales externes peu saillantes, stylet nul, sa base 
formant de chaque cdté une saillie un peu épineuse, au-dessous de laquelle on 
en voit une autre plus épaisse et obtuse qui n’est que la base des branches de 
la pince, entre elles se voit le penis en ouverture arrondie, terminé par une 
épine courte et forte, accompagné de deux tiges assez épaisses, courtes, supportées 
par une base é€troite; en avant existe une excavation sur les cdétés de laquelle 
est une point courte, crochue, aplatie. Chenilles épaisses et longues, cylindriques, 
trés-velues, se tenaut a terre, presque polyphages, passant Lhiver, quoique deja 
écloses au mois de juin, faisant une coque molle, allongée en forme de sac; chrysalide 
trés-€paisse, attenuée aux deux bouts chez la femelle, s’amincissant lentement 
vers Vextrémité, chagrinée sur le thorax, rugueuse sur l’abdomen, qui est garni 
de trés-petits poils roux, subépineux, plus forts A la partie anale qui est trés- 
obtuse—Macrothylacia rubi, Linné, Sepp, i., tab. 9. 


The only Palzarctic species in this genus, rudz, was placed by 


MACROTHYLACIA RUBI. 125 


Schrank, Germar, and other of the earlier authors in Zaszocampa, and, 
in spite of Hubner having indicated its true position ( Verzerchniss, 
p. 186) almost eighty years ago, modern authors have, possibly 
largely owing to Staudinger’s Ca¢alog having become a basis for 
makers of modern lepidopterological books on the Continent, united 
representatives of various genera, tribes, subfamilies and families 
with it under the same generic title. Rambur, in 1866, correctly 
created the genus Macrothylacia for rubi, and, later, in 1869, 
Wallengren, apparently quite independently, founded the genus 
Lachnocampa for the same species, the latter necessarily falling as 
a synonym of Rambur’s earlier name. Aurivillius states that, 
“although Macrothylacia rubi is nearly related to the species ol 
the genus Lasicampa, yet it appears to be more natural to place 
it in -a-separate genus as Rambur and Wallengren have done.” 
He then describes (/vs, vil, p. 152) the genus Macrothylacia as 
follows: 


ImaGo: Eyes uniformly haired. The last joint of the palpi shorter and less 
distinctly deflexed. Nervures 6 and 7 of forewings always distinctly stalked. Basal 
cell of hindwings shorter, reaches scarcely to the middle of the discoidal cell, and 
sends out, towards the costal margin, two very strong supplementary nervures, which 
are simple or forked. The forehead and the front tibize are, as in division A.a. of Lasto- 
campa (see anted, p. 2), unarmed. The forewings have two pale transverse lines, anda 
small central spot or none. ¢ antennz with long pectinations. ¢ antennz with very 
short pectinations. Abdomen with densely-haired sides and “ ausstilpbaren,”’ and 
usually bent downwards. LARVA: The larva has dense long hairs, and is, besides, 
dorsally clothed with appressed ‘ felt-hairs.”” All the segments uniformly haired. 
Head unicolorous, black, without marking, PupA: The pupa is blackish with 
brown incisions, and with very short stiff hairs (the leg-, antenna-, and wing-cases are, 
however, naked). It is longer, narrower, and with a thicker shell than the pupz of the 
genus Lasioscampa, and rests in a large, long, soft, and semitransparent silken cocoon. 


The further description of the genus would only be a repetition of 
the special features of the single Palearctic species in the genus 
described in detail below. | 


MACROTHYLACIA RUBI, Linné. 


SYNONYMyY.—Species: Ruéz, Linn., ‘‘Sys. Nat.,” toth ed., p. 498, no. 14 
Miso ieined.. p. O83 no. 21 (1707); “* Fauna Suec.,” 2nd ed., p. 292, no. £103 
ujet)scop., «nt. Cam”? p. 197, mo, 492 (1763), Mull) «“ Eaun, Frd:,’” p.. 39, 
HOPS Eel 7Os) 15° 200). Dan. Prods,” p. «117, no. 1350:(1776);° Wilkes, ‘Nat. 
isi amp lin. (lea), Hab... “sys. Ent.,’? px 565, mo. 35 (1775); “ Sp. Ims.,”? 
Meepeto.” ROW sta bron), «Mant. i. p: 113, no. 59:(17387);, ‘int. Syst.,’7 u1., 
Pel p.427, 10.05 (1792); [Schilt.,| “Schmett. Wien:,”* p. 56 (1775) ;. Huess., 
EiewZ ap. 34, NO. 625° (0775)5) Meyer, ** Buess, Mag.’ 1., p.-209 (1778); Goze, 
Pebnie cli lls): 2600( 1701) 5, Hsp. <°Schmett. Fur.,”? its, pl ix, fies. 1-6 
[i782)en D209 C1763) 5 1 Brinn, < Buess.. New. Mag..7? 1. p. 70 (1765); Brahm, 
peutcss eNCH- Mae,7) ily pp. 141,449,157 (0797):; “Ins, Kal,” p. 197, no. Lot 
90, View, Tab. Wer:,;* ps 34 (1789); Vill., “ Lann, Ent.,” p. 122 (17389) ; 
BOtke (ys. csen.,, My p. 99, 10.27 (1790) 5“ Khein. Mag,” 1.,.p. 364 (1793); 
Wot Nat. Hist, Bat. ins, 1, p..07, pl. -lxvini (7ecz. Ixix) (1793); E1b., << Eur. 
Seumictt.,.. ii. pl. Xxxix., figs. 174, 261 (? 1800),,p. E44 ( 21805); ‘< Larvee Lep.,’’ 
ii womb. Hy. Vere ib.) b, igs. la-d.(2 180g)> ** Verz.,”” p. 166 (2? 1822) ; Schrk., 
aun. boica, im. Abih. 1, p. 274 (ron); Abth..2,.p. 154. (1s02); T., “< Syst. 
Wei Nien 7 Wo ANSe. (i... LOd.(1do0l) ;) Watr., “dist. Nat.,”’ xiv., p. 131 (1605); 
enw Wie  Schmett (74) ii-, .p.. 270. (1810)>) (Germ, ** Bomb. Spec.,”” 11., p. 47 
eZ) Oken, <“lehrb. Nature.,”7\ 1. p. 70d (1815); Leach, “* Edinb. Enc.,” 1x.; 
pape (tous); Godt, “Fist. Nats” iv., p. 134, pl. xui., figs. 1-2 (1822); Curt., 
pebHt yeni... expl. pl. ci (1827); * Guide,”” p. 142 (1829) ; Stphs., I. Haust.,” 
Beeson (O20). << Cat. But) Ins..'7 “no. 46° (1820); List’ Br. Aa: "Br. 
Mipceeanist ccd... p: 45 (1550); 2nd ed., p. 42 (1856); . Bdv., ‘‘ Bur. Lep. 
ieee Wetl..7. ps 45 (1620); “Gen. et Ind..” p. 71, no. 579. (1840); Meig., 
fbn. Schmett.,°’ i., p. 202 (1830); Wood, “Ind. Ent.,” p. 21, fig. 40 (1839) ; 


126 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Dup., “Icon. des Chen.,” ii., pl. vii., fig. 2 (ezvc. 1840) ; ‘‘ Cat. Méth. Lep. Eur.,” 
p- 78 (1844); Evers., ‘‘ Faun, Volg.-Ural.,’”’ p. 156 (1844) ; H.-Sch., ‘‘ Sys. Bear.,” 
p- 106 (1847); Heyd., ‘‘ Lep: Eur. Cat.,”” ed. 3, p. 26.(1851) ; Humph. and’ Westds 
“Brit Moths,” 2nd €d., 1., p. 57, pl. x1, figs. 1—4 (1851); Led.; 1“ Verh) za ames: 
Wien.,’i1., Abh., p. 75 (1853) ; Sta.; “Mans,” 1. p..153, (1857); Speyer amecoce 
Verb:,27 1., p- 414. (1858); Hem, ““Schmett. Deutsch.,’* p. 206 (1359) >) iaummaphe 
‘Gen. Brit. Moths,.> p. 24 (1860); Staud., <Cat.,” eds 1, p: 40 (iene 
2, p. 69 (1871); ed.3, p. 122'(T9o1); Rbrs, “Cat? ep. And, i.) pa sgenmouens 
Snell,, “De Viind.,”” p2-186 (1867); Nolck.,) <“* Wep. Kn: Wstl,,”)1-, 1p) zen aiees)i 
Bérce; “ Faun. Fran¢.,” i.; p. 192. (1808); Mill,“ Ann = Soc) slinmaievens 
XVI, p 13, pl. 94, fig. 7 (869); Wallem:, “Skand. Het,” i. pon qqeces) 
Newm., “ Brit. Moths,’’ p. 43 (1869); Bang-Haas, ‘‘ Nat. Tids.,”’ (3), ix., p. 412 
(1874); Cuni y Mart., ‘‘ Cat. Lep. Barc.,”’ p. 69 (1874); Guén., “ Lép. Eure-et- 
Low,” p. 83 (1875); Cuno, “Bull Soc. Ent. Ital?" vil... p: 15151670) anes 
‘ Lep. Schweiz,” p. 97 (1880); Lampa, “Ent. Tids.,” vi, p. 42 (1885); Jordan, 
““Schmett. N.-W. Deutsch.,” p. 96 (1886); Buckl:, “* Warvee,’? oe (ai pegs 
pl. xlvi., figs. ga—e (1889); Auriv., ‘‘ Nord. Fyar.,”’ p. 63 (1889); ‘‘ Iris,” vii., p. 
152 (1894) ; Ruhl, “Soc. Ent.,” v.; p: 178 (1391); Strom., “danm, Sommin ape 
30) (1891); Kirby, Cat.) 7 pi234 (1892)5— Reut.. “Act. 4.) Henn eee 
(1893); Carad., ‘<Ins,”’ vil., p. 92 (1895); Meyr:, “ Handbook, p2 322 y(ca5r 
Tutt, << Brit. Moths,’.p. 56:.(1896); <“ Proc. South ond, Ent. Secs appaen am 
(1898); Barr, <“Brit.qiep..7" il, p. 32, pl. xc (1896); Dyan,” < Caneesbanees 
XXX., pp- 4, 5 (1898); “| Ent. Record,” xi-,p. 142 (1399);) Grote) ¢ llmeme eres 
fir Ent.5’7 i, p. 70 (1898). Awous, Haw. “ep: Brit.,7 pt. 1, p. 63, nemguoaar 


ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION. —/. Bombyx elinguis, alis reversis 
cervinis immaculatis; strigis duabus albis; subtus nullis. [Roes., 
“Ins,” app. t.495 Wilk, ““Pap.,’ 25, 1.°3, 2. 19.] Habitats 
Salice. Larva levis, pilosa, ferruginea, nigro annulata. Alarum 
fascia posterior desinit in medio ale, nec, ut in P. annularia, qua 
multoties major est, excurrit ad apicem (Linné, Systema Vaturae, 
xth ed., pp. 498-9). Vo-this he adds: “* Faun. Suec,” 1103 jyscepe 
‘Ent! Carm., 492; Ammiral, “Ins.) t. 32. ° Ale absqueli@uncur 
striga posterior flexuosa, obsoletior” (xiith ed., p. 8173). 

Imaco.—Anterior wings reddish-brown (@ greyish- or yellowish- 
brown) with two pale yellowish transverse lines, one before and one 
beyond the centre, a grey submarginal shade, cilia concolorous with 
the wing, but shiny; posterior wings unicolorous reddish-brown, 
almost of the same tint as forewings, cilia paler and shiny. 

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—There is considerable difference in the 
sexes, the males being smaller, more brightly coloured, and with 
much more strongly pectinated antennze than the females. The 
males vary from 50mm.-57mm., the females from 56°5mm.-7omm., 
the latter, therefore, being, as a rule, much larger, heavier - looking 
insects, the abdomen being unusually large and distended with eggs 
when the specimens are freshly emerged. ‘The difference in colour 
between the sexes is most marked, and the deep red-brown of the 
normal males appears to be an outward reflex of the energy of this sex 
compared with the more sluggish females. Chapman notes of the 
antenne: g. About 60 joints, of Lasiocampid form, z.e., plumules hang- 
ing down from stem; length r2mm., of plumules 1°6mm., each plumule 
carries about 50 transverse rows of hairs on its ventral aspect, about 
3 to each side in each row, the central line of the plumule has finer 
hairs, which, at the apex, invade the dorsal rather than the ventral 
aspect of the plumule; the end of the plumule is not thickened, but 
is bent forward, and the curve is continued by a rather long, thick 
bristle or spike, about ‘15mm. long, jointed, as these bristles are in all 
the Lachneids, and having a somewhat bulbous base, and, at half 


MACROTHYLACIA RUBI, 127 


its length, a notch, as for the origin of a hair; behind it is a 
smaller straight bristle. ?@. About 52 joints and a length of 
9mm.—1omm.; the irregular dorsal scaling envelops a large proportion 
of the antennal surface; the pectinations are reduced to projections, 
about half the width of the antennal shaft in length, each carrying 
a bristle or spike as in the male, and with the notch well developed ; 
this spike is large, and makes an addition of about its own length 
to the pectination; there is one slighter bristle, or sometimes two, 
behind this as in the male; each pectination has a few slender 
hairs basally, but for the rest of its ventral surface is clothed with 
very fine small hairs. 

FEMALE WITH SUPERNUMERARY HINDWING.—On Tanne Stim, Ties 
Speyer found a? AZ. rubi at Rhoden, which had, besides the 4 normal 
wings, arising independently from the thorax at the base of the left 
hindwing, whose base it covers from above, a supernumerary wing 
that runs to the inner angle, which it completely Teaches: Lts 
length is, therefore, that of a normal hindwing, but its breadth does 
not exceed 6mm., and, as it is narrowed somewhat on each side 
medially, it appears as a longish flap, arising from a broader base. 
The texture, scaling and colour are normal, and the gently arched 
costa is somewhat bent inwards and short-haired, the blunt end 
(the outer margin) of the flap fringed. The winglet is traversed 
by 4 moderately strong parallel longitudinal nervures, of which three 
run out to the outer margin, the fourth is shorter and ends on the 
costa at two-thirds of its length; these arise at or near the base 
of the wing. The left normal hindwing is a little smaller than 
the right, and not quite so thickly scaled, although of normal form 
and neuration; its inner margin is, however, torn and crumpled. The 
formation of the additional winglet has not been without its effect 
on the normal one, and has, probably, caused the insect some diffi- 
culty in freeing itself from the pupal shell, to which the injury to 
the wing-margin is probably due. The body and other three wings 
are those of an ordinary well-developed female of ordinary colour 
and markings (Speyer, Sze¢t. Ent. Zeit., xlix., p. 206). 

GYNANDROMORPHISM.—The only references to gynandromorphous 
examples of this species, known to us, are the following: 

i a. A male the abdomen of which was filled with eggs (Purrmann, Zeztschr. f. 
Entomologie Breslau, ix., Vereinsnachr., p. xxv). [No further details are given.] 
(Schultz, 227. Woch. fiir EE ie D308). 

(Sa, here visy a reference by Schultz (Zidus. Zeits. fur Ent., iii., p. 169), to 
Moureau, ‘‘ Bull. Soc. Entom. de la Gironde,’”? No. 8 We cannot determine this 
reference, nor do we know to what publication it refers. 

VaRIATION.—There is considerable variation in size and colour 
in both sexes of this species, as also in the character of the trans- 
verse lines. It is almost impossible to classify the aberrations, which 
run into each other in most instances by imperceptible gradations. 
There are two very distinct types of male coloration, bright foxy- 
red, and deeper, duller brown-red (often almost grey), whilst the greater 
or less development of the pale shade between the outer median line 
and the outer marginal shade gives a very distinct character to 
certain examples, especially when the basal area is also pale. The 
males may be grouped as: 


GROUND-COLOUR BRIGHT FOX-RED. 
I. With widely separated transverse lines to forewings—ab. 7ufa-separata, n. ab, 


128 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


2. With normal transverse lines to forewings=ab. rufa, n. ab. 
: 3. With approximating transverse lines to forewings=ab. rufa-approximata, 

n. ab. 

4. With touching transverse lines to forewings=ab. rufa-conjuncta, n. ab. 

5. With transverse lines uniting to form a pale median fascia across fore- 
wings=ab. rufa-fasciata, n. ab. 
6. With one transverse line absent on forewings=ab. vufa-undlinea, n. ab. 
7. With transverse lines obsolete on forewings—ab. rufa-obsoleta, n. ab. 

8. With transverse lines different on right and left lolew ine ab. rufa- 
dissimilis, n. ab. 

g. With the area between the two median transverse es darker than the 
ground-colour=ab. rufa-virgata, n. ab. 


GROUND-COLOUR DULLER RUST-RED. 

I. With widely separated transverse lines to forewings=ab. ferruginea- 
Separata, n. ab. 

2. With normal transverse lines to forewings=ab. ferruginea, n. ab. 

3. With approximating transverse lines to forewings—=ab. Serruginea-approxt- 
mata, n. ab. 

4. With touching transverse lines to forewings—=ab. Serruginea-conjuncta, 
n. ab. 

5. With transverse lines uniting to form a pale median fascia across forewings 
=ab. ferruginea-fasciata, n. ab. 

6. With one of the transverse lines absent on forewings=ab. ferruginea- 
unilinea, 0. ab. 

7. With transverse lines obsolete on forewings=ab. ferruginea - obsoleta, n. 


ab. 

8. With transverse lines different on right and left forewings=ab. ferruginea- 
dissimilts, n. ab. 

9g. With the area between the two median transverse lines darker than the 
ground-colour=ab. ferruginea-virgata, n. ab. 


GROUND-COLOUR PALE (THE TINT OF THE PALE ANTEMARGINAL SHADE SPREAD 
OVER FOREWINGS). 

1. With widely separated transverse lines to forewings=ab. pallida-separata, 
n. ab. 

2. With normal transverse lines to forewings=ab. pallida, n. ab. 
. With approximating transverse lines to forewings=ab. pallida-approximata, 
n. ab. 

4. With touching transverse lines to forewings=ab. pallida-conjuncta, n. ab. 

5. With transverse lines uniting to form a pale “median fascia across forewings= 
ab. pallida-fasciata, n. ab. 

6. With one transverse line absent on forewings=ab. padlida-unilinea, n. ab. 

7. With transverse lines obsolete on forewings=ab. pallida-obsoleta, n. ab. 

8. With transverse lines different on right and left forewings=ab. fadlida- 
disstmilts, n. ab. 

9g. With the area between the two median transverse lines darker than the 
ground-colour=ab. pallida-virgata, n. ab. 


The females are still more difficult to classify. Roughly, they 
divide into two colour groups, grey and reddish-grey, with almost 
as much variation in the character of the transverse lines as in the 
males : 


GROUND-COLOUR GREY WITHOUT ANY REDDISH TINT. 
1. With widely separated transverse lines to forewings—=ab. grisea-separata, 


2. With normal transverse lines to forewings=ab. grisea, n. ab. 

3. With approximating transverse lines to forewings—ab. grisca-approximata, 
n.ab. 
- With touching transverse lines to forewings=ab. erisea-conjuncta, n. ab. 
5» With transverse lines uniting to forma pale median fascia across forewings 
=ab. grisea-fasciata, n. ab. 

6. With one transverse line absent on forewings=ab. grisea-unilinea, n. ab. 

7. With both transverse lines obsolete on forewings=ab. grisea - obsoleta, 
n. ab. 

8. With transverse lines different on right and left forewings=ab. g7isea- 
dissimilis, n. ab. 


MACROTHYLACIA RUBI. 129 


9. With the area between the two median transverse lines darker than the 
ground-colour=ab. gvisea-virgata, n. ab. 


GROUND-COLOUR PALE REDDISH-GREY (possibly the “cervinus’’ tint of Linné, 
and hence the type). 
I. With widely-separated transverse lines to forewings—=cervina-separata, 


2. With normal transverse lines to forewings=rudz, Linn. 

3- With approximating transverse lines to forewings=ab, cervina-approxi- 
mata, n, ab. 

4. With touching transverse lines to forewings—ab. cerzvina-conjuncta, n. ab. 

5. With transverse lines uniting to form a pale median fascia across fore- 
wings=ab. cervina-fasciata, n. ab. 

6. With one transverse line absent on forewings=ab. cervina-unilinea, n. ab. 

atk With both transverse lines obsolete on forewings=ab. cervina-obsoleta, 
Nn. abd. 

8. With transverse lines different on right and left forewings=ab. cervina- 
dissimilis, n. ab. 

g. With the area between the two median lines darker than the ground- 
colour=ab. cervina-v/rgata, n. ab. 

These forms cover possibly the greater range of the variation 
observable in the species in the British Islands. It is exceedingly 
difficult to give any really complete tabulation of the whole range 
of varietal forms, ¢.g., the males vary considerably in the tint of 
the hindwings, some being distinctly paler, others distinctly darker, 
than what may be termed the normal. Somewhat parallel forms 
with the male ab. falda, occur among the females, the pale 
antemarginal shade spreading over the whole of the forewings 
except the outer marginal area and inner part of the median band, 
but, in this sex, the outer marginal area is usually less band-like 
than in the males, and may, as in some examples of the latter 
Sex, De entirely wanting. ‘Stephens notes (///us., i1., p. 39) our 
forms wnzlinea and fasciata as follows : 

var. 3. The anterior wings with only one ‘the hinder) posterior striga above. 

var. y. The anterior wings with the two strigze united and forming a_ broad 
whitish band. 

In Webb’s collection we noted the following peculiar male 
aberrations: (1) Both fore- and hindwings yellow-brown in tint, 
with two yellowish transverse lines and redder narrow hind mar- 
ginal band to forewings. (2) Fore- and hindwings pale fawn in 
colour, transverse lines whitish, outer marginal area of forewings 
slightly darker. (3) Reddish with yellowish-grey submarginal shade. | 
(4) Almost unicolorous fox-red with the transverse lines darker 
shaded. (5) The forewings with the inner line obsolete. Of the 
females one notices: (1) A light grey form with scarcely a trace of 
red in the tint. (2) Yellow-grey in colour. (3) The greater part 
of the wing yellowish-grey, but the outer marginal band _ typical 
brownish, and the central area darker. (4) Deep fuscous, with a 
thick sprinkling of grey over the forewings. (51 Distinct red-brown, 
with grey outer line and greyish basal area. Robson notes that, until 
1897, he was unable to get an aberration at Hartlepool; in that 
year, however, he bred many, including—males with extra dark scales 
between the pale lines of forewings, others with the two transverse 
lines approximating, even meeting medially, or uniting throughout 
to form a pale transverse median fascia, some with the band _ be- 
tween the pale lines wide, some with outer margin of band 
straight, others with it curved, Examples with narrow median 


130 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


bands were much more common than those with wide ones. He 
further notes (Z.JZ.J7,, xxxill., p. 201) among these 1897 specimens 
the following: (1) An exceedingly small male, not more than 
quarter the size of a fully-developed moth, which bore evidence of 
starvation in having the wings almost devoid of scales; the pale 
lines, too, which form the edge of the band, are in close contact 
for their entire length, so that in lieu of a band there is merely 
a double ochreous line, (2) Two other males, both under-sized, 
had these lines in contact on the inner margin and partly across, 
three or four of them closely approximating, with a portion of the 
area (usually darker than the rest of the wing) filled up with the 
same pale ochreous scales. The curves of the transverse iines 
vary very much in different specimens, and are not always alike 
in both wings. ‘There is considerable diversity in shade, but all 
are cold brown, never approaching the richer red-brown of southern 
examples. ‘There is rather less variety in the markings of the females, 
but they are of the same general character. The curves of the 
transverse lines differ considerably, the latter sometimes approach- 
ing each other on the inner margin, and the direction of the outer 
lines varies especially, from almost straight to a distinct curve in 
one specimen, with a band of average width, the space between 
the lines entirely filled in with pale whitish-grey ; no corresponding 
specimen appears among the males, where the band is only pale when 
narrow. Some of the females have a tendency towards the brown 
hue of the gs, but these are all large and evidently well-nurtured 
specimens. Hills observes that the Folkestone examples vary, 
some of the males being redder and more uniform in tint, others 
darker and browner, the browner with the paler central area more 
distinct ; the females are all grey, some with the inner part of the 
central band much darker than in others, occasionally the hind- 
wings are exceptionally -dark. Now and again semidiaphanous ex- 
amples occur, and the pale median lines may be absent, confluent, 
or confluent only at inner margin or centre. ‘Tremayne notes one in 
which the united lines form an arch on the forewing, and Battley 
a female with a light circle between the two transverse lines of 
right forewing, whilst on the left forewing one of the nervures ends 
abruptly in the centre of the wing. Barrett records) jae 
from Belfast with both transverse lines absent from the right 
forewing, which has merely a whitish oblique cloud, and another 
with the first line bordered outwardly with black-brown; Mason 
possesses a g of a pale drab colour. Vaughan observes that in 
June, 1884, he obtained dark well-marked males differing from 
southern examples at Kilmartin. Rossiter notes the specimens as 
specially brown from the Hebrides, and Clarke that the Isle of 
Man form appears darker than the English one. Hoffmann states 
that the females are as frequently grey as brown in the Upper 
Hartz, whilst Kmnech records very dark females from Chiasso in 
Tessin, and Miulhére figures (/eonographie, Ann. Lyon, xvii., pl. 94, 
fig. 7, 1869) a curious bleached aberration of the ¢?, devoid of 
markings, from Lederer’s collection. No aberration of this species 
appears to have been described except the following : 

a. var. (et. ab.) pygmaea, Reut., ‘* Act. Soc. F. F. Fenn.,”’ ix., p. 28 (1893).— 
Multo minor, corpore obscuriore, strigis transversis alarum  anticarum rectis, 


MACROTHYLACIA RUBI. 131 


magis approximatis, obsoletis, extrorsum obscurius et magis distincte terminatis, ¢ ; 
nolgit. al. expans. 44mm. — Isynnerhet halskragen, vinglocken och thorax morkare 
an hos hufvudformen; af framvingarnes tvarlinier framsta nastan endast de mérkare 
och mera skarpt markerade bruna yttre skugglinjerna; vingarne, isynnerhet de 
bakre, mer tunnfjalliga « an hos hufvudformen. St. Michel (Ehnberg). (Reuter). 
This is treated as a variety by Reuter, and may well be so in its 
most northern localities, although one suspects that it is usually rather 
an aberration than a local race. There are 4 very small British 
examples in the Stephensian collection in the British Museum, 2 
gs and 2 2s, which are referable to this form. Dalglish notes an 
abnormally small ? taken at Sandbank, Argyllshire, which has a suffu- 
sion of rich pink along the costa and round the margins of all the wings. 
EcGG-LaAyING.—The eggs are ordinarily laid in a more or less 
cylindrical group round a stout grass stem, generally a few inches 
from the base. Egg-clusters found May 30th, 1896, June 8th, 1898, 
June 17th, 1899, June 17th, 1900, at Reigate (Prideaux); frequently 
also laid thus upon a heather-twig, often fairly regularly, and reminding 
one not only of a little group of heather-buds, but also of the 
egg-laying of JZalacosoma. Bacot notes a similarly-laid batch in the 
British Museum collection; he has also noticed others attached in 
small irregular masses around stems or grass-culms; in one batch, 
laid in an irregular band, the eggs are attached to the culm as 
well as to éach other, but set at various angles, some few having 
the long axis at right angles to the grass blade, others at various 
angles, so that the corner between the side and nadir of the egg 
is touching the culm, one egg being noted as having been 
laid with the micropyle next the point of attachment, the nadir 
being outwards and possibly pushed from its original position by 
the weight of the female’s body. The position chosen is exceedingly 
variable, and the mode of attachment .very irregular and uncertain. 
Thus Watkins notes finding a batch on a thistle-plant on Pains- 
wick Hill, June rath, 1874; Hawes found a batch on a black 
fence, June 20th, 1885, near Abbott's Wood; Bartlett beat some 
Gutwer an Oak tree at. Bristol, these hatched July 2nd, 1801 ; 
Burrows found an irregular bunch of eggs on a grass head at 
Leigh, June 5th, 1894; Riding found some laid on a pine trunk 
about 6ft. above the ground, and discovered some on the tip of 
a bramble leaf and others on the stalk of a grass (Anthoxanthum 
odoratum); Lotthouse discovered eggs on May 28th, 1go1, on the 
bark of a firtree near base of trunk, laid close together, near 
Guisbro’; Gordon sent us a batch laid on a stone by the side 
of a small loch at Corsemalzie, and Montgomery found a batch 
laid on a heather stem when the eggs very much resembled 
the previous year’s inflorescence, and we suspect that on the heaths 
this is the normal mode of egg- laying ; ; Turner obtained a cluster of 
eggs on heather in appearance very similar to a spray of dead flowers ; 
Fowler states that in the New Forest they are deposited in June in 
little clusters of 20 or so, on twigs of heather, and that their bluish- 
grey tint makes them closely resemble pieces of lichen, whilst Barnes 
observes that they are frequently laid three or four in a bunch at the 
base of a leafstalk of one of the foodplants. Various batches that he 
has had have hatched between June 21st (in 1897) and August rst 
(in 1899). Harrison obtained a batch laid round and round a stem of 
Funcus effusus, and occupying about an inch of the length of the stem, 


132 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Ovum.—Roughly elliptical in outline, although flattened at the 
sides and ends, a deep oval depression not quite central on the upper sur- 
face (one of the long sides); the shape varies, in some the micropylar end 
is slightly narrower, in others itis rather wider than its nadir; roughly 
the length: breadth: height:: 4: 3:3; the surface is shiny, polished 
(looks to the naked eye almost as if varnished), but covered with 
a very fine polygonal reticulation; pale grey in colour with dark 
fawn (inclining to brown) shading about the more prominent parts 
of the egg; the micropyle proper forms a deep, minute blue-black 
point placed in a small, rounded olive-brown spot at (usually) the 
blunter end of egg; the micropyle consists of very minute rounded 
cells centrally, which grade off into the polygonal surface cells; 
the olive-brown outer spot is in its turn placed centrally in a white 
patch [Described April 12th, 1897, under a two-thirds lens from 
eggs laid March 27th, 1897; received from Mr. Butler of Reading]. 
The eggs reterred to (anicd, vol. W., p. 430) as attaemedmeames 
stone, and as being possibly those of Z. var. cal/unae, were, we have 
now no doubt, those of 17. rubz. The description that we made of them 
reads as follows: 1°8mm. long, 1'zmm. broad, 11mm. high; almost 
a perfect oval in outline, but rather broader and very slightly 
flattened at the micropylar end. The upper surface with. a slight 
oval central depression (that looks darker than the surrounding 
surface, but is not in reality so). The colour of the egg is pure 
white, very minutely pitted, but with no markings except a few 
scattered, minute, opalescent, greyish-brown patches around the 
shoulder of the egg. ‘The floor of the shallow micropylar basin is 
also greyish-brown in colour with a minute central raised white 
point (the micropyle proper) [Described June 29th, 1898, under a 
two-thirds lens, from eggs sent by Mr. Gordon, who found them 
on a stone by the side of a loch in Wigtownshire]. Bacot notes 
the egg “as 21mm. in length, romm. im width, and (25mm 
thickness ; the micropylar end slightly larger than its nadir; out- 
line forms a short, rather rounded oval only slightly flattened on 
sides ; of a dull brownish-grey, the flattened area of the sides being 
of a darker olive-grey, and with two similarly coloured bands or 
lines round the edges and ends; the micropyle marked by a distinct 
dark spot, and there is a slightly marked dark dash on the nadir; 
opaque, of a strong horny appearance, surface highly varnished, a 
small and very faint network or reticulation is to be seen, the 
reticulations becoming finer and more sharply marked towards the 
micropyle [Described June 7th, 1900, from eggs received from 
Rev. G. H. Raynor of Hazeleigh]. 

EGG-PARASITES.—2100 examples of Zelenomus phalaenarum were 
bred from 200 eggs of this species (Bignell), see also az/ed, vol. i., p. 14, 
also Le JVat., i., p. 4., where the Marquis de Lafitole briefly records “a 
number of Chrysides” bred from these eggs, and pp. 29-30 where Lafaury 
comments on this record, and points out that the Marquis omits 
to say whether one parasite or more infested each egg, but that 
neither Réaumur (t. vi., 47ém. 1x., p. 295) nor Degeer (t. i., p. 592) 
had observed more than one from each; on the other hand his 
(Lafaury’s) friend, M. Alexandre Duverger, had an infested batch of 
eggs in which it was found on examination that the number of 
parasites to each was inyariably sezev, 


MACROTHYLACIA RUBi. 133 


HABITS OF LARVA.—The newly-hatched larva eats a quantity of 
its egg-shell; it assumes a modified SfAzzx-attitude when at rest, the 
thoracic segments raised, the 1st and znd abdominals also raised 
and slightly curved, the legs drawn up and head turned downwards ; 
it has also-the power of retracting the prolegs, the hooks being 
then within the latter, and there is no doubt that the ability to do this 
is exceedingly advantageous when the larva rolls up, as it does to 
escape observation when disturbed. The larva feeds on steadily 
until about the middle of October when it is fullfed, then goes down 
among the roots of its foodplants (possibly sometimes under the 
soil), hybernates until the end of February, comes up, and suns 
itself without feeding and then pupates in April. The larva appears 
to roll itself in a ring for hybernation, and may be wintered well 
among heather closely planted in a wooden tub and with a covering 
(muslin, &c.) for the protection of the plant. In Switzerland, 
ia iybemates as an adult larva under moss, dried leaves, 
Somes, dc. (Favre). Robson notes that, around Hartlepool, 
on every fine sunny day from June to April, the larve may 
be seen crawling about or stretched at length on withered tufts 
of grass, basking in the rays of the morning sun, retiring soon 
after midday without going far down; the larve become more abund- 
ant as the season advances, and the sexes may easily be distinguished 
Mews stase by the great ditierence im size; when they are 
fullfed in autumn they retire below the surface of the ground; 
aiiem the New year they appear to be very susceptible to 
warmth, and were once noticed as early as January roth, although 
March is the normal month for their reappearance; on February 
roth, 1897, fifty were picked up and they were equally abundant 
for several days. The larve are best found in early morning, 
when there is a heavy dew, at Church Stretton, where they are most 
abundant (Bradburne). The larva rolls up and quickly drops away 
when disturbed (Dalglish) ; the Jarvee when fullfed in October occur 
in colonies on the Dorset heaths, each colony, however, consisting 
of many individuals ; they delight in the sunshine, but roll themselves 
into a tight ring when disturbed (Bankes); on the moors about 
Corsemalzie the larve are very abundant, sometimes many (40 or 50) 
are to be found in quite a small area, then a large tract with none, 
when other colonies will be met, generally near a species of 
white-leaved grass, but they also feed on sallow, &c., here they 
are always rarer jn the spring than in the autumn (Gordon); the 
larve appear to feed on grass at Clevedon until about three-parts 
grown, then they collect in small colonies on the nearest bramble, 
continuing to feed on this and grass until they enter their winter- 
quarters (Mason); the larve appear largely to modify their habits 
according to locality, for, in September, 1897, they were abund- 
ant at the tops of the tall Devonshire hedges near Dartmouth, 
where they were repeatedly observed to select hazel as a foodplant 
(Prideaux) ; Noel observed that three larve found at East Budleigh, 
fed till October 19th, 1871, then disappeared and were found curled 
in a ring about half an inch under the soil. Leach says that when 
the larve hybernate they sometimes enter loose mould. Reading 
observes that the larvae may be found on the heaths, downs, and 
commons near Plymouth, hybernating under the earth beneath 


134 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


furze-bushes; Nicholson states that larve he had, went down into 
the earth for the winter and reappeared in April when they spun 
their cocoons. Hewett notes that the larve hybernate among heather, 
come up in March, sit about on the heather, and spin up without 
further feeding, whilst Robinson affirms that larve he had constantly 
came out at night even in mid-winter to nibble the leaves and 
continued to do so till they spun up; Doubleday observes, however, 
that the larve do not feed in spring, but, after reviving from their 
hybernation, stretch themselves out in the sun for a few days and 
then spin their cocoons. Haggart says that the larve are to be seen 
on the first fine days of spring, wandering about on the moorlands 
about Galashiels seeking for a suitable place for pupation. Cooke 
found larve on the move on Wallasey sandhills on February 12th, 
1882, and Watkins observes that larve found in October, 1867, 
began to crawl about after hybernation on February 23rd, 
1868, Partridge, however, observed. larve on December st, 
1889, and again on December 15th, crawling on heather among 
unmelted snow at 1100 feet elevation at Farchynys, in Merioneth. 
Corbin states that the larve hybernate on the surface of earth 
under moss, and°“may be sometimes found in winter in nature, 
under dead leaves on hedge-banks, always in a slightly contracted 
ring, quite fullgrown, the larve not going into hybernation till late, and 
then not feeding again in spring, although they enjoy the sun’s rays 
after their winter’s sleep. Fowler observes that the larvae hybernate 
in the New Forest when fullfed, and may be found slowly crawling 
about during warm days in March. Perkins notes (£77, xvi., p. 250) 
that, at Wotton-under-Edge, this species and Adscita statices often 
appear in greater numbers than ever after the herbage of their 
habitats has suffered from fire. The abundance of the larve 
is sometimes almost incredible. Long stretches of the downs 
directly behind Folkestone are sometimes covered so that it is 
impossible to walk without crushing them, and we have seen the 
Deal sandhills almost as thickly covered. Chapman records that 
in a glen off Loch Killary, co. Mayo, on September 18th, 1888, 
he saw an enormous number of the larve of this species, often five or 
six in a square foot of space; a dozen could be picked up anywhere 
without moving, and from any given standpoint from one to two 
hundred could be seen. They were as numerous as this for several 
miles, for a width of probably half a mile. On this side (the 
south) they were protected from the north and west; on _ the 
opposite side, where they could have more sun and be_ equally 
protected from the west, they were about the average of the rest 
of the district observed, vzz., about one every eight or ten yards. 
In some other glens there were exceptionally a dozen or so in 
sight at once. Very few were quite fullfed, most in the last 
skin but one, and many younger. At one to a square foot there 
would be about 50,000,000 on the area observed. ‘Theobald notes 
that, in the autumn of 1895, the North Downs in the neighbourhood 
of Wye were literally covered with hordes of the larve, mostly 
full-grown, some being quite active until the end of November, and 
crawling about until then among the grass. The noise made by them 
when feeding at night, he adds, was quite astonishing. None were 
observed on the downs until they were nearly full-grown. Carter 


MACROTHYLACIA RUBI. 135 


observes that on Baildon Moor, near Bradford, the larvz occurred 
in such profusion in 1874 that one could scarcely walk withour 
treading them under foot. A similar abundance was observed in 
September and October, 1894. Ash notes that the larve were 
also excessively abundant in the latter year on Skipwith Common. 
In 1856, the larve were reported as occurring at Bisterne in 
marvellous numbers, strewing the ground; indeed they were in such 
numbers that a person walking across the heath known as the 
“warren” had to be cautious lest he should tread on them. 
Horne reports them as being in thousands in most years on the 
high ground around Aberdeen, and Wylie that, in certain seasons, 
they are extremely abundant on the mosses in Perthshire; in the 
autumn of 1897 the larve were feeding on nearly everything on 
Methven Moss. McArthur says that in the Isle of Lewis the 
larve were in amazing abundance about the middle of September, 
about three parts grown and almost everywhere. The larve 
swarm in Sketty Park, where there is no heath, and were so 
abundant in September, 1891, that it was difficult to avoid 
treading on them (Robertson); unusually abundant the same 
year at Clevedon, where, also, there is no heath, the larve feeding 
on grass till about three-quarters grown, when they collect in small 
colonies on bramble until fullfed, and then enter into their winter- 
quarters; the larve will feed well on bramble in confinement, but 
also eat all the grass in their enclosure (Mason). In spite of the 
usual autumnal abundance of the larve, there is rarely any great 
number found in the spring, and one suspects that large numbers 
perish during the hybernating period. Alllepidopterists complain of the 
difficulty of rearing the species if kept in confinement throughout the 
winter, and thus it is usual for British lepidopterists to force them. 
Cartmel appears to have been the first to adopt the now well- 
known method of forcing the larve by bringing them indoors in 
winter and placing them near a kitchen fire. By this means he 
succeeded in breeding many imagines in January, 1856, from larvz 
that he had collected fullfed the preceding October. Robson places 
each fullfed larva in a paper box at least 2 inches square (chip 
boxes are too small and result in cripples), in early spring, and 
gives (£.4.M., xxxill., p. 199) a long detailed account as to how 
to rear the species, the larve being collected from January troth- 
March 13th, dependent on season, when they have come up to sun 
themselves. He places them, at once, as we have just noted, into 
a separate paper box (these paper boxes being kept on a shelf 
over the kitchen fire), in which the larve almost immediately com- 
mence to spin up and are thus forced so as to emerge early, ¢¢., 
larve February roth-13th, 1897, spun cocoons February 14th-2oth, 
imagines emerged April 4th on. Itis remarkable that, in some cases, 
the forcing appears to hasten the assumption of the pupal period, but 
usually to lengthen the pupal stage. Thus, larve, forced from February 
roth-13th, 1897, produced imagines in an average of 584 days (the 
longest period 64 days, the shortest 53). Those found March aist- 
April r1th, 1897, produced imagines in an average of 28 days (the 
longest period being 35, the shortest 21). In all cases the first to 
appear were 9s, the males appearing three or four days later. With 
regard to this point, vzz., that the earlier found larve, though pupating 


136 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


almost as quickly as those found later, were so much longer in pro- 
ducing the perfect insect, Robson writes: ‘ All were exposed to the 
same conditions after capture, and I should have expected them to 
have remained about the same time in the pupal stage, yet the 
earlier found larve required from 53 to 64 days to produce 
imagines, and the later ones only 21 to 35 days, the frstuslen 
being therefore almost 3 times as long in the pupal condition as 
the second.” Robson says that this suggests a bearing on the impossi- 
bility of forcing at once fullfed autumnal larve, and that the latter, 
though fullfed, may not be mature, and probably require considerable 
time for certain internal changes to take place before they can go 
on, and that such fullfed autumnal larve will die rather than spin 
their cocoons although four or five months later they will spin their 
cocoons but still require time to undergo the final changes and take the 
needed time in the pupal stage. The experience of Studd and Moss 
(posted) does not appear to support that of Robson as to early forcing 
always resulting in an extended pupal period, and Baynes notes that 
he collected autumnal larve in 1860, that they were subjected to 
forcing treatment and spun up November 24th, the larvae emerging 
between December 21st, 1860, and January 6th, 1861. Studd 
notes that the insect is easily forced at any time during the 
winter, ¢.g., December—March, and he observes that emergences took 
place on January 13th—February 4th, 1897, January 24th—March 6th, 
199. The larve placed in heat (about 80°F.), spin up in a few days 
and emerge in from 1o days to a fortnight after pupation. Moss records 
that he kept larve in a cold frame in the winter of 1892—3, the grass 
and moss were frozen in January, but the larve were taken in- 
doors—kept in a temperature of 80°F., pupated within five days, 
and in ten days more commenced to emerge. Buckler gives 
(2.4.11, xi., p. 188) an excellent account of how to hybernate this 
species successfully, vzz., on the short turf of a lawn under a garden 
hand-glass with a movable top, a frame being sunk into the ground 
about three inches, and the larve supplied with heather until they cease 
to feed. The top glass was occasionally removed to promote ventila- 
tion and to prevent mouldiness, and the larve formed hibernacula 
in little cavities hollowed out in the turf close to the roots of the grass. 
The larve came up on sunny days in spring, and between the 21st and 
24th most of them disappeared beneath the grass and made their 
cocoons, imagines appearing between April 29thand May 17th, 1873. 
Hewett writes: ‘To winter AZ. rudz, plant a root of heather 
out of doors. knock the bottom out of a small tub or box, put it 
round the heather and cover it with perforated zinc. The larve 
may be under snow; they will come up in March, and appear to 
be pleased to have new shoots of heather to sit on and_ spin 
among, but they eat nothing more.” Holland noted that the larve 
being exceptionally abundant at Reading, in October, 1890, he 
knocked the lid and bottom from a large box, nailed perforated 
zinc over it, planted heather in the garden in a thick mass, 
turned the caterpillars into the middle of it, placed the box over 
and earthed up the bottom edge a bit. Nothing was done during the 
winter but brush a heap of snow from the zine once or twice; in 
spring the Jarvee came up in the sun to dry their coats, and soon spun 
cocoons in the heather, coming through as moths well with very 


MACROTHYLACIA RUBI. od 


few deaths. Finlay states that in October, 1894, the larve were 
plentiful on the moors about Morpeth; he collected about 200, 
put them in two large boxes out of doors, each box with five or 
six inches of Sphagnum moss for the larve to hybernate in; in 
one box the moss got very wet, and the larve died; the other 
remained dry, and some 120 imagines were bred from the larve, so that 
excessive wet and not cold is evidently most injurious. The following 
notes as to dates, &c., on which larve have been found have been col- 
lected: Swarms during August to November in many places, then 
hybernates, and appears again in March and April; abundant 
in September at Ischl (Hormuzaki); August 6th— 19th, 1860, 
in hundreds at Rannoch on the moors (Keays); September 
rith—t12th, 1860, at Deal, common, August 13th, 1874, at Rannoch, 
Bepretmaien 3rd, 1234, at Deal,September 3rd, 1890, at Leigh, 
abundant, September 24th, 1894, at Deal and Folkestone, abundant 
(Fenn); April 7th—r15th, 1861, larve and pupe on Chat Moss 
(Chappell); swarming on heaths in Jersey, in September, 1860 
(Johnson); April xr5th, 1870, at Southport (Porritt); Novem- 
ber 8th, 1871, October 3rd, 1886, collected 47 larve — 2 
on blackberry, 2 on wild rose, 3 on willow, and 40 on oak— 
aaebtentwood, August 13th, 190, ‘at Newlyn, September 
3rd, 1897, at Brentwood (Burrows) ; fullfed larvae March 3oth, 
1866, at Bensham (Watson); larve spinning up at Wallasey, April 
Sta to72 (Waltry); September zoth, 1872, m great numbers at 
Danbury, August 29th, 1890, abundant at Caterham, October 2nd, 
1294, in Epping Forest, October 26th, 1898, at Shoreham, Kent (Bower); 
at Chattenden, September 2oth, 1876, at Folkestone, August 11th, 1892 
(Adkin); common at Folkestone, August z9th, 1873, at Rannoch, 
August zist, 1874 (A. H. Jones); larve on move, February 12th, 
1882, at Wallasey (Cooke); September 17th—r1g9th, 1885, at the 
Lizard (Riding); October 11th, 1886, and seen most years since 
in October, at Wareham (Bankes) ; October 8th, 1887, nr. Ipswich, 
abundant, September 12th, 1892, at Aylsham, September 22nd— 
30th, 1895—1897, at Wallasey (Freeman); small larve, June 17th, 
1868, on Painswick Hill, eggs, June 12th, 1874, at Painswick, larve, 
1st moult, July rith, large but still feeding on August 18th, Septem- 
ber 21st, 1891, larve about 1 in. long, July rith, 1895, half-grown, ~ 
August 31st, 1898, on Edge Hill, fullfed larve disappear about 
October 18th (Watkins); July r4th—2zoth, 1890, at Tan 

Bwlch, October 3rd—s17th, 1896, in Delamere Forest (Arkle) ; 
September 3oth, 1890, at Portland, September 27th, 1808, 
at Oxted (Sheldon); July roth — 31st, 1891, at Brockenhurst 
(Mitchell) ; September roth—October 17th, 1891, July 26th, 1893, 
small, on Strensall common (Hewett); fullgrown Jarve, March 
30th, 1891, at Yatton, August 14th, 1891, at Dartmouth, October 
4th—12th, 1894, at Warminster (Bartlett); August 9th, 1892, at Mony- 
musk (Mutch); August rst, 1892, at Portelet, August 12th, 1895, at 
Minehead (Kaye) ; July 15th—z24th, 1893, in Wicken Fen (Mitchell) ; 
swarming on July 29th, 1893, about Hartlepool (Robson); July rst— 
21st, 1894, July roth—z24th, 1897, at Barmouth (Kenward); very 
abundant, September 24th, 1894, near Meldon (Finlay); September 
30th, 1894, in numbers on the moors 4 miles north of Hexham, 
also abundant, August 26th, 1898, at Gilsland, 38 miles west of 


138 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Newcastle, on the borders of Cumberland and Northumberland 
(Nicholson) ; September 27th, 1895, in abundance at Great Ayton, 
hatched June 13th, rgo1, fullgrown on September 5th, from Guisbro’ 
(Lofthouse) ; November gth, 1895, on the Pentlands (Evans); July 
Ioth, 1895, at Worcester (Rea); September 12th, 1896, nearly full- 
fed, February 8th, 1898, quite fullfed, in Reading district (Butler) ; 
July 18th — 26th, 1898, in New Forest, small (Carr); October roth, 
18y8, at Torquay (Sich) ; September rst to October 30th, rgoo0,1in great 
numbers in the Isle of Man (Clarke); larve crawling over the 
roads between Torre Pellice and Villar, August 3rd—17th, 1901, a 
week later at Bobbie (Tutt). Fallou gives (Bull Soc. Ent. Fr., (6), 
vill., pp. clx—clxii) some notes on the habits of the larva, and 
further notes (/oc. ci¢., 1x., p. xxii) on its foodplants. Schilde has 
recorded (ut. Wachr., viil., p. 47) an instance of frozen larve reviving. 
In “Bull. Soc. Ent. France, (5), ii. pp. CXXX——CXXxi, thefe 1s a. mene 
of Lotryfes in the larva, and one may further call attention to an 
account of fungi found on this species, Psyche, 1891, p. 8. 
Larva.—The newly-hatched larva eats a quantity of the eggshell. 
The head is black, smooth and shiny, a few hairs on face. The division 
between the lobes distinct but not deep. The body is jet black in 
colour, except at the segmental incisions which are pale yellow. The 
scutellum bears two conspicuous tubercles covered with rather long 
hairs. The prothoracic ear-like tubercles (prespiracular) are situated in 
front of the spiracles, and are fairly well developed. The dorsal tubercles 
on all the segments are covered with long hairs, some white, others 
black. In the frst instar (when well-grown, June 21st, Ig00) the 
larva is rather long, slender, cylindrical or nearly so, with a tendency 
to (or appearance of) flattening on ventral area, due partly, if not 
wholly, to hairs on marginal tubercles; tapers slightly from thoracic 
segments to anus, and with an ill-developed hump on the 8th 
abdominal segment; prolegs rather long, well raised from resting- 
surface. Head: Small (on emergence it is comparatively large), 
rounded, with a well-marked tendency to a trapezoidal outline, slightly 
notched at crown; black, surface polished, with fine, rather long, scat- 
tered, whitish hairs ; antenne rather prominent, partly due to having 
brown upper joint and whitish base. Body: The thoracic segments shorter 
and stouter than those of abdomen, the latter becoming longer and more 
slender towards anus ; colour velvety-black on dorsum and upper lateral 
areas, losing velvety appearance, and paling to a smoky hue on lower 
lateral and ventral areas; intersegmental folds on dorsal, subdorsal, and 
upper lateral areas brilliant yellow, especially noticeable between 
pro- and mesothorax, and between meso- and metathorax, where 
yellow area is increased ; the larva very hairy for so early a stage; 
the hairs long, fine, minutely serrated, mostly black, but a few 
(usually the longest) white; the prothorax with a black chitinous 
scutellar plate, the anal segment with a small dorsal plate ; tubercles 
large, wart-like, each bearing many hairs, they are, however, not 
chitinous or horny except as regards the bases of individual hairs ; 
dorsal tubercles placed trapezoidally on all segments from mesothorax 
to 8th abdominal inclusive—i considerably larger than ii, 11 remaining, 
however, a large many-haired wart; on prothorax there is a line 
of 4 large warts on the front of the scutellum, and two (one on 
either side of median line) at posterior edge of segment, ill-developed, 


MACROTHYLACIA RUBI. 139 


flat, with their hairs rather diffused; on the 9th abdominal, only 
two dorsal tubercles are present, very large, possibly i and ii united 
on either side; of lateral tubercles, iii is about equal to ii in size, 
placed far above spiracles which are small, dark-coloured, and 
inconspicuous ; a large supplementary prespiracular wart (see, av/ed, 
vol. ii., p. 439) on anterior edge of abdominal segments 1 to 7 
(inclusive), being weak on the 1st, whilst on the 8th it ceases to 
be a wart and is represented by only two or three hairs; iv and v 
form a large sub- and postspiracular wart about equal to 111; whilst 
below and anterior to spiracle on rst abdominal segment are two sup- 
plementary primitive single-haired tubercles rather near together, on 
remaining abdominal segments only one of these is present; below 
these again is a large marginal wart, double (? vi + vil), on 
segments that bear prolegs, single on other segments; much 
larger, however, on the 7th abdominal where one gets the impression 
that two side-by-side tubercles have combined; on prothorax a large 
prespiracular tubercle (? 111) gives rise to the conspicuous, loose, ear-like 
brush of hairs; where the yellow colour of the intersegmental area en- 
croaches on the edges of the segments the latter are speckled with black, 
hinting to shagreen-spotting at some past period in its evolutionary his- 
tory; no traces of spicules on skin-hairs detected; the abdominal segments 
divided into four subsegments, tubercle i is on the znd, ii on the 4th, 
iii on the 3rd, subsegment. Of the single-haired primitive tubercles 
not mentioned in the preceding description, there is one on the first 
subsegment of abdominals, in same plane as 111; on the meso- and 
metathorax there is a many-haired wart on 1st subsegment, rather 
higher than this single-haired tubercle on abdominal segments; on 
second subsegment of abdominal segments, there is a single-haired 
tubercle (on some segments two) about midway vertically between 
i and ii; beneath the prespiracular (situated on rst subsegment) 
is a row of 4 single-haired tubercles in line one below the other; 
posterior to and slightly below the marginal tubercle is situated 
another single-haired tubercle; the single-haired pre-subspiracular 
tubercle (? vi) is on the znd subsegment; i on the 8th abdominal 
is slightly raised. In the second instar (June 30th, 1900), the head 
is dull instead of shiny, has a downy appearance and is covered 
with fine hairs. ody: The hairs much more numerous; a plentiful 
growth of secondary hairs arising from skin-surface greatly obscuring 
the warts which are also less conspicuous owing to flattening ; the 
8th abdominal segment still slightly humped; many black hairs 
spring from the yellow transverse bands; the long dorsal and lateral 
hairs white; the shorter and secondary hairs brown or black; the 
long hairs from the marginal tubercles form a downward sweeping 
fringe; the majority of secondary or skin-surface hairs simple, but 
already a few specialised needle-like urticating hairs (forming dorsal 
fur in adult larva) are present on each segment; a short longitudinal 
mediodorsal black stripe crosses the transverse yellow band between 
meso- and metathorax. In the ¢hird instar when the length is 
about one inch, the ear-like and lateral tubercles are still present ; 
the yellow line that separates the segments is doubled between 
the meso- and metathorax ; a few light brown hairs are now present 
on the dorsum (Bacot, 7 /ztt.). The difference between the larva 
with its chocolate-brown ground-colour and yellow intersegmental 


140 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


belts previous to its last moult and the rich red-brown hairy adult 
larva with black intersegmental belts is very striking (v7de., Buckler, 
Larvae, &¢., vol. ii., pl. xlvi., figs. 4-4@a). The adult larva is described 
by Bacot as follows: ead: tending to be trapezoidal in shape, 
slightly notched at crown; surface. dull; blue-black in colour, very 
hairy ; mouthparts shiny black; antennz small; median suture 
of head brown. ody. tapers somewhat from 1st abdominal segment 
to head, and very slightly from 4th abdominal to anus which is 
blunt; true legs shiny black; ground colour of body velvety-black, 
exceedingly hairy especially on dorsal area, the hairs of two kinds— 
(1) A dense fur-like coat of urticating spindle-shaped hairs covering 
dorsal, and greater part of subdorsal, areas from prothorax to anal 
segment, the hairs bright (but dark) coppery-red in colour. (2) Fine, 
soft, simple, tapering hairs of different lengths, and varied in colour ; 
many very long, especially on dorsum, where there is a distinct median 
line or ridge of long, bright, rich brown, closely-set hairs ; the ridge 
most conspicuous on middle abdominal segments; below dorsal fur 
and just above spiracles is a series of small tufts of short white 
hairs, forming with the more scattered and darker lateral hairs a 
grey lateral fringe; -beneath the spiracles the hairs much more 
sparsely scattered, white or brown in colour; the ventral area also 
sparsely haired; the short dorsal (urticating) hairs absent on 
intersegmental areas, where the velvety-black skin is in fine contrast 
to the coppery-red fur; also four narrow intersegmental black streaks 
across dorsum showing lines of division between the five subsegments ; 
a series of distinct dark dashes (caused by absence of dorsal fur) 
present on either side and extending upwards from edge of dorsal fur 
for about 1°5mm., these dashes really a widening of the bare 
intersubsegmental areas (at third subdivision) to almost width of 
ordinary intersegmental area (Bacot, zz /7/¢.). Newman describes the 
larva as: Head narrower than prothorax, the width of which is 
increased by a fleshy protuberance on each side of the head; with 
this exception the body is uniformly cylindrical and clothed 
throughout with downy hairs. The colour until the Jast change 
of skin is intense velvety-black, with a yellow band on both the 
anterior and posterior margins of the pro- and mesothorax, and 
on the posterior margin only of the remaining segments except 
the 8th and 9th abdominals, and these bands are rendered peculiarly 
vivid by contrast with the black ground colour: these yellow bands 
are dorsal only, scarcely extending halfway down the side; each 
of them is slightly interrupted in the middle. In the last stadium 
these yellow bands are entirely lost and the hairs on the back 
are of a golden-brown colour. Fenn describes the larva as: 
Head round, velvety-black, and hairy; body long, cylindrical and 
densely hairy (except at the incisions), the hair long and soft; 
belly flattened ; when /w//-fed, black on the sides and at the incisions ; 
the back broadly tawny, interrupted on the sides by the dark 
ground-colour ; dorsal hairs dark tawny; lateral hairs grey or black 
tipped with whitish; legs black; belly and prolegs velvety-black ; 
sometimes with inconspicuous dull orange subdorsal spots at the 
incisions (27 /¢¢#., September 5th, 1875). 

VARIATION OF LARVA.—Briggs notes that on Septembe 8th-gth, 
1860, at Duntroon, Argyllshire, he found a brood of larvee much 


MACROTHYLACIA RUBI. 141 


darker in colour than those obtained from Folkestone (zu J7tt.). 
COMPARISON OF LARV# OF MACROTHYLACIA RUBI AND Lasio- 
CAMPA QUERCUS.—In the larva of Z. quercts the five transverse 
ridges of urticating hairs that make up the dorsal fur on each 
abdominal segment show more distinctly than in the larva of 
M. rubi, and a perhaps adventitious resemblance between the 
larve of the two species is heightened by a similar series of 
subdorsal black slashes, produced by the widening of the bare 
inter-subsegmental areas in the larva of JZ. rubz at the 3rd sub- 
segment, but in that of Z. guercis at the first. On some segments, the 
larva ot A/. rubi shows a tendency to develop the dark streak or slash 
at the 1st as well as at the 3rd division of the subsegment, but 
the larve of ZL. guercis examined show no corresponding tendency 
to develop a widening at the 3rd. (Bacot, zz “i¢t¢., May gth, 1900). 
Pupation.—The cocoon is generally placed more or less 
vertically among its foodplant, and forms a long tube securely 
miiaened thereto: Day found, April 13th, 1897, near the top of 
Penmaenmawr, a great number of cocoons of JZ. rubi, many just 
formed, some containing larve not yet pupated, others with newly 
formed pupz; these cocoons were spun in the coarse moss which 
grows to a depth of six or more inches among the bilberry and 
heather ; the top of each cocoon, slightly projecting above the moss, 
made it quite easy to distinguish where a cocoon was placed, the little 
dark brown end appearing just above the level of the moss. Lambil- 
lion observes also that the long cocoon stretches straight up from the 
roots of grass or heath in the Namur district, and Bostock that they 
are spun up among the heather on Cannock Chase, whilst they were 
found to be exceedingly abundant in 1887 on a large tract of heathy 
proumed=at, the: lizard) | McArthur motes that the cocoons aré 
frequently to be met with in the Isle of Lewis among the short 
heath or moss, and Barnes that in the Reading district they are woven 
among the heather and rubbish at the roots of nut and birch 
bushes. Robson asserts that the pupz move treely up and down 
in the cocoon in order to take advantage of the sun. Pupation takes 
place usually in March and April all over the British Islands. 
~ Cocoon.—The cocoon often measures 2—3 inches in length, 
and forms a sort of loose tube, generally fixed more or less vertically - 
among the larval foodplants. The cocoon has a loose outside part, a 
closer and compact inner structure; still the cocoon is thin and not 
rouehnas 1s that of 2. guercus, Sc.; the inside is smooth; the 
upa, if touched, shows considerable activity whilst in the cocoon. 
If the fullfed larve are placed in rather small chip boxes for pupa- 
tion, a certain percentage nearly always makes round cocoons, and the 
pupz in these are usually malformed ; it is best to use a fairly large 
loose paper box in which each fullfed larva may spin when reared in 
confinement (Robson). The cocoon is enormously disproportionate 
to the size of the moths, being sometimes as much as 3 inches 
in length, composed of a sort of thin felt, in the manufacture of 
which the hairs of the larva are largely employed; it is of a dark 
brown colour, semi-transparent, the enclosed pupa readily seen, 
occupying about a third of the interior (Newman). Day describes the 
cocoon as being of the colour of dark brown paper, very long— 
about two inches—ruggedly finished off at the bottom, but with 


142 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


the top nicely rounded and closed in; the texture of the cocoon 
tough but not stiff, and not affording much protection to its in- 
mates from pressure. It is, however, very watertight, a much- 
needed character on wet mountain sides. Fowler notes it as nearly 
three inches long, slung like a hammock, the pupa lying in the 
centre. A cocoon is figured by Buckler (Larvae, &c., ii1., pl. xlvi., fig. 4c). 

Pupa. — 2. [Described from one empty and one imperfect pupa- 
case containing dead females, the frontal shield of the pupa-case 
being absent]. Length 31°5mm., 11mm. in diameter at greatest girth 
(about end of 4th abdominal segment). Tapers only to a very 
slight extent, is bluntly rounded at extremities; surface slightly 
shiny for the most part, but wing-, antenna-, and leg-cases are 
dull, the sutures between them being shiny; the intersegmental 
areas of free abdominal segments much smoother, and of a paler, 
brighter brown than the remainder of pupa; the general surface 
tending to rugose, this character being well marked on the dorsum 
and especially on the thorax; colour dark mahogany-brown, almost 
black on wing-cases, &c.; the sexual organs distinctly marked; the 
spiracles form a long oval, only slightly raised above surface on 2—7 
abdominal segments, a spiracular scar only on the 8th; the anal area 
covered with very short bright brown bristles, also a belt of slighter 
backward-pointing bristles on each of the abdominal segments 
strongest on dorsum ; wing-cases extend to end of 4th abdominal seg- 
ment; a faint but clear marginal line (? Poulton’s) is present on the 
wing-cases ; a narrow slip of hindwings shows from the 3rd thoracic 
to commencement of 4th abdominal; the tips of second pair of 
legs reach to level of spiracle on 4th abdominal segment; in one 
2 pupa examined the extreme tips of third pair of legs showed 
just beyond apex of forewings (? a most unusual character™); the 
antenne not very broad, rather sharply bent inwards for about half 
their length, and extending to same level as first pair of legs, v7z., 
end of 3rd abdominal segment; the suture dividing the eyeplate 
into two portions is readily distinguished ; the mouth-parts not at 
all clear, chiefly owing to rugosity of surface. There appears to 
be a certain similarity between the pupa of this species and that 
of Malacosoma castrensis, but the smaller mouth-parts that could be 
so clearly made out in the latter species are either absent or obscured 
by the surface rugosity in JZ. rudz; the two somewhat large covers 
(maxillz) between the first legs are very distinct (Bacot, May gth, 1900). 
g [Three dead ones received from Mr. Robson]. From 25mm.- 
29mm. in length, and 8mm.-romm. in width at greatest girth. The 
differences between the g and 9 pupa very slight, except in the sexual 
organs, which are, of course, distinct. The g pupa is rather more 
pointed, and smaller at anus in proportion to girth (but there is some 
individual difference in this respect among @ pupae); the antenne 
rather broader and longer than in 2 pupz (but here again there is some 
difference in individual specimens) ; they reach (in g pupa) nearly 
or quite to end of 2nd legs. Some examples of both sexes are curved’ 
ventrally, and have the segments compressed ; others (and these have 
died with the segments extended apparently when the imagines were 
ready to emerge) are almost or quite straight. In none of the specimens 

* We are not so sure that this is very unusual in this species. We have 
ourselves observed it, vide our description (posted, p. 143). 


MACROTHYLACIA RUBI, 143 


(3 és and 2 2s) now under examination can I find trace of 3rd pair of 
legs externally. (I suspect that a ? pupa already described as showing 
the extreme tips of this pair, must have been abnormal in this respect) 
(Bacot, May 2oth, 1900). Our own description of the pupa reads as 
follows: The head, thorax, wings, and limbs are dull black, the ab- 
domen shiny black. The head not prominent, the mouth-parts ventral. 
The labrum divided by a median line, mandibles small, round, one 
on either side of labrum, the labial palpi (centrally) very small, 
the maxillz (between the rst pair of legs) and the first two pairs of 
legs well-developed, the bases of the second pair being hidden 
by the antenne. The antenne with central shaft and inner and 
outer series of pectinations. The antenne and second pair of legs 
end at about three-fourths from the base of the wing along the 
costa. The wings have a peculiar silky appearance, the hindwings 
extending beyond the forewings from the metathorax to the apex. 
The glazed eye, extending from near the base of the antenna to the 
base of the first leg, is a well-developed structure, although in- 
conspicuous from its resemblance to the ground colour. The tip 
of the third pair of legs is just noticeable beyond the apices of 
the wings. ‘The prothorax is frontal, well-developed, and covered with 
short golden-brown bristles, with a slight shining longitudinal median 
ridge (continued over the mesothorax); a very distinct sutural 
division exists between the pro- and mesothorax, the inconspicuous 
prothoracic spiracle being placed at the lower end of the suture. 
The mesothorax well-developed, the sides extending into the broad 
anterior wing-bases. ‘The metathorax narrow and ill-developed. The 
abdominal segments are strongly hooped, the movable incisions 
falling between 4-5, 5-6, and 6-7; the dorsum of the ist, znd, and 
3rd abdominal segments wrinkled, the 4th segment very wide, the 
7th and 8th wider than the 5th and 6th; there is also a faint 
trace of a mediodorsal ridge. Each segment bears a transverse 
ridge of thick, short, golden-brown bristles; so numerous are 
these that the brown colour is quite distinct to the naked eye. 
The cremastral area is rounded, rough, and very thickly studded 
with similar short bristles, but totally useless for attachment. The 
movable incisions are very smooth. The abdominal spiracles, somewhat 
lunular in shape, with a slightly raised elliptical rim, very distinct on 
the second and following abdominal segments, although those on the 
5th and 6th are nearly covered by the depth of the movable incisions. 
The sexual organs are very conspicuous. ‘The ventral area is not so 
strongly covered with bristles as are the lateral and dorsal areas. 
_ The abdominal incisions orange-brown, very prominent and conspic- 
uous. Lyonet figured (Azaz. /ns., pl. xxiv., fig. 12) the female sexual 
organs of this species (see antea, Vol. its, D. 54). 

PaRASITES, &c.—The species appears to be very much affected 
with parasites in all the early stages. Apanteles difficilis*, Nees, 

* Emerges from young larva before third moult (Bignell). Arkle notes 
(Ent., xxx., p. 69) the appearance of examples of this species in December from 
larvee in confinement, the rest going over the winter; the specimens were referred 
. to this species by Bignell (loc. cit. , p. 122). Bignell writes (Zehn. S. Devon., p. 16) : 
Bred from AZ. rubz, “Aug, 17th, 1883 ; the larva was attacked in 2nd moult ; eleven 
cocoons were pr oduced ; they remained in this stage 14 days; the cocoons are flesh- 
coloured ; the parasitic larve on leaving their host do not cluster their cocoons, nor 
do they leave the body of the victim simultaneously, consequently they are scattered ; 


from I to 20 come from a single caterpillar; some remain through the winter ; the 
majority, however, are only in pupal stage from 10-14 days. 


144, BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


11 bred August 17th from a young larva in the second moult, the 
parasites being 14 days in pupa (Bignell); A. rujicrus, Haldy. 
(Billups) ; Amdblyteles armatorius, Forst. (Billups); Cryptus migrator, 
Fab. (Hart); Zachina larvarum* from pupa (Robson); Z. puparum 
from cocoon (Jeffery); Apanéeles juniperatae, Bé. (Meldola); Ophion 
undulatus, Gr. (Perris): Schizoloma1 amicta, Fab. (Ratzeburg). 
Clarke notes a fullfed larva completely filled with 56 nearly full- 
grown ichneumon larve. Briggs observes that from April rst— 
8th, 1869, he found many larve dead or dying; from one of 
these 12 large dipterous larvae subsequently came out, one of 
the imagines emerging on May aist. He then very pertinently 
asks: What can be the economy of this parasite—there can 
be no larve of 47.) 772 in which it could  oviposit wap ena 
date ? Larve very abundant at Folkestone in August, 1892, 
but scarcely one seen without ichneumon eggs attached to it 
_ (Adkin) ; halfgrown larve in August, 1877, near Wotton-under- 
Edge, with several pale brownish cocoons of a_ species of ich- 
neumon attached to the hairs of its back and sides, each egg 
separate and standing at right angles to its body. On August 
24th, 3 or 4? Microgaster flies emerged (Perkins, Zzt., x., p. 258); 
a larva picked up in Woolmer Forest evolved similar cocoons, 
September rath, and died next day (Robinson). [We may here 
note that Crewe records that, in the Scilly Isles, in the autumn, 
the bee-eater (MJerops apiaster) feeds on the larve of AZ rudi, 
beating them to death on the ground, as a thrush does a snail, 
and then swallows them whole. | 

FooppLants.—Practically polyphagous (Chapman); when young 
on hawthorn, later on Carex, Taraxacum officinale, &c. (Lambillion), 
Potentilla (Farren), heather, beech, oak, uncus, grasses (Gordon), 
Rosa spinosissima, Geranium sanguineum (Robson), dwarf sallow 
(Ellis\, raspberry (Ruhl), clover (Paul), rose (Hodgkinson), Lotus 
corniculatus, Rubus caestus, Viola canina, Thymus serpylumt (Stowell), 
aspen (Brown), bilberry (G. O. Day), Spzvaea (Pitman), sallow 
(Bower), Erica (Kaye), bramble (Greer), Poa aguatica (Thouless), 
Lathyrus pratensis (Leach), /raxinus elatior (Garbowski), Calluna 
vulgaris, Betula (? Alnus) glutinosa, B. alba (Newman), folygonum 
aviculare (Tutt), Zr¢folium repens (de Selys), dewberry (Adkin), white 
osier (Mera), plum (Barnes), lesser burnet, hazel (Prideaux), Vacctnzwm 
myrtillus, Erodium cicutartum (Barrett), willow, strawberry (Baynes), 
Potentilla reptans (Favre). 

Hapits AND HABITAT.—The interesting habits of this species 
have given rise to many notes from a great number of observers. 
The sw-ft-flying male, dashing wildly in the afternoon sun, and 
evening twilight, attracted before or at dusk in amazing numbers by the 
newly-emerged female, that booms heavily along later in the evening 
or soon after dark, seeking a place to oviposit, and, similarly to the 
occasional custom of the females of some other species of this super- 
family being now and again attracted by light, where the male JZ. rudz 


* Larve of this species did not leave the caterpillar of 4/7. rudi until after 
hybernation, 2, 3, or more in one larva (Bignell). 

t+ Stowell notes (Zool., p. 7898) that of 36 larvee collected on the cliffs (Isle of 
Man), on September 26th, 11 were feeding on Lotus corniculatus, 8 on Calluna 
vulgaris, 5 on Rubus caesius, 3 on Viola canina, and 2 on Thymus serpyllum, 


MACROTHYLACIA RUBI, 145 


is possibly never found, is a source of never-ending interest to the 
field naturalist. Barnes insists that, in spite of the irregular manner in 
which the males fly, they invariably do so in a direction roughly circular, 
passing the same place again and again. Prideaux observes that the 
snapping sound that accompanies the flight of the g can be distinctly 
heard when one is flying round the observer (Zz. Rec., xiil., p. 224). 
Poulton notes that the males fly with great rapidity in bright day- 
light, while the females sit perfectly motionless, but in the evening 
they fly slowly and deposit their eggs. Walker observes that at 
Rathmullan on the east shore of Lough Swilly from May 21st—3r1st, 
the fine evenings afforded excellent sport, the males tearing madly 
about in an open heathy place near a wood, and looking almost 
scarlet in the rays of the setting sun. Holland says that the males 
dash about Sketty Park and the neighbouring fields for the last hour 
and a half before the sun goes down, not one moth, but lively groups 
in mad career. Bankes observes that in the Isle of Purbeck the 
male dashes wildly over the heaths in the sunshine and also in the 
late evening. In the early evening they are readily attracted by a 
newly-emerged 2, and we have had them fly around us, evidently 
attracted by a virgin ? shut up in a box inside our pocket. Prideaux 
Observes (77. éc., xill., p. 224) the emergence of a 9 on June ist, 
1901. It appeared to be calling on the first evening, but on June 2nd 
and 3rd (cool, dull evenings) when taken out, from 6 p.m.-7 p.m., 
seemed to exert no direct influence on wild g's, though one or two 
were seen in her vicinity. On the 5th, however (sunny and warm), 
3s began (at about 5 p.m.) to be seen in the garden (close to their 
locality), and, on the @ being taken out about twenty were seen 
in the course of an hour, one as late as 9.45 p.m. He adds that, 
in his experience, the males of this species have nothing like the 
acuteness, boldness, or assiduity shown by Laszocampa quercts under 
similar conditions, seeming to have difficulty in precise location, and 
being easily frightened off. Zeller notes (Ste¢t. Ent. Zeit. xli., p. 129) 
a remarkable instance of the attractive scent attached even to the 
cocoon and a dead 2, for, on June 7th, 1849, he discovered a ¢ 
attracted by a 2 cocoon to which was attached a piece of the 
thorax and the greater part of the abdomen of a @, dry, and 
several ants busy, so that the eggs were exposed. The ¢ had its 
head deep in the grass-tuft in which the cocoon was placed, and — 
was fluttering head downwards round the cocoon, when Zeller picked 
the insect up and afterwards released it. Finlay was probably the 
most successful collector in assembling this species; in some seasons he 
captured large numbers of males, in one evening as many as 8o, and all 
came practically between 6.15 p.m. and 7.45 p.m. Haggart says that 
the males assemble freely at Galashiels from about 8 p.m. On the 
evening of June 21st, 1899, he took some 30 fine males in about an 
hour by this method, between 8.30 p.m. and 9.15 p.m. Gordon says 
“assembling” is very successful in the late afternoon on the moors 
round Corsemalzie, the males flying from about 5 p.m. until after 
9 p.m.; Jefferys reared a 2 on May 2oth, 1895, and on June ath, 1895, 
three males were attracted, the @ paired with one of these at 7.30 
p-m., and by 1o p.m. she was depositing freely. Reid notes the males as 
flying on the Scotch moors, hills, and in open woods, from sundown 
to dusk, but also on dull afternoons, whilst Christy saw them flying 


J 


146 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


in the afternoon sunshine in Sutherland, and Lane captured specimens 
flying in the early morning, May 28th, 1898. Nolcken says that 
the males swarm in the open woods of the Baltic Provinces, flying 
in the afternoon sun among the pine trees, also on the Hasik 
turfmoor. In Tyrone the males fly swiftly over the mountain 
moorlands (Greer); they are taken very freely on the Manx coast 
near Port Soderick by assembling (H. S. Clarke); in the south 
they fly almost all the afternoon and early evening in the rides 
of Chattenden woods and along the edges of the woods that clothe 
the chalk-hills at Cuxton (Tutt); they fly in the sunshine about 

m.° im early-June at Oxted: (Sheldon); in the attemoonssum 
on the chalk downs at Box Hill (Bower) ; freely at sunset in 
North Staffs (Blagg); flying at about 8 p.m. on Wicken Fen (Carr) ; 
flying most plentifully between 5 p.m. and 7 p.m. in the evening 
at Penrith and Aberdeen (Varty); flying chiefly between 5 p.m. and 
6.30 p.m., rarely noticed after 7 p.m., in the Middlesboro’ district 
(Lofthouse); dash about wildly before dusk on the Cotswolds 
(Bartlett); Lambillion observes that, in Belgium, the males fly 
during the evening and until about 9 p.m.; most abundant between 
7 p.m. and 8 p.m. on Strensall Common (Hewett). The female is rarely 
seen wild. ‘Tugwell observes that the sexes fly at different times of the 
day, the male is to be seen flying madly along during the afternoon, 
whilst the female flies at dusk; he noticed one of the latter sex in the 
New Forest in July, 1873, flying over a bog at night, evidently 
ovipositing. Prideaux first heard and then saw a 2, buzzing over 
the grass about 8.45 p.m., on June 5th, 1901, but, although followed 
up, she was soon lost. Clarke says that the female oviposits 
at dusk, and Holland that he has taken the female at dusk at 
Sketty Park laying its eggs among the coarse grass; Bartlett 
observes that the female hides among the grass, and Walker found 
but one at Rathmullan, and that at rest. Bayne has observed 
females flying at dusk in Epping Forest, whilst Robertson states 
that at Swansea the females occasionally come to light. Burrows 
also motes that, on june 2nd, 1886, a female came tomlighmeasr 
Brentwood, Dallas-Beeching has captured it similarly at Tunbridge 
Wells, Carr at Shoreham on June 11th, 1899, and Prideaux at 
Bristol, whilst Benteli captured a single 9 at the electric light at 
Berne in 1893. Fowler says that he has occasionally seen the 2s 
flying over the heather, straight as an arrow, and, although so 
large-bodied, they fly so swiftly as usually to avoid capture. East- 
wood notes that males were assembling to a @, sitting on heather 
and already zz copulé, in Inverness, on June roth, 1891, and that 
of these he captured nine. Lane found.a female resting on grass 
about midday, on May 23rd, 1899, at Folkestone, and another sailing 
over the Beaulieu Heath, in the New Forest, at 8.30 p.m., on May 
28th, 1898. Gregson notes a female zz cof., before the wings were 
fully stretched, at 9 p.m., and Pickett observed the males flying swiftly 
in the afternoon sun at Folkestone, and females sitting on bare ground 
among long grass and heath, their colour much resembling that of 
the ground. Dalglish says that in June, 1887, at Glen Mallon, 
the males were observed freely on the wing, and a few of both 
sexes were obtained freshly-emerged, whilst suspended from their 
cocoons, expanding and drying their wings. Barnes notes, in the 


MACROTHYLACIA RUBI. 147 


Reading district, a 2 that was resting on a twig of heath, hanging by 
her forelegs, whilst others were found on the lower branches of heath 
and birch. ‘The habitats of this species are as varied as can well be 
imagined. Essentially a moorland insect, it is to be found right up to 
the summits of most of our higher mountains, on almost all hillsides, 
rough pastures, waste places, heaths, bogs, and even the low-lying 
fens and coast sandhilis. It occurs on the chalk-hills at Cuxton 
and Folkestone, on the coast sandhills at Deal, in the rough fields 
around Chattenden woods, and in the rides of the wood itself. It 
occurs on the tracts of heath at Wareham, but also in Portland, where 
there is no heath (Bankes); abundant on ail the moors and sandhills 
in Aberdeenshire (Horne); on all the hillsides and moors in the 
south-west of Scotland (Dalglish); larvz exceedingly abundant on ail 
Scotch moors from August to October, but near Emsworth on downs, 
where tbere is no heather (Christy); common on all the heaths 
at Keswick (Beadle); abundant on railway banks and dry heaths 
at Weymouth (Forsyth); on all the open heaths in the New 
Forest and neighbourhood (Moberly); on cliffs and railway banks 
in Southend district (Whittle); on the low-lying brambles on the 
heaths about Sidmouth (Wells); on the downs at Brighton (Blaber) ; 
Ss ovipositing on the bog in the New Forest (Tugwell) ; on the bogs 
near Crangwell (Lawless); and on all the bogs around Clonbrock 
(Dillon); on the mountain-sides around Barmouth (Kenward) ; in osier 
beds near Acton in great abundance, the larve feeding on osier (Mera). 
Swarms all along the coast, both on the sandbanks and cliffs, also on 
ail the moors and mosses in both Northumberland and Durham, ascend- 
ing to nearly 2000 feet in the Cheviots, whilst the larve are to be 
found feeding on.hedge-banks around Hartlepool and Stockton; 
hybernated larve are particularly abundant on the banks by the sea- 
shore in the spring of 1897 about Hartlepool (Robson); abund- 
ant on the Lincolnshire coast (Gascoyne); common on the rail- 
way banks about Barnes (Williams); common in the stubble-fields 
at Alphington feeding on clover (D’Orville); swarming on the heaths 
in Jersey in 1860 (Thorburn); heaths and chalk downs in Berks 
(Clarke) ; on open moors at Minehead (Kaye) ; larve in hundreds on 
the Manx mountains in September, but scarce in spring (Clarke) ; 
common on the hillsides near Bath (Greer); in abundance on a wet 
common near Norwich (Pitman); on the moorland districts of Dart- 
moor (Studd): on grassy slopes and on heaths in Gloucestershire, the 
larve sunning themselves on grass culms (Lifton); occurs on all the 
waste moors, mountains and bogs in Ireland (Kane); chiefly on the 
common at Strensall, but sometimes in the wood close by (Walker) ; 
prefers heaths at Carlisle (Day); on heaths, downs and commons 
in the Plymouth district (Reading); in damp places on the moss at 
Great Ayton (Lofthouse); in swarms on Brighton downs in October, 
1895 (Blaber); on the heaths at Melrose (Beveridge) ; on the heaths 
at Lewes (Nicholson) ; on the commons near Brentwood, and on the 
heaths at Ipswich (Mera); on all the hills in the Painswick district 
(Watkins); on all the heaths round Wilsden (Butterfield); on the 
heaths in the Wye Valley (Vaughan) ; larve prefer the grassy corners 
of heaths about King’s Lynn (Atmore); males fly in rough 
fields on outskirts of Abbott’s Wood; they also occur freely on the 
heather-clad slopes behind the dene at Lowestoft, and on the railway 


148 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


banks near Harlesden (Montgomery); swarms in some seasons in 
Burwell Fen (Farren) ; males on the wing just before dusk on Wicken 
Fen (Carr); on the downs at Aylesbury (Bayne: ; on Denny Bog in 
the New Forest (Tremayne) ; swarms on the moss at Forres (Norman) ; 
most abundant in October by roads and on dry wastes in Belgium 
(Lambillion) ; larvae common after the last mowing in the meadows of 
the Zurich district (Ruhl) ; larvee in great numbers among grass in the 
Upper Hartz (Hoffmann). 

TIME OF APPEARANCE.—At the end of May and commencement 
of June almost all over the British Islands—Sutherland, Argyle, Kent, 
Cornwall, Tyrone, Galway, &c.—in May at Aberdeen (Horne) ; end 
of May and beginning of June in Belgium (Lambillion) ; middle of 
May on into July in the Baltic Provinces (Nolcken); imagines in June in 
Upper Hartz (Hoffmann) ; May 6th to June roth for Vienna district, 
April 16th at Salzburg (Fritsch) ; common in June, at Oxton, the 
males flying over the heaths in hundreds (Studd) ; July 28th, 1844, at 
Preston (Hodgkinson) ; June 2oth, 1356, at Bisterne (Szds., p. 28). 
June ist, 1857, 28 males on Langwith Common, neane Mork 
(Anderson); June rst—v7th, 1858, at Ambleside (Buckton) : June rst— 
Lith, 13858, at: Machynlleth «(Alingtom)); 9 Jume | 1othiies.enseas 
Kirriemuir (White); larva at Ballachulish, Spaen Bridge, Septem- 
ber «Sth, 1860, placed im a warm position, pupated and 
imagines emerged between December 21st, 1860, and January 6th, 
1801 (Keays); June Sth, 1362, at Darenth, June 17thyeremeumes 
Portscatho, abundant, May 14th, 1864, at Abbey Wood, May 18th- 
28th, 1866, at Herne, common, May roth, 1875, at Lyndhurst, June 
r2th, 1884, at Chattenden, common, May 30th, 1881, May 11th—zend, 
1882, at Box Hill. June z2oth,'1885, June rath, 1886, June 14th) 1o67, 
June 17th, 1893, at Chattenden, common, June 13th—27th, 1891, June 
oth, 1892, at Oxshott abundant, May 16th—z9th, common at Tor Cross 
(Fenn); fullfed larvae at Bensham, March 30th, 1866, began to spin 
April 8th, a pair emerged May oth, eggs laid May 14th, hatched May 
25th (Watson); June oth, 1868, at Contin (White); June :1th, 1868, 
at Cirencester (Harman) ; June goth, 1875, at Rannoch (A. H. Jones) ; 
June rst, 1872, at Shortwood (Watkins); June 17th, 1876, at Heck- 
field, June 24th, 1889, at Bulmershe, June rath, 1891, at Wokingham, 
June 28th, 1891, on Streatley Downs, May 22nd, 1893, at Burghfield 
(Holland) ; June 20th, 1873, at Douglas oh May 30th, 1881, 
May 11th, May 2and, 1882, at Box tril June rath, 1885, June 
itlpilay, 1887, June other son | uMem not, 1892, June 6th, 1893, June 
TS tae emo OO. cut Chattenden (Bower) ; June 6th, 1881, at Bradford 
(Carter); May 25th—June goth, 1881, at Strensall Common, June 
gard, 1881, at Sandburn, June end, 1882. at Strensall, |ime goin 
1882, at Sandburn, May 31st, 1890, on Thorne Moor, -May 31st, 
1892—June 21st, 1892, May r4th, 1895, at Strensall, May 19th— 
May 28th, 1895, bred several males and females, May 14th—June 
14th, 1896, at Strensall Common (Hewett); June 2nd, 1885, May 
22nd—June znd, 1886, June r1th, 1887, June 14th, 1894, bred at 
3rentwood, June 5th, 1894, “‘assembled” at Leigh (Burrows); June 
oth, 1886, at Gelt, June 14th, 1892, at Faugh Moss, July rst, 1894, 
at Gelt, June roth—July roth, 1896, on Hayton Moss, near Carlisle 
(Routledge); June 6th, 1886, June 5th, 1887, June 6th, 1892, June 
6th, 1894, June 4th, 1900, at Reading (Butler) ; June 7th, 1eegs 


MACROTHYLACIA RUBI. 149 


in New Forest (Pearson) ; June 13th, 1887, May 16th, 1893, in Isle 
of Purbeck, ¢ bred June rath, 1887 (Bankes); June 6th, 1888, 
June 29th, 1894, June 13th, 1897, at Carlisle (Wilkinson); May 
2oth, 1890, June 13th, 1891, at Aberdeen (Horne); June gth, 1890, 
at Chattenden, May 22nd, 1893, at Brentwood (Mera); June rith, 
1890, June 8th, 1892, at King’s Lynn (Atmore) ; May a2ist, 1890, 
at Benfleet, bred June 1st—7th, 1894, June 5th, 1894,breda 92 which 
attracted ag on June 6th, 1897, at Eastwood, bred June 16th, 1898, 
from larva obtained April roth (Whittle); June r4th—aist, 1891, 
May 22nd, 1892, June 3rd, 1805, in Epping Forest, June 3rd, 1894, 
at Aylesbury (Bayne); June roth, 1891, males assembling to a 9 
sitting on heather, near Inverness (Eastwood) ; June 16th, 1891, and 
following days at Leigh Woods, June 25th, 1894, at Dursley 
(Griffiths); June 13th, 1891, at Brockley in Somerset, June 22nd— 
July 13th, 1891, at Leigh, May 25th—June 21st, 1892, at Bristol 
(Bartlett); June goth—r18th, 1891, gs flying at about 6.30 p.m., 
June 3rd, 1892, gs flying, June oth, 1892, a 2 on gaslamp, June 
16th, 1892, a 2 buzzing over grass at Bristol; May 24th, 1895, 
gs flying in the Isle of Wight (Prideaux); May 3o0th—June 6th, 
1891, in New Forest (James); May 3oth, 1891, at Brockenhurst, 
May 21st—June 7th, 1892, in the New Forest (Ridley); June 11th, 
1892, May 6th, 1893, at Loughton, June 13th, 1893. at Moreton, 
June 4th, 1895, at Ringwood (Bloomfield); May 28th, 1893, June 
2oth, 1894, at Cannock Chase, June 18th, 1898, at Burnt Wood 
(Freer); May 21st, 1893, at Bawsey (Glenny) ; bred June r4th (?), 
15th (¢ ), 1894, at Aberdeen; larve, September 24th on into October, 
1894, at Aberdeen, went down into moss, the last on December 
roth, began to pupate in January, taken indoors May oth, imagines 
appeared May 30th (2), May 31st (2), June ist (2), June 2nd 
ese ), June 3rd (2 9s, 2 g's), June 4th (2 9s, 2 J's), June 5th, 
(12,3 dS), June 6th(?,¢), June7th (6 9s,2g¢sand 3 dscrippled), 
Jene sin (9); June oth (¢), June iecth (s cnppled), 1895 ; 
captured at Aberdeen June znd—trogth, 1894 (most abundant about 
the 1:2thy; June 22nd, 1894, at Penrith; May 25th—June 6th, 
1895, at Aberdeen, May oth—z23rd, 1896, at Aberdeen (most 
abundant about May 23rd) (Varty); June roth, 1895 (Baily) ; 
May, 1893, in Arran, June 17th—z1st, 1898, at Rannoch, 
June 5th, 1897, on the Pentland Hills (Morton); May 18th, 
1893, in the New Forest (Richardson); May 13th, 1893, at 
Instow (Hinchliff); April 26th, 1893, at Forest Row (Dallas- 
Beeching); June 7th, 1893, at Buckerell (Riding); April 24th, 
1893, in Burghclere district (Alderson); May 6th—z24th, 1894, in 
News Forest (P. Keid); June oth to June 21st, 1894,. May 
27th — June ist, 1895, May .16th— June roth, 1896, near 
Carlisle (Day); June 3rd, 1894, in Blean Woods (Jones); May 
goth, 1894, at Chiasso, in Tessin (Knecht); June &th — 17th, 
1894, in the New Forest (Wells); June roth, 1895, at Porthcurno 
(Daws); June rst, 1895, captured males by assembling at Ems- 
worth (Christy); May 24th, 1895, at Methven Moss (Wylie); bred 
May z2oth—June 4th, 1895, from Langharne, a ? attracted a male 
at 7.30 p.m., the eggs being deposited about 10 p.m. (Jefferys); June 
1st—4th, 1895, in North Staffs (Blagg); June 5th, 1895, many males 
in the Boghall Valley (Evans); June 14th, 1895, at Ayr (Fergusson) ; 


150 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


earliest date of capture, spread over many years, May 25th, 1896, and 
the latest July 15th, rg00, in Reading district ; eggs hatched July 14th, 
1897, larvee and pupez forced in kitchen, and emerged at Christmas of 
the same year; eggs hatched August 1st, 1899, fed up by October, 
then hybernated, pupated March. 27th, 1900, and emerged May 
r4th, 1900, and following days (Barnes); May 25th, 1896, June 
10th, 1900, at Great Ayton, June 7th, 1897, at Middleton, June 
3rd, 1yoo, at Strensall (Lofthouse); May 16th, 1896, in Epping 
Porest, June 6th, 13897, on Denny Bog (Tremayne) ; june 13th, 
1897, at Arrochar (Dalglsh); .June 7th, 1396; June othe eroge: 
aw Worcester, Gxea) =. june 29th—July 8th, 1896, in New Forest 
(Nash); larve and pups, April 18th, 1807, on Penmaenmawr, 
imagines bred June trst—8th, May ‘28th, 1898, at Rannoch 
(G © Day); earliest imago in 1897, on June gth at. Corsemalzie, 
others, on the 17th caught im the evening at. Loch §@heomag 
occurred from June 8th—July rst, 1898, at Corsemalzie (Gordon) ; 
May 31st, 1897, on mountains at Windermere (Freeman); June 
18th—z5th, 1897, on the Norfolk Broads, generally distributed 
(Bacot); June 14th, 1897, at Abbott’s Wood, May 31st, 1897, at Harles- 
den Veneer June 6th, 1897, and following days, flying in swarms 
over the heath, also June “th, 1898, in hundreds at Oxton, imagines 
emerged naturally in frame out of doors, June rst—3rd, 1899, &c. 
(Studd); May 28th, 1898, males and a 2 on Beaulieu Heath, 
May 23rd, 1899, at Folkestone (Lane); May 3oth, 1898; in the 
New Forest (B. Adkin); June 8th—16th, 1898, at Tyrone (Greer) ; 
June rith, 1898, at Reigate (Turner); June 8th—rz4th, 1898, in 
New Forest (Edelsten); June 5th—r1th, 1898, at Rhinefields (Wells) ; 
June 7th, 1898, June rrth—roth, 1899, abundant at Galashiels 
(Hiaggart); June ith, 1899, at Shereham, June 1éth,) Giéo@osen 
Wicken (Cart) ; June 6th, 1901, at Bournemouth (Butler); May 
27th, 1901, at Strensall (S. Walker); June i1st—zoth, 1901, common 
from Douglas to Santon, &c. (Clarke). 

LOCALITIES.—Universally distributed in Ireland from Innishowen to 
Donegal, to Westmeath and southwards to Killarney, and from Howth to co. 
Galway in the west (Kane); common all over the north of Scotland except 
in the Shetlands (Reid); abundant on all hillsides and moors in the 
south-west of Scotland (Dalglish); also very abundant in the east of 
Scotland. ABERDEEN: Pitcaple, Aberdeen (Reid), Monymusk (Mutch),. Braemar 
(Tugwell), Castleton (Traill). ANGLESEA: general (Arkle). ANTRIM: Glenarm, 
near Larne (Greer).. ARGYLL: all hilisides and moors (Dalglish), Loch Riddon 


(Christy). Foy (Cottingham), Kilmartin (Vaughan), Duntroon (Briggs), 
Ballachulish, Spaen Buivee (Keays), Glen Lean (Long). Ayr: all hillsides and 


moors (Dalglish), Ayr, (Fergusson). BERKS: Reading, Streatley, Burghfield, 
sulmershe, Wokingham “i Tolland), Finchhampstead anes Bucks: Aylesbury 
(Bayne). BUTESHIRE: all hillsides and moors (Dalglish), I. of Arran (Watson), 
I. of Bute (Dalglish), Lamlash (McKay). CAMBS: ae distributed and 
common (Balding), Wicken (Tutt), Cambridge (Clark), Burwel! Fen (Farren), 


Reach (Burrows), CARMARTHEN: Langharne (Jefferys). CARNARVON: Conway 
valley, Trefriu, Carnarvon (Bland), Penmaenmawr (G. O. Day), Criccieth, 
Snowdon district (Perkins). CHESHIRE: abundant on heaths, mosses and 
waste lands (Ellis), coast sandhills (Porritt), Delamere Forest (Arkle), Wallasey 
(Cooke), Broxton (G. O. eevee Cork: Mallow, very abundant (Newland), 
Sinner not common (W olfe), Glandore, Ummera Woods, Timoleague (Donovan). 
CORNWALL: ‘Trevalea, the Lizard (Riding), Portscatho (Fenn), Whitsand Bay 
(Briggs), Newlyn, Penzance, Land’s End (Burrows), Porthcurno, very abundant 
(Daws), Scilly Tsles (Crewe). CUMBERLAND: Carlisle, abundant, Houghton Moss 
(C artmel), Kirkbride (Miller), Keswick (Buckton), Gelt, Brampton, Faugh Moss, 
Hayton “Moss (Routledge), iXockclifle Moss (Stephens), Keswick, Watendlath 


MACROTHVLACIA RUBI. 151 


(Beadle), Durdar, Salkeld, Orton, Todhills, Kingmoor, &c. (F. H. Day), Penrith 
(Varty). DeRrBy: on the moors (Fuller), Matlock (Hope), Dovedale (Brown), 
Staveley (Wright). Devon: Plymouth (Reading), Barnstaple, Braunton Burrows 
(Mathew), Tor Cross (Fenn), Dartmouth (Bartlett), Paignton (Colthrup), Alphington 
(D’Orville), Imstow (Hinchlift), Buckerell (Riding’, Sidmouth (Majendie), 
Ilfracombe (Battley), Lundy Island (Chase), East Budleigh (Noel), Morthoe 
(Image), Barnstaple, Oxton, Exeter, Dartmoor (Studd), Torquay (Sich), Lynmouth 
(Briggs), Newton Abbot (Holdaway). DoNEGAL: Lough Swilly — Rathmullan 
(Walker). Dorsrr: Dorchester, Weymouth (Bingham), Portland (Partridge), 
Moreton (Bloomfield), Swanage (Hall). DUMBARTON: all hillsides and moors — 
Kilpatrick Hulls, Luss, Arrochar, Glen Falloch (Dalglish). - DUMFRIES: Moffat 
(Somerville), Dumfries (Thorburn). DURHAM: common— Hartlepool (Robson), 
Pasco dem Stockton. (itudd), Upper Teesdale ' (Gardner). ESSE Xae 
Epping (Doubleday), Leigh (Robbins), Colchester dist. (Harwood), Southend, 
Benfleet, Eastwood (Whittle), Brentwood, Danbury (Raynor), Loughton, 
Theydon (Garland), Rainham, Wanstead, &c. (Burrows), High Beach (Bower). 
FERMANAGH: Enniskillen (Partridge). ForFAR: Clova (Barclay), Kirriemuir 
(White). GaLway: Clonbrock (Dillon), Connemara (Birchall), near Crangwell 
(Lawless). GLAMORGAN : Swansea, Sketty (Robertson). GLOUCESTER: generally 
distributed — Cirencester (Harman), Hardwicke (Nash). Painswick, Haresfield, 
Newnham (Lifton), Bristol (Bartlett), Bristol dist., Edge Hill, Painswick Hill, 
Shortwood (Watkins), Durdham Downs, Dursley (Griffiths). HappIneGron: 
Innerwick (Morton). Hants: Isle of Wight — Shanklin (Ince), New Forest 
(Robbins), Bisterne, near Ringwood (Szbstetute, p. 28), Southampton (Moberly), 
Heckfield (Holland), Burghclere (Alderson), Liss (Marindin), Pamber (Clarke), 
Lyndhurst (Simes), Brockenhurst (James), Shawford (Hewett), Ringwood (Fowler), 
Fleet (Russell), Bournemouth (Raynor), Emsworth (Christy), Basingstoke (Hold- 
away), Woolmer Forest (Robinson). HEREFORD: Leominster (Hutchinson), 
Tarrington (Wood) Herts: Haileybury (Bowyer), Hertford (Stephens), Barton 
Hills, near Hitchin (Cottam), Oakleigh Park, Barnet (Williams). INVERNEss: 
Corrimony (Barclay , Inverness (Eastwood), Outer Hebrides—Skye, Isle of Lewis, 
abundant (McArthur). IsLE oF MAN: coast from Douglas Head to Growdle and 
from Douglas to Santon, common on mountains—Onchan, Port Soderick, and in the 
Curraghs of Sulby, ballaugh, and Jurby (Clarke), Douglas (Porritt). KENT: generally 
common—Borstal, Wouldham, Cuxton, Chattenden, Deal, Folkestone, &c. (Tutt), 
Burham Downs, Snowledge (Chaney), Chatham (Tyrer), Tunbridge Wells (Dallas- 
Beeching), Wye (Theobald), Dover (Stockwell), Blean Woods, Canterbury (Jones), 
Shoreham (Carr), Ashford (Heitland), Shooter’s Hill (Stephens), Darenth, Abbey 
Wood, Herne (Fenn), Lyminge (Hills). KERRY: Sneem, Derrynone (Lawless), 
Killamey — Pass of Dunloe (Rea), KINCARDINE (Esson). LANARK: all 
hillsides and moors (Dalglish), Carluke (Morton), Douglas (Mackonochie), Pentlands 
(Evans), LANCASHIRE: abundant on heaths, mosses and waste lands— Wallasey, 
&c. (Ellis), Chat Moss (Chappell), Whitsand Bay (Brockholes), St. Anne’s-on-Sea 
(Baxter), Ulverstone (Baynes), Preston (Leach), Southport (Porritt), Stalybridge 
Brushes (White), LINCOLN: abundant (Gascoyne), Hartsholme (Carr), Mablethorpe 
(Raynor), Linwood, Scotter (Musham). LONDONDERRY: Derry (Campbell).. 
Mayo: Loch Killary (Chapman). MERIONETH: Barmouth (Imms), Tan y 
Bwlch (Arkle), Farchynys (Partridge). MIDDLESEX: Mill Hill (South), Old Oak 
Common (Godwin), Harrow (Melvill), Kingsbury (Bond), Harlesden (Montgomery), 
Barnet (Williams), Edgware (Heath), Acton (Mera). MIDLOTHIAN : Balerno 
(Northcote and Wilson), Pentland Hills (Morton). MoNnMouTH: Wye Valley 
(Vaughan). MONTGOMERY: Machynlleth (Alington), Newtown (Tetley). Moray: 
Altyre (Norman), Forres (Longstaff). Nairn: Ardclach (Thomson). NORFOLK : 
King’s Lynn (Atmere), Yarmouth (Lockyer), Norwich, Hemsby, Herringfieet 
(Pitman), Aylsham (Freeman), Beccles, Aldeby (Winter), Grimstone (Balding), 
Burgh Castle (Thouless), Bewsey (Glenny). NoRTHUMBERLAND: common— 
Needless Hall moor, Meldon, Morpeth (Finlay), Shull (Backhouse), Bambro’ 
_ (Brady), Twizell (Robson), Amble (Rhagg), Hexham, Gilsland (Nicholson). 
NorrTs: Sherwood Forest district, formerly (Leivers). Oxon: Caversham, 
Whitchurch (Barnes). PEEBLES: Pentlands (Evans). PEMBROKE: Pembroke 
(Barrett), Castlemartin (Hodge). PERTH: Rannoch Moors (White), Perth 
(Nicholson), Pitlochrie (James), Callander (Evans), Trossachs (Dalglish), 
Methven Moss (Wylie). RENFREW: all hillsides and moors—Mearns, etc. 
(Dalglish}, Port Glasgow, Kilmalcolm (Dunsmore). Ross: Contin (White), 
Outer Hebrides (McArthur). RoxBuRGH: Hawick (Guthrie), Galashiels 
(Hageart), Melrose (Beveridge). SHROPSHIRE: Church Stretton (Brad- 


152 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


burne). SOMERSET: Clevedon, common (Mason), Weston-super-Mare (Whittaker), 
Wotton -under-Edge (Perkins), Taunton, Quantock Hills (St. John), Bath 
(Greer), Yatton, Brockley, Leigh (Bartlett), Leigh Woods (Griffiths), Mine- 
head—Exmoor (Kaye), STAFFS: generally abundant, Madeley (Daltry), Bewdley 
(Tyrer), Cannock Chase, Burnt Wood (Freer), Leek (Hill), Dovedale (Brown). 
STIRLING : all hillsides and moors (Dalglish), Fintry (Eggleton). SUFFOLK: 
somewhat common (Bloomfield), Rushmere Heath (Pyett), Ipswich (Mera), 
Lowestoft (Montgomery). SURREY: Reigate (Dennis), Croydon (Livett), Box 
Hill, Caterham (Bower), Oxshott (Helps), Oxted (Sheldon), Shirley (Turner), 
Wimbledon (Stephens), Camberley (Watson). SUSSEX: generally distributed 
on open heaths and downs — Lewes (Nicholson), all the heather districts 
around Brighton (Merrifield), Ashdown Forest (Dallas-Beeching), St. Leonards 
(Robinson), Abbott’s Wood (Hawes), Hollingbury Combe, Brighton (Image), 
Southdown Hill, near Goodwood (Newman), Hastings (Bloomfield), Groombridge 
(Blaber). SUTHERLAND: Strathmore, Melness (Mackay), Lochinver, near Assynt 
(Beveridge). TYRONE: common in the mountains—Dungannon, Tyrone (Greer). WAR- 
WICK: not uncommon, Sutton, etc. (Wainwright), Birmingham (Campbell). WATER- 
FORD: Portlaw, very common (Flemyng). WESTMEATH:. Mullingar (Middleton). 
WESTMORLAND: Windermere (Moss), Ambleside (Buckton). W1Grown: allthe moors 
—Corsemalzie, Loch Chesnay, Loch Eldrig (Gordon). Witrs: Warminster (Bartlett), 
Salisbury Plain (Bland). WORCESTER: common tbroughout the countvy—Wyre 
Forest, Worcester, Hartlebury, Bramford, etc. (Rea) YoRKS: Scarborough 
(Rowntree), Cottingham, Hull (Wilkinson), Hatfield Chace (Roebuck), Baildon 
Moor, Bradford (Carter), Whitby (Lockyer), Skipwith Common (Ash), Thorne 
Waste, Askham Bog (Prest), Barnsley (Harrison), Beamsley Moors (Taylor), Hud- 
dersfield (Varley), Keighley (Calvert), Leeds (Birchall), Pontefract (Hartley), Rich- 
mond (Sang), Selby (Foster), Shefheld (Doncaster), Wakefield (Talbot), Weeton 
(Pickles), Strensall (S. Walker), Guisbro’, Castleton, Great Ayton, Middleton, 
Runswick(Lofthouse), Wilsden (Butterfield), Langwith Common near York (Anderson), 
Nidderdale, Pateley (Storey), Birstwith (F. T. Walker), Riccall Common, Sandburn, 
Thorne Moor, near Doncaster (Hewett), Penistone Moors near Barnsley (Whittaker). 


DISTRIBUTION.—AMURLAND: Blagowestchensk, common (Staudinger). 
AUSTRO-HUNGARY : Bukovina, common (Hormuzaki), Pressburg (Rozsay), 
Bohemia, common (Nickerl), Galicia, not rare (Garbowski), Neu Sandec 
(Klemensiewicz), Stanislawow (Werchratski), Brinn (Muller), Tyrol, not common 
(Hinterwaldner), Taufers, Innsbruck (Weiler), Hermannstadt (Czekelius), Epiries, 
common (Husz), Chemnitz (Pabst), Hungary — Kocsocz (Vangel), Gdélnitz 
(Hudak), Fiume, common, Glackner (Mann), Upper Carinthia — Salzburg 
(Nickerl), Lavantthal (Hofner), Upper Styria—S. Lambrecht (Kodermann), 
Freistadt, Linz, Neuschl, Neutitschein, Rosenau, Vienna (Fritsch), Ischl 
(Hormuzaki), Carinthia—Portschach (Wagner), Brenner district, near Matrel 
(Galvagni). BrLGruM: generally distributed and very common—Namur, etc. 
(Lambillion), Virton, very common (Bray). BULGARIA: Sofia (Bachmetjew). 
CHANNEL ISLANDS: Jersey (Ihorburn), Portelet in Jersey (Kaye). DENMARK : 
very common everywhere (Bang-Haas). FINLAND: southern part (Reuter). 
FRANCE: throughout (Berce), Riviera, not near the coast, but in the mountains— 
Grasse, at 1200ft. elevation, etc. (Chapman), Aube (Jourdheuille), Douai (Foucart’, 
Auvergne (Sand), Saone-et-Loire (Constant), Eure-et-Loir (Guénée), Haute-Garonne, 
common everywhere to 2000m. elevation (Caradja), Puy-de-Ddéme (Guillemot), 
dept. Var (Cantener), Morbihan (Grifhth), Doubs (Bruand), Loire-Inférieure 
(Bonjour), Seine -Inférieure, rather common (Viret), St. Quentin (Dubus), 
Sarthe (Desportes), Pont - de - l’Arche, etc., abundant (Dupont), Caussols 
(Bromilow). GERMANY: generally distributed and common (Heinemann), north- 
west Germany, almost everywhere (Jordan), Rhine Palatinate (Bertram), 
Wirtemburg (Seyffler), Giessen (Dickore), Lower Elbe district (Zimmermann), 
Erfurt (Keferstein), Zeitz-on-the-Elster (Wilde), Halle (Stange), Munich, common 
(Kranz), Rudolstadt (Meurer), Mecklenburg (Schmidt), Bremen (Dahl), Saxon 
Upper Lusatia, common (Schitze), Dresden, very common (Steinert), Thuringia, 
everywhere common (Krieghott), Gotha, Lauchaer, etc. (Knapp), Prussia —K6nigs- 
berg, &c., everywhere common (Schmidt), Silesia, very common (Wocke), Upper 
Lusatia, very common (Moeschler), Nassau, common (Rossler), Ratisbon (Schmid), 
Dessau, common (Richter), Alsace (Peyerimhofl), Wernigorode (Iischer), Pomerania, 
exceedingly abundant (Hering), Brunswick, common (Heinemann), Hanover, very 
common (Glitz), Frankfort-on-Oder (Kretschmer), Eutin (Dahl), Waldeck (Speyer), 
Libeck (Paul), Oberharz (Hoflmann), Braunfels-an-der-Lahn, near Wetzlar (Sich), 
IrALy: throughout, unless absent from Sardinia, not common (Curd), Lom- 


COSMOTRICHINA. 153 


bardy, very common (Turati), Modena (Fiorl), Roman Campagna, not com- 
mon (Calberla), Piedmont—Torre Pellice, Villar, Bobbie (Tutt). NETHERLANDs : 
distributed and not rare (Snellen), Breda (Heylaerts) ROUMANIA:  every- 
where common (Caradja). RUSSIA: Baltic Provinces (Sintenis), very abundant, 
the Hasik turf moor, Lursa-Gesinde, &c. (Nolcken), Moscow district (Albrecht), 
Wolmar (Lutzau), Volga district, Kasan, Baschkiria, common (Eversmann), 
St. Petersburg (Erschoff). SCANDINAVIA: generally common to 62° N. lat. 
(Aurivillius), southern and central Norway, common (Siebke), rare in southern 
Sweden (Reuter). Spain: Andalusia (Rambur), Teruel (Zapater), Galicia (Macho- 
Velado), Barcelona district, Monserrat, Vich, Roda (Cuni y Martorell), Catalonia— 
Pyrenees (Martorell y Pena), Bilbao, not common (Seebold). SWITZERLAND : Every- 
where (Frey), St. Gallen (Taschler), Gadmenthal, to 5oooft. (Ratzer), Grisons 
(Killias), Weissenburg (Huguenin), Zurich district, common (Ruhl), Chur, Splugen, 
‘Val Vedro (Forbes), Brienzer Grat (Jordan), Berne (Benteli), Tessin—Chiasso 
(Knecht), Valais, rare, tree region, La Croix de Martigny, Fully, Mt. Ravoire, 
Mt.-Chemin, Sion, Sierre, Brigue, Schallberg, &c. (Favre and Woullschlegel). 


Subfam. : COSMOTRICHINE. 
Tribe : COSMOTRICHIDI. 


The Palearctic Cosmotrichids belong to the tribe Cosmotrichidz, 
but Aurivillius treats the whole tribe as a genus under the name 
Cosmotriche, although he recognises, even on imaginal characters, 
that the species fall into two very distinct groups, which he diagnoses 
as follows: 


a. The outer margin of the forewing not forming a curve with the margin; ?° 
antenna shortly pectinated—fotatorza, Linn., albomaculata, Brem. 

3. The hind angle of the forewings so broadly rounded off that the outer 
margin and the hind margin form one with the other an uniform curve. ¢? antenna 
pectinated — Zaeta, Walk. 


This subdivision is supported most strongly by the larval characters, 
the larva of /aefa* reminding one a little of that of Dendrolimus pint, 
and being very unlike that of C. pofatorza, more different, in fact, than 
is that ot pyrzformis, Moore, which is, in the larval and imaginal states, 
also evidently generically distinct from Cosmotriche (potatoria). We 
would suggest for section B of Cosmotriche, Auriv., the name 
Routledgia, with faeta, Walk., as type. It is quite clear that many of 
the species included by Kirby in his genus Philudoria (Cat, 
pp. 820-822) are not only not congeneric with either Cosmotriche 
or Routledgia, but belong to distinct tribal groups. These, however, 
must be worked out elsewhere. The diagnosis which Aurivillius 
gives of the tribe Cosmotrichidi reads as follows : , 


IMAGO: Palpi slender and very long, reaching far beyond the forehead, pro- 
jecting almost straight, the third joint long, cylindrical. Eyes slightlv hairy, or nearly 
naked (laefay. The forehead weakly convex, not protuberant. Legs of medium 
length ; femora and tibiz, especially in the ¢, with very dense long hairs; the 
front tarsi on the outer side hairy almost to the tip, the middle ones only slightly, 
the hind ones not hairy; front tibize unarmed, the tibial spine in the ¢ very 
large, reaching to the tip, in the ¢ very small, knob-like; middle and hind tibiz 
with long terminal spurs; the first joint of the hind tarsi as long as the others 
together. The outer margin of the wings and the moderately long fringes more 
or less crenate, sometimes only very slightly. Wing-form: the forewings more or less 
(laeta) broad, with straight costa, more or less arched before the apex, strongly 
arched outer margin, and straight (Jotatoria, albomaculata) or arched hind margin ; 
the apex rather sharp, almost right-angled; the hind angle more or less rounded ; 
hindwings with more or less strongly arched costa and outer margin. Neuration: 


*The larva here referred to, in British Museum collection, attached to this 
series, and connected with a male from Dharmsala, possibly may not belong to 
laeta, Walk., at all, so that this statement as to larval characters must not be relied 
upon too strongly. Another Dharmsalan species, pyrzformts, Moore, has a larva 
which is quite Cosmotrichid in appearance. 


154 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


median cell of both pairs of wings closed; the transverse nervure of forewing 
broken about in the middle, that of the hindwing before the middle. Forewings 
with 12 nervures; nervure 2 near the base, 3 and 4 free, starting from the hind 
margin, 5 from the hinder angle of the median cell, 6 and 7 with short stalk, 8 
free, from the front angle, 9 and 10 with a stalk, which is much shorter than 
the free part of the nervures ; 2—8 running into outer margin, 9 into apex, 10—12 
into costa. Hindwings with 8 nervures; 4 and 5 from one point, or united in a 
short stalk (laeta), 8 is at its base strongly bent, and only unites beyond the middle 
of the ceil, by a long, oblique, transverse nervure, with neryure 7; the resultant 
basal cell is broad, nearly as large as the median cell, and sends out 4—5 nervules, 
of which the outermost’ is longest, straightest, and nearly parallel with the free 
part of nervure 8; 14—6 run into the hind margin, 7 into apex, 8 into costa. 
¢ antennz long, reaching at least to middle of costa of forewings, straight, with 
long pectinations, which become shorter towards the base. ¢ antenna built as in the 
$, but with 1 short (otatoria, albomaculata) or medium-length (laefa) pectinations. 
g. Abdomen with broad tuft of hairs on the tip. ¢. Abdomen at end somewhat 
pointed, without anal tuft. LARVA: Very characteristic and easily distinguished from 
all other Lasiocampids. It is more or less densely clothed all over with soft hair; the 
2nd and 11th segments have on the back a longer tuft of hair, and the 4th-1oth 
(potatoria, albomaculata) or 3rd-10th (/aeta) on each side of the back a longitudinal 
row of 3-4 (potatoria, albomaculata) or 5 small, short, dark tufts of hair. On the 
sides stand on each segment (from 2-10) three silky streaks quite as in larva of 
Chilena. Pupates in a long cocoon. PupA: Smooth, glossy, with some very fine 
bristles on blunt anal end. 


Aurivillius’ diagnosis shows s clearly the differences existing between 
the Palaearctic ( Cosmotriche) and certain Indian ( Routledgza* ®) species, 
but he does not deal with the Australian nor African species as 
enumerated by Kirby (Cet, pp. 821-822). Until these species are 
thoroughly worked out, it is idle to suggest the true distribution of the 
group. Cvusmotriche, as represented by potatorta and albomaculata, ex- 
tends from the extreme west of Europe to the extreme east of Asia. Aoutd- 
ledgia is, perhaps, typical of certain of the specialised Indian genera, 
the species catalogued by Kirby from this district being—/ae/a, 
Walk. (Silhet), decisa, Walk. (N. India), Ayzzformis, Moore (Masuri), 
divisa, Moore (Ceylon), szgwzata, Moore, and /ineata, Moore (Darjil- 
ing), to which must be added castanea, Hamps., and zsocymae, 
Hamps. (India), all of which are evidently not congeneric, and pro- 
bably not even to be placed in the same tribe. The Australian species 
catalogued are—adlbigutfa, Walk. (Tasmania), a@ustralascae, Fabr. 
(Austraha), sana, Walk. (Tasmania), and <zmtemerata, Walk. 
(Australia). The African species noted are—dzrecta, Walk. (Sierra 
Léone), ° minima, Plotz .(West Africa), ? a/uco, Pabraeage 
Colony), vzeducta, Walk. (S. Africa), and wzris, Druce (Lower 
Niger), whilst one species, pawpercula, Walk., is recorded from 
Bogota. ‘The subfamily as a whole, therefore, is widely distributed, 
extending in few species over the Palearctic. region, but being 
much better developed in the Indo-Malayan and Australian region, 
extending also, if the characters on which the authorities have 
grouped the species be sound, into southern and western Africa. 
The Cosmotrichids appear distinctly allied to the Eutrichids (sezzsz 
strioh. ) on egg Splehaeke ions whilst, on we some wan generalised 


*We : are not t quite ‘cle: ar that : we have not here two tribes: (1) Cosmotrichidt 
(typified by  Cosmotriche—potatoria, albomaculata, and an wnnamed genus— 
pyriformis, Walker). (2) Routledgitdi (typified by Routledgia—laeta). Laeta is 


very distinct, both sexes being extremely specialised. Tine has less strongly 
pectinated antenne, and the ? more strongly pectinated antennz than have the 
respective sexes of Cosmotriche. ‘The ¢s (from NKiukiang) in the British 


Museum collection have an anal tuft to abdomen, 


COSMOTRICHE,. [55 


characters exhibited by C. fotatoria in the larval stage, Bacot 
makes many interesting observations. He says that the larva of 
this species presents general characters that are common to many 
widely-separated species, ¢.g., (1) the oblique stripes and tendency to 
develop a hump on the 8th abdominal, (2) the fact that there are no 
secondary hairs in the rst instar, although they become a marked feature 
of the znd, together with the fact that their bases are surrounded by 
black on the ground colour of the larva, but not on the yellow of 
the oblique stripes and subdorsal bands, and (3) that there are 
black dorsal spots in the znd stage. All these point unquestionably, in 
his mind, to a relationship with Dimorpha (versicolora), and through 
this species (or rather through its ancestral base) with the Sphingids. 
The growth of secondary hairs, some short, and others long, 
the general shape of the larva, the coloration and pattern of the 
thoracic segments (cream- or white-coloured diamond-shaped spots) 
are characters held in common with the larva of Lastocampa 
quercés (in which species diamond-shaped whitish spots form a 
chain right down the back), the larva of var. vzburni occasionally 
showing the same peculiarity. The characters that ally the larva of 
C. potatoria with that of Lutricha quercifolia are too apparent to 
need pointing out. The great development of the prothoracic 
lateral tubercles, so like those in the larve of the Liparids, suggest, 
an alliance therewith, but this resemblance is most probably due to 
convergence. 

There are but few Cosmotrichid gynandromorphs recorded 
besides those of C. pofatorza described (fosted). ‘There is one of the 
allied C. albomaculata, described and figured by Wiskott (estschr. 
[me sciles 17255, 1397, ). 120, pl. iii, fg), which he notes as 
follows : 

g left, ¢ right. In marking, colouring, and torm of the wings, perfectly 
halved; wings of right side 21mm., of left 17mm. in expanse; left antenna male, 
right female; right legs darker than left; body with distinct line of division, 
left side slender and thin, right thick and bulged, posterior end with anal tuft. 
From the Amur.—In the Wiskott collection. 

Genus : COSMOTRICHE, Hubner. 

SynonyMy.—Genus: Cosmotriche, Ub., *‘ Verz.,” p. 190 (? 1822); Auriv., 
siuicewevilen «pp: TOO, <1601, 163) (1894); “Dyar, << Can: Ent., ”” XXX., pp. 4-6 (1898) ; 
ao aerocr stan london Eni SOc... 1698, pp i-3 et seq. (I 898) ; CO Byalite Lep.,’”*. 

»P- 450 (OOo)e sStaud sy Cat.) ssrd ed), p22 (ror). Phalaena (-Bombyx), 
cae “Syst. Nat. Uexth eds. p. 49S (1758) ; xuith ed., p. 813 @767) Poday< Ins: 
Mus. Gracc., ee 84 Gon eNiull eS bmee bids.) ps 40 (1764) ; Zool. Dan Prod.,”’ 
pa 1L7 (1776) ; Espa cochmetts Murs Oot p. 75 (1783) ; ‘Vill., ‘inner tint.. 7 
ieee sen 60)e isin es. Sys. BeSCh.977.) 1.) Pp. O7 (1790). Phalaena, Hufn., 
pgber ye Maes. i, P3900 (0700) > Meyer, Huess. Mac.” 1... p.. 270. (1778). 
Baroy. ab: “sys. Knk,” p. 564. (1775); “Spec. Ins. delle, (Res AO Gl Zoi) = 
Santantaslis. tis p.-- Wl2 (1797); Ent. Sys.,? Ue Ti p. 425 (1793) ; [Schiff.,] 
SSenmiett, Wien,” p. 56.(1775)5 Esp., «« Schmett. Eur, Wie ple Slee cS. 2 a6 
Mee ee clipe clear. Wepre. ii, bomb: “it, Verae R. ». '(? 1800) ; Oe chihes 
Senincten2i lie Oa O37 (Ge 1COO) i text p.. 146 (P1805) 5 Tl. “Sys. Verz. 
Diem ete aNlico Eps, LOSr (Loon). sehr... 6S Hauna ~Boiea.” iis 3)1, 
Dea hoOn\ies  lbtawen a deep... Brits,” “ly. .p. $4 (1803) ; each, “sii din: 
ACV neen Du l32, (lots) i Godt.. “hep, Hur, IV. le 92) (1822) 
Sicle "De Viltmd. 7p. 183° ((1667) 5 Staud., ‘Rom. Mem., 1 316 Le 
Lastocampa, Schrk., ‘‘ Fn. Boica,”’ il., 2, p. 154 ’(1802) : Oken, “ Te as Naturg., 1. 
Ee (Op OES) sc bdv., “chr. ep. Ind. Meth...” ’p. 48 (1829) ; “oTeon. Chen., ol. 

is. 2. (cere. 1840) ; Dup., ‘‘ Icon. des Chen.,” iN Gey 410) aren (Axes 1840) ; 
Bear PaCatr a lsieds.) ps) 20. (lool), 2nd)-ed., p. 69° (1871); ‘Berce; “Hann; 
Franc.,” eee OOM (ROOS)) 1a NOlck. “epi kn. Est..”7 1, p. 420, (1868); Curo, 
** Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital.,”’ viti., p. 151 (1876); Frey, ‘*‘Lep. Schw.,” p. 97 (1880) ; 


156 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Kirby, ‘“‘Eur. Butts. and Moths,’ p. 129 (1880); Lampa, ‘‘Ent. Tids.,” p. 42 
(1885) ; Jordan, ‘‘Schmett. N.-W. Deutsch.,”’ p. 96 (1886) ; Auriv., ‘‘ Nord. Fyar.,”’ 
p: 64 (13889); Ruhl, ‘Soc. Ent.,”7 v., p..178 (1891);, Carad., *¢ris;? “wie eee 
(1895); Reutti, *‘Lep. Bad.,” 2nd-ed.; p.. 58 (18098). -Bombz4,— Iatmy eee 
Nat.,’’ xiv., p. 178 (1805). Bombyx (-Lasiocampa), Latr., ‘‘Gen. Crust. et Ins.,”’ 
Iv., p. 219 (1809). Gastropacha, Ochs., ‘‘ Die Schmett.,” ili., p. 256 (1810) ; Evers., 
‘‘Faun. Volg. Ural.,’’ p. 153 (1844); Hl--Sch., “Sys. Bearb.,” iL, p. tod (raa6)e 
Heyd.., “ ep. Eur--Cat: Meth.;7 ed. 3, p26, (1851); Speyer, * Geor= iiunenaeee 
Pp: 407 (1858); u-,"p.. 287 (1862); Bang-Haas, <‘ Nat. Vids. ,7? (3), 0 1 ee 
(1374). Odonesizs, ,Germ., “‘ Bomb: Spee?” p. 49 (1802) > Curt:, <* Brie 
expl pl vi (€824)); Stphs., ‘Ill aust..7) i. p. 51° (1828) 5. “cist eee 
Br. Mus,,’? p- 48 (1850);.'Wood, “Ind. Ent.,”2 \p.. 23, fig. $2) (163g)ueeeme 
“Gen. et Ind. Meth.,”%; p. 71 (1840); Elumph. and Westd> “* Bc) Miotaaae 
56 (@ 1843); Dup., ‘Cat... Méth:,” p..74 (1844); Walk, ““Cat. Lepymisaeniees 
Vi., P- 1409 ,(1855); Sta., “< Mam.,’” 1., p.%57) (1857); Ramb., “ Cat) Bepmecumaens 
p- 348 (1866) ; Newm., ‘‘ Brit. Moths,” p. 45 (1869); Wallgrn., ‘‘ Skand. Het.,”’ 
Il., PP» 105, 106° (1869); Oberth., (“‘ Etudes,” -v., p. 38 (1880) 5; Buck. “slags 
i., p. 60 (1889); ‘Meyr., “ Hiandbook,’? p. 323- (1895); Tutt, “* Bars 
p. 60 (1896); Barr., ‘‘ Lep. Brit.,’’ ii1., p. 37, pl. xciv (1896). Odonesis, Samou., 
‘‘Ent. Compend.,”” p. 247 (1819); Kirby and Spence, ‘‘ Introd. Ent.,” ii., pp- 
175, 177220 (1326). BHuthrix, Meig., <* hur. Schmett,,” it, p: 195 (1680)eanomete: 
“‘Tllus. Zeits. fir.Ent.,” ii.,-p. 71 (1898). Bombyx (-Odonestis), Led., ** Verh: 
z.-b. Wien,” 1., Abh., p. 75 (1853). Cosmotricha, H.-Sch., ‘: Ausser. Schmett.,” 
p- 9 (1856). Gastropacha (-Odonestis), Hein., ‘‘ Schmett. Deutsch.,’’ p. 204 (1859). 
Philudoria, Kirby, ‘* Cat. Lep.,”’ p. 820 (1892). Philhydoria, Kirby, ‘* Handbook 
epee Vu pp -etld— Il 5 (LOO): 

The type of Cosmotriche is potatoria. ‘This species was included 
in Schrank’s genus Laswocampa (Fauna Boca, i., Abth. 2., pp. 
153-155), it was also one of the species included in Latreille’s 
Lastocampa, but was expressly excluded by Germar (Sys. Goss. 
Prod. i., p. 49) from Lastocampa, and placed with a mark of 
doubt in Odonestis, a genus erected for prumz, Germar noting con- 
cerning pofatovia “ potius ad sequens ( Gastropacha, Ochs.) referendz,” 
so that it is quite out of the question to consider this species as 
a possible type of Odonestis, to the exclusion of frvunz, as has 
already been done by some authors. Germar’s action, therefore, 
appears to have still left jofatorza a possible type of Laszocampa, 
but Huibner separated it from the species with which it had been 
previously allied, and included it in Coitus 1 (Cosmotrichae) of his 
Family A of the Eutrichid stirps, with Jobulina and lunigera. He 
diagnoses the Coitus as follows : 

Cosmotrichae: Forewings with white central markings and oblique dark 
stripes—Cosmotriche potatoria, C. lobulina, C. lunigera. 

As we have already pointed out (anfed, vol. i1., p. 451), Zobudina and 
lunigera (really the same species) are not permissible types of this 
genus, not having “oblique dark stripes,” and thus disagreeing with 
the generic diagnosis. Aurivillius says (/72s, vil., p. 102) that “it is much 
to be regretted that none of the authors who have hitherto separated 
this genus from the rest has taken the trouble to read Germar’s 
original description, Germar including only frwve with certainty in 
his genus Odonestis and adding ‘? pofatoria’, so that it is impossible 
to use Odonestis for any genus in which frwni is not included. 
Since, in my opinion, fofatorta and prunt are not at all related, 
another generic name must be applied to fofatforta. Hubner erected 
for potatoria and lunigera the genus Cosmotriche; these two species 
are, indeed, more nearly related than fofatoria and prunz, but still 
generically distinct, and since Hubner’s description fits pofatoria 
exactly, but Zuaigera only in part, and Rambur, in 1866, erected 


COSMOTRICHE. ape 


the genus Se/enephera for lunigera, whilst potatoria did not receive 
another name until Kirby called it P*zludoria in 1892, it appears 
to me correct to retain the name Cosmotriche for potatoria, a course 
followed by Herrich-Schaffer (Samml. Aussereur. Schmett., p. 9) in 
1856. Meyrick, evidently ignorant of Aurivillius’ excellent paper 
(Jris, vil), describes (Handbook, &c., p. 323) the genus under the 
name Odonestis as follows: 

Palpi rather long. Forewings: 6 and 7 connate or stalked, 9 to apex. 
Hindwings: 6 from angle, 7 from beyond middle of cell, 8 connected with 7 near 
origin by oblique bar, two or three pseudoneuria present. 

The egg is characteristically Eutrichid, and one cannot but 
be struck with the remarkable similarity in the arrangement of 
the markings of the eggs of Cosmotriche (potatoria) and Eutricha 
(quercifolia); the former certainly lacks the distinctness and 
definiteness of coloration presented by the latter, but the character- 
istic markings of the eggs of both species are identical. Bacot 
says: “The pattern of the Cosmotrichid (fotatoria) egg, although 
superficially like that of Eutricha (quercifolia), is simpler, and more 
regular, the pale bands having consolidated until the egg might be 
described as greenish-white, with darker spots and streaks; it is 
also more strongly pitted than that of £. guercifolia the pittings 
being smaller, deeper, and not outlined in points as is the egg ot 
the latter species.” 

The newly-hatched larva of C. fofatorta is similar in some 
respects to that of LZ. var, callunae, but the colour and pattern 
are differently arranged. The characters, however, in which 
these resemblances are to be traced appear to be very gener- 
alised ones, ¢.g., the black subdorsal patches of the larva of 
LZ. var. callunae are present, but in a modified form, and the 
meso- and metathorax are black on the dorsal and_ subdorsal 
areas, forming a striking background for the pale yellow diamond- 
shaped patch, and the subdorsal white spots (Bacot, July 
meme r5q7). 9 We have already noted that- in the znd imstar 
the larva of C. potatoria has lost all traces of dorsal tubercles, 
but has, on either: side of the dorsal line, in addition to other 
markings, a row of round black spots of very similar appearance, 
and in about the same position as those of the larva of Dimorpha. 
versicolora in the same stage (Bacot). Comparing the larva of 
C. potatoria with that of Dendrolimus pint (both in 2nd instar), one 
does not notice so strong a development of secondary hairs in 
the latter as in the former, and the colour does not spread from 
the bases in so marked a manner, so that there is not the same 
suggestion of shagreen tubercles as there is in C. potatoria. A 
close comparison of these two larve shows that the colour scheme 
is fundamentally the same, but it is strongly developed in C. 
potatoria and only faintly traceable in D. pznz, the latter evidently 
developing towards an unicolorous form, although there are still 
one or two strongly-contrasted markings; in C. poftatoria the dorsal 
area is practically bright yellow with a series of large oval central 
blotches, dull bluish in colour, one on each segment from the 1st- 
8th abdominal; these are joined to each other and form a chain, 
the junction being made by two black spots placed slightly apart 
and just showing the yellow between them. The black D, versrcolora 


158 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


spots are situated in the position of the outer edge of these bluish 
patches; the pattern described nearly fills up the dorsal abdominal 
area, but there is a broad yellow sukbdorsal band, and below this 
the yellow and bluish occupy about equal proportions, the blue 
chiefly above, and the yellow beneath, but much broken up by 
being arranged in double oblique stripes. I suspect this bluish 
was the ancestral tint of the ground colour, and that it has been 
much encroached upon by the spreading of the yellow (Bacot). 
Cases of urtication resulting from handling the fullgrown larva of this 
species are comparativly rare, although South notes (77, xvill., p. 5) 
that, in handling the larva, the tips of his fingers have been thickly 
felted, and that he has frequently felt a slight itching between his 
fingers, the hairs not affecting the thicker skin towards the finger-tips. 

The pupa is of typical obtect form, noticeable (in JZ. rubi) by 
the brighter coloration of the movable incisions of the abdomen, as 
well as of the legs, antenne, and mouth-parts. The prothorax and meso- 
thorax are large, but the metathorax and 1st abdominal segments are 
very narrow ; the skin is’ black; finely pitted, and except yonmeme 
8th and goth abdominals, where there are some fine black points, 
is wanting in the covering of bristly hairs which is characteristic 
of the Eutrichids (sens. s¢vict.), and especially noticeable in Gasfro- 
pacha ticifolia and Eutricha quercifolia, and hence we find none of the 
collection of hairs, dust, &c., on the Cosmotrichid pupa, a feature most 
marked in Futricha (quercifolia) and Gastropacha (ilicifolta),; the rounded 
cremastral area is, however, covered with short golden-brown bristles. 

The cocoon reminds one something of that of AZa/acosoma, probably 
because of its yellow coloration, spindle shape, and thin parchment-like 
appearance, but is otherwise, in general shape and form, that of an 
Eutrichid, although almost entirely lacking the thick mass of felted 
hairs woven into the walls of such cocoons as those of Gastropacha 
(wWicyfolia) and Lutricha (quercifolia). 

COSMOTRICHE POTATORIA, Linné. 

SyNoNyMyY.—Species: Potatoria, Linn., ‘‘ Sys. Nat.,” xth ed., p. 498 (1758) ; 
xiithved.p. 802) (0767)5) boda, *olns. Must. Gresc...: pk osu fom) Mill., «Fn. 
Frid.,” p. 40 (1764); ‘‘ Zool. Dan. Prod.,”’ p. 117 (1776); Hufn , “‘ Berl. Mag.,” i1., 
pe 396 (0766). Rab. “*Sys. Buts,’ ip. 564. (1775) 5“ opeG: ams.. ys 176 (1781) 5 
‘¢ Mant. Iins.,”’ 11, p. 112 (1787); “ Ent. Syst.,” iit, 1, p. 425 (1793)3) (seme 
‘«« Schmett. Wien,” p. 56 (1775); Meyer, ‘*Fuess. Mag.,’’ 1., p. 270 (1 778) ;_Esp., 
ee Schmett: Hur. sil. ple xt. Mos, T=5 (17205. pe 75 (izes) Vill., ‘ Linn. eee 
i.,. p. 123 (1780) ;~ Bkh., ‘‘ Sys. Besch.,” p. 97 (1790); ‘*Rhem: Mary eee 
(1793) ; Hb., “ Larvee Lep.,” iti., Bomb. it., Ver R. bk (? 1800); ** Eur. Schmetig® 
ii,, fig. 183 (P1800); text p. 146 ( ? 1805) ; “* Verz.,”” p. 188 (21822); Til Syen 
Verz. Wien.,”’ n. Ausg., I, p. Fo8 (1801); Schrk., ‘Fauna Boica,” 11, 2, p. 154 
(1802); Latr., ‘‘ Hist. Nat.,” xiv., p.178 (1805); ‘{ Gen. Crust. et Ins.,” iv. poe 
(1809) ;_ Ochs., ‘* Die Schmett.,” iii., p. 256 (1810); Germ., ‘Bomb. Spec.,” 
p49 (1812)5 Teach, ‘Edinb, Ency.,” 1x...p. 132 (1625); Oken, ‘“‘Lehrb. Zool.,’’ 
p. 707 (1815); Samou., ‘‘Ent. Compend.,” p. 247, pl. xii. fig. 3 (1819); Godt., 
“Tép.: Hurl,” iv. p. 92) (1822) 5. Curt., ** Brit. ont.” 1., Expl. (pic) sviie ee 
Stephs., ‘Ill. Haust.,” ii., p. 51 (1828); ‘List Br. An. B. Mus.,” p. 48 (1850); 
Bdv., ‘‘Eur, Lep. Ind. Meth.,’”’ p. 48 (1829); ‘Icon. Chen.,”’ pl. vi., fig. 2 (esre, 
1840); ‘*Gen. et Ind. Meth.,” p. 71 (1840); Meig., ‘Eur. Schmett.,”’ 11, pp. 191, 
195, pl. Ixxviii., fig. 1 (1830); Wood, ‘Ind. Ent.,” p. 23, fig. 52 (1839) ; Dup., 
“Tcon, des Chen.,”’ ii, pl. v., fig. 1-(civc. 1840); ‘Cat. Méth.,” p. 74 (1944)5 
Humph. and Westd., ‘ Brit. Moths,” p. 56 (? 1843) ; Evers., ‘‘ Faun. Volg.-Ural.,” 
p. 153 (1844); H.-Sch., “ Sys. Bearb.,” ii., p. 104 (1846); ‘* Ausser, Schmett.,> peg 
(1856); Heyd., ‘“‘Lep. Eur. Cat. Meth.,” ed. 3, p. 26) (1851); Led.,: *“* Ver. Z.=b, 
Wien,” ii., Abh., p. 75 (1853); Sta., ‘‘ Man.,” i., p. 157 (1857); Spey., “* Geog. 
Verb.,”’ i, p. 407 (1858) ; ii., p. 287 (1862); Hein., ‘* Schmett. Deutsch.,”’ p. 204 


COSMOTRICHE POTATORIA. 159 


era5Q) ; Staud.; * Cat.,” tst-ed., p. 30.(¥861); 2nd ed., p. 69 (1871) ; 3rd-ed., p. 
122 (1901); Ramb., ‘‘ Cat. Lép. And.,’’ p. 348 (1866); Snell., ‘“‘ De Vlind.,” p. 
meeieo7) > Nolck., ““Lep. Pn: stl.” 1., p. 129.(1867) ; Berce, *° Faun. Franc.,” 
iil., p. 196 (1868); Newm., “Brit. Moths,” p. 45 (1869); Wallgrn., ‘ Skand. 
Het.,” ii., pp. 105—106 (1869); Bang-Haas, ‘‘ Nat. Tids.,’’ (3), ix., p. 411 (1874) ; 
Caro, ** Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital.,” viii., p. 151 (1876); Oberth., ‘*Etudes,”’ v., p. 38 (1880); 
Frey, ‘‘ Lep. Schweiz,” p. 97 (1880); Kirby, ‘“‘ Eur. Butts. and Moths,” p. 129 (1880); 
pie p- 626 (1892); * Handbook,” iv., p. 115. (1897); Lampa, ‘Ent. Tids.,” 
Wi. p. 42 (1885); Jordan, “ Schmett. N.-W. Deutsch.,” p. 96 (1886); Auriv., 
“Nord. Fyar.,”” p. 64 (1889); “< Iris,” vil., p. 163 (1894) ; Buckl., “‘ Larvae, &c.,”’ iii, 
eee (1s0) ;- Ruhl, “Soc. Ent.,” v.,,p. 126 (1891); Carad:, “Ics,” viil., p. 93 
(7895); Meyr., “‘ Handbk.,” p. 323 (1895); Barr., ‘‘ Brit. Lep.,”’ iii., p. 37, pl- xciv 
ieee) watt, “< Brut. Mothis,”’ p: Go (1896); “Proc. Sth. Lond: Ent. Soc.,” 1398, 
pp. I et seg. (1898); Dyar, “Can. Ent.,” xxx., p. 6 (1898); Grote, “Illus. Zeits. ftir 
Pare, - ii. p. 71 (1893); Rentti, *‘Lep.-Bad.,’’ 2nd ed.,; p. 58 (1898). Potatorius, 
meen Hann. Boies,” i., Abth. 1, p. 273 (1801); Haw.,. “ Lep. Brit.,” pt. 4, 
p- 84 (1803). . 

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION. — fotatoria. P. Bombyx elinguis, alis 
reversis flavis: striga fulva repanda punctis duobus albis. Goed., 
Memmente tt List. Goce. f.- 82;- Rai, Jus., 142;-a.3; Alb., Lzs., 
meee Metan, —77., 25 p. 27, t. 16;:Roes:, /as.,.1, phal. 2; tz; 
Wilk., Pap., 27, t. 3, b. 2.- Habitat in Gramine Europz australioris. 
Larva caudata, cristata, pilosa, lateribus albo maculatis (Linné, 
Syst. Maturae, xth ed., p. 498). To this Linné further adds: “ Ale 
striga amnteriore ferruginea, obliqua; posteriore repanda. Puncta 
2 alba approximata: altero minore” (Sys. Vaz. xiith ed., pp. 813 
—814). 

an DIMORPHISM. — There is a very -marked distinction 
between the sexes of this species; the males being smaller, usually 
more deeply coloured; the abdomen of the female is also particularly 
heavy when filled with eggs. The antenne of the male are strongly 
pectinated, those of the female almost simple. Chapman describes 
them as: g. Antenne 13mm. long, about 60 joints, carrying long 
plumules (about 2°7mm. long at middle of antenna); these droop 
down so that those of either side are nearly parallel, as in all the 
Lachneid section; the dorsum is scaled, the dorsa of the plumules 
are bare, their inner surface clothed with long hairs, placed so as 
to form about 80 transverse rows of 8 or 10 in a row, the outer 
ones meeting those of the next plumule; each plumule terminates. 
in a bulbous extremity, carrying one large conical bristle and three 
or more smaller ones ; these vary in different portions of the antenna; 
on one side of the antenna the bulbs are shorter and rounder, and 
carry shorter and thicker spikes than on the other. ?. The antenna is 
shorter than that of the g , being only romm. in length, and consists of 
about 55 joints; it has a similar irregularly-scaled dorsum, and two 
plumules to each segment; the plumules are only about o’5mm. long, 
faintly clubbed, and each carries one thick and one slender terminal spike 
of much the same size and aspect as in the ¢; the basal half carries, 
perhaps, a score of hairs, similar to those of the ¢, but rather 
more slender and weak; the terminal half has only very minute, 
straight, appressed bristles. 

GYNANDROMORPHISM.—It would appear to be quite evident that 
many of the gynandromorphous specimens mentioned by Schultz 
(Lilus. Wochensch. fiir Ent., 1., Pp. 383; l., p. 414) are mere colour 
_ aberrations, in which the normal brownish tint of the male is more 
or less developed in the 2, or the ordinary yellow colour of the 


160 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


female is seen in the male, really a not uncommon local form of 
aberration. The only really gynandromorphous example described 
appears to be the following: 

a. I have just had emerge from pupa a very curious specimen of Odonestis 
potatoria. The right antenna is that of a male, whilst every other portion of the 
insect is exactly the same as in an ordinary female (Wright, Zvztom., xvi., p. 188), 

The following examples recorded by Schultz appear to us to be not 
distinctly gynandromorphic. ‘There are an endless number of similar 9 
specimens of dark (so-called male) coloration, and of g specimens 
of hght (so-called female) coloration, in various collections : 

B.—¢@ of ¢ colouring (Blandford, Avt., xvilil., p. 128). 

y-6-—2 ¢s of ¢ colouring (Mathew, Z7z7., xiv., p. 68; Wellman, Z.c., p. 227). 

e-£.— ? with g, and ¢ with ? colouring (Bellier de la Chavignerie, z77. 
SOG ME lira MOOW in Den LOS) 

n-— % with ¢ colouring, Wicken (Christy and Meldola, Proc. Essex Field 
Club, iii., p. 1xxxiii). : 

§.—¢ with the pale clay-coloured ¢ tint. In coll. Bernard, Dantzic 


(Schultz, 22Zus. Wochenschr. fur Ent., ii., p. 414). 
u.— ¢ with ? colouring, similar to @. In coll. Gleissner, Berlin (Joc. cit.). 


VARIATION.—This species is exceedingly variable, and some 
of the forms are most interesting, as bearing on the question of 
sexually dimorphic coloration, for, although normally, as we have 
already stated, the sexes are distinctively coloured, yet, in some 
places, the males frequently occur with the pale yellow coloration, 
usually supposed to distinguish the female, whilst, in others, the females 
approach the darker brown coloration normally distinctive of the 
male. This tendency is generally only observable in an occasional 
aberration that will occur among a comparatively large number of 
specimens, but here and there it almost becomes racial, ¢.g., dark 
females occur in unusually large proportion at Angmering, and 
pale yellow males in the fen districts of the eastern counties of England. 
On the other hand, Caradja positively states (/7zs, vil., p. 113) that, 
in northern Europe, the males are often light yellow and the females 
dark brown, suggesting that this inversion of colour in the sexes 
takes place racially and side by side in certain districts, a result 
which we much doubt, and he heightens this suggestion by stating 
that the extreme forms might well be arranged as ab. zzversa. Our 
own experience forbids this association, and points to an entirely 
different effective cause in producing unusually pale males in some 
localities, and unusually dark females in others. Still, pale # s and 
dark 9s are sometimes reported from the same district. Thus, John- 
son notes, ‘‘at Armagh, a g in which the upper wings were 
coloured as in the 92, and a @ with the coloration of the male.” 
Crass observes, ‘‘several light males and dark females bred from 
Blyth,” and Wilson, ‘‘a 3 coloured like the 2, and a @ coloured like 
the g, at Richmond, Yorks,” but this association is not usual, and 
there are many localities which produce dark-coloured females 
without producing light males, ¢e.g., Dollman says: ‘*‘ At Angmering 
the males vary from light chocolate to purplish-brown (like Lufricha 
guercifolia) ; the females, from plain pale fawn to chocolate-brown 
and amber ; from two years’ breeding from larve, from Angmering, 
only three females have been bred which have no trace of male 
coloration.” Gordon notes: ‘At Corsemalzie, the females bred 
vary a great deal, some are light, others very dark ; the hindwings 


COSMOTRICHE POTATORIA. 161 


of two of them are nearly as dark as those of the gs.” Adkin 
says that, in Sutherlandshire, the coloration of the females is 
intermediate between the tints considered normal for the two sexes, 
whilst such intermediate females are noted as occasionally occur- 
ring at St. Leonard’s (Hollis) and elsewhere. Lovett states (£77, 
Mie. up) that; he bred ~a°.9 from <Croydon . that. nearly 
approached the colouring of the male, the wings being of a very 
dark shade, and the general markings resembling the _ usual 
decided character of those of the male insect. Mrs. Mathew (/c., 
p. 68) bred a 2 from Brittany having all the colouring and mark- 
ings of the male, and Wellman records (/.c., p. 227) a specimen 
from Sheffield with the wings of male coloration, but with the 
antenne and body of the ?, although the body is not quite so 
large as that of an ordinary @. Christy exhibited (Proc. Essex 
wud Club, W., p. \xxxii) a female, bred: from a-Wicken larva, 
the colouring of which, in many respects, approached that of a 
male. Ullyett notes 9s from Folkestone, of the colour of the males, 
but less red; Barrett, females from Pembroke, in 1876, of a rich 
dark chocolate-brown, whilst those bred in 1877 were not so dark, 
but resembled the well-marked forms found in the Norfolk and 
Cambridge fens. Weir notes a 2 from Lady Cross of the red colour of 
the g, with very little of the yellow usually characteristic of the sex ; 
Fenn observes the occurrence ofa 2 with ¢ coloration at Deal in 1891 ; 
Gregson, from the Liverpool district, describes (Zzfom., iv., p. 12) 
a large 2 with the head and front of thorax dark black-brown, 
and the whole insect rich ochreous-brown; Whittle bred a long 
series from the Southend district in 1897, which showed much colour 
variation in the 9s, among others one with slightly flushed forewings, 
and another with male coloration; Johnson records a @, bred July 
oth, 1894, at Brighton, as dark as the gs; Robson a @? clouded 
and marked with reddish-brown, exactly like the males, at Hartlepool ; 

Selys notes females with male coloration as occurring in Belgium ; 

and Ochsenheimer (Dze Schmet¢., il., p. 258) observes that the ¢ is 
pale yellow, but sometimes ochreous-brown, and at other times of 
the same colour as the male. This dark @ form is Berce’s var. A, of 
which he says: “9, colour of wings nearly the same tone as 
tiae of the male.’ ~ On the other side, Bowyer states (7. xiii, 
Paesvojetnat he has a ¢ . with the light, colour of the @, from 
Haileybury ; Porritt notes (Z7+¢., xiv., p. 17) that males of the pale 
yellow colour of the @ are of rather frequent occurrence in Wicken 
Fen, and that the majority of 9s bred from larve found there 
are of a much paler and duller yellow than in the ordinary type 
of the species.” Of interesting aberrations in Webb’s collection we 
note: r. gf, yellow with all the ordinary purplish markings of fore- 
and hindwings pale slaty-grey. 2. gs. Two other males almost 
unicolorous pale buff. 3. 92, yellow with suffused dark grey 
outer areas to all four wings. 4. Pale and dark ochreous @s 
uniformly suffused, the former looking quite dirty grey, the latter, 
brown. 5. @, with no transverse lines. 6. @s, very small and 
almost exactly like males in shape. Quedenfeldt notes (er/. Ent. 
Zeits., Xliv., p. 14) some thirty males bred from Finkenkrug, near 
Berlin, with a sprinkling of yellow colour, which look very 
similar to the Amurland specimens. Nolcken states that, in the 


162 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


Baltic provinces, he has never observed any @? with the outer half 
of hindwings so dark as that figured by Hubner (Zur. Schmett., 
fig. 183). Gregson further notes (272, iv., p. 12) a 2) emai 
yellow colour within the oblique. apical streak, but rich ochreous- 
brown (continued through the hindwings) outside; also three hght 
whitish-buff 9s from Whittlesea Mere. Glenny records, from the 
Wisbech district, males varying from ordinary dark to the normal 
colour of @s, also gs with decided greenish shading, and 9s 
of a very light shade of buff with scarcely any markings. In 
our own collection, the specimens show a wide range of variation, 
the males appearing to give almost every intermediate stage between 
pure yellow and deep red-brown. On the whole, however, they 
break up into five fairly distinct groups: 

(1) Yellow tore- and hindwings, with (or without): faint oblique line from 
costa to inner margin, and equally weak subterminal line; double discoidal spot, 
silvery ; faint transverse shade across hindwings=fofatoria, Linn. 

(2) Orange-yellow, with reddish or buff shading at base of costa, forming a 
roughly triangular blotch, the oblique line and subterminal line of same shade; the 
hindwings buff with rather darker transverse line=ab. proxima, n. ab. 

(3) The reddish-buff occupying the costal area and the outer area beyond sub- 
terminal line ; the oblique and subterminal lines dark reddish ; the hindwings uniform 
reddish-buff, with rather darker median line=ab. zztermedia, n. ab. 

(4) Forewings deep red-brown or chocolate-brown, except an oblong yellowish 
basal area having its base along the thorax, one side along the inner margin, and the 
side opposite the base formed by the lower portion of the oblique line near base 
of wing; a second small patch of yellow runs from the lower discoidal to 
oblique line, and extends slightly across latter towards subterminal; the hindwings 
uniformly red-brown=ab. dimznuta, n. ab. 

(5). The forewings almost uniform red-brown or chocolate-brown, with a 
purplish gloss (as in Eutricha quercifolia), the oblique line still darker; the 
subterminal almost lost in ground colour, the lower discoidal distinct, with the 
base of the inner margin scarcely paler than the ground colour; the hindwings 
unicolorous, purplish red-brown==ab. extrema, n. ab. 

All these forms occurred at Wicken during the first week of 
August, 1892, in the proportions of 4 (no. 1), 10 (no. 2), 27 (no. 3), 
17 (no. 4), 2 (no. 5) out of 60 brought away. The finest extreme forms 
of no. 5 that we have seen came from the Frome district in 1886 
(St. John), another almost as good is from Birmingham, whilst from 
Claty Dene in Fifeshire is a form with the purplish-red tint of 
no. 5 but with a pale base; nos. 4 and 5 appear to be the typical 
Folkestone forms, the Deal forms appear to be chiefly nos. 3 and 
4, and the Strood forms nos. 2 and 3. A peculiar small race 
(starved) from Bournemouth inclines to nos. 2 and 3. Linné’s original 
description distinctly shows either that he only knew the female or 
that he knew the male that approaches the female in coloration, 
so that it becomes necessary to maintain the yellow form, in both 
sexes, as the literary type. The following is the simplest tabulation 
of the forms known to us, that we can suggest, that will cover both 
SEXES ; 

(1) a. Pale ochreous or whitish-ochreous, tinged with grey, with normal 
transverse lines. g¢ and ¢—=ab. berolinensis, Heyne (local, Germany and England). 

8. Pale greyish- or whitish- ochreous, unicolorous, 7@.e., with obsolete 
transverse lines. ¢ and ?=ab. obsoleta-berolinensis, n. ab. 

(2) a. Yellow, with normal transverse lines. ¢ and ¢=fofatoria, Linn. 


3. Yellow, with obsolete transverse lines. ¢ and ? =ab. odsoleta-potaioria, 
n. ab. 


(3) a. Deep yellow or orange-yellow, with normal transverse lines. ¢ and 
¢ =ab. lutescens, n, ab, 


COSMOTRICHE POTATORIA. 163 


B. Deep yellow or orange-yellow, with obsolete transverse lines. ¢ and 
? =ab. obsoleta-lutescens, n. ab. 

(4) a. The yellow ground colour, suffused with reddish-buff or -brown at 
base of costa, the transverse lines of same shade; buff hindwings with darker 
transverse line. g and ¢—=ab. proxima, n. ab. 

3. The yellow ground colour, suffused with reddish-buff or -brown in the costal 
and hind marginal areas, with normal transverse lines, and reddish-buff hindwings 
with darker transverse shade. ¢ and ? =ab. intermedia, n. ab. 

(5) a. Reddish-brown or reddish-chocolate, with yellow basal inner- 
marginal patch, a yellow discoidal streak, normal transverse markings; hindwings 
reddish-brown. ¢ and ? =ab. diminuta, n. ab. 

8. Deep red-brown, or chocolate-brown, with a purplish. gloss, the inner- 
marginal basal area scarcely paler than rest of wing; transverse lines darker; hind- 
wings purplish red-brown. ¢ and ?=ab. extrema, n. ab. (the ¢=ab. ¢nversa, 
Caradja). 

As in ab. extrema, but with transverse lines obsolete=ab. obsoleta- 
extrema, 1. ab. 


The forms that have hitherto been described appear to be limited 
to the following : 


a. ab. zzversa, Caradja, “Iris,” vol. viii., p. 113 footnote (1895).—In northern 
Europe, in parts of northern Germany and Denmark, the species varies so that the 
males are often light yellow, the females dark brown. The most extreme specimens 
of this form, in which the g¢ has the ¢? colour, and wice versd, might well be 
arranged as ab. znversa (Caradja). 

Caradja’s name, zzversa, is based on two distinct colour forms of the 
species—a pale g§ anda dark ? —which have apparently no connection 
whatever, either in origin or appearance. His male zzversa might 
cover the g's of our forms derolinensis, potatoria, and lutescens, whilst his 
female zzversa would possibly cover the ?s of our forms—zz/ermedia, 
diminuta, and extrema. The question, therefore, arises, for which 
of these sections his name should be retained. Since he states 
that his name should be used for “the most extreme specimens in 
which the g has the ? colour” (assumed to be pale), and “the 
most extreme specimens in which the @ has the ¢ colour” (assumed 
to be dark), it would appear that czversa, Caradja, must be retained 
either for ab. derolinensis 3, or oug ab. extrema 2. The selection of 
the g§ would make the name synonymous with Jderolinensis, Heyne, so 
that perhaps it had better be kept for the darker females, although 
its application is difficult. : 


B. ab. berolinensis, Heyne, *‘ Soc. Ent.,” xiv., p. 3 (1899).—As is well known, 
the ground colour, both in the ¢ and ¢ of potaforia, varies not inconsiderably. In 
the former it is dark brown, lighter brown, or brown mingled with lighter, more 
yellowish, shades. In derolinensis it is pale yellow. The parts which are darkest 
in the type, i.e., the basal half of the costa of the forewings, the oblique stripe, 
and the marginal markings of the forewings, and the stripe-like shading of the 
hindwings, are more or less distinctly shaded with grey-yellow (grey). This grey- 
yellow (grey) tinge may be so strongly expressed, that the pale yellow ground 
colour is covered almost all over with it. This form is apparently the rarest. 
Usually the said tinge is weak, often only indicated. Full yellow dashes appear 
outwards from the pale, yellowish-white, central lunule, and at the base, to the 
inner margin. The hindwings and the underside agree in pattern with the type ; 
only the ground colour, inclusive of the fringes, is pale yellow. The ground 
colour of the ¢ is pale yellow, the markings as dark as in the type, and there- 
fore stand out much more prominently than in the type, the ground colour being 
much paler. The underside also is very much paler than in fofatoria, often 
almost white-yellow. The body in all parts is yellow in the ¢, pale or white- 
yellow in the ¢ ; only in a few especially strongly grey-yellow (or grey) tinged 
$s, is the grey-yellow (grey) tint found also in the hairs of the palpi, collar, 
thorax, abdomen, and legs. 


Heyne then adds; “In 1898 I received some g's of the aboye- 


164 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


described aberration from Berlin collectors. I believe there were 2 
or 3 ¢s from Ridersdorf or Bernau, and from Finkenkrug one has 
already long been known. As I have recently received again a number 
of the same form—1ro yellow g's, 2 grey-yellow ?s, and 3 pale yellow 
@ s—which were found in the larval state at Straussberg, I no longer 
hesitate to introduce this form as an interesting local variety under 
the name of Jerolinensis, for, although jofatorta everywhere 
varies somewhat, yet I have never before come across such a definite 
yellow form as this, which, especially in the g, is widely enough 
removed from the type to deserve a special name. The finder 
and breeder of the above-mentioned little lot informs me, that he has 
obtained about roo typical males to one yellow one, and that other 
collectors have had even smaller results. The larve were collected 
young, and were, in breeding, kept in the open, and one had not, 
therefore, to do with artificial production.” These notes suggest 
that the occurrence of ab. derolinensis is practically identical in 
Germany and England, where yellow males (including derolinensis, 
potatoria and Jlutescens) are locally not rare, occurring, however, in 
very small proportions in special localities with the type form. On 
the other hand, as supplementing Heyne’s note, Belling records 
(Berl. Hut, Zeits., x\v., Sitz. p. 43) that a Berlin collectommereess 
ab. derolinensts from larve that came originally from Rehfelde, 
near Straussberg. The breeder (Herr Szczodrowski) considers the 
pallid coloration to be due to the hothouse treatment used for 
forcing, and not to any peculiarities of natural environment, 
a strange conclusion considering that the yellow g aberrations are 
widely distributed under quite natural conditions, and where one 
suspects that excessive heat certainly can play no part. One may 
here’ note that the yellow gs (forms ~not detalledjeyhare 
been recorded in Britain from—Darenth (Newman), Armagh, July 
2nd, 1887 (Johnson), Norfolk Broads (Abbott), Haileybury (Bowyer), 
Wicken, frequently (Tutt and others), Blyth (Crass), King’s Lynn dis- 
trict (Atmore), Epping (Bayne), and Wisbech (Glenny). From Berlin 
(see supra) many of a whitish ochre-yellow colour are recorded, some 
with delicate grey tint, the ?s lighter and of a more delicate yellow 
than usual (a remark that quite contradicts Caradja’s statement that 
in Denmark and northern Germany the pale males are accompanied 
by, dark 9's) (Sceaulz,, Berd. Pd. Ze77s., xiv, ps es) 

y. var. askoldensis, Oberth., ‘‘ Etudes d’Entomologie,”’ vol. v., p. 38 (1880) ; 
Graes., ‘‘ Berl. Ent. Zeits.,”’ xxxii., p. 126 (1838); Leech, “‘ Proc. Zool. Seconds 
1888, p. 628 (1888); Staud., “‘Mém. Lép.,” vi. p. 316 (1892); °° Caty” senaueuee 
p- 122 (1901); Auriv., ‘*Iris,’’ vii., p. 163 (1894).—Beaucoup plus grande, et les 
deux sexes d’un brun roux bien plus foncé que le type d’Europe*. [L’ Odonestis 
albomaculata, Bremer, parait étre de méme couleur que la variété askoldensis ; mais 
si l’on juge par les figures de Bremer (Le. Ost-Sibiriens, pl. iv., fig. 6, 3; pl. iii, 
fig. 20, ¢) et par sa description (oc. cit., pp. 42, 43), ? Odonestis albomaculata serait 
une espéce distincte de fofatoria. Malheureusement les figures de Vouvrage de 


* Barrett’s note (Zep. Lrit., ii., p. 42) is quite incomprehensible. He writes: 
‘‘The pale variety of the ¢ already described, has been received from Japan, and 
has been named askoldensis, whilst the dark, rich, chocolate-coloured form of the 
g, precisely as obtained in Pembrokeshire, but with a still more extreme variety 
of ¢ —rich chocolate-red with the two white spots expanded into handsome silvery- 
white blotches—is named a/bomaculata.’’ Certainly we should not translate 
Oberthiir’s ‘‘ @’un brun roux bien plus foncé que le type d’Europe,’’ as ‘the pale 
variety, of the male,’’? nor do we think that Mr. Barrett has taken Cosmotriche 
albomaculata in Pembrokeshire, 


COSMOTRICHE POTATORIA. 165 


Bremer sont trés grossiéres, et la plupart du temps ne donnent que bien a peu prés 
Yidée du papillon qu’elles sont censées représenter.] (Oberthiir), Zoc.: Island of 
Askold (Oberthir) ; ? Olga Bay in Russian Tartary (Fletcher). 
meelceen says (P70c. Zool... Soc, London, 1888, p. 628) that he 
has specimens of askoldensis from Japan that “agree exactly with 
typical potatoria*, and others which are most certainly identical with 
O. albomaculata, whilst between these two forms are aberrations, 
including a dark one near the var. askoldensts of Oberthtir, which 
cannot be satisfactorily referred to either form, and which serve as 
connecting links and prove the identity of O. jpofatoria and O. 
albomaculata. Loc.: Yokohama (Pryer), Hakone, Gensan (Leech), 
Corea (Herz).” Bacot says: ‘The British Museum collection has 
a good series of both sexes of albomaculata, which appears to be 
a good species. The ?s differ widely from those of fofatoria, the 
gs being less markedly different. On the other hand the single 
example of askoldensis in tbe British Museum collection differs chiefly 
in size and has probably no better right to be considered a separate 
species, than have most of the Japanese species that only differ from 
their European relatives in size and tint, e.g., than cerridifolia has to be 
considered specifically distinct from guercifolia.” After most careful 
examination of Leech’s specimens, we disagree entirely with his 
conclusions and agree with those of Bacot. As a matter of fact, 
C. albomaculata is very distinctly specialised, the males of a dark 
red-brown colour, intensely deeply pigmented, with large median 
spots (which show, however, considerable variation in size), and large, 
highly-coloured, chiefly red-brown, females, with large white median 
spots and a very white external marginal edging to the outer line. 
EcGc-Layinc.—The egg-laying is somewhat variable—the eggs 
when extruded are covered with a gummy substance, by means 
of which they adhere to stems of grass, etc., and to each other 
(Bacot) ; I have several times observed females oviposit on the 
leaves of sallow and on the dead leaves of Rubus fruticosus in clusters 
of four or five (rarely more) at Ringwood (Fowler); eggs attached 
to stems of grass (Montgomery); found on a blade of grass, August 
18th, 1888, at Kingsmill, from -which young larve hatched on the 
21st (Watkins) ; ova deposited round and round a Funcus stem at 
Arrochar, undoubtedly a protection to represent a diseased or 
swollen uncus stem (Dalglish); eggs on the underside of leaves 
of dwarf sallow and hazel, laid singly or in small clusters, and 
once in a compact little ring round a twig; the ? seems almost 
always to deposit her eggs on anything rather than the natural 
foodplant, although a small batch was once found on a stem of 
grass}; possibly her weight prevents her getting a firm hold of 
the latter, and so she chooses something more substantial, as there 
is always longish grass to be found close to the bush selected 
(Edwards); three eggs placed close together on a stem of dead- 
nettle at Henny, Hssex, July 22nd, i900; these hatched August 


* Examination of Leech’s specimens shows that he had mixed up at least 
one specimen of jvtatoria from Japan, with albomaculata, under the name of 
askoldevsis; he then appears to have concluded from the mixed material that 
albomaculata=askoldensis—potatoria, a conclusion to which we are not at all able 
to subscribe. 

t+ This note would suggest ‘‘grass’’ as being ‘‘the’’ natural foodplant. For 
list of food-plants see posted, p. 175. 


166 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


and, 1900. On August 3rd, 1901, a cluster of ova was found on 
the underside of a leaf of Clematis vitalba; on August 6th another 
batch on a dead leaf of a wild hop plant, and on August 7th on 
the upperside of a sallow leaf, all in the Sudbury district, whilst 
a batch of ova deposited on July 16th, 1901, hatched on July 
31st (Ransom). Phillips observed a @ ovipositing about 9.30 
p.m., on July 22nd, 1901, at Homerton Broad; she had already 
deposited a few eggs on a rush stem, and then laid. a total 
Of r6s in aay box ony the sway home: Griffiths found eggs 
in September, 1888, laid on -a wooden fence, at- Portishead, 
mear the ground; Hewett notes é€ges laid july oth insemuan 
York, Corbett on July z9th, 1900, at Doncaster; Image says that 
he has a record of eggs hatching at Brighton on August 28th, 
1862, and Holdaway on August 2nd, 1898, at Basingstoke. 

Ovum.—The egg is oval in shape, the length: breadth: height :: 
5: 4: 3, flattened at top and bottom, the two ends rounded, the 
micropyle visible, as a minute dot at one end, to the naked eye. 
The colour greenish- or pinkish-white with a depression on both 
the upper and lower surfaces. These depressions of a dark greyish 
hue, each surrounded at some distance by a pink or purple zone 
of the same shape as the outlme of the eee, Whe lesemicuaue 
beautiful white colour, with a faint pinkish tinge, and exhibiting 
distinct opalescent characters. It is covered with a very well- 
marked but exceedingly close polygonal reticulation, above which is a 
much coarser reticulation. The micropylar area is of a deep orange 
colour, and forms a circular patch at one end. ‘The cells forming 
the micropylar area are of exactly the same character as those 
covering the rest of the surface, and the micropyle proper bears 
a close resemblance to a sea-urchin with the tentacles retracted. 
This latter, however, would be practically indistinguishable were it 
not for the fact that the coloured ring in the centre of which it is 
placed makes an excellent guide as to its position. The empty 
eggshell is of a beautiful milk-white tint, with no darker rings or 
shading [Eggs received from Bacot, July 8th, 1896, and description 
made under a two-thirds lens on the same date]. 

VARIATION OF EGGS.—Buckler says that there is variation in 
the outline of the eggs, some being rounder than others. Bacot 
notes slight differences between northern eggs (from York) and 
southern eggs (from Mucking and Reading), the York ones having 
a larger pale area, smaller spots, and narrower streaks of dark colour 
than those from Reading and Mucking, whilst the eggs from the 
last-named place are rather larger than those from York and 
Reading. The eggs of another batch from Tenby were so different 
in appearance from those obtained from other localities that it was 
difficult, until the larvae hatched, to believe that they really were 
eggs of C. potatoria. ‘Two of these sets of eggs are thus described : 


1.—OVvA (from Mucking): Length I1-9mm.—2mm.; width 1*6mm.;_ thick- 
ness I*2mm.-—1*3mm.; surface shiny, varnished in appearance; rather strongly 
pitted compared with the egg of Autricha quercifolia (postea) ; the surface 
cell-reticulation small, and sharp around the micropyle, more definitely a network 
on the remainder of the surface; colour pale grey-green with a broad zone of 
porcelain-white slightly tinged with green on upper and lower halves; a broad band 
of the same colour round the edges and over the ends, terminating as a dark spot at 
the micropyle (Bacot, July 29th, 1900). 


COSMOTRICHE POTATORIA. 167 


2.—OvA (from Tenby): Colour of a delicate pale grey-green, with trans- 
lucent dark spot at micropyle, and another on upper and lower sides, which are often 
depressed centrally; length 1-°8mm.—iI-gmm., width 1-6mm. There is no trace whatever 
of the usual longitudinal bands in the greater number of eggs in this batch, one or two 
eggs only showing indistinct traces thereof. The eggs are considerably less in bulk 
than are those forming a batch sent by Edelsten, and 6btained about the same 
time in the Norfolk Broads; many of these latter measured 2°3mm. in length, and 
1°8mm. in width (Bacot, August 12th, 1900). 


Buckler describes the egg as: 


Rather large, roundish-ovate, some being of a rounder shape than others, 
having a small, rather shallow, circular depression above, and a deeper one beneath, 
the surface smooth, the colour opaque shining white, like porcelain; the depressions 
above and below are light greyish-green, and also the zones, which, at some distance, 
surround each depression, and a smallish depressed round spot of the same colour 
midway between the two zones (Larvae, &c., ili., p. 60). 

HaBits OF LARVA.—The larve leave the egg in August, and im- 
mediately eat about half the eggshell (Ransom), they are very active and 
strong when hatched, and do not appear to suffer at all by wandering 
about in search of food for a day or two (Edwards) ; they hybernate 
small (4th instar) commencing in October or early November, feed 
up rapidly the following Aprilto June when they usually pupate. As an 
exception to this general rule Syme notes (‘‘ Scof. WVaz.,” 11., p. 176) that 
the larve hybernate fullfed in Bute, like those of AZ. ruéz, but Dalglish 
says that in the Clyde district they hybernate when about halfgrown, 
as in the south. Chitty notes finding a fullgrown larva on August 13th, 
1891, at Deal, which spun up directly after capture, the imago emerging 
the second week in September, evidently a simple case of delay for 
a month-in the larval stage. Decie notes a larva taken May 
21st, 1894, at Bockleton when it appeared to be halfgrown, but 
instead of spinning-up at the usual time, it fed up, scarcely increasing 
at all in size throughout the summer and autumn and winter and was 
quite healthy in January, 1885, whilst Colthrup records a larva from 
Chichester that hybernated small in the winter of 1898-9, fed on 
slowly through the summer and autumn of 1899, hybernated 
again through the winter of 1899—1900, but died at the end 
of April, 1900, owing to food not being supplied when it became 
active after hybernation. Crass says that the larve are sluggish but 
fond of sun, he noticed also that they rubbed their heads in the drops of 
water with which their food had been sprinkled ; and Bostock says that 
they were especially abundant on a warm rainy day in Derbyshire ; | 
Bensel and Belling note (Berl. Ent. Zeits., xliv., p. 14) that larve are 
easily reared if the larvz and their food are copiously sprinkled with 
water which they love to drink, a habit quite usual with them in nature. 
Curtis writes: ‘‘The name of ‘drinker’ caterpillar was given to this 
insect more than a century back by Goedart, from his imagining that 
it is subject to thirst and that when it drinks it takes breath, 
lifting the head up to swallow the water more easily.” This 
note appears to be sceptical in tone, but Hoffmann and 
Keller write: ‘Although the name indicates it, yet it is little known 
that the larva drinks water with great greediness.” Hall notes 
(Lrit. Nat. 1., p. 76) that he finds most larve on warm damp 
evenings, at Sheffield, when the herbage is saturated with moisture 
the larve revelling in it, and eagerly drinking the drops of water 
on the grass. He further suggests that success in rearing the species 
largely depends on their having sufficient water sprinkled over 


168 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


their food. Pickett says that the almost full-grown larve are 
exceedingly common at St. Margaret’s Bay and Martin Mill, where 
they frequently rest on bramble-stalks ; Nicholson observes that 
the larvae were in profusion on June 4th, 1899, between Blyth and 
Hartley, that few were noticed in the daytime, although hot and 
bright, but that about 8.30 p.m. they began to ascend the stems of 
grass inlargenumbers. Phillips observes that the larvze are to be found 
most abundantly in early morning, usually actively feeding about 
7.30 a.m. Other notes read: Young larve rarely found in autumn 
in the Kingsmill district, although common in spring (Watkins) ; 
swarm from beginning of April until first week in June at Salisbury 
(Ridley); larve, June oth; 1867, at-Eltham (A. HE jeones)eeen 
heather May 27th, cocoons, June 30th, at Altadiawan (Kane) ; 
April 4th—May 27th, 1871, at Wanstead, April 27th—May 11th, 
1887, at Brentwood, June 18th, 1900, at Wicken, cocoons on June gth, 
1890, at Lockerley, June 24th, 1892, at Rainham (Burrows) ; May 6th, 
1371, at Lee, May zoth, 1872, at Darenth, May 25th, ve7eeaeeeee 
May 21st, 1877, at Darenth, May 3rd, 1890, on Dartford Heath, 
May 13th, 1894, May 17th, 1896, at Mottingham, May 28th, 1896, 
at Stone (Bower); March roth, 1881, at Eastham Wood, Cheshire 
(Brown: ; May 14th, 1882, at Birmingham (Bath); May 13th, 1888, 
at Highgate, June 2nd, 1899, at Arundel (Williams); May 15th, 
1890, at Whitwell, May 6th, 1896, at Wallasey, larvae very large 
for time of year at Heswall, September roth, 1896 (Freeman; ; June 
11th, 1890, at Bristol, May 24th, 1892, at Dursley, June 16th, 1892, 
spun up June 25th, at Brockley, June 3rd, 1895, and May 26th, 1896, 
at Dursley (Bartlett); June 14th—16th, 1890, at Tancarville (Leech) ; 
May 27th, 1891, May 18th, 1897, near Emsworth (Christy) ; larve, 
June 1&th—26th, 1892, in great abundance at dusk at Folkestone 
(James); September 12th, 1892, September 2oth, 1895, at Newn- 
ham (Lifton); April 11th, 1893, at Kingsdown, April 18th, 1893, 
at Southend, April 3rd, 1894, at Sandown, May ith, 1894, at 
Pett (Prout); May roth, 1893, at Colwell Bay, May 21st, 1éq5sea 
Perivale (Sich); March 3rd—April ist, 1894, larve abundant at 
Connemara (Allen); plentiful at Skipwith, March 24th, 1896 
(Ash); fullfed at Wisbech on reeds, May 28th, 1896 (Glenny) ; 
April and May, 1896, round Aberfoyle (Evans); May 2oth, 1896, 
fullfed at Lymington, June 5th, 1897, fullfed at Yarmouth (Kaye) ; 
larve fed up until November 13th, 1896, before hybernating, at 
Llanstephan (Newland); April 17th, 1897, at Formby (Cotton) ; 
May 28th, 1897, at Brighton, May exst— 29th, Toez aan 
Marhamchurch (Image); _ fullfed Jlarve at Alnmouth, June 
8th, 1897, hybernating larvae between Blyth and Hartley, Septem- 
ber 3rd, 1898, fullfed ones in profusion in same locality, June 4th, 
1899 (Nicholson) ; at Painswick, larvae 46mm. long by March 13th, 
1899 (Watkins); larve nearly fullfed, May 13th—r7th, 1899, on 
the slopes of Essex Castle, Alderney (Marquand); June 3rd, 1900, 
at Chattenden (Ovenden); June 4th, 1900, at Askham Bog (Lofthouse); 
June 28th, 1901, at Askham Bog (Walker). 

Larva.—/irst instar (just hatched): The body cylindrical, 
tapering from prothorax to anus; legs and _ prolegs very long. 
Head, shiny, black, rounded in outline, thinly sprinkled with pale 
golden and white hairs; 5 of the ocelli in the form of a crescent, the 


COSMOTRICHE POTATORIA. 169 


6th separate, all shiny black, and therefore inconspicuous. ‘The pro- 
thorax is wider than mesothorax (each successive segment becoming 
smaller) and bears, dorsally, two, very large, dark grey tubercles 
(i + 11), which carry many minute shiny black points, each of which 
gives off a red-brown hair; a still larger lateral tubercle on either 
side, bearing radiating hairs, some of which extend over face ; 
each of these also carries two large pale hairs; mesothorax and 
metathorax with four similar tubercles, 1 and 11 on either side; these 
are purplish-black in colour, and smaller than those of prothorax; the 
dorsum of the thoracic segments marked with yellow, which forms a 
large conspicuous blotch on metathorax; there is also a small 
pale yellowish subdorsal spot on meso- and metathorax. Ab- 
dominal segments gradually taper towards anus ; all tubercles large 
and bear numerous hairs, i much larger than i1; abdominal 
segments 1—7 have i and u purplish-black in colour, almost 
united transversely, each bearing a number. of bright-brown hairs ; 
tubercle 1 is large, raised, hemispherical, bearing many shiny 
black points, from each of which arises one long red-brown hair ; 
li similar to 1, but smaller and placed on the orange space, and 
almost directly behind i in position; the purplish- black skin 
forms a sort of mediodorsal line; on either side of 1 is a small 
yellow patch, and these yellow patches are separated longitudinally 
by bright orange patches (in which ii is situated), so that these 
look like orange subdorsal lines; a_ black oblique streak on each 
segment, bordered on either side with yellow, meets each of these 
yellow patches, and runs laterally across each segment*; tubercles 
i are much swollen on the 8th and gth abdominals, on these segments 
forming a hump, whilst on the anal segment they are flatter and 
occupy almost all the upper area; on the 8th, i bears only 1 hair; 
the 8th abdominal segment has, and the goth has not, the bright 
orange dorsai spot in which i is placed. Laterally the spiracles 
are practically hidden beneath the long hairs from the supra- 
spiracular (111) tubercles; there is a slightly tumid subspiracular 
longitudinal flange, situated just above the legs and extending from 
the head to the gth abdominal, yellowish in colour, more distinct on 
thoracic than abdominal segments; the lateral tubercles iu, iv, 
and v are similar in appearance to the dorsal, purplish-grey with 
black points, but iv and v give out white hairs; these white 
hairs curve ventrally, and almost meet the surface on which the 
larva rests; the hairs are mostly minutely spined. The true legs 
are black, with a black terminal hook, thickly ringed with pale hairs 
at joints ; the prolegs pale amber in colour, with dark points bearing 
long pale hairs, the terminal joint (foot) bearing red-bro-yn hooks, 
almost transparent, an oblique whitish ring separating this joint 
from the amber-coloured pedicel (Tutt. Described July 16th, 1896). 
first instar (about to moult). The larva tapers considerably from 
thorax to anus, both laterally and dorsally; the effect of the 
dorsal tapering is heightened by the body being more raised in 


* Bacot notes: ‘‘ Either side bears 7 oblique double stripes, z.e., black 
medially, with a yellow margin on each side. These slope from head to anus 
(as in the larva of Dimorpha, and opposed to those of the larva of Smerinthus, in 
which they slope from anus to head); the larval subsegments, too, are very 
distinctly marked like those of Sphingid larve”’ (¢.Z., July 14th, 1896). 


170 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


front, and lying closer to resting-surface at anus. The seg- 
mental incisions are not well marked, but the five subsegments 
of each abdominal segment are very clearly defined whilst those 
of the thoracic segments are less clearly marked, although there seems 
to be the same number. The tubercles form raised warts (bear- 
ing many hairs) dark-coloured and chitinous; on the thoracic 
segments they are especially large and strongly developed, notably 
iii and vii on the prothorax, i and vii on the meso- and 
metathorax, and i on the 8th abdominal. The dorsal tubercles 
(1 and ii) are set at the corners of an oblong, 1 on the 2nd 
subsegment, 11 on the 4th subsegment, on the meso- and metathorax 
as well as on the abdominal segments; i is from two to three 
times as large as ii, 111 about equal to ii is on the third sub- 
segment. The spiracles are small, and each appears to be directly 
below i, but at some little distance; really it is placed near 
the junction of the second and third subsegments, which are not 
noticeably divided hereabouts. Tubercles iv and v form a 
somewhat elongated wart about the same size as ii, situated 
on the third subsegment, slightly beneath, but further back than, 
the spiracle; a small, single-haired, (primitive) tubercle (?vi) is 
present below and anterior to spiracle; vil is marginal, and 
consists, on the abdominal segments, of two large warts side by 
side; on the thoracic and 8th abdominal segments there is only 
one very large wart present; much elongated on the latter, and 
doubtless formed of the two present on the other segments, united ; 
on the thoracic segments it is large and circular, and probably 
consists of only one of those present on the other segments. A 
large prespiracular wart (slightly larger than iii), at the same 
level as the spiracle, is present, whilst beneath this prespiracular 
in vertical line, are three primitive, simple, single-haired tubercles as 
in the larva of Hutricha quercifolia, etc.; 11 on the 8th abdominal is a 
large, single-haired, primitive tubercle, not a wart. On one larva 
there is a single-haired tubercle on the 2nd subsegment of 
the abdominal segments just below ii (Bacot. August 23rd, 1900). 
Second instar. ‘Yhe dorsal tubercles have flattened and_ spread, 
secondary hairs are abundant on the dorsal area, their bases are 
surrounded by black, and remind one of the shagreen tubercles 
of Dimorpha versicolora, and the spreading of the black colour from 
the bases ot the hairs, in the position of the dorsal tubercles, form 
black spots that remind one of the dorsal spots of the larva of this 
species ; the subdorsal line is strengthened on abdominal segments 
1i—7 by a bright yellow triangular blotch, the apex of 
which points downwards and joins one series of the oblique 
stripes; the subspiracular tubercles are large, and the hairs 
grow downward in the manner of those of the larva of Lwutricha 
guercifolia; the thoracic segments are rather larger than the ab- 
dominal; the meso- and metathorax have a velvety black dorsal 
area, in the centre of which (partly on meso- and partly on meta- 
thorax) is a cream-coloured, roughly diamond-shaped mark, and, 
as in previous stage, there is a small, diamond-shaped white- 
(previously cream-) coloured spot on the subdorsal area of the 
meso- and metathorax (compare with larve of Dendrolimus pint and 
Lasiocampa querctés); on the mesothorax is a mediodorsal tuft, 


COSMOTRICHE POTATORIA. a 


placed at apex of diamond-shaped cream-coloured mark; a slight 
tuft is present on the 8th abdominal arising from the anterior trapez- 
oidals, which are now very close together and situated on a slight 
hump, the tubercles themselves only slightly traceable (Bacot. 
July 29th, 1896). (Zhird instar: not described.) ourth instar 
(hybernating stage): About 25mm. in length, much darker and 
more richly coloured than previously ; the white lateral tufts present 
in 3rd instar on thoracic and rst abdominal segments are now 
continued on all abdominal segments as far as the 8th; hairs 
thicker, and more abundant; the larva tapers somewhat from 5th 
abdominal to anus viewed dorsally, viewed laterally the tapering is 
more pronounced, the meso- and metathorax being the tallest seg- 
ments; head large, very hairy, slightly trapezoidal, very slightly 
if at all notched on crown, mottled (as in 3rd instar), much 
darker; the subdorsal (“ear”) tubercles on prothorax still pro- 
nounced ; the dorsal tuft on mesothorax stronger, and, in addition, 
there is a row of small tufts down either side of back, three 
pairs to each abdominal segment; the first pair much stronger 
than the following pairs; on the 8th abdominal, which is raised 
and rather stronger than the 7th, there is a strong, black, central 
dorsal tuft; the mediodorsal line or band consists of scattered 
yellow dots and specks; the subdorsal band, formed in a similar 
manner, is much stronger; the prothoracic scutellum is not par- 
ticularly conspicuous; the dorsal tuft on mesothorax is black in 
front and brown behind; the bright yellow subdorsal spots on 
meso- and metathorax are still strongly marked; on the 8th ab- 
dominal segment, behind the central tuft, there are two smaller 
ones situate on either side of the mediodorsal area; the oblique 
stripes are now indistinct in consequence of their breaking up 
into yellow dots; the diamond-shaped patch on dorsal area of 
meso- and metathorax has lost its definiteness of outline, also on 
account of its breaking up into scattered dots; the hairs jutting out 
from prothorax are from 8mm. to 12mm. in length and arise prin- 
cipally from the “ear” tubercles; ventral area dark grey-brown 
with a whitish line on either side; prolegs long, with 1-shaped 
foot, an oblique whitish line down each proleg (Bacot. August 30th, 
1896). ? Szxth instar (possibly had moulted once since hyber- | 
nation): The 8th abdominal distinctly humped, the tuft of hairs 
arising from the hump; the dorsal thoracic tuft arises chiefly from the 
posterior of the mesothorax, but partly from anterior of metathorax; 
there is also posteriorly on either side of the dorsum of the 3rd—7th 
abdominal segments, a small black tuft ; the “‘ear-tubercles” still very 
large (Bacot. April, 1897). The ovaries in the ? larva are yellow, 
the testes in the g larva also yellow (Bessels). Fenn describes 
the fullgrown larva as: ‘Head large, rounded, dull greyish-brown 
streaked with ochreous; mouth black. Body hairy, cylindrical ; 
small, black, short, dorsal tufts on each segment, surrounded by 
long reddish-brown hairs; mesothorax and 8th abdominal segment 
each with a larger and longer tuft, that on the 8th abdominal 
blackish and pointing backwards; sides with long reddish-brown 
hairs and tufts of short whitish hairs below the spiracles; ground 
colour dull blue-black ; a broad subdorsal band composed of numerous 
yellow spots, and with yellow markings above the lateral white tufts ; 


172 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


a dorsal band of minute yellow dots almost concealed by the long 
reddish hairs. Venter blackish, with two bands, composed of black 
dots, and with tufts of whitish hairs at the incisions.” Buckler 
gives (Larvac, &c., Wi., plol., figs. 3, 3a, 30) first Class) feumesmmen 
the young larva (fig. 3) before hybernation, and two _ others 
(figs. 3a, 34), one of a duller, the other of a brighter, tinted form, of 
the adult larva. 

Pupation.—The cocoon is usually spun from 6 ins.—12 ins. above 
the ground, on a grass or reed culm, or some similar object. 
The larva first spins a whitish silken covering to the culm, surround- 
ing it, and then attaches the loose baggy cocoon to this so that 
the primary silk coating of the culm extends above and below the 
bottom of the cocoon. It often happens that, if the culm contracts, 
the little silken tube surrounding it slips up and down carrying 
the cocoon with it. At Deal the cocoons are principally fastened to 
the stiff tough stalks of Sparganiwm, on Wicken Fen to reeds, and at 
Higham to tall Z77z#zcwm stems, but are here also occasionally found on 
the low stems of the bushes forming the hedges. Butterfield says that 
the cocoons are found on reeds in drains, and also in heathy places 
at Wilsden; Tetley notes the cocoons on stems of common rush at 
Dinas Mawddwy; Lambillion says that the larva makes its cocoon 
on stones, trees and grasses in the Namur district; Atmore that 
the cocoons and larve are found by ditch-sides at King’s Lynn, 
the former attached to Arundo phragmites as well as_ grasses ; 
Dalgiish notes that the larve spin up on Funcus in Argyllshire, and 
Crass that, between Blyth and Old Hartley, although a few 
cocoons are placed conspicuously, most are made in the thickest 
tussocks and situated low down. Usually on stems of reed on the 
banks of streams near Emsworth, once on the stem of a small bush 
in Wicken Fen, once also on a fence in Hants (Christy) ; the larve 
always spin up on reed culms growing among grass at Clacton 
(James) ; on stems of dead grass, &c., at Skipwith (Ash) ; cocoons 
on grass stems always near the ground at Guildford (Grover); a 
cocoon in Wicken Fen spun on the flat upper surface of a flag leaf 
(Rothschild) ; at Folkestone on grass stems near the roots which 
they strongly resemble in colour (Pickett). 

Cocoon. —Composed of pale yellowish silk; 14 inches long, 3 
inches wide at broadest part; almost pointed at lower end, rounded 
at upper, and loosely spun. The imago forces its way out by 
making a quite rounded aperture at the upper end. ‘There are 
sundry brown patches on the outside of the cocoon, and these appear 
to be bunches of the dark larval hairs. The cocoon has somewhat 
the texture of thin paper, and is smoother inside (Tutt). Cocoons 
vary from 1°5 ins.—z2 ins. in length, from slightly over °38 ins. 
—'56 ins. in depth (dorso-ventral diameter), and °37 ins.—*44 ins. 
in width (lateral diameter). The greatest diameter of the cocoon 
is usually at about one-third from the apex (or head end), whilst it 
tapers much more gradually to the opposite end; there is some 
variation in shape dependent upon position, and the cocoons spun by 
? larvee exhibit the tapering of the long anal portion less markedly 
than do those spun by ¢ larve, and are generally stouter in 
comparison with their length. The silk, papery in texture, varies 
from a rather bright yellow to a dull whitish-yellow tint. The 


COSMOTRICHE POTATORIA. 178 


larval hairs are very numerous, lightly attached to the surface, the 
very fine ones especially thick at the ends and along the groove 
that runs parallel and near to the line of attachment to the grass 
culm or other object on which the cocoon is spun, this groove 
being, in some cocoons, very sharply and clearly marked. The 
interior of the cocoon is paler than the exterior, and is also less papery 
in texture, there being a thin internal coating of fine shiny silk 
(Bacot). The emerging imago stains the exit with a thick brownish 
fluid, but the great mass of this material is discharged into the 
pupa-case. Dalglish notes: ‘Cocoon sott, closely woven, similar to 
a piece of thin tough parchment, greenish-white in nature when 
fresh, very thin at bottom.” 

Pupa.—The pupa is of a black-brown colour, the segmental 
incisions between 4-5, 5-6, 6-7 abdominal segments, the legs, 
antenne, and mouthparts being of a bright red-brown. Dorsally : 
prothorax black, large; prothoracic spiracle deeply set in the 
incision between the prothorax and mesothorax and almost in 
contact with the antenne, and having a raised black rim; the meso- 
thorax, black, large, and swollen dorsally; the metathorax small, 
much reduced medially, broader at the sides where it gives off 
hindwings; the first abdominal segment narrow with a median 
depression; the second, third and fourth gradually increasing in 
size, fixed, although the intersegmental membranes are recognisable ; 
movable incisions exist between 4-5, 5-6, 6-7; the skin of the 
segments is black and finely pitted, that of the intersegmental mem- 
branes reddish-brown and with the appearance of silk; the 8th and 
gth abdominal segments with fine, black, bristly points, the cremastral 
area covered with fine short golden-brown bristles; the cremaster 
rounded. JLazerally: the pupa is swollen at the metathorax and 
on the wings in the neighbourhood of the 3rd and 4th abdominals; 
the wings black with raised nervures; spiracles on the znd—8th 
abdominals, each consisting of an elliptical opening with a raised 
black rim, situated in a shallow depression. Ventrally: Mouth-parts 
situated ventrally, black; lunular glazed-eye red-brown, extending 
from near the base of antenna to the first pair of legs; the labial 
palpe mandy maxilla: “placed between the first pair of legs; the 
second pair of legs ending between the tips of antenne; the 
antenne (gf) distinctly segmented but without showing the distinct 
pectinations of the imago; the claws of the third pair of legs 
extend just below the apices of the wings; the anal area rounded ; 
the sexual organs set very far back on the gth abdominal segment 
Ciuc luly rot 1e9o) 5 pupa. -s75im., im length,” “zim. im 
diameter. 2s pupa jrim. ane length, +3751. im -diameter*.  Pupa- 
skin thin and delicate, very dark brown in colour, almost black 
on thorax, paler on the venter of abdominal segments; the anus 
is very blunt and evenly rounded off; the 2 pup are more obese, 
and taper less towards the ends than do the ¢ pupe; surface 
smooth, shiny in places; the only hairs to be detected are very 
minute, bright brown in colour, situated on the anal segment or 


* These measurements are made from empty pupa-cases; a pupa, in which 
an unemerged ¢ had died, measures, at full stretch, 1*1in, in length, :3in. in diameter 
(Bacot), 


174 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


dorsum ot the hinder abdominals; the anal and genital organs 
clearly, but not deeply, marked. The spiracles are large and well- 
marked, that on the znd abdominal just showing clear of hind- 
wings; a moderate-sized slip of the hindwings is exposed, and can be 
traced to the end of the 3rd abdominal ; the forewings extend to nearly 
the end of the 4th abdominal, the tips of the 3rd pair of legs 
concealed beneath them. The antenna-cases are very different from 
those of pupa of Lutricha quercifolia, being at least twice’as long, 
extending as far as tip of 2nd pair of legs (about end of 3rd ab- 
dominal), whilst in 2. guercifolia they only reach to about the end 
of the metathorax; they are not sharply elbowed, as is often the 
case in this family; they taper gradually, and the transverse 
pectination markings are clear. The metathorax is short (a mere 
slip), the mesothorax large, the prothorax only about one-half the 
length of the mesothorax. The dorsal headpiece is of nearly equal 
length, but much less in width; the raised ridge on the dorsal 
headpiece has a backward extension, which is continued more 
or less prominently, as a mediodorsal ridge down the pro- and 
mesothorax. The mouth- and faceparts are very clear; the 
labrum is central, whilst beneath the labium medially are the labial 
palpi, and externally to these the maxilla; on either side of the 
labium is a small rounded boss, the mandible, and beneath the 
labial palpi, which are very thin and transparent, are two small 
triangular prolongations, probably the 1st femora. The glazed 
eye is very distinct, whilst between it and the labrum and 
labium is a rather large, bean-shaped piece. There isa 
great amount of difference between the g and @Q pupal antenne, 
not only in width, but also in length, those of the g extending 
beyond the znd pair of legs, and forming the lowest point of angle 
between the wing-cases, whilst in the @ they do not extend so 
far as the 2nd pair of legs, these latter forming the point of the 
angle between the wings. In the pupz of both sexes of Eutricha 
guercifolia the tips of the antenna-cases only reach as low as the 
apex of the angle made by the mecting of the Ist (pam: 
legs, about the level of the junction of the rst and 2nd ab- 
dominal segments (Bacot). Poulton describes and figures (Zx¢erna/ 
Morph. Lep.. Pupa, p. 208, pl. xxi, figs. 11—13) the terminal 
abdominal segments of the pupa of Cosmotriche potatoria. He 
notes as follows: 


(1) Fig. 11 x 52. ¢. The last three segments of a ? pupa seen from 
a ventral and posterior aspect are figured, The anterior generative organ is very 
distinct and surrounded by lips; it is placed on the posterior part of the 8th 
abdominal. The posterior opening is probably represented by the median line 
immediately behind the anterior opening, but there is another mark placed more 
posteriorly which may indicate its presence. The posterior end of the pupa is seen to 
be rounded. 

(2). Fig. 12 x 7%. &. The last three segments of a $ pupa seen froma 
ventral and posterior aspect, but more posteriorly than in the last figure. Hence 
the division of the roth abdominal into a ventral or anal (x) and dorsal (x’) part is 
clearly indicated. The latter is entirely without a terminal spine, but is covered 
dorsally by minute hooks. The anus is nearly terminal. 

(3). Fig. 13 xX 50. &. The median ventral area of the 9th and 
anterior part of the 10th abdominal segments of the same (8) pupa, showing the 
male organ and its relation to the segments. The surface-sculpture is indicated. 
The male organ is seen to be somewhat a symmetrical, it is surrounded by a thickened 


COSMOTRICHE POTATORIA. £75 


margin rather than by the two lateral lips, which are distinct in most male pupz 
(compare fig. 2). The relation to the limits of the gth and 1oth abdominal 
segments is carefully figured. 


DEHISCENCE.—Pupal dehiscence takes place by means of a 
slit along the thoracic mediodorsal line extending as far back as 
the end of the mesothorax, as far forward as the raised point on 
the -dorsal headpiece, and laterally along the ridges originating 
at this point as far as the glazed eye, passing along the antenna 
to some little distance beyond the junction of the pro- and meso- 
thorax, and extending also between the pro- and mesothorax. This 
leaves the prothorax apparently unattached, but it does not fall 
out, being apparently held in position by some of the interior 
membranes (Bacot). 

FoopPrLants.—Almost omnivorous but especially affects grasses 
and rushes (Chapman), striped riband grass (Butler), Dactylis 
glomerata (Daltry), seeds of Funcus and grasses (Dalglish), heather 
(Kane), grass, bilberry (G. O. Day), bramble (Lane), Z7eticum repens 
‘Brown), Arundo phragmites (Kerry), Digraphis arundinacea (Christy), 
Luzula (Rossler), Bromus, Alopecurus agrestis (Trimoulet), whortle- 
berry (Fuchs geste Rossler), Holcus lanatus, Carex (Lambillion), 
Trifolium and grasses (Ruhl), Leontodon taraxacum, &c. (Heylaerts), 
Bromus sterilis, Alopecurus pratensis, Phragmites communis, Carex 
pamculata, C. riparia, C. caespitosa (Paux). 

ParasITEes.*—/impla instigator, Fab. (Bairstow), Fumpla gram- 
inellaet, Schr. (Fitch), Rhogas geniculator, Nees, this species attacks 
larva and emerges from it while resting on a twig apparently prepar- 
ing for 4th moultt (Bignell), | Aogas circumscriptus, Nees (Bignell) ], 
Polysphincta varipes, Gr. (Billups), Exorista vulgaris, Fallén (Porritt). 
A cocoon of C. gofatoria found on dead twig of yew on downs near 
Chichester about Aug. 5th, :867, contained a pupa of the moth 
filled with pupze of JVemoraea (Tachina) puparum, which emerged 
between August 5th—12th (Jeffery). 

Hapits AND Hasitat.—The males fly actively by night and 
eeme atcely to light. fom about 9.30 p.m.. to. Il.o p.m., and 
possibly later, and one rarely sees them at all during the day. Dalglish, 
however, unexpectedly notes that, in western Scotland, the males some- 
times fly in bright sunshine and that he has seen them battling in a 
heavy shower ofrain. Hewett observed a pair, zz cop., on the evening 
of July 25th, 1900, the moths remaining united until the early part 
Gr ihe next evening,-at- York. The female commences to fly as 
soon as it is really dusk, the mode of flight being particularly 
heavy, and one frequently hears her buzzing among the sedges, 


* Rhogas reticulator, Nees, has been recorded in error as having been bred 
from the larva of C. potatoria (Bignell). 

t+ Bignell has a note that Fenn bred 23 examples of this species from C. 
potatoria (in litt.). 

; Bignell notes: Bred from young larve of C. fotatoria, June 25th, 1880, 
all the transformations taking place within the skin of its host before the 4th moult. 
The larva of C. potatoria prepares for this moult by the usual method of covering 
the twig on which it is resting with silk, and from that spot it never moves; the 
parasitic larva within then consumes the caterpillar, which graduaily shrinks 
in length, and, in about 3 weeks, R. geniculator emerges from a hole cut out of 
the upper side of the 11th and 12th segments; it does not appear to make a 
cocoon within the larva, but takes advantage of the larval skin of fotatorza for its 
protection (27 Jitt.). 


176 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


reeds, and grasses, before one sees her. She is also occasionally 
recorded as coming to light. When the female first emerges, 
she suspends herself from the cocoon, and remains there whilst 
wing-expansion takes place (Dalglish). Grover states that the 
favourite time of emergence from the pupa is from 8 a.m.—ro a.m., 
whilst Battley notes a 9 that emerged in the morning, but wing- 
expansion did not take place until evening. Ruhl observes that 
the habit of the @s is to fly at dusk in the Ziirich district, and 
Lathy observes that an attempt to assemble with a bred 9, taken 
out on July 15th and 16th, both, however, cold damp nights, only 
attracted a single g, which appeared about 9.40 p.m., no others 
being seen. Coverdale reports that, by the ditches on the Deal sand- 
hills in mid-July 1883, he observed 9s commonly, at rest on grass, 
side by side with larve yet feeding ; whilst Musham notes the occur- 
rence of two 2s on sugared posts in Wicken Fen in July, 1900, 
on two different evenings, but is uncertain whether these were attracted 
or not by the sugar. The species is much more abundant in 
some years than others—very abundant in 1879 at Maldon (Fitch), 
at Wicken in 1891 (Tutt) , at Colchester exceedingly common till 
the advent of the recent series of dry seasons, since which it has 
become rare, suggesting a wet or damp environment as advantageous 
to its successful development (Harwood). The habitats of the species 
are very various ; in Ireland it 1s widely spread and common on 
many moorlands, chiefly on the hills, rather than on the flat bogs 
of the plain (Kane), and in Scotland also it prefers the moorlands. 
The larve abound in the long grass growing on the inside of all 
hedges around Chattenden Woods in quite dry situations; it is 
also! abundant all’ over Wicken. Fen; by the sides) @@pegaae 
ditches that cross the sandhills at Deal, and in the marshy ground 
around Sandwich; it is exceedingly abundant on the sandhills 
between Troon and Ayr, the larve in thousands, feeding on the 
bent-grass (Dunsmore); on the sandhills between Blyth and Old 
Hartley, very plentiful, the larva here also feeding on the bent-grass 
(Crass); on the sandhills and by hedgesides at Hartlepool 
(Robson); on the moors of Argyllshire, from near the sea 
to 450 feet elevation (Christy); at the foot of hedges and 
on borders of ditches in Suffolk and Essex, some years very 
abundant (Ransom); on hedge-banks at Worcester (Hancock) ; 
on grassy hedge-banks in the Lewes district (Nicholson); on 
rough grass along the hedge bottoms, at Middlesborough (Loft- 
house); by hedgerows and on roadside banks at Perivale (Mont- 
gomery); on grass banks at the foot of hedges at Boxworth 
(Thornhill); among coarse grass under thick hedges in_ the 
Gloucester district (Merrin); in lanes and on grassy hedge-banks 
about Carlisle (Day); prefers hedgerows at Wirrall (G. O. Day); 
in the lanes near Huntington, and by hedgesides near Naburn 
(Hewett); everywhere by roadsides in the Brighton district (Merri- 
field); on grassy hedge-banks at Angmering (Dollman) ; by road- 
sides, in rough ditches, and on open commons at Skipwith (Ash); 
prefers the sunny sloping banks by a roadside rather than fields 
in Notts (Daws); on grasses growing in ditches in the Leicester 
district (Bouskell) ; prefers ditches at Weymouth (Forsyth); ditches 
and hedges at Rossall (Moss); ditches and hedgesides at Crickle- 


COSMOTRICHE POTATORIA, ir 


wood, &c. (Phillips); in ditches and osier-beds, overgrown with 
long grasses at Hitchin (Cottam) ; in every field, although specially 
abundant in reed-beds and at ditchsides in the Southend and Benfleet 
districts (Whittle) ; in reed-beds at Wisbech (Glenny) ; larve abundant 
in mowing hayfields in the Calne district (Eddrup); in meadows 
at Ryde (Kaye); on the banks of streams among the ribbon-grass 
at Emsworth (Christy); in damp rushy spots all round Aberfoyle 
and the Lake of Menteith (Evans); lanes and grassy banks preferred 
in Berks and Oxon (Clarke); quite indifferently a hedgerow and 
woodside species in Middlesex and Norfolk (Lockyer); on railway 
banks at Southgate, ditchsides bordering woods at Highgate, 
roadside ditches at Southend, roadside hedgebanks at Arundel 
(Williams); on grassy hedgebanks about Rochester and Chatham 
(Chaney); on a grassy roadside at Corsemalzie (Gordon); on the 
chalk downs near Chichester (Jeffery); on the foreshore at Lyming- 
ton (Kaye): on coarse grass on hedgebanks, or under bushes close to 
seashore at Sandown (Prout) ; hedgerows, thickets, copses, and banks 
at Dover (Stockwell) : hedgerows and sides of dykes throughout Nott- 
inghamshire (Leivers); almost confined to coast districts in North- 
umberland (Richardson) ; by the rank overgrown edges of woods 
in the Zurich district (Ruhl); by hedgerows, roadsides, and dry 
wastes in the Namur district (Lambillion); yet very common in 
damp places in, Belgium (de Selys); not rare along the banks of 
the Garonne, &c. (Caradja); specially abundant in damp _ places 
in the Netherlands ( Snellen). 

TIME OF APPEARANCE.—The 1 imagines occur from late June (mid- 
Junein 1893) until late August, most abundant in July and early August. 
Fritsch gives dates for the Vienna district from June 16th to July 24th; 
from July 15th to end of month in Belgium (Lambillion) ; July 21st— 
August 6th, good average dates for the Rochester and Chatham district 
(Chaney); imagines, July 4th onwards at Wilsden (Butterfield) ; larve, 
from May 16th—June 24th in different years from 1848-1858, imagines 
bred in these years from June z9th—July 16th in Brighton district 
(Merrifield); July 17th—25th, 1855, July r15th—August 1st, 1870, 
July roth, 1871, July roth, 1872, July 22nd, 1873, and larve, July 
gth, 1867, at Marlow, imagines, July 22nd— August 3rd, 1863, 
July 21st—August 4th, 1864, at Chertsey, July 17th, 1855, July 
27th, 1857, at Notting Hill (Clarke); August 1st, 1856, at Bisterne 
(Suds., p. 29); larva, May 6th—roth, 1860, at Lee and Lewisham, 
a long series bred from July 2nd—27th, 1860, imagines captured 
August r2th—rz8th, 1860, at Lee, larve from February 28th—May 
30th, 1861, at Lee, imagines bred July 5th—zsth, 1861, larve, June 
16th, 1863, at Portscatho, larva, April zoth—z23rd, at Lee and Abbey 
Wood; imagines, July 14th, 1866, at Eltham, larve, May 18th, 
1867, at Bromley, May 23rd, 1874, at Lee, and May 13th, 1875, 
at Balcombe, imagines on July 29th, 1875, at light, at Lee, on August 
14th, 1879, and July 13th—z28th, at Erith, larve, June ond, 1885, at 
Lee, and imagines August rst, 1885, at Grove Park, imagines, July 6th, 
1889 and July 15th, 1890, at Dartford, July 26th—August Ist, imagines 
common at Deal and Sandwich, also July 7th—z27th, 1891, and 
August 6th—zoth, 1892, imago on June 2oth, 1893, at Bexley, larvee 
on April 21st, 1894, at Farningham, and May 16th—zgth, commonly 
at Tor Cross (Fenn); ¢@ on wing at Lee, 2oth July, 1365, larve, 


L 


178 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


June oth, 1867, at Eltham (Jones); larve, April 14th, 1871, June 15th, 
1892, the latter pupating June 24th, 1892, imagines, July 22nd, 1886, 
August 4th, 1887,at Brentwood, August 13th, 1890, at Newlyn, August 
roth, 1892, at Rainham, July 23rd, 1900, at Southend (Burrows) ; June 
24th, pupz from which imagines emerged July, 1871, at Lee, imagines 
August oth,*1371, at “lunbridge Wells, July zéth,  1é77 5 ae: 
July 13th, 1896, at Gravesend, cocoons and imagines, the latter flying 
at dusk (Bower); males taken at light, July 21st, 1871, August 26th, 
1891, August 18th, 1892, July 28th, 1893, July 31st, 1894, August 
27th, 1894, August 4th, 1306, July 23rd, 1897, August 7theereog. 
August 4th, 1899, at Oxton ; dates of breeding specimens at Oxton— 
g June 28th, 1896, g¢ July oth, 1896, ¢ and @ July 16th, ? August 
rith, 1897, 2 July 4th, 1898, @ August 4th, 1899 (Studd); August 
11th, 1875, at Tilehurst, July 30th, 1889, at Warren, August 18th, 1891, 
at Southcote, August 4th, 1892, at White Knight’s Park (Holland) ; 
larve, May 2oth, 1876, at Lewisham, others June 13th, 1876, at 
Darenth, these commenced to spin up June 21st, 1876, emerged 
July r2th—13th, 1876 ; a cocoon on a low branch of a fir-tree 
at Sultan Pines, near Deal, July’ 14th,- 1877, produced image 
July 25th, 1877, (KR. Adkin) ; August oth; 1876, at (Haiswerm 
(Buckler); June 28th, 1379, June xoth, 18s0, at Rugby a(soloe 
larve, March 15th, 1881, pupa July 7th, emerged) ))/aly reuse 
1883, male caught July 14th, 1883, at Ippolytts, larvae, May 
17th, 1881, at Wicken (Durrant); fullfed larve, June oth) 1ré6n 
on Strensall Common, larvae May 5th and June 7th, 1882, near 
Huntington, larve May 6th, 1882, near Haxby, larve June 21st, 
1882, at Edlington Wood, imagines July 16th, 1885, July rst, 1886, 
and July 14th—16th, 1891, at Askham Bog, larve June 6th, 1890, near 
Naburn, larve May 12th, 1892, at Strensall, larve May 21st, 1892, 
near Warthill, larve May 17th, 1894, spun up June 2ist, 1894, at 
Riccall Common, larve, May 26th, 1895, at Spurn Point, imagines 
began to emerge June 25th, 1895; larve April 13th—May 25th, 
1896, at Strensall Common, others April z5th, 1896, at Market 
Weighton, commenced to spin up May 25th, emerged July roth—r4th, 
1896, imagines taken June zoth, 1896, at Riccall Common, July 2nd, 
1896, several on Askham Bog, also obtained 25 newly spun up cocoons 
at Melbourne, July 16th, 1899, and larvze May zoth, 1900, trom which 
imagines emerged July rst—August 6th, the greater number during 
the last week of July; larve May 11th, 1901, at Bishop-Wilton, 
imagines emerged June 25th—July 17th (Hewett); July 16th, 1881, at 
Wickham Market, July 29th, 1891, at Tiverton (Harker); August 
gth, 1881, July rith, 1898, at Hayton Moss (Routledge); July roth, 
1882, July 12th, 1883, July 14th, 1884, July rath, 1885, July 16th, 
1889, July 33th, 1801, July reth, 1693, July ith, 7SGG ei 
t2th, 1897, July 25th, rg00, July 7th, 1901, at light, at Reading 
(Butler); imagines caught July 31st, 1883, July 28th, 1899, in 
Isle of Purbeck (Bankes) ; July 23rd, 1885, at Bletchingley (Barclay) ; 
imagines July 22nd, 1886, July roth, 1887, August 4th, 1887, 
August 4th, 1890, at Brentwood ; larve, June 17th, 1891, at 
Woodham Ferris, imagines August 23rd, 1895, at Linwood, July 25th 
and August 13th, 1898, July 26th, 1899, at Hazeleigh, August 1st, 
1899, at Needham Market, July 17th, t900, hovering over grass 
in ditch, July zoth—z2nd, 1900, at light, at Hazeleigh (Raynor) ; 


COSMOTRICHE POTATORIA. 179 


bred July z4th—31st, 1889, at Portland (Brown); one pupated 
August 3rd, 1889, and emerged (a small g) September 6th, at 
Sheffield, another larva remained healthy till September 26th, 1889, 
and then died, although full-grown (Hall); larve, May 3rd, 1890, 
gave imagines, July 13th, 1890; pupa, May 27th, 1891, produced 
imago, July 25th, 1891, at Newnham (Lifton) ; July, 1890, at Lynd- 
hurst, one g at light (Simes); bred July 23rd, 1890, from larve ob- 
tained May 28th ; bred July 21st, 1891, from pupe obtained July 14th, 
bred June 25th—July 2nd, 1893, June z1st—July 2nd, 1895; July 
roth, 1896, June zgth—August grd, 1897, all from May larve, bred 
August znd, 1898, from June larve, June z9th—August 3rd, 1900, 
all collected in Southend district (Whittle); larvae, June rith, 
mee, june roth, 1392, May z5th, -13896, ‘at Bristol, May 
24th—June 3rd, 1892, at Dursley, imagines, July 3rd— July 
18th, 1892, at Bristol, July 23rd, 1892, at Portishead, June 28th, 
1895, at Dursley, July roth, 1897, at Bristol (Bartlett) ; bred, from 
larve taken in Leicester district on June 12th, 1891, and following days, 
throughout August to August 24th, 1892, also larve June 16th, 1898 
(Dixon) ; July 6th, 1891, cocoons at Clacton, imagines commenced to 
emerge July gth, and following days, July z2nd—zoth, 1898, at 
Wicken (James); bred July 7th, 1891, July rith, 1894, July 25th, 
“ogg, captured August 5th, 1891, August ‘5th, 18y2, July 17th, 
1895, July 21st, 1896, July 21st, 1897, all at Sandown, bred June 
zoth, 1895, from Southend, bred June 2z1st, 1893, July 8th, 1894, 
from Pett, bred July 23rd, 1898, from Stanford-le-Hope, captured 
July 14th, 1900, at Chalfont Road (Prout); July 18th, 1891, many 
at light at Wicken (Tutt); July roth, 1891, at Arrochar, July 11th, 
i897, at Glen Mallon (Dalglish); July 30th, 1891, at East Grinstead, 
July 21st, 1898, at Bacton (McIntyre) ; imagines at light, August rst, 
1891, at Kingsmill (Watkins); August 7th, 1891, flying in meadow 
at Ryde (Kaye); imagines, July 18th—August 18th, 1890 and 1891, 
July roth, 1892, July 22nd, 1895, June 17th, 1897, July rgth—zend, 
1897, August 5th, 1898, at Whitwell, July rst, 1899, near Earlstown 
(Freeman) ; July 22nd, 1892, at Bristol, ¢ at light, July 22nd, 1896, 
at Reigate, 2 slowly flying along hedge at 8.50 p.m. (Prideaux) ; 
August gth, 1892, on moors of Argyll; cocoon, May 26th, 
1893, gave imago June 16th, bred others July rith—August 
Ath, 1898, from Emsworth (Christy); June 13th, 1893, June 
27th—July rst, 1894, June 11th, 1895, and July 7th—r5th, 1895, at 
Carlisle (Day); larve from Perivale produced imagines June 23rd, 
1893, imagines taken July 16th—zoth, 1894, June 2$th—zoth, 1895, 
and July rst, 1898, a 2 observed laying eggs on stems of grass on June 
29th, 1896; larve and pupe at Eastbourne, June roth—r5th, 1898 
(Montgomery) ; July 15th—z4th, 1893, at Wicken (Mitchell) ; at light, 
imagines, July 14th and on through this month and August, at 
Mansfield, imagines emerged July 16th, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, and all 
dates up to August 18th, 1893, a late one emerged September 
4th, 1899, at Mansfield, July roth to end of August, con- 
tinuously at Penzance (Daws); larve in ‘great abundance at 
Connemara, March 28th, 1894 (Allen); imagines July rst—r4th, 
1894, at Feering, July r1st—v7th, 1894, at Wicken, August 5th— 
roth, 1898, at Horning (P. Reid); July roth, 1894, June r9th— 
30th, 1896, at Wisbech (Glenny) ; July 6th, 1894, at Brighton (John- 


180 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


son); larve on May 23rd, 1895, at Saltburn, pupated May 28th, 
emerged June 30th, 1895, etc. (Lofthouse) ; June 27th, 1895, June 13th 
—2Ist, 1896, at Malvern, larve, May 28th, 1896, gave imagines June 
13th—16th, 1896, at Worcester (Rea); June 5th, 1895, June 23rd— 
27th, 1898, at Carlisle (Wilkinson); from larvae that commenced to 
spin June 7th, 1895, imagines were bred as follows: July 4thi ¢, 
July 7th g,July 1r6thi g and1 9, July zzndi of, July 25eeeee 
July 30th 2 9s, August 4th 1 9, August 11th 1 9, August 18thi g, 
August 23rd 19, August 25th 1 ? (Varty); July r1th, 1895, July 11th, 
1896, @s by dusking, at Bungay, bred July 24th—August 5th, 1900, 
at Burnley (Clutten); larvae very common at Folkestone at end of 
May in 1896 and 1897, earliest date of pupation, June znd, 1897, 
latest, July 3rd, 1897, earliest emergence, June 14th, 1896, latest, 
August 4th, 1897 (Lane); larve, collected May 14th, produced 
imagines June 25th—27th, 1896, in the Linz district (Himsl); larve 
in thousands, May 28th, 1896, at Wisbech, imagines emerged 
from June 24th, 1896 (Mousley); cocoons, June 27th, 1896, 
and July oth, 1898, ‘at both of -which dates emiemsemecs 
had already taken place at Dinas Mawddwy (Tetley); June 
30th, 1896, at Chelmsford (Miller); larve,-in April at Blyth, 
imagines emerged June 20th—July roth, 1897 (Crass); male caught 
by dusking, June 14th, 1897, larvae at Corsemalzie, April 13th, 
1898, common, pupated from June 12th, emerged early in July, 
? captured June 3oth, 1898, bred others July 16th—zoth, 1898, and 
June roth—zist, 1899; saw a larva about one inch long, on August 
17th, 1899 (Gordon); larve, from April 15th—May 2nd, 1897, at 
Angmering, first imago emerged June 14th (Dollman); bred from 
June 24th, 1897, at Boxworth (Thornhill); larve, common, 
May and early June, 1898, at Hitchin, spun up in June, imagines 
emerged from June 28th on through July (Cottam); larve and 
cocoons, June 18th—2z5th, 1898, at Wicken, imagines from these 
July: oth (¢@), July 11th (2), July toth (2 9s, 1 d) dele 
(2s) (Carr); between Waxham and Horsey, June 26th—3oth, 
(1898) (Cox); electric light, Aigle, July 3rd— 4th, 1898 (Lowe) ; 
imagines, bred July 15th—zoth, 1898, from larve found in the 
north of Middlesex (Burraud); July 27th—August 16th, 1898, at 
Hayling Island (May); August 12th, 1898, at light, in the Norfolk 
Broads (Edelsten); July 7th, 1899, at Earlstown, July 8th, both 
cocoons and imagines at Canal Bank ; June 27th, 1900, cocoons only 
at Canal Bank (Cotton) ; July 8th, at Wishanger, at light (Newland) ; 
July 19th—zoth, 1900, at light, at Rugeley (Freer); July 22nd, 
1900, at Lichfield (Redmayne), July 6th—13th, 1901, at Addington 
(Russell) ; July 22th, 1901, at Somerton Broad (Phillips). 
LOCALITIES.—Generally distributed in most suitable localities throughout 
the British Islands. The whole west of Scotland, common (Chapman), common in 
the south of Ireland (McArthur), far rarer in Ireland than in England, but found 
in all 4 provinces occasionally, common locally (Kane). ABERDEEN: Aberdeen, 
once only (Horne), Murcal Links (Traill), ARGYLL: common (Chapman), 
Oban, abundant (Evans), Lochgoilhead (Mackieson), Tarbert, L. Riddon 
(Dalglish). ARMAGH: Armagh, Churchill (Johnson), AyR: Shewalton 
Moss (Smith), Monkton (Duncan), Kilmarnock (Rose), Troon to Ayr, very 
abundant (Dunsmore). BrEpDs: Potton, abundant (Bond-Smith).BERKs: 
Reading (Butler), Whiteknight’s Park, Tilehurst, Southcote (Holland), Sulham 
Woods (Henderson), Hurst (Broome) BERWICK: Berwick (Bolam). BUCKS: 


. 
/ 


Marlow (Clarke), Eton (Bankes), Chalfont St. Peter (St. John), Buckingham 


COSMOTRICHE POTATORIA. isi 


(Slade), Chalfont Road (Prout). BuTE: Isle of Bute (Chapman). CAMBs: generally 
common (Farren), abundant throughout the Fen district (Balding), Wicken, swarms 
in some seasons (Tutt), Wisbech, common (Butterfield), Boxworth (Thornhill), 
Whittlesea Mere (este Gregson). CARMARTHEN: Llanstephan (Newland), Tenby 
(Vaughan), CARNARVON: abundant in the Conway valley, Trefriu (Bland), 
Pwliheli, abundant (Johnson). CHESHIRE: abundant throughout (Ellis), Wallasey, 
Heswall (Freeman), Wirrall, common, Delamere, rare nr. Knutsford (G. O. Day), 
Eastham Wood (Brown), Chester, common (Arkle), Ince Marshes (Newstead), 
Elton Green nr. Ince (Collins), Warburton (Thorpe), Edge nr. Malpas (Wolley-Dod), 
White Hall nr. Tarporley (Stock), Vicars Cross (Pitcairn-Campbell). CORNWALL: 
Penzance, Paul, common (Daws), Bude (Image), Portscatho (Fenn), Newlyn (Burrows). 
CUMBERLAND: east of Carlisle, rare, on the west side near Orton, common, 
Woodbank (Stephens), Hayton, Hayton Moss, scarce (Routledge), Keswick, 
very rare (Beadle), Carlisle (F. H. Day), Brampton (Varley), Kirkbride (Miller). 
DENBIGH : Colwyn Bay, abundant (Whittaker), Ruthin (Ward). DERBY: Long 
Eaton (Pearson), Derby, common (Payne), Burton-on-Trent (Mason). DEVON: 
fairly common throughout (McArthur), Oxton, Exeter, Tiverton (Studd), Tor 
Cross (Fenn), Barnstaple, common (Raddon), Paignton (Bowles), Sidmouth 
(Majendie), Instow (Hinchliff), Dartmoor, Horrabridge (Still). DONEGAL : 
Donegal (Campbell). DorsET: generally distributed (Dale), Portland (Brown), 
Swanage (Kemp), Isle of Purbeck (Bankes), Weymouth (Forsyth). DUMBARTON ; 
Inchmoan, L. Lomond (Ord), Helensburgh, Inveruglas, Luss, Glen Mallon, Glen 
Falloch, Arrochar (Dalglish), Garelochhead (Henderson). DUMFRIES: Dumfries 
(Lennon). DURHAM: common throughout county (Robson), Dimsdale, Darlington, 
Port Clarence (¢este Hewett), Hartlepool (Gardner), Hartburn (Sachse). _EssEx: 
generally common — Stanford-le-Hope (Prout), Brentwood, Mucking, Rainham 
(Burrows), Sudbury district, very common, Middleton, Bulmer, Henny (Ransom), 
Chelmsford (Miller), Feering Bury (P. Reid), Lambourne (Lane), Benfleet, Prit- 
tlewell, Southend (Whittle), Woodham Ferris, Hazeleigh, Herongate, Maldon 
(Raynor), Woodford (Bishop), Clacton (James), Leigh (Vaughan), Chingford, 
Walthamstow (Meldola), Harwich (Kerry), Colchester (Harwood), Ilford, 
Wanstead (Mera), Epping (Rose), Navestock (Claxton). FERMANAGH : 
Enniskillen (Allen). FrLtinr: Overton, Rhyl, Cwm (Perkins). GALWAY: Galway, 
Connemara, Recess, Lenane (Allen), Ahascragh, very abundant (Dillon). GLa- 
MORGAN: Swansea (Robertson). GLOUCESTER: generally common (Griffiths), 
Bristol district, common, Kingsmill, Painswick (Watkins), Dursley (Bartlett), Litsey 
(Wainwright), Gloucester district (Merrin), Stonehouse (Nash), Newnham (Lifton). 
Hants: fairly common throughout (McArthur), Isle of Wight—Colwell Bay (Sich), 
Ryde, Yarmouth (Kaye), Sandown (Prout), Shanklin (Helps), Basingstoke, Win- 
chester (Holdaway), Lymington (Colthrup), Hayling Island (May), Lyndhurst, 
Bisterne (Subs. p. 29), Andover (Rudd), Wishanger, near Churt (Newland), 
Burghclere (Alderson), Southampton (Moberly), Winchfield (Robertson), 
Portsmouth (Forsyth), Emsworth (Christy), Lockerley (Burrows), Romsey 
(Buckell), Ringwood, common (Corbin). HEREFORD: Hereford (( hapman), Leo- 
minster (Hutchinson), Tarrington (Wood). Herts: Hitchin, Ippolytts (Durrant), 
Hertford (Stephens), near Ware (Image), Bushey Heath (Burraud), Knebworth 
(Grifith). Hunts: St. Ives (Norris). INVERNESS: Skye (Wingate). ISLE 
OF MAN: very common, Lezayre (Clarke), Douglas (Robinson). KENT: 
Strood, Higham, and Cuxton districts, common, Deal and Sandwich districts, 
common (Tutt), Chelsfield (Carr), Eltham (Jones), Abbey Wood, Lee, Lewisham, 
Erith, Bromley, Grove Park, Dartford, Bexley. Farningham (Fenn), Suudridge 
(Ingpen), Salton Pines, near Deal (Adkin), Eynesford (Colthrup), Rochester, 
Chatham (Chaney), Springhead (Andrews) Folkestone, abundant (James), Stone, 
Mottingham, Tunbridge Wells, Gravesend (Bower), Dover (Stockwell), Martin 
Mill, St. Margaret’s Bay (Pickett), Kidbrook, Burnt Ash, near Lee (West). 
KIRKCUDBRIGHT: Kirkcudbright, Douglas (Robinson). LANARK : locally abundant 
(Dalglish). Lancs: abundant throughout (Ellis), near Earlstown (Freeman), Liver- 
pool (Walker), Canal Bank, Formby (Cotton), Burnley (Clutten), Bold (Jackson), 
Rossall, Crosby, St. Anne’s (Moss). LEICESTER: widely distributed (Dixon), Leicester, 
common (Bouskell). LincoLtn: Lincoln, etc., common ((arr), Market Rasen, 
once only, Legsby (Raynor). LONDONDERRY: Londonderry (Campbell). 
MERIONETH: near Dinas Mawddwy (Tetley), Barmouth, Llangollen (Arkle). 
MIDDLESEX: generally common (Godwin), Perivale (Sich), Notting Hill (Clarke), 
Enfield (Edelsten), Kingsbury, Wembly, Cricklewood, Neasden (Phillips), Totten- 
ham Marshes (Bayne), Enfield Lock, Cross Orchard, Enfield Butts (Bowles), 
Harrow district, common (Rothschild), Oxhey Lane, Harrow Weald (Brown), 


182 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Mill Hill (South), Isleworth (Meyers), Hampstead (Watts), Harefield (Wall), High- 
gate (Williams), Southgate (Lockyer), Kilburn, Willesden, common in 1859 (Wormald), 
Potter’s Bar (Mera), Ealing (Fenton), Twyford (Dawe), Muswell Hill (Buckell). 
MonMovuTH: Abergavenny (Chapman). NorroLk: Norwich, very common, Horn- 
ing, Norfolk Broads (Edelsten), Somerton Broad (Phillips), between Waxham and 
Horsey (Cox), Whitwell( Freeman), Bacton (McIntyre), is<ing’s Lynn (Atmore), Great 
Yarmouth (Harmer), Ranworth (Wheeler). . NORTHAMPTON: Peterboro’ (Morley), 
Oundle, abundant (Whall), Newark (Gascoyne). NORTHUMBERLAND: common 
throughout the county, and alsoin Holy Island, St. Mary’s Island, etc. (Robson), on 
coast, never inland—Alnmouth, Warkworth (Nicholson), between Blyth and Old 
Hartley, abundant (Crass), Newcastle-on-Tyne (Hewitson). Notts: generally 
distributed and abundant (Leivers), Mansfield, common (Daws), Hoveringham, 
Thurgaton (Whittaker), Long Eaton, Chilwell (Pearson), Nottingham (Wright). 
OxForRD: Oxford (Eddrup), Warren (Holland), Nettlebed (Henderson), Chinnor 
(Spiller), Bagley Wood (Steuart). PEMBROKE: Castlemartin (Hodge), Pembroke 
(Barrett). PeERTH: Callander, Aberfoyle, Lake of Monteith (Evans), Rannoch 
(Birchall). RADNOR: Wye Valley (Vaughan). RENFREW: Renfrew (Dalglish). 
SHROPSHIRE: generally distributed—Wyre Forest (Wainwright), Wrekin (G. O. 
Day), near Market Drayton, rare (Woodforde). Sticgo: Markree Castle 
(Kane). SOMERSET: common (Woodforde), Winscombe, Portishead, Brockley 
(Bartlett), Clevedon, common (Mason), Castle Cary, common (Macmillan). STAFFs: 
generally distribnted (Daltry), rare in north of county (Masefield), Rugeley, Can- 
nock Chase, rare (Freer), Lichfield (Redmayne), Betton (Woodforde). STIRLING: 
Fintry (Eggleton), Rowerdennan (Mackonochie). SUFFOLK: very common (Bloom- 
field), Sudbury district, very common(Ransom), Waldringfeld (James), Wickham Mar- 
ket( Harker), Beccles, Ipswich (Morley), Needham Market (Raynor), Bungay(Clutten), 
Brantham (Buckell). SURREY: generally distributed (Sheldon), Addington (Russell), 
Chertsey (Clarke), Redhill, Chobham (Turner), Ripley (Stephens), Frensham (New- 
land). Guildford, common (Grover), Epsom (Morley), Bletchingley (Barclay), Wimble- 
don, Riddlesdown (Buckell), Sydenham (Wood), Coulsden (Lake), Croydon (Hall). 
SUSSEX: very common on the South Downs (McArthu~), throughout East Sussex 
(Jenner), Preston, Patcham. Poynings, Holm Bush, Blatchington, Balcombe, Cuckheld 
(Merrifield), East Grinstead (McIntyre), Hastings and St. Leonards district (Bloomfield), 
Brighton (Image), Burgess Hill, Angmering, (Dollman), Lewes (Nicholson), Balcombe 
(Fenn), Chichester (Colthrup), Arundel (Williams), Bognor (Lloyd), Worthing, Little- 
hampton (Fletcher), Eastbourne (Blenkarn), Pett (Prout). SUTHERLAND: Bonard 
Bridge (W. Salvage), between Shin Bridge and Achany (Buxton). TYRONE: Altadia- 
wan, Favour Royal (Kane), Tyrone (Greer). WaARwiIcK: Rugby (Soliy), Sutton 
(Abbott), Birmingham (Bath), Handsworth (Wainwright), Hopwas Wood (Wynn). 
WATERFORD: Portlaw (Flemyng). WESTMORLAND: Kendal district (Moss). WICK- 
Low: Wicklow (Barrett). W1rGTowN: common, Corsemalzie (Gordon), WHLTs: 
Salisbury (Ridley), Bremhill, Calne (Eddrup), Warminster (Buckell). WORCESTER: 
common in the county—Witley, Malvern, Glasshampton, Holt, Tiddesley, Sheriffs 
Lench, Worcester, &c. (Rea), Yarbley (Wynn), Droitwich (Fountain), Bockleton 
(Decie), near Worcester (Hancock). YORKS: generally distributed all over county, 
often abundant (Porritt); Wilsden, abundant (Butterfield), Skipwith (Ash), Saltburn, 
Middlesborough (Lofthouse), Birstwith (Walker), York (Hewitson). Strensall Com- 
mon, Riccall Common, Naburn, Askham Bog, Haxby, Huntington, Bempton, 
Buckton, Flamborough, scarce, Wheldrake, Cottingwith, Melbourne, Towthorpe, 
Bishop- Wilton, Stamford Bridge, Edlington, near Doncaster, Warthill, Market 
Weighton, Spurn, common (Hewett), Knaresborough (Blakey), Shefheld (A. Hall), 
Lowthorpe (Rowntree). Richmond (Willson), Leeds (Moss), Hull (Boult), Whitby 
(Bold), Doncaster (Corbett), Everingham (Sumner), Brierley Moor, Barnsley 
(Whittaker). 

DISYRIBUTION. —AMURLAND : many places, those from the southern 
districts=var. askoldensis (Staudinger) ; Wladiwostok, common (Graeser). SIBERIA: 
Eastern Siberia — Bureja mountains, Ema (Bremer). JAPAN : (Motschulsky). 
AusTRo-HuNGARY: Tyrol, not common — Innsbruck, etc. (Hinierwaldner), 
Pressburg (Rozsay), Bukovina, very local (Hormuzaki), Bohemia, distributed, but 
never common, Upper Carinthia, Salzburg (Nickerl), Neu Sandec (Klemen- 
siewicz), Stanislawow, Holosko (Werchratski), Galicia (Nowicki), Brunn (Muller), 
Freistadt, Neutitschein, etc. (Fritsch), Buda-Pest (Speyer), Epiries, common 
(Husz), Chemnitz (Pabst), Buchenau, near Linz (Himsl). BrLGIUM: generally 
distributed and very common (Lambillion), Virton (Bray). CHANNEL ISLANDs : 
Guernsey, very rare, Herm (Luft), Jersey (Ansted), Alderney — Essex Castle 
(Marcuand). DENMARK: generally common (Bang-Haas). FINLAND: Abo, 


EUTRICHIN. 183 


Karelia (Lampa). FRANCE: generally distributed and common (Berce), not 
found in southern France (Chapman), Seine-Inférieure—Pont de l’Arche, Le Havre 
(Dupont), Dept. du Nord (Paux), Aube (Jourdheuille), Douai (Foucart), Auvergne 
(Sand), Eure-et-Loir (Guénée), Haute-Garonne (Caradja), Dept. Meuse, Meurthe, 
Lozére, etc. (Speyer), Puy-de-Déme (Guillemot), Morbihan (Griffith), Gironde 
(Irimoulet), Doubs (Bruand), Seine-et-Loire (Constant), St. Quentin (Dubus), 
Brittany (Mathew), Tancarville (Leech), Hautes-Pyrenees (Leschnault-du- Villard), 
GERMANY: generally distributed and common—Brunswick, &c. (Heinemann), north- 
west Germany, most places (Jordan), Thuringia—Gotha, Erfurt (Knapp), Pomerania 
—Bredow, Julow, nr. Nemitz, Vogelsang (Hering), Silesia, common (Prittwitz), 
Rhine Palatinate, not rare (Bertram), Wurtemburg (Seyffler), Giessen (Dickore), 
Lower Elbe dist. (Zimmermann), Waldeck (Speyer), Erfurt (Keferstein), Zeitz-on-the- 
Elster (Wilde), Halle, Dessau (Stange), Munich, common (Kranz), Hesse—Upper 
Hesse, everywhere (Glaser), Rudolstadt (Meurer), Kiel (Burrows), Mecklenburg, very 
common, Prussia, generaliy common—Konigsberg (Schmidt), Bremen (Rehberg), 
Saxon Upper Lusatia, very common (Schutze), Dresden (Steinert), Upper Lusatia, very 
common (Moeschler), Nassau, almost rare (Rossler), Ratisbon (Schmid), Dessau 
(Richter), Alsace (Peyerimhoff), Wernigerode, common (Fischer), Hanover (Glitz), 
Eutin (Dahl), Baden dist., everywhere common (Reutti). ITALy: not common in 
northern Italy, Tuscany, rare (Cu16), Lombardy—Alzate (Turati), Modena (Fiori). 
NETHERLANDS: everywhere common - Breda, very abundant, &c. (Heylaerts), 
nr. Zevenhuizen (Lechner). KOUMANIA: very scarce or local —Comanesti (Caradja). 
Russ1A: Baltic Provinces, generally distributed (Nolcken), Moscow dist. (Albrecht), 
Wolmar (Lutzau), Volga dist.—frequent in provinces of Kasan and_ northern 
Orenburg (Eversmann), St. Petersburg (Erschoff). SCANDINAVIA: rare in southern 
Sweden and Norway, northern limit about 60° 30” (Aurivillius), Christiania, very 
rare (Siebke), Upland (Lampa). SPAIN: Bilbao, common (Rossler), Teruel, Bolana, 
Ateca, common (Zapater). SWITZERLAND: almost everywhere common, but more 
rarely near Bergun, Trafoi and in the Upper Engadine up to 5000 feet (Frey), 
Zurich district, common (Ruhl), Weissenburg (Huguenin), Valais, rare throughout 
the Rhone valley (Favre and Wullschlegel), Aigle (Lowe). 


Imaco *.—Palpi projecting. Head and collar of the darker colour 
of forewings, the thorax and abdomen paler. g. 42mm.—58mm. in 
expanse. Antenne strongly pectinated. Abdomen somewhat tufted, 
with long hairs. Anterior wings varying from yellow to rich pur- 
plish-brown (anfed, p. 162); with three, darker, transverse lines, one 
near the base, another running obliquely from the apex to near the 
middle of the inner margin, the third subterminal, and formed of a 
series of arches, roughly parallel with the outer margin ; a silvery-white 
or ochreous discal or median spot, usually a second smaller, but similar 
spot between this and the costa. Posterior wings yellowish to dark 
fuscous-brown, usually with a dark transverse median shade crossing 
the wing from the apex to the inner margin. @?. 58mm.—75mm. in 
expanse. Antenne less strongly pectinated than in g¢. Abdomen not 
tufted. Anterior wings yellow of various shades (rarely brown or even 
heavily-shaded with brown); transverse lines, discal spots, etc., as in 
the g$ ; posterior wings rather darker outside the median shade. 

Subfam.: EUTRICHINA. 

We have already (anéed, p. 112) noted the tribal divisions into 
which we group the Palearctic members of this subfamily, zz., 
Odonestidi and = Eutrichidr. Whereis; “im (the British fauna,- no 
representative of the first of these, both the British Eutrichids 
(sens. strict.) belonging to the last-named. The most closely allied 
subfamily to this, represented in the British fauna, is the subfamily 
Cosmotrichinae, which, as we have already seen, possesses but 
a single British representative, Cosmotriche potatoria. ‘The subfamily 


* By an oversight, this description was omitted from p. 159 (azted) where it 
should have preceded the paragraph on ‘“‘ Sexual Dimorphism.’’ In order to com- 
plete our account of the species the description is added here, 


ist BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Lutrichinae is the group A of Ochsenheimer’s Gastropacha (Die 
Schmett., ii., p. 259)—lecefolia, betulifolia, populifolia, quercifolia, pint 
and grunt. ‘This he diagnoses as follows : 

The antennz are bi-pectinate, the palpi long and porrected, the wings similarly 
indented. The forewings in repose are laid roof-wise, and the hindwings project 
beneath them. The tongue is wanting. The larvze are flat beneath, arched above, 
hairy; on the second and third segments with one or two coloured transverse 
stripes, and a claviform wart onthe penultimate; similarly, covered with long hairs 
in tufts, on the sides. The transformation takes place above the ground in a weak 
elongate cocoon; dusted from within. 

A comparison of the pupe of Lutricha quercifolia, Cosmotriche 
potatoria, Macrothylacia rubt, and Lastocampa querctis has led to the 
suggestion that we have here a means of checking probable affinities. 
Bacot notes (27 “¢¢.): ‘The mouthparts of the pupa of 2. querczfolia 
approximate much more to those of the pupa of C. pofatorva than of 
M. rubt. On either side of the labrum is a raised boss, the mandible, 
whilst between the maxillz and beneath the labrum is a wedge-shaped 
slip, and it is in this that a difference between the pupze of Z. 
guercifolia and C. potatoria on the one hand, and J/. rudz on the 
other, is to be found. Inthe pupa of AZ. rudz this slip is small, and 
distinctly divided into an upper and a lower portion, the upper being 
the labial palpi and the lower, probably, the femora of the 1st pair of 
legs ; in the pupe of C. fotatoria and £. quercifolia this central wedge- 
shaped piece is much longer and larger, but is not distinctly divided 
into an upper and a lower portion, for the central division is only 
apparent from the tip to about two-thirds up towards the labium. 
Comparing with a pupa of JZ, rub, the upper (undivided) portion should 
represent the labial palpi, and the lower (divided) portion the probable 
1st femora. In the pupa of C. potazoria, the upper (undivided) portion 
is exceedingly thin and transparent, but it is much thicker and more 
opaque in that of £. guercifolia. In the pupa of Z. guercis, the central 
wedge-shaped piece, between the maxillz, although shorter than in 
C. potatoria and £. guercifolia, is still much larger than in JAZ. rudi, 
and is seen to be definitely divided into an upper and lower portion.” 
The point wants elucidating further on much wider material, before 
any useful generalisation can be formulated. 


Tribe: EUTRICHIDI. 

Two genera belonging to this tribe are represented in the 
British fauna —Eutricha (quercifolia) and Gastropacha (ilictfolia). 
The two genera are, in reality, not very closely allied, but, owing 
to the absence of any other species very nearly related to either 
in Britain, they have been united by most authors in the same 
genus. Thus, Meyrick includes them (Handbook, p. 324) in his 
genus Gastropacha, which he diagnoses as follows: 

Palpi long or moderately long. Forewings: with strong rounded dorsal 
prominence on apex of 14; © and 7 stalked, 8 sometimes out of 7, 9 to termen or 
apex. Hindwings: 4 and 5 sometimes sti alked, 6 and 7 approximated at base from 
angle, 8 connected with cell by long oblique bar or anastomosing with 7 near 
origin ; from 1 to 6 pseudoneuria present. 

This diagnosis is, of course, really that of the tribe. Meyrick 
characterises guercifolia and tlicifolia, t.e.. our genera Lutricha and 
Gastropacha thus : 


1. Termen dentate ; hindwings with 6 _ pseudoneuria —-- guercifolia 
(=Lutricha). 


GASTROPACHA (EPICNAPTERA). 185 


2. Termen not dentate; hindwings with one or two pseudoneuria—zlicifolia 
(=Gastropacha). 

This tribe is the restricted Gastropacha of Germar (Bomb. Spec., 
sect. 2, p. 50), and is practically the coitus Phyllodesmae of Hibner 
(Verz., p. 190), details of which may be obtained by reference to 
vol. il., pp. 450—451. Meyrick notes it as a small European and 
Asiatic group. There would appear also to be a very fair extension 
of Gastropacha into North America, if Kirby’s references to this genus 
are accurate. Kirby gives (Cat, p. 824): G. americana, Harr. (N. 
America), ferruginea, Pack. (Michigan), californica, Pack., and roseata, 
Stretch (California), a/ascensis, Stretch. He also doubtfully adds two 
Panama _ species—modesta, Druce, and ¢hyatira, Druce. Huguenin 
records (Mitt. Schw. Ges., iv., p. 30) a case of supposed hybridity 
between Lutricha quercifolia and Gastropacha betulifolia (tremulsfolia). 


Genus: GASTROPACHA, Ochsenheimer (EPICNAPTERA, Rambur). 


SYNONYMY.—Genus: Gastropacha, Ochs., “ Die Schmett.,” iii, p. 240 


(oo) oc. = Bomb. Spec. p-.51-(1812); Siphs., “* Illus. Haust.,” i, p:°53 
(1828); Humph. and West., ‘‘ Br. Moths,” p. ee (1843 ?); Evers., ‘‘ Faun. Volg.- 
ral? p. 150 (184.4) ; H. -Sch., Sys.) Deaths, ll, pz. 15O-( 1646) > oe “llep: 
Eur/ Cat. Meth.,” ed. 3, Ps 25 (1851) ; Led., es fen z.-b. Wien,’ ti abb, Dae 
(1853); Stas "Man., th p- 158 (1857) ; Spey., 6c Geog. Verb., pe 405; 
(USES) tp. 287 668) Hein, ““ Schmett. Deutsch.,” [arZ02 ee Strom, 
«‘ Danm. Sommerf.,” Bie4 (S90) Mev. <° Ilandbook,”? p.. 325, (1895):;. Barr:, 
peep rat. p. 40, pl..90, fig. i (1896); Futt, <* But. Lep.,” 1, p..450.(1900). 
negace Y-romoyx), Linn., “Sys. Nats,’ xth ed., p. 497 (1758), xith ed., 
pao 707)- “Laun. suec., Ml, p. 2903- (1761); Esp., “Schmett.. Eur.,”’ 
fies os (762) > Vill.“ leinn: | Ent..’? 1.5 p. 120 (1789); Bkh., ‘< Sys. Besch.,” 
MieepO9. (1790). Phalacna, Retz, “Gen. et: Spec.,” p:. 36 (1783). Bombyx, 
abe © Sys. Eut:,” p. 502 (1775); “Spec. Ins.” uw, p. 174 (1781);  Esp., 
ecSchmett. Eur.,” ‘iii., Peewils, 1195. 2-00(1702) 5 bib. “Wary. Rep.” ni.,  Bomb., 
Hep CIe S.0-6, V (Cire. 1800) ; itr, ;ochmett.,- :, fig. LOO! fee. 1800) ; 
p- 148 (? 1805); Lasp., ‘Ill. Mag.,” it, p. 51 (1803): Godt., “Fist. Nat.,’? iv., 
pared i622) (snell), “De Vimd.,7 1.,'p. 170 (1867), supp., p- 1142 (§882). 
Lasiocampa, Schrank, ‘‘ Faun. Boica,’’ i1., Abth. Pan 10) JUS I (1802) : Oken, ‘‘Lehrb. 
Matis, 1, p. 707 (1815); Bdv., Kur. Lep. Ind. Mech 755 Aq (ho29)ie0 “Gen. (et 
tne victin ¢p. 08 (1640); Dnp., “Cat. Meth.,” p. 73 (1844); eee = Nets 
Ak. Handl.,” 1848, p. 143 (1850); Staud., ‘‘Cat.,” ed. 1, p. 30 (1861); ed. 2, 
Hee tont) > sNolek.,-““lep: Fn. Bst:,71.,-p.. 131 (1867); Berce, “Faune Franc.,’ 
il., p. 201 (1868); Newm., ‘‘ Br. Moths,”’ p. 46 (1869) ; Curd, ‘ Bull. Soc. Ent. 
lial ville .p- 4152 (1676); Oberth., “ Etudes,’’ v:, p. 37 (1880) 5 Mrey,) “Wepre 
Selws, p. 98 (1880) > Porritt, -* Yorks: Lep:,” B 30 (1883) ; Lampa, ‘ Ent. 
Mids vi-, Pp. 42 (1dd5)5 Auny., Nord. Fyar.,” p. 65 5 (1889) ; Rihl, SC Soc= Ent. 
weap 69) (1601), Jord... << schm. N.-W. Deutsch.,”.p. 96 (1886) ; Hofm., “ Die 
Grossschmett ,”’ p. 54 (1887); Tutt, ‘‘ Brit. oe ag 62 (1896) ; Reutti, (OILED: 
Bad.,” 2nd ed., p. 59 (1898). Phyllodesma, Hb., ‘“ Verz.,” p. 190 ( ? 1822) ; 
Panny eat, 1p. O20. (nooz)\ - Grote, “Vl, Zeits, : fur, Ent.” ui... p-. 71 
(uS96). Luthrix, Meig., “* Eur. Schmett.,’’ u-, pp. 191—193, pl. Ixxvil., figs. 
4.a-b (1830). LEpicnaptera, Ramb., ‘‘Cat. Lép. And.,” p. 344 ( (1866) ; Auriv. 
‘‘Tris,”’ vii., pp. 166, 168 (1894) ; Tutt, «Proc. Sth. Lond. Ent, SOG... 1098, pp. i 
et seg. (1898) ; Dyar, Can: Ent., ” XXX., pp- 4—6 (1898) ; ‘‘ Ent. Ree. MI py ba 
(1899) ; Staud., ee Cat.,” 3rd ed., p. 123 (1901). Ammatocampa, Wallgrn., “«Skand. 
ict? Pyar.;”. i... p- 113 (1869). 


The genus Gastropacha is diagnosed (Die Schmett., ii., p. 259) 
by Ochsenheimer as foliows: 


This genus falls into several families, each of which has, indeed, its distinguishing 
characters, but which cannot well be separated, since the most unmistakable 
transitions from one to another occur. Excepting the superior thickness of the 
abdomen in the ?, no general distinctive character is to be found, unless one goes 
upon larval conditions; therefore I took the generic name from the Greek 
yaorno—venter, and zaéoc==crassitudo. 


186 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Ochsenheimer’s genus, as we have before stated, is not only hetero- 
typical but rather more comprehensive than the whole of our super- 
family, Lachnezdes. So much is this so, that Ochsenheimer himself 
divided the genus into 7 sections (vzde, anted, vol. 11., p. 449), which he 
called “families” at the time he created it, in 1810. In 1812, Germar 
restricted this heterotypical genus to the four species—guercifolia, 
populifolia, betulifolia and dlicifolia. His description of the genus 
reads as follows: 

Palpi duo porrecti, triarticulati, hirti, subcylindrici, apice obtusi. Lingua 
nulla. Antenne filiformes, (maris) pectinatae— querctfolia (alnifoliam, Ochs., 
vix speciem distinctam puto), populifolia, betulifolia, tlicifolia. 


These four species are themselves heterotypical, guercefolia and 
populifolia being congeneric and generically distinct from Jdetulifolra 
and <zlzcefolia, which are also congeneric. But, in 1806, Hubner 
had (Zentamen, p. 1) fixed guercifolia as the type of his genus 
LEutricha, which, therefore, was not available as the type of Gastvo- 
pacha, as restricted by Germar, nor, indeed, was populifolia, which, 
if guercifolia was referable to Lutricha, had to be included in the 
same genus. This left only the congeneric Jbetulifolia and zlicifolia 
possible types of Gastropacha, and we consider our conclusion 
(anted, vol. 11., p. 450) to restrict Gastropacha to this group the only 
logical one*. Aurivillius, refusing to acknowledge the authority of 
Hubner’s Zentamen, states that (/7zs, vil., pp. 166—168) guerczfolza is 
the type of Gastropacha, and, considering swberifolia the type of 
Rambur’s “fzicnaptera, he includes ¢lrcifolia and tremulifolia (betult- 


folia) therein, and diagnosed the genus as follows: 

ImaAGo: Palpi much shorter than in Gastropacha (Lutricha), bristly-haired, their 
terminal joint scarcely double as long as broad; the ‘‘ Schienenblatt”’ of the front tibize 
in the ¢ short, scarcely extending beyond the middle, in the ¢ diminutively 
small, knob-like; the middle and hind tibiz with tolerably long terminal spurs. 
The margin of the wing and the fringes wavy or dentate; the forewi ing between 
nervures I and 2 deeply hollowed out and without teeth in the concavity. 
The costa of the hindwings in the basal half projecting and very strongly ‘ ventri- 
cose,’’ then deeply hollowed out. Neuration: the transverse nervure of the 
hindwing in or behind the middle weakiy broken, sending out a weak fold that 
runs back into the cell; 2 of forewing originating very near the base, 2—8 
of forewing run into the margin, 9 into the apex, and 10—12 into the costa; 7 of 
hindwing starts quite near the front angle of the middle cell; the transverse nervure 
which closes the basal cell is much shorter than in Gastropacha (Lutricha) and 
starts from the same point as nervure 7, or out of the base of 7; of the supplementary 
nervures I comes from the base and only 2 —3 from the basal cell, but none from the 
free part of 8. Body densely hairy. Acatenme : é with moderately long pectinations, 
which become gradually shorter towards base and apex; @¢? with very 
short pectinations, at base almost serrations. LARVA: ‘The larva differs at once 
from that of Gastropacha (quercifolia, populifolia) in the simple (often also shorter) 
foot-like lateral warts, in the somewhat smaller protuberance on r1ith segment, 
and especially in the quite zaked ‘ Prachtflecken’’ of segments 2—3. PUPA 
With short hairs, frosted with blue, and with numerous clasping bristles on anal 
part. Hybernates in a soft, mealy cocoon. 

GASTROPACHA ILICIFOLIA, Linné. 

SYNONYMY.—Species: Jtictfolia, Linn., ‘‘Sys. Nat.,” xth ed., p. 497 
(1758); xiltth ed., p. 313 (1767); ** Faun. Suec.,’? 2nd ed., p. 293 (1761); ebay 
fi Sysy nti? kOe 40775) ‘* Spec. Ins.,” ., p..T74 (1761)s Vill eee 
Bint, ily. De baka) /89) 5 Laspiy SD. Miag.,”?: cine, p. 51 (1803); Etb., 7a 


* Prout comes to a diferent eenclncion: He connor that Gastropacha, 
Ochs., Germ., is a synonym of £utricha, Hb., through Curtis’ type citation of 
quercifolia, and, therefore, accepts Epicnaptera, Ramb., as the correct title 
for this genus. 


GASTROPACHA ILICIFOLIA. 187 


Seomctt..-) text p. 04) with ref. to fg. 190 @ 1805); “ Verz.,’. pp. , 190 
fetes) Ochs., 5“ Die: Schmett.,”? ji, 9 ps 240. (1810)-;. Germ., ‘Bomb. 
Serene pe st (lone), Olsen, “< Lehrb.’ Naturg.,”? 1, p. 707 (1815) ;. Godt., 
GatisieneNiats, 2 | iVe5 4, O4-(1822) 5, Stphs:, “Tl; Haust..” i1-, p.. 53. (1828); 
aeoolee, ixe. pa 3244 (185 1)5:X.4) pa 3350) (1852); Bdv., “! Bur. Lep. Ind’ Meth.,” 
peg (1829); ) Gen. etoind. Meth," p: 47 (1640); Meig., “° Eur. Schmett.,”’ i1., 
peetoe ple wixxvilk, figs. 4a — 0) (1830); Zell, ** Isis,’ 1839, pp: 279 (1839); 
moje ana Westd., “Brit. Moths,’ p. 6r (1843) 5° Dup., “Cat. Meéth.,”” p. 73 
(1844); Evers., ‘‘ Faun. Volg.-Ural.,” p. 150 (1844); H.-Sch., ‘Sys. Bearb.,”’ 
ie oneeog (io4o)si Eleyancl... Weep. Burs Cat. Meth.,”? ed) 3, p..25 (851); 
Sri Zool. 2 185i. p. 3070) loc. c7r., p. 3202 (1851); Atknsn., Zoc. czt., p. 3306 
ieg2eeed.,. <¢ Vern z.-be Wien, 7 i. bh. p74. 71853) 5 Sta. “Anns, ’> 1355, 
Temede apy (es4), 2nudred., pe 29 (1855); “Hat. Wik: Int.” m:5"p. 34 and! fig. 
(sb); Man., 1., p. 159 (1857); Part., “Ent. Wik. Int.,”” i., p: 67 (1856); Weav., 
topical pe 2 (0657); Bonney, foc. ciz., W., pp. 28, 43—44 (1857) 5 iv, p. 27 
(ie5o)sopey.) “Geos, Verb. 1., p. 405 (18538); 41, p. 287 (1802); Hein., “Schmett. 
Deutsch.,” p. 202 (1859); Smith, “Ent. Wk. Int.,’’ vi., p. 163 (1859); Baker, doc. 
cit., Vill., p. 19 (1860); Lickley, Zoc. cit., p. 51 (1860); Meld., doc. czt., x., p. 85 (1861); 
SMC Gar est CdD. 20 @lool\; 2nd eds, p. 70) (Koz 0). 3rd. ed.; p. 123 
(oom dvom. Ivlem.,.7 Vix. pn 322) (1692), “¢lms,’” v., p. 353 (1892) > Ramb., 
@zulecps wndey2) ps 344. (1806)5) Nolel<.) “ep; Bn. Est,” 1:5 pa 131 (1867) ; 
neice aun ei rane.,  Ue.op. 201° (1668); Wallem~, “ Skand. Het.\.? i, p. rq 
Uis0o) oa Niewine, << brit, Moths: p. 46) (1869); “Cura, “* Bulls ‘Soc. Ent. Ital...” 
Malley 52) (1970), Brey, °“ ep. Schweiz,”* p. 98 (1880); Oberth.; “Etudes,” v., 
PEcooO Pamoncle .DemVilinadsc isuppap. bi42 (1682) > Ereen, << Ent. 77 xvil, 
Deon (oss) ane emt. INec: cov, 238: (0895))s Iampa, “lint. ids.”7 vi.) p. 42 
(1885): Storey, ‘‘ Yorks. Nat.,’’ 1886, p. 209 (1886); Jordan, ‘‘Schmett. N.-W. 
IWeteceterceepH OO! (Sco) lolm= sc Die Grosssechmett. “Mur, 2) p. 54 (Léo7); 
inne learves Brit. Neoths;;? ui., pl. li. figs. 2-—2@ (1889); Aumiy., “° Nord: 
aera OGe (Ooo) sins, 7° Nl p.) Noy. (16o4) 4 Nuh? Soc, Bnt.,v., p 
MOM GHOGh a IMinbyn 4 Cat... ps S24) (1802))55 Mieyr.,. << Hlandbk..” p. 1325 (1895); 
Paine a MMi Ince... vin Pp. 2387 (1095) >) Tutt) << Brat; Moths,” p./62 (1896) ; 
eeLoOcm outa Wond. Hint, 0c. pp. I-—It (S98). Barr, ep. Brit.,”. ii. p: 
AO eXcyi tis (1890); Dyan, “o Can, Ents,’ xxx., pp. 4—6 (1398); Grote, 
pllliceeZelts milton, ile). 7) (lo9o) > Iweukti, -“ Leps. Bad..”) 2nd eds p. 59 
(ISQS)-. = Holzumesiccum, Retz, “Gen. Sp. Ins.,” p. 36, no. 42 (1783). | Betulz- 
Oe Sp ee SCHIMett Wie. lil, Ply vile, mes..02) — 6) (1782) 5) p.. 62 (0783); 
Dieses bese, Iie, 49. O9)(1790) 4 bib. °° Warves Wep..7? Bomib. 1.,) Vere 
Sane enn Ci7c.TOOO) FU. SCHMELE,.; I... fia. 190) (cz7¢c) 1800). 

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION*.—Jiicifolia. P. Bombyx elinguis, alis 
reversis serratis ferrugineis, margine postico albo variegato. De 
Ceehm/eminntn 401 7 o-. ) Elabitat im Sevece Cuinme, Sys. 
IGRI ined: 9. A407)... in the 12th eds)" p, S13- this descrip- 
MOnensmealteredmnto 28.) ((5.) clings, alis “reyersis, semitectis, 
serratis griseis, margine postico albo variegato. Margo inter 
dentes alz albus est. Antennz pallide.” 

IMAGO.—31mm.—52mm. Anterior wings, with projecting tooth 
on inner margin; reddish-brown, shaded with grey medially and 
towards the outer margin; three transverse blackish lines, the 
basal bluntly angulated, the second beyond the middle angulated 
and dentate, the outer, antemarginal line dentate; blackish median 
lunular mark; nervures dark. Huindwings greyish-fuscous, with two 
dark transverse shades, paler between these and on the hind margin. 
Outer margin of wings dentate. Fringes whitish, chequered with dark 
ferruginous, at the ends of the nervures. 

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—The extreme measurements of some 
40 specimens worked out as follows: Males 31°:25mm.—47mm. ; 
females 42mm.—52mm. ‘There is a distinct difference between 


*De Geer gave an excellent description of the imago (JZémotres, i., p. 233) 
of this species, in 1752, some years before it was named and described by Linné. 


188 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


the sexes, somewhat similar to, but less marked than, that 
exhibited by most of its allies. The male is smaller, the wings 
shorter, and the body more slender. Chapman notes a distinct sexual 
difference in the antenne: g. Antennz with about 42 joints, length 
6°5mm. ; length of plumules about the middle of antenna o-6mm., at 
basal portion (about segment 8 to 10) of upper set o'48mm., of lower 
o'8mm., the difference ceases to be marked about segment 14 or 
I5—-so ‘that the scoop-like arrangement is distinct enough without 
being exaggerated. The dorsal scaling consists of about two rows 
to a segment, but is quite irregular; there are scales on the dorsal 
aspect of the shorter series of plumules. The plumules carry about 
26 rows of long hairs, divided as usual into a set on each side, 
not always quite opposite each other. The plumules are clubbed 
to a very trifling extent, are sloped off a little at the distal aspect 
of the end, and on this slope is the baton spike, which is a small, 
fairly ordinary bristle. This is the structure except towards the 
apex, where the clubbing is a little greater, the shaft bends distally 
at its end, making the sloping surface point distally, and the baton 
is baton-like, very thick and short, with one small accompanying 
bristle. 9 . Length 6°omm. composed of about 40 joints ; scaling irregular, 
longest pectinations not twice as long as thickness of shaft, unscaled, 
upper ones decidedly shorter basally, hairs very much appressed, 
plumules basally rather conical, apically somewhat clubbed; they 
each carry a baton, which basally is nearly obsolete, but elsewhere is 
short, thick and truncated, and a bristle which is well developed 
on basal plumules but dwindles apically to a minute companion of the 
baton. 

GYNANDROMORPHISM.—The following is, so far as we know, the 
only recorded gynandromorphic example of this species: 

a. Left ¢,17mm.; right ¢, 20mm. In colour the two pairs of wings 
exhibit no difference, only the left (¢) side is smaller and more rounded 
towards apex of forewing. The antennz, in the strength of shaft and character 
of the teeth, midway between ¢ and ¢; left antenna distinctly shorter 
(apparently crippled). The principal mark of gynandromorphism is in the forma- 
tion of the abdomen; it is more ? in form with a dividing line of bristles 
along it, which, on the underside, is curved towards the left, just as the body 
and anus are towards the male side. In agreement with this the left side has 
the soft, woolly, erect down characteristic of the ¢, whilst the right (?) side ot 
the body has the smooth female down; the abdomen is also thicker on the 
right, and more full or swollen. Bred in Saxony (Wiskott, Zestschrift Ver. Schles. 
Ins., 1897, p. 120). 

VARIATION.—The species appears subject to considerable minor 
colour variation, and reminds one much in this respect of the 
variation of ZLachners lanestris, the extremes of colour being grey 
(in central Europe) and red (in Britain). Our British examples are 
markedly redder than most of those from the Continent, although 
some are indistinguishable, and the Japanese form (if it be not 
indeed a distinct species) is also redder than the type. In his 
Etudes, v., p. 37, Oberthiir records a g and @ taken in April, 
1879, in the Island of Askold, which he says are larger and more 
brightly coloured than European specimens. ‘These, we suspect, 
are referable to var. jafonica. It is possible that. the var. sezna 1s 
closely allied to, if not identical with, our British form, in spite of the 
difference in habitat, but one wants specimens of sz77a for comparison 
before one can safely decide. McArthur exhibited at the meeting ot 


GASTROPACHA ILICIFOLIA. 189 
the South London Entomological Society, February 13th, 1896, two 
British examples belonging to the “Fry” collection, which were 
completely banded, z.e., the area between the lines on either side 
of the middle of the wing, and enclosing the median lunule, was 
filled in to form a dark transverse band, ab. wirgaza, n. ab., whilst 
another specimen had a yellow ground colour, ab. /ufescens, n. ab. 
Occasionally one finds pale grey examples with scarcely a trace 
of red or dark grey in the ground colour=ab. fadlida, n. ab., but 
the chief aberrations are included in the following table: 

GROUND COLOUR RED. 

I. Red, almost unicolorous=ab. wicolor-rufescens, n. ab. 

2. Red, with grey or purplish-grey outer margin to all wings, small whitish 
discal area on forewings, and whitish transverse band to hindwings=ab. rufescens, 
n. ab, — 

3. Red, with grey or purplish-grey outer margin to all wings, a large 
whitish discal area on forewings, and transverse whitish band across fore- and hind- 
wings=zicrfolia, Linn. 

GROUND COLOUR GREY. 

1. Pale grey, basal two-thirds of forewings tinged with reddish, small whitish 
discal spot, outer area of all wings grey or purplish-grey, hindwings only with 
whitish transverse band=ab. grisea-pallida, n. ab. 

2. Dark grey, basal two-thirds of forewings tinged with reddish, discal area 
somewhat paler, outer area of all wings dark grey, transverse bands of fore- and 
hindwings whitish-grey=ab. grisea, n. ab. 

Dark grey, usual dark transverse lines almost obsolete, nervures reddish, 
dark discal lunule small, outer margins of all wings dark grey; the usual whitish 
transverse lines obsolete, hindwings dark grey with faint median transverse shade= 
ab. grisea-suffusa, n. ab. 

The only described forms of the species appear to be the two 
following, both from the extreme east of the Palearctic area: 

tea. Nat. s7nzne,  Grumm-Grsehm., << Hor. Soc. Pnt: WRoss.,”? xxv., p. 465 
freon), Konby, ““Cat, p..524) (1802) ;~ Aumiv., “* Iris,” vil. p. £68 (1894); Staud., 
“«Cat.,” 3rd ed., p. 123 (1901).—Varietas pallidior, rosaceo-fulvescens. In montibus 
ad Sinin reperta. 

2B. var. gaponica, Leech, “ Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,” 1888, p. 628 (1888); 
bao ©) Cat. 1p.,o24 (1892; South, “ Ent:,’’ xxxi., p. 231 (1893); Staud., 
“<Cat.,”’ 3rd ed., p. 123 (1901).—1¢, 2 ¢, coll. Pryer. The Japanese form of G. 
wlictfolia differs from the European type in size and colour. It expands 56mm., 
and is pale reddish-brown with all the violet-tinged white markings well defined ; 
there is, however, no character by which it can be specifically separated from G. 
tlictfolia, therefore I propose for it the varietal name zaponica. Yesso (Leech). 

south re-diagnoses this race (“y7., xxxi., p. 231) as “pale 
reddish-brown, with well-defined white markings, which are tinged 
with violet.” The specimens in the Leech collection measure 
(roughly)—g. 39°5mm., 9 54mm. ‘The examples have the red 
ground-colour brighter, and the paler parts of the wing more extended, 
than in the European examples. 

Ovum.—(From dead specimens, one of which, however, seems 
to have preserved both form and markings very completely, though 
Colour Cannot, Of course, go for much.) The egg is flat, z.2., has 
three diameters, each different, and also is thinner and narrower 
ai-one end. Lhe leneth is almost 1-5mm., the width 1:1mm. to 
rr5mm., and the depth r:omm. ‘The top (micropylar end) is 
larger than the other, whether the ege be viewed from the side or 
from the edge. Viewed on the side, the edges are convex, and 
the outline quite “egg”-shaped. It is o-gmm. across at a distance 
from the nadir, that, at the same distance from the top, measures 
romm. Viewed on edge the sides are seen to be flattened, 


190 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


perhaps on the upper side almost hollowed, consequently the 
widest part of the egg here (1‘omm.) is only one-fourth from the top; at 
the nadir it is only o°8mm. at about the same distance from the end. 
The egg has a beautiful arrangement of markings, white (porcellanous 
and opaque) on a darker ground (thinner and more transparent). 
The details appear to vary a little on different eggs. The top 
(micropylar end) is white, except a small circular micropylar area. 
Calling one edge dorsal and one ventral (arbitrarily and for con- 
venience), two white lines leave the top and proceed down each 
side of the dorsum, and, before quite reaching the end, curve 
round the side and meet in front. Ventrally, the white top is 
produced downwards so as to include a transverse pale strip, and 
about the middle is again a transverse white strip. On each side 
is a circle, or rather ellipse, of not so pronounced white, forming 
a sort of centre, round which the white dorsal lines curl concentri- 
cally. The micropylar area is about o'15mm. in diameter, and in 
this: width: there are about 1z cells; 2¢, roughly Gmemetcomas 
hexagonal cells occupy the area, the smallest centrally. The central 
ones are placed in a rosette of 8, and have a stellate set of lines 
at the micropyle (result of egg being old and cells parting from 
each other?). Outside this area no cells can be made out, but 
there are a number of fine dots that appear to be placed at the 
angles of a set of (invisible) hexagonal cells, often  tolerably 
regular, and varying in size from o‘ozmm. to o’o3mm. in diameter. 
Under a higher magnification these dots or points appear to be 
really very fine hair-like points (Chapman). Ochsenheimer says : 
“The eggs are longish oval in outline, white, marked with brown, 
above with a black spot.” De Geer describes them as being of 
the form of small elongated bowls, white, with some brown spots ; 
a black point at one of the ends. 

Hapits OF LARVA.—Stainton repeats Ochsenheimer’s observa- 
tion, that, “at Leipzig, the larvae and cocoons are brought in hundreds 
almost every year, for sale, to the market, by the country people who 
gather bilberries.” Freer writes (Z77¢., xvi., p. 260) that he found three 
larve in 1879 and two in 1883 on Cannock Chase, that they were 
difficult to find, reposing in the daytime on twigs of heather, pre- 
ferring dead or old twigs; he suspects that they feed at night, as he 
never found any feeding or even resting on their foodplant, Vacezn- 
zum myrtillus. Hering states that, in Stettin, he found the full-grown 
larvee resting low down on aspen. De Geer writes (J/ém., 1., pp. 229 
et seg.): ‘The larve are heavy and slow, walking little, the body 
supple and flaccid as are those of the ‘lackey’ larve. Sometimes 
the larva takes up a very remarkable attitude, rolling itself into a 
circle with the legs and venter outside, occasionally the larva only 
raises the anterior part of the body, and folds it back, resting often 
more than a quarter of an hour in this position, at other times it will 
bend the front of the body back so that the head touches the 8th or 
gth segment, and, as the larva at the same time maintains its hold by its 
prolegs, it appears as if the body were bent in two.” 

LarvaA.—Adu/¢ (from blown example). Length 1*6ins., diameter 
at widest segment (5th abdominal) ‘r5ins.  Superficially the larva 
reminds one of a dull or rather brownish larva of Cosmotriche 
potatoria, Head; Rounded, only slight tendency to square or 


GASTROPACHA ILICIFOLIA. 191 


trapezoidal outline; colour, dull bluish-grey, dead velvety-looking 
surface, with thickly-scattered, rather fine, black and pale brown 
hairs covering it ; clypeal triangle orange and black ; mouth-parts 
pale red-brown and black; antenna (rather shrunken) with the 
base pale brown; ocelli large, black, five in semicircle ( ? another 
near base of antenna). Body: ‘The thoracic rather smaller than 
the abdominal segments, of which the 4th and 5th are largest; 
subdivisions of segments distinct, the abdominal segments  sub- 
divided into 5 subsegments. The skin dull bluish-grey, mottled 
with velvety-black and some orange-red; on the dorsal area, the 
latter (mixed with some white) forms two irregular and diffused 
subdorsal longitudinal bands; these are wider at the junction of 
the segments, and it is here that the white mottlings are chiefly in 
evidence ; some rather obscure transverse bands of the red mottlings 
may be discerned near the middle of the abdominal segments, crossing 
the dorsal area; laterally the red mottling again becomes prominent, 
forming the predominant ground colour at, and below, the spiracles. 
The spiracles are brown-grey, with a black rim of rather large size. 
True legs black. Prolegs velvety-black, with some orange-red on 
anterior and posterior sides. The ventral area velvety-black, with bright 
yellow intersegmental bands at the junction of the meso- and meta- 
thorax, of the metathorax and 1st abdominal, of the 1st and 2nd ab- 
dominals, and so on as far as the incision between the 6th and 7th abdom- 
inals, so that, altogether, there are 8 intersegmental yellow bands on 
the ventral area; there is also a pale (doubtfully-coloured) spot centrally 
on the anterior of the ventral area of abdominal segments 2 to 7, 
and two smaller ones on the posterior edge of abdominal segments 
1—3 and 8. The ventral and lateral areas are distinctly separated 
by the long loose hair-tufts arising from the situations of the marginal 
tubercles vu, and also by dense tufts of short, silky, brilliant, white 
hairs at the posterior and anterior edges of each segment from the 
meso-metathoracic incision to that between the 7th and 8th abdominal 
segments; viewed ventrally these white tufts and yellow inter- 
segmental bands cut up the ventral area into a chain of large 
black patches, bordered by white at the sides, and yellow in front 
and behind. [Probably this coloration has a “startling” protective 
value to the larva when dislodged from its resting-place, as in all 
probability, under these circumstances, it wriggles vigorously, as do 
its relatives and other twig-resting larve, such as those of the 
Catocalas, etc.| The ventral area is thickly covered with very 
small scattered black hairs, too small and fine to be clearly 
distinguished, unless a lens be used. ‘The lateral hair-tufts are 
very strong and long, and rise from raised skin areas (tubercular 
bases), but these (the skin areas) do not form processes as in the 
larva of Eutricha quercifolia. ‘Vhe region of the anterior trapezoidals 
on the 8th abdominal segment is somewhat raised into a low circular 
mound, rendered more conspicuous by its dark colour. The dorsal 
areas of the meso- and metathoracic segments each bears a brilliant, 
scarlet, oblong, transversely-set spot, and the deep cutting of the sub- 
segment where this spot occurs suggests that the larva, when living, is 
able to diminish or increase its area, if not to completely hide it, 
at will. On either side of each scarlet spot is a deep, blue-black 
velvety-looking dash; behind it at either end is a wedge-shaped 


192 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


white spot, with its apex just touching at the posterior angles 
of the scarlet’ ‘spot. The dove-tail-shaped area between 
the red and white spots is nearly black. The whole scheme 
forms a dorsal pattern, which is faintly repeated on _ the 
abdominal segments, the white and red especially being very 
diffused and faint, and the black subdorsal patches being altogether 
wanting on the abdominal segments. The lateral and dorsal areas 
are covered with numerous fine scattered hairs, with .a smaller 
number of longer black ones, which I think rise exclusively from 
the tubercular areas. There is a distinct tendency for the hairs 
to form into transverse ridges as in the larve of MJacrothylacia rubi, 
Cosmotriche potatoria, I.astocampa quercis, etc. (Bacot). De Geer 
gives the following description of the (living) larva (AZém., 1., p. 229, pl. 
xiv., figs. 1—g): ‘‘zins. in length, very stout, the diameter of the body 
almost uniform throughout, except the head and last segment, which 
are less wide than the rest. The larva is very hairy, the hairs not 
very long, nor do they hide all the colours of the skin. The dorsum 
and sides of the body are tan-yellow and dark, approaching 
brown, along either side, and above the stigmata is a wide dark 
blue streak, pointed with black. Each segment except the first and 
last has, on the upper side, towards the posterior edge, two large 
white spots edged anteriorly with black, on the second and third 
segments there are, below the white spots, a black one on each 
side; the yellow of the back is mixed with black and with bluish ; 
the head is grey, approaching black; the venter is of a rich 
velvety-black ; between each pair of segments, except at the junctions 
of the first three, is a transverse yellow band; the six true legs 
are corneous and black, but the prolegs are yellowish, particu- 
larly on the outside, the semicircle of crochets on the prolegs being 
brown. On the 11th (penultimate) segment is a rounded eminence 
well-furnished with scales; all the upper part of the body is 
furnished with many yellowish and some _ blackish hairs, which 
are erect and straight, and come directly from the skin of the larva ; 
the sides of the body have, however, a much greater number of 
hairs of the same colour, which are bent downwards or towards 
the resting-position in such a manner that, when the larva walks, the 
tips of the hairs touch the surface on which the larva is walking, and 
there are among these hairs some scales which are placed horizontally ; 
the hairs on the sides of the body are placed on the conical, 
yellow, fleshy tubercles; each segment has two of these fleshy 
eminences, one on either side; but the first segment (prothorax) 
has four, and they are more raised than on the others ; each carries 
a tuft of hairs pointing towards the head. Between the segments, 
towards either side, is a tuft of short whitish hairs, which are 
bent against the venter of the body; at first sight these hairs 
appear to be white spots ; the sides of the body have many 
folds and ridges. The larve are thus most hairy laterally 
along the line separating the upper and lower parts of the body, 
and the hairs arising from these areas are directed downwards.” 
Horton describes the larva of this species, from a specimen taken 
August 3rd, 1864, near Lynton, North Devon, as follows: ‘‘A 
Bombyx \arva, apparently fullfed; length 1” 9”. Head and body 
hairy ; cream-coloured, dusted with black. Hairs on back dark, 


GASTROPACHA ILICIFOLIA. 193 


short; on sides in long white fascicles (a few dark interspersed) 
curving downwards. Head pale drab, the black atoms on it in 
longitudinal bands. On the second segment, a reddish blotch 
bordered with black atoms ; a _ series of markings something 
like the ace of clubs down the centre of the back, embracing the 
dorsal line, formed of thicker black atoms, blackest on the fourth 
segment, into which run lateral stripes of black atoms, from 
each black spiracle directed backwards. An indistinct spiracular 
line of black atoms.- Legs reddish with black spots; claspers 
the colour of the body, with a black stripe on the upper surface, 
Orange underneath. Along the ventral line a chain of black 
spots, very large and conspicuous from commencement of the 
claspers to the anal segment, gradually smaller towards the head” 
[Znt. Mo. Mag., i., p. 121 (1864)]. Hofmann describes the larva 
(Raupen Grossschmett. Hur., p. 54) as “rusty-coloured with black dorsal 
stripe, in which appear white spots.” Ochsenheimer describes it (D7ze 
Schmett., iil., p. 241) aS follows: ‘‘ When full-grown it is very 
supple, long, extended, with short hairs on the back, and longer 
on the sides, and with a bunch of hairs on the penultimate 
segment. I know two varieties which are probably sexual: (1) 
The one is rust-coloured, with two large white dots on each 
segment, which are bounded inwards by a black centrai line that 
widens out towards them; on the znd and 3rd segments stands 
a red-yellow transverse stripe dotted with black on both sides, 
whilst above the legs it is grey; the head brownish-grey, with 
rust-coloured hairs. (2) The second variety has on the dorsum red- 
yellow spots, interrupted by black transverse lines ; the spots are 
connected by a black median line, and are, on both sides, broadly 
white-margined ; above the legs stands a blue-grey stripe ; 
piewWwead is wlackorey. ‘Herne says (Sze. “nr, Zerte., 1., p. 59) 
that the larve he obtained at Stettin resembled the figure of Hubner, 
and were yet essentially different in some aspects, but he failed to 
figure it or describe the differences. 

Cocoon.—The cocoon is spun up among the foodplant, almost 
surrounded by leaves, which are fastened flatly and closely to the 
Gite parson the) cocoon, Phe latter is composed of loose flossy, 
sills pale sreyish or dirty white im colour. The imner part of 
the cocoon more closely woven, reminding one a little of that of 
Cosmotriche potatoria, the upper end being much more closely spun 
than the other. The lining of the cocoon is formed of loosely woven 
dirty whitish (inclining to brown) silk. The cocoon is of a soft yield- 
ing texture, in this respect also resembling that of Cosmotriche potatoria, 
and not firm and solid like that of Lasocampa querctis. ‘The pupa is 
firmly fixed at the lower end of the cocoon by the cremaster (Tutt). 
Bacot notes: “‘The cocoons are composed of pale grey-brown silk, 
loose and flossy on the outer side, smoother, closer and whiter on the 
inner side; a few larval hairs are felted in the silk. Of two cocoons 
examined, the slightly larger one is composed of greyer silk, and the 
grey dust, that is plentifully sprinkled over both pupe, is paler and less 
brown in this than in the somewhat smaller one. This may indicate a 
difference of sex, although the sexual organs of both pupe appear to be 
quite similar.” Chapman observes thatthe cocoon opens by a transverse 
slit that has been prepared by the larva. Ochsenheimer describes it as 


194 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


“ vellowish-white, permeated with a reddish-white dust-like material 
which also covers the pupa.” De Geer says: ‘* The larvz spin oval 
cocoons between leaves on July 8th and following days, the cocoons 
are thick and solid, made of a white silk but after they are completed 
the larve powder them interiorly with a reddish-white material after 
the manner in which the ‘lackey’ larve powder the basement material 
of their cocoons with a yellow powder. The powder gives the cocoon 
of z/ic¢folia a reddish colour and makes it very opaque.” 

Pupa.—The pupa is very striking; the thoracic segments 
dorsally and the abdominal segments dorsally and _ ventrally, 
being covered with pale ochreous, or grey-brown, loose larval 
hairs, which can be easily removed with a pin, and which 
are evidently held in place by the stiff golden-brown hairs* 
with which these portions of the pupal body are studded. Ven- 
trally: The skin is blackish-grey in colour, moderately smooth. 
Mouth-parts smooth, and apparently ill-developed, dark reddish-brown 
in colour; maxille short, moderately developed, the labial palpi small 
but fairly noticeable ; the antenne much thickened at base, swollen 
centrally, and showing pectinations by means of transverse segmenta- 
tion, they narrow off towards tip, and terminate on the costa of the wing 
at not quite two-thirds from base to apex; the second pair of legs ex- 
tends beyond the antenna, the first pairterminating medio-ventrally in. 
a line with the apices of antennz; the base of first pair of legs ex- 
panded and covering base of second pair; the glazed eye is situated 
on the outer side of a red-brown shiny rounded knob, extending from 
the base of the antenna to the base of the wing; the dorsal head- 
piece is not prominent, is supplied frontally with many stiff red-brown 
bristles, but is without the loose hairy matter which covers the pro- 
thorax ; the wings are ample, finely corrugated transversely over the 
greater part of the wing, but longitudinally on the outer margin. The 
abdominal segments are of a fine silky texture, segments 5 and 6 with 
two slight shiny depressions occupying the position of the larval prolegs; 
no bristles ventrally, except at cremaster ; movable incisions between 
4-5, 5-6, 6-7. Laterally: Bristles on frontal part of dorsal head- 
piece and on prothorax very conspicuous ; wings without bristles, 
black-grey, of a silky texture, slightly reddish-brown at base, a 
transverse series of tiny longitudinal depressions parallel with outer 
margin ; prothoracic spiracle (hidden by larval hairs) is situated in 
the incision between pro- and mesothorax, and its margin is little more 
than a thickening of the incision membrane; the abdominal spiracles 
also hidden, but after being cleared are visible on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 
5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th abdominal segments, each is formed of a double 
pale-margined convex slit placed at the bottom of a shallow oval 
depression, with a raised rim made of the chitinous material torming 
the pupal skin; each spiracle is placed on the anterior part of its seg- 


and thorax, and nearly vertical on the abdominal segments, colour bright brown. 
These bristles aid in retaining the flossy silk and greyish powder which form a large 
woolly mass on the dorsum of the head, thorax, and abdominal segments I and 2; 
on some other parts the pupa is only dusted, whilst at the junction of the movable 
incisions and on the dorsal ridges it is thickly powdered, the powder giving the 
pupa a bloom. The woolly appearance is caused by numerous, very fine, silk 
threads, similar to those found among the egg-masses of Tephrosia crepuscularia 
and 7. distortata, mixed with small oblong crystals (Bacot). 


GASTROPACHA ILICIFOLIA. 195 


ment, whilst behind it, and continued from the dorsal area, are some stifi 
red-brown bristles on the prominent part of the segment, which (bristles) 
end a little ventrally to the spiracles. Dorsally: Everything is hidden 
by the fluffy material (larval hairs, &c.) in which the pupa appears to 
be almost enveloped. The prothorax covered with long stiff bristles 
projecting frontally ; the prothoracic spiracle more conspicuous than 
when viewed laterally ; the mesothorax not very swollen, plentifully 
supplied medially also with long, stiff, red-brown bristles which 
stop short at the base of the wing ; the metathorax plentifully supplied 
with bristles medially, but without bristles laterally ; at the base, 
in contact with the hindwings, the 1st and 2nd abdominals are very 
slightly depressed; these segments are narrow, plentifully supplied 
with bristles medially, and above and behind the spiracles; the 3rd, 
4th, 5th, and 6th segments are raised posteriorly, and the bristles form 
a regular ring on the raised margin of these segments extending on 
either side behind and for a short distance lower than the spiracles ; the 
7th and following segments are more plentifully supplied medially, but 
still on the posterior portion of the segment, whilst the anterior 
portion of these segments (comparatively smooth on abdominal 
segments 4—6) is somewhat roughened; anal area _ rounded, 
with dark recurved hairs* mixed with the shorter brown ones, the 
whole forming a very serviceable cremaster (Tutt. Described 
March roth, 1896, from pupa sent by -Voelschow), ¢? pupa. 
Length :19mm., greatest width 8mm. Has a marked _ Lachneid 
outline (taking the pupa of Malacosoma neustria as _ being 
rather typical) in so far that the greatest diameter is at the 
4th abdominal segment ; 5th and 6th are each smaller, not 
so much by tapering as by each being, though itself cylindrical, 
smaller than its predecessor, and as if capable of telescoping 
into it; 7th still smaller and tapering notably ; 8th more cylindrical, 
followed by g and 10 tapering rapidly into a blunt round extremity, 
incision 7—8 thus looks very narrow, and the whole of the abdominal 
segments are slightly curved forward. ‘The tapering forward from the 
4th abdominal segment is less marked, especially seen laterally, 
till the thoracic segments are reached. The pupa is dark brown, surface 
a little rough, but, like those of many Lachneids, its minute characters 
are obscured by a felting of larval hairs entangled amongst the bristly 
hairs with which the pupa itself is freely covered in various aspects. 
The antenna-, leg- and wing-cases are free from hairs, and have a 
finely granulated surface. ‘These pupal hairs are short, stiff, straight, 
little bristles, a group of which, in two divisions, occupies the antenna- 
basal region. ‘The prothoracic and mesothoracic segments on dorsum 
are well covered by them, slightly porrected, so that they look as if 
they had had a good brushing forward, but, being very stiff, had fairly 
resisted it. It would perhaps be correct to say that the abdominal 
segments are wholly clothed with hairs. These are, however, 
only noticeably long at the posterior dorsal margin of each 
segment, extending less markedly laterally, but still very ob- 
vious on the 5th, 6th, 7th, and sth abdominal segments, and 
omeuse (5th there are some very distinct but shorter -ones 


* The cremastral hooks are absent in the pupa of Z£. quercifolia, being 
replaced by simple bristle-like hairs. Allowing for the difference in size, the hairs 
are much coarser and larger in G. 7zlzczfolia than in Z. guercifolia (Bacot). 


196 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


ventrally. These hairs are rather bright brown, and extend over 
the terminal area, where, however, they are mixed with darker 
ones, with recurved ends, which form a cremastral set of hooks 
that hold to the pupal silk more firmly than is often found in 
the Lachneids. The dark hooks are especially terminal, and may 
be 50 or 60 in number, but silk and larval hairs make them nearly 
impossible to count. The wing-margins, which meet in front for about 
2mm., are about half-way down the pupal length, then forward 
in the middle line are the 2nd tarsi, the ist tarsi, the maxille, and 
the labial palpi, which are small and short, but well exposed by 
the narrowness and separation in the middle line of the maxille. 
The oral region is very smoothed down. The labium and its palpi 
have almost a glazed surface, and are paler than the surrounding 
parts, indicating a very short ancestry for their being so fully 
exposed, the labrum is above this and the jaws (mandibles) at each 
side. In some specimens, on the cheek, at each side of the labrum 
is a prominent point, which is not the mandible. The giazed eye 
is small and in the usual position, the antennz extend downwards 
between the 2nd legs and the wings all but as far as the ends of 
the ist tarsi. The narrow margin of hindwing extends to the hind 
margin of the 3rd abdominal segment. On the forewing the neuration 
is not shown and Poulton’s line is absent. or extremely close to the 
actual margin. The abdominal segments have some pits along their 
median and anterior portions (Chapman). Ochsenheimer describes 
the pupa as ‘short and thick, blackish-blue, and here and there 
red-haired.” De Geer writes: ‘The pupa is bluish-black and drab, 
length nine and a half lines (it is remarkable that larve two inches 
in length transform into pupz hardly half as long); it is covered 
with a reddish-white powder, and is remarkable in that the upper 
part of the corselet and the head are supplied with many small red 
hairs; similar hairs are seen on the abdominal segments, but they 
are not so numerous.” 

DEHISCENCE.—The pupal dehiscence is by splitting down the 
dorsal line to end of mesothorax, the separation of the wings from the 
antenne and from the metathorax, some loosening of antennal base, 
and separation of prothorax, so that it may even be carried away and 
lost. 

FoopPpLANTs.—Various species of Sa/zx (De Geer), Salix caprea, 
Vaccinium myrtillus (Ochsenheimer), Populus tremula (Moeschler), 
Cytisus (Viertl), birch and Corylus mandschurica (Staudinger), 
Betula alba (Teich), Salix, Populus (Ruhl', apple, willow (Stephens). 

PARASITES.—Weaver notes (Zoo0/., xv., p. 5718) the breeding of 
a large ichneumon from a pupa of this species. The name of the 
parasite is not mentioned. 

Hapits AND Hapirat.—When at rest the imago sits with its 
antenne drawn back, the forewings placed roofwise, the front 
margin of the hindwings projecting for some distance beyond the 
front (costal) margin of the forewings, the hind portion of the 
wings flattened, until the whole insect appears to be excellently 
protected by its resemblance to a leaf, the grey. thoracic crest and 
margins of the wings looking just like the dust or bloom on _ the 
edge of many dead leaves that have wintered. Both sexes remain 
immovable all day, but become restless at dusk, and the female 


GASTROPACHA ILICIFOLIA. 197 


flies strongly from 8 p.m.—g p.m. (Tutt). The imagines are very 
agile, and towards the evening they fly quickly ; when they are 
at rest they place the antenne by the side of the thorax, and 
hold the head lowered (De Geer). On May 17th, 1851, Atkinson 
met with the first authentic British specimen on Cannock Chase, 
clinging to a dead sprig of heather, apparently but lately emerged 
from the pupa, and bearing so great a resemblance to a withered 
leaf, that it would not probably have caught his eye had he 
not luckily knelt down within a few inches of it to pin a small 
Tortricid moth (Zoo/., 1852, p. 3396). The occurrence of this speci- 
men had, however, been mentioned at the meeting of the Ento- 
mological society of London on June 2nd, 1851 (loc. ci, 1851, 
p. 3178), and exhibited at the meeting of July 7th, 1851 (loc. cit, 
p. 3212) by Mr. Smith. For a long time previous to this, however, 
the species had been reputed to be British, having been described 
byeestepHens in 1828°°//i/us. Ffausf., ., p. 53) and figured by 
Humphreys and Westwood (British Moths, vol. 1., pl. xi, fig. 8), 
although at the time no really British specimen was known. Almost 
directly after the exhibition of Atkinson’s specimen, Stephens 
recorded (Zoo/., ix., p. 3244) two larve found a few miles from 
Sheffield by Green, in 1850, one of which pupated, and produced a 
moth on April zoth, 1851, nearly a month before Atkinson’s specimen 
was taken, and two more larve were recorded (/oc. cit., p. 3358), as 
having been taken by Green in 1852; after which a number of 
specimens were recorded from Cannock Chase, and the moors around 
Sheffield* and Ripon, Partridge noting among those taken in the 
former locality, three imagines, captured May, 1857, hanging on under- 
sides of sprigs of heather. Weaver and the brothers Bonney obtained 
the species at Cannock also in considerable numbers (¢es¢e Freer, Lt, 
XV1., p. 260, and £n¢. Rec., vi., p. 238), and Freer himself captured the 
last recorded {Cannock example on May 17th, 1896 (Zu¢. Rec., viii., 
paso) unl records: (Soc, 2727. v., p. 179) beatme irom birch a 
pair that were 7” copuldé, when he was collecting on the Uto, and 
that, whilst being boxed, the male suddenly loosed his hold of the @ 
and fell into some faggots beneath, where he was unable to find it. 
He further notes that the meconium of the ? is of a pale silvery 
colour. Horton’s larva, from which the description (anfed, p. 193) was 
made, was taken on August 3rd, 1864, in a wood abounding with 
ipilbemy, at Lynton (2-17.17, ~1., p.-12z1). Porritt writes (Lzs7 
Yorkshire Lep., p. 30): “The moors near Sheffield and Ripon were 
formerly well known localities for this scarce species, but it has not 
been taken there now for some years,’ and he further notes on the 
authority of Walsingham that Eedle is supposed to have seen it on 
the moors at Blubberhouses in 1882. Burnett notes (Lud. Fec., Vi., 
p. 238) that the locality where Bonney used to obtain the larve 
on Cannock Chase in considerable plenty is now greatly changed, 
part is now a field, the rest a thick covert, and the bilberry, which 

* Gregson notes (Ent. Wk. Jnt., p. 58): ‘On Sheffield Moor, the locality 
for zlicifolia, Messrs. Brook, Hydes, Thomson, and myself, took many larve in 
September.”’ These captures evidently do not refer to larvee of ¢zc¢folca, in spite of 
the form of the sentence. 

+ Freer writes that he ‘‘ bred two imagines from three larvz found at Cannock 


in 1898,” and has no doubt that, though the species appears to be dying out there, 
hard work will still produce it (¢ dett., Jan. 9th, 1902). 


198 BRILISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


was the food of the larve, has had to give way to larch and pine. 
Some two years after this was written, Freer captured a male on 
the Chase at some distance from the old locality. Favre notes the 
species as rare on the arid and bushy moorlands of the lower 
elevations near Sion in the Valais. 

TIME OF APPEARANCE.—The time of appearance depends some- 
what on the season, but April and May seem to be the chief 
months for the emergence of this species. De Geer found larve 
in early July, these pupated in due course and imagines emerged 
the next year from May 23rd onwards after a pupation period 
extending over ten months; in May in Saxony and Swabia (Ochsen- 
heimer); May in the Zurich district (Ruhl); May in Wurtemberg 
(Hofmann); April and May in Transcaucasia (Romanoff); a @ 
fresh from pupa on the turf moors near Hasik, May 13th, 1866, 
specimens being rarely found after the middle of June (Nolcken) ; 
one male and two females bred in April, 1879, at Askold (Oberthur) ; 
end of April in Belgium (Huppert); bred April 20thQie5 ae aeues 
moors near Sheffield (Green ‘este Stephens); captured May 17th, 
1851, on Cannock Chase (Atkinson); two pupe middle of April, 
1856, by Boyle, three imagines May 16th (two) and 2oth (one) on 
Cannock Chase (Partridge); nine @s and one g bred March 2zoth, 
1857, and following days, from Cannock Chase (Weaver); bred a 
@ March 25th, 1857, from larva found on Cannock Chase (T. G. 
Bonney); two bred early April, 1857, from Cannock Chase (E. S. 
Bonney); three bred April 25th, 1857, from Cannock Chase, one 
pupa taken April 21st, 1857, in same locality, produced imago next 
day (F. Bonney); bred a g April reth, 1358, and three weties 
between then and April 15th, from Cannock Chase (E. S. Bonney) ; 
larve August 15th, 1859, on Sheffield moors, noted as being like 
those of Cosmotriche potatoria, and an observation that Green and Baker 
obtained other larve (Smith); two gs bred rst week of April, 1860, 
from two larve obtained August, 1859, at Sheffield (Baker) ; pupa 
on Ripon moors April 30th, 1860, imago emerged May gth, 1860 
(Lickley) ; cocoon on Ripon moors, spring of 1861, produced imago 


May 18th, 1861 (Meldrum), May 17th, 1896, an imago on Cannock 
Chase (Freer). 


LOCALITIES.—Drvon : Lynton (Horton, 4.4/.0.,i., p. 121). [DURHAM *: 
Castle Eden Dene (Sang ¢este Wheeler).]|) STAFFORD: Cannock bul (We aver). 
[SuRREY: Ascot district } (Edmonds).] YORKS: Ripon Moors (Prest and Meldrum), 
Sheffield (Baker), moors near Shefheld (smith), near Ripon (Lickley), ? Blubber- 
houses (Eedle), once on the Dallowgill Moors, part of the Nidderdale Watershed 
(Storey). 

* Bankes observes that a specimen of this species was sold with Wheeler’s 
collection labelled as having been ‘‘ received from Sang and taken in Castle Eden 
Dene.’ This he considers a mistake as (1) ‘* The species is not known to have 
occurred in Co. Durham. (2) There is no entry of the specimen in Sang’s diary. (3) 
If Sang had only taken this one example he would not have sent it away in exchange ; 
if more — where are they? (4) Robson states that ‘‘ Sang only had one example in 
his own collection, not taken by bimself.”” On writing to Wheeler the latter informed 
Bankes that probably some mistake, as to the locality, had occurred, although he 
did not doubt that he received the specimen from Sang. Bankes says that he has 
no doubt it came from Cannock Chase, the pinning and setting agreeing with others 
from this locality. 

+ Males are said to have been taken at Ascot by Edmonds of Windsor by 
assembling with foreignebred females. This wants confirmation badly, 


EUTRICHA. 199 


DISTRIBUTION.—Scattered in the Palzearctic region, rare and only ob- 
served in the lower regions (Speyer). ASIA: Kentei mts.—Raddefka, 
Ussuri, Nikolajewsk, C habarowka (Staudinger), Altai mts. (Speyer), Isle 
of Askold (Oberthiir), AusTRo-HUNGARY: Tyrol, very rare (Hinterwaldner), 
Taufers Valley, Innsbruck (Weiler), Bohemia, rare (Nickerl), Chemnitz 
(Pabst), Bukovina—Czernowitz, very rare (Hormuzaki), Carniola, Bozen, Eppen 
(Speyer), Funfkirchen, Transylvania, Galicia (Caradja), Stanislawow (Werchratski), 
BELGIUM: very rare, Kinkempois, near Liége (Lambillion), Hockai, Hertogenwald, 
Campine (? Speyer), Spa (Hippert). DENMARK: very rare (Hedemann). 
FRANCE: not known in south (Constant), very rare, only known from Paris and 
Chalons (Berce), Auvergne (Sand), dept. Var (Cantener), dept. Doubs (Bruand), 
Loire-Inférieure—Missilac (Bonjour), Saone-et=-Loire—only in forests near Chalons 
(Constant). GERMANY: distributed but scattered, rare (Heinemann), south-west 
Germany (Koch), in the Hahnenkamm (Freigericht), Aix, Carlsruhe, Aschuffenburg, ~ 
Uffenheim (Speyer), north-west Germany — Biedenkopf, Miulhausen, Leipzig, 
Hameln, Ltneburg (Jordan), Pomerania, near Stettin, very rare (Hering), 
Spires (Linz), Wurtemberg, rare—Stuttgart (Seyffler), Swabia (Ochsenheimer), 
Loudet in Hardtwald, near Carlsruhe, the Palatinate (Reutti), Lower Elbe 
dist., not common (Zimmermann), Erfurt, rare (Keferstein), Bavaria, Saxony 
(Hofmann), Munich, very rare in gardens in the town (Kranz), Rudolstadt, 
extremely rare (Meurer), Dresden, very rare (Steinert), Thuringia, distributed but 
very rare—Sondershausen, Coburg, Berlach, near Gotha, etc. (Krieghoff), Hirzberg, 
etc. (Knapp), Prussia—not very rare, Dantzig, Konigsberg (Schmidt), Silesia—on 
the Zobten (Prittwitz), Upper Lusatia, rare—Gorlitz (Moeschler), Nassau (Rossler), 
Bavaria, Saxony, Waldenburg mtns., Ratisbor (Hoffmann), Ingolstadt. rare Schrank). 
Iraty: northern Italy, rare—Liguria (Curd). NETHERLANDS: not common — Breda, 
Maastricht (Heylaerts). RussIA : southern Russia (Moeschler), Baltic Provinces—on 
the moorlands of the whole district Groesen, Riga, Kokenhusen, Hasik (Nolcken), 
Dorpat, etc. (Sintenis), Livonia (Teich), Moscow dist. (Albrecht), Volga dist., 
very rare (Eversmann), St. Petersburg (Erschoff;, Transcaucasia—Borjom (Romanoft), 
wohl kaum von Sarepta, aber sicher aus dem Ural (Caradja). Spain (Hofmann). 
SCANDINAVIA: rare, northern limit 62° 30’ (Aurivillius), Anneberg in Smoland, 
Gusum in East Gothland, Horsa in Helsingland, Stockholm, Norway—Christiania, 
Odalen, Naes Vaerk (Siebke), Sweden, eastern parts, rare, Scania—Helsingland, 
Norway—southern and central parts, Romsdalen, Finland—southern and eastern 
parts, Oecesterbotten (Lampa). SWITZERLAND: rare (Frey), Bern (Réatzer), 
Schipfen (Rothenbach), Oftringen in Aargau (Wullschlegel), Ztirich dist. very rare 
(Rihl), Grisons—Chur, Bergell (Killias), Valais, very rare, in the wooded and dry 
parts of the lower region—near Sion (Favre and Wullschlegel). 


Genus: EutTRIcHA, Hiibner. 


SYNONYMY.—Genus: Hutricha, Hb., ‘‘ Tent.,”’ p. 1 (1806); Dyar, ‘‘ Can. 
at). XXx.. pp-4-0 (1698); Putt, “Proc. Sth. Lond. Ent..Soc.,’’. 1898, pp. 4-5 
(1898) ; ‘‘ Brit. Lep.,”’ ii., pp. 449, 450, 451 (1900); Grote, “Ill. Zeits. fir Ent.,”’ ii., 
p- 71 (1898) ; Bacot, ‘‘ Tutt’s Brit. Lep.,’’ 11., p. 439 (1900). Phalaena-Bombyx, Linn., 
“< Sys. Nat.,” xth ed., p. 497 (1758) ; xlithed., p. 812 (1767) ; ‘‘ Faun. Suec.,” 2nd ed., 
p.293 (F701); Peda, ‘* Ins. Misi. Greec.,” p- o4, pl. it. fig. 7 (i761); Mull’, <<Fu, 
iade p30 (1.762)=)<°Zeol:Dan. Prod:,” p: 187 (4776) 5 Vill., (elemn. ents,” ny, 
p. 120 (1789) ; Bk, “Sys. besch.."” ui; sp. (63° (1790). Phalaena, Scop., «Ent. 
Carn., Gs 193) (4 763) ; Hin.,.“* Berl: Mag.,” li., pp. 394,428 (1766) ; Meyer, ‘‘ Fuess. 
aap. 209 (07 70); xGeon., . <* Fourc: Ent. Par.,”’ p. 261 (1785). Bombyx, 
Fab., aa Eut.,”? ps 561 (1775) 3 qos Specs AUS; lisp: 574 (1701) > “Mant. Ins.,”” 
i. p. Iii (1787 ) ; ‘Ent. Sys.,”’ lil., 1, p. 420 (1 1793) 3 | [Schiff.,] ‘*Schmett. Wien,’ 
p56: (1775) ae “ Schmett. Kur.,” iii. pl. vi., figs. 3-7., pl. vi a, figs. 1-2, p. 
56 (1782) ; Hb., ea aby Acepe, Tis, Bomb. TBs Vere S. a—b (etre. 1800) ; « Eur. 
Schmett.,” figs. 187-188 (c7rc. 1800) ; text.cp. 147. (cre. 1805) 3 Til; “Sys. Verz. 
Wien,” n. Ausg., i., p. 103 (1801); Schrk., ‘‘ Fauna Boica,”’ i1., 1, p. 270 (1801) ; 
Rowe sep brit...) p05 (1608) ;-Eate, “Gen. Crust. et. Ins.,’” tv, p. 269 
(1809) ; ‘< Consid. Gén.,” p. 362 (1810) ; Leach, ‘« Edinb. Ency.,” ix., p. 132 (1815) ; 
ade tists NAL. vl. p.. 70) (1622); Snell. De Vimd.,”. p. 161 (1867); 
Lasiocampa, Schrk., ‘‘ Fauna Boica,”’ i1., Abth. 2, p. 154 (1802) ; Latr., ‘‘ Gen.,” iv., p. 
219 (1809); Oken, ‘‘ Lehrb. Naturg.,”’i., p. 706 (1815) ; Bdv., “ Eur. Lep. Ind. Meth.,”’ 
peat 0820) =) Neon, Chen.,”” pl. vi., fe. 1 (circ. 1840); “Gen. et Ind) Meth.,” 
72 (1340); Dup., “Cat. Méth..” p. 73 (1844) ; Staud., “Cats, tSt ed... Ds 40 

(1861); 2nd ed., p- 69 (1871); Berce, ‘“ Faun. Franc. +5, lic, Pp. 2007(1668) ; INolele, 
ee. Fn. Estl., ? Ves Ps, 130 (1808) ; Newm., ‘‘ Brit. Moths,” p. 45 (1869) ; Cuni y 


200 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Mart., “Cat. Isep. Bare.,/’* p. 69 (1874); Mhill.,- *'Cat. Lép. Alp:=Miars ieee 
(1875) ; Curo, “ Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital,” viii., p. 152 (1876) ; Brey.) ‘(emai scams 
p. 98 (1880); Lampa,’ ** nt. Vids...” vi, p. 42 (1835) ;, Jord, “oSchmanunie ame 
Weutsch.,”’ p. 96 (1886); Carad., *Ins;” vii., p. 93 (1s05); Dutt, <2 amelie aca 
p: 60 (1896); Auriv., “Nord: Pyar,7) p- 05 11689); Reutti, vee Bad.,”’ 2nd ed., 
p. 58 (1898). Bombix, Scop., ‘Introd. Hist. Nat.,” p. 416 ( 17 oe Latr., << Tist. 
Naty, 2. xive,p. 17g (l8e5). . Gestropacha, Ochs, * Wie Schmett., Iles Pacey 
G@iciol Gen... “ebomb! Specs mp4 50 (1812) ; Ciick 2 abit: Ent.,” Bea 8 
xxiv and expl. (1824) ; Steplis:, ‘Ill, Haust.,” u-, p. 52 (1828); (1st seaeeias 
B, Mus.,’” p. 48 (1850); Wood, “Ind. Pnt.,” p: 23, fig=53 (1829) 5 usnirmgie 
and Westd., ‘Brit. Moths,’”’ p. 60 (21841) iBNVers:, «Faun. Volg.-Ural.,”’ p. 
051) (daa) 5 H-Schi, <“Sys. Bearbs,7 ie, (ps Tos (1846) ; as ** Lep. Eun wG@ar 
WISMsy G6 BO. 5 (UKORI) 3 ISG, een z.-b. Wien,” , Abh. p- 75 (1853) 5 
Wilke Geist Meeps uins-p a4 IMS. eZeviy Demi oOn (Los s)he Sta, ‘Man... dy pia 
Cissy ig. Ramis Cate ep aasamd= 49. 1S47eu( 1oOO) mos pe. “e Geog. ‘Verb.,” es 
P2403 (1858)5 Ue pe 2e7 (0002) bicin;, a Sclimert. Deutsch.,” Pp: 203° (iSsg) ie 
Wallem., ‘‘Skand Het.,” ii., pp. 108-110 (1869) ; Bang-Haas, ‘‘ Nat. Tids.,’ (3), 
ix., p) 4to (1874) Karby, ‘Eur Butts. and, Moths,” p..186) (1660) -0" ea) samee 
$23 (1892) ; “ Handbk. Hep.;'*1v., p. 11d—(18098)> Buell’, larva eres aaa 
ploy figs., 1-16 (880) 5 Auriv., )%° Inis,’? vin, pp. 163-170 (equ y arallagee 
‘‘ Handbook,’ p 324 (1895): Barr., ‘Brit. Lep.,’” 1:; p- 42;-pl. xev (16g6)e Steen 
Sa Cates andueden pe Zee (LOOm)- ’ Phyllodesma, Hib., °° Verz.,” p. 190) (@azeaezene 
Luthrix, Meig., CUD, SE NINE at) Wigs (Ob HOM ((iiee{o)). 


Eutricha was the generic name given by Hubner to gwerczfolia in 
the Tentamen, p. 1, he having already figured the species as Bombyx 
guercifolia in his Luropaische Schmetterlinge, figs. 187—188. In 
spite of this, Ochsenheimer, in 1810, included the species in his 
heterotypical genus Gastropacha, whilst, in 1812, Germar restricted 
Ochsenheimer’s Gastropacha to the four species guercifolia, populifolia, 
betulifolia, and licifolia, also overlooking Hubner’s selection of 
guercifolia as the type of Lutricha.  Populifolia, which is, and 
always has been, considered congeneric with gwerczfolia, must go 
therewith to Lutricha, and this leaves detultfolia and ilicifolia possible 
types of Gastropacha, Germ., and these, being congeneric, we have 
already (anfed, i1., p. 450) suggested z/zc7folia as the type. Auriy- 
illius, rejecting the authority of the Zentamen, took (J7ris, vii., pp. 
168—170) an entirely different view, accepting gwerczfolia as the 
type of Gastropacha, and referring ziczfolia and betulifolia to Rambur’s 
Epicnaptera, of which he noted swberzfolia, Duponchel, as the type. 
He then describes the genus Gastropacha (type quercifolia) as follows 


Gastropacha (quercifolia, populifolia).—IMAGO: Palpi long, projecting like 
a beak, with appressed scales; terminal joint long, somewhat pressed together, 
haired on the margins. Eyes hairy. Forehead simple, with long hairs running out 
into a point. Legs moderately long; femora and tibiz with long and dense hairs, 
tarsi with appressed scales; the first two joints of the front tarsi, however (at least 
in the ¢), shghtly hairy on the outer margin, front tibiz unarmed, the ‘‘Schienen- 
blatt’’ in the g large and broad, in the ? much shorter and narrower, scarcely 
reaching beyond the middle of the tibia; middle and hind tibiz with very short 
terminal spurs concealed in the hairs; the first joint of hind tarsi shorter than the 
following together. Neuration: Median cell of both wings closed; the transverse 
nervure of ee bent, that of hindwing broken before the middle. Forewing 
with 12 nervures ; 2, 3, and 4 almost equidistant, 5 a short distance from 4, 6 and 7 
with a short stalk, 8 free from the front edge, 9 and 10 with very long stalks, from 
the front margin of the median cell. Nervures 2—9 run into the hind margin, 10 into 
the apex, II and 12 into the costa. Hindwings with 8 nervures; 3 free, 4 and 5 
with short stalk from hinder angle, 7 not far from 6, near to the front edge of median 
cell, 8 free from base onwards, much bent and united with the front margin of 
median cell by a long transverse line. The very large basal cell sends out 4—6 very 
long and powerful nervures towards the costa, also behind the basal cell a nervule 
arises from 8. Abdomen hairy, hardly reaching beyond anal angle of hindwings ; 
thorax with scate-like, smoothly appressed scales. Antenne : ¢ antenne curved, with 


EUTRICHA QUERCIFOLIA. 201 


moderate pectinations, longer at the base and gradually shorter towards the apex ; the 
outer (hinder) pectinations on the first third of antenna a little longer than the inner. ? 
antennz quite as in the ¢, their pectinations only a little shorter. LARVA: Consider- 
ably flattened, laterally w ith very strongly developed foot-like protuberances, which are 
simply conical on segments 1-3, but distinctly ‘‘ two-flapped”’ on 4-10; on segments 4, 
5, and 10 the front ‘lappet is much smaller than the hind, but on the other segments 
nearly as large as that. Low down on the sides on the ventral margin stand on 
all the segments 3-4 broad lateral dashes. The sides are densely clothed with 
long, soft, simple hairs. The dorsum, on the other hand, has only sparse short 
hairs, and has on segments 2 and 3 two large ‘‘ Prachtflecken ’’ (‘* Splendour-spots ”’) 
clothed with bristles and stalked scales, and on the rith segment a blunt  pro- 
tuberance. Pupa: Black to black-brown, dusted with whitish, with rounded 
bristly anal part, resting in a longish soft cocoon, mingled with hairs and mealy 
dust. 


The species that appear to be absolutely congeneric with guerczfolia 
are: Populifolia, Esp.(Europe), cerridifolia, Feldr. (Japan) (so nearly 
certainly a race of guercifolia that we have treated itas such), azgusti- 
pennis, Walk. (China). Inall the species, the antennz do not differ 
appreciably as regards pectination in the different sexes ( f and 2 nearly 
equal as regards pectination of antennze) a remarkable character in this 
superfamily. Frings notes (Soc. Hut, xi., p. 89) that he found a 
cocoon with the characters of &. populifolia in a locality where he 
was accustomed to take that species, but bred from it on July otha ¢ 
with the typical form of wings, markings, etc., of 2. quercifolia, yet 
with the peculiar clay-yellow colour, mixed with rust-yellow on 
the hind margin of forewings and costa of hindwings of Z£. 
populifolia. This he supposed to be a hybrid. Bernoulli details 
a case of reputed parthenogenesis (/Vouv. Wém. Acad. Berol., 
1772, pp. 24 e¢ seq.) in &. guercifolia, on the authority of his friend 
Basler, who claimed to have witnessed it several years previously ; 
but both Basler himself and also Bernoulli, subsequently experi- 
mented with the same species and utterly failed to obtain fertile 
_ parthenogetic ova. 

EUYTRICHA QUERCIFOLIA, Linné. 

SYNONYMY.—Species: Quercifolia, Linn., ‘Sys. Nat.,” xth ed., p. 497 
(i750) = xltlnedsep..ol2 (0707). <“auna Suee:,”’ ed= ., p. 293 (17 61); Roda,y< ins, 
MNOS. GRBAC? OR CME, sollbatlay imucnge GeO) Scop., “ Ent. Carnie’? fos UGB) (aoe) 
Mai <n Erid..” p. 39 (1764); °< Zool. Dan. Prod., As (1776) ; Isbin, “CIB. 
ae lie PP) 3945426) (0700); abs, “Sys. Ent. ” p. BONN 7 75) 5 « Spec. msi 
ils, Wyse Cio\s) eevlainte tne: oii, fOn Hi (1787 pS Codeine. Syst.,” iMilog 1, Ds AAO 
aN (Schiff, ll ss ochimett: Wien., es SO C75) Huey: souessna Mialgene elop= 
269 Ce 7 sp: sochmett,, Hur, » Miele oS g-7°s Dik Ving. tes. Dae Dp: 
ROr(i762) 5 Geol. Kourc. sent. Paris, YD. FIO (1785) ; Vill., ibis IME” los 10. 
120 (1789) ; Bkh., SVS ae DeSChinges Uda. pOS( 1790); “Rhein. Mag.,”’ p. 357 (1 os 
Hb., ‘‘ Larvze Lep.,’’ Bomb. 11., Verse 8S. a —d (circ. 1800) ; ee Ue OC OMELE ss lle mes. 
HevieUoon(C2rG SOO), text PawlA yg (CUxc. L605) 3° Vent.,’7p. 1 (1606) ; ‘* Vierz.,’ ae 190 
(7eo22) eles Syst.aVierz.. Wien... ml. use. 1.,, p. 1O3)(16Ol)); Schrk., ‘< Faun. 
oleaeeln 2) De 154. (tdO2) > deatie,. “rhist.\ Nats’? xiv., p. 177 (1805); “Gen. 
Crust. et sie Pe Z0OR(Usog)-) <- Consid: Gén.,” jos 4oY (EOI) Ochs -“ Die 
Schmett., bien Pe 2450 Lolo) Germ... Bomb. Spec. a 50(1812 ; Leach, ‘‘ Edinb. 
Encycl.,”’ ix. ca 132 (1815); Oken, “‘Lehrb. Naturg.,” i D. 706 (1815); Godt., ce Fst. 
Nat.,”’ iv, p. 76, pl. vii. * figs. i-2 (e225. Cat. Math. Do FR (1844) ; ieee «Brit. 
Ent., allel ooahy and re (1824) ; Stephs., “Tl. Haust.., eles 52 (1828) ; 
ae Bi. An. Br. Mus., 48 (1850); Bdv., ‘Eur. Lep, ‘Ind. Meth,” je. ly 
qus29)); << Icon. Chenilles,” ae vi., we I (cire. 1840) : SaGen.uee Inde Meth: apaag2 
(5840) Pe Micion » un.) Schmett..:/ a1... p- 19i (1830); Wood, “ Ind. -Ent.,” p:-23, tig. 
53 (1839); Humphs. & Westd., ce Brit. Moths,” p. 60 (? 1843); Evers., “ Faun. 
Woles- Ural’; 7p. 151 (1344);.H-Sch., ““Sys. Bearb:,”’ 11., p. 104 (1846); Heyd., “‘ Lep. 
nia Veet wed= sip 25 (los) leed.,. °° Werh. Z.-b. Wien,’ it. /A bly, p. 75 
ee See Mian 1s Pals (lOS7 5 sopeyers Geog. Verb.” 4:5 p. 403)7(1858) 

Bie 28- (1862) ; Teme. schmett.Wentsch.,’p. 2034(13859) ; Staud.,. “ Cat.,’” 1st 


' 202 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


ed., p. 30 (1861) ; 2nd ed., p. 69 (1871) : 3rd ed., p. 123 (1901); Ramb., “Cat. 
Lép. And.,” p. 344 (1866); Snell., ‘* De Vlind.,” p. 181 (1867); Berce, <‘ Faun. 
Frang¢.,”” p. 200 (1868); Nolck., “‘Lep. Fn. Est.,” i., p. 130 (1868); Wallgm., 
“‘Skand. Het.,” i1., pp. 108-110 (1869) ; Newm., ‘‘ Brit. Moths,”’ p. 45 (1869) ; Cuni y 
Mart., *‘ Cat. Lep. Barc.,” p 69 (1874); Mill., ««Cat. Lép. Alp.-Mar.,” p. 144 (1875) ; 
Bang-Haas, ‘Nat. Tids.,”” (3), 1x., p. 410° (7874); ‘Curd, <<“ Bull. Soc: Buta ae 
p- 152 (1876) ; Frey, “‘ Lep. Schw.,” p. 98 (1880) 5 Kirby, ‘(ur Batis apes 
(1880) ; ‘* Cat.,”” p. 822 (1894); ‘‘ Handbook Lep.,” iv., p. 118 (1897); Lampa, 
‘Ent. Pids... v., ps 42.(1885); Ruhl, *“Soc. Ent.,” v:, p...179 (160n)s- onan 
“Schm. N.-W. Deutsch.,’’ p. 96 (1886); Buckler, ‘‘ Larvze,’’ etc., iii., pl. li., figs. 1 
Ia, 16 (1889); Auriv., ‘Nord. Fjar.,” p. 65 (1889) ; “ Iris,” vii., pp. 168-170 (1894) ; 
Carad,,* ‘‘Ins,’’ vili.; p. 93 (1895); Meyr., “Handbook,” ete: -p. 324:(1s@5) autem 
‘Brit. Moths,” p: 61 (1896); ‘* Proc. Sth. Lond, Ent. -Soc.,”7 1805) qppsea—am 
(1898); Barr., “ But. Lep.,” a., p. 42, pl. xev (1896); Dyar, ‘Can Hmte gece 
p. 6+(7898) 3 ‘Grote; ““Ilus: Zeits.) fur Jent.,? im), p. 71 (1898) ;) heueeeee ieee 
Baden,” 2nd ed., p. 58 (1898). Dentata, Scop., ‘‘Introd. Hist. Nat.,”’ p. 416 
(1777). Quercifolium, Schrank, ‘‘ Fauna Boica,” ii., 1, p.270 (1801). Quercifolius, 
awee Sep. Bilt...) py 9571603) ; 

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.—Quercifolia. P. Bombyx elinguis, alis 
reversis dentatis ferrugineis margine postico nigris. Alb., /ms., 1., 
t. 16: Merian, £w7., ist. 17; Frisch, /ys..°3, t 1, 1. 39) eee 
Ins., 2; t.23.; Roes., (vs. 1, phal. 2, t. 413 Wilk. fap, 27 ieee 
Habitat in Salice, Pruno spinosa, Pyro, Gramine. Larva subcaudata, 
pilosa, ferruginea, collaribus czruleis (Linné, Syst. (Vaturae, xth ed., 
p. 497). This Linné later modifies to: ‘ Alis reversis semitectis 
dentatis. . . . Antenne brevissime fusce. Palpi porrecti” (df. 
Cit emitine ECs, eno 1e2)): 

Imaco.—48mm.—1ozmm. Anterior wings deep purplish-brown ; 
the outer margin dentate, the inner wavy ; blackish towards the costa, 
redder towards the inner margin ; with three transverse blackish-grey 
waved lines, one basal and angulated, the second angulated and 
dentate, the outer dentate; a blackish median lunular mark; the 
nervures darker than ground colour. Posterior wings similarly 
coloured to forewings; three ill-developed transverse shades; the 
outer margin dentate. Head, thorax and abdomen deep red-brown. 

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—The extreme measurements of some 50 
specimens gave: gs 48mm.—79mm.; females 73°5mm.—r1ozmm., 
Except in size, the sexual difference is very small, and even in this 
particular the large males have often almost as great a wing-expanse 
as the average-sized females, ‘The latter, however, are usually larger, 
and altogether more bulky. Réaumur notes that “ the male only 
differs from the female in being smaller, and in the brown colour of 
the wings having some black wavy lines which are less marked 
in the wings of the female.” Chapman notes of the antenne: ¢@. 
About romm. long, but with a curve that leaves measure doubtful, 
of some 60 joints; dorsal scaling irregular, but showing each segment. 
The plumules of the pectination show a specialisation that seems 
common in the Eutrichids—zzz., the lower set of plumules, at least 
for the basal half of the antenna, are longer than the upper ones, 
and their portion ot the antenna forms a sort of scoop, directed 
forwards. This is not very pronounced in £. guercifolia, but the 
longer are 1*2mm. long, the shorter opposite them o-8mm. ‘The longer 
carry about 50 transverse rows of hairs, three or four on either side, 
and the half-rows not always quite opposite each other. There 
is no terminal thickening, but the one side is straight, the other 
curved over at the end. There are three or four stronger bristles 
at or near the end, but the strong spike seen in the antenna 


EUTRICHA QUERCIFOLIA. 208 


of Macrothylacia rubi or Cosmotriche potatoria is represented by a 
very short baton about one-fourth the length of the bristles and not 
twice its thickness in length. There is, however, an important 
primitive character shown, for, instead of the dorsa of the plumules 
being naked, as is the rule in Lachneids, and as is the case also 
in this species in the lower set and the further of the upper 
(or shorter set), the dorsa of 24 joints, at least, nearest the base 
of the antenna, carry very long dark scales. The scales are pointed 
at their attachments, to which they narrow very regularly from their 
not very broad apices, being thus long narrow triangles. They 
are most abundant at the ends of the plumules, and are but 
one row towards their base, and appear to be rather fugitive, 
so that some are obviously missing how many being doubtful. 
@. About 58 segments, length 9mm.—r1omm. The character 
of the pectination approaches that of the g much more than 
in most Lachneids. The longer pectinations are about 1°3mm., 
the shorter about o'65mm. in length. The upper ones are 
shorter throughout, but not markedly for the distal half of the 
antenne. The short plumules carry scales as in the g¢. The 
hairs of the plumules are much shorter and fewer than in the g, 
but very similarly disposed. The short terminal batons are about 
half the length of the accompanying bristles. 

GYNANDROMORPHISM.—The following are the records we are 
able to find of gynandromorphous examples of this species : 

a. & left, ¢ right. Body on right side with ?, left side with ¢_ genitalia. 
Wings of ¢ side smaller. Antennz equal in length, the ¢ thicker. Body from 
above to beneath divided by a sharp line. Head strikingly oblique; ¢ side more 
arched, the eyes larger. Abdomen on the ¢ side more extended, thinner haired, 
with more perceptible segments; ¢ side more slender, somewhat bent in, more 
strongly haired, with anal hairs. Middle line with erect hairs on the shaiply-marked 
suture. On the anus some points visible as ‘‘rod’’ (Rute), on each side thereof a 
small, rounded, brown, corneous plate as in the ¢. Hind margin broadly truncated 
asinthe ¢. Internally on the @? side a twisted ‘‘egg-bag”’ with 18 normal eggs ; 
* on the ¢ side 2 testicles connected by a passage. Bred. In the Berlin Museum.-— 
Klug, Verh., p. 368; Klug, Yahrb., p. 235; Burm., p. 340; Rudolphi, p. 55. 

B. Left side g, right ¢. Size of the wings differs greatly. Left side ¢. 
In form the wings agree with both sexes ; the colour is uniform, but the ¢ side has 
sharply marked bands. Antennze equal in length, that of the ¢ thicker. Abdomen 
with the left side thin and more slender than the right, which is stout and swollen. 
Terminal end crooked towards the left side. Bred in Offenbach. In Wiskott coll. . 
Breslau (Wiskott, Festschr. Schles. Ver, Ins., 1897, p. 120). 

y. An apparent ?, containing eggs, but with one ¢g antenna (Dorfmeister, 
Mitt. Stetermark, 1v., p. 70). 

VARIATION.—The variation of this species is comparatively 
great; in colour the British examples vary from a delicate ochreous, 
with a distinct rosy tinge, to a deep purple, with intermediate forms 
of ochreous-red, red-brown, and reddish-purple. Besides these, some 
examples are very richly tinged with a grey bloom, whilst other 
examples are entirely greyish in tone, and these are usually rather 
poorly scaled. Knaggs records a curiously pale specimen aimost 
albino. James notes that of 20 bred from Waldringfield, the 2s varied 
considerably, one being of quite a greyish tint, another with the 
colour of the male, whilst two or three others are more or less suffused 
with the same coloration. Chapman notes that in Constant’s 
collection the specimens labelled a/nzfolia, from central France, are 
much darker than usual], and the purple bloom is so pronounced 


204 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


that the colour is deep purple-blue rather than red. It occasionally 
happens that very small specimens (ab. /oegez, Heu., especially g's) 
are. ‘occasionally caught and “more frequently bred iimesa 
appears also to be some difference between the size of specimens 
bred from various localities, probably, though, induced by artificial 
conditions of life in confinement, ¢.g., three New Forest gs vary 
from 2.9 —3 ,and six from Chelmsford from 2’.3”—2".6". D’Aubuisson 
twice bred small examples as a second brood (Caradja).- Warren 
notes that in 1885 he bred an imago from Wicken, which is almost 
exactly the same by reason of its colour as that of its smaller but 
rarer relative, G. zecofolia. Gauckler records (//lus. Woch. fiir Ent., ii., 
p. 85) an example in which the hindwings had a_ semicircular 
concavity, as if a piece had been taken out of the anal angle of each 
hindwing (ab. zzcompleta, n. ab.) He further notes (doc. cit, p. 143) 
very large larve of £. guercefolia tound near Vienna, June 24th, 1896, one 
of which was 155mm. in length, others equally large were taken in 1889 
and 1891, two females bred from which measured roomm.—120mm. in 
expanse (ab. major, n. ab.) Eversmann describes two forms from the 
Volgo-Ural district: «- Brunnea seu fusco-cuprea. 3. Brunneo- 
fulva. Staudinger notes seven specimens from Saisan, of medium 
size, the wings rather hght red-brown with yellow fringes, which 
rather rarely occurs in Germany. On the forewings the dark outer 
transverse line is almost entirely wanting, while the middle line, 
and to a large extent the basal, is black and stands out very sharply. 
Barrett notes (Zep. rit., p. 44) a very light brown specimen, and 
another pale buff with the lines and shades grey; other specimens 
are occasionally suffused with smoky-black. Leech states (Proc. Zool. 
Soc. Lond., 1888, p. 629) that the Japanese specimens are rich in 
colour, and most nearly approach the form a/zzfolia, Ochs. He further 
adds that a specimen which he himself bred from a larva found 
at Gensan is much paler than either Japanese or European examples 
in his collection. We have some remarks on this form under the 
var. cesridifolia. ‘The specimens that we have examined may be 
roughly tabulated as follows : 
GROUND COLOUR OCHREOUS. 
1. Ochreous (of same tint as 2. populifolia), without (or with ill-developed) 


transverse lines =ab. udmifolia-obsoleta, n. ab. 
2. Ochreous, with well-developed transverse lines=ab. wdmifolia, Heuack. 


GROUND COLOUR YELLOWISH-RED. 

1. Yellowish-red (inclining to orange-ochreous), without (or with ill-developed) 
transverse lines=ab. meridionalis-obsoleta, nu. ab. 

2. Yellowish-red (inclining to orange-ochreous), with moderately-developed 
transverse lines=ab, meridionalis, Horm. 

3. Yellowish-red (inclining to orange-ochreous), with very strongly-developed 
transverse lines=ab. merddionalis-lineata, n. ab. 

GROUND COLOUR BRIGHT FERRUGINOUS OR ORANGE-RED. 
Bright ferruginous, without (or with ill-developed) transverse lines=ab. 

dalmatina, Gerh. 

2. Bright ferruginous, with fairly defined transverse lines=ab. dalmatina-iypica, 
n. ab. 

3. Bright ferruginous, with very wide, dark, and strongly-marked transverse 
lines=ab. dalmatina-lineata, n. ab. 

4. Bright ferruginous, with the outer marginal area blackish=querci¢folia, 
Linn. 

5. Bright ferruginous, with well defined transverse lines, blackish costa to fore- 
wings and shaded with blackish towards centre of hindwings, inclining to purplish at 
outer margin of wings=ab. adnifolia, Ochs, 


EUTRICHA QUERCIFOLIA. 205 


GROUND COLOUR DULL FERRUGINOUS, 

1. Dull ferruginous, without (or with ill-developed) transverse lines=ab. 
suffusa-obsoleta, n. ab. 

2. Dull ferruginous, shaded with grey, especially at base and along costa of 
forewings (suggesting a greenish tinge*), more purplish on outer area of all 
wings, often with pale (yellowish or orange) marginal line and cilia; transverse 
lines well developed=ab. suffusa, n. ab. 


GROUND COLGUR DEEP PURPLE-BLUE OR PURPLE-BLACK. 

1. Deep purple, scaled heavily with black, especially over costal and basal 
areas of forewings; transverse lines ill-developed ; marginal line usually pale (yellow- 
ish) ; thorax and abdomen also very dark=ab, purpurascens-obsoleta, n. ab. 

2. Deep purple, scaled heavily with black, but with well-developed transverse 
lines=ab. purpurascens, n. ab. 


The only described forms of this species appears to be as follows : 

a. var. salicifola, Staud., “Iris,” v., p. 352 (1892); ‘*Cat.,”’ 3rd ed., p. 123 (1901). 
—A pair found at the end of July on the river in the Kentei are so different from all 
my quercifolia that I briefly describe them as var. saliczfolia. The $ measures 51mm., 
the ¢ 60mm. ; the specimens are therefore much smadler than typical quercifolia. 
They are much lighter grey-brown, almost of the colour of popudlifolia ; especially 
is the outer marginal part of the forewings behind the dark dentated line (which in 
the ? stands out very strongly) Zight, towards the mzddle of the outer margin almost 
becoming violet-grey. The blackish transverse line (band) in this outer part, often well- 
developed in typical gwerczfolia, is only so rudimentarily indicated that it is as good 
as wanting. The /fvinges of the forewings are in the basal part with the limbal- 
line almost yellow, exteriorly blackish, on the hindwings they are entirely yellowish. 
The hindwings have, especially in the ¢, a thick black transverse line behind which 
in the ? stands also a faint second line. On the underside their basal half, as tar as 
the dark transverse line dirty light-grey, almost without a brown tinge, especially 
in the ¢,in the light grey-brown outer part, the dark band-like markings are practi- 
cally wanting (Staudinger). 


Staudinger further notes that he has intermediates between the 
type and the new variety from Saisan, south-western Siberia, as 
they are smaller and lighter than the type ; the form from the Amur, 
on the contrary, quite agrees with the large European type. In his 
Catalog, 3rd ed., p. 123, he diagnoses the variety as ‘‘ Minor, dilutior, 


griseo-brunnea vel ochracea. Dahuria, Mongolia (/rams.}.” 


B. ab. ulmifolia, Heuack., ‘‘ Stett. Ent. Zeit.,” xxxiv., p. 244 (1873) ; Auriv., 
penis vil, p- 876) (1894);° Staud-, “Cat.,”? 31d ed., p. 123 (1901). .Alnzfola, 
Kirby, ‘‘Cat.,” p. 823, im part (1892). — Multo pallidior, flavescens. ? var. 
ulmtfolia, Dahl, 77 “it. Besides the ab. alnifolia, O. (obscurior), this species forms 
an antithetical, extraordinarily light yellowish white-grey aberration, which I have 
seen in several collections without taking note thereof. At present only one 
example lies before me, which Herr Blauel of Osterode bred from a larva fed on 
Salix. I believe I see in this form the var. w/mzfolia, Dahl, mentioned in Heyden- 
reich’s Catalogue, 1851 (Heuacker). 

Staudinger unites (Caz, 3rd ed., p. 123) this aberration with 
dalmatina, Gerh., and gives as localities : ‘“‘ Sicily, Castile, Dalmatia, 
Issyk Kul, Amdo, southern Tyrol, etc. /ad./,; Saisan, eastern Siberia, 
ete. (7078. ).” 

y- var. meridionalis (Staud., in Utt.), Horm., ‘“‘ Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien,’ xlvii., 
p- 331 (1897).—All the specimens from Suceava and its vicinity belong to a particular 
race, which, according to Staudinger, is identical with his unpublished var. mer7- 
dionalzs, which is indigenous to the Mediterranean region and to Asia Minor. The 
examples in question (g and ¢) are light ochre-yellow, quite as in Jopulifolia, with 
a peculiar clear rose-red silky gloss. As Suceava is situated in a steppe district, the 
occurrence of a Mediterranean race is readily explained (Hormuzaki). 


Staudinger notes seven specimens from Saisan, of medium size, 


* Due to a rough black scaling on the orange or reddish ground colour. the 
black scaling being’carried to its extreme in ab. purpurascens. Here, however, the 
purple-black is predominant, with scarcely any tendency to a greenish hue, 


206 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


rather light red-brown in colour, with yellow fringes, which, he says, is a 
form that rather rarely occurs in Germany; whilst on the forewings the 
dark outer transverse line is almost entirely wanting ; the middle line, 
and to a large extent the basal, are black, and stand out very sharply. 
We have, in our collection, a similar British example (from Cuxton), 
and suspect it to be not very far from the var. mervzdionalis. Staudinger 
does not mention this form in the Caz. 3rd ed., p. 123. His localities 
suggest that he considers it a transition form to var. (et ab.) wdmifolia. 


6. var. dalmatina, Gerhard, ‘‘ Berl. Ent. Zeits.,”? xxvi., p. 128.—From Dal- 
matia, somewhat lighter than the type, the black dentated line which runs from 
apex towards inner margin is not visible, the second dentated line only quite faintly 
indicated, also on the underside the markings are very indistinct (Gerhard). 


This is probably but little lighter than the type, presumably 
light reddish, not yellowish, in colour, as is the ab. w/mifolia, to 
which Staudinger refers it. 


€. Var. gen. il., “/ocger,. Heuack., ““Stett. Ent. Zeit.,” xxxiv, ps 2a (1873) 5 
Kurbysno Cats. sp 623)) so2) Anniv MIS ce vale peel ‘u8o4) ' Stand, ‘*. Cat 
3rd ed., p. 123 (1901).— Duplo minor. ’ Quercifolia ‘has with us, in warm summers, a 
second 'brood ; in 1868, Herr C. F. Hoge of Hamburg bred a large number, which 
only differ fom the parent ¢ in their extraordinarily small size (gs "36, 2s 39mm. in 
expanse) (Heuacker). 

This form is possibly never taken in nature, in Britain, although 
an occasional specimen is bred from a larva that feeds on in confine- 
ment, instead of undergoing its ordinary hybernation. In addition to 
the small size which always characterises such individuals, Petersdorff 
notes (Lert, Ent. Zeids., x\v., Sitz. p.'52) that they appeagaum 
Germany, to have a paler ground colour, and less distinct mark- 
ings than the typical form. Belling exhibited (/oc. cz¢.) artificially 
reared second brood examples that were not only much smaller than 
usual, but were also covered thickly with plum-blue scales, the 
lunular spots of the submarginal bands of all the wings being either 
ill-developed or entirely wanting; in the gs the reddish ground 
colour is especially intense. 


é. ab.° alnifolza,.-Ochs., “Die Schmett.,” ni... pe 250. (1810) sa Gemme 
(SBombs Spee...) pae5O (Ete) s Staud., ‘Cat.,”” 2nd edi, p.. 697 (1870)5 sEameue 
P0232, (noon) Karby. « ‘Cat.,  p.. 823 (1892); Auriv,, ‘ Iris,” vii., p. 170)(tega)e 
Spul., ‘‘Reutti’s Lep. Bad.,” 2nd ed., p. 58 (1898).—The ground form is copper- 
brown; on the head and ae stands a black streak, and the epaulettes are similarly 
margined. The wings are slightly and smoothly dentated, the forewings dark 
copper-brown, on the costa, as far as to the middle, black, on the outer margin 
bluish, on the inner margin rust-brown; the first two transverse lines consist of two 
cap-shaped uninterrupted black parallel lines, the third of lunular spots with their 
hollow sides turned inwards. The hindwings are at the costa rust-brown, in the 
central part blackish, at the outer margin bluish tinged; through the middle runs a 
double black transverse stripe, and a second single one stands in almost straight 
position before the outer margin, where it is cut off “sharply and runs inwards into the 
ground colour. The underside is copper-brown, the forewings in the middle shaded 
with black, with a row of spots of the same colour before the mar gin. In the middle 
of the hindwings stands a curved black band, and near the outer margin a not 
distinctly defined shade of the like colour. I have found this variety in the neigh- 
bourhood of Leipzig, and know no transition to the other form in the aspect of the 
markings, but only in the ground colour, and leave it to others to decide whether it 
can be erected as a separate species under the name Gast. alnzfolia (Ochsenheimer). 
DISTRIBUTION. —AUSTRO-HUNGARY : Inn Valley — Innsbruck (Weiler), Eperies, 
rarer than type (Husz), Gélnitz (Hudak). BriGium: Brussels (Donckier). 
GERMANY: Lower Elbe district, everywhere on the moors (Zimmermann), Bremen, 
where only the variety occurs (Rehberg), Baden district, rare (Sptler). RUSSIA: 
Wolmar, commoner than the type (Lutzau), Moscow district, very rare (Assmuss). 
SCANDINAVIA : commoner than the type (Aurivillius), SPAIN: Bilbao (Seebold), 


EUTRICHA QUERCIFOLIA. 207 


n. var. cerridifolia, Feld., ‘‘ Wien. Ent. Monats.,”’ vi., p. 35, no. 46 (1862) ; 
ieavay, °° Cat: p. 623 (1892) ; Staud., “ Cat.,”. 3rd ed., p. 123 (1901).—Differt a 
nostra specimen ex montibus prope Ning-po allatus alis levius dentatis, strigis 
paginze superioris obsoletis strigaque paginze inferioris nigra omnino absente (Felder) 

_ Cerridifolia is a very marked and distinct eastern race, with the 
ground colour of a bright red-brown tint, and the costal margin of the 
hindwings of both males and females bright orange. The transverse 
lines are not particularly strongly marked, and there appears to be a 
tendency for three transverse shades to be exhibited—one towards 
the apical area, a second medially, the third on inner margin. Two 
worn @ specimens in the Brit. Museum collection are ochreous in 
colour. Staudinger diagnoses it (Caz, 3rd ed., p. 123)as: “ Al. strigis 
obsoletioribus, al. post. margine anter. late ochraceo-maculata. 
Japan, Corea, northern China, Ussuri (cum ¢rams.).” 

EGGLAYING.—Two eggs laid by a wild ? on the underside of 
an apple leaf, others in confinement laid on gauze in a loose and 
irregular patch (Burrows). ‘The eggs for the most part placed on 
their sides, but individual eggs vary in this respect (Bacot); ova 
deposited on buckthorn, whitethorn, and willow, on underside of 
leaf, usually two or three eggs on the same leaf, at Worcester 
(Hancock); three eggs found August gth, 1899, at Henny, deposited 
on underside of a sallow leaf, quite at the apical end, and close 
together (Ransom): the eggs are often laid more or less on each 
other, four, five, six or more in a small group or heap 
on a twig (Chapman). The eggs are laid singly on the leaf of 
Prunus spinosa, and hatch in about 14 days (Moncreaff). Brandt 
and Krancher note (Psyche, ii1., pp. 363-4) 580 fertile eggs laid 
by one ?, and J. A. Clark records the enormous number of roso 
eggs from a single female. Graber observes that the embryo during 
development is at first without appendages on the abdominal 
segments, and that when they do appear they develop only on 
those segments on which they persist in the adult. His paper on 
the embryology of this species is published in Denks. Ah. Wien, 
lv., pp. rog—162, pl. i-vill. 

Ovum.—The egg is long, flattened at top and bottom, and may 
be almost as satisfactorily described as being brick-shaped, as 
cylindrical, neither of which terms however, are suitable. Length: 
bieaden height <<: 4.3 : 22. The egg is very remarkable 
with its green rings marked so conspicuously on the white ground 
colour. These green lines pass round the egg longitudinally, 
forming a central dot and an outer oval ring on both the upper and 
lower halves of the egg. Another ring runs centrally round the 
egg, broken, however, at the poles, where there are one or more 
smaller green points. The shell is minutely pitted, each pit forming 
the centre of a minute hexagon, the surface being covered with 
a minute irregular hexagonal reticulation. The micropylar area 
forms a round green spot at one pole of the egg ; it comprises a slight 
depression, the cells of which are somewhat more regular on the 
sides of the depression, and end in a stellate structure (the micropyle 
proper) at the lower point of the depression. The egg is somewhat 
opalescent, the green markings appearing distinctly beneath 
the surface reticulation. [The eggs described had been laid 
in heaps loosely, and were received from Mr. Nevinson. They 
were deposited June 29th, and described July 7th, under a two-thirds 


208 : BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


lens.}| When first laid dull green, the white markings scarcely 
defined, the eggs evidently soft and damp (Burrows). In 
shape a_ short, rounded oval, about 1°5mm.—r1‘6mm. in length, 
"3mm. in width, and r:zmm. in thickness; slightly depressed 
on upper side, also slightly at micropyle, which appears to 
be nearer the shoulder than centrally at end of egg; surface 
smooth, with a slight polygonal pattern outlined in minute 
raised points; colour dull grey or drab, banded curiously with 
opaque porcelain-white; there is a ring of this white on the side 
surrounding the depression, and another similar, roughly oval, 
ring or band on the opposite or resting side ; a transverse stripe across 
one edge, and two longitudinal stripes along the opposite edge; 
these continue to the ends and curve round and join without 
meeting the transverse stripe on the opposite edge; a small 
ring round the micropyle and its nadir joining the parallel longi- 
tudinal bands as they narrow before forming the loop (Bacot, 
July 29th, 1900). The eggs are described by Réaumur as being like 
‘petites boules, dont la couleur dominante est un bleu tel que celui 
qui a été un peu trop épargné sur la fayence. Deux bouts opposés 
sont d’un brun noir, et deux ou trois cercles du méme brun paralleles 
entreux, et paralleles aces bouts, entourent Vceuf, ee lesneagem: 
un tres-joli ceuf, qui semble étre de fayence.” Esper figures the egg 
CSchmett. Hur. vol. ii., pl. \xxix., fig. 3) both ef naturalismesame 
magnified. 

Hasits OF LARVA.—The young larve rest on the twigs of the 
foodplant, spin considerable silk, and seem to prefer to live in 
little groups of four or five, indicating a gregarious tendency. They 
crawl backward, wriggle much if disturbed and drop freely by a thread, 
both the backward-moving habit and the ability to suspend themselves 
are in evidence until the larvee have reached the third moult (Bacot) ; 
the larve feed up very slowly until the end of October, moulting 
three times, and are then about an inch in length, when they fix them- 
selves to the shoots of their foodplant, close to the ground for hyber- 
nation, and commence to feed again in spring as soon as the young 
leaves expand (Moncreaff); they hybernate so closely attached to 
stems of blackthorn as to appear like excrescences on the bark 
which they so exactly resemble as to deceive even the most practised 
eye (Grapes); winter well along the dry leaves of the foodplant 
(Mera) ; whilst Bowles notes that in ‘‘the middle of March the larve 
are still sprawling on the naked stems of plum and_ sallow 
and looking uncommonly like them too ; when touched, they 
show their orange spots between the segments, which are now con- 
spicuous against the dull dead-brown of their bodies ; later on, when 
full grown and grey, the blue in these spots predominates. Is the 
shining of them likely to frighten a bird, who thought that that 
nice piece of rotten wood was good for building a nest? ‘Their 
protective coloration is marvellous, but when the larva is touched 
and it shows off these intersegmental glories it becomes most con- 
spicuous.” Ruhl observes that in the Zurich district, the larva hyber- 
nates in the branch forks of the fruit-trees and sloe-bushes. The 
larvee appear much given to the habit of biting one another (Griffiths); 
the larvee hide during the day, low down on the bushes, lying very close 
to the stem and so closely assimilating to the colour of the latter as al- 


EUTRICHA QUERCIFOLIA. 209 


most to defy detection ; they come up to feed at night and are then easily 
taken with a lantern, but, inthe Cambridgeshire fens, the regular workers 
get a fair number by day by passing the hand down the stems, and 
carefully examining any suspicious thickening thereon. Around 
Winchester the larvae hide low down and sit immovably on the 
stem where they are hidden by the grass during the day, but 
deeto be taken freely with a lantern at night (Hewett) ; the 
larva suns itself in the afternoon on hedges (Burrows) ;_ hides 
on main stems of blackthorn at Angmering during the day 
(Dollman) ; rests by day low down on the stems. of foodplant 
near the ground (Farren); low down on stems close to ground among 
grass in daytime (James) ; at Winchester prefers blackthorn bushes, 
on which the larveze may be found by searching, but at Wicken 
they are to be found resting on the buckthorn and sallow bushes quite 
near the ground amongst grass and reeds, and generally seem to 
prefer small bushes to large ones (Moberly) ; prefers the blackthorn 
hedges at Hazeleigh (Raynor); a favourite haunt for the larve is a 
young quickset hawthorn hedge, little more than a foot high ; this can 
be pulled open down the middle and the larve will be found sitting on 
the stems (Holland); found commonly with a lantern in the middle 
of May, 1897, when about three-quarters grown, at Titney Green, 
near Chelmsford (Pickett); larva on a beech-trunk, April, 1897 at 
Loughton, probably a wanderer (Garland); the larve will feed in 
the afternoon when they eagerly devour leaves of blackthorn, but 
also in the evening when they may be readily found in the Watering- 
bury district by the aid of a lantern (Fremlin) ; they feed vigorously 
in the middle of the day (Russell) ; rest low down, near the ground, 
stretched along the stems of bushes usually buckthorn on Wicken 
Fen (Christy); reported as doing damage to apple foliage in 1893 
in the orchards at King’s Acre, near Hereford (Ormerod); Réaumur 
notes (on the authority of Hire) a full-fed larva, June 20th, 1688, and 
four others a few days later from bergamot pear and peach-trees, other 
records relating to dates of larve being taken are :—Larve still small, 
April 8th, 1871, at Bexley, larger ones found May zoth and June 17th, 
1872, at Darenth, whilst small ones only could be taken, May 12th, 
1889, at Greenhithe (Bower) ; larva, June 30th, 1871, a g bred there- 
from July 25th, 1871, larve from Higham marshes, April 17th, 1875, 
at Eltham, November 3rd, 1875, on Paul’s Cray Common, June 3rd, 
1876, at Chattenden, June :st, 1877, on Wicken Fen (Jones) ; full- 
srown larve were found at Wicken Fen, June 4th-26th, 1880, 
larve, May 29th, June 2nd, 1892, at Abbott’s Wood (Porritt) ; 
larve taken August roth, 1888, before hybernation, at Brentwood, 
and September 29th, 1897, at Rainham; and after hybernation on 
May 25th, 1893, at Benfleet, and May 16th, 1894, at Islip (Burrows) ; 
larvz, August 1gth, 1888, at Brentwood, April, 1898, at Danbury, 
April, 1897, at Woodham Walter, September 12th, 1900, at Ful- 
bourne (Raynor); June tst, 1875 full-fed at Reading, May and, 
1890 at Hardwick 36 larve nearly full-fed, taken from a young 
whitethorn hedge at Southstoke, Oxon, on May 18th, 1890 (Holland) ; 
a few larve on the buckthorn bushes at Wicken between June 3rd 
and 16th, 1891, and larve were found at the same place until June 
16th, 1892, larve on open hedge at Emsworth, May 17th, 1894 
(Christy) ; June 7th, 1892, August 28th, 1893, at Wicken (Freeman) ; 


~T 


210 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


13 larve, May 6th, 7th, 1893, at Wicken, varied in length from 14- 
44 inches (Moberly); full-fed near King’s Lynn, May 13th, 
1894 (Glenny) ; June 16th, 1896,in Wicken Fen (W. Hewett); full- 
fed larve at Wicken, June 18th, 1897 (Kaye); larve, August 12th, 
1897, before hybernation, at Oxton (Studd); larve 2 inches long at 
Margate, May Ist, 1900 (Colthrup); larveze full-fed at Much Hadham 
on June 24th, 1900 (Newland); May 2oth, 1900, at Kelvedon (P. C. 
Reid). : 
Larva.—first instar (newly-hatched): Very short and broad, 
square-ended in appearance ; fairly large head, the body tapering 
from thorax to anus; length about three-sixteenths of an inch; body 
fairly well raised from surface when crawling ; prolegs rather long ; the 
body gives rather the impression of being of a Q-section than cylindrical. 
Head large, notably wide, surface dead black, a few fine white and 
black hairs. ‘The segmental incisions not deeply cut, but the inter- 
segmental areas distinct. Scutellum not very marked, except the 
ridge on front of prothorax, bears four large many-haired tubercular 
warts on its front, and two behind ; on the meso- and metathorax 
the four dorsal tubercular warts arranged as if at four corners ofa 
square; on the abdominal segments arranged as trapezoidals; all 
are rounded, large, and many-haired. On the 8th abdominal the 
anterior trapezoidals are very large and placed on a tall fleshy hump 
or prominence. On the goth abdominal! there are also two raised 
dorsal tubercular warts. ‘The lateral tubercular warts are—a large 
supraspiracular, a very large accessory prespiracular, placed very 
far forward in line with spiracle, a smaller subspiracular placed well 
below the spiracle, and two large marginal tubercular warts at base 
of prolegs united to form one large longitudinal wart that forms, by 
its union with the adjacent warts, the raised flange. The subdorsal 
prespiracular wart on the prothorax is very large. The colour of 
the larva is dead black, a deep velvety patch on 2nd and 8th 
abdominal segments ; slightly paler on thoracic than on abdominal 
segments, especially the intersegmental areas. A large, square, 
fleshy (red-grey) patch on dorsum of 1st abdominal. /77rsf zzstar 
(full grown): Head rounded, division of lobes distinct, small, 
rather retracted, surface dull, colour black, very hairy. Body: 
already appears to be of the adult pattern, low and wide at thorax, 
thickest at pro- and mesothorax, tapering gradually both laterally and 
dorsally to anal segment ; a fleshy cone or horn on 8th abdominal 
segment which bears both anterior trapezoidals as twin warts at its 
summit ; the lappets already in evidence; but the body is really 
cylindrical though carried very low; colour is dull black, warts blue- 
black ; two pale yellow spots present on the dorsum of mesothorax, 
one on either side, and situated between tubercles i, ii and ii; 
another pair of spots in similar position on metathorax, the remainder 
of the dorsal area of the metathorax, and the whole (or nearly the whole) 
ofthe 1stabdominal segment are pale, dirty white, and structurally weak, 
to judge by the tubercles, which are smaller than the corresponding ones 
on other segments, 7.¢., warts ii on metathorax are smaller than on meso- 
thorax and both pairs of trapezoidals on 1st abdominal are smaller 
than on the following abdominal segments ; a large part (about three- 
fourths) of the dorsal and subdorsal area of 2nd abdominal is dusky 
black, much darker than on the rest of the body area, and here the 


EUTRICHA QUERCIFOLIA. 911 


warts are stronger (to about the same extent as those on paler areas 
are weak) ; five poorly marked subsegments are present ;_ the tubercles 
are represented by many-haired warts; 1 and ii are set nearly four 
square on abdominal segments, 1 slightly the outer on thoracic 
segments; i is also slightly the larger on thoracic segments, and ii 
slightly the larger on abdominal segments; 111 is about equal toi 
and is vertically above spiracle, but at some little distance from it ; 
P?iv and v combined form a single wart equal to ii, slightly below 
and a short distance behind spiracle; a slightly larger supplementary 
prespiracular, or anterior marginal, tubercular wart (characteristic of 
the Lachneids) is horizontally in line with spiracle; there are also 
two well-developed marginal warts, the fleshy bases of which form the 
lappets ; one of two single-haired tubercles placed near each other below 
spiracle, but further torward on segment, is perhaps vi; in addition, 
there occurs on the abdominal segments a little group of 3 or 4 single- 
haired tubercles on posterior margin of segments in same plane as 
lll, On some segments these form a line or row rather than a group, 
extending upwards nearly as far as 11; another line or row of three 
single-haired tubercles occurs below the prespiracular or marginal 
wart ; the warts each give rise to a considerable number of smooth, 
tapering, generally black, hairs, a few of the lateral ones being 
white ; no skin spicules are present, nor general growth of secondary 
hairs. Legs shiny-black (August 3rd, 1900). Second ctustar: 
Head roughly trapezoidal, colour now dead grey, finely mottled 
with darker; a black transverse band present, just above clypeus ; 
the scutellum not at all distinct, the surface and colouring practically 
the same as rest of body, neither chitinous nor horny ; the body low, 
flattened, Q-section rather more marked, lies closely to twig or leaf- 
stalk, the lateral processes already well-developed on thoracic and 
first two abdominal segments also present on abdominals 3 to 7, 
not so long, but broader, and double, due to duplicate condition 
of marginal tubercles. Viewed laterally the larva slopes from meso- 
thorax to anal segment, the outline only broken by the prominent 
elevation formed by the conjoined.bases of the anterior trapezoidals (1) 
cn the 8th abdominal. The intersegmental incisions not very 
marked, but subsegments moderately distinct. The tubercular warts 
and primitive sete almost lost amidst a dense growth of second- 
ary hairs; the lateral thoracic warts are, however, still apparent, 
particularly the prespiracular of prothorax; towards the posterior 
portion of each segment are two black, slightly raised, elevations, 
possibly a modification of a pair of the dorsal tubercles ; they are 
surrounded by a faint orange border stronger on some segments 
than others, notably the znd abdominal segment ; in general 
appearance, these dark raised spots remind one of those on the 
dorsal area of the larve of Cosmotriche potatorta, Dendrolimus pint, 
‘and Dimorpha versicolora. ‘The larva is now dull dark grey, somewhat 
mottled and speckled with darker, the dorsal prominence on the 
&th abdominal velvety-black ; a black transverse band across the 
2nd abdominal segment, broader laterally than dorsally ; a black 
velvety dorsal patch on mesothorax and a small faint one on 
metathorax, these form a background for the two bright orange 
spots, one on either side of the median line, on each of these 
segments; the mediodorsal line is faintly marked on the thoracic 


De BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


and just traceable on the abdominal segments. The narrow oth 
abdominal segment has the tubercular areas occupied by velvety-black 
spots. [It may be noted that the complicated dorsal pattern of the larva 
of C. pfotatoria is distinctly to be traced, though ina modified form, in 
that of D. pinz, but is only very faintly traceable in that of Z. 
guercifolia. ‘The orange mesothoracic and metathoracic spots 
appear to be identical with those seen in larve of C. futatoria 
and Laszocampa guercis, although they are dorsal in &. guerct- 
folia and subdorsal in ZL. guercts.| All hairs—tubercular and 
secondary—are fine, short and simple. Zid zustar : Length, aster 
second moult, five-eighths of an inch. Larva very similar to second 
instar but browner ; the black dorsal spots (area of tubercles i) have 
disappeared but the elevated areas are still distinguishable, except on 
the 9th abdominal ; the dark transverse band on rst and znd 
abdominals much weaker ; the general markings and mottlings on the 
surface of the skin fainter, resulting in a more uniform tint; the mark- 
ings on meso- and metathorax less conspicuous when the larva is at rest, 
being hidden by folds of skin, the bright orange spots being the more 
conspicuous, the black between being almost completely hidden, except 
when the larva has been disturbed or is crawling ; the central portion 
of the black area on the 3rd thoracic shows traces of blue. Fourth 
anstar (Hybernating stage): Length varies from seven-eighths to 
seventeen-sixteenths of an inch; the white blotches behind the dark 
transverse markings on mesothorax in some larvae very strongly 
marked; on the 2nd to 7th abdominal segments in most larve isa 
double series of oblique white dorsal streaks, approaching each 
other anteriorly ; their ends just within the raised areas of dorsal 
tubercles 1, which tend to become dark again (these were black in second 
instar, almost lost in third). Lateral processes on the 1st abdominal 
segment give rise to a more prominent brush of hairs than on the others ; 
the swollen bases of anterior trapezoidals on the 8th abdominal segment 
distinct though weak compared with size of larva to previous stages 
and placed well forward on 8th abdominal. The following is a more 
detailed description of hybernating stage— Spzracles : Not conspicuous, 
a long, narrow oval in shape, almost slit-like in appearance; those 
on prothorax and &th abdominal segments are much enlarged; grey 
in colour, differing little, if at all, from ground colour of larve (two 
larvee examined, one medium grey and the other very dark, almost 
black; in both larve the colour of spiracles closely matched the 
ground colour of larva), surrounded by a narrow black border in 
the centre of which is a very narrow and apparently raised white 
line; on one of the larve examined this white line was wanting on 
the prothoracic spiracle. Laderal processes: On thoracic segments 
long, fleshy-looking, finger-shaped projections pointing forwards and 
downwards, bearing a fan-like brush of black hairs and more 
numerous fine and scattered grey ones; on the abdominal segments 
the processes are double or twin, and are, in all cases, much 
shorter than the thoracic ones, excepting the posterior fork of the 
process on the rst abdominal, which is fully as long as the 
thoracic ones, and bears a pencil of long black hairs (as long as 
thickness of body); the posterior fork of the twin process on the 2nd 
and 7th abdominal segments is also lengthened, on the 2nd to nearly 
the same extent as on the rst, but on the 7th to a much less extent ; on 


EUTRICHA QUERCIFOLIA. 213 


the 3rd abdominal the posterior fork of process is very slightly 
larger than the anterior; on the ath, 5th, and 6th abdominal 
segments, both arms of the twin processes are about equal, and 
they are, as are also those on 3rd and 8th, very much smaller than 
the others; on the 8th the process is not twin or double, though 
mite is a smiall process or fleshy lateral wart at a 
higher level. All the lateral hairs point downwards, and those 
at either end point backwards and forwards respectively in addition ; 
the processes can be moved at will of larva; when resting, the larva 
depresses them, and the hairs, in consequence, are curved beneath 
it, and touch the twig on which it rests; when the larva crawls or is 
about to shift its position, the processes are slightly raised and the 
hairs jut outwards from the body ; these movements are best observed 
with regard to the processes on the 1st abdominal segment which 
bears the long pencil-like tufts of black hairs ; on the other segments 
the movements are not nearly so noticeable. Oced//: Shiny raised 
buttons forming a curved row of four in front, and an isolated one 
behind. JZegs: These are difficult to examine, as they are completely 
hidden when at rest, and the larva has to be forcibly turned over 
before a glance can be obtained. ‘The legs are black, shiny, and 
end, so far as one can see, in a single hook. Prolegs: Yellow, with 
a black oblique stripe at front and back; the foot has a tendency to 
be 1-shaped, and the hooks run round the outer margin. (It is rather 
difficult to describe the foot of living larve, as it greatly alters its 
shape and appearance according to the surface and position of the 
object to which it is attached.) Venter: The ventral side of lateral 
processes is very pale grey, almost white, and contrasts strongly with 
the velvety-black of the ventral surface of thorax ; the abdominal seg- 
ments also have the centre of ventral area black, but the inner side of the 
prolegs is yellow, and the intersegmental areas are also pale (yellowish). 
It is difficult, however, to accurately describe the ventral colours, as a 
larva, when turned over, almost immediately regains its natural position. 
There can be little doubt, however, that these strongly contrasted— 
black, white, and yellowish—ventral colours are startling*, and give the 
larva a formidable appearance if it should by any chance become 
detached from its resting-position, more especially as it wriggles 
vigorously if removed from twig or resting-surface. Larval scales} : 
The larva has some deep metallic blue hairs very similar to those 
of Dendrolimus pini; when at rest nothing is to be seen of them, 
but, if disturbed, the larva arches its thoracic segments; this opens 
the folds of skin on the meso- and metathorax, exposing the well-known 
velvety blue-black and orange markings of these segments, and at 
the same time a rather formidable array of blade-shaped hairs ; as 
the larva sinks back into its resting-position, the skin folds gradually 
and the hairs are sheathed and the velvety-blue slit-shaped 
markings hidden from view (Bacot, September 28th, 1897). Adult 

* Some, if not all, of the larvze of Catocala have pale grey or whitish under- 
sides, with a black blotch or spot on most or all the segments; this, one may 
suppose, isa parallel development to the contrasted ventral coloration of the larva of 2. 


quercifolia, their habits, and consequently their protective needs being so similar ; 


the habit of wriggling if knocked or jarred off the resting-place is still more noticeable 
in the larvee of the Catocalids than in that of Z. guercifolza. 
{+ Packard deals with these scale-like sete at length (dan. Mag. Nat. Hist, 


(6), ix., p. 373), and gives illustrations of them. 


214 ; BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


larva: "ead small, rounded and hairy; of the ground colour, 
dusted with ochreous. Body rounded, hairy, much flattened 
ventrally; fleshy protuberance on each segment (in a line with the 
bases of the legs and prolegs), emitting long hairs; the 8th ab- 
dominal with a small dorsal hump; incisions and sides wrinkled, 
the prothorax and anal segment attenuated ; the whole of the body 
covered with moderately long and scattered downy blackish hairs. 
Ground colour dark grey, dusted with blackish. The incisions 
between pro- and mesothorax, and meso- and metathorax blue-black ; 
from the metathorax to the 7th abdominal is a series of pairs of 
whitish, oblique, wedge-shaped, dorsal dashes, each dash succeeded 
by a dull orange mark; these pale markings most conspicuous on the 
meso- and metathorax, and 3rd, 4th and 6th abdominal segments ; 
base of hump on 8th abdominal shaded with dull orange. Venter 
orange, spotted with black and with a series of black spots, one 
on each segment; the lateral tubercles, viewed from beneath, are 
paler, and the hairs emitted from them form a fringe to the sides 
of the larva (Fenn, May 22nd, 1875). Réaumur gives an excellent de- 
scription of the larva of this species, of which he says: ‘‘Sa couleur 
dominante est un gris de souris, qui tire un peu sur le cendré, qui 
tient moins de l’ardoise que le gris de souris ordinaire, cest la 
couleur du dessus de son corps. Le dessous, le ventre est d'une 
feuille-morte, mélé avec des taches d’un brun plus foncé. Elle 
porte sur le pénultieme anneau une corne assés courte, et de substance 
charmue, - 2. Wans la ligne qui marque le séparationm@emse 
partie supérieure, et de la partie inférieure, 11 part de chaque anneau 
un appendice charnu, dirigé perpendiculairement a Ja longueur 
du corps, et terminé par une-pomte mousse. A Sa base; seer 
appendice a moins d’épaisseur que de largeur, son contour est 
bordé d’assés grands poils roux: de pareils poils partent aussi du 
corps dans les intervalles des appendices. Les deux appendices 
les plus proches de la téte, ont quelqu’air de deux oreilles. Ges 
poils du dessus du corps sont courts, on ne les voit bien qu’a la 
loupe. Elle en a” pourtant de plus longs) et quelle “nevimonime 
qu’en certains temps, qui sont treés-propres a la caractériser; c’est 
principalement, a la jonction du premier anneau avec le second, 
quils se trouvent; il y en a aussi de ceux dont je veux parler, a 
la jonction du second anneau avec le troisieme.. Quand la chenille 
courbe sa partie antérieure en bas, les jonctions de ses premiers 
anneaux, qui sont cachées lorsque la chenille est simplement étendue, 
sont alors a découvert; elles se sont remarquer par leur couleur, 
qui est d’un bleu foncé, mais beau. C’est alors aussi que paroissent 
des poils de méme couleur, et de figure singuliere. La partie, 
par laquelle ils se terminent, ressembleroit trés-bien & un fer de 
pique, si elle étoit aussi plate, mais elle est plus renflée. A la jonction 
du premier anneau, il y a une frange de pareils poils; elle est cachée 
quand les anneaux sont autant appliqués lun contre l'autre, quils 
peuvent Jlétre, et elle -est a découvert’ quand Jes ) anicaue 
sécartent lun de Vautre. Il y a encore de ces pols simeuliens 
mais en moindre quantité, a la jonction du second anneau 
avec le troisieme. Entre les deux anneaux dont je viens de 
parler, il y a encore d’autres poils d’une structure particuliere, 
et qui mont échappé pendant que jobservois la chenille vivante, 
| N 


EUTRICHA QUERCIFOLiA. 915 


Ceux en forme de pique s’étoient apparemment saisis de toute mon 
attention. C’est dans la premiere enveloppe de la coque que j’ai 
trouvé les poils de la second espece, et leur couleur bleue, comme 
celle des poils en fer de pique, me persuade quwils sont aussi placés 
dans les jonctions du premier anneau avec le second, et du second 
avec le troisieme. Ces nouveaux poils sont des poils composés; 
isesopt des especes de poils en plume, ou en duvet, ou, plus 
exactement, ils sont un paquet de poils, qui a tantot la forme d’un 
pent) balai, tantot celle dune palme. Weux taches blanches de 
figure triangulaire se sont remarquer sur la partie supérieure du 
second anneau. On appercoit de plus sur la partie supérieure de 
chaque anneau deux tubercules roux, chargés chacun de poils de 
médiocre grandeur. A la jonction des anneaux, il y a des especes 
de cordons charnus, qui ne sont pas si distincts 4 beaucoup pres sur 
les anneaux des autres chenilles. La téte est bleuatre, et paroitroit 
bleue, si elle n’étoit pas garnie de quantité de poils roux. La peau 
de cette chenille mérite d’étre observée 4 la loupe, elle ne paroit 
@uunm rezeau.. Sa tissure est semblable 4 celle d’une éponge fine” 
(Mémoires, ii., pp. 287-289). 

VARIATION OF LARVA.—There is considerable variation in the 
larval coloration, Godart noticing more than three-quarters of a 
century since that the colour difference was constant on different 
foodplants, and Poulton has given us the results of certain experi- 
ments which point distinctly to the variation being of value in 
as much as they are capable of adjustment, within certain limits, to 
the surroundings of the larva, and thus adding considerable value 
to the protection afforded to the larva by its resemblance to its 
surroundings. Bacot notes that in the first instar there is little colour 
variation, but in the second the grey ground-colour varies, some larvee 
having white marblings dorsally, which are usually strongest on the meso- 
thorax, just behind the orange spots. Farren states that the larve, in 
nature, are well protected, for not only do they feed by night andrest by day, 
low down on the stems of the foodplant, but, when at rest—on sallow, 
whitethorn, blackthorn or buckthorn—so difficult are they to see that 
a very general way of collecting them, is to feel down the stems for 
them. ‘They are very variable, and certainly seem to have the power 
of adapting their colour to the stems of the particular bush on which 
they feed, ¢.g., on blackthorn and buckthorn, the stems of which ~ 
are black and smooth, one finds mostly black larvze, whilst on sallow 
and whitethorn, the stems of which are white or mottled grey, the 
larve match the colour ; they appear to follow this rule very 
generally, though not, of course, without exception. Prout says 
that on the lichen-covered blackthorns at Sandown some of 
them are very prettily mottled like the lichen-marked form of the 
larva of Gonodontis bidentata, etc. Carr notes that a black larva 
on buckthorn at Wicken, June 18th, 1898, produced a male 
on July 17th, whilst an ash-grey larva, on sallow, on June 2oth, 
produced a female on July 16th, 1898, but adds the suspicion 
that the colour had to do with the environment and not with sex. 
Merrin says that he has observed the larve, in May, resting high 
up on bramble branches, which their markings-closely resemble. 
Poulton, by surrounding living larve during the early stages of 
growth (the food being the same) with black twigs and lichen-covered 


216 | BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


twigs respectively, obtained results showing that the larve did 
respond largely to their environment (v7de, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond, 
1894, p. xvi). Buckler figures (Larvae, etc., pl. li., figs. 1-1@) the two 
forms that are usually found in nature. These may be noted as: 
(1) Dorsal area purple-brown with a slaty-blue V-mark (pointing 
towards head) on each of the abdominal segments, the lateral areas 
of the abdominal segments slaty-grey. (2) Dorsal area of varying 
shades of grey with ill-defined darker grey longitudinal markings 
on each segment. The thoracic segments dark grey, with two white 
wedge-shaped markings on the front of meso- and metathorax, the 
second and fifth abdominal segments dark grey, the first, third, 
fourth, sixth and seventh, paler and somewhat ochreous, a slight 
protuberance on the 8th abdominal segment. Réaumur notes the 
preat) Ciienencenini size as, sexual) theyveny, sme larve producing 
males, the large ones females. 

COMPARISON OF LARVA OF QODONESTIS PRUNI AND EUTRICHA 
QUERCIFOLIA.— When the larve of these species are from °751n. to rin. in 
length, they are remarkably alike. The chief differences appear to be: 
(1) The larvze of O. pvwnz lie flatter on the resting-surface, the larve them- 
selves being thinner and rather more slender than those of LZ. guerczfolia. 
(2) In the larva of O. prunz the caudal horn onthe 8th abdominal segment 
is very small, merely a slight hump. (3) The lateral processes are less 
noticeable in O. prumz, the prothoracic segment bearing the most notice- 
able brush or fan of hairs, this brush does not arise from the lateral 
processes but from the so-called “ ear-tubercle ”; in 4. guercqola 
the hairs from the ‘ear-tubercle” are pointed forwards and down- 
wards and lie almost flat on the skin, in O. prunz they are pointed 
upwards and outwards and stand out conspicuously. (4) In O. pruni 
the dorsal white oblique /\ marks of £. guwercifolia become round, 
whitish spots. (5) There is a white area observable just behind 
the head in O. grunt that is not observable in &. guercifolia. (6) 
The orange, black and white markings on the meso- and metathorax 
of £. guercifolia are not nearly so well-developed in O. prunz. | Later, 
the mesothorax of O. prunit bears only traces of the black, orange 
and white markings, while the metathorax has hardly a trace of 
them; the white area (noted in 5) extends to the head itself, Z. 
guercyfolia being without a trace of any such marking.] (7) The 
anal claspers of O. prwni are more widely spread and lie flatter than 
do those of £. guerczfolia. 

Pupation.—The larva usually selects a spot among its foodplant 
in which to spin its cocoon, frequently rather low down, and 
generally, in our experience, extremely well hidden, yet Fowler 
notes that, at Ringwood, and in the New Forest generally, the black 
cocoons are found on hedgebanks, where they are very conspicuous 
indeed. Holland says that, in Berks, the cocoons are generally 
found in the middle of the bush or hedge where the larve 
have fed; Forsyth once found a cocoon spun up under a low 
wall at Waterlooville, near Portsmouth; and Godwin one spun up 
on a willow tree on the present site of Addison Road Station ; 
Ransom found a cocoon at Henny on a dead stalk of Verbascum 
thapsus, about 2 or 3 imches from. the ground, on a dow 
hedgebank facing south-east ; also 2 cocoons spun among the 
inner branches of a hedge about a foot above the ground, 


EUTRICHA QUERCIFOLIA. Dlg 


Lambillion notes that in Belgium the cocoon is usually hidden 
in cracks of walls or low down in hedges, and Selys that 
it chooses a place between the branches or the twigs of the 
trees, whilst Pabst records the unusual occurrence of two larve, 
apparently normally healthy, pupating on the surface of the 
ground without attempting to spin the normal cocoon, although 
the reddish-coloured contents of the intestines were discharged, 
as would have happened had a cocoon been spun: in both instances 
2 moths appeared (///us. Zerts. fur Fnt., vol. i., p. 249); a larva 
of Cosmotriche potatoria that acted similarly is also referred to. 
Ransom notes that at Sudbury he obtained a fullfed larva on June 
2oth, 1901, that changed to a pupa on the 27th without spinning a 
cocoon, and the imago emerged in due course on July 18th. Réaumur 
observes that the fluid excreted by the larva is whitish. He says: 
‘“‘ Before the larva changes to a pupa, it excretes apparently a very 
great quantity of a whitish fluid (bouillie) from the anus, just as 
the larva of Malacosoma neustria excretes a kind of yellow fluid 
(bouillie). This dries and becomes a white powder, which attaches 
isco the body ‘or the still moist. pupa, when it first gets 
rid of the larval skin, and when the movements that it indulges 
in at that time make it come in contact with the walls of the cocoon ” 
Cui wi Pp. 1285). 9 Where Seems to) be some little variation in 
the length of the pupal stage; many authorities give about three 
weeks. Czekelius gives 20 days. Williams notes a fullfed larva found 
at Ipswich, June 12th, 1891, spun up June 13th, the imago emerging 
July 13th, 1891. Ransom observes that alarva pupated June 24th, 1899, 
and the imago emerged July 13th, 1899, at Sudbury. It may be well 
here to note that, on emergence from the cocoon (especially if the 
cocoon be laid horizontally, the imago frequently scratches the outer 
membrane of the wings while still quite soft, from which scratches 
exude tiny globules of yellow blood ; this does not usually prevent 
successful expansion, and as the wings harden, the little blood 
drops become solid and black in colour, and sometimes drop off, 
carrying, however, a certain number of scales with them; trequently 
they are immovably fixed to the wing membrane. 

Cocoon.—Two cocoons attached to sallow twigs examined ; 
these bear considerable resemblance to those of Cosmotriche potatoria. - 
(ee 2 som long, 75.1, wide and 625) im. high (or deep) at bulkiest 
pare) 2. 2°95 m- lone, rather less, than “7 im. wide and slimmer 
than the other. The cocoon tapers gradually to the ends, which 
are pointed, the lower exhibiting traces of concavity, the upper 
being convex. It is composed of stout, greyish-brown silk, with 
numerous larval hairs felted into it; the general colour is patchy 
or mottled, varying from pale whitish-grey to dark grey-brown, 
with some ochreous stains. ‘The inside is sometimes quite whitish- 
grey owing to the quantity of white powder on it. The cocoon 
looks opaque and dense, but if held up to the light is seen to be 
far from opaque, and when opened this looseness of structure is still 
more apparent; it is woolly externally, a few threads of flossy silk 
occurring on the outside of the cocoon, but smoother on the inside. 
ieee 24 cocoon 15 @ smaller, 2’ in. long and ‘625 in. wide: 
(4) @. Another cocoon, detached from its supports, 1°625 in. long, 
°75 in. wide and ‘625 in. high (at bulkiest part) is more oval, less 


218 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


stout in texture. The posterior portion of the cocoon for about ‘5 
in. is filled with the cast larval skin, the pupa completely filling the 
‘remainder, except a small space at the top. From their outward appear- 
ance, one would hardly expect the cocoons to contain such large pupe. 
The pupe are marvellously closely packed (Bacot). (5) The cocoon 
‘“‘est fort longue, et souvent pointue a un des bouts a tel point, que 
si autre bout étoit plus applati, elle auroit une figure a peu pres 
conique. La base de la coque est d'une soye grisatre, mais des 
poils entrent dans sa composition ; son tissu est médiocrement épais 
et serré ; aussi n’est-elle pas dure; mais son intérieur est entiérement 
poudré d’une espece de farine qui bouche les vuides que les fils 
laissent entr’eux. Cette poudre blanche s’y trouve en aussi grande 
et plus grande quantité, que la poudre jaune dans les coques 
des chenilles appellées livrées” (A/ém., 11., p. 284). Burrows notes 
that the cocoons are sometimes spun. very loosely, and that on June 
5th, 1893, a fine pupa fell into the umbrella without injury when 
he was larva-beating. Fenn notes the cocoon as composed of 
tough grey silk, intermixed with larval hairs, fusiform in shape, 
flattened on one side, adhering to a stem among the twigs of 
the bush on which the larva has fed. 

Pupa.—@. Stout, smooth in outline, just 1°5 in. long, °5 in. 
wide (from venter to dorsum at 4th abdominal); the ventral area 
almost straight (lying along the line of the twig to which the cocoon 
is attached) dorsally it is curved (following the outline of the 
cocoon) except that, being shorter, the curves are more abrupt than 
tnose of the cocoon at head and anus. ‘The surface is dull, smooth 
cn wing-cases, rather rougher on the other areas, very dark-brown 
or black, but colour obscured by being dusted over with a whitish 
powder that gives it a bluish-grey appearance; this powder consists 
of minute crystals, and renders accurate observation of the sexual 
organs, spiracles, and other small pupal structures almost impossible. 
The anus is bluntly rounded; the head, dorsum and anus, with 
aumerous short, stout bristles scattered and in patches, these help 
largely to retain the white powder on the -pupal surface; the 
prothorax and dorsal headpiece united (and apparently dehisce in 
one piece) the mesothorax large, the metathorax small; the 4th 
is the largest of the abdominal segments, both in girth and length 
(front to back); only a small slip of the hindwings is evident, this 
reaches to about the middle of the 3rd abdominal ; the forewings 
reach to nearly the end of the 4th abdominal, the outline of the 
3rd pair of legs shows as a raised ridge on the costal margin of the 
wings; the antennz very short, only about half the length of the 
2nd pair of legs, which are two-thirds the length of the 3rd pair ; 
on inner side of the 2nd legs are a joint of the 1st pair of legs, 
the palpi, and a short maxillary sheath ; the mouth-parts are too vague 
to describe with certainty ; the spiracles large and distinct (somewhat 
obscured by the white crystals); sexual organs not very clearly 
marked. g'. The pupa-case is thickly dusted over with pale 
powder; on portions of the dorsal area, where it is caught by the 
hairs, itis very thick ; on the meso- and prothorax and dorsal head- 
piece it is “caked” on. Length of pupa 1°25 in., greatest diameter 
laterally *375 in., and slightly more than this dorso-ventrally ; shape 
very similar to that of the 2 pupa, but not quite so thick at 


EUTRICHA QUERCIFOLIA. 219 


middle and rather blunter at anus, tapers less towards head and 
anus. Sexual organs are poorly developed, if anything less prominent 
than in the female; the antennez, as in the imagines, are about equally 
developed, being broad at base, short, rather bent, and tapering 
rapidly at or near the bend or elbow. [These are the only differences 
that I can discern; in both male and female pupz the structures 
are much obscured by the whitish powder.] (Bacot). Stout, anal 
extremity blunt, entire surface covered with thick, whitish, floury 
powder (Fenn). 

DEHISCENCE.—There is a break along the meso- and metathoracic 
suture, also along the median line of the mesothorax ; another break 
occurs along the median line of the prothorax and dorsal headpiece. 
Ventrally there is a fracture along the suture separating the antenne 
and ‘vyings, but the central mass (consisting of antenne, legs, mouth- 
and faceparts) retains its position (Bacot). 

PaRASITES. —Hellins records a bright red, very long-legged mite, 
which ran with great swiftness, and which he believed was externally 
parasitic on a larva of Z. guercifolia received from Wicken Fen. 

FoopPLants.— Salix, Prunus spinosus, Pyrus, Gramtnis (Linné) 
[the last-named wants confirmation], fruit-trees generally (Ruhl), 
Rhamnus catharticus, Salix caprea (Raynor), sallow (Glenny), 
Crataegus oxyacantha (Holland), willow (Hancock), laurel (Pitman), 
plum (Bowles), pear, peach (Réaumur), barberry (Favre), apple 
(Speyer), Salzx aurita, S. cinerea (Glaser), Sorbus aucuparia (Krieg- 
hoff), oak (Rossler), cherry, hazel(Kretschmer). In the Cambridgeshire 
Fens, buckthorn is the most favoured foodplant, then sallow, but 
buckthorn will give ten out of every twelve larve found; hawthorn 
and blackthorn are only occasionally chosen (Farren); in Kent 
blackthorn in hedges, and less frequently whitethorn. 

HABITS AND HABITAT.—Réaumur describes the similarity of the 
imago to a bunch of dried leaves, with the pen of a true naturalist. 
He calls it ‘“‘ Le Papillon paquet de feuilles séches,” and after noting 
that good observers were often deceived when they first saw it, he 
proceeds: ‘Ses ailes supérieures qui couvrent tout le corps, au-dessus 
duquel elies forment un toit, ont des nervures qui, par leur espece de 
relief et par leur disposition, imitent fort celles des feuilles: leur 
contour supérieur est dentelé, comme lest celui de plusieurs feuilles. 
Les ailes inférieures débordent beaucoup les supérieures, et ont de 
méme et la couleur et les nervures et les dentelures des feuilles. 
En devant de la téte, il a une espece de bec pointu formé par les 
deux barbes, ou tiges barbues, qui se réunissent-la l’une contre l’autre ; 
elles semblent étre le bout du pédicule d’une des feuilles. Les 
antennes couchées sur chaque coté du corcelet, et qui vont jusqu’ a 
Yorigine des ailes, paroissent étre la continuation du pédicule d’une 
feuille. Enfin, sans expliquer davantage sur quoi la ressemblance 
est fondée, il est sfir que, quand on voit ce papillon, est qu’on ne 
s¢ait pas qu il est un papillon, on Ie regarde sans se douter qu’il en 
soit un (AZémoires, i1., p. 283—284). Réaumur further notes that the 
imago is very quiet during the day, and, owing to its remarkable 
appearance, rarely observed in the imaginal state, although the larvee 
were common in the gardens and orchards around Paris. It is 
abundant at light, in both sexes, flying from soon after dusk until about 
II1.o p.m. ; we have seen as many as half a dozen dashing at 


220 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


one time around the light at Wicken Fen, and, on one occasion 
there, a sweep of the net for a large female resulted in the 
capture of 3 g specimens of ZL. guercifolia and 2 3 Cosmotriche 
potatoria besides, but usually not more than half a dozen 
will show up even on a good evening. We have also taken the 
female flying heavily at dusk over a tall whitethorn hedge, possibly 
ovipositing, and both sexes are frequently taken at lamps on the 
outskirts of towns. Holland notes a ? found on a hedge at Whitley, 
males at light of signal-box at Bulmershe railway station and at 
street lamps at Caversham and Reading. Tillyard found it common 
in 1896 at the electric lights in Norwich, and Morley has taken 
several at the electric lights in Ipswich, whilst in 1896 Agassiz 
reported it as very abundant at the electric lights of Aix-les-Bains, 
and Edelsten, at light in the Norfolk Broads. Lambillion unexpectedly 
asserts (2 ditt.) that the male also flies by day in the sun as well as in 
the evening, whilst the ? is often found resting on the grass, or near 
the ground, but we suspect this day-flying habit to be quite unusual. 
We have already noted (anfed, vol. ii., p. 476) that Todd obtained 
the full development of certain specimens of Pveczlocampa populi that 
he removed from the pupa. Standfuss notes that he has repeatedly 
opened the pupe of the latter species and of Lutricha quercifolia and 
that some of the imagines had fully developed their wings on the 
afternoon of the following day, whilst others did not undergo 
further development at all. It becomes much more interesting, 
however, to know that Réaumur had, in 1736, performed the same 
operation. He tells us that on July 15th, 1736, he took a pupa 
from a cocoon, the pupa already showing dehiscence of the thoracic 
segments, and he expected it to emerge immediately ; however, 
as it had not done so the next day, and finding that it had not the 
strength to emerge, he pulled the pupal skin from it, piece by piece, 
and without injuring it. The freed imago, in spite of the vigour it 
displayed, remained more than an hour with undeveloped wings, 
and he feared he had interfered prematurely, but at the end of 
that time, its wings commenced to expand, and in due course took their 
regular shape, and the imago (a male) assumed its singular 
attitude. The habitats of the species are extremely varied—orchards, 
gardens, roadside-hedges, woodsides, fens and moorlands are among 
those most frequently noted. Réaumur notes them on the fruit- 
trees (pears, peaches, etc.) in the gardens around Paris ; Lambillion, 
as common in gardens and orchards in Belgium; in Nassau, it occurs 
on fruit-trees, especially stone-fruit and pear, even in the gardens 
of the towns. Miss Ormerod reports the larve as doing great damage 
to apple-trees in Herefordshire in June, 1894; haunts the sallows 
on the moors and drier marshes in Mecklenburg (Schmidt) ; pro- 
bably more abundant in the fens of Cambridgeshire than elsewhere 
in England (Tutt) ; prefers fenny situations about King’s Lynn 
(Atmore); on willows in the marshes in the Mansfield district 
(Daws); frequents the salterns on the Island of Portsea (Moncreaff), 
chooses the blackthorns on the edge of the saltmarshes near 
Southend (Whittle) ; on the stunted blackthorn bushes on Culver 
Down (Prout) ; on the whitethorns and blackthorns growing on the 
cliffs in Guernsey (Luff); prefers the sloebushes on the slopes at 
Leigh, in Essex (Vaughan) ; and the stunted thorn-bushes on bare 


EUTRICHA QUERCIFOLIA. Ale) 


downs at Bloxworth (Cambridge) ; also the downs at Wilton, near 
Salisbury (Ridley); it 1s remarkable that, although it prefers the 
fens at Wicken and elsewhere in Cambridgeshire, around Cambridge 
it is quite a roadside species, frequenting the hawthorn hedges 
(Farren); also affects the hawthorn hedges in Guernsey (Luff), at 
Aylesbury (Bayne), at Dawlish (Rogers), and at Twyning (Bankes) ; 
whilst blackthorn hedges are chosen at Ipswich (Williams), at 
Southend (Whittle), at Bexley, Darenth, Greenhithe, etc. (Bower) ; 
momma — strood,- Cuxton, “Chattenden, etc. both  whitethorn 
and blackthorn hedges are selected. In the Gloucester district it 
frequents roadside hedges, the larve being observed resting high 
up on bramble branches (Merrin) ; frequents open hedges at 
Emsworth (Christy); affects all the hedgerows around Darenth, 
where larve are abundant in April (Newman); frequents thick 
whitethorn and blackthorn hedges, as well as the woods in the 
Reading district (Clarke) ; at Wimbledon, chooses the rough ground 
south of the butts (Clifford). : 

TIME OF APPEARANCE.—In Britain, from the second week in June 
until the first week of August, rarely before or after these limits, the 
second week to the end of July being the usual time. May and June 
in the Alpes-Maritimes (Milliere) ; generally in July, but sometimes 
not until the commencement of August in Livonia (Nolcken); end 
of June and July in Baden (Reutti); end of June in Switzerland 
(Frey); Réaumur notes emergences at Paris on July 15th, 1736, 
and for a few days preceding ; Fritsch gives dates in Austro-Hungary 
from June 14th to August 13th ; July in Transcaucasia (Romanoff) ; 
end of July at light at Berne , Benteli) ; June 28th, 1893, at light at 
Berne, not common (Hiltbold) ; imagines in June at Bilbao (Roéssler) ; 
imagines about July roth, in Belgium (Lambillion); larve in June, 
imagines in July and August in Pomerania (Hering); somewhat 
rare at light in June and July at Zurich (Nageli); second week in 
August at light at Bourg d’Oisans (Tutt) ; June 15th, 1847, several flying 
at dusk at Battel (P Battle) (Ellman) ; two larve, May rith, 1848, at 
Brighton, produced imagines, June 28th (Cooke) ; bred July 27th, 1860, 
from Lewes larva (Wright); July 30th, 1860, at Lee, Kent, June 22nd— 
July 4th, 1865, bred a long series from larve taken at Kidbrook and 
Plumstead, Kent, larva, May 22nd, 1875, at Sidcup, Kent (Fenn); . 
bred and captured at light, August 1st—14th, 1861, at Worcester 
(Edmunds); August 1st—18th, 1869, etc., at light, July 29th, 1873, 
at Eltham (A. H. Jones); larva at Upton St. Leonards, June 2zoth, 
1870, another from same place, June 13th, 1872, spun up on June 
17th, and imago emerged July 6th, 1872 (Watkins); July 30th, 1873, 
at Blackheath, July 18th, 1876, etc., at light at Lee (Bower) ; July 
Zust, 1875, a 9 on a street lamp at Caversham, July 17th, 1880, 
a g ona lamp at Reading, July 30th, 1890, at Bulmershe, July 
27th, 1892, at Whitley (Holland) ; bred at Mansfield, June 27th, 
1880 (Daws); a male at light in Lincolnshire, August 4th, 1883, 
fullfed larva in Guernsey, July 4th, 1894, made its cocoon July 
5th, and imago emerged in early August, imagines at light at Aigle, 
iuily s4rd, Ath, 1898 (Lowe); imagines: bred, June 27th, 1885, at 
Brentwood ; larve, August roth, 1888, May 25th, 1893 at Bentley, 
beat a pupa into an umbrella from a hedge at Rainham, June 
5th, 1893, which produced an imago uninjured, June 25th, 1893, at 


222 ' BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


Rainham, an imago captured August rst, 1899, at light at Mucking, 
g and @ at light at Mucking on July 21st, 1900 (Burrows) ; June 
26th, 1886, bred from Wicken (Warren); fullgrown larva, June 
4th, 1888, at Darenth Wood, larve also May, 16th—18th, 1891, at 
Wicken, imagines from the latter appeared from July r2th—August 
5th, nearly fullfed larve, May 22nd—z6th, 1896, imagines emerged 
from pup from these, July 1st—15th ; a small larva, September roth, 
1896, at Waldringfield, also an imago at light, August 2oth, r891, and 
others, July 22nd—26th, 1898, at Wicken at light (James); larve nearly 
fullfed, June 5th, 1888, ? on lamp, August 14th, 1888, other imagines, 
August roth, 1890, August 12th, 1892, August 7th, rgoo, at Reading 
(Butler) ; a few imagines at light at Wicken, July 20th, 1890, three larve, 
May 17th, 1894,near Emsworth, feeding openly on hedge(Christy) ; July 
13th 1891, from Ipswich (Williams); July 29th, 1891, at light at Horning 
(Bowles); Wicken Fen and Winchester, 1892—3—4, larve taken 
by searching, April, May, June, pupated in June, emerged in July 
(Moberly) ; larve May 24th, 1893, larve from Wingham marshes, 
a male emerged June 21st, and two females on June 22nd and 24th 
1893 (Briggs); larve June 4th—7th, 1893, and again September rst— 
gth, 1893 (before hybernation) at Wicken (Freeman); two imagines 
July 20th, 1893, at King’s Acre, near Hereford (Ormerod); larve 
May 13th, 1894, near King’s Lynn, imagines. commenced to emerge 
July 16th, 1894 (Glenny) ; bred from Wicken larve on July 3rd, 1894, 
and July 16th, 1898, whilst small larve at Oxton, September rath, 
1897, and fullfed ones, June, 1898, gave imagines July 11th, 1898, 
etc. (Studd); larva at Radley, May 14th, 1894, spun up June 16th, 
imago emerged July 26th, 1894 (Burr) ; July 22nd, 1894, males at light 
in Horning Fen (Sheldon) ; bred, July 23rd—3oth, 1894, from 
Herefordshire larve, July 18th, 1898, in New Forest (Adkin); 
larve fullfed, May 27th, 1896, at Twyning, emerged June 25th, 
1896 (Bankes); June 3rd, 1896, at Tiddesley Wood, bred June 
r8th—z4th, 1896, from Powick (Rea) ; imagines, July 7th—2znd, 
1896, July roth—3ist, 1897, and August 4th, 1898, also larve June 
21st, 1899, imagines captured July 27th—August 1st, 1899, whilst a 
brood reared from hybernating larve, emerged July 12th—August 2nd, 
1899, allat Chelmsford (Miller) ; July rath, 1896, at Roydon (Barclay) ; 
imago at Ringwood, August rst, 1896 (Fowler); imagines at light 
at Wicken, August 3rd, 1896 (Kaye); larve, April 15th, 1897, 
at Angmering,* spun up June 3rd, male emerged, June gzeam 
(Dollman); larve, June rst and 5th, 1897, near Southend, males 
emerged July 3rd and 5th respectively, August 1st, 1899, on gas- 
lamps at Southend (Whittle) ; imagines, July 3rd—gth, 1897, July 13th 
— 4th, 1898, July 3rd—z24th, 1899, at Dawlish (Rogers) ; imagines, 
July 7th—z3rd, 1897, August rst, 1898, July 21st, 1899, at Boxworth 
(Thornhill); imagines, July 12th—r7th, 1898, at Hayling Island 
(May); imagines, August 12th, 1898, at light, in Norfolk Broads 
(Edelsten) ; July 26th, 1899, and _ following days at Wicken 
(Butterfield); larva, June, 1899, pupated June 24th, 1899, emerged 
July 13th, 1899, at Sudbury, eggs from Henny hatched August 15th, 
1899, larvee pupated first week in July, 1900, imagines, July 25th, rg00, 
at light at Sudbury, July 27th, 1900 (Ransom); July 20th, 1900, 
at Hazeleigh (Raynor) ; July 26th, 1900, at light at Bushey Heath 
(Burraud) ; male, July 16th, 1901, at Norwood (Swain); larva, 


EUTRICHA QUERCIFOLIA. 223 


May 28th, 1901, at Monk’s Wood, produced imago July 3rd, 1901 
(Russell); July 12th, 1901, at Hampstead at light (Hopson). 


LOCALITIES.—BeEps : Bedford (G. O. Day), Potton (Bond-Smith). Berks: 
Reading (Butler), Tilehurst (Henderson), Whitley, Bulmershe (Holland), Hurst 
(Broome), Newbury (Hopson). Bucks: Buckingham, rare (Slade), Eton (Studd), 
Aylesbury (Bayne), High Wycombe (Peavhell). CAMBRIDGE : Burwell Fen, abundant, 
Wicken Fen, common, Chippenham Fen (Tutt), Boxworth (Thornhill), Bottisham, 
Quy Fens, Cambridge (Farren), Swaffham Fen (jJenyns), Ely (Cross), Fulbourne 
Dyke (Moss), Whittlesford (Thurnall), Fulbourne (Raynor), Cherry Hinton, 
Chatteris, Wisbech, Cowbit (Balding). Drvon: Oxton (Studd), Exeter (Bower), 
Dawlish (Rogers), Countess Weir (Potter), Teignmouth (Bowles). DORSET: rare, 
Studland, Glanvilles Wootton (Dale), Bloxworth (Cambridge), Pooie (Greer). ESSEX: 
Chelmsford (Miller), Southend, Benfleet, Wanstead, Brentwood, Rainham, Mucking 
(Burrows), Epping, Henny, Sudbury district (Ransom), Saffron Walden (Jeftrey), 
Danbury, Woodham Walter, Maldon, Hazeleigh, Purleigh (Raynor), Leigh 
(Vaughan), Loughton (Garland), Canvey (Whittle), Colchester (Harwood), Roydon 
(Barclay), Feering Bury (Reid), Titney Green, near Chelmsford (Pickett). 
GLOUCESTER: Twyning, near Tewkesbury (Bankes), Baptist Mills (Clarke), 
Wotton (Perkins), near Stroud (Musgrave), Upton St. Leonards, Painswick 
(Watkins), Leigh Woods, Bristol (Grigg), Bathampton (Ross), Gloucester district 
(Merrin), Newnham, Sandhurst, Mitcheldean (Lifton). Hawnrs: Isle of Wight, Culver 
Down, Sandown (Prout), Newport (Colthrup), Emsworth (Christy), New Forest 
(Adkin), Winchester (Hewett), Basingstoke (Holdaway), Hayling Island (May), Long 
Beaton (Ingram), Titchfield (McArthur), Ringwood (Fowler), Waterlooville, near 
Portsmouth (Forysth’, Portsea Island (Moncreaff), Lyndhurst (Stainton). HERE- 
FORD: Hereford (Chapman), King’s Acre (Ormerod), Leominster (Hutchinson), 
Tarrington (Wood). Herts: Hitchin (Cottam), Hertford (Stephens), Much Hadham 
(Newland), Knebworth (Durrant), Bushey Heath (Burraud). Hunts: St. Ives, 
common (Jagger), Monk’s Wocd (Daltry). Kent: generally distributed in the Strood 
district— Rochester, Chatham, Cuxton, Cobham, Cliffe, etc.—Deal, Sandwich (Tutt), 
Plumstead Marshes (Butterfield), Chattenden (Turner), Higham Marshes, Paul’s 
Cray Common, Chislehurst, Eltham (Jones), Darenth Wood (James), Folkestone 
(Knaggs), Ramsgate (Willson), Lee, Lewisham, Sidcup (Fenn), Beckenham 
(Adkin), Margate (Colthrup), Bexley (Alderson), Dartford Brent (McArthur), 
Greenhithe, Stone, Blackheath (Bower), Springhead (Andrews), Tonbridge 
(Raynor), Kidbrook, Dartford (West). LricestEr: Earl Shilton (Bouskell), 
Freemans Common (Rowley). MIDDLESEX: Ealing (Bell-Marley), Bushhill Park, 
Enfield (Edelsten), Hackney Marshes (Clark), Harrow (Barclay), Kilburn, Hamp- 
stead, Willesden (Wormald), Ruislip (Melvill), Kingsbury (Bond), Mill Hill 
(South), Clay Hill, Enfield Lock (Bowles), MonmourH : Abergavenny 
(Chapman). Norrork: Norwich, common (Tillyard), King’s Lynn (Atmore), 
Horning (Sheldon), Norfolk Broads (Edelsten), Denton (Cruttwell). | NortH- 
AMPTON : Oundle (Whall), the Mere, near Peterborough (Whitwell), 
Northampton (Quail). Novrs: Mansfield (Daws). OxFrorD: Radley (Burr), 
Nettlebed (Henderson), Caversham, Southstoke (Holland), Islip (Burrows), 
Chinnor (Spiller). SOMERSET: Clevedon (Mason), Taunton (Farrant), Castle Cary 
(Macmillan). STAFFORD: South Staffordshire (Barrett), Rugeley, Cannock Chase 
Freer), SUFFOLK: Bentley (Burrows), Brandon (Balding), Sudbury dist. (Ransom), 
Waldringfield (James), Ipswich (Williams), Lavenham (Gaze), Brantham (Buckell), 
Bergholt, Lowestoft, Aldeburgh, Fritton, Needham, Kennett, Higham, Tuddenham, 
Swefling, Lound (Bloomfield), Stowmarket (Stainton), Assington Woods (Lee), 
Kelvedon (P. C. Reid). SuRREY: Coombe Wood (Stephens), Chobham (Burrows), 
Box Hil (Clarke), Wimbledon (Clifford), Norwood (Swain). Sussex: the Weald 
dist. (Merrifield), Abbott’s Wood (Porritt), Angmering (Dollman), Bexhill (Bloom- 
field), Lewes (Wright), Arundel (Stevens), Battle (Ellman), Brighton (Cook), Hay- 
ward’s Heath, Ringmer, Tilgate Forest (Jenner), Shavewood, near Brighton (Merrifield), 
Ardingley (Russell). Wuitrs: Wilton, near Salisbury (Ridley), Zeals (Burrows), 
Salisbury (Gummer). WORCESTER : Tiddesley Wood, fairly common, Malvern, 
Powick (Rea), near Worcester (Hancock), Hanbury (Barclay). YorKs: Birstwith 
(F. T. Walker), Askham Bog (Prest), Sheffield (Hope), Wakefield (Marson). 


DIsTRIBUTION.—Asi1a: Amurland, Altai (Speyer), China (Felder), Asia 
Minor—Brussa (Staudinger), Japan—Yokohama, Fujisan, Corea (Leech), Trijisan 
(Pryer), Gensan (Fletcher), Eastern Siberia—Ema, Bureja mts. (Bremer), Kentei 
mts., Odjal, Marjinskipost, Chabarowka, Pokrofka, Wladiwostok, Blagowestschensk, 
Pekin, Sutschan (Staudinger), AusTRO-HUNGARY: Tyrol, not rare (Hinter- 


224 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


waldner), Taufers Valley, Innsbruck (Weiler), Ischl (Hormuzaki), Press- 
burg (Rozsay), Bukovina, distributed in the plains, not observed in the 
mountains (Hormuzaki), Bohemia, everywhere (Nickerl), Neu Sandec (Kle- 
mensiewicz), Stanislawow (Werchratski), Galicia—Sambor, Lemberg (Nowicki), 
Brinn (Miller), Hermannstadt (Czekelius), Eperies, not rare (Husz), Chemnitz 
(Pabst), Hungary—Kocsocz (Vangel), G6lnitz (Hudak), Fiume (Mann), Lavantthal 
(Hofner), Upper Styria—St. Lambrecht (Kodermann), Upper Carinthia—P6rt- 
schach (Wagner), Salzburg (Nickerl), Brenner dist. (Galvagni), Podolia (Caradja). 
BELGIUM: generally distributed (Lambillion), nr. Brussels (Donckier), Virton 
(Bray). BULGARIA : Sofia (Bachmetjew). CHANNEL ISLANDS : -Guernsey, 
Herm (Luft), Jersey (Ansted). DENMARK: rare (Reuter), Fyen—Odense and 
Vesterhae, eee examples (Bang-Haas). FINLAND: rare in south-eastern Finland 
(Reuter), Karelia (Lampa). FRANCE: common throughout (Berce), Burgoyne 
(Constant coll.), Aix-les-Bains, very common (Agassiz), Paris (Réaumur), depts. 
of Meuse, Moselle, Meurthe (Speyer), Loire-Inférieure—Nantes (Bonjour), Puy- 
de-Déme (Guillemot), dept. Var (Cantener), Morbihan (Griffith), Gironde (Trim- 
oulet), Doubs dept. (Bruand), Aude dept. (Mabille), Saone-et-Loire (Constant), St. 
Quentin (Dubus), Sarthe (Desportes), Aube (Jourdheuille), Douai (Foucart), 
Auvergne (Sand), Eure-et-Loir, not rare (Guénée), Haute-Garonne (Caradja), 
Bourg d’Oisans (Tutt), Alpes-Maritimes (Miulliére), Pluviers (Nainvilliers ‘este 
Réaumur), Cannes, rare (Constant). GERMANY: common everywhere (Heinemann), 
north-west Germany, generally distributed (Jordan), Thuringia—Gotha, Erfurt, 
Arnstadt (Knapp), Pomerania—Stettin, not common, nr. Zabelsdorf, Nemitz, 
Grabow, Radekow (Hering), Silesia, not rare (Prittwitz), Dessau, not rare (Richter), 
Wernigorode (Fischer), Brunswick, common (Heinemann), Hanover, not rare 
(Glitz), Frankfort - on - Oder (Kretschmer), Eutin (Dahl), Rhine Palatinate 
(Bertram), Wurtemberg (Seyffler), Giessen (Dickore), Lower Elbe dist. (Zim- 
mermann), Waldeck (Speyer), Zeitz-on-the-Elster (Wilde), Halle (Stange), 
Munich (Kranz), Hesse—Grinberg (Glaser), Rudolstadt (Meurer), Mecklenburg, 
everywhere (Schmidt), Bremen (Rehberg), Saxon Upper Lusatia, distributed 
and not rare (Schutze), Dresden (Steinert), Prussia—Konigsberg, &c., 
distributed but rather rare (Schmidt), Upper Lusatia (Moeschler), Ratisbon 
(Schmid), Alsace (Peyerimhoff), Offenbach (Wiskott), Nassau, Baden 
dist., common, Karlsruhe (Reutti). IvaALy: throughout, unless absent in 
the south and in Corsica, nowhere abundant (Curd), Lombardy — Bnianza, 
Milan (Turati), Modena (Fiori), Sicily — Madonie (Mina-Palumbo). NETHER- 
LANDS: generally distributed, but rare — Holland, Gelderland, Limburg, 
Groningen (Snellen), Breda, not rare (Heylaerts), ©ROUMANIA: common— 
Grumazesti, Kloster Neamtz, Costrischa, Husch, Slanic (Caradja), Comanesti, 
Jassy (coll. Leon), Dobrudscha (Mann), Turn Severin (Haberhauer). RUSSIA: 
southern Russia (Moeschler), Wolmar (Lutzau), Volga district, not rare— 
Kasan, Orenburg, Sarepta, etc. (Eversmann), Baltic provinces— generally distributed, 
but somewhat rare (Nolcken), Transcaucasia—Borjom, Souram, Manglis, 
Helenendorf, Lagodekhi, Guéroussi (Romanoff), St. Petersburg (Erschoff), Moscow 
district—Ivanovsk (Assmuss). SCANDINAVIA: rare in Sweden up to 60° N. lat. 
(Aurivillius), Carlscrona, Upsala (Wallengren), SPAIN: Barcelona district — San 
Gervasis, Gracia, etc. (Cunj y Martorell), Catalonia (Martorell y Pena), Bilbao 
(Seebold). SWITZERLAND: everywhere in the plains and hills (Frey), Aigle (Lowe), 
Berne (Benteli), Zurich (Nageli), Lower Engadine, above 4,000ft. elev ation (Killias), 
Weissenburg (Huguenin), Valais, not rare in tree region— Ravoire, at foot of Mt. des 
Ecotteaux, Fully, Sion, Sierre, etc. (Favre). TURKEY: Varna (Lederer). 


ADDENDUM (vol. .i1., p. 468). 
PdECILOCAMPA POPULI*, Linné. 


é. ab. albescens, Heyne, ‘‘ Soc. Ent.,” xiii., pp. 105—106 (1898) : Stichel, 
‘Berl. Ent. Zeits.,” xliv., p- 144, pl. ii., fig. 13 (1900).—Alis anterioribus latissime 
albomarginatis, disco nigro griseo vario margine anteriore flavo ; alis posterioribus 
totis albis ; ciliis brunneis anguste flavo intersectis. Albino. Adbescens appears to 
me to be a true albino, which is lighter in all its parts than the type. In the dense 
hairs of the head and thorax the difference is only slight; the abdomen 
in the g is somewhat lighter brown than in P. fopuwl/; in the ¢ it and the antenn 
are rather light yellow-brown. The forewings have a distinctly yellow costa, 
especially in the ¢, and in both sexes a rather broad white outer-margin ; the basal 
marking, which in PP. popudi is mostly distinctly brown, is yellow-brown in a/bescens. 


* To be added to vol ii., p. 468. 


CATALOGUE OF PALAARCTIC LACHNEIDES. y23 


The parts of the forewing lying between base and outer-margin show the same 
light dentate transverse line as in P. popul7; on the other hand the tolerably uniform 
black-brown ground colour of P. popudi is, in albescens, more grey and irregularly 
blotched, since the white ground colour everywhere shows through. The black 
scales outside the dentate transverse line only occupy a part of the otherwise 
white outer-margin. The transverse nervure is marked by a yellowish dot, which 
is black in P. popuwld. Hindwings in the ¢ pure white, in the ¢ with fine and 
narrow grey nervures. Fringes of all the wings brown, at the ends of the nervures 
narrowly intersected with yellow. Underside pure white, with the markings of the 
upper side showing through; all the wings with yellowish costa and very fine 
yellowish nervures. 

Stichel remarks (Berl. Ent. Zeits., xliv., p. 144) that, although 
Heyne terms this an albino, it is not at all appropriate, since true 
albinic specimens represent a diseased condition with a reduction of 
the scaling and a paling-off of the colour, which need not necessarily 
be white. In this form there is simply an extension of the usual 
whitish parts with normal development. 


e. ab. albomarginata, Heyne, ‘‘Soc.Ent.,’’xiil., pp.105, 106 (1898); Stichel, ‘Berl. 
Ent. Zeits.,”’ xliv., p. 144, pl. il., figs. 11, 12 (1900).- Alis anterioribus latissime 
albidomarginatis, fascia media fere nigra; alis posterioribus albis, basi tantum griseis ; 
ciliis brunneis latius flavo intersecatis. This would not appear to be an albino, 
in spite of its resemblance in many respects to the preceding aberration; but the 
broad black-brown central band of the forewings is just as dark and of the same 
proportions as in the type, also the basal half of the wing is tinted with grey-brown ; 
therefore, only the broad outer half of hindwings, and the very broad margin of 
the forewings are white; in the latter the basal patch is large and light, yellowish- 
white. Fringes nearly uniformly brown, and interrupted with white. Underside of 
all the wings dark interiorly, white exteriorly; nervures finely yellow. 


Stichel notes (Ler/. Ent. Zeits., xliv., p. 144) this as varying in the 
same direction as the preceding, but the basal and central area 
of the forewings not very different from the type; the outer part, 
however, very broadly white; the hindwings, from the base outwards to 
the transverse band, grey-brown, beyond which, to the margin, itis white. 


CATALOGUE OF THE PaL#ARCTIC LACHNEIDES*. 


LACHNEIDES. ab. bifasciata, Tutt 
CHONDROSTEGID. ao. veneta, Stdftss. 
CHONDROSTEGIN&. ab, hilleri, Stdfss. 


CHONDROSTEGIDI. 
Eustaudingeria, Dyar 
vandalicia, Mill. 
Chondrostega, Led. 
- pastrana, Led. 
var. hyrcana, Staud. 


var. paleestrana, Staud. 


subfasciata, Klug 
fasciana, Staud. 
constantina, Auriv. 
LACHNEIDA. 
MALACOSOMIN~A. 
MALACOSOMIDI. 
Malacosoma, Hb. 
castrensis, Linné 
ab. pallida, Tutt 
ab. obsoleta, Tutt 
ab. taraxacoides, Bell. 
a’. intermedia, Tutt 
ab. virgata, Tutt 
ab. unicolor, Tutt 
ab. rufovirgata, Tutt 


ab. brunnea, Tutt 

ab. minor, Tutt 

var. (et ab) kirghisica, 
Staud. 

neustria, Linné 

ab. quercts, Esp. 

ab. ochracea - confluens, 
Tutt 

ab, annularis, Geoff. 

ao. ochracea-fracta, Tutt 

ab. ochracea - unicolor, 
Tutt 

ab. confluens, Selys 

ab. virgata, Tutt 

ao. fracta, Tutt 

ad, unicolor, Tutt 

ao. cervina, Tutt 

ab. cervina-confluens, Tutt 

ao. cervina-virgata, Tutt 

ab, cervina-fracta, Tutt 

ab, cervina-vulgaris, Tutt 

ab, vulgaris, Bork. 


* The arrangement of this Catalogue is purely tentative. We do not know the early 
stages of several species, and the position of such remains a matter of great uncertainty. 


226 BRITISH 1LEPIDOPTERA. 


ab, rufescens - confluens, 
Tutt 
ab. rufescens-virgata, Tutt 
ab. rufescens-fracta, Tutt 
ab. rufescens - unicolor, 
Tutt 
ab. pyri, Scop. 
ao. rufa-confluens, Tutt 
ab, rufa-virgata, Tutt 
ab. rufa-fracta, Tutt 
ab. rufa-unicolor, Tutt 
ab, alba, Tutt 
var. parallela, Staud. 
var. testacea, Motsch. 
schaufussi Zydr., Stdfss. 
caradjee hydr., Stdfss. 
penzigi hybr., Stdfss. 
franconica, Esp. 
var. lutea*, Oberth. 
intermedia, Mill. 
alpicola, Staud. 
ab. (? var.) othello, Blach. 
var. prima, Staud. 
flavomarginata, Pouj. 
PC@CILOCAMPINA. 
PdCILOCAMPIDI, 
Peecilocampa, Stphs. 
populi, Linn. 
ab. virgata, Tutt 
ab. albescens, Heyne 
ab. albomarginata, Heyne 
var. canensis, Mill. 
var. calberle, Ragusa 
var. alpina, Frey 
TRICHIURINA. 
TRICHIURIDI. 
Achnocampa, Ramb. 
ilicis, Ramb. 
Trichiura, Stphs. 
crateegi, Linné 
ab. pallida, Tutt 
ab. (et var.) freyeri, Tutt 
var. (et ad.) ariz, Hb. 
SELENEPHERIN. 
SELENEPHERIDI. 
Selenephera, Rbr. 
lunigera, Esp. 
var. lobulina, Esp. 
var. borealis, Bkh. 
LACHNEINA. 
LACHNEIDI, 
Autosphyla, Rbr. 
neogena, F. de Wald. 
benkei, Staud. 
acanthophylli, Chr. 
rueckbeili, Grees. 
Lachneis, Hb. 
rimicola, Hb. 
var. Inspersa, Staud. 
catax, Linn. 
lanestris, Linn, 
ab. obsoleta, Tutt 
ab. quadrangulata, Tutt 
var. arbusculz, Frr. 
var. aavasaksee. Teich 
var, guisea, Tutt 
var, senecta, (rrees. 


species. 


| 


DIPLURINA. 
DIPLURIDI. 
Diplura, Ramb. 
loti, Ochs. 
var, algeriensis, Baker 


PACHYGASTRIINZ. 
PACHYGASTRIIDI. 
Aurivillia, Tutt 
davidis, Staud. 
datini, Mab. 
decolorata, Klug 
Pachygastria, Hb. 
concolor, Chr. 
nana, Staud. 
eversmanni, Evers. 
josua, Staud. 
trifolii, Schiff. 
. ab. obsoleta-flava, Tutt 
ab, pallida-flava, Tutt 
ao. flava, Tutt 
ab. contracta-flava, Tutt 
ab. obsoleta - medic- 
aginis, Tutt 

ab. (et var.) medicaginis, 
Pj. ee 

ab, virgata - medicaginis, 
Tutt 

ab. (et var.) ratame, 
H.-Sch. 

ab. (et var.) cocles, Hb. 

ab. obsoleta-cervina, Tutt 

ad, cervina, Tutt 

ad. contracta - cervina, 
Tutt 


ab. iberica, Gn, 

ab. unilinea-typica, Tutt 
ab, sulfusa-typica, Tutt 
ad, obsoleta-ruta, Tutt 
ab. rufa, Tutt 

ab. contracta-rufa, Tutt 
var. mauritanica, Staud. 
var. semifasciata, Failla 
ab. (et. var.) terreni, H.- 


Sch. 
var. maculosa, Rogen- 
hofer 


wagner 2ydr., Tutt 
Lasiocampa, Schrank 
serrula, Gn. 
var. maroccana, Staud. 
var, undulata, Staud. 
var. palaestinensis, Staud. 
grandis, Rghfr. 
ab. sapiens, Staud. 
quercts, Linn. 
ab, curvata, Tutt 
ab. latovirgata, Tutt 
ab, semimarginata, Tutt 
ab, marginata, Tutt 
ab. basipuncta, Tutt 
ab, sparti, Hb. 

. ab, spartii-curvata, Tutt 
ab, roboris, F.J.A.D. 
ab. guillemotii, Trim. 
ab. spartii - marginata, 

Tutt 


* Kirby places (Cat., p. 832) this in the genus Lachneis as a separate 
Staudinger makes it (Cat., 3rd ed., p. 119) a var. of AZalacosoma apicola. 


CATALOGUE OF PALAARCTIC LACHNEIDES, 227 


ab, spartii - basipuncta, 
Tutt 

ab. purpurascens, Tutt 

ab. purpurascens-curvata, 
Tutt 

ab. purpurascens-latovir- 
gata, Tutt 

ab, purpurascens - semi- 
margipata, Tutt 

ab, purpurascens-margin - 
ata, Tutt 

ab. purpurascens - basi- 
puncta, Tutt 

ab. brunnea, Tutt 

ab. sicula-latovirgata, Tutt 

: var. (et ab.) sicula, Tutt 

ab. sicula-marginata, Tutt 

ab. obsoleta, Tutt 

ab. virgata, Tutt 

ab. ochracea - obsoleta, 
Tutt 

ab. ochracea-virgata, Tutt 

ab. ochracea-semimargin- 


ata, Tutt 
ab. ochracea - marginata, 
Tutt 
ab. rufescens - obsoleta, 
Tutt 


ab. rufescens-virgata, Tutt 

ab. rufescens - semimar- 
ginata, Tutt 

ab. rufescens-marginata, 
Tutt 


ab. brunnea-obsoleta, Tutt. 


ab, brunnea-virgata, Tutt 
ab. brunnea-semimargin= 
ata, Tutt 
ab. brunnea - marginata, 
Tutt 
ab. tenuata, Fuchs 
ab, catalaunica, Staud. 
ab. dalmatinus, Gerhard 
var. meridionalis, Tutt 
var. viburni, Gn. 
var. burdigalensis, Gerh. 
var. alpina, Frey 
var. callunz, Palmer 
var. lapponica, Fuchs 
ab. olivaceo-fasciata, Ckll. 
ab. olivacea, Tutt 
ab. fenestratus, Gerh. 
bacoti Aybr., Tutt 
warburgi Zybr., Tutt 
intermedia hybr., Tutt 
prouti Zydr., Tutt 
complexa hybr., Tutt 
inversa Aybr., Tutt 
complicata Aydr., Tutt 
LAMBESSIDI. 
Lambessa, Staud. 
staudingeri, Baker 
EUTRICHID. 
METANASTRIINZ. 
ME7TANASTRIIDI. 
Metanastria, Hb. 
subpurpurea, Butl, 


| MACROTHYLACTIDI. 
| Macrothylacia, Rbr. 
rubi, Linn. 


ab, 


ao. 
ab. 


ab, 


ab, 


ab. 
ab, 
aod. 


ao. 


ab. 


ab. 


ab. 
ab, 


ao. 


ao. 


a). 


ab. 


ab. 
ao. 


ab. 
ab. 


ab, 
ao. 


ab. 


rufa-separata, Tutt 
rufa, Tutt 
rufa - approximata, 
Tutt 
rufa-conjuncta, Tutt 
rufa-fasciata, Tutt 
rufa-unilinea, Tutt 
rufa-obsoleta, Tutt 
rufa-dissimilis, Tutt 
rufa-virgata, Tutt 
ferruginea - separata, 
Tutt 
ferruginea, Tutt 
ferruginea - approxi- 
mata, Tutt 
ferruginea- conjuncta, 
Tutt 
ferruginea - fasciata, 
Tutt 
ferruginea - unilinea, 
Tutt 
ferruginea - obsoleta, 
Tutt 
ferruginea - dissimilis, 
Tutt 
ferruginea - virgata, 
Tutt 
pallida-separata, Tutt 
pallida, Tutt 
pallida - approximata, 
Tutt 
pailida - conjuncta, 
Tutt 


. pallida-fasciata, Tutt 
. pallida-unilinea, Tutt 
. pallida-obsoleta, Tutt 
. pallida-dissimilis, Tutt 
. pallida-virgata, Tutt 

. grisea-separata, Tutt 


grisea - approximata, 
Tutt 


. grisea-conjuncta, Tutt 
. grisea-fasciata, Tutt 

. grisea-unilinea, Tutt 
. grisea-obsoleta, Tutt 

. grisea-dissimilis, Tutt 
. grisea-virgata, Tutt 

. cervina-separata, Tutt 
. cervina - approximata, 


Tutt 
cervina - conjuncta, 
Tutt 


. cervina-fasciata, Tutt 


cervina-unilinea, Tutt 
cervina-obsoleta, Tutt 


ab. cervina-dissimilis, Tutt 


ab. 


cervina-virgata, Tutt 


var. (et ab.) pygmea, 


Reut. 


PARALEBEDIDI. 
Paralebeda, Auriv. 
plagifera, Walk. 
var, femorata, Mén. 


228 


DENDROLIMINZA. 
DENDROLIMIDI. 
Dendrolimus, Germ. 
pini, Linn. 
var. montana, Staud. 
var. (et ab.) segregata, 
Butl. 
flaveola, Motsch. 
dolosa*, Butl. 
zonata*, Butl. 
superans*, Butl. 
spectabilis*, Butl. 
fentoni*, Butl. 
femorata, Mén. 
undans, Walk. 
COR MCL 20.) 
Butl. 
ab. excelsa, Staud. 
var. fasciatella, Mén. 
var. unicolor, Oberth. 
Syriaca, Tutt 
bufo, Led. 
ab. obscura, Staud. 


PACHYPASINA. 
PACHYPASIDI. 
Pachypasa, Walk. 
otus, Drury 
limosa, Vill. 


TRABALINA. 
TRABALIDI. 
Trabala, Walk. 
splendida, Oberth. 
cristata, Butl. 


excellens, 


CHILENIINA, 
CHILENIIDI. 

Chilena, Walk. 
obliquata, Klug 
sordida, Ersch. 
proxima, Staud. 


COSMOTRICHINA. 
CoSMOTRICHIDI, 

Cosmotriche, Hb. 
albomaculata, Brem. 
potatoria, Linn. 

ab. berolinensis, Heyne 

ab. obsoleta-berolinensis, 
Tutt 

ab. obsoleta - potatoria, 
Tutt 

ab. lutescens, Tutt 

ab. obsoleta - lutescens, 
Tutt 

ab. proxima, Tutt 

ab. intermedia, Tutt 

ab, diminuta, Tutt 

ab, extrema, Tutt 

var. askoldensis, Oberth. 


ROUTLEDGIIDI. 
Routledgia, Tutt 
laeta, Walk. 
var, sulphurea, Auriv. 


BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


EUTRICHINA. 
FEUTRICHIDI. 
Gastropacha, Ochs. 
ilicifolia, Linn. 
ab. unicolor - rufescens, 
Tutt 
ab. lutescens, Tutt 
ah. rufescens, Tutt 
ab. pallida, Tutt 
ab. grisea-pallida, Tutt 
ab. grisea, Tutt 
ab. grisea-suffusa, Tutt 
ab. virgata, Tutt 
var.  sinina, 
Grshm., 
var. japonica, Leech 
tremulifolia, Hb. 
ab. (et var.) ambigua, 
Staud. 
? glasunowi, Grumm-Grshm. 
suberifolia, Dup. 

Eutricha, Hb. 
quercifolia, Linn. 

ab. incompleta, Tutt 

ab. hoegei, Heuack. 

ab, major, Tutt 

ab. ulmifolia, Heuack. 

ab. ulmifolia - obsoleta, 
Tutt 

ab. meridionalis, Horm. 

ab. meridionalis-obsoleta, 
Tutt 

ab, meridionalis - lineata, 
Tutt 

| ab. dalmatina, Gerh. 
| ab, dalmatina-typica, Tutt 

ad, dalmatina-lineata, Tutt 

ab. alnifolia, Ochs. 

ab, suffusa, Tutt 

ab. suffusa-obsoleta, Tutt 

ab. purpurascens, Tutt 

ab, purpurascens - obsol- 
eta, Tutt 

var, salicifolia, Staud. 

var. cerridifolia, Feld. 

populifolia, Esp. 
ab. obscura, Heuack. 
var, autumnalis, Jzenich. 
ODONESTIDI. 
Odonestis, Germ. 
pruni, Linn. 
var. prunoides, Staud. 
? brevivenis, Butl. 
NADIASINZ. 
NADIASIDI. 

Nadiasa, Walk. 
undata, Klug 
obsoleta, Klug 

PINARINA. 
BHIMIDI. 

Pyrosis, Oberth. 
Moore). 
eximia, Oberth. 


Grumm- 


(? Bhima, 


* The whole of these are dropped as forms of Dendrolimus pint by Leech 


(Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1899, p. 110). 


DIMORPHIDES. 229 


idiota, Gres. | alpherakyi, Chr. 
PINARIDI. primigenum, Staud, 
Taragama, Moore | stupidum, Staud, 
repanda, Hb. | acacie, Klug 


Superfamily VII: DimMorPHIDES (ENDROMIDES). 
Family : DiIMoRPHID. 
Subfam.: DIMORPHIN-. 
Tribe: DimorpPHIDI. 

Probably no superfamily of the lepidoptera is more restricted 
than this, and it is very doubtful whether more than one species, 
Dimorpha versicolora, is really referable thereto. The exact position 
of this insect has always puzzled systematists, although there has 
been a tacit sort of general agreement that the species is in some 
way allied to the Saturnids and Sphingids. Linné places (Sys. 
JVat., xth ed., p. 499) it in his comprehensive group Bombyx, between 
Sphinx and JVoctua. Schrank, in 1802, retained (fauna Boica, 
u., Abth. 2, p. 150) only mor¢ and verszcolora in the genus Lombyx, 
but mort had already been determined by Cuvier as the type of 
the latter genus, and, as it is quite evident that verszcolora is not 
congeneric with morz, Hubner quite correctly created the stirps 
Dimorphae (from which the superfamily name is derived) and 
the genus Dimorpha for versicolora, in the Tentamen, p. 1 (1806). 
He, however, suggested at this time some strange alliances, which, 
tabulated, are as follows : 

Phalanx II1: BOMBYCES. 

@abus' 1 SPHINGOLDES. 
Stirps 1: DiMorRPHa—Dzimorpha versicoloria. 
Stirps 2: PTiILODONTES—P%éilodonta camelina. 
Stirps 3: ANDRL&—Andria vinula. 
Stirps 4: PLATYPTERICES—JPlatypteryx hamula. 
Stirps 5: EcHuipnai—£chidna tau. 

Mabus: 224 VERA. 

Stirps 1: Hera&a—VHeraea carpint, etc. 

In 1809, Latreille placed (Genera, etc., iv., p. 218) versicolora 
in the mixed genus Zaria, Schrank, with ducephala, coryli, pudibunda, 
dispar, versicolora, anachoreta, etc. Laria was at the time preoccupied 
demaecenenc name, and, im rér0, Ochsenheimer created (De 
Schmett., iil., p. 15) the genus Lzdromis tor versicolora, which, 
therefore, became a synonym of JDimorpha, Hb. About 1822, 
Hubner used (Verz., p. 143) Ochsenheimer’s name, maintaining, 
however, the tribal and stirps divisions of the Zev¢amen, as follows : 

Phalanx, IT: PHAL@Na (PHALZN#—ATTACI et BombByces, Linn. ; 
BomByci, Cosst et HErpIALI, Fab.). 

Tribus I: SPHINGOIDES. 
Stirps 1: DIMORPHZ. 
Fam. A; HYBRIDES. 
Coitus 1: SYSSPHINGES—Syssphinx molina, Cram. 
Coitus 1: ENDROMES—Zidromis versicolora, Linn. 

It will be seen that there can be no doubt that Lxdromzs, Ochs., 
falls as a synonym of Dimorpha, Hb., and one suspects that the 
action of later authors, who have used £zdromis, has been due to 
their ignorance of, or rejection of, the Zentamen. ‘The use of Dis- 
morphia, Ub., Verz., p. 10, for a group of Pierid butterflies is not 
only beside the question, but, in our opinion, quite legitimate, as 
we do not agree with sinking differently spelled names, however close ; 


230 BRIVTISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


besides Dimorpha, Hb., antedates Dzésmorphia, Hb., by at least 
twelve years. 

Hampson. unites (Aun. Mag. Nat. Fiist., ser. 6., vole mive 

259) Ludromidae, Arbelidae and Lasiocampidae. He places them 
a division 1 of his group II, defined as: 

II. Vein 1c of the forewing lost; vein 5 migrated towards the lower angle ot 


the cell: the bases of some of the subcostals of the forewing usually becoming 
united— : 


(1) The Arbelidae, Endromidae and Lasiocampidae: The frenulum lost ; the 
bar between vein 8 and the cell of hindwing retained, or vein 8 united to 7 after 
its origin. 

As further subdivisions of group II we find (2) Pyraldae, 
Thyrididae, Drepanulidae and Caltidulidae, (3) Hypsidae and 
Lymantridae, (4) Pterothysanidae, (5) Syntomidae, (6) Arctiidae, (7) 
Noctuidae and Agaristidae, all, in our opinion, widely distant from 
those comprised in subdivision 1. Meyrick unites (Handbook, p. 314) 
the Frenate superfamily Drepanulides (under the family name Drepan- 
zdae) with the Endromidae (1 imorphidae) and Lasiocampidae (without a 
frenulum) in his group Laszocampina and gives the following table: 


1. Frenulum present 1. Drepanidae. 
Frenulum absent 2 

2. Forewings with nervure 7 out of 10 2. Endromidae. 
Forewings with nervure 7 separate from 10 = 3.._—- Lasiocampidae. 


We are inclined to disagree entirely with the position here 
assigned to the Drepanids. The position we have suggested will 
be seen avzed, vol. 1., pl. i. 

As to possible allies, the most probable relative is the Australian 
Chelepteryx (collest’, Grote refers this genus to the Dimorphides (Die 
Saturniiden, pp. 2-3), although it still possesses the frenujum which 
Dimorpha has lost. He speaks of Chelepteryx as the lower form* 
and thinks that the discovery of its earliest stages may throw some 
light on the phylogeny of Dimorpha. Kirby notes (Handbook, etc., 
p. 67), however, that “the large Australian moth, Chelepteryx 
collest, Gray, which somewhat resembles Dimorfha in markings, 
and which some authors have supposed to be allied with it, is proved 
by its tufted larva to belong to the Lastocampidae (Lachneidae).” 
Meyrick notes (Handbook, p. 318) that “only a single species 
(Lndromis vers'colora) is known in this family, it appears to stand 
remote from anything else and must be a remnant of an otherwise 
extinct branch.” We are unable to recognise any alliance between 
Dimorpha (wversicolora) and Therinia podaliriaria, a species which 
Kirby allies (/zandbook, etc., iv., p. 62) with this species and Bombyx 
mort. Therinia appears to be equally misplaced in either Dimorpha 
or Bombyx (sens. strict). 

We have already discussed at length (an/ed, vol. 1., pp. 124- 
125; vol. il., p. 440) the principal facts pointing to the alliance existing 
between Dimorpha and the Lachneids, Saturniids and Sphingids, and 
we do not propose to repeat what is there stated, but the following 


* One is inclined to agree that this view is accurate, although taking the 
Fugatae as moths without the frenulum as the lowest, the /7evatae are to be 
considered as the more specialised superfamilies, but J/icroptervx is already 
beginning to develop a frenulum and all the lower forms have it usually well- 
developed. One suspects, therefore, that all the higher forms without the structure 
have almost certainly lost it. 


DIMORPHIDI. Jot 


supplementary suggestions as to the relationship of Dimorpha with 
the Sphingo-Saturniid- Lachneid stem on characters, other than 
imaginal, are offered by Bacot, who writes : 

EGG: Characters offered by shape and similar proportions between the three 
diameters. LARVA: Position and development of tubercles ; shagreen development ; 
coloured bases of secondary hairs; their distribution in relation to coloured stripes ; 
the caudal horn on 8th abdominal segment ; oblique stripes. COCOoN: Structural re- 
semblance to those of Zwmorpha (Choerocampa) elpenor, Aglia tauand Caligula jap- 
onica*. Pupa: Generalresemblance to that of A glia tau, but without therecurved hooks 
or spines on the anal armature, in this respect the pupa of C. 7afonica* is nearer to that 
of D. versicolora, as its cremaster is very broad and spade-like, and the recurved hooks 
are restricted to a few at either corner of the anal extremity. Among the Sphingids 
both Zumorpha and Smerinthus show resemblances, the former in the dev elopment 
of its anal armature and dorsal spines to enable it to emerge from cocoon; the latter 
in the anal armature, rugosity, and solidity of structure, characters which it possesses 
in common with C itheronia. 

The young larva in its first instar shows Lachneid and Saturniid 
rather than Sphingid{ affinities. The dorsal and lateral tubercles 
of the abdominal segments, with the exception of 11, being composed 
of groups of from two to four hairs, the chitinous bases, of which, 
in 1 and ii, conjoin to form a single wart, but in the case of iv and 
v the bases are not as a rule joined. In development, 1 and i agree 
both with Saturniid and Lachneid forms, although they are more 
primitive than in any larva of the former group that I have yet 
seen, and iv and v are more primitive in character than in any 
Lachneid larva with which I am acquainted. On the other hand, 11 on 
abdominal segments is single-haired, and on the meso- and meta- 
thoracic segments there are only three tubercles present on either 
side above the ventral area, all of which are wart-like and bear 
several hairs. The dorsal one is probably i + ii, or: possibly it is 
i alone, ii having been lost ; 111 is in the usual supraspiracular position ; 
the subspiracular is almost certainly iv + v. It would appear, there- 
fore, on larval evidence, that Dzmorpha had specialised away from the 
Sphingid stirps in respect of the multiplication of hairs on larval tuber- 
cles, and that its similarity of coloration, &c., in later instars, is due to 
similarity of needs, habits and environment acting on a but slightly 
altered constitution. ‘The fact that in some characters it is behind the 
Lachneids, while in others [loss of 11 (or conjunction of 11 with 1) 
on meta- and mesothorax] it has advanced further than Aglza tau 
in the Saturniid direction, seems to point to its having branched 
from the Saturniid stirps; but the egg would seem to contradict 
this unless we conclude that the solid opaque and _ porcelain-like 
characters of the ova of Lasiocampa (quercis), Saturnia (pavonia) 
and Bombyx (mori) were independently acquired. It seems just as 
probable, or even more probable, that Dimorpha branched before, rather 
than after, the forking of the Lachneid-Saturniid stirps, and possibly 
very shortly after this stirps had separated from the Sphingid one, having 
developed independently as regards the reduction in number of tubercles. 


* Larve of this species given to me by Dr. Chapman, were, at the time that I 
received them, too old and specialised to aftord much clue to their real position, 
although both cocoon and pupa suggest primitive Saturniids (Bacot). 

+ In the Sphingids all the tubercles are single-haired, except ili on the 
meso- and metathoracic segments where it bears two hairs ; ‘but judging by the 
structure of the larvee of such primitive forms as the Hepialids and Zeuzerids, this is 
in all probability a primitive and not a specialised character (Bacot). 


232 3 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


This seems not at all improbable when we consider that specialisation 
is so frequently accompanied by reduction in number of bones, 
organs, etc., in vertebrates, and nervures, tubercles, free segments of 
pup, etc., among insects. Chelepteryx (collest), which is said to 
have a tufted larve, is probably an early branch from the Dimorphid 
stock that has diverged widely in regard to its larva. So far as 
I can determine from a superficial examination it is more specialised 
as an imago than JDimorpha versicolora, jadging by the fact that 
the pattern of the upperside is not so exactly repeated on the under- 
side as in D. versicolora, and also that the forewing pattern is not 
so nearly repeated on the hindwings (Bacot, zv /7¢z.). 

With regard to the antenne of Dimorpha compared with those of 
‘Lachneids, Sphingids and Chelepteryx, Chapman writes: “ There is 
a close general resemblance between the antenne of /). versecolora and 
those of the Lachneids, but not more than between the antennz of 
widely separated forms with pectinate antennae. ‘The chief difference 
is that, in the antenne of /). verszcolora, the long hairs clothing the 
ventral aspects of the plumules are irregularly distributed, whilst 
in Lachneids they are in tolerably regular rows. Though a little 
bent at the ends, the plumules have the final seta fairly in line with 
the shaft of the plumule, whilst in most Lachneids the combined 
bending and clubbing at the end of the plumule make the seta 
apparently on the forward margin. Sphingids are too different to 
make any comparison useful. Chelepteryx has antennz very similar 
to those of YD. versicolora as to scaling, plumules, and hairs ; and, 
except that they are longer and diminish terminally more gradually, 
and that the pectinations are comparatively much smaller in the 
female, there is practically nothing definite to seize as a difference. In 
connection with the antenne it may be noted that in both genera, 
Chelepieryx (collest) and Dimorpha (versicolora), the males have very 
long well-developed spurs to the anterior tibia, whilst in the female of 
Chelepteryx the spur is short and slender, and in that of Dzmorpha it barely 
exists, being a mere minute knob at the point of origin. This is a 
ereater sexual difference in this structure than is at all usual.” 

Packurd finds the greatest affinities between Dzmorpha and 
the Satummuds, but notes (Proc. Amer, Phil. Soc., xxx paaieam 
that he is ‘disposed to think the family Lzdromidae (Dimor- 
phidae) is a natural one, and that it would be a violation of 
the principles of classification to include Agdéa with it. The two 
genera, both as regards their larval and their adult characters, are 
quite distinct.” He finds that ZLvdromts (Dimorpha) versicolora has 
the head, palpi, antenne, and the hairy abdomen very closely like 
those of Hemileuca mata, but the median nervure of both wings 
divides into four branches, and the subcostal nervure of the four 
wings divides into five branches, as in #. maza and the other 
Flemileucidae. He concludes that ‘“ Zxdromidae is a branch of the 
30mbycine tree, parallel to, but distinct from, the emzleucidae, 
and stands above the latter, connecting the group and the Cerafo- 
campidae (Citheroniidac) and the Saturnididae with the higher families of 
the Bombyces, in which there are four branches of the median nervure, 
all the families mentioned agreeing with the Worodontidae as having but 
three. In the general shape, the small retractile head, the mode 
of coloration, and the caudal horn, the larva of Zxdromis appears 


DIMORPHIDI. 233 


to be remarkably near the Sphinges.” As to the latter point, he 
considers (loc. cit.) that the Sfhingidae probably sprung from a 
form like Lxdromis (Dimorpha) rather than Aglia, and states that 
taxonomically Ag/ia is by no means so closely allied to the Sphzn- 
gidae as Poulton infers ; in its neuration, Lzdromis (Dimorpha) is much 
nearer, and it is also a more generalised or synthetic form than Ag/Zza. 

Dealt with seriatim, the various stages of Dimorpha suggest to 
us the following alliances :—Ecc.—The egg, with its transparent shell, 
has most in common with the Sphingid and Citheroniid eggs, 
less in common with the opaque and porcelain-like eggs of the 
Lachneids and Saturniids. It appears to differ widely from the 
Sphingid egg, in that the development of the embryo darkens it, 
but this is possibly of no very great importance. Larva.—The 
newly-hatched larva is distinctly Lachneid in the arrangement and 
character of its warts, v7z., 1 larger than 11, iv and v many-haired, 
but separate asin Bombyx (mori) and the more generalised Lachneids, 
and not united as in the specialised Lachneids (awed, vol. 1i., p. 439). 
[In the larva of B. mori, iv and v are separate and subspiracular 
(See also Grote, Dve Saturniiden, figs. 3-4)]. When larger, too, 
the larva resembles Bombyx (mori) in the development of 
the caudal horn, in which character, perhaps, that of #&. mori 
approaches more closely to the Sphingid caudal horn. Buckler also 
notes the head of the larva as being very small, with the thoracic 
segments tapering to it, and retractile, as in Lumorpha ( Choerocampa) 
though to a less extent; but it fails entirely in the peculiar development 
of the prespiracular tubercle of the Sphingids (generally referred to 
v*), whilst Bacot connects it more closely with the larve of the 
Lachneids, noting that, in the 1st stadium, the larval tubercles 1 
and iii bear 3 or 4 or more hairs in Dimorpha, while in the Sphingids 
they are small, and single-haired. These become atrophied later, in the 
Sphingids, whilst in Dzmorpha, on the contrary, the change in the 
tubercles is apparently similar to that which takes place in the 
Lachneids, z.¢., that at the 1st or 2nd moult, i and i1 seem almost 
(or quite) to disappear and to be replaced by scattered hairs ; 
but this is rather apparent than real, for, in Dzmorpha, the hairs do 
not really disappear, but are reduced in size and so are lost among the 
secondary hairs that arise at this stage, whilst in the Lachneids they . 
do not even become smaller, but are almost inextricably confused 
among the mass of secondary hairs developed tf. Cocoon. — The 
cocoon reminds one somewhat of those of certain Saturniids, and the 
gummy substance that makes it waterproof, being very similar to 
side) ased in the’ cocoons of Saturna (sens. -strict.), aids the 
resemblance. Bacot also says that it resembles that of Aglia tau 
considerably, and that of Caligula japonica very markedly ; it 
resembles somewhat the cocoon of Eumorpha elpenor which is 


* We suspect this to be not v but a tubercle homologous with the ‘‘supple- 
mentary prespiracular”’ of the Lachneids /anted, vol. ii., p. 439). 

t In the Sphingids one finds the single primitive tubercular hairs reduced in size 
and lost among the secondary hairs (shagreen hairs). In Dzmorpha, the duplicated 
primitive tubercular hairs are reduced in size, and lost among the secondary hairs 
(shagreen hairs). In the Lachneids we get the duplicated primitive tubercular hairs 
obscured among a crowd of secondary hairs, only shagreen in character to the 
extent that they have coloured bases, usually black. They are simply obscured ; 
there is no reduction in size (Bacot iz Jztt.). 


234 i BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


of the same pattern but slighter, and other Sphingid cocoons 
are also of the same pattern. Pupa.—The rough-skinned pupa 
suggests those of the Smerinthids as much as those of the 
Saturniids, although structurally nearer the latter. We may 
here note that the pupa of Dimorpha versicolora appears to be an ex- 
ception to Chapman’s general definition of the pupz-obtecte, that, as 
pupe, they “have no power to emerge from the cocoon or to 
progress in any way,’ for the pupa of this species systematically 
forces itself out of the cocoon before the imago emerges, and, as 
a pupa, therefore, it comes, as regards this particular character only, 
under Chapman’s division /zcompletae. 

We are not inclined to follow Kirby in going back to 
Schrank’s grouping and in considering Hubner’s stirps Dzmorphae 
(as represented by Dimorpha_ versicolora) simply a genus of 
Bombycidae, which he defines (Afasdbook, &c., iv. p. 61) as 
having: “The frenulum absent; the mouthparts rudimentary, the 
antenne pectinated in both sexes; the wings broad; the body 
generally stout; the hind tibiz armed with two small spurs; the 
larva naked, with a fleshy horn on the back as in the Sphingzdae ; 
the pupa enclosed in a cocoon.” Grote writes (ze Saturnitden, p. 
5): “The larva of Dimorpha in the first stadium strikingly resembles 
the larve of the Lachneids. The primitive original stadium is 
wanting. Segments two and three each bear two warts above the stigma. 
The tubercles are throughout of the form of warts. On the abdominal 
segments iv and v are separated, on the other hand the presence of 
the subprimary tubercle vi cannot, with certainty, be made out 
(cfr., fig. 3). The entire blackish-coloured and bristly creature forms 
in its first skin a sharp contrast with the naked-green skin of the 
later stages. The accompanying figure is from a _ microscopic 
drawing by Dyar, to whom I sent the larve in question. The 
seta marked vi (?) stands too low down to be referred with certainty 
to the subprimary, particularly one might assume that this seta would 
have to be referred to vii, especially since the light-coloured wart 
also is here wanting.” 

We may here note that Hermann (¢es¢e Standfuss) obtained 
pairings between Dimorpha versicolora § and Agla tau 2, but 
the eggs were infertile. Standfuss records (fandbook, pp. 124, 
125) an experiment on pupe of this and other species that 
appears to show that a hurrying of the pupal stage tends to produce 
less well-marked specimens. He says that out of a large number 
of pupe of Dimorpha versicolora, Saturnia pavonia and Aglia tau, 
he had a few emergences of imagines without previous hybernation 
of the pupa. ‘The aspect of the individuals belonging to the first two 
species was markedly altered in the direction of decidedly weakened 
and less distinct markings. He further notes that large numbers of 
pupe of Saturnia (in these cases from 200-400 specimens were used) 
were kept very dry for 7-10 weeks, from June to the end of 
September. ‘They were then freely and repeatedly moistened, and 
about 1 per cent. of the moths emerged from these pup 10-20 days 
after the damping. The fully-developed moths mostly show a de- 
parture from the ordinary form of the species, the elements of the 
pattern being less sharply outlined, more or less washed-out and 
confused, and the repetition of the experiment shows that this cannot 
be merely a matter of chance, 


DIMORPHA. 235 


Genus: DimorpHa, Hubner, 


SYNONYMY.—Genus: Dimorpha, HDb., ‘‘ Tent.,” p. 1 (1806); “Franck Cat.,”’ 
p. 88 (1825); Tutt, ‘‘ Pract. Hints, &c.’’ pp. 19, 61,75 (1901). Phalaena-Lombyx, 
«¢ Sys. Nat.,’’ 10th ed., p. 499 (1758) wei2taved Spe oly Gu,07) > °° Bn. Suec.” ed: 2. 
Pp. 294 (17 or); Bkh., ‘‘ Sys. Besch.,”’ ii., p. 42 (1790) ; Brahm, ‘‘ Ins.-Kal.,”’ pp. 183, 
526 (1791); (FL-A.D.. ac’ Bork; Rhein. Mag.,” p.-327 (1793). ° Phalaenc, Hufn., 
essen. Mag.,” ap: 400 (U700):4) ott., « Naturf.,” Vill;, p- 102 (1776) ; Scheven, 
Soyatirt..°” ae i 66, pl. iii., figs. 1-5 (1780). Bombyx, Fab., ‘‘ Sys. Ent.,” p. 565 
Paes pee. lus. 1b, ps 178’ (1781) = “« Mant. Ins.,?? u-, p. “113 (1787) 5 “ Ent. 
Sic, ll. pt. I, p. 427 (1793); ee Peo schimett. Wien.,"7 p- 4017 75)sved.al., ps 
55 (1801) ; _ Esp. 20 Sehmett. Eur.,’ es pl: xx (A732) 5" pe LES (1784) 5) Eb. ur. 
Schmett.,’ nes: 1-2 (crc. 1800), ke Io2 (1805) ; Schrk., ‘* Faun. Boica,” i, 1, ps 
245 (1801) pallet 22. ES ON(NOO2) 5 claw... ep. Brit., cD 80 (1803))5 att, oEisk: 
Nat.,”’ Se a 181 (1805) ; Godt, Gi Hist. Nat.,”” iv., p. 149 (1823). Bombyx 
(-Laria), Latr., “ Gen. Crust.,” iv., p. 219 (1809), zec Schrank. Ludromzs, Ochs., 
eicwschmiett-” mp. 15 (1610); Oken, “* Lehrb: Zool.,”1:, p. 715 (1815) 3 Sam., 
Bunt. Comp.,. p. 247 (1819) ; Hb., S WietZe peelas™ (C7762 1022) Stphs., Boel ls 
Riese es P= 34 (1520). “Cat. Br. Ins.,”” i, p.45 (1829); * List Br. An. Br. 
Mus.,”’ v., p. 44 (1850) ; Meig., (ture schmett.,.- i, p. 153 (1630); Bdv., “Shur. 
ep. ind. Meth? ip: 50 (18209); ‘Gen. et Ind.,” p. 74 (1840) ;, Wood, << Ind. 
nt.) po 21.(1830); Dup., “Cat. Méth.,” p: 80 (1844); Humph. & Westd., ‘ Brit. 
Moths,” p. 79 (1841); Evers., ‘‘ Faun. Volg.-Ural.,”’ p. 119 (1844) 5 H.-Sch., ‘“ Sys. 
Bearb.,”’ ii., p. 98 (1846); Boh., ‘‘ Vet. Ak. Handl.,”’ 1848, pp. 150-1 (1850) 5 
Beyde burs deep. Cat: Meth.” ed. 3, p.28 (1851) 5 Sta.,  <* Man.,”’ 1.,  p. 
PeECEOR nm); Spev., «Geog. Verb.;”” 1; p. 415 (1858); Hem., * Schmett. Deutsch., ee 
pergg (1559\--tHumph., “Gen. But. Moths,” p. 20 (1860); Staud., “‘ Cat.,” ed. % 
Beso rooL) > ed. 2) p, 70 (1871) 5 ed..3, p. 125. (1901) ; Rbr., « Cat. Lép. And.,” 
peego7 1c00) ; Snell, <“De Viind.,” p. 193 (1967); Berce, ““ Faun: Franc¢.,”’ it, p. 
Pee ood) = Nolck. “ep. Pn. Est.” 1.5<p- 131 (1868); Newm., “ Brit. Moths,” 
p. 47 (1869) ler so Skand- ret. vil-, 0p. 125, (rd09) ; Curo, © Bull Soc, Ent. 
Ttal.,” viii., p. 153 (1876) ; Frey, ‘‘ Lep. Schweiz,” p. 99 (1880) ; Kirby, ‘‘ Eur. Butts. 
and ‘Moths,’ BP IZEN( ISSO) Cale py 723, (Nog2).; “Eland book? jetc:, s1v., p= 07 
(1897) ; Buck., ‘‘ Larve,” etc., iiil., p. 60 (1889); Meyr., ‘‘ Handbook,’’ etc., p. 319 
eqs) tutt,> But. Moths,” “p: 47 (1390); Grote, ‘Die Saturm.,”” p. 5 (1396); 
bam ep, But. 7 1b, px 50: (1896). - Derviliza, Leach, “ Edmb. Encycl., 
iP. 132 (1815). 

Dimorpha was the generic name given to versecolora by Hubner in 
1806, in the Zenéamen, p. 1, the species having been previously figured 
and described by him (Zur. Schmett., p. 102, pl. 1., figs. 1—2z) under 
the name of Bombyx versicolora, and this species, being the only one 
mentioned, became the type of the genus. The genus was, however, 
first diagnosed by Ochsenheimer (Die Schmett., i1., p. 15) in 1810, 
as follows: 


ENDROMIS.—The antennz bipectinate; the abdomen very hairy, the wings 
thinly scaled, with a hook-shaped median spot. The larva naked, with a pyramidal 
hump on the last segment. Cocoon of the texture of parchment.* 


Meyrick considers the characters of the genus to be those of 
the family, and diagnoses them (Handbook, pp. 318—319) as: 


Imago: Head densely rough-haired, ocelli present. Eyes glabrous. Tongue 
rudimentary. Antennz under 3, in ¢ bipectinated to apex. Labial palpi rather 
short, densely hairy. Thorax densely hairy above and beneath. Abdomen densely 
hairy. Femora and tibiz densely hairy, posterior tibiz without middle-spurs, end- 
spurs very short. Forewings: 1 @ simple, 4 and 5 connate from lower angle, 6 
from near 9, 7 and 8 out of 10. Hindwings without frenulum, 4 and 5 connate from 
lower angle, 6 and 7 connate, 8 connected by bar with cell near base. Ovum : 

* Ochsenheimer gives the following note on the genus: ‘‘In this genus also, 
which differs essentially from all others, there is only ove “European species. Schrank, 
in his Fauna Boica, has united mort and versicolora under the name Bombyx, but 
mort belongs as little to the European procucts as do the exotic plants which only 
thrive in hot- houses, and, therefore, cannot find place in the series of Schmetterlinge 
von Europa,” 


236 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Rounded-oblong, smooth. Larva: Stout, attenuated anteriorly, with few hairs ; all 
prolegs developed. Pupa-: Ina tough elongate- oval cocoon above ground. 

The species is occasionally gynandromorphous. Schultz notices 
no fewer than 7 examples which he describes (///us. Woch. fiir Ent,, ii., 
p. 494, and iii., p. 184). The first of these to be made known to entomolo- 
gists wasthat figured by Ernstand Engramelle, Pap. a’ Europe, iv., pl. 1, 
suppl. fig. 169. For the complete list see posted, pp. 238—2309. 

Standfuss reared this species in large numbers in successive 
years, and gives the following as representing the numbers of each 
sex reared, 27z., 1886—21d'S, 3128; 1888—1983's, 5728; 1889— 
(AS S OR 2 S==220 6 Sy wou & S, 

Like so many of our species that we consider have spread to us 
from northern latitudes, this species frequently exists for two and 
three years in the pupal state; imagines have been known to emerge 
from pupe that have been in the latter stage at least five years. 

Packard states (Zextbook of Entomology, p. 634) that “the 

imago of the Attacine moths cuts or saws through its cocoon by 
means of a pair of large, stout, black spines (sectores coconis), one 
on each side of the thorax at the base of the forewings, and provided 
with five or six teeth on the cutting edge (c/. fig. 591, p. 635). 
The cocoon-cutter occurs in all the American genera (Sama, etc. ), 
and is large and well-marked in the European . Saturnia pavonia-minor 
and Endromis (Dimorpha) versicolora.” What the imago of Dimorpha 
wants with acocoon-cutter, considering that the pupa and not the 
imago emerges from the cocoon, has not yet been explained, and, 
as a matter of fact, Chapman notes that D. verszcolora has no cocoon- 
cutter ; it has the portion of wing-hinge that becomes a cocoon-cutter 
in Antheraea, &c., but it is not much more developed than in many 
moths, such as Lachneids, etc. Chapman points out (274. Rec., 
Xlil., p. 300) that the cocoon-cutter of Actas duna acts by teasing out 
the silk and not by cutting it, the silk being first softened by an 
abundance of fluid exuded by the moth. 


DIMORPHA VERSICOLORA, Linné. 

SYNONYMY.—Species : Versicolora, Linn., ‘‘ Sys, Nat.,’’ xth ed., p. 499 1738) : 
xiith ed., p. 817 (1767) ; Schev., ‘“‘ Naturf.,” xiv., p. 66 (1780) ; Fab., ‘‘Sys. Ent., 
FOS (la7is\s “Spec luse): dik, Paizo) 7Ol)s a MamitinSss.7 pails (i 7oy me aaares Sys.,” _ 
ies Pils npard 27/7193) pySulz., oe Nbaelko Gesch. Ins 570 anki5 9 pl. 21, fig. Ae 7183 
spy -“schmett, ur, 2 il. pl. Dae 783),p. 115 (1784) ; View., “Tab. Verz.,’ Bs 
38 (1789) ; Bkh., ‘‘ Sys. Besch., DP: 42(1790))3 Bratimiy << Insek.-Kal.,” ii., ‘ ‘pp. 
183, 526 (1791) ; "Hb. “Eur. Sama. text p. 102 (1805); “*iVerz.,p.siagneeen 
TO22) ence Franck Cat.,” p- 88 (1825) ; Latr., ‘¢ Gen. Crust.,” iv., p. 219 (1809) ; Ochs., 
‘¢Die Schmett.,” iii., p. 16 (1810); Godt., ‘Hist. Nat.,”’ iv., p. 149 (1623)5 
Stephs., ‘ Illus., ‘i -» Ps 34 (1828) 5¢* Cat. Br, Ins...” i.; ps 45: (1820) 4" Given 
eps Ind. Meth. *p. 50 (1829); ‘Gen. et Ind. Meth.,” p. 74 (1840); Dupe Gan 
Méth.,’’ p. 80 (1844) ; Evers., ‘‘ Faun. Volg.-Ural.,” p. 119 (1844); Herr.-Sch., 
‘‘ Sys. Bearb.,” ii, p. 98 (1846), Boh., ‘‘ Vet. Ak. Hand.,”’ 1848, pp. I50—1 
(1850); Heyd., ** Hur. Lep. Cat. “Meth.,”?,ed.. 3,—p. 28 (1851);) Sta.) ¢)aNlmiees 
p. 159 (1857); Speyer, “Geog. Verb. Schmett.,” 1, p. 415 (1058); seus 
‘‘Schmett. Deutsch.,”’ p. 199 (1859) ; Staud!., “‘Cat.,”’ 1st ed., p. 30 (1861) ;;2ndseus 
Pe 70 (1e7 1); snd ed, pees (1901) ; Gascoyne, ‘‘Entom.,’’ 11., p. 184 (1865) ; 
Rami. - Cat, pabepm And; Dey 307, (1866) ; Snell., ‘De Vlind.,” p. 193 (1867) ; 
Berce, ‘‘ Faun. Frang.,” i1., p. 203 (1868) ; Nolck., ‘“Lep. Fn. Estl.” 1, poree 
(1868) ; Wligrn., ‘“Skand. Het.,” i1., p. 125 (1869) ; Cur6d) “ Bull. Soc. Ent{ at 
Villy) Dr 5e (187 6); Brey,, “* I ep. Schweiz,’”’? p. 99 (1880); Kirby, ‘‘ Eur. 
Butts. and Moths,’ p. 125 (1880); Meyr., ‘‘ Handbook,” &c., p. 319 (1895) ; 
Battie 2° Weep. Brit.,” Illy Ds 50 (1896); Grote, ‘‘Die Saturn.,’’ p. 5 (1896). 
Versicoloria, L ind. Sys... Nat.,’> xith ed., p. 499 (1760); Hfn., ‘* Berl. Mag.,”’ 
li., p, 400 (1766) ; (Schiff. ml Sys. Verz.,”’ ed, I, p. 49 (1775); ed. 2, p» 55 (1807) ; 


DIMORPHA VERSICOLORA. 237 


oit., ‘* Naturi,,” vill., p. 102 (1776); Etb., ‘‘ Eur, Schmett.,” figs. 1,2 (c¢vc. 1800); 
pelcnt. |) po. t)(ESeo), . Versicolor,, Linn., °*Faun, Suec.,”’ ed, 2, p. 294 (1761); 
Scheven, ‘‘ Naturf.,’’ xiv., p. 66, pl. iii., figs. 1—5 (1780); Schrk., ‘‘ Faun. Boica,”’ 
Deine 245 (neo!) : 25). 150 (1802); IWatr., “Hist. Nat.,” xiv., p. 181 (1805)); 
Wren = Lehn: Zool.) a.,p..715 (USi5)3 sam.; ‘ Ent: Comp.,”’ p. 247: (1819) ; 
Pies ure Schimett.. dlp. 153 (1s3o));" Stephs., “List. Br: An. Br, Mus.,’” v., 
p44 (1850); Wood, “Ind: Fnt.,”’ p- 21, fig. 33 (1839); Humph. and West., 
‘« Brit. Moths,”’ p. 79 (1841); Humph., ‘‘ Gen. Brit. Moths,” p. 20 (1860) ; Newm., 
« Brit. Moths,” p. 47 (1869) ; Buck., ‘‘ Larvae, &c.,”’ iii., p. 60, pl. xxi., fig. 3 (1889); 
Puniveses Nord.) Myjar., p. 05 (1880); Kirby, *(Cat.,” p. 722 (1892) 5 ** Handbk.,”’ 
iv., p. 67 (1897); Tutt, “ Brit. Moths,” p. 47 (1896). Versicolorus, Haw, ‘“ Lep. 
pitts, 12, Ps. OO (1802). Viszcolora, Leach, “* Kdm. Emcycl:,” ix., p. 132-(1815). 

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.—Fhalaena Bombyx versicolora, elinguis, 
alis reversis griseis; strigis nigro-albis, fronte thoracis albo. Gadd, 
Satag., 82, Phal. alis lineis albis et nigris undatis. Roes., Jws., 
epee oe Wilk Fp. 45, 1. i, @..1. “Habitat im Europa 
imme Sys Va, xth eds. p. 490): ‘Lo this description Linné 
adds: ‘“Speciosa, magna. Thorax antice albus linea nigra ter- 
minatus. Ale superioris angulus posticus maculis 3 albis; in- 
ferioris macula diaphana ad apicem” (Sys. Vaz, xiith ed., p. 817). 

ImMaco. — 49mm.—87‘5mm. in expanse. ¢. Collar whitish, 
thorax orange-brown mixed with grey scales, abdomen orange- 
brown. Anterior wings deep orange-brown with two brown-black 
transverse lines, the basal one curved, edged internally (nearest 
base) with whitish, or whitish-ochreous, the outer one deeply angulated 
below its centre, edged externally with whitish; a pale subterminal 
line, made of large arches, including the pale portions of the 
nervures towards the outer margin, and ending in three silvery- 
white spots (often united) near the apex; basal tuft greyish-white; 
the discal area, sometimes suffused with grey, contains a dark 
<-shaped discal spot with point towards base. Posterior wings 
orange or orange-brown, with a single, median, transverse black 
line (continuation of the angulated one on forewing), an ill-defined 
discal spot, a transverse series of dark spots, the outer edge of 
which is continuous with the subterminal of forewings, and ends 
at apex in two silvery-white or ochreous spots. 9. Paler; the 
anterior wings with the pale areas much enlarged, the <-shaped 
mark often obsolete; the posterior wings white instead of orange- 
brown. Fringes practically obsolete in both sexes. 

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—The male is smaller, darker in colour, 
much more active than the female, which is paler, less brown, 
with a much larger and heavier abdomen. The three apical spots 
remain white in the g's, whilst all the other pale forewing markings that 
are whitish in the 2s tend in varying degrees to become reduced in 
size or entirely suffused with pale brown in the gs. (This is not 
invariably the case, as in some g's the pure white is maintained 
and its effect heightened by the deeper and richer, normal, male 
ground colour). The hindwings exhibit still greater differences, 
those of the gs only showing two white (or ochreous) spots 
at the apical angle, and even these are sometimes strongly suf- 
fused by the yellow-brown which, in this sex, usually replaces the 
white areas of the @? hindwing. The pale markings of the 
hindwings of the @s are so enlarged (perhaps it would be more 
correct to say the brown markings are so reduced) that one might 
call the ground colour white, whilst that of the forewings is pale 


238 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


brown. In size the males in our collection vary from 49mm.—67mm., 
the @s from 62°5mm.—87‘5mm. (Morton notes Scotch ?s up 
to 87mm. and Meyrick to 85mm.) Chapman gives the following 
notes on the antenne: “g. Length, 11mm. of about 46 joints; 
longest plumule about 1°*5mm. long. Broadly, this is a Lachneid 
antenna, in the bend (about 16 to 20 segments), and in the lop-eared 
arrangement of the plumules springing from the ventral aspect of 
the segments. It differs in the irregular arrangement of the hairs 
on the plumules, which are not in regular rows as in Lachneids, 
and in their carrying no baton, but only a bristle. To say that the 
hairs are irregularly placed is perhaps incorrect, since they seem 
to be placed very regularly, but not in any row or describable 
pattern. The dorsal scaling of the shaft is very sparse and_hair- 
like; the scales are more scale-like distally, quite irregular, and in at 
least 4 rows. No scales on plumules. The plumules have a sweep- 
ing bend forwards towards their apices at a point where there is 
a somewhat clubbed thickening, beyond which they taper to a 
rather smaller apex. ?. Length, romm. of about 44 joints; scaling 
sparse as in g; plumules short (o‘4mm. longest), somewhat clubbed, 
and more distally bent forward towards their apices; a small terminal 
bristle ; hairs much fewer and shorter than in g's, they tend to invade 
upper surface towards ends of plumules (zz /7#z.).” 

GYNANDROMORPHISM. — The following gynandromorphous_ ex- 
amples have been described or figured— 

a. Left 35 right 9. Figured by Ermst, 2ap. a Hur, pla; Supps Glee 
169 m—n; Lefebvre, p. 148. Borkhausen (Rhezx. Mag., i., p. 327) mentions 
(without describing it) this hermaphrodite as being in Gerning’s collection, and 
bred at Solingen. 


B. Right g, left ¢. Completely gynandromorphous; abdomen ¢, but on 
the right side coloured like the ¢; anus very hairy; genitalia not visible. Vienna 
Museum, from Mazzola’s collection (Ochsenheimer, Die Schmett., iv., p. 187 ; 
Rudolphi, p. 52; Burm., p. 340; -Lefebvre, p. 147). 

y. Right ¢, left ¢. Halved, gynandromorphous; the thorax also divided. 
Figured and described by Ballion, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., iv., p. 33, pl. 1, fig. 2 
(1866—1867). 

0. In all respects a g, except that it has a ¢ antenna on the right side. Bred 
at Zurich (Wiskott, Festschrift Ver. Schles. Ins., (1897), p. 124). [This would 
appear to be the specimen, bred by Standfuss and sent to Wiskott, that is men- 
tioned Lllus. Woch. fiir Ent., i., p. 384, where we read: ‘ Another gynandromorph 
bred by Standfuss, is in the possession of Herr Wiskott of Breslau.”’] 


e. Incomplete. In all respects a g except that the mght antenna is ¢ in 
form (Schultz, Z/. Woch. fiir Ent., ii., p. 462). [There is nothing to show whether 
this is or is not the same as the preceding. } 

g. Right ¢, left ¢. Coloration of wings very intense; left antenna (much 
crippled) male, right female. Dividing line on body present ; the scales of the body 
on the right of the line brown, on the left whitish-grey; on the left side of the anus 
a clasper and anal tuft are visible; on the right the body is considerably more 
bulky, and at the end of it the retracted ovipositor can be clearly distinguished. 
From Berlin. In the Daub coll., Carlsruhe. Described by Gauckler (Schultz, Z/dus. 
Woch. fiir Ent., ii., p. 462). 

». A male example with distinct whitish female coloration. In the Bernard 
coll., Dantzig (Schultz, Zédus. Woch. fur Ent., ii.,p. 462). 

9. A similar example in the Rosser collection, Berlin (Schultz, ///us. Woch. 
FUP LQi.g Wey Px Oe) 

t Body left side completely ¢, inclusive of antenna and wings, right side 
throughout ¢; a line, only perceptible with strong lens, divides the body from 
the front of the head to the anus into two halves; while the ¢ side of the thorax 
is more arched and fuller, the ¢ part is stronger and longer - haired; in the ab- 


DIMORPHA VERSICOLORA. 239 


domen, the ¢ side is somewhat broadened and less haired; . . . . the hind 
margin of the anus is rather truncate as in a normal ¢ ; the ? genitalia are con- 
cealed under a dense tuft of hairs; although it appears from the marked 
development of the ¢ genital organs that this specimen is principally male, yet 
the tendency towards the ¢ form decreases in the wings. Were the example a 
normal male one would call it a giant, the ¢ wings being of normal size, and 
the ¢ wings but little less. For the specimen I have to thank a highly-esteemed 
friend in Russia (Ruhl, Socéetas Hntom., vi., p. 98). 

x. Halved. Left completely ¢, right ¢. Left side of wings and left 
antenna ¢ ; right side of wings and right antenna ¢. Body divided into two 
halves following the two sexes, thus differing strikingly the one side from the 
other in build, colour, and clothing (¢ side with longer hairs). In the Museum 
at Altenburg (Schultz, /2/us. Zeits. fur Ent., iii., p. 184). 

VARIATION.—The species does not appear to be subject to much 
variation. In size, as already pointed out, males vary from 49mm. 
—67mm. and females from 62°5mm.—87-5mm., whilst in colour the 
males sometimes approach the female, and the females the male, 
coloration. Barrett notes (Zep. Brit, ii1., p. 52) that ‘variation appears 
to exist only in the intensity of colour and of clouding, but in some 
individuals the darker clouding is almost absent. In the Doubleday 
collection is a very dark male, and, in that of Bond, a female with 
the hindwings nearly white. As a rule, specimens from Scotland are 
of deeper, richer colour than those from the south of England.” In 
the British Museum collection, one g (from the Frey coll.) has the 
white on the forewings very strongly developed and the brown is also 
deepened and intensified, producing a much more strongly marked 
example than the majority of the British Museum specimens; one 
may summarise the differences in the latter as being confined 
to the depth and extent of the brown areas as opposed to the 
white. Frings records (Soc. Lv¢., xill., p. 129) a very dark marked 
2 aberration with pale red-brown hindwings from Russia. One 
suspects that the wing-markings are very primitive, since those of the 
forewings are practically repeated on the hindwings. In our British 
series, there is much difference in the intensity of the markings, the 
depth of the ground-colour, and the quantity of pale shading, more - 
especially in the gs. In some specimens, too, the discal V-shaped 
mark is reduced to a mere point, or it may be altogether absent. 
The silvery-white apical spots vary considerably in size, they are 
also, in some specimens, united, in others very distinctly separated. 
In the hindwings of the ¢s the markings are sometimes almost 
obsolete, and the wings practically unicolorous, whilst the normally 
white apical spots are frequently absorbed in the ground-colour. In 
the hindwings of the females the presence of a brown line within and 
crossing the angle made by the median line and a tendency to the 
development of dark spots on the outer margin are the most 
noteworthy features. There is insufficient variation to form any 
really useful tabulation; the only attempt we have made at grouping 
the males may be noted as: 

I. a. Forewings pale orange-brown, with distinct transverse lines, the pale 
margins not pure white; the median area paler and greyer; the hindwings 
orange-brown with distinct markings, and whitish apical spots=ab. pallida, n. ab. 
2. Similar, but with ill-developed or obsolete markings on hindwings=ab, padlida- 
obsoleta, n. ab. 

2. a. Forewings bright orange-brown, rather darker than 1; the shading 


between the elbowed and subterminal lines still darker, and forming a better con- 
trast. Hindwings orange, with distinct markings, apical spots ochreous rather 


240 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


than whiteverstcolora*, Linn. 8. Similar, but with the markings of the hind- 
wings ill-developed or obsolete=ab. obsoleta, n. ab. 

3. Forewings deep fuscous-brown ; basal tuft quite white; transverse lines 
exceptionally dark, contrasting strongly with their white edgings, with the pale median 
shades, the pale arches of subterminal, and the white apical spots. Hindwings deep 
orange-brown, median line and external transverse shade strongly marked ; apical 
spots pure white; outer margin dark-shaded, with pale nervures=ab, clara, n. ab. 

a. Forewings dull ochreous-brown, the paler markings suffused with 
ochreous, apical spots white. Hindwings dull ochreous, dark marginal markings also 
dull, apical spots entirely lost in ground colour=ab, obscura, n. ab. 3. Similar, 
but with the markings on the hindwings ill-developed or obsolete=ab. obscura- 
obsoleta, n. ab. 


The only described form appears to be the following: 


a. var, lapponica, Bau, “*Stett. Ent. Zeit.,’° xxxviil., p. 152\(1677)5euumive, 
“Nord. Fyar.,? p. 65 (1880); Staud., ‘¢Cat.,” 3rd ed., p. 125 (1901): Gee ais 
anticis obscure griseo-fumigatis, nigro-notatis; margine antenore subtus nigro ; 
posticis sordide ferrugineo-fulvis, fasciis infuscatis. g. Alis obsolete cinereo 
fulvoque nebulosis. ¢. The forewings dark smoky-brown with a good deal of 
black ; the white markings of the type-form usually only just indicated, sometimes 
entirely wanting; margins of underside black. Hindwings dirty red-brown with 
darker bands. ¢. Pale drab-brown with a good deal of black, the white portions 
with a weak tinge of brown; generally the normal black area is more extended, 
especially on the undersides of the wings. The femora, dark-brown in the type, are, 
in the variety, shiny black. The white of the thorax is mixed with brown. The 
larvee were obtained by Kricheldorffin Swedish Lapland last year, on a birch bush (Bau), 

EGGLayinc.—The eggs are laid side by side along a twig of birch, 
their long axes transverse to that of the twig, and a second and even 
third row may be placed on top of them. In laying her eggs, the moth 
feels the twig and the preceding egg with her ovipositor carefully getting 
it into position, ina way difficult to describe, passing it in some 
degree round the twig, the extremity of the ovipositor corresponding 
with the micropylar end of the egg, which is gradually thrust out 
a short way and then rapidly into its position, in a way that makes 
one sure it cannot possibly reach and stop at its right place, which 
it nevertheless does, the cement that afterwards holds it so firmly in 
place, apparently acting as a perfect lubricant (Chapman). The 
eggs found in the woods are laid in little batches of 6 to 8 or so, 
in double rows, on small outside twigs of birch, 2 ft.—g4 ft. from the 
ground; the eggs are pale at first, but darken in a day or two to 
a purple-brown colour, just like the birch twigs (Holland). The ova 
are laid in rows, side by side (somewhat like those of Z7ichiura 
crataegi), the number in a row varying considerably (Bacot). In 
nature, a batch of eggs usually numbers ro—18 (very rarely 20 or 
more go to form a batch), attached in a double row to birch twigs on 
the outside of the bushes; when a @ has deposited one small section 
of her eggs, she flies from 15 yds.—zo yds. before selecting another 
bush ; after darkening, the eggs are most perfectly protected (Clarke). 
A g and @? emerged in the afternoon of February 27th, 1893, and 
paired almost immediately ; they remained zx cofw/d till 10 p.m. the 
same evening, and at 10.45 p.m. the 9 began egglaying on dead 
twigs of birch, to which they were fastened by their long sides in 
rows of from 6 to 10; in one case a second row was laid on the first. 
After several rows had been thus laid, cracks in the box in which the 


* Linné’s original description evidently refers only to the 9. We have 
selected this as the typical form of the male, being, at any rate with us, the 
commonest 


DIMORPHA VERSICOLORA. 241 


? was confined were utilised, the ovipositor being thrust round in 
such a manner as to suggest that this may be a frequent habit in 
nature. The eggs are conspicuous when first laid, but soon darken ; 
this ? laid just 100 eggs, and died on March 4th, the abdomen being 
quite empty ; the larvae commenced to hatch on April 6th. A second 
@ found zz cop. before 5 p.m., February 28th, 1893, separated from 
the male at 10.30 p.m., and commenced laying the same night in 
crevices of box, between two layers of cardboard ; some of these rows 
consisted of as many ds 20 eggs and were very regularly arranged. 
This @ laid 136 eggs and died on March 5th; the larva commenced . 
tomnateh on April 1th (“z7. -Rec., iv., p- 156).. Gascoyne, who 
noticed that the females blundered much in laying their eggs ina 
box, ‘‘placed a 2 on the main stem of a young birch-plant, growing 
in a flower-pot ; she at once commenced to ascend, and, passing along 
one of the thin lateral twigs, the before awkward moth now seemed 
quite at home, and with perfect freedom of movement she clasped the 
branch, adjusted herself beneath it, and, curling up the abdomen, 
passed it up one side of the twig, bringing it forward until it ap- 
proached the hinder legs; then, passing the ovipositor over to the 
upper surface, deposited the first egg, close to the hind legs and across 
the twig, a little towards the side from which it was delivered ; then, 
slightly elongating the body, another was laid alongside the first, followed 
by a third and so on, until nine or ten had been deposited in the most 
regular manner, and having the appearance of a row of miniature 
vegetable marrows, laid side by side. The abdomen having now 
been elongated to its fullest extent, she withdrew it, and, passing it to the 
opposite side of the twig, bringing over the ovipositor as before, placed 
an egg exactly end to end with the first one laid, and so on throughout 
the second row; a third row is sometimes laid on the first.” Gas- 
coyne further observes that he has batches of the shells where third and 
even fourth rows have been raised, and adds: “The female now takes 
wing, alighting on aneighbouring twig, and the operation is repeated with 
intervals of rest until she has laid about half her store, the remainder 
being laid on a subsequent evening. The exact moment for laying the 
eggs appears not to be under the direct control of the female, for, when 
the impulse is on, she is most impatient to adjust herself, and if she has 
not completely succeeded when the proper moment arrives for the 
passage of the egg, she appears to have no power to retain it, and it 
becomes attached to any part that the ovipositor may happen to touch 
at the moment of emission. The number of eggs averages about 160, 
those emitted rarely exceed 120. Strong, healthy females will lay their 
eggs with the greatest precision and nicety, the smaller and weaker 
ones are generally bunglers throughout, and deposit them very 
irregularly.” Merrifield notes* complete batches laid by two females that 
emerged and paired respectively on March 24th, 1859, and March 25th, 
1859, as consisting of 150 and 154 eggs apiece, and laid between these 
dates and March gist in batches of from 12 to 44, the eggs being chiefly 
deposited between 2 p.m—4 p.m., and at dusk. Another female, between 
April znd and April 4th, laid 158 eggs in batches of from 4 to 35, and, 
being dissected, 35 eggs were found in the body, most of which were 
small and soft, only about 10 being full-sized and hard. Another ? 
paired on April 4th, and by 1 p.m. on April 5th had laid 174 eggs in 5 
_-* Merrifield gives (A.B., Ant, We. Int., vol. x., pp. 47—48) a further excellent 
account of the egglaying of this species. 


942 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


batches. The eggs laid by the second ° between March 25th and 27th 
commenced to hatch April 23rd, and continued to do so until after 
April 28th. Jones found at Rannoch in May, 1883, 11 ova laid in a 
row, side by side and touching, on a small twig of birch ; these hatched 
June rst, all the larve coming out of the same end of theeggs, and 
each making a circular hole in it. Wynn discovered eggs in 1891 
in Wyre Forest laid in little clusters, at the end of thin twigs of 
birch. Day found eggs at Rannoch at the end of May, 1898, 
laid scattered on twigs of alder. Buckler notes that a small 
batch of a dozen eggs from Rannoch began to hatch May 22nd, the 
larve continuing to appear at intervals throughout that day, and up to 
the next morning when the two latest were hatched. Jenvey writes 
(2.2.) that two batches (laid by ¢s, which were both fertilised by the 
same male) consisted of 126 and 138 eggs respectively, and were 
deposited on birch twigs. Holland records eggs as being found wild 
at Burghfield on a birch bush on May 13th, 1801. 

Ovum.—When first laid yellow, soon assuming a dirty tint, the 
colour getting deeper, till it is of a deep purple or red-brown hue 
with a strong tinge of bluish. Before hatching, air penetrates between 
the larva and the shell, the colour being then a dirty white, ze., 
a white semitransparent shell over a black (brown-haired) larva. 
The eggs are plump and round when laid, but soon, by desiccation, 
develop a deep dent on one side, and this may assume really large pro- 
portions without detriment to the final exclusion of a healthy larva. 
The egg is nearly cylindrical with hemispherical ends; it does, how- 
ever, deviate a little from a strictly cylindricalform. The length is barely 
2°0omm., and the greatest diameter, 1:15mm., the least being 1‘oomm. 
This is the extent of the flattening in a plump egg, but the flattening 
{rom shrinkage soon makes this flattening much more pronounced. 
The micropyle is represented by a minute cell surrounded by a 
rosette of eight rather elongated cells, the whole rosette being about 
oo3mm. across, and, outside this, is an area about o'5mm. in 
diameter, with a well-marked network of cells, apparently separated 
by slightly raised lines; these cells are of very irregular form, 
usually lengthened in a _ direction radial from the micropyle, 
often four-sided, twice as long as broad, and about o'’o25mm. 
in length, but longer as they recede from the micropyle; outside 
this area they become less distinct, but can often be made out, although 
they usually present the appearance of a minutely undulated surface. 
There is another appearance that is very marked, but of the exact 
nature of which it is more difficult to be sure. ‘This may be described 
as beginning outside a radius of ‘25mm. from the micropyle, and 
affecting more or less the rest of the egg, and presenting the 
appearance of a number of fine spicular hairs arising at a con- 
siderable number of the points of intersection of the mesh of 
network, These are very fine and have a silvery sheen. Sometimes 
they appear to rise from a globular base. In some aspects, however, 
they look like small raised splashes, or marks of exclamation, laid 
flatly on the egg surface, with a minute free point standing off. 
They probably are portions of the network specially developed, and are 
not free spicules, except perchance at their extreme ends. The egg-shell 
being almost transparent, and being on a dark ground, its inequalities 
and markings probably produce these puzzling effects in various lights 


DIMORPHA VERSICOLORA, 243 


(Chapman). Theegg is long, nearly z2mm., somewhat cylindrical in shape, 
but almost twice as long as broad, the extremities rounded, a distinct 
longitudinal depression on upper surface of egg; the colour at 
first pale yellow*, rapidly becomes dirty yellow and after three days 
orange-brown, whilst the development of the embryo can be ob- 
served, certain dark areas being very pronounced ; the colour then 
gradually changes to purple-brown, and, five days after being laid, the 
eggs are of a tint roughly corresponding with that of the dead birch 
twigs (the infertile ones remaining yellow); the empty eggshell is 
glassy, transparent, and distinctly iridescent (Zut. Rec., iv., p. 156). 
The egg is about 2mm. in length, rather more than 1mm. wide, in 
shape much lke that of a brick with rounded-off angles, slightly 
depressed on the upperside, sometimes on both sides, the surface 
apparently smooth and very glossy; when first laid, of a light 
green colour, changing in the course of a few days to dark brownish- 
purple, much the colour of a fresh birch twig; this lasts for about 
fifteen days, and it then assumes a purplish-violet tint, gleaming 
like an amethyst, and the interior seems a little cloudy; a few hours 
later it is fainter and pinkish, and then the larva soon hatches; the 
empty shell, with the circular hole of egress at one end, still retains a 
faint tinge of pinkish-violet after the larva has escaped (Buckler). The 
eggs when first laid are of a bright yellow colour, but soon assume a rich 
brown tint, much the colour of the twigs on which they are deposited ; 
in warm, sunny weather, the change of colour will be effected in 24 hours, 
but when cold and dull it occupies several days; in this state the eggs 
remain about three weeks or a month, varying with the temperature ; 
the movements of the young larva can be seen within the pellucid 
shell, and the young larva nibbles a hole at the end of the egg, 
the majority getting clear in halfan-hour (Gascoyne). The 
eggs at first bright yellow change gradually to pale purple-brown, 
becoming brown rather than yellow in three days from laying 
(Merrifield). Length of egg zmm., width 1‘zmm., thickness at 
larger end 1mm., at thinner end just under 1mm.; in outline, a 
long, rather brick-shaped oval, flattened on sides and edges, but 
full and rounded at ends; a large depression on upper surface, a 
small one on lower; colour finally of a livid leaden hue; surface. 
smooth and varnished. The micropyle forms a dark spot at one 
end, the surrounding network of cells faintly but clearly marked; the 
general surface only with the slightest trace of any reticulation 
(Bacot). It is essential that the ova should be kept in the shade and 
not exposed to the full rays of the sun until they begin to hatch 
(Bernard-Smith). 

Hasirs OF LARVA.—As soon as the larvae emerge, they con- 
gregate and feed gregariously, sitting closely together on a twig 
of the foodplant, clinging by their prolegs and holding the head 
and thoracic segments away from the twig. When startled, they rapidly 
throw themselves up, and much resemble Zenthredo larve, although 
the latter cling by their true legs and elevate the posterior segments. 


* We are informed that some error seems to have crept into the original here, 
the egg being noted as first ‘‘pale green, then yellow,” and several observers agree that 
there can be no doubt that the egg is not green but yellow when laid _ It is strange, 
if this be so, that Buckler (Zarvae, &c., iii., p. 61) makes exactly the same error 
of observation. Is there any variation in the tint of different batches ? 


244 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


The gregarious habit usually lasts until the third moult, occasionally, it 
is stated, to the fourth. In very suitable weather the first ecdysis takes 
place in about 6 days from hatching, the second some 6 days later, 
another 6 days is sufficient for them to have completed the third 
moult, whilst the fourth takes place some 7 or 8 days after the 
third ; the larve then feed for about a fortnight after the fourth moult 
betore they attain full growth. Sometimes, however, almost double this 
time is required in the early stadia. When almost fullgrown the larve 
are very lethargic, show no disinclination to be handled, rest side by side, 
and have a most contented appearance. When, however, quite ready 
for pupation, they become restless and wander about until they find a 
suitable position in which to pupate (Tutt). The young larva 
nibbles a hole at one end of the egg, and half-an-hour is generally 
sufficient for the majority to clear. ‘They wander over the shells, 
gently feeling each other as they come in contact, and, starting a 
trail, commence their first journey in life; one leaves the batch, 
makes its way up a twig, followed by ‘the others in single file, 
following the leader, and if one “ loses trail,” it tries back until it has 
again fallen into the line of march. ‘They then assemble near the 
tip of a twig, adhering when at rest by the claspers, the anterior 
portion of the body being erect, and closely resemble in colour, 
shape and size, the little black stumps so common on the twigs of 
birch. Another part of the batch may go off in another direction, 
having failed to strike the original trail. When the produce of a 
batch divides into two companies it frequently happens that, when 
removing in search of fresh food, each part, descending its respective 
twig, falls into a common trail on the main twig, becoming united, 
probably to be again divided at a subsequent migration. When 
some ten days have elapsed the body thickens, the larva ceases 
to eat, the head slips out of its old cover (which is empty and 
transparent) into the prothorax, the skin breaks down the back, and 
is slipped off segment after segment until it is gathered into a 
little heap behind. ‘The first moult singles out the weak or diseased 
individuals, which die under, or without accomplishing, the opera- 
tion. The larve, now of a dull green colour, bear, as they sit in 
groups, a remarkable resemblance to bunches of the birch-catkins, 
and it requires a practised eye and close examination to distinguish 
one from the other. At times, when resting in small groups, or 
even singly, in a reflexed posture, the rigid prolegs extend and 
give an outline more or less resembling the mid-rib and serrated 
edges of a birch-leaf, and the larve evidently trust to these attitudes 
for concealment. ‘They still continue to feed in groups, marching 
in company from branch to branch as the food becomes exhausted ; 
the groups appear to feed systematically, the larve going out two 
or three at a time to the ‘neighbouring leaves, and returning to fall 
in, others advancing to take their place; after about ten days 
more the second moult takes place, after which the larvae, becoming 
too large to derive security from their resemblance to the catkins, 
disperse, their attitude and colour daily assuming more resemblance 
to a leaf. After another moult they grow rapidly, feed incessantly, 
and become very handsome ; and, in this stage, the female larva may be 
distinguished from that of the male, being far more robust and sluggish. 
When fullfed the larvee assume a rosy tint, and then go down into the 


DIMCRPHA VERSICOLORA. 945 


moss, leaves, or other débvis, to spin their cocoons (Gascoyne). 
One of 10 eggs hatched on May 6th, 1858, the young larva took 
short excursions on the twig and returned to the other eggs, by next 
morning two more eggs had hatched, the three larve sitting together 
under a leaf, on the 8th none came out, but by the 9th another had 
emerged, and on the roth a fifth left the egg and they all moved to 
another leaf, still keeping to the underside and near the leaf-stalk ; 
the fifth, however, was not very sociable and died on the 15th. 
The young larve take up a position at rest perhaps rather ap- 
proaching that of Lophopteryx camelina than that of Sphinx, only 
with the head not quite so far turned back, and with a smaller part 
of the posterior end of the body attached to the leaf. The larve 
appear to feed chiefly (certainly not exclusively) by night; from the 
first they have, in eating, attacked a leaf sideways, biting through 
the whole substance. On May 24th, three of the larve changed their 
first skins, the other the next day ; they still rested under the leaf 
but fed rapidly in the sunshine, and maintained strictly their gre- 
garious habit, resting in actual contact, crawling or stretching 
forward to the edge of the leaf when hungry; they are very econo- 
mical feeders, wasting nothing, but, after eating the nearer part of 
a leaf, they attack the distant part, and, having eaten until 
the piece on the outer edge is almost detached, they stretch out to 
their utmost, nibble away at the outlying piece till it is so narrow 
that they can get the extremity into their mouths and munch it away 
as Kentish men do a stick of celery ; they were again noticed 
feeding at dusk, also later at about 10 p.m. On the evening of June 
2nd they again moulted, and two again on the gth, and two on the 
roth, and in their 4th stadia were about an inch long when not 
stretched out; on the 14th they were transferred to a breeding-cage 
and completed their development there. In nature the habits were 
further observed on July 2nd—3rd, 1858, at Green Trees Forest, when, 
by turning back the branches of the smaller birches that had evidently 
been well eaten, so as to see the undersides of the leaves, the 
whitish backs of the larve (which made them very conspicuous) were 
also exposed to view; the larve were most abundant on 
bushes of from 2 ft. to 6ft. high, and affected the middle and lower 
branches quite as much as the upper, eating off whole leaves, 
sometimes also leaf-stalks. They appear to be more or less gre- 
garious to the last, usually more than one is found on a tree, 
on one occasion 7, and on another 5, nearly fullgrown larve were 
found upon a littie tree, not 3 ft. high, two on the same twig, and 
within an inch of each other. Although generally adhering so closely 
to their resting-place, they sometimes fling themselves off like a larva 
of Cucullia verbasci. ‘They become fullfed from about July 9th (Merri- 
field). Poulton notes (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. xv) that, in the 
second stadium, “the larve arrange themselves in small groups 
upon the leaves and teaf-stalks of the birch, and when disturbed they 
raise the anterior part, bending the head over the dorsal surface of 
the posterior part of the body. In this attitude they strongly re- 
mind the observer of those Zenthredo l\arve, which, when irritated, 
bend the tail forwards over the anterior part of the body; the fact 
that the head is raised in the one and the tail in the other does not 
cause any conspicuous difference when the larve are seen from a little 


246 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


distance. The larve of the common Tenthredinid, Cvoesus septen- 
trionalis, are of about the same size as these small lepidopterous larve, 
feed in similar small groups when large (when small the groups 
contain far more individuals), and also often frequent the birch. 
Experiments have shown that Tenthredinid larve are, as a whole, 
far more unpalatable than lepidopterous larve, so that the resem- 
blance would be of advantage to the Hvdromis larve.” White and 
Griffiths had previously shown (doc. cct., 1888, p. xix) the resemblance 
that these larvee have in their third stadium to the catkins and leaves 
of their foodplants ; the latter had noticed “the habit of the young 
larve to congregate at the ends of the twigs of birch with their 
heads nearly always in the direction of the end of the twig, and in 
their favourite resting attitude, in which the fore-part of the body was 
elevated at a curve, they bore a great similitude to the young catkins; 
larve had also been noticed to eject from the mouth a greenish fluid, 
which was assumed to have a protective value, and to be produced 
under sudden alarm; it was also a common habit for them to swerve 
their heads sharply round in a threatening manner when the anal 
hump was touched.”  Bacot notes that ‘the larva in the 1st and 
2nd stadia rest in little batches of 6 to 12, at or near the extremity 
of a twig or branchlet, and, if possible, will feed without crawling. 
The whole batch, however, will crawl slowly forward by stages along the 
leaf stalk, one or two eating and the others resting.” He suspects that 
they eat by turns, but they move as short a distance as possible; if 
a more extensive movement becomes necessary, the whole batch, or a 
portion of it, if large, migrates together, and, if disturbed, the larvee 
will wander singly about the leaf stems or twigs, but always come to 
rest again in httle groups. He cannot say, however, if these groups are 
always composed of the same individuals or not, but observes that 
“‘the larvee sometimes rest with their heads and thoracic segments 
curved backwards in the characteristic manner, at others stretched 
at length. They do not all moult together, so that a group may 
be composed of individuals in two different stadia. In the 3rd 
stadium the habit of resting in groups (rarely more than 3—6 in 
a group) is still maintained, but is not so marked as hitherto, and 
the position not so crowded, rarely more than two couples on adjacent 
leaf-stalks (of course their size now prevents some 5 or 6 getting 
on a single petiole). In the 4th stadium they are usually solitary, 
although occasionally they rest in couples, probably the result 
of being kept in a confined space, and they would possibly 
scatter widely if opportunity offered ; they still rest with the 
backward curve already mentioned, as characterising younger larve. 
Before pupating the larva changes to a livid hue, pinkish or purplish 
on the dorsal area; it shrinks considerably, and the skin becomes 
moist as though the larva was ina profound sweat. ‘The excrement 
is mixed with a dark-green fluid, just before they leave off feeding ; 
in this, the species resembles Saturnia pavonia and some of the 
other large cocoon-spinning species. I have always connected this 
trait with silk-spinning, but am by no means sure that there is really 
any connection.” Jenvey gives (z./.) the following notes as to larval 
habits—eggs laid April 7th, 1900; 19 larvee emerged April 24th and 
25th, young larve entirely social, forming one colony only during 
the whole of the rst stadium; larve rested 36 hours and then moulted 


DIMORPHA VERSICOLORA. 247 


May 6th and 7th. In second stadium, larve fed in groups of 4 
or 5, rested again for 36 hours, and moulted May 16th and 17th. 
In third stadium, larve fed solitarily, the resemblance in size and 
general appearance to birch catkins most striking, rested 48 hours 
and entered upon the fourth stadium from May 26th to 28th; fed on 
solitarily, rested when fullfed in this instar from 48—6o hours, and 
entered the fifth stadium from June 6th—8th. On June 18th the three 
most advanced larve presented a very handsome appearance, a pro- 
nounced pink blush mingling with and almost killing the former green 
hue ; within twelve hours these larva commenced to form their cocoons. 
The whole spun up between June 18th and 23rd. The most forward 
individuals occupied the following time to complete the larval 
stage: rst stadium, 12 days, 2nd stadium, 1o days, 3rd stadium, 10 
days, 4th stadium, 11 days, 5th stadium, 12 days=55 days altogether. 
Buckler notes that a batch of newly-hatched larve that he reared 
showed a disposition from the first to feed at intervals on two 
particular leaves near the top of a spray of birch whereon they had 
all assembled, holding to the twig by their ventral anal prolegs only, 
the fore-part of each body being bent back away from the twig, 
leaving the anterior legs free; after the second moult they were 
an inch long, and then broke up their society and separated for 
independent existence, yet were sufficiently amiable whenever they 
chanced to find themselves near each other to agree perfectly well at 
any time; while resting they still elevated the front part of their 
bodies as when younger; after the fourth and last moult their docile 
behaviour continued to be remarkable, as they showed no disinclina- 
tion to be handled, but grew quite lethargic, often sleeping side by 
side contentedly like so many fat pigs, but when awake they made 
good use of their time, consuming a great quantity of birch, and their 
growth was commensurate. He further observes that, when fullfed, the 
larva becomes restless until it finds the moss and leaves needful for its 
retirement and the construction of its cocoon. Weaver records that he 
found, on June 30th, 1845, eleven larve feeding on one leaf at Rannoch, 
and that, on being disturbed they threw up their heads and bent their 
bodies just as do the larve of the Zenfhredo. The eggshells from 
which these had hatched were arranged in a double row around one 
of the twigs. Chapman notes that very young larve in their early 
gregarious stage pine and refuse to eat when solitary. Holland | 
says that when the newly-hatched larve emerge they arrange them- 
selves neatly on the twigs, and when at rest, side by side, completely 
encircle the twig, attached only by their claspers, with the front 
segments thrown back. They are black-looking little things at 
first, but gradually become green, and then rather conspicuous, 
much like a bunch of sawfly larva, particularly when the twig is 
touched. They are gregarious till the last moult but one, only as 
they get larger a fewer number usually go to form a bunch, and 
what was at first one bunch will form two. When they break up 
altogether they wander a good bit, and seldom more than 3 or 4 
are found on a bush, and these usually on the higher parts, looking 
now very like the great green catkins on the birch at this time. 
They wiil fall to the beating-stick, but searching pays best. June 
(early) is the best time to look, as the larve have reached a good 
size and yet not separated ; even after the companies have broken 
up and wandered, searching seems best, as stripped twigs then show 


948 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


their whereabouts. They spin up from the middle to the end of July. 
Wainwright finds the nearly fullfed larve difficult to see owing to 
their resemblance to leaves, the larvee taking up such a position on 
the stem as to make this similarity very striking. Bankes notes: 
“Tt is remarkable that whereas in some localities the larve are 
quite easy to rear, in others even experienced breeders find them im- 
possible to manage, ¢.g., they are no trouble at Corfe Castle, yet at 
Leominster, Hutchinson always fails with them; the different results 
may be due to difference of soil on which the birch trees are growing. 
Those on which my broods were sleeved grew on stiff clay.’ Tug- 
well observes of some larve, bred in 1882 from Rannoch ova, that 
they went on well until nearly fullfed, when they were attacked by 
diarrhoea, the frass became moist, &c. Each larva was held under a 
tap of cold water, gently brushed with a camel-hair pencil, rinsed in a 
stream of dripping water, and put on clean dry food; every larva 
thoroughly recovered, and formed a healthy pupa, some imagines emerg- 
ing in April, 1883, the rest going over. It may be noted that the larve 
cling very firmly, and should be searched for, they can only be 
beaten with difficulty ; wild larve (small) taken June 13th, 1858, at 
Tilgate (Tugwell); July 7th—oth, 1858, fullfed, at Tilgate (Merri- 
field); June 3rd, 138607 (Maimes); June rath, July roth, s)miy cers 
(some of these very large), 1891, at Burghfield (Holland). 
Larva.—first stadium (newly-hatched): Length about 5mm. 
Head large, rounded, dull black with scattered hairs; antenna 
and mouth-parts yellow, rather prominent; a small whitish slip at 
base of clypeus (? labrum). Body black, skin dull, much wrinkled, 
scutellum large, but not differing in appearance from general skin 
surface, except that it bears a large orange patch on either side of 
median line. True legs orange, but black at base. Hairs taper- 
ing, simple, bright brown in colour. Skin surface without spicules. 
Thoracic segments rather larger than abdominals (except 6 and 7, 
which appear swollen) ; prothorax wider than meso- and metathorax 
on account of great size of head. Spiracles large with a bold, raised, 
black, chitinous rim, approaching circular. Tubercles form raised 
chitinous warts, black, shiny, unlike general skin surface, which is 
dull. On the abdominal segments, 1 is large, carrying four sete; 
small, bearing one seta; ii large, well above spiracles, with three 
sete; iv and v raised on lateral flange, in same horizontal plane, 
just below spiracle, v slightly before, iv slightly behind, the spiracle, 
but both so close, and the sete belonging to each so scattered 
that they may be roughly described as a single group on lateral 
flange; v bears three, and iv two, sete, the bases of which are large, 
but the raised skin area bearing them is not so specialised or 
wart-like as that of i, 1, and 111; there is a basal group vii, but vi 
is not traceable; on the prothoracic segment, i and ii produce sete 
scattered over dorsal area, but the prespiracular carries 3 sete; on 
the meso- and metathoracic segments 1 and ii are apparently con- 
solidated into one large tubercle, iii is large, and iv and v are also 
consolidated ; on the 8th abdominal the two anterior trapezoidals (1) 
are united and mounted on a tall, fleshy, nearly circular base, ii fall 
behind these and are not raised. ‘The meso- and metathorax and the 
abdominal segments 1—8 have three clearly marked subsegments. 
first stadium (full-grown): Now of adult shape, tapering gradually 
from r1st—8th abdominal, and more rapidly to head; the 8th 


DIMORPHA VERSICOLORA. 249 


abdominal is strongly humped (almost a short stout horn); the 
anal segment bears three plates, one above and one on either side 
of the anal orifice. ‘Tubercles iv and v are now clearly separated on 
lateral flange of abdominal segments; on the 8th abdominal one 
of the sete belonging to iii is slightly apart from tubercle, and has a 
distinct chitinous button ; marginal tubercles (vii) present, but no trace 
of vi; sete of v have, on some segments, distinct and separated chitinous 
buttons at base, ¢.g., on the 6th and 7th abdominal segments the 
hairs are a short but distinctly perceptible distance apart (May sth, 
1900). Second stadium (fairly grown): Length 14mm. Body of 
fairly even thickness except 7th and 8th abdominals, which are some- 
what smaller than the 5th and 6th; the body tapers gradually from 
metathorax to head, the latter rather large (very large, directly after 
moult), the 8th abdominal bearing a tall pyramidal hump giving rise to a 
short blunt horn. Head squarer in shape but still rounded, slightly 
notched at crown; slopes back at an angle of about 45°; pale 
cream in colour with a slight greenish tinge; clypeal triangle bright 
green; a broad black band on either lobe at crown, tapers down- 
wards to base of antenna; a similar black band down either cheek, 
the surface of head smooth and dull; hairs short, but numerous. 
Body: scutellar plate still apparent, chiefly because it bears very small 
black spots; ground colour pale sea-green, thickly covered with 
black pigmented areas surrounding the bases of shagreen hairs on 
ventral as well as on lateral and dorsal areas. ‘These dark spots 
poorly developed or absent on the area of the cream-coloured 
stripes ; a distinct dark mediodorsal stripe*, starting behind 
head and ending at anal plate (passing up the front and down 
the back of the horn on the 8th abdominal segment); the anal 
plate of a somewhat brighter tint than rest of larva and edged by 
a narrow cream-coloured border; a short subdorsal cream-coloured 
band crosses the prothorax and is faintly continued as far as the 
metathorax (this is apparently a continuation of the pale area between 
the dark stripes on the head); a broad vivid cream-coloured lateral 
band starts on prothorax and ends at beginning of 1st abdominal ; in 
addition to these short subdorsal and lateral bands there are 7 
oblique stripes on either side, sloping from head to anus (the 
Opposite direction to those of Sphingid larve) at an angle of 
45°, an additional short one at base of horn; and a very faint 
trace of yet one other on the metathorax and 1st abdominal ; 
each stripe runs over two segments, the first over abdominai segments 
1 and 2, the second over 2 and 3, and so on. These oblique stripes in- 
crease in strength from the first (weak) to the 7th (strong). Tubercle 1, 
represented by a group of 5 hairs, 1s not raised perceptibly above the skin, 
each hair has a separate black chitinous button at its base, surrounded, 
as are the other shagreen hairs, by a pigmented skin “area; these 
hairs are arranged in a ring, the skin immediately surrounding them 
being free from shagreen hairs, and serves them as a background, 
whilst an additional prominence is given by the oblique stripes ending 
in the open area, surrounding the spot; the number of sete in the 
spots (representing 1) is variable; in one larva examined, on the 3rd 
abdominal segment, the right hand one bears 4, whilst that on the 
left bears 5, sete; and on the 2nd and 4th abdominals, there are 4 


_* This dark mediodorsal stripe is a coloured streak and not merely a 
massing of the hairs and spreading of the pigmental areas at their bases (Bacot), 


250 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


sete on the right and 5 on the left (tubercle i) in each segment ; 
tubercle 11 is represented by a single chitinous button, with pigmented 
area bearing a single seta, and it would be quite lost among the shagreen 
hairs if it were not for the fact that it bears a longer hair, the 
hairs occupying primary tubercular areas being longer than the others ; 
tubercle ili is represented by a group of 3 sete close together, above, 
and slightly in front of, the spiracle; iv and v are rather obscured, 
there are two little groups of sete, 3 in each (sometimes 3 .1n one 
and 2 in the other) rather conspicuous beneath spiracles which 
appear to represent these tubercles. The whole body is thickly 
sprinkled with small chitinous cone-shaped black tubercular points, 
each bearing a short spiny hair (These are referred to above as 
shagreen tubercles and shagreen hairs respectively). The skin, for 
a considerable area (compared with the size of the tubercular points) 
around each point, is dark sepia- or smoky-green, black to the naked 
eye. Spiracles large, almost level with skin surface, white with a 
black chitinous rim, placed rather forward on segments (except that on 
prothorax, where it is, as usual, posteriorly situated). Hairs on 
head short and numerous; on body often tapering, but some- 
times blunt-ended, and apparently slightly notched (but I have not 
mounted them to make certain) ; the sete arising from the primary 
tubercles are about twice the length of the others.  Thes7thyand 
8th abdominal segments are much shorter than the others, and the 
gth is a mere slip (May roth, 1900). Third stadium (well-grown) : 
I9mm.—22mm. in length, short, stout, and Sphingid-like in appear- 
ance, tapering from znd abdominal to the small head, does not 
differ much in general appearance from the 2nd stadium, but is plump- 
er and of a brighter and more vivid green. Head rather tall, with 
tendency to squareness, and slopes at an angle of about 45°; bright 
green in colour, the cream-coloured subdorsal and lateral bands 
of thorax continued on head until they meet at base of antenne, 
between them a dark green band, whilst another borders the lateral 
and ventral edges, and a third occurs just above the contituation 
of ‘the subdorsal band, running from crown of head to just 
inside the antenna; the area between these last dark stripes and 
clypeal triangle cream-coloured. A few very small fine hairs occur 
on the head, but do not form a noticeable feature; there is buta 
slight tendency to develop black bases to the head. hairs (although 
this is a conspicuous feature of the body hairs), and, where present, 
it is most marked on the dark green areas. The dark green stripe 
at edge of ventral area, which runs beneath the continuation of 
lateral band, becomes tinged with pink near the antenna, and is 
continued as a dark pinkish stripe across the mouth. The body 
is pale whitish-green on dorsal area, deepening to a lovely pellucid 
apple-green on sides and ventral area; the black spots surrounding 
bases of short shagreen body hairs are strongly in evidence, closely 
crowded together on the ventral and lateral areas, but fading on the 
upper lateral, and becoming mere black specks on the dorsal, area ; they 
(the black specks) are also either absent or exceedingly minute on the 
area of the pale cream stripes. There is a dark green median 
stripe, almost black, on the prothorax, and quite black where 
it ascends and descends the stumpy horn on the 8th ab- 
dominal. The subdorsal stripe on the thoracic segments is 
faint and poorly marked, but the lateral band on the same segments 


DIMORPHA VERSICOLORA. O54 


is strong and clearly marked. The oblique stripes are faint, except 
the 7th (crossing the 7th and 8th abdominal segments) which is very 
bold ; that portion of it on the 8th abdominal is bordered above by 
a black stripe, apparently formed by an extension of the black 
area at base of shagreen hairs. The scutellar plate is not notice- 
ably different in colour from the general skin surface, but the anal plate 
and plates on bases of anal claspers are free from shagreen spots and 
of a vivid green, bordered with cream-colour. The oblique stripes, 
2—5, are faintly continued down the prolegs, and there is a ring of 
deep orange just above the feet. Tubercles i are faintly traceable, the 
dark spots of the znd instar can be discerned, and there is a little ring 
of 4 or 5 shagreen hairs on the area, which, however, do not appear 
to differ from the other shagreen hairs. One of the subspiracular 
hairs is much longer than the others and belongs to that group 
referred to ivin znd stadium. ‘The position of ii1 can also be made 
out, owing to the longer hairs, but that on i is indistinguishable 
from the secondary hairs in size. The yellowish stripes down the 
sides of the horn are still present, the horn is slightly notched 
longitudinally at tip; the hairs on it longer than elsewhere. The 
spiracles are large, white, edged with black. Traces of a lateral 
flange are present on the thoracic, but not on abdominal, segments. 
The abdominal segments appear to be subdivided into 4 subsegments, 
the anterior of which is much larger than the others. The true 
legs are yellow-brown with black tips. /ourth stadium (well-grown) : 
The larva is very short and plump, the head and thoracic segments 
very small compared with the bulky abdomen. The dark band on head 
is reduced to narrow line-like borders to the cream-coloured stripes. 
The dorsal area of body a whitish-green, and quite free from the 
dark spots surrounding bases of shagreen hairs that are still present 
on lateral and ventral areas. The mediodorsal line distinct and 
sharp, and the stripes stronger and clearer. The upper half of 
the oblique stripes bordered with bright green, the lower half faint 
except that of the last (7th), which is bordered above its lower half 
with black. The short stripes up the sides of the horn strongly marked. 
The lateral band on thorax is narrowly bordered above by a black 
line. The shagreen hairs are now very small, ii is the only tubercular 
group that can be discerned with tolerable clearness. The horn 
still persists, and the mediodorsal line is black where it crosses 
it. True legs yellowish. Feet of prolegs red (May 27th, 1900). 
Fifth stadium (adult): Length 2} in.—22 in., greatest breadth 2 in. 
or slightly over. Practically no difference from the fourth stadium, 
the dark line on head greatly reduced and only apparent close 
to the mouth; the line on the ventral area of head still sharp 
and clear. The double character of the horn still apparent at 
apex. Spiracles white, edged with black (June roth, 1901) (Bacot).. 
On leaving the egg-shell, the larva is a stout and robust creature 
of cylindrical figure; the head, as usual at this time, the largest 
segment, is of a dark black colour, with greenish mouth; the body 
velvety-black, with a dingy olive-greenish plate on the znd segment, 
having a wide black dorsal division; on the other segments are 
olivaceous, greenish-yellow, tubercular warts, each anterior pair on 
the back being distinctly larger than the others, which are very 
minute, all bearing a few weak, soft, yellowish hairs ; a black dorsal 
blunt projection is on the twelfth segment; the anal plate and outer 


252 : BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


sides of the anal legs are pale olive-greenish yellow ; the ventral 
prolegs are blackish on the outside, with greenish inner side, the 
anterior legs olivaceous-yellow and shining, by the fourth dav their 
colouring had become dingy blackish-olive, with the mouth orange- 
ochreous, a blackish dorsal line, black tubercular spots, a conical hump 
on the twelfth segment, a faintly paler spiracular ridge on the thoracic 
region, and the anterior legs pale-orange, with black bases. A/ver 
the first moult, the ground colour was of a subdued green, thickly 
freckled with black atoms ; the head and plate on second segment 
paler, of sober greenish-yellow, as were also the spiracular ridge 
on the thoracic segments, and a green backward-slanting stripe on 
the side of each of the others, and this was still paler and vellower 
on the eleventh and twelfth, on which last a stripe began at the top 
of the blunt eminence ; the anal flap was margined with the same 
colour; the head was marked with two black stripes on either 
side ; a black dorsal line divided the frent plate and continued 
throughout over the hump as far as the anal flap. After 
the second moult they were an inch long, the colour of the 
back was much lighter green, the dorsal line dark green, except 
at the apex of the hump, where it was black; the sides were of a 
fuller green, finely dotted with black. On the back the dots showed 
greenish, though they had become nearly obsolete there; the stripes 
on the head were alternately whitish-yellow and dark green, on the 
thoracic segments the whitish spiracular ridge was conspicuous, as 
also, on the other segments, were the side stripes of yellowish-white 
bordered above with deep green, and these also now not only reached 
the segmental division in their downward slant, but crossed it, and 
were thence continued narrowly and obscurely below on the segment 
following. After the third moult their growth was quick; two days’ 
feeding increased the length from 1 inch 3 lines to t inch 4¢ lines, 
with greater stoutness also in proportion, the thoracic segments 
decidedly tapering to the small head ; the relative colouring much as 
before, paler whitish-yellow-green on the back, with deeper green 
dorsal line, black at top of the prolonged hump, which was now seen 
to be slightly divided into two blunt points; the yellowish side 
stripes, margined both above and below with deep green, and the 
sides below them of still deeper green, irrorated with fine black 
dots, except just where the attenuated continuations of the side stripes 
could be traced; the bases of the anterior legs black. After the fourth 
and last moult, by the 26th of June, some were 2 inches 3 lines in 
length, others, later, as much as z inches 7 lines, and bulky in 
proportion; the head very small, with the thoracic segments rapidly 
tapering to it, and retractile, as in Humorpha (Choerocampa), though 
to a less extent. The middle of the body is rather the thickest, and 
the twelfth segment, with its humped elevation, bluntly pointed and 
slightly divided, slopes backward at an angle to the anal flap; the 
ventral and anal prolegs are developed much after the fashion of 
Smerinthus; the other segments are lightly subdivided into four nearly 
equal portions by slight wrinkles, the segmental divisions more 
strongly defined, especially on the belly. The skin is soft and 
smooth, glistening on the head, which is green, and has two whitish 
or yellowish-white stripes beginning on either side, and continuing to 
the end of the thoracic segments, the uppermost as a subdorsal, and 
the lower as an inflated. spiracular stripe; the back is pale opaque 


DIMORPHA VERSICOLORA. 953 


green, slightly inclining to yellowish in the lightest, and to bluish 
in the deepest, portions and in the dorsal line; below the yellow 
stripes, which are bordered above with green, the ground colour 
of the sides is of a very deep and rich full green, increased in depth 
by the clcse irroration of minute black dots, and relieved by the 
white oval spiracles delicately outlined with black ;' in front of 
these comes a thin line of quiet ochreous-greenish, as though a 
continuation of the slanting stripe from the preceding segment, more 
noticeable on approaching the ventral prolegs, which, like the base 
of the anal pair, are bright crimson; the whitish-yellow stripe on the 
side of the eleventh segment continues downward beneath the 
spiracle on the twelfth. From the top of the white, horn-like 
hump, which is divided by a thin line of black, a whitish stripe 
descends on either side in a slight backward curve, and the anal 
flap is margined with yellowish; the anterior legs are pale green, 
sometimes tipped with red, and with a black hook. When fullfed 
all the green colours of the larva change to brown, and it becomes 
restless until it finds the moss and leaves needful for its retirement 
and the construction of its cocoon (Buckler, Larvae Brit. Butts., &c., 
vol. ill., pp. 62—65). Two beautiful figures of the larva are also given 
by Buckler (loc. cz#., pl. li., figures 3, 3a). 

CHANGE OF COLOUR IN FULLFED LAkVA.—Before pupating, all 
the green parts of the larva change to red-brown as is the case with 
many of the Sphingid larve. At this time it leaves the tree on 
which it has fed in order to find a suitable place for pupation. 
There can be no doubt that this change of colour is highly useful 
for protective purposes. 

PupaTion.—The larve spin up among the roots of low plants, 
just below or upon the surface of the ground near the bushes upon 
which the larve have fed (Reid) ; among moss, leaves, or such other 
débris aS may happen to be at hand, usually at the latter end of 
June or early in July (Gascoyne) ; fastened up in dead leaves about 
the roots of trees (Merrin); just below the surface of the ground 
(Ruhl). In confinement, place the fullfed larve upon sandy earth, 
mixed with cocoa-nut fibre, and they will spin up readily and keep 
safely (Bernard-Smith). 

Cocoon.—The cocoon is made of tough brown silk, in the outer part 
of which, moss, leaves, &c., are interwoven; it narrows off somewhat 
at each end. Looked at against the light it is found to consist of a 
loose network, and the pupa may be seen inside; at one end the 
structure is looser in order to facilitate the escape of the imago; 
the inside of the cocoon is smooth and shiny, covered with a 
salivary-looking varnish, making the structure probably waterproof 
(Tutt). Buckler says that the cocoon varies in length from 1” 
4” to 1” 7”, and is of long elliptical shape, being from °6 ins. to ‘8 
ins. in width; it is composed of an open-worked reticulation of 
coarse black or black-brown silk threads, with round or broad 
oval interstices; the fabric ts extremely strong, tough and elastic, 
covered externally with moss and birch leaves firmly adherent. 
Bacot says that cocoons containing g pup average 1°z2in. in length 
and ‘5in. in width, those containing 2 pupz 1°8in. in length and 
“7in. in width; usually spun in an almost upright position, although 
others are almost horizontal; formed of an open network of strong, 


Do4 a BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


tough, brown silk (in texture it reminds one ot a cane-chair bottom 
on a miniature scale, only the mesh is relatively coarser), exceedingly 
stiff, hard and very strong, the individual silk threads being thick and 
stout, and having the appearance of coarse isinglass. The rupture 
in the @ cocoon is not exactly at the top, but slightly to one side 
or to the shoulder; in one specimen the pupa forced its way entirely 
from the cocoon, in the other only partly, vz., as far as end of 
4th abdominal. ‘The cocoon appears to be ruptured by the threads 
being frayed or worn through, and Bacot considers this is done by the 
serrate-edged \-shaped ridge on the anterior beak-like face-piece of 
the pupa, between the bases of antenne, and he suggests that probably 
the pupa revolves and forces its head against the shoulder of cocoon. 
Pupa.—The pupa is of a dingy blackish-brown colour, exceed- 
ingly rugose, and thickly covered over with minute blackish points. 
The, skin is remarkable “for its dense solidity: Phe @headmem 
ventral, the antenne (which are very curved) originating on 
the front of the prothorax and extending ventrally as a ventral 
margin to the edge of the wings. A small prominence at the base 
of the maxilla. The legs well-developed, the antenne strongly 
segmented. The wings very narrow, compared with the size of 
the imaginal structures, the costal margins meeting much before 
the apex. The glazed eye indistinct and sunk in a _ depression 
near base of antenna. There is a remarkable beak or cocoon- 
opener, very like that of a’ Cossid or Sesid> Nhis@ibearemms 
placed between the antenne, and has a_ strengthening ridge 
running back on each side; above the labrum is a blunt pro- 
jection of some prominence, and on each side the lappets, that are 
jaws, or the jaw-covers of the face; maxille large in centre. 
A portion of the head (between ridges of the cocoon - opener) 
is directed forwards, but is part of the face-piece; there is no 
dorsal headpiece. The prothorax prominent with three short 
longitudinal ridges on its front face. The prothoracic spiracle 
deeply placed and conspicuous. The mesothorax well-developed, 
the metathorax narrow. The rst, znd and 3rd abdominal segments, 
although narrow from front to back, are much fuller than the 
thoracic segments. The 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th abdominal segments are 
much larger, and movable incisions occur between the 4th—5th, 5th— 
6th and 6th—7th, and the movement between 7th—8th appears to have 
been only recently lost. The intersegmental membrane* is smooth and 
black, very different from the rest of the pupal surface. The dorsum of 
the 5th, 6th and 7th segments, and to a less extent the 8th, is thickly 
studded with projecting sharp points, chiefly collected in transverse 
rings on the front and back of each segment, but not entirely so. 
They are less strongly marked ventrally, but still there is one well- 
* An important feature of the pupa is the existence of a structure called in 
butterfly pupze, where it is more obvious than in other pupe, the intersegmental 
subsegment, and which is rarely to be detected with any certainty in Heterocerous 
pupz. It is obscurely indicated in some Citheroniids, but in D. verszcolora it is 
very obvious as a dividing line near the posterior margin of the abdominal segments 
4, 5 and 6, between the scars of prolegs and the spiracles, and can be followed 
round the segments; on the 7th abdominal, the obvious portion that looks like 
ankylosed intersegmental membrane is more probably really this structure, and not 


the remains of true intersegmental membrane, which possibly do not here come to 
the surface (Chapman), 


DIMORPHA VERSICOLORA., 255 


marked central ring of points there. The position of the larval 
prolegs is marked, and the sexual organs are distinct. The 
abdominal spiracles are very distinct, and consist of a somewhat 
linear slit, with a black raised rim surrounded at some little 
distance by another double raised black line. The cremaster 
forms a somewhat flattened horn-like projection bent downwards, 
the tip provided with a few golden-brown hairs arising in the 
hollows between the sharp points clothing the horn (Tutt). 
g.1in.—r'rin. long, *3in. wide at the broadest part; 2, 1°2in.— 
1°3in. long, *351n.—*4in. wide. The anal armature is very long, 
varying in length from 1°2mm.—z2‘5mm.; the pupal skin is deep 
red-brown, darkest on the dorsal area, where it is nearly black, 
paler on the wing-cases, with some slight differences in individual 
examples ; the ventral outline is nearly straight, the dorsal curved, 
the anterior end rather blunt; the pupa tapers from the 7th ab- 
dominal to the anus, the 1st, znd and 3rd abdominal segments 
small, the 4th large, twice as long as 3rd; 5th and 6th are rather 
larger, 7th considerably shorter, the 8th still less; the oth is a 
mere slip, whilst the roth is represented by the anus and the anal 
armature (a long, curved, flattened, ventrally-hollowed projection) ; 
sexual organs clear and distinct; wing- and appendage-cases are 
small and short in comparison with the abdominal segments; no 
trace of waist or marked constriction between abdomen and thorax ; 
the wings extend to but little more than half the length of 4th ab- 
-dominal. A very slight slip of the hindwings shows beyond the fore- 
wings to middle of 4th abdominal segment; the 2nd pair of legs 
show inside the wings and extend to end of 3rd abdominal; tips 
of antennez only reach to about level of the 3rd abdominal spiracle ; 
the tips of rst legs to same distance ; the face above labrum is raised 
into a triangular projection or small beak; the glazed eye is small 
just at base of antenna ; beneath face are two small angular pieces 
(labrum), and between these and 1st legs two considerable-sized 
pieces form the haustellum. The remainder of the mouthparts is 
indistinguishable on account of the rugosities; there is no dorsal head- 
piece, although a portion of the head is quite anterior. A fair-sized but 
angular prothorax, a large mesothorax, but a small slip forms the 

metathorax, which is only slightly larger than the 1st abdominal; the | 
movable incisions are between the 4th—5th, 5th—6th, and 6th—7th 
abdominal segments. The surface of the pupa is exceedingly rugose, 
especially on antenna-, leg- and appendage-cases ; the antennz are 
ridged across like the teeth of a file; the dorsal area is also 
conspicuously rough, while on the 5th abdominal and following 
segments the rugosities rise into ridges of backward-pointing 
pyramidal spines, especially prominent on the 7th abdominal; there 
are also spiny processes on the anal horn; the roughness is also in- 
creased into poorly-developed spines on the posterior ventral edge of ab- 
dominal segments 4, 5, and 6; the spiracles are large and prominent 
from the znd abdominal to the 7th; on the 8th isa spiracular scar only ; 
the active spiracles are large oval depressions, each with a central longi- 
tudinal slit. In the pupa of this species no great, if any, difference exists 
as regards the development of the g and 2 antenna-cases. In that of 
Aglia tau the superficial likeness due to roughness, colour, and shape 
of the anal horn, is departed from widely in certain features, such as 


256 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


the absence of the serrated V-ridge on front of headpiece, and the 
presence of recurved hooks or bristles fitted to hold the pupa to the silk 
of the cocoon; in the pupa of D. verszcolora the spines on the horn 
are pyramidal and pointed only, and with no hooks, but with fine 
brown bristles between the spines; the pupa of A. faw emerges 
as far as middle only, while that of JD. verszcolora may entirely 
emerge (Bacot). Buckler gives the measurement of a ¢ pupa 
as 12—15 lines, of a @ pupa 17—18 lines, or a little more; the 
pupa very stout, the diameter across the bulkiest part at the end 
of the wing-covers in the male ranges from 4— 44 lines, in the 
female 6 lines; the head has the mouth-parts a little produced in 
a squarish form, flanked by the curved antenna-cases in high relief; 
thence the head is bluntly rounded above in an unbroken swelling 
curved outline to the end of the wing-covers, including the thorax 
and upper abdominal rings; the movable abdominal rings are very 
deeply cut, and, below, these are well-defined, the last ring ending 
with a prolonged flattened caudal process tapering a little to the 
squarish extremity, where it has a margin of hooks and bristles ; 
the surface is remarkably dull and rough everywhere, except in the 
divisions between the movable rings, yet even there it is quite 
dull; the roughness on the head, thorax, upper rings and wing- 
covers is striated, granulous, or wrinkled ; the movable and lower 
rings of the abdomen have on the back transverse rows of stout 
and sharp hooks pointing behind; the colour is a sooty or dingy 
brown, black in the abdominal divisions. Poulton describes and 
figures (Morph. Lep. Pupa, p. 208, pl. xxi., fig. 14) the ermine 
abdominal segments of the pupa as follows: 


Fig. 14 x 7. The last three segments seen from the dorsal aspect. The 
surface of the pupa is extremely rough and richly beset with spines, which take a 
backward direction, and probably assist in emergence from the cocoon. The scar 
of the caudal horn is unusually distinct and large in the individual figured; it is 
placed, as in the pupze of Spkzngidae, upon the 8th abdominal. 

Poulton further notes that the blunt horn of the larva leaves 
in the pupa a very large scar very different in appearance from the 
rest of the pupal surface. 

PupaL HAbBITs.—Merrifield notes that, in 1859, of some two 
dozen pupa, 12 to 15 were showing, by March trath, their black 
heads in all directions, having forced themselves up out of their 
cocoons, whilst a few had quite disengaged themselves ; four or 
five had already worked their heads out of the cocoons by March 
5th. Gascoyne observes (£77, ., p. 184) that pupz should, in 
spring, have the benefit of the sun’s rays, and will then, towards 
the end of March commence working, head foremost, out of the 
cocoons, coming up naturally through the moss, remaining exposed 
for a week or ten days, more or less, as the weather may be warm 
or otherwise, until the imagines appear; the moss in a cage with 
many cocoons becomes, at this time, studded with the brown 
heads of the pupz looking very like the ends of cigars. Buckler 
compares the emergence of the pupa from its cocoon, before the 
emergence of the imago, with that of a Cossid or Zeuzerid pupa. 
He notes that about a week or ten days before the time of emergence 
the cocoon is pushed by the enclosed pupa from a prone to a 
vertical position, the upper end is ruptured, and the pupa protrudes 


DIMORPHA VERSICOLORA. 257 
its head through the opening. It continues by degrees to advance 
until it is exposed as far as the end of the wing-covers. Fixed in 
this position, it remains quiet a longer or shorter time till the insect 
is able to escape, though in two or three instances the pupa had 
worked itself out entirely free from the cocoon before the moth 
could be disclosed. Bankes has pointed out (Z.47.MZ,, xxxv., pp. 
137-139), that, in confinement, the pupa does not always so emerge. 
Of 15 cocoons, 5 pupe emerged completely from the puparia, 4 
others stood upright, half out of the cocoons, whilst 6 did not 
emerge even partially, although all 15 produced imagines. The 
reason that 6 did not emerge appeared to be that there was some 
hard substance, such as a dried leaf or another cocoon, against 
the emergence-end of the cocoon, sufficient to prevent the pupa from 
forcing its way through, but not sufficient to prevent the more 
powerful and better equipped imago from doing so. This was 
clearly the case with one cocoon in which a hard dry birch leaf 
was firmly attached to the emergence-end of the cocoon, which 
had proved too much for the pupa, though the moth had finally 
freed itself by forcing a passage upwards, just past the edge of the 
leaf. The pupa, after breaking through the cocoon, soon 
works its way upwards out of it about as far as the end of the wing- 
cases ; there it remains upright, generally either for a few days, 
after which it further advances completely out cf its cocoon and 
lies on the moss for a few days more until the emergence of the 
moth or else for the whole period (which varies much in duration) until 
the disclosure of the moth. Bankes then gives the following details : 


Standing upright half out of Entirely out of | 


Pupa. EOCGbi. cocoon: Imago emerged. Remarks. 
¢ | February 28th, 4 p.m March toth, czrc.| Lifted out of cocoon, 
I p.m. March 2nd, 
$ | March toth, 2 p.m. March 11th, | March 30th, 10.15 
4 p.m. ‘a.m. 
$ | March 1oth, 2 p.m. -March 30th, 10.15] Never came entirely 
a.m. out of cocoon. 
? | March 11th, 9.30 a.m. March 31st, 10.30] Never came entirely 
a.m. out of cocoon. 
? | March 13th, 10 a.m. March 19th, | March 25th, cz7c. 
12.30 p.m. | 12.30 p.m. 
¢ | March 13th, 3 p.m. March 2oth, | March 30th, 11.45 
Io a.m. a.m. ; 
$ | March 21st, 9.45 am. | March 24th, | March 26th, 10.15 
Io a.m. a.m. 
? March 30th, circ.) Never came even par- 
II a.m. tially out of cocoon. 
2 March 3Ist, 10 e v 
a.m. 
3 March 31st, 10 ep 55 
a.m. 
2 Apnl Ist, circ. an - 
11.30 a.m. 
? | March 31st, Io a.m. April 3rd, czrc.| Never came entirely 
If a.m. out of cocoon. 
? April 6th, 10.45] Never came even par- 
a.m. tially out of cocoon. 
3 April 7th, ante _ 
8.30 a.m. 
¢ | March 31st, 10.30 a.m. | April 5th, 4| April roth, 9.30 


p.m. 


a.m. 


258 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


We suspect that this failure to emerge rarely happens in nature, 
at least pupze that have spun up singly and with an abundance of 
room, among their foodplant have not been noticed so to fail. 

DEHISCENCE. — No part of the pupal skin is detached on 
dehiscence ; it splits between the meso- and metathorax and between 
the fore- and hindwings as far as the end of the 3rd abdominal segment, 
also along the median line of the meso- and metathorax to the 
face-piece ; the fission then continues between the prothorax and the 
face-piece and between the antenna- and wing-cases for about half the 
length of the former (Bacot). 

EXTENDED DURATION OF PUPAL STAGE.—It is a very common 
thing for this species to pass more than one winter in the pupal 
stage. Fritsch notes pup as frequently going over two winters, 
and remarks that, in one instance, an 1833 larva produced an imago 
in 1838, whilst Fenn records (Zv¢. Rec., ii., p. 90), on the authority 
of Tester, a pupa going over five years before the emergence of 
the imago. Tugwell notes 1881 eggs (Rannoch) producing 7 gs 
and 19 in 1882, and o@s and 72s in 1383. Bucklen saysuuman 
of a dozen pupz, formed in 1881, no imagines appeared in 1882, 
and only 3 were bred in 1883. (For several other instances see fos/ed, 
pp. 261 e¢ seg.) Adkin observes (Zu¢. Kec., 1., p. 90) of two different 
batches in which the greater number of imagines emerged 
in the second year, that, whilst in one batch, those that lay over 
until the second year were all males, and all except one that 
came out the first year were females, in the second batch 
males alone came out the first year and females the second year. 
A little judicious forcing at the end of February and early March 
will bring out almost all the imagines that are ready to emerge, 
and reduce the percentage of deaths, although it cannot possibly affect 
any pupz that are going over to a second year.* The difference 
in the temperature of a cold greenhouse and a kitchen mantelpiece is 
often quite sufficient (vede, Ent. Record, iv., p. 79). Chapman notes as 
to this: “On January 18th, 1902, pupe of D. versicolora contained 
fully developed imagines, or were still in the milky stage; the 
developed imagines were quite ready to emerge, except that they 
were still bathed in fluid, and the tracheal linings were not fully 
loosened ; breathing might be difficult did this happen till the last 
moment—at any rate so it was.” 

FooDPLANTS.—Birch, alder (Reid), Letwla alba, Salix caprea 
(Lambillion), Corylus avellanat (Borkhausen), Carpinus  betulus, 
Tilia europaea (Ochsenheimer), sallow (Favre). 

PARASITES.— Frings records (Soc. £v¢., Xi., p. 171) Opening a 
pupa and finding in it a fully developed ¢, which could not have 
been dead more than two days, but whose abdomen contained a 


* Chapman notes: ‘In view of my observations on Lachnets lanestris (Ent. 
Rec., xill., pp. 284, et seqg.), there is no doubt, I think, that forcing in February and 
March will bring out those that meant to come out, and which probably began to 
get ready to do so in October or November, and may save them from dying instead, 
but will have no effect whatever on those that are going over, since no development 
has so far taken place in them.”’ 

ft Borkhausen says (Rhein. Alag., i., p. 327) that as birch and alder do not 
keep well in water, he has reared this species, and also Votodonta dromedarius, 
Brephos parthenias, &c., on Corylus avellana, and has been quite successful, even 
when rearing them from the egg. 


DIMORPHA VERSICOLORA. 259 


very large and active Zachzna larva, which, therefore, had not hindered 
the development of the moth. 

Hasirs.—The males are the first to emerge, a few sunny days 
sufficing to bring them out; the females soon follow, both sexes almost 
always appearing before or about noon. ‘The females (at least in 
captivity) ‘‘call” at intervals, both during the day and evening; at 
times they will cease simultaneously, and the restless, impetuous males 
then immediately settle down as though some mysterious influence 
had passed over them; on the “calling” being renewed, the males 
wake up and resume their impetuous career until union is effected, and 
when a male disappears beneath the shadow of the wing of the 
much larger females, one knows that one is in a fair way to secure 
fertilised eggs. Those who are desirous of obtaining perfect speci- 
mens bred in confinement should place 9s, in the act of “calling,” 
on upright stems about the thickness of a quill, and although the 
removal will momentarily stop the “calling,” it will quickly be renewed. 
The duration of union varies from 6—3o0 hours; in one case, after 
a pairing of not more than ten minutes, only the first 5 eggs laid 
were fertile. In a normal batch, barren eggs generally lie side by 
side, having followed each other from the ? , and it would appear that, 
for the moment, the fertilising fluid had ceased to perform its function, 
but quickly to have resumed doing so again (Gascoyne). Butler 
motes (#77. Kec., xiii., p. 328) that he placed two 2s on a birch 
Wieder 2-15 p.m, April rth, 1901.. One commenced to “call” at 
once, and in ro minutes a ¢ that came up against the wind was 
paired with her; the other @ did not commence to “call” until 4.50 
p.m., when another g came up and paired directly. The gs were 
placed next morning with fresh females and both paired again in 
less than 15 minutes. The males, when at rest, hold their antenne 
half extended in front, almost as do those of Lastocampa querciis. 
Emergence usually take place in the morning from 8 a.m., 
but sometimes much later—z p.m., etc. Pairing generally takes 
place in the morning, or early afternoon, and the moths usually 
continue paired until nearly dusk, when egglaying almost immediately 
commences. On one occasion a male paired with a female at 2 p.m. 
(March 31st, 1859), and these did not separate until 7 p.m. on April 
rst, the copulation lasting for 29 hours. A male will pair with more 
than one 2. On March zgth, 1859, a pairing took place between 
a g and ?, and on the next day the same male paired with another 
female, both laying full batches of fertile eggs. The females 
appear to begin to “call” about three hours after their emergence 
from pupa, and quickly pair if a ¢ be available; if none, they 
continue to “call” until considerably after 4 p.m. if the weather 
be sufficiently warm. A male that emerged on April 4th, 1859, paired 
on that date with a female that emerged on March 28th, without 
hesitation, at about 1 p.m. (Merrifield). Bernard-Smith also observes 
that the moths often pair more than once with evident advantage 
to the fertility of the ova. Alderson observes that a g and @ he 
had, paired about 12 noon on March 1oth, 1891, remained zz copula 
till 6 p.m., after which the ? laid 120 ova. We have obtained large num- 
bers of pairings at various times, all, however, before 5 p.m., the copula- 
tion frequently lasting until 8.30 p.m.or 10 p.m. A moderately high 
temperature is necessary for pairing to take place, and Tugwell 


260 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


notes that in early March, 1883, a g and 2? emerged, but hung 
almost lifeless for three weeks, during which the weather was cold, until 
March 31st, pairing at once with a change to milder weather. ‘The g's 
assemble readily in suitable weather toa newly-emerged 2? . Thus Draper 
notes (Zoo/., p. 6066) 118 specimens being attracted by a single bred 9 
on April 8th, 1858, at Tilgate Forest, whilst some 600 others were 
taken or seen simultaneously with the above ; one suspects that 
herein lies an explanation of the decadence of the species'in Sussex. 
The males fly swiftly in the morning sunshine in search of 
the 9s, and continue on the wing till 3.20 p.m., and will do so 
without sun if the temperature be suitable, later in the day they 
may be kicked up from the heather, although one has been found 
clinging to the needles of a Scotch fir. During the day the females 
usually hang suspended from birch twigs and are then somewhat 
conspicuous, but sometimes they are to be found clinging to a 
sprig of heather, low down, and are then difficult to see. The 
female flies at dusk for the purpose of oviposition (Clarke). 
The males fly chiefly im the morning and aby jada 
when the sun is warmest, z.¢., from about 10.30 a.m. to 2 p.m. ; 
aiter this time they are to be found at rest (Holland) pime 
males appear to commence flying about 1o a.m., the females 
are sluggish and sit exposed on the twigs of birch, heather, etc. 
(Image). The males fly best on bright, sunny, and not too windy, 
days at the beginning of April (Jeffrey). The female sits quietly 
on the heather in the sunshine whilst the males are on the wing, 
but one male was found sitting low down in the heather, and 
another on the bole of a birch tree in Tilgate; the females are 
rarely found before the males have been out in the same localities 
for a week or more (Andrews). Horne records a female 
resting on a juniper bush in the Blackall Wood, Kincardineshire ; 
and Norman the males in great abundance in the Altyre woods 
in 1868, whilst a @ was taken sitting quietly on the bare birch 
twigs in April. Ruhl observes that, in the Zurich district, the male 
flies wildly by day, the female sits at the foot of beech trunks or 
on bushes; whilst Nolcken says that the males fly in the afternoon, 
the @s at night, the latter about dwarf birches for the purpose of 
Oviposition. The insect appears to be much more abundant in some 
years than in others. Peyerimhoff observes it as usually rare in 
Vendenheim Forest, but abundant in 1865, and Snellen records it 
as very common in 1888 at Apeldoorn, whilst Hofmann notes 
the uncertainty of its appearance at Stuttgart—for 1o years, he 
says, it was sought in vain, and then, in 1860, Hahn found a brood 
of recently hatched larve on a young birch. Bankes says that the 
species can be inbred for a few years, but that, without the 
introduction of fresh blood, the moths gradually dwindle in size 
and become less fertile. 

Hasitat.—Open woods, plantations, moors, hillsides and sea- 
side sandhills, among small trees of birch and alder in the various 
Scotch localities (Reid); in Rothiemurchus Forest, on the little 
birches, the defoliated twigs betraying the presence of the larve 
(Morton); common in the Altyre wood and among the stunted 
birches on the Culbin sands (Horne); among the alcers at Rannoch, 
but among the young birches at Forres and on the Culbin sandhills 


DIMORPHA VERSICOLORA. 261 


(McArthur) ; in all the heathy parts of Tilgate and Balcombe forests, 
where there is a low birch growth to be found (Merrifield); in 
woods in the Reading district (Holland). On the Hartz mountains 
it occurs at about 2300 feet elevation, between the Brocken and 
Schierke (Speyer) ; distributed in the valleys and on the mountains 
of Baden as far as Wertheim, but not to be found in the plains 
(Reutti); in some of the large German forests, in one of which, in 
the spring of 1890, hundreds of females were found drowned during 
heavy floods (uz. Rec., 1., p. 58). 

TIME OF APPEARANCE.—The imago emerges (according to the 
season) from the end of March until the commencement of May, April 
being the usual month, in nature, for its appearance, whilst, rarely, 
autumnal specimens are reared in confinement. Imagines April 
and beginning of May, larve end of June and July in Pomerania 
(Hering); March 16th, 1882, near Paris (Dupont); May 15th, 1883, a 
? in the Anclam district (Homyer;; imagines in March and April, in 
the Valais, everywhere rare in the coppices of the lower region, near 
Silom.) oiemre, etc. (Havre); Nolcken states that, in the Baltic 
provinces, the imagines appear in most years in the middle of April, 
Diineaiter tie cold spring, of 13867, he obtaimed a 9 as late as 
May 2oth; Fritsch gives dates for the Vienna district from March 26th 
—May 21st; but Frisch notices (Soc. £v7z., x1., pp. 19, 148) the emerg- 
ence of nine specimens between October rith—r1o9th, 1894, and 
Gauckler mentions (//us. Woch. fiir Ent., \\., p. 32) the emergence of 
a fine imago on December rst, 1896 from a pupa that had passed the 
winter of 1895-6 in the pupal stage; Alderson records (£u¢. Rec., 
ip. 290) the) emercence “of one on) October 6th; 1s91*, and 
Kricheldorff notes several bred about September 12th, 1899 f, whilst 
Reutti states that occasional October specimens occur in Baden, 
from pupe of the preceding year. Such autumnal emergences 
appear, however, to be very rare. A larva beaten from birch in 
Darenta Wood, june 6th 1805, spun up July sth, imago (¢) 
emerged March zoth, 1306 (Neale, 77. Luz. Soc. Lond., 1812); a & 
emeaidermtrmunke Apml 15th, 1én0 (Eiatchett zesve Neale, 7oc. czz.),; 
Saepnens motes (//7,,1v., App. p. 385) that om Apml 8th; 1833, he 
saw several specimens on the wing at Coombe Wood; April 3oth, 
1839, resting on iron railings on the bank of the river Monnow 
at Monmouth (Parry); March sth, 1846, at Worcester, after 
being in pupal stage eighteen months (Stevens) ; April roth, 
moe eemanve seen at wot. eonards, Morest (jellrey) ; April 
Hourmersiny 21S, 1857, April sth, Sth, oth, rath, 19th, 1858, 
Mpulle4in ro5o9, at Lileate (Image); April, 1857,0 ¢s5 and 3 9s at 
Tilgate (Price); April 17th—May rath, 1857, a fine series at Kinloch 


* Alderson reared a large number of D. versicolora in 1890—in the following 
spring only about one-half of the pupze emerged—these were followed by a fine ¢ 
that emerged on the evening of October 6th, 1891, the pupz having been kept 
indoors. 

+ Kricheldorff records (Berl. Ent. Zeits., xlv., Sitz. p. 39) that he obtained 
ova of D. versicolora from a ¢ from the Carpathians in 1898. ‘The larve fed up and 
in due course pupated, the pupz being placed in the open for the winter. _In March, 
1899, the breeding-cage was taken indoors, and all but a dozen produced imagines ; 
the remaining pupz being alive, the cage was again put out of doors, when, about 
September 12th, a few of the pupz produced imagines, the remaining pupe going 
over the winter of 1899-1900. 


262 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Rannoch (Harding); April 22nd, 1857, at Tilgate (Andrews); Standish 
notes pupe (Lut. Wk. Int., iv., p. 154) going over from 1857 until 1859, 
the summer of 1858 very hot. March zgth, 1858, fine but cool, 
several seen and caught at Tilgate; March 14th—April 4th, 18509, 
about 40 imagines taken by Cooke at Tilgate; 17 on April 7th, 
1660, attracted by a 9, observed 6 days earlier by esters pus 
not abundant until the 6th; March 6th, 1861, males flying in 
sunshine, all at Tilgate ; bred March r4th—Appril 4th, 1859, 4 gs and 
many @ s, the latter sex largely outnumbering the former, 4 of the same 
lot overwintered again, and emerged March 18th, 30th, April 3rd 
and 7th, 1860,anda ¢ from pupe kept out of doors all winter emerged 
March 3rd, 1861 (Merrifield); April Sth, 1858, 118 g#s assembled 
to a bred? at Vilgate (Draper); g's April 12th, 1853 ean alee 
(Tugwell); March zoth—3oth, 1860, bred at. Newark (Gascoyne) ; 
March 21st—23rd, 1860, from Tilgate( Machin); 1st week in April, 1861, 
flew to light between 8 p.m.—g p.m. at Ashford, Kent (Dowsett, vz. 
Wk. Int.,x.,p.35); March 1r9oth—z end, 1865, bred at Torquay (Greene) ; 
May 5th, 1867, near Petersfield (Bond); April 13th, 1869, a single 
g attracted by a? im Vilgate Morest by Wester (1) Breas) 
toth, 1870, at Altyre Woods (Norman); a fine 2 at Rannoch, 
May, 1874 (Carrington); April 13th, 1875, near Ipswich (Last), 40 
pupee in winter of 1879 gave only 20 moths, 17 @ Ss andegues 
which emerged from the beginning of March till April 5th, 1879 
(Wailly); eggs commenced to hatch May a31st, 1880, the larve 
from which pupated between July 9th—18th, imagines bred March 
tgth—z25th, 1883, and x g¢ January 13th, 1882; ova hatched, 6 cn 
May 18th, 18 on May roth, 1881, the larve from which pupated 
from July 5th, no imagines bred; ova hatched April roth, 1884, 
the larve from which pupated June znd—r1s5th, imagines bred 
(1 g and 8 @s) April roth—z5th, 1885, and from same batch 
12 gs April 3rd—z2oth, 1886; ova received May 8th, 1888, larve 
hatched and all pupated by July 4th, imagines bred March 30th 
—April 4th, 1889 (2 gs only), and March 22nd—April 16th, 1890 
(t g and 5 2s); ova hatched May 17th, 1890, larve pupated 
middle of July, imagines bred April 9th, 1892 (R. Adkin); eggs 
hatched May 24th, 1881, larve fullfed second week in June, first 
moth bred March 6th, 1882 (Bower); 1881 eggs gave larve and pupe 
that produced 7 gs andi @? in 1882 and another ¢ February 15th, 
1883 (in cage out of doors), 2 other gs and 1 9 m =“Mebmiary 
and then a cessation till March 31st, 6 ¢s and 7 9S appeanme 
altogether by April 17th, 1883 (Tugwell); eggs April 18th, 1882, 
the earliest imagines from these made their first appearance 
April rst, 1883, and March 22nd, 21884 (Sladen) > jiimemaee 
larve hatched, first moult June 8th, second June 19th—zoth, third 
June zgth, fourth July «th—rz1th, spun up July z2zznd—August 5th, 
1883, g¢ emerged March roth, 1884, another March 22nd, 1884 (St. 
John); bred February 14th, 1884, from Rannoch eggs (Anderson) ; 
ova, 1884, from inbred Rannoch parents, on April gth, 1885, and 
following days,: 9° 9s emerged (no gs), in April; 1é86);9 nomen 
appeared (Hill); bred February 25th, 1890, February 18th, 1891, 
and week following, from Scotch pupz, in the open at Kingstown 
(Kane); April 20th, 18 0, at Glenalmond (Wylie); pupz from 
1890 emerged partly in 1891, but one on February 2oth, 1892, 


DIMORPHA VERSICOLORA. 263 


others still pupze in April, 1892 (Blagg); March 3rd, 1891, and 
following days, after being in pupal stage two years (Kimber) ; March 
POEM, 1691, 2 fs and 1 @ emerged, March 15th, 1891, 1 ?, and on 
October 6th, 1891, 1 2 incold attic, on March oth, 1892, 1 § andi @ 
appeared from the 1891 pup, on March 7th, 1893, 2 9s, on March 
8th, 1893, 1 2 , and March gist, 1893, 1 g ,also from 1891 pupe; April 
Ath, 1899, 1 2 (Alderson) ; bred in cool conservatory at Winchester, 
March 13th, 1891 (Hewett); April 23rd, 1891, a g at Burghfield, 
April 27th, 1891, a @ hanging toa birch bush; on April 11th, @ from 
birch bush, April 21st, 2 on heather twig by Mrs. Bazett, April 24th, 
1892, g at rest on heath in afternoon; April 3rd, 4 gs taken, April 
Ath, 3 os, April 5th, 1 g at rest at 10.20 a.m., sun not being well 
out, April goth, 1893, 3 &s taken (Holland) ; earliest dates at 
Reading, April 26th, 1891, April 11th, 1892, common ; April 3rd, 
1893, April 7th, 1894, April roth, 1895 (two others April 11th and 
one on April 12th, 1895), April 6th, 1896, March roth, 1897 (the last- 
named bred from larva found when not more than ten days old, 
on June 13th, 1896), April 8th, 1898, April 3rd, 1899 (Clarke) ; April, 
1892, a male flying in Tilgate in sunshine (Sheldon) ; imagines bred 
April gth, 13th, 1892, March 5th—April roth, 1893 (an ab- 
normally hot spring), February 28th — April roth, 1894 (an 
abnormally warm winter and spring) three already emerged, March 
14th, 1895, all reared at Corfe Castle from Morayshire ova ; March 
24th—April roth, 1897, from Reading ova (Bankes); February 26th— 
March ist, 1893, by forcing (Tutt); 27 pupz obtained in the 
autumn, 1893, I9 gave imagines April, 1894, others put by, but 
one emerged October 11th, 1894, and seven others in the next eight 
days (Frisch, Soc. Eut., vol. xi., pp. 19, 148); bred January 13th, 
1894, at Nottingham (Carlyon) ; March 6th, 18y4 (Freer) ; April roth, 
1895, at Reading, only 1 ¢ flying, 3 9s taken on birch twigs, one of 
which laid a large batch of eggs, the larve from which were in their 
third stadium by May 13th (Barnes); April 27th, 1895, a g ona birch 
at Grumazesti (Caradja) ; imagines commenced to appear March 27th, 
1896, from these, larvz were obtained on June 7th, 1896, which pupated 
and gave imagines April 3rd, 1897, imagines April 21st, 1898, April 
16th-23rd, 1900, at Wyre Forest (Rea); April 6th, 1896, a fine 2 and — 
two small batches of ova, March 2oth, 2897, April 8th, 1898, April 

3rd, 1899, April r1th, 1900, April 17th, 1901, all at Reading (Butler) ; 
April 18th, 1896, near Reading, ¢ seen and @? captured (Nash) ; 
larve second half of July, 1896, at Rothiemurchus Forest, imagines 
from these, first half of April, 1897, and others February 13th-26th, 
1808, these latter somewhat forced (Morton); bred February 14th, 
1897 (Garland); February 6th-17th, 1900, 1 g and 7 ?s from to 
cocoons (Jenvey). 


LOCALITIES.— ABERDEEN: near Banchory and many other localities (Reid), 
Tarland, not rare (Horne). ARGYLL (Reid). BERKS: Reading (Clarke), Burghfield 
(Holland). ELe1n: Forres, Cuibin Sands, near Elgin (Reid), Altyre Wood (Norman). 
ForFAR (Reid). GLOUCESTER: Bristol, Lower Guiting, on the Cotswolds (Stainton). 
Hants: [Andover (see Zvt., xviii.. p. 323)], Petersfield (Bond). HEREFORD: 
Tarrington district (Wood), Leominster (Hutchinson). INVERNESS: Rothiemurchus 
Forest (Morton). Kenv: Darenth (Neale), Ashford (Dowsett). KINCARDINE: Blackall 
Wood (Horne). [MERIONETH : Festiniog (Hughes, Zvz., xv., p.255).] MONMOUTH: 
bank of the river, Monnow, at Monmouth (Parry), see also Zz. Rec., v., p. 207, where 
Clark records three bred from Monmouthshire ova. [? NoTrINGHAM: Nottingham 


964 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


(Carlyon), Newark (Gascoyne).] PERTH: Rannoch, common on alder trees on 
hillside ‘above and to the east of Allt Drinthe (Reid), Kinloch Rannoch 
(Harding), Perth, rare, Glenalmond (Wylie). SHROPSHIRE : Wyre Forest 
(Rea). SOMERSET : Nightingale Valley, Leigh Woods, the Somerset side 
of the Avon, Bristol (Vaughan). Srarrs : Burnt Wood, not since 1869 
(Woodforde). SUFFOLK: near Ipswich in 1828 (Kerridge), near Ipswich, April 
13th, 1875, by TI. Last (Bloomfield), Holbrook Park, Bentley formerly (Garrett). 
SuRREY: Haslemere (Barrett), Coombe Wood (Stephens). Sussex: Tilgate 
Forest (Image), St. Leonard’s Forest (Jeffrey), Green Trees Forest, opposite 
Norfoitk Arms, Balcombe Forest (Merrifield), Horsham [Brighton (Stainton) ),] East 
Grinstead (Thomas). WARWICK: Wyre Forest (iXea). WicKLow: Deer Park, 
Powerscourt (Birchall). [ ? WORCESTER: Worcester (Stevens). j 


DiIs1RIBUTION.—Central and northern Europe, northern Italy, and doubtfully 
from the Urals (Staudinger). AUSTRO-HUNGARY: Tyrol. not rare (Hinterwaldner), 
Innsbruck (Weiler), Lavantthal, rare (Hofmer), Bohemia in some years common, 
Upper Carinthia, rare, Salzburg ee Golnitz (tiudak), Hungary—Trencsen, 
Teplitz (Vangel), Chemnitz (Pabst). Epiries, not rare (Husz), Brinn (Miller), 
Agram, Freistadt, Iglau, Kremsier, Rosenau (Fritsch), Pressburg (Rozsay). 
Bukovine (Hormuzaki), Galicia, distributed but local (Garbowski), Neu Sandec 
(Klemensiewicz), Lemberg, &c. (Nowicki), Stanislawow (Werchratski), Carniola 
(Speyer), Transylvania (Caradja). Linz dist (Hiinsl). BrrGium: distributed but 
rare (Donckier), Namur, rare, Liége, common (Lambiilion). »: DENMARK (Bang- 
Haas). FINLAND: distributed to 66° N. lat. (Reuter). FRANCE: throu zhout the 
country, but nowhere common (Berce), dept. du Nord, rather rare—Raismes, Forét 
du Clair, Marais, Arques (Paux). Aube (Jourdheuille). Douai (Foucart). Auvergne — 
Indre, Cher Loiret (Sand), Bordeaux, &c. (Brown), Eure-et- Loir, very rare 
(Guénée), Puy de Dome -Guillemot), depts. Meuse, Moselle, Meurthe (Speyer), 
Gironde—once at Pessac (Trimoulet), Doubs, very rare—valley of Loué, Chatillon- 
sur-Lison (Bruand), Saone-et-Loire. rather rare (Constant), Loire-Inférieure 
(Bonjour), “eine-Inférieure—Forét Verte, rather rare (Viret), Sévres near Paris 
(Dupont). GERMANY: generally distributed (Heinemann), south-west Germany, 
distributed (Koch), north-west Germany, generally distributed (Jordan), Rhine 
Palatinate, rare (Bertram), Giessen (Dickore), Lower Elbe (Zimmermann), Waldeck 
—Arolsen, Korbach, rare, Oberharz—at 2300 ft. between Brocken and Schierke 
(Speyer), Thuringia— Gotha, Siebleber Wood, Suhl, Hirzberg, Georgenthal (Knapp), 
Pomerania, everywhere but not common-—Misdroy, Stepenitz, Carolinenhorst, 
Tantow, Garz (Hering), Mangfall dist. (Gumppenberg), Silesia, not rare—Leubusch 
(Prittwitz), Lubeck, very scarce (Paul), Anclam (Homeyer), Erfurt (Keferstein), Halle 
— Dolau (Stange), Munich, very rare (Kranz), Rudolstadt—extremely rare (Meurer), 
Hildesheim (Grote), Mecklenburg—generally distributed, but rare (Schmidt), Bremen, 
rare and local (Rehberg). Saxon Upper Lusatia, distributed and not rare (Schutze), 
Upper Lusatia, distributed but not common (Moeschler), Dresden (Steinert), Prussia, 
rather rare—Dantzig, Konigsberg, etc. (Schmidt), Rastenburg (Klups), Nassau, 
not common (Rossler) Wurtemberg, distributed, often not rare (Hofmann), 
Ratisbon (Schmid), Dessau (Richter), Alsace, rare, but abundant in 1865 in the 
Vendenheim Forest (Peyerimhoff), Wernigerode (Fischer), Brunswick, sparingly— 
Helmstadt, &c. (Heinemann), Hanover, rare (Glitz), Frankfort - on - Oder 
(Kretschmer), Baden, distributed, in the mts. nr. Wertheim, Bavarian Palatinate, 
&c. (Reutti). IraLy : northern valleys of Piedmont, rare— Bergamasco 
(Curd). NETHERLANDS: the eastern provinces—Gelderland. Limburg, Utrecht, 
&c., very rare, larvee abundant, 1888, at Apeldoorn, also at Enschedein, Overijssel 
(Snellen), N. Brabant—Breda, very rare (Heylaerts). RouMANIA: Grumazesti, 
Slanic (Caradja). UssIA: eastern Russia (Caradja), St. Petersburg (Erschoff), 
Volga dist., rare--Kasan (Eversmann), Moscow dist (Albrecht), Baltic Provinces 
(Sintenis), Lechts, Pichtendahl, Schleck, Pussen, Kirchholm, Kokenhusen, Wolmar 
(Noleken). SCANDINAVIA: not common, but distributed over Sweden, Norway and 
Finland to 66° N, lat. (Reuter), Norway—Christiania, Aas, Drommon, Naes Vaerk, 
Espeland (Siebke), Scania—Norrbotten, Lule Lappmark, central and southern Nor- 
way (Lampa), Lapland-Tornensis, Lapland-Bothnia (Zetterstedt). SWITZERLAND : 
not in the south-west of the country (Frey), Grisons—Chur (Killias), Ragaz (Ejisen- 
ring), St. Gallen, Toggenburg (Taschler), Glarus, nr. Mollis (Heer), Winterthur 
(Frey), Thurgau—Dusnang (Eugster), Aargau, the Bunzener turfmoor nr. Bremgarten 
(Boll), Eigenthal, to 3212’, on Pilatus (Wullschlegel), Berne (Meisner), Gadmen 
(J ee Basle (Riggenbach-Stehlin), Ziirich dist.—on the Uto and Zirichberg 
(Ruhl), vata rare throughout—Sion, Sierre, &c. (Favre and Wullschlegel). 


ATTACIDES. 26 


Supenamily VEIT: ATTACIDES*. 

Possibly no group of lepidoptera of similar extent has received 
more attention than, or has been so generally studied as, this, yet the 
authorities are at present entirely at variance as to the limits of 
the families and their relationship to each other, whilst the origin 
of the superfamily and its relationship to other superiamilies, 
although generally agreed upon, are far from satisfactorily determined 
when one considers matters of detail. Great differences exist be- 
tween the main families into which the Attacids are divided in 
the egg, larval, pupal and imaginal stages, these differences being 
largely due to specialisation in various directions, and are particularly 
marked in the larval and imaginal stages. In the larve one can 
readily mistake secondary developments for primary structural 
characteristics, and thus be easily misled as to real relationships. 
Packard observes (Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sciences, 1893, p. 
58) that the tubercles of the fullgrown larva of Saturnia (pavonia, 
pyri, &c.) are on the same plane of development as are those of 
the embryo, just before exclusion from the egg, of the more highly 
specialised Adttacinae ( Callosamia, &c.), and that the fullgrown larva 
of one of the most generalised of the Atfactnae (Platysamia, &c.) is only 
on the same plane of specialisation as the larva of Cadlosamia 
items third imstar Dyan reierings to the same fact, says 
(ian NEY. Acad. Sct, 1894, pps .54——55) that, “in a- section 
| Saturnidae (= Attacidae)| of this group, the primitive first larval stage 
is wanting, the larve hatching in an advanced degree of 
specialisation. In the more generalised forms, the tubercles have 
only a single seta, the base usually prolonged into a stiff (often 
branched) chitinous rod, absent in the case of tubercles ui, and but a 
single rod bears iv and v. Dorsally, on the 8th abdominal segment, 
the two tubercles 1 are usually consolidated, and sometimes also 
on the 9th abdominal segment; or, the tubercles may be enlarged 
and bear a crown of hairs, or become developed into a bunch of 
spines.” From an examination of the newly-hatched Attacid larva, 
Dyar thinks that the single process or wart below the spiracle 
(mentioned above as “a single rod”) is derived from tubercles iv 
andeay = consolidated and” not from vy alone. Wailly’s notes 
(Zint., Xxix., Pp. 354) are not only suggestive as showing other 
remarkable larval specialisations, but hint distinctly that many 
so-called African Attacids may not belong to this family (A¢taccdae) 
at all. He describes the larva of a species allied to Saturnia 
suruka as ‘a false Geometer, beautifully black, ornamented 
on its segments with thorny projections, yellow on the last eight 
segments and pink on the first. The body is covered with spots of 
the same colour as the tubercles. The spiracles are black, bordered 
with yellow ; the claspers of a fine shining black.” It is difficult to 
know how an Attacid larva (sens. strict.) can be ‘a false Geometer,” 
but Wailly goes on to state that other South African species, placed by 
systematists in the genera Aztheraca, Gynanisa and Bunaea, have very 
different habits from typical Attacids. Thus the larve of the three 


Or 


* The oldest plural name, applicable to the group, appears to be Linné’s 
Attaci, which was given in 1767, and it, therefore, seems to us necessary to call 
the superfamily ATTACIDES. We understand that Grote concurs with this although 
he has in his recent writings used the superfamily name SATURNIIDES (Dre 
Saturniiden, p. 24). 


266 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


species known as Antheraea menippe, A. tyrrhea, and A. cytheraea 
(dione) do not form an ordinary Aztheraca-like cocoon, but ‘‘ burrow 
into the ground without forming any cocoon or shell of any sort,” 
whilst ‘‘ the bare pup of these species resemble each other so much 
that it is difficult to distinguish them from one another.” Similarly the 
larve of Gynanisa or ‘ Saturnia’ ists and Bunaea caffraria also “burrow 
into the ground without forming any cocoon.” 

The early authors really knew nothing of the relationships of the 
Attacids until Hubner worked out his scheme of classification about 
1822 in the Verzerchniss. Linné, in the Systema LVaturae, toth ed., 
pp. 495—497, included them in his Phalaenae-Lombyces, but in the 
12th ed., pp. 808 ef seg., separated them from these, and called them 
Phalaenae-Attact, whilst, with the exception of the separation of spznz, 
pyri, carpini ( pavonia- minor) and ¢aw under the name Saturnia, 
by Schrank, in 1802, and the grouping of these species into two 
sections by Hubner in the Zeztamen in 1806—Heraeae for Heraea 
carpint and Echidnae for Echidna tau—there really was no attempt to 
classify the heterogeneous material according to the relationship of 
the species until Hubner’s classification was given us in the Verz., 
pp. 143 e¢ seg. So important was this, that most of Hubner’s names 


stand to-day. His grouping is as follows: 
Phalanx JI1: PHAL@#Na@ (PHAL@N4-ATTACI et Bomsyci, Linn., 
BomBycti, Cosst et HEPIALI, Fab.). 
Tribus I: SPHINGOIDES. 
Stirps 5: ECHIDNZ. 
Fam, 1: CAUDATA— 
a. Coitus: Dysdaemoniae—Dysdaemonia boreas, Cram. 
6. Coitus: Hudaemoniae—Eudaemonia semiramis, Cram., £. 
wroarge, Hb. (argus, Stoll). 
ce. Coitus: Zvropaeae —Tropaea luna, Linn., TZ. selene, Hb. 
(luna, Cram.). 
Fam. 2: LUNATA — 
a. Coitus: Antheraeae—Antheraea mylitta, Dru., A. paphia, 
Linn., 4. jana, Cram. 
b. Coitus: Agliae—Aglia tau, Linn., A. cytherea, Fab., A. 
tirrhaea, Cram. 
Fam. 3: COMMUNIFORMES— 
a. Coitus: Dirphyae— Dirphia tarquinia, Hb. (targuinius, 
Cram.), D. acidalia, Hb. (¢arquinia, Cram.), JD. 
Spectosa, Cram., D. agts, Cram. 
b. Coitus: Citheroniae—Citheronia regis, Abb. (regalis, Fab.), 
C. anassa, Hb, (laocoon, Cram.), C. phoronca, Cram.). 
. Coitus : Laclae—Lacles imperatoria, Abb. (cmperialis, Stoll), 
LE. penelope, Cram., EZ. acheloé, Hb. (achelous, Cram.), 
E.. cynira, Cram., £. eulalia, Stoll. 
Fam. 4: RECONDENTES— 
a. Coitus: Jmbrasiae—Imbrasia epimethea, Cram. 
b. Coitus: Bunaeae—Bunaea caffra, Hb. (caffraria, Stoll), 2. 
alcinoe, Cram.). 
c. Coitus: Zeleae—Telea polyphema, Hb. (polyphemus, Cram.). 
d. Coitus: <Automeres—Automeris janus, Cram., A. armidis, 
Cram., A. salmonea, Cram., A. liberia, Cram., A. 
irene, Cram., A. jucunda, Cram., A. egeas, Cram., A. 
meta, Cram., A. arminia, Cram. 
e. Coitus: Gamelite—Gamelia abasia, Cram., G. abas, Cram., 
G, irmina, Cram. 
FesCOunsis wee vperchiriae—L1yperchiria nausica, Cram., £7. t0, 
Cram. 
Fam. 5 eer LARES— 
. Coitus: Attaci—Attacus atlas, Linn., A. talas, Hb. (aélas, 
Cram.), 4. aurota, Cram., A. hes sperus, Linn. 


ATTACIDES. 267 


b. Coitus: Samiae—Samia cynthia, Cram., S. cecropia, Cram., 
S. promethea, Cram. 
c. Coitus: Rhescyntes — Rhescyntis erythrinae, Fab., R. 
cassandra, Cram., R. sylla, Cram., R. hippodamia, 
Cram. 
Tribus II: VER. 
Stirps 1: HERA#. . 
Fam. 1: SPECIOSA. 
a. Coitus: Pavoniae—Pavonia pyri, Schiff., P. spini, Schiff,, 
P. carpint, Schiff. 
b. Coitus: Hentoche [sic|—Heniocha appollonia, Cram. 
Fam. 2: DILUCIDZ. 
a. Coitus: Saturniae — Saturnia maja, Dru. (proserpina, 


Fabr. 
6. Coitus: Pinas [sic]|—Pharathyris [sic] perspicilla, 
Stoll, P. cedonulli, Cram., P. pandiona, Cram. 

It may be here noted that in Tribe u, the stirpes ii, 11 and iv 
comprise the Lymantrizdes, v the Melalophae, vi the Lithosiae, vii the 
fipocritae, viii the Callimorphae, 1x the Hypercompae, x the Lachneides, 
x1 the Lutrichae, xi the Trichodae, xii the Heteromorphae. 

We have already stated (anted, vol. 1., p. 126) our inability 
to agree with Packard’s views of the evolution of the Attacids from the 
Citheronidae (Ceratocampidae) through the Notodonts and Syntomids. 
Both these last-named superfamilies belong to the upright-egged stirps, 
the former in close connection with the Noctuids, the latter with 
the Arctiids. With the near relationship of the Lachneids, 
Dimorphids, Bombycids (sews.  s¢trec¢t.), Citheroniids, Attacids, 
Hemileucids and Sphingids, which he places on the same main 
evolutionary stem we are of course in accord*. Later he re- 
states his adherence to the alliances to which we take objection, 
and hazards (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Xxxi., p. 141) the suggestion that 
all the Bombycids except the Arctians and Lithosians (which are not 
Bombycids in the sense that the latter are considered in this work) 
may have evolved before the Sphingidae appeared, and goes on to 
say that, judging by the characters of the head, antenne, thorax, and 
especially of the neuration, the SpAzugidae are far removed from the 
Citheroniidae ( Ceratocampidae) and their origin from the latter must have 
been at least remote, whilst there must be some lost annectant forms 
which originally connected them. 

Comstock places the Lacosomids among the Saturnia, but 
Dyar points out (Ann. WV. Y. Acad. Scz., vill., p. 202) that the former 
belong to the generalised Frenate, and adds that he believes the 
resemblance of the imagines in the two groups to be fortuitous, the 
result of convergence and not indicating close relationship ; that the 
Lacosomid larve are generalised, and the imagines specialised. 
Later, however, Dyar notes (Zraus. VV. Y. Acad. Scz., xiv., p. 51) that 


* Of the general relationship of the Lachneids, Dimorphids, Attacids, 
Bombycids and Sphingids, Chapman writes that this group has (at least) three 
branches : (1) The Lastocampa and Lufterotida ; (2) Endromidae (Dimorphidae), 
possibly passing by Aglza toa) the Crtherontidae and Sphingidae, (b) the Bombycidae 
and Saturniidae. He explains that his observations on the species of the Cochlidids, 
Eacles and other species of Attacids, and Sphingids, together with the published 
observations of Packard, Poulton, . Weismann, and others, leave no room for doubt 
that these families are related to the exclusion of the Geometrid stirps. : 
He observes that some Lachneid pupze can travel to and fro in their cocoons, w hilst 
the Dimorphids and Sphingids actually present instances of pupal emergence 
from the cocoons (Zrans. Ent. Soc. London, 1896, p. 584). 


268 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


the structure ofthe subspiracular wart, by consolidation of iv and v, would 
make the Saturniids (= Attacids) one of the specialised superfamilies in 
the same line of descent as the generalised Lacosomids. His action, 
however, in placing (doc. cz¢., pp. 5354) the latter in his heterogeneous 
Cossina, and his statement that they cannot be properly classed with the 
Saturniina on larval characters, though the difference is not funda- 
mental, leaves us in great doubtas to his real opinion. Headds: “In 
the Saturnia the unpaired dorsal tubercle is not an invariable character, 
in one section it is absent on the 9th abdominal, and in one genus 
(Anzsota) on the 8th, so that it is not difficult to imagine the Lacosomidae 
to represent the most generalised condition of the Saturnizza in which 
the consolidation of tubercle 1 has not taken place on either segment.” 
With regard to the larval specialisation of Attacids and Sphingids, 
Dyar offers further remarks (Class. llep. Larve,” Ann, We Vor 
Acad. Sci., viil., pp. 200o—z201), but they are too general to be of 
much service here. Nothing, however, that this author has written, 
lays itself out for criticism more than does his attachment of the 
Notodonts and Lymantrids to the Lachneid branch of his phylogenetic 
tree (Proc, Bost. Soe. Nat, Hist... xxvii.) Pp.) 140,,.and  G07e777a7 Nemes 
Ent. Soc., iv., pl. i). Here he combines the Notodonts, Eupterotids, 
Lymantriids, Lemonids and Lachneids in one evolutionary stem. 
The synopsis which he here gives of the characters for the separation 
of the Attacids and Sphingids appears, however, to be sound 


enougn. ‘This reads: 
Subprimary setz absent or all greatly obscured after the first moult by 
secondary characters : 
1. Tubercles iv and v united, all the sete borne on 
prolonged tubercles subject to various modifications. 
Usually an unpaired tubercle on the 8th or 9th abdominal 
segment .. Sic oh 50 oo oh oe .. SATURNIIDES 
(ATTACIDES’. 
2. Lubercles iv and v remote, v higher than iv, 
obscured after first moult. An unpaired process bearing 
tubercles i on the 8th abdominal segment He .. SPHINGIDES. 
Packard gives (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XXX1., pp. 139—192) an inter- 
esting account of the Crtheroniidae ( Ceratocampidae), supposed by some 
lepidopterists to be the connecting group between the Attacids and 
Sphingids. He considers the group to be well circumscribed, and the 
most generalised forms to be Dryocampa and Anzsota, whilst Sphingicampa 
may be regarded as transitional, connecting Dryocampa and Anisota with 
Eacles and Citheronia. His note that the larve of Aglia (tau) and 
Eacles (imperialis) in their third stadia resemble each other very 
closely is interesting, still more so, that Agéza, at its last ecdysis, 
passes (so far as the larval appearance is concerned) from one family 
to another, and that ‘the ontogenetic development of this larva 
epitomises that of two families, whereas that of most Bombyces is 
simply usually only an epitome of that of a subdivision of a family, 
or of a small group of genera.” Packard, after further discussion, 
suggests that Ag//a should be regarded as the type of a distinct subfamily 
of Ceratocamptdae (= Citheroniidae), and that the latter family might thus 
be divided into the two subfamilies, Ceratocampinae and Agtiinae ; whilst 
from their larval and imaginal characters, and in their mode of 
spinning a cocoon, he is disposed to consider the /Zemi/eucidae as a tamily 
closely allied to, though distinct from, the Crtheroniidae ( Ceratocampidae). 
Later he makes (Bombycine Moths of America, p. 39) Agia a connecting 


ATTACIDES, 269 


link between the true Citheroniids and Attacids, and points out 
that, as Duponchel and Poulton have shown, the larva wholly 
discards the congenital characters exhibited in its spinous armature 
(Citheroniid) at its last moult, and assumes an entirely different 
shape, being destitute of spines, and taking on the general appearance 
of an Attacid larva. Side by side with this change in appearance, 
Packard notes a difference in habit, the larva now feeding passively 
on its foodplant, and depending upon its colour to escape its enemies, 
and, if discovered, utilising the Sf/Aznx-like attitude and its large 
terrifying eye-spot to frighten away any aggressor. 

Smith followed Packard in separating the Hemileucidae as 
a distinct family from Cztheronidae (Ceratocampidae) and Atfta- 
nidace(sSarurniaac), but “Dyar (Trans. “NV. VY. Acad: Sci, -xiv., 
Pp. 55) criticised this conclusion, stating that the characters on 
which the Hemileucids and Attacids (Saturniids) were separated 
by Smith, 7zz., that the dntenne of ‘the latter were doubly 
bipectinate in the ¢, and those of the former singly so, was not 
sound, ‘‘many genera presenting a most interesting gradation in this 
respect, the females being generally behind the males in degree of special- 
isation,” and he further suggests that it is clearly an arbitrary division 
to draw the line between these families on this character alone, without 
further evidence that this separation really corresponds to a dichoto- 
mous division in the line of descent. He points out that if the @ sex 
had been chosen instead of the g, the division would have corres- 
ponded with one based on larval characters and the families could 
then be described : 


1. HEMILEUCID2: Antenne of ¢ moth singly bipectinated, of ¢ either 
singly or doubly so, Larvee with primitive first stage, a dorsal tubercle on 9th 
abdominal segment and none on anal plate; tubercle shafts densely covered with 
sharp defensive spines, 

2. SATURNIIDZ*: Antenne of both sexes doubly bipectinated. Larvz lacking 
the primitive first stage; no dorsal tubercle on gth abdominal segment, but a pair 
on the anal plate; tubercle shafts, short or smooth, with few weak spines or hairs. 


Bodine, on antennal characters, shows (Avzennae, etc., p. 42) that 
the Gombycidae are not a constituent part of the superfamily Saturniina 
(as the superfamily AZfaczdes has been called by some American 
authors). He places the Ad¢tacidae (Saturnitdae) near the Cithero-- 
nidae (Ceratocampidac) and finds both rather distinct from the 
Flemileucidae. His grouping is as follows: 


* In the European Agia tau, the larva possesses all the characters of the Satur- 
nitdae (Attacidae), but differsin the great inequality in development of the tubercles, 
Their final disappearance in the last stage is less distinctive (compare the American 
Samia ceanotht). In the imago the male antennz are doubly bipectinated, the 
@ are serrate (singly). This combination of characters probably entitles the genus 
to family rank. Packard places (Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., Xxxi., p. 140) it as a subfamily 
of the Ceratocampidae (= Citheroniidae) ; but this is negatived by the arrangement 
of the larval tubercles (though favoured by their unequal development) and by the 
structure of the antennze of the moth (Dyar). Packard: says (oe. cit., p. 


139): ‘‘ Agia appears to be a Ceratocampid in its earlier larval stages, 
the caterpillar in its final stage, however, and the moth being very near to 
the Saturnians.”’ Grote considers (Can. Ent., 1895, p. 283) that this quite 


excludes Agiza from the Citheroniidae, and states that it may be entitled to family 
rank. Dyar further notes that, in Av7zsoza, i and ii are both present, 1 unconsolidated ; 
although earlier, he had erroneously stated ito be absent (Anz. N.Y. Acad. Sci., viii., 


p. 232). 


270 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


A. Pectinations ventral, single pair to each segment .. BOMBYCIDA. 
AA. Pectinations dorsal ; 
B. Single pair toasegment o sa .. HEMILEUCIDA. 
BB. Two pairs to a segment 
C. Distal portion of clavola filiform ae .. CITHERONIIDA. 
CC. Clavola pectinate throughout SATURNIIDA:. 


Tle motes (Voczte77.) >) “ihe Hemileucidae exhibit a line of develop- 
ment distinct from that of the Gombyczdae on the one hand, in having the 
pectinations dorsal instead of ventral, and from the Citheroniidae and 
Saturnidae on the other, in having a single pair of pectinations to a 
segment. Thus it appears that the Hemileucids belonged to the 
branch which produced the Citheroniids and Saturniids after it had 
separated from the branch giving rise to the Sombycidae. The 
Citheronudae and the Saturnizdae have followed the same line of 
development in that they both have two pairs of dorsal pectinations to 
a segment. ‘The first family has not progressed so far as the second ; 
its members do not have their antenne pectinate throughout. The 
antennze of these families show a high degree of development also in 
the arrangement of the hairs of the third type. The spaces between 
the pectinations are nearly filled with long, interlacing hairs, which 
are regularly arranged in a distinct line of from two to three rows 
extending continuously from the apex of one pectination along the 
dorso-lateral surface of the segment to the apex of the other pectination 
of the same side.* Still another feature showing remarkable develop- 
ment of sense-organs is exhibited in the higher forms, especially in 

Tropaea and Samia ot the Saturnitdae. ‘This is the multiplication of 
cones. While in nearly all other moths cones are limited to one or 
at most two to a segment, we here find them literally heaped up on 
the ventro-distal edge of the segments of the distal portion of the 
antenne ; and on the pectinations also there are often several either 
at the apex or along the pectinations at various intervals. Fig. 7 
shows this condition in the antenna of Z7opaeca luna.” A number of 
African forms and some others, that appear to be very close to 
typical Attacids, differ, nevertheless, in having antenne with 
single pectinations. wdaemonia seems exceedingly close to Actas, 
yet it has but a single pair of pectinations to a segment, and there 
are many similar parallels. It follows that a second pair of pectina- 
tions can be lost per saltum, and frequently is so lost, and that some 
conditions, especially African ones, promote this tendency, or, taken in 
conjunction with remarks already made (azéed, pp. 265—267) about 
the forms of larve and methods of pupation in African species, it is 
by no means impossible that an Attacid stirps, beginning as low down 
as the Hemileucidae, and, failing to develop the second pair of 
pectinations, did, nevertheless, undergo an evolution, very parallel, 
not generally merely, but in considerable detail, with the ordinary 
Attacids. Such an occasion would not be out of accordance with 
what is found in many other portions of the biological field (Chap- 
man). 

As a more satisfactory subdivision, based on larval characters 
alone, Dyar gives the following tabulation : 

A single dorsal tubercle on 9th abdominal segment 


A pair of tubercles on anal plate ae or .. CITHERONIIDA. 
No tubercles on anal plate is os oe -. HEMILEUCID. 


* Bodine’s fig. 54 represents the arrangement in Dyyocampa rubicunda, 


ATTACIDES. 


No single tubercle on 9th abdominal segment 
Tubercles prominent 
Tubercles very unequally ‘dev eloped, later aborted 
Tubercles greatly reduced : 


Grote discusses (Can. Ent., 


271 


SATURNIIDA, 
AGLIIDA. 
BOMBYCID&A, 


eos pp. eee the classifica- 


tion of the American Attacids, with the following results : 


_ I. Fam. SATURNIIDA. 
Pack. Group 2—Samza, Hb., Saturnia, Sch., 
3—Actias, Lch., Telea, Hb. 


II. Fam. HEMILEUCIDA:.—Automeris, Hb., Thauma, Hy.-Edw., 
, Hemileuca, Walk., Pseudohazis, Grt. and Rob. 
Hb., Sphingicampa, 


Blake, Argyrauges, Grt. 
bers am, CITHERONTID&,— Eacles, 
Walsh, Azzsota, Hb. 
Later, 
imagines, 


Hb., Cztheronia, 
however, 


Grote gave (Die Saturniuden, pp. 


Group 1— Attacus, L., Philosamia, Grt., 
A gapema, Neum. and Dyar. 


basing his results on the neuration of the 
2—5) the following 


comprehensive table of families, subfamilies and genera : 


Radius of forewing with 3—q4 branches—III, , bees 
LUG ree oe iu PDE ROO UE Geena 
I, Nervure IV, + IV, of forewings forked .. 
A. Hindwings with only one inner marginal nervure. 


a radius). 
. Discoidal cell open . 
Cocoons attached to branch by 2 a stalk 


Abdomen furnished with small tufts Ae ita 
Abdomen not furnished with small tufts 
Central spots transparent ie 5c 
Central spots opaque .. ihe ve 
Cocoons directly attached without stalks opi ee 
2. Discoidal cell closed ace 


Joints of the antennze of the ¢ provided with double 
teeth of equal length 
Joints of the antennze “of the @ with double teeth of 
unequal length 
Central spots opaque 
Thorax clothed with soft wool 
Covering of thorax mixed with longish 
flat hairs (*‘ platte Haaren”’) 
Central spots transparent 
Hindwings rounded 
Hindwine gs with produced angles. 
Hindwings tailed 
Joints of the antennz on the ? with teeth of normal 
length, tails narrow . 
Joints of the antennz of the ¢ shor tly toothed, tails 
broad . Sc 
Joints of the auenes of the co) ipsa Bi single anes 
Forewings with the apices rounded 
Forewings with the apices acutely falcate 


B. Hindwings with two hind-marginal nervures .. 
Wing margins entire 
Antenne of the male with double teeth 
Antenne of the male with a single tooth 
Antenne yellowish 
Antenne blackish 
Body rough-haired, anus of the male with a mixture 
of red hairs 
Without this distinction 
Wings dentate and sinuate 
Body stout, hindwings bluntly tailed 


Body slender, hindwings rounded 
Il, Nervure IV, and IV, not forked but separate 


SATURNIIDES. 


SATURNIID. 


Nervure III, of forewings 
rises out of III, above and outside the discoidal cell (in Attacus it arises out of 


ATTACINA. 
Philosamia. 
A ttacus. 
Callosamta. 
Samia. 


SATURNIINAE, 


A gapema. 


Saturnia. 
Polythysana., 
Antheraea. 
Telea. 
Actias. 
Graéllsia. 


Pertsomena. 
Cricula. 


HEMILEUCINA, 
Coloradia. 
Argvrauges. 
Hemtileuca. 
Pseudohazis. 
Dysdaemonia. 

| Draconipteris. 


| Teratopteris. 
AGLIIDA, 


Callosumia, 
Group 


Coloradia, 


O72 . BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


A. Hindwings with only one inner marginal nervure. Antenne 
of male pectinated to the tip 
1. Nervure III, arises from the upper corner of the discoidal 


cells: aks -.  sGIWiNas 
Wings broader, the apices of forewings rounded 4. Logpa: 
Wings narrower, the apices of forewings acute 
Central spots transparent .. he ae .» salassa. 
Central spots opaque : 56 2: (. Agta: 
. Nervure III, arises above the radius ce aie .. AUTOMERINA;, 
Forewings falcate .. ‘ 3 a .. Gamelia, 


Forewings with outer margin entire 

Hindwings above marked with large ocellated spots... Automeris. 
Ocellated spots imperfect .. an bs .. Mollipe. 

Hindwings without ocellated spots. Upper row of 

pectinations of antennz of the male more than half as 

long as the lower row. Nervure III, and IV, of hind- 

wings forked 
Nervure IV, of upper wings arises from the middle 


of the closed discoidal cell: .. 55 Ormiscodes. 
Nervure IV, arises near the upper corner of the 

closed discoidal cell... ae ces Lea@eage 
Nervure III and IV, of hindwings separate .. ilatete. 
Smaller species with falcate forewings as Hylesia. 
Upper row of pectinations of antennze of male less 

than half as long as lower row .. Hudyaria. 
Antennze of male with a single row of teeth a Dinphee 


B. Hindwings have two inner marginal nervures. Antennz of 
male pectinated for two-thirds of length only 
3. Nervure III, arises from the upper corner of discoidal 
cell or immediately beyond +e .. CITHERONIINA. 
Nervure III, arises beyond the end of cell 
Outer margin of forewings longer than inner margin Azisofa. 
Outer margin of forewings shorter than inner margin 


Medium-sized species; The sexes similar (ee a 
i Sphingicampa, 
The sexes dissimilar .. Syssphinx. 
Nervure ITI, arises from upper corner of discoidal cell 
Large species: The abdomen scarcely longer 
than hindwings .. ae .. acles. 
The abdomen exceeds the hindwings <= .. Citheronia. 


Diya ChitICISeS (70 ce. x DE 36—37) Grote’s arrangement, 
and offers the following (based on larval characters) as a more natural 
grouping (compare anéed, pp. 270—271): 

I, A single dorsal tubercle on 9th abdominal segment, the primitive first 
stage present: 

1. Anal plate tubercular; tubercles unarmed... Citheronia. 
2. Anal plate smooth; tubercles covered with modified 
urticating setae— 
a. Tubercle i with long shaft ei 3 .. Automerts. 
b. Tubercle i with short shaft e . Hemileuca. 

II. No single dorsal tubercle on 9th abdominal : seg ment, 
anal plate tubercular : 

1. Primitive first stage present*, spines unequal ; 


mature tubercles atrophied ot a .. Agtia. 
2. No primitive first stage, spines subequal— 
a. A dorsal tubercle on 8th segment... .. Alttacus. 
b. No unpaired dorsal tubercle .. . Saturnia. 


Dyar objects (doc. cit.) to Grote’s division of the Attacids into 
two groups on a single neurational character—the degree of approach 
that IV, has made to the apex of cell, and points out that the 
variation in the position of the nervure does not lend itself to the 
establishment of a dichotomous division. On the other hand, if 
the number of anal nervures in the hindwing be taken as a basis— 


* We are not quite sure what Dyar means by “ primitive first stage’? in 
Aglia. Poulton’s figures 1 and 3 (Zrans. Ent. Soc. London, 1888, pl. xvii) 
appear to us to show an exceedingly specialised first stage. 


ATTACIDES. 9738 


(1) Crtheronia and Hemileuca (with two such nervures) fall together, 
(2) Automeris, Aglia, Saturnia and Aftacus (with one). By a com- 
bination of the neurational characters exhibited by the fore- and 
hindwings, one gets: 

Group I (generalised)—(a) Citheronia, Hemileuca, with two anal nervures. 
(0) Automeris, with only one, but with IV. of forewing stationary. 

Group 2 (specialised)—<Aglia, Saturnia, Attacus, with one anal nervure. 
[Aglia is to be considered the lowest, as nervure IV. is less intimately related to 
IV, than in Saturnia.]} 

This Dyar states agrees with the classification on larval characters 
(supra), and asserts that the neurational characters broadly interpreted 
confirm the larval ones. Grote, however, maintains (Zu. Rec., x., 
pp. 145—146) his views, and considers Ag/za to be a specialised 
Automerid, and Aemileuca a generalised Saturnian, explaining the 
similarity of nervure VIII in Hemileuca and Citheronia as a matter of 
convergence, and asserts that all the other imaginal characters 
contradict the bringing of Hemileuca and Citheronia into one group. 
He further states that the female antenne in Ag/za are Citheronian 
and Automerid in character, whilst those of Memzleuca are of the 
Saturnian type. [See also Grote’s paper on thesubject (Proc. South 
Lond. Ent. Society, 1897, pp. 82—85)]. Grote further states (2 J7tt.) 
that the subfamilies indicated by him could, at least in part, be 
regarded as families, when his classification would read as foliows : 

Fam. I: ATTACIDA. 
Subfam. 1: Attacinae. 
Subfam, 2: Saturniinae. 
Fam. II: HEMILEUCIDA. 
Fam. III: AUTOMERIDA. 
Subfam, 1: Agliznae. 
Subfam. 2: Cztheroniinae. 

A complete study of all the early stages of the Attacid (sezs. Zatz.) 
species can alone eliminate all the disturbing elements arising from con- 
vergence, and give us a satisfactory classification based on true 
ancestral characters. As a contribution to this end, Packard discusses 
(Bombycine Moths of America, pp. 40—43) the salient ontogenetic 
features of several Attacid species, separating what are most probably 
congenital from later adaptational characters, and thus distinguishing 
between ancestral characters denoting relationships and_ superficial 
specialisations developed to meet individual needs. Packard has 
selected the larve of Platysamia (cecropia), Callosamia (promethea), 
Telea (polyphemus) and Actias (una) as typical genera for treatment. 
After noticing the great contrasts between the first and later larval 
instars, both in armature and coloration, he gives the following 
summary of what he considers the salient ontogenetic features : 


PLATYSAMIA (CECROPIA).—A. Congenital characters: (1) The sete in stage 
1 blunt, slightly bulbous and glandular. (2) The tubercles all of the same size. 
(3) Body in stage 1 dark, almost blackish-green, head jet-black, tubercles yellowish- 
green. (4) The homologue of the caudal horn shows plainly its double origin. (5) 
The differences between the colours of the larva in the first and last stages very 
marked. 3B. LZvolution of later adaptational characters: (1) The thoracic dorsal 
tubercles in stage 2 and onwards are larger than the abdominal ones. (2) Five rows 
of indistinct spots along the body in stage 2 (not so distinct as in S. cynthia, the body 
being still dusky-green), not originating from lines. At the end of stage 2 the larva 
is more like that of S. cyzthia of the same age, the body being more yellow and the 
black spots more distinct. The spots disappear at the end of stage 4. (3) The 
thoracic dorsal tubercles deep orange, their homologues on the abdominal segments 
amber-yellow, (4) The tubercles at the end of stage 2 and in stage 3 spotted with 


Q 


274 re BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


black. (5) In stage 3 the dorsal tubercles of meso- and metathorax showy coral-red, 
the subdorsal and infraspiracular tubercles, tipped with pale blue; in stage 2 the 
same tubercles are almost entirely pale blue. (6) The head becomes green in stage 
4, with a black spot on the side. (7) The larva is most gaudily coloured and con- 
spicuous in the last two stages while in S. cynthia there are not such marked 
differences between the different stages, though the last is the most variegated, 
owing to the beautiful turquoise-blue trappings. 

CALLOSAMIA (PROMETHEA).—A. Congenital characters: (1) Hatched with 
heavy black transverse bands on a yellow body, and the head black-banded with 
yellow, the bristles moderately long (the larva is thus already rather conspicuous). 
(2) The dorsal thoracic tubercles already differentiated in size and colour from those 
on abdominal segments 1 to 7. The differences between the freshly-hatched larva 
and the last stage, very marked (more so than in Platysamza or Samia). B. Evolution 
of later adaptational characters : (1) In stage 2 the body becomes paler, and shows 
the black bands more conspicuously. The second and third thoracic dorsal tubercles, 
and those on abdominal segments 1—8, are now all yellowish and of the same size. 
(2) Disappearance in stage 3 of the transverse black bands. The abdominal 
tubercles all become blackish. (3) In stage 4 the head becomes yellow, being less 
conspicuously marked, and the dorsal abdominal tubercles are about half as long and 
large as those on the meso- and metathorax. (4) The body becomes, in the last 
Stage, much smoother than before, the dorsal prothoracic and abdominal tubercles 
being much shorter than in stage 4. * 

TELEA (POLYPHEMUS)t.— A Congenital characters: (1). The setz of stage I 
but little longer than the tubercles, and both truncate and distinctly bulbous at tip. 
(2) A slight but distinct difterentiation in size and colour of the dorsal tubercles, 
those of the third thoracic and 9th abdominal segments being of the same size 
and larger than those on uromeres 1-7, and of a deeper yellow shade (stage I). 
(3) The homologue of the caudal horn is distinctly double and more deeply divided 
than in any other American genus of AZtacinae; each fork about as long as thick 
(stage 1). (4) Abdominal prolegs with 24 crochets a larger number by 6 to 8 than 
in the other genera (stage 1). (5) Each abdominal segment or uromere with a 
lateral pair of transverse black slashes in stage 1. (6) The two tubercles in stage 1 
on the suranal plate, slender, papilliform and approximate. B. Hvolution of later ad- 
aptational features : (1) The lateral pair of black transverse stripes on each uromere 
nearly or quite disappears in stage 2. (2) The segments more convex and angular in stage 
3. (3) Appearance of a yellowish lateral oblique stripe connecting the lateral tubercles 
of the lower and upper row in stage 3. (4) Appearance of the pale purplish edging 
of the suranal plate and anal legs in stage 3. (5) Appearance in stage 4 of the 
pearly spot on the outside of the dorsal tubercles. [/V.4.—The generic characters 
are mostly assumed in stage 3. | 


* This reduction of size and inconspicuousness of the dorsal abdominal 
tubercles is carried out to excess in Hacles angulifera, where they become obsolete, 
and the larva is simply a large green caterpillar with inconspicuous markings and 
simply protected by its green colour like the majority of lepicopterous larve, not 
being so strikingly marked as in the fully-fed Samia cynthia. It is not improbable 
that the reduction and atrophy of the dorsal tubercles in question are also accompanied 
by a great reduction, if not total abolition, of the poison-glands at the base of 
these spines. However, having lost the power of resisting or avoiding attack 
by this means, the larva, by the action of the law of correlation, also loses its bright 
markings or danger signals, and, having become harmless to its enemies, it is 
preserved from extinction by passively relying on its smooth, glaucous-green body 
to escape the observation of its natural enemies. A tendency to the same end is 
seen in the larva of S. cynthia, which is paler, less gaily ornamented with 
bright markings, and also is much less heavily intercolored than the caterpillar of 
S. cecropia. It is evident that of the two species of Cadlosamia, C. promethea is the 
more primitive form and C. angulifera a derivation from it. Likewise the Asiatic genus, 
Samia (S. cynthia being an introduced form), with little doubt, is a form which has 
undergone more or less modification, &c., indeed, a slight degree of reduction or 
atrophy, and is thus a later form, the genus P/atysamia being an earlier type, since 
it has been evolved from Saturnia, which is the most primitive genus of the 
family (I’ackard), 

t The life-histories of the colossal moths, Zelea polvphemus and <Actias luna 
are of much interest in connection with the subject under review. It must be 
premised that the shape of the tubercles and the glandular setz they bear differ 
greatly in the freshly-hatched larvae from their appearance after the first moult 
see Proc. Amer. Acad, Arts Sci,, xxviii., p. 80), 


ATTACIDES, 975 


ACTIAS (LUNA).—A. Congenital characters: (1) Sete tapering to a 
point, not bulbous, and finely barbed (stage 1), most of them 3 or 4 times 
as long as the tubercles, (2) Some larve in stage 1 with a verv broad 
lateral dark band along the side of the body, some without it; no transverse 
stripes present, but the head in front banded with dark brown. (3) The 
second and third dorsal thoracic tubercles differentiated in stage 1, being 
slightly larger than the abdominal ones. (4) Qn the suranal plate are two 
rudimentary tubercles, each bearing a tuft of bristles. (5) The dorsal median 
tubercle on uromere 8 does not show such marked traces of its double origin as 
stage 1 of C. promethea or T: polyphemus, but it is more duplex than in P. cecropia. 
B. Lvolution of later adaptational features: (1) Dorsal tubercles in stage 2 
higher than before. (2) The lateral dark band disappears in stage 2. (3) In 
stage 3 the dorsal thoracic tubercles become nearly twice as long and thick as the 
abdominal ones. (4) The head is not banded -in stage 4. (5) The tubercles 
brightest (pink or dark carmine) and most conspicuous in the last stage. (6) A 
distinct infraspiracular yellow line in stage 4, and the suranal plates and anal prolegs 
ae with yelluw, the surface of the suranal plate and sides of anal prolegs amber- 
coloured. 


We cannot further follow this interesting branch of our subject» 
and can only deal with some of the more marked peculiarities pre- 
sented by the early stages of a few Attacid species. The Attacid 
egg is what we have already described technically as a flat egg. There 
is considerable difference in detail exhibited both in structure and in 
the mode of egg-laying, but it may be here noted that the mode 
of laying around a stem is common to as divergent forms as 
flemileuca maia (Ent. vi., p. 558) and Saturnia pavonia. Packard 
gives (Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sct., 1893, pp. 58 e¢ seg.) the following 
interesting notes on the eggs of various species belonging to the three 
best-known groups: 


I. ATTLACIDA *.—Platysamia cecropia: The egg dull chalky-white, pitted 
in close irregular wavy parallel rows, the pits themselves showing a tendency to be 
grouped into twos or threes. Sama cynthia: The surface dull, finely pitted (but 
not arranged in wavy rows as in P. cecropia), the pits near together, slightly poly- 
gonal, their walls projecting as little bosses on the inside of the shell. Callosamia 
promethea: The surface pure white, shining, looks (under a_ half-inch objective) 
smooth, with only faint, irregular, moderately large, polygonal areas, with, faintly 
raised edges or boundaries. C. angulifera: Same shape and colour as those of (. 
promethea, but rather smaller and the polygonal markings even fainter. Actias luna : 
Dirty-white in colour; the surface closely granulated, the pits between the granu- 
lations often confluent, rarely the raised bosses appear to be polygonal. TZelea 
polyphemus : Chalky-white, with a very broad conspicuous dark brown band, the 
suriace covered with round shallow depressions, bordered with a well-marked rim ; 
these orbicular areas do not touch each other, there being quite wide spaces between 
them. 

2. CITHERONIIDA.— Dryocampa rubicunda: Thin, parchment-like, smooth, 
and polished, shows (under 3 in. objective) no trace of pits or polygonal areas. 
Sphingicampa bicolor: Smooth, like parchment, shows (under 3 in. objective) 
very faint polygonal impressed areas, much fainter than in egg ot £. imperialzs, 
Eacles imperialist: White, with a smooth distinct equatorial ridge, shows (under 
3 in. objective) shallow pits, not closely crowded, nor with a definite raised 
edge, often with a boss or bead in centre; arising from the spaces between the 


* In the Attacinae (sens. strict.) the eggs present generic, specific, and 
probably varietal, characters (Packard). 

+ It is interesting to compare the sculpturing of the eggs of this group, for 
that of Hacles (imperialis) appears to be intermediate between that of Citheronza 
(regalis) and Sphingicampa (bicolor), the shell of Zacles being more distinctly 
sculptured with irregular polygonal imprints, which are not so closely crowded as 
in Citheronia (regalis) in the egg of which the cell imprints are much more distinct 
and more crowded than in the two other genera (Packard). Bacot describes the 
ege of Eacles imperialis as being ‘ pale yellow in colour, pearly in hue, semitrans- 
parent in appearance, like those of the Sphingids and Dimorphids, and not opaque 
like those of the Saturniids (sevs. strict., e.g , Saturnia pavonia).” 


276 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


bosses are slender, short, very minute hairs, originating from a swollen base. C7the- 
yonia regalis: The polygonal impressed cells readily recognised under micro- 
scope; much more distinct and crowded than in two preceding. 

3. HEMILEUCIDZ.—Ayperchiria io: Finely granulated, not smooth and 
shining ; shows (under } in. objective) the surface divided into closely-set, very small, 
slightly raised but flattened areas, separated by narrow valleys; the areas very 
irregular, but somewhat polygonal in outline. 


The typical Attacid larva tends to have the, tubercles arranged 
in circular form around each segment, this arrangement being brought 
about by the atrophy of ii, leaving i, 11, iv + v, and vii as raised 
warts on either side of each segment, bearing, in many cases, power- 
ful spines or remarkable hairs. But it is in this stage that the 
superfamily appears to attain its highest form of specialisation, and 
the modifications are so extreme, that one finds within its limits 
perfectly smooth larve, as well as some of the most hugely spined 
of all lepidopterous larve. The suranal plate is, in some larve, 
exceedingly developed, ¢.g., in Ag/za fau it forms a long, permanent, 
sharp spine. In the Citheronids——Azzsota, Dryocampa, Eacles and 
Citheronta—it is very large, the surface and edges being rough and 
tuberculated. It appears to attain its maximum in Sphzngicampa, 
being triangular and ending in a bifid point. The gth abdominal 
segment is occasionally well developed in the Attacids and Cither- 
oniids, sometimes bearing a true caudal horn, which replaces that 
more frequently developed on the 8th abdominal segment (Packard). 

One finds that when the young larve of some of the spined 
forms leave the egg, the spines are flaccid and soft. Packard observes 
(Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Science, 1893, p. 59) that, when the young 
larva of Platysamta cecropia hatches, the yellowish-green tubercles are 
flattened close to the body and the hairs or sete in each verticil or 
pencil are united in one pencil-like mass and bent to one side of the body. 
In ten minutes the tubercles become erect, higher and longer 
(probably swelled out by the pressure of the blood), and, by this time, 
the hairs have assumed their radiate arrangement, and in one or two 
minutes more (vzz., 11—12 minutes after leaving the egg), the tubercles 
have all become of full length and erect and the black setz spread out 
in the normal verticillate way. He further notes (doc. c7¢., p. 87) that 
when the larva of Actas luna is leaving the egg and before entirely 
breaking out of the eggshell the tubercles on the anterior segments 
become erect, and the hairs radiate from them, but, behind, the 3rd 
thoracic and abdominal segments are seen to be soft and flattened or 
appressed to the body, and adhering in flaccid bundles. In /. cecropia 
on the other hand, all the tubercles and bristles are flabby for perhaps 
half-an-hour after the creature frees itself from the egg; ten minutes 
after hatching all the tubercles of one were seen to have become filled 
out and erect with stiff radiating bristles. It is evident that before, 
and at the point of, hatching the setz or bristles are filled with blood 
which distends them. While thus distended the fluid may ooze out 
of the ends and thus they may be called glandular hairs. In those 
which are full and bulbous at the end, the fluid may be retained 
through stage 1, and, in rare cases, through the second or even the 
third stage. See also Soule, Psyche, ix., pp. 299—300, on the develop- 
ment of the spiny tubercles in newly-hatched larvae of Zac/es imperialts. 

Many Attacid larve, e.g., Crtheronia regalis, Automeris janus, &C., 
are no doubt protected by their spines, others, ¢.¢., Z¢/ea polyphemus, Actias 


ATTACIDES, 277 


cuna, &c., adopt a Sphznx-like attitude more marked in some stadia 
than others, whilst the development of the double tubercle (i) on the 
8th abdominal segment suggests strongly the Sphingid caudal horn. 
This is more distinctly divided in Zelea polyphemus than in any other 
American Attacid, whilst it shows no such distinct trace of its double 
origin in the rst stadium of dActzas /una, as in the rst stadium of 
Callosamia promethea or Telea polyphemus, yet in A. luna it is more 
duplex than in Platysamia cecrofia. Packard distinctly states (Proc. 
Am, Ac. Arts Sci., 1893, p. 57) that, in his opinion, this single median 
tubercle of the 8th abdominal in the more specialised Attacids is the 
homologue of the caudal horn of the Sphingids, of Bombyx mori, and 
of the Notodont genus P#eosza, and believes it to result from the fusion, 
before the end of embryonic lite, of what were originally two separate 
tubercles, like the two separate ones of Saturnia. Packard’s opinion, 
therefore, confirms that of Muller (Sudamerikanische Nymphaliden- 
raupen, 1886, pp. 249, 250). [Seealso Poulton (Zvans. Ent. Soc. London, 
1885, p. 30), Packard (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. HHist., xxv., pp. 99, 103, 
footnotes 1, 2 and 3), and Grote (Vorth Amer. Lepidoptera, 1886, pp. 
16, 54).| It is difficult to form any definite opinion as to how far the 
caudal horn of the Sphingids is foreshadowed in the Attacids as an 
ancestral character, and how far it is a matter of convergence, but 
the similarity of structure certainly is entirely due to convergence in 
the case of those Notodonts that have developed this peculiar character. 

The armature of certain of the spined larve of the Citheroniids 
and Hemileucids is figured by Packard (Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., xxxi., 
pl. v—x). Some of the structures (enlarged) here exhibited are very 
remarkable. Barrett states (Can. Fut., xxxil., p. 236) that the larva 
of Copaxa multifenestrata is most strikingly beautiful, and that in that 
of Automerrs janus the spine defence system is carried to an extreme; 
the length of the profusely branching spines 1s 15mm.—25mm., or 
twice the diameter of the body, and so abundant are they that the 
larva looks like a bunch of moss a few yards away, while the quantity 
of poison contained in these spines is so great that during the process 
of inflating, the fumes which are driven off with the vapour are 
positively dangerous to the operator. The fullgrown larva of Sphing7- 
campa bicolor is remarkable, not only on account of the two dorsal 
rows of acutely conical spines, with three or four blunt spinules, 
on abdominal segments 1—v7, which are recurved and directed 
backwards, but also because the spines themselves are externally 
coloured with a pearly, silvery-white hue, which gives off all the 
colours of the rainbow during the movements of the larva, the 
corresponding spines on the other segments being similarly but less 
brilliantly coloured. Packard says: “The general colour of the 
body is of nearly the same hue as the undersides of the leaves of the 
honey-locust, and, thus coloured, it is partly assimilated and protected 
by its colour, whilst the horns are in general like the spines of its 
foodplants ; on the other hand the gleaming silvery spines certainly 
render the creature conspicuous, as well as the lateral parti-coloured 
band. It would appear probable that the formidable spines of the 
grown-up caterpillar save it not infrequently from being swallowed 
by birds, though the horns are probably of greater use in the earlier 
stages, when they are much longer and much more movable in 
frightening away ichneumons and Tachinae, ¢.g., even when 20mm, 


278 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


in length, a larva was seen when teased to spread apart its great 
arm-like horns, while the fullfed ones did not notice such stimulus. 

. The horns and the six silvery opalescent shining tubercles 
probably become terrifying by the movements of the larva. The 
tubercles are turned on and throw out their light suddenly like 
flashes, and may thus have a deterrent effect on their enemies” 
(Proc. Am. Phil. Soc: Xxxi., \p. 156). It may be welltomoreswere 
that the rapid jerking movements of some Attacid larve. when dis- 
turbed must be of great protective value, ¢.g., the larva of Crtheronia 
regalis, if touched, jerks its head and thorax vigorously sideways. 
The larva of this species, and also those of Zucles imperialis, Sphingt- 
campa bicolor, etc., assume a Sphinx-like attitude. Thethoracic and caudal 
spines of the larva of C. rvegalis are also somewhat sensitive to touch. 
The Automerid larva (as represented by Ayserchiria 10) has a_ pair 
of eversible glands developed on the 1st thoracic, and another pair 
on the 7th abdominal segment, placed behind the spiracles and 
between the subdorsal and spiracular row of spines. ‘These persist 
throughout larval life. ‘They are figured by Packard (loc. cé¢., pl. 1x., 
fig. 11). Similar eversible glands are present (or their position 
indicated) in the larve of Hemileuca maria and H. artemis, that in 
ff. maia, by an irregular oval liver-coloured Noe behind the first 
thoracic and &th abdominal spiracles (loc. cit., Dp. 173): Hinkley 
notes the larve of Hyferchiria io as ‘ processionaries,” and says that, 
although gregarious when young, they become solitary later. Bacot, 
however, notes larve of various sizes living together. They are also 
said to have* on each segment “five or six tufts of green prickles, 
terminated by minute black points which prick the hand, if touched, 
and cause severe smarting.” The larve of Hemuileuca mata, also 
gregarious when young, are reported to have hairs which possess 
the power of stinging sharply. But just as many Sphingid larve, in 
addition to the advantage gained by their peculiar attitude, also rely 
much for their safety on their resemblance to their environment 
(see anted, vol. 1., pp. 80 e¢ seg.), so Packard notes that he once saw a 
fine large larva of Zelea polyphemus at Providence on chestnut, and 
was much struck with the resemblance of the outline of the creature’s 
back—the segments being angular so as to render the body serrate, 
each tooth-like form of the segment surrounded by a tubercle and 
long hair—to the serrated edge of the leaf, each of the teeth ending 
in a long hair. Packard considers that it is not improbable that the 
ancestors of Ze/ea, Actias, and other species whose larve have angular 
segments, may originally have fed on trees with serrated leaves, and that 
later they adopted as their more usual foodplants such trees as the oak, 
on which the edges of the leaves are either smooth or simply lobed 
(Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sciences, 1893, p. 86). The fullgrown larva 
of Callosamia angulifera has the dorsal abdominal tubercles reduced 
in size to such an extent that they may be said to be obsolete, the 
larva being simply a large green caterpillar with inconspicuous 
markings, protected by its green colour like the majority of 
lepidopterous larvee, and not so strikingly marked as is the fullfed 


* Bacot notes: ‘This is correct; it is certainly a poison; the effect very 
much like nettle-stings but it goes off in an hour or so, having none of the 
lasting effects exhibited by the urtication due to the hairs of Lachneid or Liparid 
Jarvee ”? (dv détt.). 


ATTACIDES. 279 


larva of Samia cynthia, whilst Packard considers Ca/losamia to be, in its 
larval characters, the last and most specialised genus of a series beginning 
with Saturnia (carpinz) and including Platysamia and Samia.” Packard 
thinks that the absence of the tubercles in Callosamia may be a case 
of arboreal selection, the tulip-tree, its only known foodplant, having but 
few species of larve feeding on it. 

Mention may be made that certain Attacid larve, Philosomia 
lunula, &c., become covered with a white waxy-powder when half- 
grown. No suggestion has yet been made as to the use of this powder. 

The Citheronid larve, Crtheronia, Eacles, &c., are said to change 
their hue when fullfed, and wander restlessly when seeking for a 
pupation-place, peculiarities which they share in common with certain 
Sphingid, Dimorphid, and other larve. As bearing on this point, 
it may be observed further that the green, freshly-formed pupa of 
Aglia tau exhibits very distinctly all the markings of the larva, in- 
cluding the subspiracular line, a prominent larval feature, the line 
being continued along each side of the anal flap to its extreme 
apex. Poulton utilised these markings for the purpose of homologis- 
ing the pupal segments and structures, the positions of the markings 
affording valuable confirmatory evidence of the identification of the 
anal flap of the larva with the terminal spine of the pupa, a subject 
which is treated by this author at considerable length (Jlorph. Lep. 
Lupa, p. 196). 

The process of exuviation of the Attacid larve is very similar 
to that obtaining in other larve. Most, if not all, of the larve spin 
a silken cushion, into which they fix the crochets of the prolegs 
before moulting begins. That spun by TZelea polyphemus has been 
described as a thin carpet of silk, and that of Platysamia cecropia is 
somewhat similar. The larva usually rests immovably for several 
hours before exuviation begins; the membrane of the  prothorax 
swollen, the head appearing very small in comparison. In moulting, 
the larva leaves behind it only a small mass of crumpled skin, the 
whole of the cast skin being collected together into a very small space. 
In many Attacids the cast skin is eaten by the larva. See also andéed, 
Oli, Dr 6. 

The cocoons of the Attacids (sews. strict.) are possibly among 
the most interesting of those made by any lepidopterous larve. 
Many of them are used commercially for their silk, and for this 
purpose the larve are kept in a domesticated or semidomesticated 
state, but the silk is almost always coarser than that of Bombyx 
mort, and cannot be wound, so that it is usually carded or spun like 
cotton. Gentry notes a variation in the colour of the cocoons spun 
by larve of S. cecropia that have fed upon various trees, ¢.g. (1) 
on red currant, the silk is said to be reddish-brown, (2) light-brown 
tending to grey on cherry, plum and rose, (3) grey-brown on Sfzraea, 
Symphoricarpos and Prunus serotina. We doubt whether this would stand 
the test of careful experiment. The cocoons of the Hemileucids are 
usually spun on or under the surface of the ground, and the 
Citheroniids are satisfied with an earthen cocoon. Barrett notes 
(Can, Ent., xxxii., p. 235) that the cocoons of several species 
of Awtomeris have a quasi-hinged grating in the front portion which 
only opens outwardly; the front is closed, but with very weak 
(brittle) silk, This strongly suggests Saturnia. Grote writes (Can, Ent, 


280 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


1895, pp. 263—266) of the cocoons of the Attacids as follows : “The 
Saturnidae (Attacidae) weave large and dense cocoons attached to 
objects free from and elevated above the surface of the earth; the 
Hlemileucidae spin cocoons of slighter texture on or near the ground, 
and granules of earthy matter are mixed with the web (Awzomeris), 
or ina surface cell among débris with no or little silk (Hemzleuca) ; 
the Citheroniidae enter the ground to form a cell beneath the surface, 
in which the naked pupa reposes, showing an analogy of habit 
with the Sphingina. In Attacus, Philosamia and Callosamia, the larva 
attaches the deciduous leaf, which forms the basis and natural 
attachment for its web, firmly to the branchlet by a pedicel of silk. 
Evidently this habit has been found more useful to the species, the cocoon 
being thus prevented from falling to the ground with the fall of the 
leaf. Zelea and Actas have not this habit, and the cocoon falls in the 
autumn with the leaf which was used in the spinning. The Attacid 
group (sens. strict.. has generally this habit of attaching the cocoon, 
and in Callosamia the habit is strongly developed, although Sama 
has it not at all, but spins a thick double cocoon attached to the 
branches themselves often near the ground, and much after the 
fashion * of the European Saturnia. I, therefore, place the genera 
with the pedicel habit at the commencement of the family, Samza 
and Saturnia following, and closing with Actas and TZelea, in which 
the thinner cocoon falls: with the leaf to the sround” ) sharp 
says : ‘‘ The cocoons are very various, ranging from a slight 
open network to a dense elaborate structure arranged as in 
Saturnia pavonia, and in this Jatter case an opening is left by the 
larva for its exit after it has become a moth, but, by an ingenious 
chevaux de frise work, this opening is closed against external enemies, 
though the structure offers no resistance at all to the escape of the 
moth. Fabre has recorded some observations and experiments 
which seem to show that the instinct predominating over the for- 
mation of the cocoon is not cognoscent. The insect, if interfered 
with, displays a profound stupidity; its method is blind perseverance 
in the customary (Souvenirs entomologiques, 4th series, 1891, pp. 39— 
46).” ‘The cocoon ‘of the ~Attacids: is; however, mere semen 
entirely closed, and, although Packard and others have asserted 
that the ‘ cocoon-cutter,” with which Actas Zuna and other species 
are provided, is used to cut-its way out of the cocoon, Chapman 
long since described how Platysamia cecropia softened its cocoon with 
an abundance of fluid (an¢ed, vol. i1., pp. 64—65), and has recently 
(Ent. Rec., xill., p. 300) shown, as we have already stated, that the 
*cocoon-cutter ” of Actas luna is not used to cut the silk at all, 
but to tease it out when it has been sufficiently softened by a fluid 
excreted by the imago. Sharp further notes that the cocoons of 
the species of Ceranchia have a beautiful appearance, like masses of 
filagree-work in silver. [The pupa in Ceranchia, too, is very peculiar, 
being terminated by a long  spine-like process.] In Loefa newara 
the cocoon is of a green colour, and suspended by a stalk, looking 
like the pod or pitcher of a plant.” 

The Attacid pupais very fairly specialised and distinctive, although, 
if the Citheroniids be considered, a considerable range of variation exists. 

* Bacot notes the attachment as being often very similar to that of Autricha 
querctfolta. 


AYTTACIDES. 281 


For the structure of a fairly easily-obtained Attacid pupa reference 
should be made to our description of that of Saturnia pavonia (posted). 
Chapman writes: ‘The Attacid pupa is one that in its more obvious 
characters is extremely varied, owing to the variety of its environment, 
some pupating underground, others forming cocoons. In its more 
essential characters, it is an obtect pupa, very difficult to differentiate 
from Smerinthus or Dimorpha, and, at times, from certain Lachneids. 
It is a thick robust pupa, essentially very round (circular in section) 
and very straight—Saturnia pavonia and others are obvious ex- 
ceptions to this, being both flattened from back to front, and with 
the hinder segments bent well forward. The wings meet in the middle 
line. In those with well-developed antenne, the greater part of the 
2nd legs and a portion of the first are covered by them. This 
occurs also in the Cochlidids and elsewhere. There is no femoral 
piece between the maxilla and first leg. This is wanting also in 
Smerinthids, but appears in nearly all other Sphingids. Callosities on 
the metathoracic dorsum are marked in some Citheroniids, as in 
Acherontias and other Sphinges, but not so markedly in Smerinthids, 
they exist in Saturnians, but usually very obscurely. The surface 
is free from any hairs, such as form a pile on some Lachneids, and 
is generally smooth and polished; the dorsum, however, in some, ¢.g., 
Antheraea, etc., possesses patches of brown hairs or rather bristles. 
In Antheraea the pupa is very short and thick, almost spherical, this 
modification is due to the form of cocoon, and similar modifications 
go with similar cocoons, in Lachneids, Cochlidids, etc., but it appears 
to reach its extreme in Anztheraea. The anal armature in Cithero- 
niids generally ends in a double point, and is without bristles. 
In Saturnians, it is a transverse ridge with, on either side, a row of 
bristles along its anterior and posterior edge, and somewhat curved 
over to face each other, the extent to which these are developed varies 
much, the anterior or posterior row is generally nearly wanting, the 
bristles are curved, but apparently never actually hooked. In species 
with cocoons, the segmental armature is rarely more than a little 
wrinkling, in subterranean species, there is usually a raised row of 
points along the posterior margin of segments, and a row of pits, 
or even a raised ridge along the anterior border ; there is no lateral 
flange as in Lumorpha and higher Sphingids.. In Cricula trifenestrata 
there is a strong set of cremastral hooks clothing a conical projection 
and not easily interpreted in the terms given above as _ usually 
covering the anal armature of Saturnians. Ina large African form, 
very like Ceratocampa, there are callosities or great warts on the pro- 
and mesothorax as well as on the metathorax, and similar ear-like 
projections protect the Ist spiracles, whilst on the dorsum of the last 
abdominal segment are two holes leading into large spherical cavities, 
that look like two peas when seen from within the pupa. ‘The hind- 
wing is always (?) visible as far as the middle of the hind-margin 
of forewing. ‘The texture is very hard and thick in subterranean forms 
and the colour is usually black, whilst it may be delicate and the colour 
pale brown in forms with solid cocoons, e.g., Cvicula, which has a fairly 
solid texture. It may bea question whether any absolute characters can 
be given for the pupz of any of the families of larger moths with obtect 
pupz, many of which are closely related, and others closely approximated 
by convergence, whilst in each family there is much variation of an 


282 BRITISH J,.EPIDOPTERA. 


adaptive character. This difficulty is, perhaps, as great in the 
Attacids, as anywhere, though the thickness, straightness and circular 
section, as though turned in a lathe, are usually characters at once 
recognisable in many genera both of Citheroniids and Saturnians, 
the large antenne being also very obvious facts. Dimorpha is a 
generalised Attacid in many respects. Its relations are nearer to 
Citheroniids than to Saturnians, but its pupa is curved, whilst 
those of Citheroniids are straight, and its armature everywhere it 
spiculate, whilst that of Citheroniids possesses pits. The arrange- 
ment of face-, wing- and mouthparts is very much the 
same. There are certain resemblances but it is impossible to 
say whether they do or do not indicate alliance” (zu J/itz.). 
Attention has already been drawn to the sexual differences exhibited 
by the pupal antennz of the Attacids (anfed, vol. i1., pp. 46, 47), 
and. Poulton gives (Morph. Lep. Pupa, pl. xxvi., figs. 1—1I3) an 
excellent series of drawings of the pupal antennz of Saturnia pavonta, 
Agha tau, etc., comparing them with the corresponding imaginal 
antenne. Mosley, in 1871, made some investigations into the 
relationship, observing that, in Saturnia pavonia, the sheaths of 
the antennz in the female pupa are large and inflated, with traces 
of pectination, resembling in this respect those of the male pupa, 
but in a reduced degree, although the antennz of the female imago 
are as is well-known merely filiform. Mosley concluded from this that 
“in the ancestral Saturniids the imagines of both sexes must have 
had large pectinated antenne, and that they had not been developed 
as such only in the male for sexual purposes, but must have been retained 
in the male and degenerated in the female.” He considers that “ the 
pupal integument, requiring for purposes of protection to be hard and 
rigid, when once it had assumed a particular shape, suited to the 
contours of the body of the original ancestral insect, would retain 
that form indefinitely, although the shape of the several parts of the 
imago formed within it might, by the action of natural selection 
on it when in the free moving condition, alter considerably. It 
appears to be of no detriment to the development of the legs and 
the antenne of the imago that their pupa-cases are far too big and 
do not fit.” He concluded from these observations that probably 
members of the Saturniids existed with well-marked pectinated 
antenne in both sexes, and soon found on looking at Westwood’s 
drawers of insects that this was the case. Keeping to the Attacids, 
Poulton finds that there is an immense difference between the imaginal 
antennz of the two sexes of Ag/za ¢zau, while the corresponding pupal 
organs are not widely different. Although the antennze of the female 
imago are extremely degenerate, a careful examination, he says, reveals 
traces of the structure, which is so elaborately developed in the male 
(Joc. ctt., p. 247). Poulton thinks that Mosley’s conclusions require some 
modification, and he believes that ‘‘ the particular size and shape 
of a pupal organ, which, at any one time, fits an imaginal organ 
developed within it, will not be retained indefinitely upon the 
shrinkage of the latter. . . but the pupal organ will also eventually 
become smaller.” Poulton further considers it probable that ‘the 
male imaginal antenne have increased as the female organs have 
diminished, so that the pupal organs of the former must have under- 
gone recent increase, while the female pupal antenne may indicate 


ATTACIDES. 283 


the size of these organs 1n both sexes, before degeneration of the one 
and concomitant development of the other commenced, or, considering 
how very common it is among moths for the male antennz to be 
more developed than those of the 2, only part of the sexual difference 
between pupal antennz may date from the beginning of the rapid 
degeneration and development which certain species have undergone 
in the two sexes respectively ; but it is most likely that the general 
and wide-spread difference between these imaginal organs in the two 
sexes 1s due to precisely similar causes acting slowly and only up 
to a certain point —due, in fact, to the competition among the males 
being keener than that among the females,” etc. (doc. cit., pp. 230— 
231). Chapman points out that, in his opinion, the explanation 
seems rather to be that the male and female antennez tend to be 
alike, especially inthe pupa. Wherever sexual dimorphism (or, muzatis 
mutandis, any dimorphism) oceurs, it is as if we had two species mingled, 
which are separately responding to the effects of natural selection, 
and each tending to vary in a different direction, and yet unable to 
avoid a certain amount of crossing, making each to a certain extent 
follow the other. So if the male moth gets a large antenna by 
selection, the female tends to do so by inheritance from the male. 
Selection, however, keeps action on the female antenna to prevent its 
further development, but does not act so strongly on the pupal 
antenna, which is a quiescent and unimportant structure, and so 
the pupal antenna outstrips the imaginal one” (Proc. Sth. Lond. Ent. 
Soc., 1899, p. 2). Considerable difference in the sexual organs is 
to be observed in the Attacid pupz, and Poulton figures and describes 
(221. Morph. Lep. Pupa, p. 209, pl. xxi., figs. 15, 16) the terminal 
segments of the ? pupa of Aglza ¢au, as follows: 


1. Fig. 15x 7.—The surface sculpture is represented; the generative openings 
are unusually distinct and separate from each other. The anterior (bursa copulatrix) 
occupies the entire breadth of the 8th abdominal; its margin is very prominent, 
and much resembles the appearance of the male organ. The posterior opening 
(oviduct) similarly occupies the entire breadth of the 9th abdominal; its margin 
is not so distinct as that of the anterior opening. The median prolongation of 
the 10th abdominal is short and broad. The anus is placed on an oval convex area. 
Behind this area the base of the terminal spine is separated from the anal part of 
the 10th abdominal by a distinct furrow. The spine is rough and bristles with 
irregularly twisted thread-like processes. Its ventral surface (seen in the figure) 
is characterised by a large oval concavity, marked by concentric lines. 

2. Fig. 16 x 7.—The last four segments seen from the right side. The 
functional spiracle on the 7th abdominal differs from the rudimentary one upon the 
8th in its oblique position. All the visible functional spiracles are oblique like that 
shown in the figure. The Ist abdominal* is the only concealed spiracle in the 
pupa, for even the prothoracic is clearly exposed to view. The 10th abdominal is 
distinctly divided into a dorsal and ventral part. The terminal spine is not, how- 
ever, uninterruptedly continuous with the dorsal part, but is separated from the 
latter by a furrow which extends dorsally from that which was shown in the last 
figure (15) and surrounds the base of the spine. [This tendency towards the 
separation of the terminal spine from the 10th abdominal is carried further in certain 
Geometrids. | 


The Attacid imagines are, in many instances, the giant 
lepidoptera of the world, and the various families have an almost 
world-wide distribution, and considerable variation exists in many 
species, ¢.g., Samia cecropia is said (Can. Ent., 1876, p. 166) to vary 


* Poulton says ‘‘ thoracic’ an evident apsus calami, 


284 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


in wing-expanse from 4}ins.—7+ins. Sharp says (/usects, i, pp. 
372—373): ‘‘Coscinocera hercules, inhabiting North Australia, is a huge 
moth which, with its expanded wings and the long tails thereof, 
covers a Space’ of abeut 7o square imeles. One ef tie striking 
features of the family is the occurrence in numerous forms of re- 
markable transparent spaces on the wings; these window-like areas 
usually occur in the middle of the wing, and form a most remarkable 
contrast to the rest of the surface, which is very densely scaled. In 
Attacus these attain a larye size; in other species such as the South 
African Ludia delegorguet, there is a small letter-like, or symboliform, 
transparent mark towards the tip of each front wing; in the genus 
Automeris, and in other forms, instead of transparent spaces, there are 
large and staring ocellate marks or eyes, which are concealed when the 
insect is reposing ; in Arcesna, Copiopteryx, Eudaemonia and others, the 
hindwings are prolonged into very long tails, perhaps exceeding in 
length those of any other moths.” Thesexes are usually very distinct and 
differentiated, the secondary sexual characters often strongly marked, 
especially in the direction of size, shape of the wings, and antennal 
structure. These differences are, in some families at least, possibly 
to be explained by the difference of the habits of the sexes of the 
same species, the males, usually seeking actively for the females, often 
flying swiftly by day, whilst the females fly slowly by night, and then 
only for the purposes of oviposition. We find usually in the males 
of such species well pectinated antenne and smaller but strong wings, 
the wings of the female are usually larger in order to carry the heavy 
abdomen full of eggs, but there are strong indications of (?) degeneration 
in the antenne. They usually fly slowly (compared with the rapid 
flight of the male), and frequently their powers of flight are still more 
reduced when, as is the habit of some species, they lay their eggs all 
in one or at most two or three batches, ¢.g., Saturnia pavonia. Weismann 
states (Zssays on Heredity, 1889, pp. 17, 18) that the females of Agla 
tau deposit all their eggs in one spot, being unable to fly owing to the 
weight of the abdomen; the males on the other hand fly swiftly 
seeking the females. Poulton, however, points out (Zx¢. Morph. Lep. 

Pupa, p. 252) that flight, although sluggish, is still necessary, except 
under certain conditions, since there would be a two-fold danger in 
depositing all the eggs in one place —that of insufficiency of food and 
easy detection by enemies—and the latter applies to small as well as 
large moths, but while further degeneration is thus rigidly prevented 
in most cases, there are certain moths (in other groups—Vo¢olophus, 
&c.) which escape from the limiting conditions. 

Sharp draws attention (/7sec/s, 1., p. 372) to the ocellated spots 
on the hindwings of the species of the genus Auw/omeris, and Barrett 
notes (Caz. Lnt,, XXXil., p, 235) that these markings would appear 
to have a protective value, as all the species with which he is ac- 
quainted have the habit, when disturbed, of raising their primaries, 
so as to expose the large glaring eyes, and holding the secondaries 
at “present arms” until the fright 1 is over. Kellogg states ( Zaxonomic 
value of scales of Lepidoptera, p. 68) that the shoroncce: of colour 
markings depends largely on the specialisation of the scales, and 
observes that, when sharply separated colour markings do occur in 
lower forms, there is a specialisation of the scales within the limits 
of the colour spots or lines much beyond the general condition of 


ATTACID. 285 


the wing-covering. Thus in Actas /una the general wing-covering 
is said to be rather generalised, but the brilliant eye-spots are 
composed entirely, except for the clear pupil, of rather short, broad, 
short-pointed scales, with no intermixture of scale-hairs, offering 
a striking contrast to the general, loose, hairy covering of the wings. 
In Ayperchiria 10, which possesses a covering of lowly scales, there 
is a conspicuous eye-spot at the centre of each hindwing. The 
eye-spot has a brown iris composed of scales about like the general 
covering, but the white pupil is composed of highly specialised 
scales. The eye-spot on the hindwings of Smerinthus cerisy¢ is 
characterised by a more highly specialised condition of scale covering 
within its borders, than is shown on the rest of the wing. As to 
the colouring matter itself, reference should be made to Mayer's 
papers: ‘The development of the wing-scales and their pigment in 
butterflies and moths,” and ‘‘ On the colour and colour-patterns of 
moths and butterflies,” in which the pigments of Callosamia promethea, 
Philosamia cynthia, and their development, is exceptionally well 
treated. Bacot has made the following interesting notes on the habits 
of the imagines of a few well-known Attacids : 

1. Telea polyphemus.— ?. Rests with its wings hanging over its back, 
Geometrid-like, and ‘‘calls’’ in this position. If startled it drops, shortens its 
abdomen, draws up its legs, spreads its wings fully, and adopts a most peculiar 
attitude with its head down, the costa of forewings almost, or quite, touching 
the ground, the hindwings considerably raised (reminding one somewhat of the 
display attitude of the Argus pheasant), throwing the conspicuous ocellated spots 
on hindwings into startling prominence. The suddenness with which it changes 
from its resting-position, with its motionless, half-decayed-leaf-like appearance, 
to its remarkable display posture, would almost certainly affright any bird that 
attacked it. 

2. Platysamta cecropia.— g and ? paired about 9 p.m., on June 27th, Igor. 
Both moths hung from the top of the cage, one sex did not carry the other. 
They separated at 9.30 p.m. the next evening. In a second pairing on June 
28th, the ? carried the ¢, i.e., the latter hung from the abdomen of ¢?; these 
also remained paired almost 24 hours. The imagines rest much like 7. polyphemus, 
and also resemble this species somewhat in their startled attitude, but the legs 
are not drawn up nor the abdomen shortened and swelled out, or if so to a much 
less extent; it falls to the ground in the same way to display, and gently waves 
its wings meanwhile. 

3. Actias luna.— The imago rests with its wings spread, but the forewings 
are dropped somewhat in order to cover the hind ones. 

4. Hyperchiria io.—The imago rests with its wings sloping and _ the 
forewings dropped to cover the hindwings much as does Saturnia pavonia. In 
copulating the g¢ and ¢ hang face to face. They pair from 9 p.m.—9.30 p.m. 
and separate during the early hours of the morning. When startled, this species 
also exposes its ocellated spots, and sometimes drops to do so. There is an ocellated 
spot on the upper side of hindwings and a less developed one (black with white 
centre) on underside of forewings, so that by raising the forewings both are 
exposed. 

Sharp observes that about seventy genera and several hundred 
species of this interesting superfamily are already known; they are 
widely distributed on the globe, though there are but few species in 
Australia. 

Family: ATTACIDA. 


Following Dyar’s grouping (based on larval structure), we 
have three subfamilies in the Aftacidae, viz., Aglitnae, Attacinae 
and Saturnitnae. Following Grote’s grouping (based on neuration), 
we also have three subfamilies in the Adfacidae, viz., Attacinae, 


286 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Saturniinae and Hemileucinae*. Both are agreed that the Atfacinae 
and Saturninae are closely allied, and when we examine these 
carefully we find that the larve of these agree in having “no single 
tubercle on the gth abdominal segment, in having a tubercular anal 
plate, and no primitive first stage,” whilst the larve of the Agdiznae 
and Hemileucinae (as well as the C7theroniinae and Automerinaet) are 
said to have a primitive first stage (see Dyar, Ezz. Rec., x., p. 37) ft. It 
is quite clear, on larval characters, that the AZzfacidae (limited to 
Attacinae and Saturniinae) is the most specialised family, whilst the 
other subfamilies, that have a primitive first larval stage, belong 
to more generalised families. Of the two subfamilies thus retained, the 
Attacinae would appear to be the more specialised, for, as we have be- 
fore noticed, Packard remarks (Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci., 1893, p. 
58) that, ‘as regards the larval tubercles, the species of Saturnia are 
on the same plane with the embryo, just before exclusion, of the 
more highly specialised forms of the group Afétacinae,” and adds 
further that “‘an interesting series of parallelisms may be observed 
in comparing the early and later stages of the larve of the family, 
¢.g., while tae late embryos of the AZ¢facenae are, perhaps, paralleled 
by the fully-grown larva of Saturnia, the fully-grown larva of the 
most, or one of the most, generalised AZtacinae, Platysamia, is on 
the same plane of specialisation as the larva of Cal/losamia in its 
third stage.” He also considers that the great size of the Affacinae 
(particularly A¢facus atlas) appears to be a sign of recent special:sa- 
tion, and the small size ot Saturnia, apart from its other features, 
suggests that it is a generalised form not departing greatly trom 
the normal size of the superfamily Bombyces. Dyar considers 
that, of the more generalised families, the Ag/zdae is most closely 
allied to the Atfacidae (Saturniidae), resembling it in that the larve 
have ‘no single dorsal tubercle on the 9th segment, but have the anal 
plate tubercular,” and differing from it in that there is a primitive 
first larval staget, and that nervure IV, in the forewing of the imago 
is less intimately related to IV, than in Saturiza. 

It will be gathered from our remarks that we are inclined to limit 
the Atfacidae to the subfamilies Ad¢facznae and Saturnitnae, excluding 
Agliudae as of family rank. Meyrick appears to base his diagnosis 
(Handbook, &c., p. 313) of the superfamily largely on these two 
subfamilies, for he observes under his genus Saturnia: ‘“ Characters 


those of the family.” These family characters read as follows : 
ImAGo: Head densely rough-haired. Ocelli absent. Eyes glabrous. Tongue 
rudimentary. Antennze (under 3) in ¢ strongly bipectinated to apex. Labial palpi 
very short, hairy. Thorax densely hairy above and beneath. Abdomen hairy. 
Femora and tibize densely hairy, posterior tibize without middle spurs. Forewings : 
Ib furcate, 5 and 6 closely approximated from upper angle, 7 absent, 8 and 9 out 


* We are quite unable, on larval characters, to accept Grote’s statement 
(Ent. Rec., x., p. 146) that Aemlewca is a generalised Saturnian in the sense of 
including it as a subfamily of our Attacidae. The presence of two anal nervures in 
the hindwing suggests at least a separate family, even if it be not, as suggested by 
Dyar, a subfamily of the Citheroniidae. Grote’s own opinion now (see azted, 
p- 273) is that the Hemileucids should be treated as a distinct family. 

t+ It may be well to note here that Bodine places (Antennae of Lepidoptera, p. 43) 
the subfamily Awtomerinae, in which the antennz of the ¢ have a single pair of 
pectinations to each joint in the Saturniidae, with the Attacinae, which Jatter have, 
in both sexes, two pairs of pectinations to a segment. He does not know the 
antennal structure of the Saturnizinae (sens. strict.). 

t We do not agree that 4g/za hasa primitive first stage (see, footnote, arzfed, p.272). 


ATTACIDA. 287 


of 10, 11 absent. Hindwings without frenulum, fa absent, 5 and 6 approximated 
from upper angle, 7 from 3 of upper margin, 8 out of cell at base. rapidly diverging, a 
przecostal spur faintly indicated. OvuM: Flattened-spherical, smooth. LARVA: Stout, 
with tubercles bearing tufts of scanty hairs. . PupA: Ina dense firm oval cocoon. 


These characters would, in many cases, fail entirely if applied 
to any group greater than our family Atfac7dae. Packard characterises 
four families in the superfamily — Ceratocampidae, Hemileucidae, 
Aglitdae and Saturnidae (= Attacidae). These we accept with the 
addition of Automeridae. The AZtactdae, he subdivides (Proc. Amer. 
Acad, Arts Sciences, 1893, p. 58) into two subfamilies as follows : 

1. Six tubercles on the 8th abdominal segment, the tubercles in general 
over the body, all of the same size. Generalised forms. Subfam. SATURNIINA, 

2. Five tubercles on the 8th abdominal segment, the median one double; 
the tubercles in general more or less differentiated or specialised in size and colour. 
Specialised forms. Subfam. ATTACINA. 

Although based on the characters presented by the number 
and arrangement of the larval tubercles, the same subdivision can 
be made on other characters, and it appears to us to be a very 
natural one, but Packard’s remark, ‘“‘ generalised forms,” is quite inex- 
plicable to us. The family, as here restricted, contains the large 
silkworm moths, whose silk is used for commercial purposes, ¢.¢., 
Antheraea mylitta and its allies (India), 4. pernyz (China), A. 
yamamat (Japan), Callosamia promethea, Samia cecrcpia (North 
America), Philosamia lunula (East Indies), and their allies. The 
family contains some of the largest moths in the world; the largest, 
Attacus atlas, sometimes reaching a foot in expanse. 

Dealing with the origin of the family, Packard states 
Coup.) Acad. “Arts. and Sct., 1893, Pp: 55): ‘! The* larval 
characters, especially those features that are congenital, tend 
to show that the family has originated from some spiny group, 
and most probably, when we take into account the transfor- 
mations of Agta tau, trom the Ceratocampidae ( Citheronirdae J, 
although none of the latter spin a cocoon. During the evolution 
of the group they underwent a change in shape, from a rather long 
and slender form to a thick heavy body, with a thin integument, 
the result perhaps of an unusually stationary mode of life. The 
imagines also underwent a process of degeneration, as seen in the 
atrophy, total or partial, of the maxillz, and in the loss of veins, 
in their large but weak wings*; though the loss of strength of flight 
is somewhat compensated by the remarkable development of the 
olfactory organs or antenne. ‘The family appears to be a closed 
type, none of the higher or more specialised Bombyces having 
descended from it, the type representing a side branch of the 
Bombycine tree which, late in geological history, grew apart, and 
reached a marked degree of modification, resulting in the possession 
of adaptive characters which were not transmitted to later forms. 
It seems probable that the type was a Miocene-Tertiary one, which 
has lingered on in eastern America (north and south), and in 
eastern Asia, as well as in Africa, while it has become nearly 
extinct on the Pacific shores of North and South America, and in 
Europe.” Packard further notes (Lombycine Moths, etc., p. 45) that 
“the Saturnitdae (Attacidae) is a tropical group, only a single 

* Bacot notes: ‘‘ The movement of the wings of Attacus atlas is slow and 
bat-like, but hardly weak, and the wing-membraue must be very strong, as it stands 
well a considerable amount of knocking about in a confined space.” 


288 , BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


genus occurring in Europe, while in North America, north of 
Miexico, ‘ there. are-six.’. In tropical America, Africa, andmesousue 
eastern Asia, including China, the species and genera are far more 
numerous, and form a characteristic feature of the fauna. Upon the 
whole the allied Ceratocampidae ( Citherontidac) are also tropical, many 
more species occurring in Brazil and Central America than in North 
America, and this may be said of the family Hemleucidae. Mey- 
rick also notes (Handbook, p. 313) that the Saturnitdae (Attacidae) 
is a small family, occurring mainly within the tropics, but with a 
few stragglers in temperate climates. The species are all large, and 
sometimes gigantic, the Indian As/acus atlas measuring ten inches 
in expanse of wing, and their decoration is often correspendingly 
magnificent. ‘The single British species is one of the smallest. 
Weniger, writing of the larve of the AZ¢facinae, states (£nt., xx., 
pp. 87-89) that after the second or third moult of the larva of A/tacus 
yama-mat, A. vernyt, A. selene and A. cecropia, a coloured mark on the 
sternal region of the 8th abdominal somite affords a certain test of 
sex. The mark in the ? isa “black blotch” in the middle, of a 
yellowish tint, which, in natural size, is not larger than a large pin’s 
head. The male differs from the female in the fact that the black 
blotch has in its centre a dark green spot. In both sexes the mark 
disappears when they are killed and the skin emptied.” Jackson 
thinks (Studies Morph. Lepidoptera, p. 147) it may be due to a peculi- 
arity of the larval cuticle, but emptying does not alter the cuticle, 
and the mark disappears when the skin is.emptied. At any rate he 
points out that there is no structure belonging to the reproductive 
organs in both sexes alike which has the position assigned by Weniger. 
Semper observes that, in the development of the antennal hairs 
of a male Saturnia pavonia, the hairs arise just as do the scales, from 
a layer of cylindrical cells. The hairs push out between the cells of 
the epidermis as do the scales, and the only difference, in fact, 
between the scales and these hairs is merely in the outer form, and 
this is no real difference, for there may be found between both forms 
numerous gradatory ones. So long as no cuticle is developed by the 
epidermis the forming scale consists of a fine membrane which is a 
direct continuation of the parent cell, and which contains a trans- 
parent finely-granular content, which is darkened and contracted by 
acetic acid. But as soon as the cuticle appears, one sees also 
developed on the scales and hairs—it was especially apparent on the 
antennal hairs of Saturnia pavonia (car pint )—a thickened layer which, 
where the hair or scale meets the cuticle of the epidermis of the 
antenna or wing, fuses with it; the thin stalk of the scale which unites 
the scale with its parent cell secretes for a short distance between the 
cells of the epidermis such a thickened layer as renders the joining of 
the scale with its supporting membrane much more secure. At first 
one sees on the scales only a simple membrane, but soon longitudinal 
strie develop ; these arise at certain places where a further 
thickening takes place on the secreting membrane, and proceeds till, 
finally, further depositing is limited to cross-strize which develop 
between the separate longitudinal strie. ‘The scale is now complete 
except for the pigment, which, in many species, is deposited in the 
scale before its extrusion. After the scale is fully developed, the 
parent-cell disappears, the granular content of the scale becomes 


ATTACIDA, 289 


absorbed, the primitive cell membrane dies out, and there remains 
only the chitinised cuticle of the scale, with its root fast in a pouch in 
the membrane. ‘The striking analogies between the course of develop- 
ment of scales and the varying conditions of the scales on the fully 
developed wing cannot escape attention. It is to be noted that 
Semper’s description of the formation of the insertion cups differs 
from that given by Landois. 

Bodine notes (Antennae of Lepidoptera, p. 43) that the family 
Saturnidae (Attacidae) is interesting in the series of forms the antennz 
present. The genera Coloradia, Automeris, Calosaturnia, Tropaea, 
Telea, Callosamia, Philosamia and Samia present a regular and 
progressive series. The tollowing table will serve to separate the 
antenne of the members of this family *: 

A. Antenne of female with single pair of pectinations to a segment. 
B. Antenne of male with distal pair of pectinations shorter than the proximal. 
Ox Distal pair not more than half the length of the 
proximal ie as a ie .. Coloradia. 
CC. Distal pair but little shorter ae .. Automeris. 
BB. Antennz of male with distal and proximal pairs of 
pectinations subequal As os ee .. Calosaturnia. 
AA. Antennz of both sexes with two pairs of pectinations to a segment. 
B. Proximal and distal pairs subequal in male, distal pair shorter in the 
female. 
Cc. Distal pair of female very short, without hairs of 
the second type ws se a die, LRALE 
CC. Distal pair of moderate length with hairs of 


second type .. bis Be re Tropaea. 
BB. Proximal and distal pairs subequal in both sexes. 
C. Distal pair of pectinations of female shorter than, or only equal to, 
the proximal on the proximal segments. 
D. Distal pair wanting in a few distal seg- 
ments! 9) «: 5% 66 ye .. Callosamia. 
DD. Distal pair present, at least in rudiments, 
to the distal end . ae ae .. Samia. 
CC. Distal pair of pectinations of female longer than 
the proximal on the proximal segments... Philosamia. 


There is a gradual progression in complexity of development 
from Coloradia on the one hand, to Sama or Philosamia on the other. 
The females of Coloradia, Automeris and Calosaturnia, have a single 
pair of pectinations to a segment, while those of the other genera have 
two pairs. The males of the first two genera have the distal pair 
shorter, whilst those of the others have the two pairs subequal. There is 
also a gradual increase in both sexes from one end of the series to the 
other in the number and position of the cones. In Sama there is not 
only an abundance on the shaft, but many are on the pectinations of 
the distal portion of the clavola. There is some doubt as to whether 
Samia or Philosamia should be considered the higher form. The 
male Samza is more highly developed than the male Philosamia, but, 
on the other hand, the female Samia is less developed than the female 
Philosamia. I believe that now Samia is the higher form, and that it 
has outstripped Phzlosamra in specialisation in comparatively recent 
times. If the females lag behind the males, as seems most probable, 
the condition we find in the two genera would indicate that the male 
Philosamia has been long enough fixed to allow the female to 


* Reference should be made here to Chapman’s note on the untennz of African 
forms (anted, p. 270). 


290 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


approach it in specialisation; while in Sama the male is even now 
progressing in complexity, and the female has not had time to 
approach it in development. There are many indications in the 
antenne of Samza which point to its recent or even present progress. 
The pectinations are not well established in form and position; the 
cones are variable in position ; even the segmentation is more or less 
indefinite in portions of the clavola. This appears to bear out 
Chapman’s view (anéed, p. 283). 

The sexes repeatedly pair more than once. A male will pair 
with more than one female (see Psyche, vii., p. 167). No less than 
seven males of Callosamia promethea are recorded as pairing with a 
single female (doc. cit.). Moffat gives (Can. Ent, 1894, p. 240) 
an interesting account of the assembling of males of C. promethea to 
a female hanging from the cocoon from which she had emerged, 
about 3 p.m. on June rith, 1894 Whe 9 was quite Silienored 
movement of wing or foot, during the time that the males flew 
around, before pairing took place. Mayer describes (Psyche, ix., 
pp. 15—20) a most interesting series of experiments ‘‘on the mating 
instinct in moths,” especially as exemplified in C. promethea. They are 
much too long even to summarise, but his conclusions may be 
eteled as follows : 


. The male is positively chemotactic toward some substance which emanates 
from ie abdomen of the female, and which he perceives through olfactory organs 
situated upon his antenne. 


2. Females 30—60 hours old are much more attractive tomales than are young 


females 5—10 hours old. Virgin females are somewhat more attractive than are 
fertilised ones of the same age. 


3. The male will mate at least four times, either with the same or with 
different females. 


4. Neither males nor females pay any attention to the appearance of their 
partners. The melanic colours of the ¢ have not been brought about through 
sexual selection on the part of the female. 

Gynandromorphism is marvellously frequent in our European 
Attacids, more particularly in Saturnia eile Schultz mentions 
(Lllus. Woch. Siir Ent.,i., pp. 385, 416, 4453 u., pp. 462, 474, 494) no 
fewer than 74 specimens belonging to 5 species, vz., Saturnia pyri, 4 
examples, S. spizz 2, S. pavonia 48, S. hybr. emzliae 3, S. hybr. viszz 3, S. 
caecigena 1, Aglia tau 7, A. ab. fere-nigra 4, A.ab. nigerrima 2. Later (loc. 
cit., lil., pp. 184, 294, 311), he supplements this by the addition of the fol- 
lowing: S. pavonia 3, S. hybr. emzliae 1, S. hybr. resiz 2, S. hybr. schaufusst 
10, S. hybr. standfussi 12, Aglia tau 1. [For details, see posted, pp. 302 e¢ 
seg.| Several unrecorded examples of S. pavonza are in various collec- 
tions, and no doubt these numbers, large as they are, could be materially 
increased. Gynandromorphism is also recorded in a specimen of 
Platysamia cecropia (Soc. Ent., xi., p. 9) bred by Frings. 

Possibly, however, the most interesting phenomenon presented 
by the Attacids is the ease with which many of the species hybridise. 
So extensive have been the recent experiments of Standfuss and 
others that it is difficult to deal with them at length. One may 
pass by Hagen’s remarks (cited Can. £utz., viil., pp. 77 e¢ seg.) that 
Platysamia columbia might be ahybrid between P. cecropia and promethea, 
as being a matter of “speculation, not warranted by later facts. As 
{0 positive evidence— Bigot, a French sericulturist, obtained Antheraea 
hybr. perny? X yamamai, and A. hybr. yamamat X pernyt, eggs 
from which produced in due course magnificent moths, the hybrid 


ATTACID. 291 


hybernating in the pupal stage and maintaining itself as a distinct 
form for some time. Berce also obtained hybrids of A. yamamar 
x pernyt, and 19 of these cocoons came into the possession of 
Wailly in 1875 (Znfom., xill., pp. 155 ef seg.). From these cocoons 
only 1 imago, a 2, emerged, and this paired with a male A. 
pernyt, the larva, when hatched, being entirely black like those of 
A. pernyt, and bearing no resemblance to those of A. yamamaz. 
Wailly does not tell us what special characters were developed later ; 
one suspects that some signs must have remained of the yamamai 
ancestry. About 1878, the Bombay silk-spinners are said to have 
hybridised the Indian Tusser silkworm (Aztheraea mylitta) with A. 
yamamat, whilst Bourdier, in 1878, evidently obtained fruitful 
- hybrids. between A. fernyz and yamamaz, which he called A. hybr. 
perny-yama and says: “This fruitful hybrid has the immense 
advantage over the parents of being perfectly hardy; it will resist 
a temperature of o° C., and will eat even dried leaves if they are 
not brittle; a second brood may be obtained each year, if the breeder, 
by artificial means, hastens the emergence of the moths from the 
hybernating cocoons.” Wailly further notes that for several years 
he has obtained crossings as follows: pernyti 3 Xx polyphemus 2; 
cecropia 8 xX cynthia 2, several times; cecropia 3 X gloveri 2 ; 
cecropia 3 xX polyphemus 2, several times; py77 x cecropia, but that 
in every case the eggs have proved infertile. Wallace cites (Darwznzsm, 
1889, p. 163) from Quatrefages, a case of fertility z¢er sein Attacus hybr. 
cynthia Xx arrindia. Watson notes (xt, xxvi., p. 174) a reputed 
fertile hybrid between Atfacus cynthia and A. ricini, but questions 
whether it be, indeed, a hybrid, asserting that it is ‘now conclusively 
proved that 7zczzz 1s merely the Burmese local polyvoltine or many- 
brooded variety of the common cynthia,’ and concludes that even 
if crossings of cynthia and ricini are perfectly fertile, it is only a 
cross between a species and its variety. He further records (oc. ciz., 
p. 176) Antheraea mylitta crossed with A. yamamai, and A. pernyt 
with A. mylitta. Heyer notes (Soc. Ent, xiil., pp. 137—138) pairings 
as follows : 


(1) Platysamia cecropia 3 X Saturnia pyri ¢. (2) Platysamia cecropia 3 X 
P. californica (ceanotht) ¢@. (3) Platysamia californica (ceanotht) 6 xX P. 
cecropia 2. (4) Platysamic watsont § xX P. cecropia @. (5) Platysamia heyert 
&$ x P. cecropia %. (6) Platysamia cecropia § xX P. watsoni 2. (7) Platy- 
samia cecropia $ X P. heyert ¢. (8) Platysamia watsont 8 x P. heyert %. (9) 
Platysamia heyert 8 X P. watsont ?. (10) Telea polyphemus 3$ X Antheraea 
pernyi 2. (11) Antheraea pernyi § xX A. yamamat ?. 

Combination 1 succeeded in only two cases, with sacrifice of 
considerable material, 4-11 each in one case, 2-3 in several. All 
the eggs from the crosses polypnemus X pernyt and cecropia x pyri 
were infertile. The jernyz laid a normal number, one of the py77 
perhaps half the normal number the other only one egg. Both the 
fresh and vigorous pyri @s died within an hour after ovipositing, 
a thing which Heyer never observed in normal pairings among 
pyri. 

At the meeting of the Entomological Society of London, July 7th, 
1886, Wailly exhibited some remarkable hybrids between Platysamia 
cecropiaand P. californica (ceanotht), but one finds a much fuller account of 
the hybridisation of some of the American species (77., Xxvi., pp. 176— 


292 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


= 


177) and a description of some of the hybrids by Miss Morton (Proc. 
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1895, pp. XxXxiv—xxxv). The pairings obtained 
were flatysamia cecropia S$ X glovert 9 (in 1891), P. columbia 
3 xX cecropia 2 (in 1893), P. cecropia & X californica (ceanotht)* 
@ (in 1893), Actas luna 8 xX selene 2 (in 1892). Of these only 
short comparative notes, however, were published, and no detailed 
descriptions of the imagines or larve. Among the details noted are: 


1. Platysamia hybr. griffithsit, Tutt (cecropia x gloveri).— The hybrids are 
slightly paler than P. ceeropza, and the white bar between the ocelli and the margin is 
with only the faintest trace of the red outer edge so noticeable in P. cecropia. These 
bars, in the latter, are indented and curved, but in the hybrids are much less 
indented, and those on the primaries are not nearly so bent as in P. cecropia, and on 
both wings are broader than in the latter ; outer margin of secondaries of same shade 
as primaries, not darker as in P. cecropia, the whole insect being slightly below the size 
of P. cecropia (Watson, Lnt., xxvi., pp..176—177). Miss Morton adds: ‘‘ The 
hybrid larvze take equally after both parents—the large size of that of P. cecropia, the 
bird’s-egg blue of that of P. glover? intensified with lemon-yellow tubercles, most 
beautiful objects. The largest of the cecropia x glover? larve are larger than those 
of any cecropia I ever saw.” 

2. Platysamia hybr. watsoni, Tutt (cecropia x californica (ceanothi)).—Nearer to P. 
cecropia than P. ceanotht in size and shape of wings, though intermediate in markings, 
but of a lighter colour than either parent. The costa of primaries of P. ceanoth? is 
straight for three-fourths of its distance from the base, in the hybrids it is arched all 
the way asin P. cecropia ; the outer margin of the secondaries of P. ceanothi is not 
rounded as we find in P. cecropia, and in this again the hybrids distinctly take after P. 
cecropia. The costaof secondaries of P. ceanothihas a dipinthem, in P. cecropiathecosta 
is arched; the costa of the hybrids, as in their primaries, is arched also. The white 
bar on the wings of the hybrids, however, conforms much more nearly to P. ceanothi, and 
the ocelli of both primaries and secondaries are intermediate in shape between those of 
their parents, having the width of that of P. cecropia and the length of that of P. ceanothz, 
in which species, as in the hybrids, the outer point merges into the white bar on the 
secondaries. The underside of secondaries of P. cecropia has a whitish band, commenc- 
ing at the base, where it is slightly wider, running round the costa and meeting the 
white band of the outer margin. In P?. ceanothi this band is nearly obsolete, but on the 
costa and a little from the base is a pinkish spot. In the hybrids this spot is dilated 
into an elliptic or spindle-shaped spot, running to the base of the wing on the one 
side, and on the other side narrowed out into a mere streak along the costa till it 
meets the marginal band of white, into which it merges (Watson, Fvz?., xxvi., p. 
177). Miss Morton notes: ‘The hybrid larva is not nearly so handsome as 
that of P. hybr. cecropia x gloveri, and was readily distinguishable from the larva of 
P. cecropia; the larvee grew to an immense size, though none attained the size of 
afew @? larve of the P. hybr. cecropia x glovert.” 


The imagines of both the above hybrids differ so greatly from 
either of the parents, that they have the facies in each case of a 
quite distinct species; but the most remarkable thing about them 
(and the other hybrids here mentioned) is their total barrenness. I 
have never known a hybrid to lay an egg, nor the 3 to fertilise, 
though both sexes pair freely with each other and with P. cecropia 
(Morton). This experience differs from that of Heyer (fosted, p. 
293), and that of Standfuss (fostea, p. 300). 

3. Platysamia hybr. americana, Tutt (columbia x cecropia).—This hybrid 
varies more than any other here noted, some examples being deep red-grey, others 
pinkish-grey, and yet others have the ordinary grey colour of P. cecropia (Watson). 

4. Actias hybr. mortoni, Vutt (luna x selene).—The moths are intermediate be- 
tween their respective parents, in colour, shape, and markings, though there is a varia- 
tion towards either of their parents. The hybrids do not show (in those examined) 


* Grote himself (Caz. A7t., xxvii., p. 267) calls this rzbra, Behr. (1855)==cadz- 
fornica, Grt. (1865)—=ceanothi, Behr. (1868). 
t Griffiths notes (vz @¢t.): ‘One prominent distinction of this hybrid is the 
brilliant whiteness of the indented marginal line of the forewings—the number and 
shape of the indentations being as in cecropia.”’ 


ATVACIDA., 293 


any trace of the small oblique dash of red which runs from the costal nervure on 
primaries to the ocellus as is seen in 4. Zuna*, though not in 4. selene, nor is there 
anything like an intermediate amount of the beautiful white down on the bases 
of the wings found so plentifully in A. selene. The ¢ hybrid leans towards A. selene, 
and the ¢ towards A. duna (Watson, Ewt., xxvi., p. 176). The larvae were very 
like those of A. dua, only more richly coloured, and most of them considerably 
larger than A. Zuma; the cocoons were very different from either those of A. /zna or A. 
selene, pale-colouredand silky, thinnereven than those of A.Zz7a, and the hybrids are very 
beautiful, the g sa great dealhandsomer than ¢ A. Zwna, with very pointed primaries (like 
A, selene), but the eyespots a bright pink ; a few have the pink streaks on the anal 
angles like A. selene, but most of them are whitish with only the faintest blush. 
The ¢s are more like ? A. @una, only considerably larger, with the eyespots all 
pink instead of yellow (Morton, Jvc. ezt.). Miss Morton further adds: ‘ It was 
remarkable that, in all the specimens bred, the ? hybrids followed A. una, and 
the ¢s followed A. selene, yet A. selene was the mother of the brood. All emerged 
from August 30th to November of the same season; of course the later stages 
Were passed in the house. 4, /una, it may be added, goes over the winter as a pupa.” 

Miss Morton notes that the only trouble in pairing is that one 
must have a 2 of the species one wishes to attract to the 2 which 
one wants to hybridise, ¢.g.,a 3 VP. cecropia was wanted to pair witha 
2 P. californica (ceanothi). The ° P. ceanothi was left in cage with door 
open, a @ /P. cecropia being in a cage above her with the door shut. 
The attracted gs of P. cecropia, being unable to reach the ? P. cecropza, 
paired with the female P. californica (ceanothi). To get the crossing 
with the @ P. glover, two males of P. cecropia were placed with her 
in the cage, and the strongest paired with her. With the A. /una 
and A. selene cross a 2 A. selene was tied at night on a hickory- 
tree ; a 92 A. /una was placed in a closed cage at foot of tree; 
in the morning the ? A. se/ene was paired witha wild g A. luna. 
The hybrids frequently remain two years in the pupal stage; 25 
emerged the second year from one brood of larve, yet all the 4. /una 
and A. selene emerged the same autumn without even going over one 
winter. 

4. P. hybr. heyerz, Tutt [californica (ceanotht) § x cecropia ¢ |.—Thisis the recipro- 
cal cross to P. hybr. watsonz, and has been bred by Heyer (see Soc. Eztomz., xiii., p. 137). 

Heyer notes that attempts to pair hybrid cecropia x californica 
(ceanoth:) (=watson’) and californica (ceanotht) x cecropia (=heyert) 
among themselves failed to produce a single egg, and the body of 
a @ which was opened showed no trace of any. On the other 
hand @s of P. cecrofia which were paired with gs of both these 
hybrids produced a very high percentage of fertile eggs. 

Wally records (277. (xxix, pp. 235 ef seg.) the rearing -of 
hybrids between the two allied species Azntheraca royled and A. 
pernyt, the moths pairing together as if they were the same species, 
and he adds that this “is the same with all closely allied species. 
The hybrid was robust, the specimens perfectly fertile zzéer se, and 
at the end of three years showed no sign of degeneracy. The 
hybrid A. pernyz x royled was described by Kirby (Proc. Ent. Soc. 
London, 1882, p. vi), and that of A. roylez & pernyt by Moore (Linz, 
XX1X., p. 237). These descriptions read as follows: 

(1) Antheraeahybr. kirbyi, Tutt (permyi x roylei).—The hybrid before us expands 
just 6” across the wings, which is about the size of large ? examples of the two 


parent species. It is of a greenish-buff colour, nearly as in the ? of A. roylec, but 
much clearer and with a distinct tawny shade, especially within the common band ; 


* Griffiths netes (7 ltt.): ‘‘ My hybrid mortont, a ?, has this red dash well- 
developed, though narrower than in Zuvqa; it also has the hindwings deeply scalloped,” 


294 BRIVISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


the body and base of the wings are also suffused with a distinct vinous shade more 
resembling 4, gernyi than A. royle’; the shape of the wings also agrees better with 
that of A. pernzyz. On the other hand, the ocellated spots resemble those of A. roylei, 
but are considerably larger, the pupil especially being as large as in A. pernyi, but the 
projection of the black outer rim, so conspicuous in 4. pernyz, is scarcely indicated. 
The other markings of the wings are well defined and resemble those of 4. royled. 
On the under surface the insect agrees in colour and markings with typical A. roylez, 
but the basal band is less distinct and perhaps less waved, and the submarginal 
spots, dusted with white and pink, are larger and more distinct. Just inside these 
is a very faint dark stripe, more distinct on the right wing. In A. voy/lez this is still 
more indistinct, whereas in 4. pernyi it is well-marked, but closer to the spots. The 
antennze and the body of the hybrid are more like those of A. pernyi than of A. 
roylei. The cocoon is fully as large as that of 4. voylez, but, instead of there being 
a considerable space between the outer and inner cocoons, there is scarcely any 
interval between them. A fernyi has a similar but much smaller cocoon, and 
hence it would appear that that of the hybrid would be of greater commercial value 
than either (Kirby). 

(2) A. hybr. mooret, Tutt (roylei x pernyi).—The imago, in point of coloration, 
is intermediate between the two species. Both sexes of the hybrid show the mealy 
olivaceous colour of the pure A. roy/ei, dominated by a tinge of the ochraceous 
colours of 4. perzyt; the ochraceous tinge, however, is brightest across the discal area 
of both wings within the transverse band, and more especially so in the 9. The - 
bands on both wings are more strongly developed than in A. royle¢’, and more so 
even than in 4. fermyz, the ocellated spots in both sexes are larger than in either A. roylez 
or A. pernyi, the talcose central spot being much larger than in A. roylez, but about the 
same size asin A. pernyt. The oceilated spot on the hindwings differs from that of A. 
royle:, in having the upper curve somewhat extended upwards, thus giving it a slightly 
lobate form as in some g¢ specimens of A. fernyz. Both sexes of the hybrid are 


comparatively larger than the general size of A. voylei, and are much larger than A. 
pernyt (Moore). 


Standfuss records in his Handbuch (pp. 99—100) the pairing of 
Saturnia pavonia § with Actias luna 2 , nine apparently normal pairings 
taking place, and over 1000 eggs being laid, but none hatched. A 
crossing of S. pavonta 8 with A. zsabellae 2 also took place (loc. czz.), 
the @ laying 98 eggs, of which 7 hatched; the larve did not, however, 
long survive their first change of skin. Details of the hybridism 
of Saturnia pavonia, spint and pyri will be found in our account of 
the genus Saturnia (posted, pp. 296 et seq. ). 


Subfam.: SATURNIINA. 
Tribe: SATURNIIDI. 
Genus: SATURNIA, Schrank. 


SYNONYMY.—Genus: Saturnia, Schrank, ‘‘ Fauna Boica,”’ ii., p. 149 (1802) 
Ochs., ‘‘ Die Schmett.,” ii., p. 6 (1810) ; iv., p. 46 (1816); Leach, “ Edinw@iiney., 
Ix., p» 132 (1815) 5 Oken, “‘: Lehrb..Zool.,” 1.,p..714 ({815); Samoucilejees 
Comp.,”” p. 240 (1819); Stphs., ‘<Tll.,” 1., p. 37 (1828); ‘Cat. Bro inst eeees 
p-. 45. (1829); ** List “Br. An. Br. Mus.,”’ v., p: (45 (4850) >; Mieuza eee 
Schmett.,’7 1, sp. 156 (1830); /Bdv., ‘Eur.’ Rep. Ind. Meth.” “pp: Wgemeeum 
‘‘ Icon. Chen.,”’ pl. ii., figs. I—3 (cér'c. 1840) ; ‘* Gen. et Ind. Meth.,”’ p. 73 (1840) ; 
Wood, ‘‘Ind. Ent.,” p. 21, fig. 39 (1839); Dup., ‘‘Icon. Chen.,”’ pl. ii., figs. a—A (circ. 
1840); Zett., ‘‘Ins. Lapp.,’’ p.921 (1840); Humph. and Westd., ‘‘ Brit. Moths,” p. 51 
(1841); Evers., ‘‘ Faun. Volg.-Ural.,”’ p. 116 (1844); H.-Sch., ‘* Sys. Bearb.,”’ ii., p. 96 
(1846); Bohem., ‘Vet. Ak. Hand.,”’ 1848, pp. 146—147 (1850); Heydnr., ‘‘ Lep. Eur. 
Cat. Meth.,” p. 28 (1851); Sta., **Man.,”’ 1:; p. 160 (1857); Speyer, ** Geos. Verona. 
1, p. 417 (1858); i, p. 288 (1862); Hein., ‘‘ Schmett. Deutsch.,” p. 196 (1650); 
Humph., ‘‘Gen. Brit. Moths,” p. 20 (1860); Staud., ‘*Cat.,” Ist) edijumeags 
(1861); 2nd ed., p. 70 (1871); 3rd ed., p: 12% (1901); Snell, “De Vimaga ae 
196 (1867); Berce, ‘‘ Faun. Frang.,’’ p. 207 (1868); Nolck., ‘‘ Lep. Fn. Estl.,” 1., p. 
131 (1868); Newm., ‘‘ Brit. Moths,’’ p. 48 (1869); Wligm., ‘“ Skand. Het.,’’ i1., 
p- 130 (1869); Mill, ‘‘Cat. Lép. Alpes-Mar.,” i., p. 146 (1872); Bang-Haas, 
“Nat. Tids.,’? ix., p.. ato. (1874); Cunt y°, Mart, ““Cat, Leo. Bares 7 pee 
(1874); \*« Caro, -*' Bull. Soc. Ent.» Its” vill, p. 53) (2876) so birey, aie 
Schweiz,” p. 99 (1880); Kirby, ‘‘ Eur. Butts. and Moths,” p. 126 (1880) ; ‘‘Cat.,” 


b] 
. 


SATURNIA. 295 


Be 773 (1092); “* Handbook.” &c., iv., p. 105 (1897); Buckl., “ Larve,’’ &c., tii, 
pl. hii, fig. 1 (1889); Auriv., ‘“‘ Nord. Fjar.,”? p. 66 (1889); Meyr., ‘¢ Handbook,” 
Peeatea (regs) > butt, Brit Moths,’ <p. 42) (1896); Barr., “Lep. Brit.,’” iii., p. 
G7etogo)); Grote, *! Die Saturniden,” p: 3 (1896); Reutti, ““Lep. Bad.,” 2nd ed., 
p- 59 (1899). Phalaena-Bombyx, Linn., ‘Sys. Nat.,” ed. x., p. 496 (1758); 
pee omuenoiec.,; ed 2,=p- 291 (1761); Mull. ““In. Frid.;”? p. 38 (1764); ** Zool: 
Datepetn, (t270); Bkh) “ior. Schmett.,” ii., p34 (1790); Brahm,‘ Ins. 
Mabie i pp. 073, 450 (0791); [h. JA. D..) “Rhein. Mag.,” p. 328 (1793) ; 
Cum abl. Elem.,”” -p. 594 @/1798). Phalaenc-Atiacus,; Linn., “Sys. Nat.,” 
Edie De OtO (1707); . Wang, *« Verz.,” ed. 2, p: 80 (1789); Schwarz, “ Raup.- 
Beep est (1791), Ksp., ““schmett.. Hur, ui, pl. iv., p. 35 7(1782). 
vere scop., nt. Carm:,% p. 192 (1763); Puess., ““Schw. Ins.,” ° p. 33 
iris) Ge NCU Mac... i, (pp: 208 (1785)5 ail., 2, p. 149 (1787); Hin, ** Berl. 
Wigan ole DP. 3940426 (1760); Sulzer,“ ** Kenn. d. Ins...” p. 38 (1761); Retz., 
prereneeopec. Insc p. 25°(1703). Bombyx, Kab. “Sys. Ent.,”’ p-.539. (1775) ; 
Pes ece wis. 2, p. 171 (17Or); <° Mant.°Ins:,” it.) p. 110 (1787); “ Ent. Sys.,”’ 
Meipe Ly Pp. 416'(1 793) ;- [iSchifi., |<‘ Schmett. Wien.,” ed. i., p. 50 (1775); ed. ii., p. 
66)(1S01) 5 Elb., *: Eur. Schmett.,”” figs.53, 54, 255 (céxc. 1800) ; text p. 116 (1805) ; 
penne, -iaum. Hoica,” i., 1, p. 249 (1so1)';, View., * Lab. Verz.,” p..29.(1789) ; 
Pesce aan Ist. 1.,)p- 16S) (1790), Law., “ ILep. Brit.,”’ 1, p.78 (1303); Latr., 
Bodice Nat,  xive sp. 176 (1805); “ Gen. Crust.,”’ iv., p..218-(1809) ; “ Consid.,”” 
Peer pee) (Lolo) Godt. “Hist. Nat.,?> iv., p..63 (1822).  Aeraca, Hib., 
“ene. p- £ (1806); “Franck Cat.,”’? p: 88°(1825). Attacus, Germ., ‘* Bomb 
Speci p. LO) (ont); Dup..) “Cat. Meth... p. 79 (1844); Rambur, “‘Cat. Lé; 
Andal.,”’ p. 378 (1869). Pavonza, Hb., ‘‘ Verz.,’ p. 157 (cerc. 1822). 


Schrank’s original description of the genus reads as follows : 

fiuhlhorner: zweyrethig gekammt; beyde Reihen fast in einerley Flache 
verbreitet. Zunge: fehlt. Schnauzen: zwo, behaart. /ligel: dicht beschuppet, 
in der Ruhe anfliegend, ziemlich verbreitet: die obern breit. Razupe: nackt, 
walzenformig, mit borstig gestirnten Warzen. [Hieher rechne ich die Familie B. 
des Wiener Verzeichnisses nebst dem Bombyx T.aus der vorhergehenden Familie. 
Also|]—Saturnia pyrt, S. spint, S. carpini, S. tau. 

The genus as constituted by Schrank is heterotypical, Zaw being 
quite distinct generically from the other three species. In 1806, 
Hubner, neglecting Schrank’s genus, created (Zentamen, p. 1) two 
new stirpes (with genera)—(1) Echidnae—LEchidna with ¢auw as type. 
(2) Heraeae—Heraea, with carpint as type. The question, therefore, 
arises, as the original genus Saturnia was split by Hubner into 
two moieties with a new name for each, as to which shall retain 
the original generic title. Both names were published simultaneously 
although £chidna has priority of position on the page. In 1809, 
Latreille (Cozszd., iv., p. 218) restricted Saturnia (as a subgenus of 
Bombyx) to “ pavonia, Fb.” (2.¢., carpinit, pyri and spint); in 1810, 
Ochsenheimer (Deze Schmetz., i11., pp. 1 and 11) not knowing of Hubner’s 
subdivision, but recognising, as the latter had done, the heterotypical 
nature of Saturnia, Schrk., restricted the latter to carpint, pyr« and 
spint, but created the genus Agila for tau. These being the first real 
limitations of Schrank’s genus Sa¢urnia, the latter name must be 
retained for favonia (carpini), spint and pyri, whilst Aglza would 
fall as a synonym of “Echidna had not the latter been preoccupied. 
In 1816, Ochsenheimer had obtained the Zentamen and writes (Die 
DGkHEL., IV. —. 46): (1) Saturnia, Schrk.=f/eraca, Hb. (2) Agha, 
Ochs.= Echidna, Hb. About 1822, Hubner ( Verz., p. 152) accepted 
Ochsenheimer’s name Ag/ra (sinking the preoccupied Echidna as a 
genus) and also sinks his own genus Aeraea, but creates (doc. cit., p. 
157) the genus Pavonia, for pyri, spiné and pavonia, restricting Saturnia 
to maja, Drury (=£roserpina, Fab.), a species not even mentioned in 
Schrank’s original genus, At the same time he retains Heraeae 


296 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


and Lchidnae as stirpes (anted, pp. 266—267). Htibner’s action, there- 
fore, must be considered as altogether w/tra vires, as affecting Saturnia, 
although his restriction of Heraea to carpini as type, in 1806, may 
be held to have settled this to the exclusion of pyrz and spini, tau 
already being eliminated as the type of Agia. 

Packard considers (Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 1893, p. 57) that,“in 
the European Saturnia carpini and its allies, and the Pacific coast 
species, Saturnia mendocino* and S. galbina, we have perhaps the 
most generalised and primitive members of the family. In the larva 
of S. carpini the setiferous tubercles are of the same size and shape 
on the abdominal as on the thoracic segments, there being no 
differentiation in shape, and size, or colour J, such as occurs in all the 
other genera, except that the second and third thoracic dorsal 
tubercles bear one or two bristles much longer than those on 
abdominal segments 1-7, and about as long as those on the 8th 
abdominal segment. There are six tubercles on the 8th segment, 
being the same number as on the seven segments in front; on 
abdominal segment g there are four tubercles, and two on the roth, 
Ze, the suranal plate. The same number of tuberclesmremmmer 
8th abdominal segment also occurs in Saturnia mendocino of 
California.” Packard further considers that the generalised form 
of Saturnia larva is clearly shown by the fact that, in Platysamia 
cecropia and all the other more specialised and later genera, there 
are only 5 tubercles on the 8th abdominal segment, those 
corresponding to the middle ones of Saturnia having, probably 
during. embryonic growth, coalesced . . . . . . Meanwhile it 
is not unreasonable to suppose that all the more specialised genera 
must have been derived from a Safurnza-like ancestral form, Z¢., 
a larva of cylindrical shape, with all the tubercles, whether thoracic 
or abdominal, of the same size, shape, and colour on all the 
segments; those on the 8th abdominal segment being of the same 
number (six) as on the segments in front.” 

Standfuss has carried out elaborate crossings of the species of 
Saturnia, his earliest results being detailed (Handbuch der palaeark. 
Gross-Schmeti., pp. 66 cf seg.) im 13896. The experiments on 
which these results were based were carried over some ten years, 
the parent species dealt with being Saturnia pavonia, S. spint and 
S. pyri. The various primary hybrid forms are described in detail 
in this work as follows : 

I. S. hybr. bornemannit, Stdfss. (pavonia $ x spint ¢).—The eggs first 
laid were regularly deposited, and were fertile to the extent of from 60 to 85 per 
cent. The larve in all five stages bore a much closer resemblance to those of 
S. spini than to those of S. pavonia, though this became less pronounced after the 
second stage was passed. The cocoon and pupa were both intermediate in structure, 
but the perfect insect was nearer to S. spinz¢ than to S. pavonia. This applies to 
both sexes, but is more easily seen in the male, the males of the two parent species 
differing (as is usual) more than the females (oc. cit., pp. 66—74, figs. I —3, pl. iL, 
figs. 3—5, pl. ili., figs. 9—10). 


* Smith erects for this the genus Calosaturnia, see Proc. U.S. Nat. Afits., ix., p- 
432 (1886). 


t We are inclined to disagree entirely with this. Our own impression is that 
this represents extreme specialisation, 


SATURNIA. 297 


2. S. hybr. hybrida*, Ochs. (spint g xX pavonia ¢).—The reciprocal cross 
of above, not yet produced in captivity, stated by Standfuss to be repeatedly found 
in the wild state, generally as larva. Standfuss asserts (Handbuch, etc., p.74) that the 
parentage is undoubted, that the larva, though intermediate in character, shows 
constant differences from that of S. dornemanni, and that the conditions in nature 
for the pairing of S. sfimz g and S. pavonia ¢ are favourable, whereas those for the 
converse cross are difficult or impossible. The males of both species emerge before 
the females, and in regions where both occur S. pavonza is out first. Hence, though 
the females of .S. favonia are out with the males of S. spzz7z, the converse does not 
take place. It must be allowed that it would be well to test this conclusion as to 
the parentage of S. hybrida by experiment. The larva of S. hybrida resembles 
S. pavonia somewhat more than does that of S. dornemanni; it possesses, however, 
the greasy polish of S. sfzzz to a greater extent than the latter. The cocoon and 
pupa both show a nearer approach to S. spznz than do those of S. dornemanni, and 
the same applies to the perfect insect; in fact, the resemblance of both sexes to the 
male parent is remarkably close (doc. czt., pp. 74—76, pl. ii., figs. I—2). 

3. oS. hybr. emdliae, Stdfss. (pavonia $ x pyrt 2) and S. hybr. emzliae ab. 
daubit, Stdfss. (dark aberration).—The crossing of S. pavonia $ xX pyri ? produced 
hvbrids which fell into two classes, a dark form called by Standfuss, S. dawbzi, and a 
paler form to which he gives the name S. emzliae. The latter is by far the 
commoner. As in former cases, if the laying be much deferred after pairing, 
the eggs are apt to prove infertile. The larva in its early stages is very like that of 
S. pyri; as it grows it becomes more and more like that of S. Aavonia, and finally 
bears a close resemblance to the latter species. The cocoon is intermediate ; 
the pupa is nearer to S. favonia than to S. pyri. The perfect insect, except 
_ for a reduction in the sexual disparity of size, is more like an enlarged S. pavonia 

than a diminished S. gyré. In a majority of specimens some of the nervures were 
forked terminally at a greater or less distance from the margin of the wings (loc. cit., 
pp. 77—83, p. 81, figs. 3 -5; pl.i., figs. 1—4; pl. i., figs. 13—14). 

4. S. hybr. hybrida-major, Staud. (mec Ochs.) (pyri 3 xX spini ?).—Said 
by Staudinger to have been described by Ochsenheimer (Die Schmett., iv., p. 192). 
There is no evidence whatever that the cross is pyri x spini (see footnote below). 
Standfuss refers to it as spzmz $ X pyri ¢ (loc. cit., Pp. 57). 

5. S. hybr. hybrida-media, Staud. ‘‘ Cat.,”’ 2nded., p.70 (pyrt $ X pavonia g ). 


The males of S. hybr. emzlzae paired readily with the females of 
S. pavonia; they were also attracted by the temale hybrids, though in 
a less degree. The latter were, as already stated, infertile, the 


* The original description (Die Schmett., iii., pp. 9, 10) reads as follows: ‘‘ As 
a result of the pairing of S. sfznz and carpini a hybrid has been produced which is 
found in some of the Vienna collections under the name of Pavonia hybrida. I 
have already mentioned it in the introduction to vol. ii., p. vii, and give here 
a further description from a perfect pair which I received from the late H. Radda. 
The ¢ resembles S. carpinz in colour and form, but is. somewhat larger, the 
ground-colour grey-brown, mixed with reddish, the first transverse line only 
slightly inclined inwards towards the costa, the second undulated stiipe terminates 
above the eyespot of the hindwings, which are coloured yellow-grey in the middle. 
The underside of the forewings is yellow-grey, that of the hindwings tinged with 
reddish, with a white certral spot, in which the eye [-spot] stands. The white 
spot at its outer angle shows distinctly. The ¢ has the antennz like S. spini, 
the undulated line of the forewings as in the ¢, the first transverse stripe towards 
the base meets that of the hindwing, and the whitish central area thereof, in 
which the eyespot stands, is broader, especially towards the inner margin. The 
larva also is said to be intermediate between S. spinz and S. carpini.”? Ochsenheimer 
says (id. ii., p. vili): ‘‘I possess a perfect hybrid, in both sexes, which arises from 
the crossing of &. sfini with B. carpini, forms an unmistakable intermediate, 
and is found also in some collections in Vienna under the name Pavonia hybrida.”’ 
In vol. iv., pp. 191—193, Ocshenheimer appears to have described another form 
of this same hybrid (sim? x fpavonia), for he there writes that. on taking over 
Radda’s collection, he found not only three examples of the hybrid described in vol. 
ii as Pavonia hybrida-major, but also a second Pavonia hybrida-minor, which is as 
essentially different from cavpini as is the former from spzzz. He then describes the 
two forms as Pavonia hybrida-major and P. hybrida-minor at length, the former in 
both sexes, which resemble most those of S. sfzzz, the latter also in both sexes, which 
resemble most S. carpinz. There is no reference to S. fyv7 in either description. 


298 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


oviducts containing no ripened eggs. Pairing also took place, though 
with much less readiness than in either of the preceding cases, between 
the hybrid males and some females of S. gyv7. The number of fertile 
eggs produced in the latter case was far smaller than in the cross with 
SS. pavonia. ‘The secondary hybrids are described at length as follows: 


1. S. hybr. schaufusst, Stdfss. (bornemannt § X pavonia ¢).—The larvee 
at first closely resembled those of S. favowia, but, in subsequent stages, the 
influence of S. spint began to assert itself. They presented a very “variable 
appearance on reaching the fourth stage, which period, unfortunately, they did 
not survive (oc. cit., pp. 86-—87). [Fresh batches, however, have since been raised 
to maturity by Dixey, from ova supplied by Standfuss in 1895, as well as by 
Standfuss himself (#7¢., xxxill, pp. 344 et seq., pl. iil., figs. 6-8).] 

This hybrid is important as one of the only ones that have pro- 
duced fertile progeny of both sexes (#vz., xxxill., p. 345). Standfuss 
has inbred gs and 2s of schauwfussz, and succeeded in rearing two males 
of the same brood of this crossing, 2.¢., schaufusst 8 x schaufusst 9, 
the only pairing between true hybrid forms that he has yet obtained. 
One of these is figured (//77z., xxxii., pl. iv., fig. 3) and gives a very 
curious impression. At first sight it appears to be an old and well- 
known form, and the next moment an entire stranger. ‘The creature 
seems familiar when one simply regards the coloration which first 
forces itself upon one’s attention, as it agrees so entirely with a lightly 
coloured S. favonza 2 that it could easily be mistaken for such ; but 
the creature gives quite a different idea when one notices that it is 
without doubt a well-developed ¢g. In fact, this creature agrees 
entirely in structure with that of a S. pavonia fg, but possesses the 
exact coloration of S. pavonia 2. By this crossing experiment the 
bright phylogenetically younger male coloration is “thrown back to 
the phylogenetically older, less brightly coloured, ¢ type. The 
second ¢ is similar to hig g in. structure and size, but on the 
upperside, on the outer border of the hindwings and in the centre 
of the forewings, beneath the eye-spot, towards the hind border, 
it possesses numerous rosy scales, and resembles the rare, somewhat- 


red form of .S. favonia 2. 

2.65. hybr. standfussit, Wiskott (emliae & X pavonia ¢).—The larve 
of this hybrid are very variable. Their general appearance is that of a large S. 
pavonia. The cocoon and pupa are also near the same parent species. The 
perfect insect, like the larva, is variable ; it always, however, shows much resem- 
blance to S. pavontia, and the sexes are dissimilar as in that species. The 
margins of the wings are apt to be scalloped. The oviducts of the single female 
that. emerged contained mature eggs, but only about twenty, or one- tenth of the 
normal number in S. gavonia or S. pyri. It is possible that these hybrids may be 
fertile zxter se (Handbuch, &c., pp. 8>— 91, pl. il., figs. 6-7). [See also Avt., xxxiii., 
Psa a ys wane 

3. 8. hybr. visti, Stdfss. (emliae ¢ xX. pyri ?).—This pairing was only 
obtamed with great difficulty, and, in four cases out of nine, the eggs, though laid 
in normal numbers, did not hatch, In the remaining five broods only one per cent. 
produced caterpillars. These at first closely resembled .S, fyrz, and in the second 
stage still showed more likeness to S. pyré than to the male parent form. In the 
third stage the S. dyrt characters began to be lost, and in the fourth those of 
S. pyri and S. pavonia were fairly “balanced. After changing its last skin the 
larva resembled a large S. pavonia, though its parentage was three parts S. py7i. 
The perfect insects, of which only six were reared, were in many respects re- 
markable. Unlike S. pyr’, they were sexually dimorphic, the females differing 
little from those of S. emcliae, while the males showed a nearer approach to 5S, 
pyri. The females were not dissected, but were probably sterile. Of the six 
specimens, one was hermaphrodite, and three others showed a tendency in that 
direction. These four were the produce of three separate females out of the five 
that laid living ova. Standfuss draws attention to the fact that the normal occur- 


SATURNIA. 299 


rence of hermaphrodites in lepidoptera is given by Speyer as about 1 in 30000. 
The latter number he considers rather too low than too high. There was no 
hermaphroditism in any known members of the families of the progenitors of 
these hybrids, and its appearance in this -proportion must be, he thinks, a con- 
sequence of their exceptional origin. On the other hand, he has bred more than 
1000 genuine hybrids without one such case occurring, nor was any such tendency 
shown by a single one of the sixteen specimens of S. standfussi*—a form whose 
origin is analogous with that of the present cross-product. In the well-marked 
hermaphrodite mentioned above, the distribution of sexual characters is remarkable. 
The shape of the forewings is rather female than male, the colouring on the upper- 
side of both is male; on the underside, the right is mostly male and the left female. 
In both hindwings, the upper surface has the costal portion male, the remainder 
female ; the right, which is about one-fifth larger than the left, has the female area 
more extensive. The under surface of the right or larger hindwing is female, of 
the left, mostly male. The right antenna is male in form ;. the left partly male and 
partly female. The external genital organs on the right side are of a malformed 
male type; on the left side absent. The want of vigour in this cross is shown by 
the fact that out of nine pairings, each resulting in an average of 200 eggs, only 
ten larvee were produced, and of these, only six, as we have seen, attained the 
perfect condition (Zoc. czt., pp. gi—98; pl. iv., figs. I—3). 

4. hybr. schlumbergeri, Stdfss. {(burnemanni 8 X pyri ?).—As S. bornemanni 
is the cross product of S. pavonia $ x S. spint 2, this hybrid is descended from 
all three species. Only one pairing was obtained and g2 per cent. of the eggs 
hatched, whilst of the resulting progeny a pair is figured (Z7z7., xxxiil., pl. iv., figs. 1— 2). 
The ¢ gives one the impression of a very large, gigantic S. spzmz. The ¢ also inclines 
mostly to a large g of this type, without, however, entirely discarding its 
connection with S. pavonia and S. pyri. Two male pupez of this rarity have 
already gone over three winters without developing and will probably go over 
a fouith winter without emerging (/oc. czt., xxxill., p. 345). 


Further experiments were carried out by Standfuss in the years 1895, 
1896, 1897 (Lvz., xxxill., pp. 343 ef seg.). As has been already noted 
above, the hybrid males of .S. hybr. pavonza x spini and S. pavonia x pyri 
can be crossed back with the 9s of either of the parent species, and 
imagines from all these four crossings have been obtained, whilst the 
three Saturnias—favonia, pyri and spini—have also been combined into 
a hybrid form, and still more complicated hybrids obtained, which only 
reached, however, the larval stage. These are detailed at length in 
tabular form (Znfom., xxxiii., p. 344) and figured [Joc. cit, pl. iii—iv 
(vii—viii)]. These crossings gave besides those already enumerated : 

1. S. hybr. dixeyz, Tutt (bornemanni 3 x spini ¢).—The hybrid figured 
(Znt., xxxiii., pl. iii., figs. 4 and 5) resembles .S. spin¢ in structure and coloration. 
The ¢ differs from S. sfznz, however, in the single coloured dark grey - brown 
hairs of the upper side of the abdomen, while the ¢ possesses the broken 
transverse band at the base of the forewings, which is a peculiarity of S. pavonia. 

_ 2. S. hybr. complexa, Tutt (stand fusst 8 x pavonia 2 ).—Of this also very com- 
plicated hybrid, three males of the same brvod were successfully reared. The largest is 
figured (Z7z., xxxiii., pl. iv., fig. 4) the others measure respectively 71mm. and 73mm. 
The mother and grandmother of these hybrids were both very large ? s of the Dalmatian 
type of S. pavonia. The great size of these insects is certainly chiefly due to this 
origin, as only one-eighth of the S. pyri blood of the great-grandmother remains. 


In general all the specimens have the appearance of large light-coloured 5S. pavonia 
gs of the Dalmatian form. 


__. Three other crossings were obtained, fertile ova and larve result- 
ing, but the larvee died of an infectious disease when nearly fullgrown. 
These were : (1) S. hybr. pavonia $ x schaufussi 2. (2) S. hybr. 
Schaufussi3 xX pavonia 2. (3) S. hybr. ornemanni 3 x schaufusst 2 
It might be supposed from these results that these crossings 
were abundantly fertile z#¢er se, but this is not so, for Standfuss has 
found the ?s almost entirely incapable of egg-production, and has 
discovered as yet in the 9s only a very few degenerate egg-germs or 
* Obtained in some numbers later, see posted, pp. 302 — 304. 


300 . BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


eggs, whilst the latter, as yet, have never shown themselves capable of 
development, except in the case of S. hybr. schaufussz, yet the males 
of the hybrids will readily pair with, and easily fertilise, the females 
of either parent stock. The experiments further brought out many 
incidental points ; among others, they show that the male .S. pavonza had 
very little influence on the progeny of a @ S. sfzuz, with which it paired, 
whereas a male S. favonza influenced greatly the progeny of a ? 
S. pyrt. Comparison of certain characters, exhibited by the larve 
and pupe of the three species — sfznz, pavonia and pyri—always 
resulted in placing sfzuz in the lowest position genealogically, and 
pyri in the highest, so that pylogenetically the species always arranged 
themselves—sprnz, pavonia, pyri—spint being the oldest form. In the 
crossings, the oldest species, sf/zmz, was able to cling to its characters 
more strongly than the younger favonza, and this latter again more 
strongly than the still younger fyrz. Standfuss further notes that 
in the reciprocal crosses between S. pavonza and S. spinz, the male 
element had more influence on the resulting form of the hybrid 
than the female. He further states that the experimental test of 
the reproductive capabilities of male hybrids, when crossed back 
with females of both parent forms, showed that the fertility of these 
primary hybrids was greater when paired with the phylogenetically 
older form than with the phylogenetically younger, so that the 
physiological characters of the primary hybrid were nearer to the 
phylogenetically older form than the younger.” The chief points re- 
lating to the development of these hybrids are formulated (Zvz., 
ee , Pp. 346—347) as follows: 

The secondary hybrids were not only produced by pairing primary male 


pp with females of the parent species, but also with the females of a third 
species. 

2. A larger percentage of the broods of crossings of these primary hybrids with 
females of the phylogenetically oldest of its parents developed, than with the females 
of the younger. 

3. The resulting brood shows in general the same characters as in the primary 
hybrids, in biological and physiognomical respects, but with a larger individual 

variability. A tendency was shown to follow the line of dev elopment of the 
phylogenetically older form of the two, and in the three species the phylogenetically 
oldest form. 

4. In a less degree there is to be found in some male individuals a capability 
and inclination to individual development in new directions within a narrow limit. 

5. Besides males capable of limited and individually varying degrees of repro- 
duction and females mostly sterile, or only fertile to a slight degree, there appeared 
among certain secondary hybrids a relatively large number of gynandromorphous 
specimens in various crosses and in varying proportions. 

6. The physiological affinity of the secondary hybrid males, and also of the 
somewhat fertile females, to the related types, has not yet been ascertained, so that 
nothing definite can be said about it. An increase of fertility, compared w ith that of 
the male parent, could not be ascertained in any of the numerous cases investigated, 
but, on the contrary, generally a decrease. 

7. The broods of secondary hybrids, whether from an inpairing of these forms 
or lrom crossing with atrue Saturnia @ has produced up to the present only males, 
which were certainly capable of reproduction. 

Standfuss gives (Handbuch, &c., pp. 10o—107) some most interest- 
ing suggestions as to the relative age of the three European species of 
Satur ‘nia, as suggested by the oval, larval, pupal and imaginal structure, 
and details at length reasons for considering S. sfzzz to be the oldest 
form and S. pyri the most recent. ‘The chief of these are as follows: 

1. The larva of .S. sfév¢ maintains its original black colour throughout its life. 
S, pavonia loses this.sometimes in the 3rd stage, always in the 4th or 5th. S, 


SATURNIA. 301 


pyri abandons it almost completely in the 3rd stage and onwards. The succeeding 
green colour, which is no doubt adaptive, is acquired by S. pyrz at an earlier stage 
and more completely than by S. pavonia. 

2. In the larva of S. sini, the tubercles are not very prominent even in the 
adult, and the knobs at théir summit are not distinctively coloured until the last 
stage. In S. pavonia the tubercles are conspicuous and the knobs acquire an 
appearance distinct from the general surface of the body in the 3rd and 4th stages. 
eS: pyri, on emergence from the egg, the knobs are already coloured and indica - 
tions exist of the extreme prominence of the tubercles. 

3. The tactile bristles are least developed in S. spzzz, most in S. pyri. 

4. The cocoon of S. spznz is simpler than that of S. pavonia. That of S. 
pyrt Is the best defended of the three. 

S. spint is almost sexually monomorphic though the male is somewhat 
the smaller. The female is very sluggish, and the antennze of the male are pectinate 
to a high degree. In S. pavonia there is well-marked sexual] dimorphism, as regards 
both size and colouring. The female resembles that of S. sfzzi in aspect ; it is 
less sluggish though not very active. The antennz of the male are less strongly 
pectinate. .S. fy7z again is sexually monomorphic; the female is a tolerably good 
flier, and the antennz in the male are less strongly pectinate than in many other 
species of Saturnia. 

Standfuss further concludes from the larval and pupal characters 
that the three species form a progressive series in protective adapta- 
tion, S. spzzz always taking the lowest, and S. fyzz the highest, 
step in the scale, so that S. sfzzz must be considered on this ground 
also as the phylogenetically oldest, and S. fy7z as the phylogenetic- 
ally youngest, of the three forms. Other interesting details as 
bearing on the phylogeny are collected from observations on the 
larvee and imagines of the hybrid forms. These are given at length 
(loc. cit., pp. 110 e¢ seg.), and, summarised, read as follows: 

1. The freshly-hatched hybrid larva closely resembles the larval form of the 
female parent. 

2. With the process of growth a resemblance to the male parent gradually 
increases. 

3. The final extent of approximation towards the male parent depends on the 
relative phylogenetic age of the two species, the older being able to transmit its 
properties; whether of structure or habit, better than the younger. 

Thus the crossing of S. pavonia § with the phylogenetically 
younger S. py7vi 2 gives rise to a larva in which at first the 
maternal and afterwards the paternal characters predominate. The 
resulting perfect insect is by more than two-thirds of its external 
appearance S. pavonia, and by less than one-third S. pyrz. Its 
habits and functions correspond with its external aspect. It prefers 
to fly by day, like S. pavonia 3, and pairs easily with the 2 of that 
species, from 43 to 62 per cent. of the eggs being fertile. On the 
other hand, it does not pair readily with S. pyrz, and the resulting 
eggs on an average of nine cases gave only one larva in 180. 
Similarly S$. pavonia § , when paired with the phylogenetically older 
S. spint 2, gives a form of which in the perfect state about two- 
thirds of the external aspect belong to the type of S. spzmi. The 
male flies by night. After crossing with S. pavonza 2, the resulting 
eggs were only fertile to the extent of 16 to 22 per cent., while the 
crossing with S. sfzmz 9, though not easily brought about in conse- 
quence of their diverse times of appearance, yielded eggs of which 
from 94 to 98 per cent. were fertile. Thus the male S. pavonza is 
able to mfluence the issue of the relatively gigantic S. py77 2 much 
more than that of S. spémz 9. Again, the issue of S. sprint 3 X 
S. pavonia 2 is much nearer S. séenvz than is that of S. pavonia g 
x S. spint 2. Hence— 


302 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


4. Inreciprocal pairing the male is able to transmit the characters of the species 

in a higher degree than the female. 
The above cases show that the former influence, vzz., that of the 
older-established species, 1s the more effective of the two. The 
sexual prepotency of the male S. pavonia counts for less than the 
specific prepotency of the female S. sfzwz. The highest effect, of 
course, is produced when the two influences concur, as in the hybrid 
of S. spint S and S. pavonia 2. A further result of the experiments 
is that, while no female* hybrid was proved to be fertile, there are 
undoubted cases of fertility in male hybrids. This has been shown 
by crossing with the females of both parent species, and in one case 
with a female of a third species (S. dornemanni 3 and S. pyri @ ). 

Standfuss has further proved a close connection between hybridism 
and a tendency to gynandromorphism, at least among these closely 
allied Saturnias—sfrn7, pavonia and pyri. Not only were the females 
sterile or with only the slightest traces of fertility, but a very large 
percentage of the apparent females of some crosses showed distinct 
traces of male characters. Strange to say, the cross obtained from 
S. ¢ (pavonza Xx spit) <X spint 2 (= S. hybre dixeyn)paneeuee 
obtained from‘ S. g° -(favonzal x spin?) xX py77- 2 (=e 
schlumbergert), gave no gynandromorphous examples. Some of the 
gynandromorphous examples obtained from the other crossings 
were as follows (/v7¢., xxxill., pp. 347 ef seq.): 

1. S. hybr. standfusst.—Of fifty-four imagines bred, twelve are gynandro- 
morphous. Nine broods produced one gynandromorphous example each, and 
the tenth brood three. One of these is described as: ‘‘ A large powerful insect 
(hgured tom., xxxiii., pl. ii., fig. 3); on the upper side the right forewing, 
the left fore- and hindwings, and the abdomen are entirely of the female coloration, 
the right hindwing male; the antennz both nearly male, but with somewhat 
shorter feathering than usual. The male genital claspers are present in a rudi- 
mentary form at the end of the abdomen. The underside of the wings and body 
show male and female characters mixed up with one another, except the right 
hindwing, which here again is entirely male”’ (doc. cit., p. 347). 

2. S. hybr. vtsiz.—Ot eight imagines bred, five were gynandromorphous, 
probably resulting from four different broods (/oc. czt., p. 347). 

3. S. hybr. schaufusst.—Of this cross every attempt (9) was successful in 
producing fertile ova, 207 imagines resulted, and there were ue gynandromorphous 
specimens, one of which is fieured (Entom., XXxiii., pl. a. fig. 6). Riis geen 
known exactly to how many broods these belong nor ie “they were distributed 
among the broods. The gynandromorphous example figured is described as being 
“on the upper side of wings and body predominatingly female, only on the right 
hindwing, outside the ocellated spot, is a bright orange- coloured patch. 2. oe 
antennz are almost entirely g, and the m fale genital claspers are well-developed. 
Beneath male and female characters are indefinitely mixed, only the right hind- 
wing is entirely ¢” (doc. cit., p. 348). 

Of some 4000 hybrids that Standfuss has bred, he notes (£77, 
Xxxiv., p. 11) having had only two gynandromorphous primary hybrids. 
One of these was an example of .S. hybr. emz/iae (bred in 1897), the 
other a S. hybr. dornemanni (bred in 1898). On the other hand, he 
obtained 27 gynandromorphic secondary hybrids out of a total of 
282. He, therefore, concludes that “the percentage of gynandro- 
morphic specimens among primary hybrids is infinitesimal compared 
with the occurrence among secondary hybrids. It is, however, 
higher among primary hybrids than among individuals of pure 
specific origin.” Discussing the matter further, he concludes (doc. 
City pe LS) ulate: sulle degiee of fertility of a form stands in direct 
connection with the percentage of gynandromorphic individuals in 
its offspring ; the greater the fertility the smaller the percentage of 


~* This has not held altogether. A 9 schaufussi has since been mated with ag 
schaufussi, the union producing fertile ova, and, in due course, imagines (see, anzed, 
’ ? 


p. 298). 


SATURNIA., 803 


) 


gynandromorphic forms, and wie versa;” and again, that “the 
degeneration and malformation of the egg germs which these 
gynandromorphic forms have been shown by anatomical investigation 
to. possess is directly connected with the appearance of secondary 
female sexual characters in male individuals, and zwce versa; the 
occurrence of secondary male characters in female individuals has long 
been known to bea fact.” Most of the hybrid Saturnian gynandro- 
morphs at present known have been described at length by Schultz 
(Lllus. Woch. fiir Ent. vols. 1., p. 447; ill., pp. 294-296) as follows: 

I. S. hybr. emzzliae.*—a—c. Perfectly gynandromorphic. Left purely ¢, right 
purely ¢. Right antenna ¢, with strong pectinations, left purely ¢. Wings 
sexually the same. Thorax above to the right brownish, to the left more grey- 
haired. Left legs stronger than right. The sexual aperture not quite as in the 
female, the male clasps indicated. The ovarian sac in the living example quite 
distinct. “Body not so stout as that of a female, though stouter than in the male, 
somewhat distorted towards the right side. The other hybrid-gynandromorphs are 
almost similar, only the male side in both of them is not so brightly coloured, the 
female side not so sharply marked; in one of them the left side is likewise female, 
the right male: in the other all is reversed; the latter is also distinctly different in 
the colouring of the thick, short abdomen, which as to the rest is female. Bred by 
W. Caspari, Wiesbaden (Yahrb. d. Nass. Ver. Naturk., x\viil., pp. 176—177) [L22 
Woch. fur Ent., i., p. 447 }- 

2. S. hybr, rzsiz.—a. A pronounced gynandromorphous example. Both fore 
wings on the upper side ¢, though the shape of the wings is less produced than 
usual in the male. Of the hindwings the left one is male-coloured from the costal 
margin to behind the eye-spot, the remaining part to the anal angle entirely female. 
The right hindwing, doubtless a fifth larger, exhibits from the costal margin to only 
the front margin of the eye-spot male coloration, the whole of the remaining part is of ? 
character. On the underside the left forewing and the right hindwing throughout 
female, the left hindwing has a narrow female-coloured strip on the costal and dorsal 
margins, but the whole median area is male-coloured. Right forewing preponderantly 
male, except a female wedge-shaped spot widening out towards the outer margin, and 
situated between the upper portion of the eye-marking and the outer margin, 
Right antenna shortly pectinated, male; the left one above likewise, though still 
more shortly pectinated, below toothed as in the female. Thorax and base of 
abdomen on the upper side preponderantly red-brown, male ; the rest of the 
abdomen and the whole belly below grey-brown. Of the male copulatory 
organs only the right half (crippled), present, the left wanting. 
In the Daub collection, Carlsruhe [Bred by Standfuss, see Handbk. d. 
pal. Grossschm., 1896, pp. 97, 98]. 4 ¢ with gynandromorphous characters, 
Antenne irregularly toothed and partly ciliated. On the right side, on the 
underside of the forewing and on the upperside of the hindwing, small stripes of a 
g character. Bred by Standfuss of Ziirich (loc. ct.) (0. Woch. fiir Ent., i., p. 447). 
c.é with female coloration in places. The upper side of the abdomen, besides the 
underside of the forewing and the upper- and underside of the hindwing, female-coloured. 
All the rest purely male. Bred by Standfuss of Zirich (/oc. cit.) d. A thoroughly 
normal ?, although with one g antenna. Bred at Ziirich by Standfuss. e—/. 
Two further examples of this derived hybrid, which Standfuss bred, exhibited like- 
wise the phenomenon of gynandromorphism [//. Zeits. fiir Ent., iii., p. 294-]. 

3. S. hybr. schaufussit.—a. The ¢ characters greatly preponderant, 64mm. in 
expanse. On the right side, both wings smaller than left and absolutely ¢ in 
shape; right forewing above and below purely ¢; right hindwing with coloration 
of a ? character in the area at the end of the discoidal cell above and below ; 
the eye here of abnormal size. Left side: the shape of both wings more ¢, 
here the eye of the forewing is abnormally large; left forewing above from the 
end of discoidal cell to the outer margin with many grey, that is ?, scales; 
otherwise this wing on both sides, as regards the coloration, of ¢ character. 
Left hindwing above on the whole of the costa up to the middle of the discoidal 
cell ¢ -, the rest of the wing ¢ -, coloured; the eye-marking is also small, corresponding 
with the right forewing. Below the whole left wing is ?-coloured; only before the 

* Neither the gynandromorphous example of emzliae bred by Standfuss (A7z., 
XXXIV., p. I1) nor that of bornemanni (loc. cit., footnote p. 11) appears to have been 
described. 

ft For this and the following descriptions, see Standfuss, Axperimentelle- 
zoologische Studien mit Lepidopteren, separat., pp. 54 et seq. 


304 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


outer margin towards the anal angle there is a larger group of ¢ -coloured scales. 
Antennz, head, thorax and legs of ¢ type. The abdomen more of a_ grey 
coloration, with crippled anal clasps. [This and the following gynandromorphous 
examples (4—7) bred by Standfuss in Zurich.] 6. Much more ‘preponder antly of ¢ 
type (78 mm. in expanse). Both antennz above densely ciliated, with strongly 
produced pectinations which attain half the length of normal ¢ teeth. Both sides of 
the sexual aperture with crippled ¢ anal clasps. Left hindwing on the dorsal margin 
above with red-brown ¢ scales, left forewing below likewise furnished towards the 
dorsal margin with a larger portion of ¢ scales; all the wings otherwise ? -coloured. 
¢ ¢ form, crippled. Both antenna: of almost purely ¢ character. On the 
upperside of the left forewing rather extended ¢ coloration—otherwise all the 
wings above and below ¢-coloured. Two crippled, almost perfectly symmetrical, 
anal clasps are present. [N.B. The anatomical dissection yielded : Bursa copulatrix, 
receptaculum seminis, as well as oviduct with its eight ovarian tubes, present, 
the latter however, absolutely empty. On the other hand there is only one 
cement gland present nearly double the normal size; the second is entirely 
wanting.] d. ¢@ type, crippled. Both antennz approaching to ¢ form. Left 
forewing in shape and coloration ¢. All the other wings of entirely 9? 
coloration. Crippled anal clasps present on both sides of the sexual aperture. 
[N.B. This individual was also dissected; the oviduct with its eight ovarian 
tubes is normally developed and contains 22 ova irregularly distributed, partly 
of normal and partly ot very reduced size. Further there are present the bursa 
copulatrix, the receptaculum seminis and the connecting passage between them 
both. Instead of two cement glands there are three of them, all three of nearly 
normal size. It is remarkable that, beside these female organs, the penis sheath 
and penis are also developed.] e—z. Six more individuals exhibited likewise the 
phenomenon of gynandromorphism (Standfuss) (///. Zects. fur Ent., ii., pp. 294—295 }. 

4. S. hybr. standfussi.—a. General appearance that of a ¢; expanse 86mm. 
On the upperside, the coloration g¢ throughout with the exception of the costal 
margin of the left hindwing. On the underside: the right forewing almost entirely 
? -coloured; the right hindwing from the dorsal margin for two-thirds of the wing 
area likewise ¢ -coloured, otherwise ¢-coloured. Both the left fore- and hindwing 
¢-coloured only along the costal margin as far as the ocellated spot, the other 
two-thirds of both wings of ¢ coloration. Outline of the wings: with the exception 
of the right, ? -shaped forewing, all the wings of ¢ shape. Antenne, head, thorax 
and leg's Bae The abdomen ‘partly orey-haired, with crippled anal clasps. [This 
and the following eleven gynandromorphous examples of this hybrid (6—Z) were 
also bred by Herr Standfuss in Ziirich.}] 0. Predominantly ¢ type (76mm. in 
expanse). Left antenna above and below—right antenna above only — strongly 
pectinated and ciliated on about two-thirds of the normal ¢ scale. On the genital 
aperture, rudiments of the ¢ clasps, left larger, right smaller. The whole of the 
underside of both pairs of wings, as well as the upperside of both hindwings of 
purely ¢? coloration. Upperside, the right forewing from the base to the middle of 
the dorsal margin with rich male coloration, the left forewing only about the 
middle of the dorsal margin sparingly ¢-scaled, otherwise also ¢ -coloured. 
c. Preponderantly ?, 96mm. in expanse. Both antennz below with long, ciliated 
teeth of two-thirds the length of the g¢ type. Rudiments of anal clasps and penis 
present. Coloration above purely ¢?, the same beneath only on both hindwings 
below, between the eye-marking and the outer margin, there are rays of ¢- -coloured 
Scales; @. Of 2 type; S7mm-.) im expanse. Both antennze almost purely ¢ in 
character. Rudiments of anal clasps and penis present. Left forewing of #, the 
remaining wings of ¢, shape. The whole of the upperside purely ¢ -coloured. 
Underside: left forewing on the costa as far as the margin of the eye of ¢ 
coloration, the whole of the remaining part ¢-coloured. Right hindwing with 
wedge-shaped male marking between the eyespot and the dorsal margin, but not 
attaining the latter. There are besides ¢ -coloured scales on the outer mi argin below 
the apex of the right forewing and left hindwing. All the rest of the underside of 
PLONE. We: Preponderantly ¢. Bred by Standfuss. In the collection of His 
Imperial Highness the Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich, in St. Petersburg. 
if Preponderantly female individual. Bred by Standfuss [In the Zoological 
Museum of the University of Tiibingen]. g. An individual of similar character. 
Bred by Standfuss [Passed into the possession of Dr. Kerschensteiner, Ratisbon]. 
h—l. Five further individuals, likewise bred an Standfuss, showing signs of gynan- 
dromorphism (Standfuss) [/2/. Zects. frir Ent., uii., pp. 295—296]. 


The Saturnian egg is opaque, SEN a more specialised form 


SATURNIA. 305 


than the Citheronian, which is transparent and much more nearly 
allied to the existent form in Dimorphids and Sphingids. [For 
a comparison of the eggs of the three European Saturnias see 
Standfuss, Handbuch, &c., pp. 100-101. |] 

The Saturnian larva. is a very specialised product, but its line 
of specialisation appears very simple, and is well exhibited in series, 
in newly-hatched larve of iS. spenz, S. pavonia and S. pyrz. In 
the first stadium (of S. pavonza) tubercle 11 is, on most of the 
segments, single-haired, i and 111 have already assumed a wart-like form, 
and iv and v united form a subspiracular wart, vi and vii are also more 
or less wart-like. With the first moult 1 disappears, i, 111, iv + 
v (and to a less extent vi and vil) become large characteristic warts 
forming a ring round each segment. The newly-hatched larva of 
S. pyrt has the warts already highly developed and coloured, whilst 
the adult larva of this species is a fine creature, of a lovely pea- 
green colour, ornamented on each segment with a series of large, 
beautiful, turquoise-blue, coronal warts, representing i, ill, iv + v, 
vi and vil, surrounding each segment, each carrying long spathulate 
hairs, whilst the roth abdominal segment is very distinct, flat, and 
bears a dark, red-brown, saddle-shaped, chitinous patch, the rounded 
edge of the saddle forming the posterior edge of the flap. The 
dorsal warts on the meso- and metathorax are especially well- 
developed, whilst the gth abdominal bears only a dorsal and 
supraspiracular wart on either side, the others being atrophied ; 
it is worth while, perhaps, to notice that the warts on the 8th 
abdominal segment are paired, and similar to those on the pre- 
ceding segments (m7. fec., 1x., pp. I112—114). Standfuss gives 
many interesting comparative notes on the larve of the three 
European species (/Zandbuch, &c., pp. 101-103, see also anded, pp. 300— 
zor). Gauckler notes (///. Woch. fiir Ent., ii., p. 143) that the larvee of 
Saturnia pyri sometimes reach an immense size. Some sent by 
Locke from Vienna were 135mm. long and zomm. in thickness. 
The latter also notes that, from larvz collected in the same district, 
he bred, in 1889 and 1891, examples that measured in both sexes 
from I90—220mm. in expanse. As in the Dimorphids, Citheroniids 
_ and Sphingids, the adult larva changes colour just before pupation. 

The Saturnian pupa is somewhat different from the very round and 
straight pupa which may be looked upon as that which is more typical of 
the superfamily, being flattened from back to front, and with the 
hinder segments bent well forward (see az/ed, pp. 280—282); that 
of S. pavonia is described at length (posted p. 331), and that of S. 
pyrt (Ent. Rec., 1x., pp. 144—146). The pupa of S. pyzz is almost 
cylindrical, tapers only very slightly to the base of wings and then 
abruptly to the head. ‘The frontal area is, therefore, blunt, as is 
also the anal area, and the latter does. not curve up ventrally as 
does the pupa of S. pavonia. Standfuss compares the pupz of the 
three European Saturnias and gives comparative figures of them 
(Handbuch, &c., pp. 72, 81, 104). 

sive Spies cocoon is oval in outline, extended into a “neck 
at one end, with a very remarkable lobster-trap arrangement, so 
_arranged, however, as to allow egress and not ingress, less 
developed, however, in that of S. sfzmz than in those of the other 
two species (see, Standfuss, Handbuch, &c., pp. 72, 81, figs. 1-5). 


306 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


~In the cocoon of S. py7z the trap is double ; that of S. pavonza has 
the commencement of a double trap, but the outer is little more than 
an opening with ragged edges. [Réaumur’s account is given at length, 
posted pp. 327—328.| The tough silk is felted throughout with a 
hardening material, that of S. py77 cutting like thin horn ; this cement 
appears to consist of a dark fluid which is poured on the silk, at first 
rather pale in colour, by the larva, after the cocoon has been largely 
spun. Details of the variation of the colouring: ‘of the cocoons of 5S. 
pavonia are given later at length (Posted, pp. 329—330). 

The exceedingly interesting comparison of the early stages and 
imaginal habits of the three European species of this genus, made 
by Standfuss (Handbuch, &c., pp. 104-107), has been already referred 
to (anted, pp. 300—301). 

Sharp observes (/7sects, 11., p. 310) that in some lepidoptera, ¢.g., 
Saturnia, there appears to be no buccal orifice whatever, and further 
(p. 313) that a stigma believed to be an imperfect mesothoracic 
spiracle exists behind the anterior wing of Saturnia pavonia, Chap- 
man objects to the doubt implied in this statement, and asserts that 
the mesothoracic spiracle is always present. Sharp also states (p. 307) 
that, in Saturnia, on each side of the clypeus, there is a deep pocket 
projecting into the head cavity. One may here note that the imago 
of Saturnia pyri has well developed anterior tibial spines, whilst 
that of .S. pavonza has none. 

Packard asks (Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sciences, 1893, p. 58): 
“Are the species of Saturnia (sens. strict.)—three sn Europe and 
two in the Southwest and Pacific coast of North America, occurring 
where the Affacinae do not exist at all, or only rarely—the relics 
of a Saturnian fauna from which the group Adacznae has been 
eliminated by geological extinction, as the sequoia, cypress, magnolia 
and other Tertiary plants have been rendered extinct in Europe, 
or may the view be taken that the Affacinae have never had a 
foothold in western Eurasia and North America?” Meyrick notes 
Saturnia as ‘“‘a somewhat hmited Asiatic genus, extending into 
Europe and North Africa.” 

SATURNIA PAVONIA, Linné. 

SYNONYMY.—Species ; /Pavonia, var. a, Linn., “ Sys. Nat.,’ ixtheeduan. 
496 (1758); xuth ed., p. 810 (1767). avonia, Linn., “Faun. Suec.y ~2ndseds 
p: 291 (1761); Sulz., ““Kennz. d. Ins.,” p. 38, pl. xvi; fe. 92) (i7on) sama 
“Faun. Frid.,’’ p. 38 (1764) 3 “* Zool... Dan.,’*p. 117 (1776) 5 Wess ee 
Mines ailitnm ce eee TOn (lOO). Ci. “ Tabl, Elem.,? p. 594, in part (iyee: 
Latr., “Gen. Crust.,” iv., p. 218 (1809); “ Consid..” p. War (Tone) suse 
«Tus, Eiaust.,”’ i., p: 317 (1828); Zett...% Ins. Lapp.;”” p.) o2n (sae) meee 
“Vet. Ak. Handl.,” 1848, pp. 146—147 (1850); Staud., ‘“‘Cat.,” ist edaepese 
(1801) ;.2nd ed, p. 7o (1871); 3rd. ‘ed., p..127 (1901) Snell: “ Deana sees 
196 (1367); Berce, “Faun. Franc.,”” ii., p. 207. (1868) ; Nolek:, *Pinisu-e aaa 
jos NeCH (1868) ; Wallgrn., ‘‘ Skand. Het.,” ii., p. 130 (1869) ; Bang-Haas, 
BIN ea Sona 1()) ei Res p. 410 (1874) ; Cumty Mart., ‘Cat. Lep.) Bantaaeeoe 
fae (Lowa); Curd, ‘Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital.,” viii., p. 153 (1876); Speyemee ocemes 
Ent. Zeta xl., p. 151 (1879); Mima-Pal. and Failla, ‘* Nat.-Sicy?? aie 
232 (1888); Auriv., ‘“* Nord. Fyar.,’? p. 66 (1889); Meyr., ** Handbook,’ su sins 
(1895). Pavoniella, Scop., ‘* Ent. Cam.,” p. 191 -d25 (ex evrove) (1763); tess 
“ Schweiz. Ins.,”’ p. 33 (1775). Pavonia-minor, Hufn., “ Berl. Mag.,” ii., pp. 394, 
28 (1766) ; Fab. “Sys. Ent.,”’ pi 539 (1775); “t Spec. Ins...” 1.) po yaa 
‘Mant.,’? i, p. 110 (1787); *° Ent. Sys.,” iii, pl. i; p 4161793) Puessqeems 
Mag.,’” 1, 29 (p. 266 (1782) 5 Esp., “** Bur. Schmett),? aul.j p. 25, yl eee 
r—O6 (1762); Lang, ‘‘ Verz.,” znd edi, p. $1 (1789); Rossi, “‘ Faun. Biro oe 
lis” Pe, 16S) C8700) se welware. Raup.-Kal.,” p.) 234° (2791). .“ Beyeu aes 


SATURNIA PAVONIA, 307 


v., figs. I—8, p. 42 (1793); Latr., ‘“‘ Hist. Nat.,” xiv., p. 176 (1805) ; Leach, ‘‘ Edin. 
Pmevcl.. IX., p. 132)(1615); Samouelle, ““Ent. Comp.” p. 246 (1819); Godt., 
eeelnst) Nat.’ iv., p. 66 (1822); Stphs., “Cat. Br. Ins.,’? p 45 (7829) ; ‘List 
Pee n est. Vis, Ve, p. 45 (1650); Wood, “Ind: Hnt.,?? p. 21, fig. 39 (1839); 
Fscmmpli ang. \Westd., “Brat. Moths,” p. 51 (eivc: 1841); Sta. ‘“Man.,” 1., p. 
reeme(o57);  Humph.. “Gen. Brit. Moths,” p. 20 (1860) ;: Kirby, “Cat.,’’ p. 
apomtoo2) ; ** Hlandbools,etc.,” iv., p. 105 (1897). . Carpini, [Schitf.;] *« Schmett. 
Miemccd 12, p..50 (1775); ed. i., p. 66 (1801); Bkh., * Bur. Schmett.,” iit, p: 34 
oo) ranm,.< Ins. Kal,” i.,-pp. 173, 450 (1791) ; View., “* Tab. Verz.,”’ 1., 
pom 769)); Elb.. “ Schmett. Mur,” figs. 53, 54;°255, 270 (cic. 1800); text 
Peon cos). <arves obep.” ail., Vere A, ‘i, a—c (circ, 1800); .‘* Tent.,’’ 
pe Loob) 5) Verz.,. p. 157 (cre, 1822); “Franck: Cat.,” p. 88 (1825); Schrank, 
Pesauteboica, i, 1, p..249 (1801); it., 2, p: 149 (1602); Ochs., “ Die Schmett.,”’ 
MOU (tolO)en iv, ..p- 46 (1616) >sGermi., “ Bomb. Specs” 1., p. 10. (1dit) 5 
omen ehibs Zool, ip. 714, (1615); Meig:, * Hur, Schmett,,” i, p. 156 
ese pe bdye.. ur ep. Ind, Meth,” sp. 49 (1829); <* Icon. Chen,2” pl. i, 
nebo 2ecrre. 1S4@) > “Gen. et Ind. Meth.,” p. 73 (4840); Dup., ‘* Icon. Chen.,” 
Dee ties. @—- (circ. 1840); "Cat. Meéth:.” p. 79 (1844) ;  Evers., “ Faun. 
WMole-Urals,” p. 116 (1844) ; E.-Sch.,.*“Sys. Bearb.,” 11., p. 96 (1846) ; Heydenr., 
fecpesur Cat. Meth..” 2rd éd., p. 28 (1851); Speyer, “Geog. Verb.,” 1., p. 
Mi (lO5o)), IL, Pp. 206 (1602) ;, Hem... ‘**schmett. Deutsch.,” p: 196. (1859) ; Muall-, 
Peeatpeep. Alp--Mar.,’’ si, p: 146 (1874); Newm., <* Brit. Moths,” p. 48 (1869); 
Frey, ‘ Lep. der Schweiz,” p. 99 (1880) ; Kirby, ‘‘ Eur. Butts. and Moths,” p. 126, 
pl. xxvil., figs. 3 a—e (1880); Buckl., ‘‘ Larvee,” etc., iii., pl. li., fig. 1 (1889) ; Tutt, 
Eeamiesn Moths, =p. 42° (1895); Barr.,,‘* Lep. Brit’,’’ a., p. 57 (1896) ;°Grote, 
peice Satuemiden, pp. 3, 25 (1890). “Pavunculus, Retz., “Gen. Spec. Ins.,” 
Pee 5a7o3). Pavoniclius, Ramb,, “Cat. Leép. And.,” p: 178 (1866). 


ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION *.—Phalaena Bombyx pavonia, elinguis, 
alis patulis rotundatis griseonebulosis subfasciatis : ocello nictitante 
subfenestrato. 

Ca Vino. SUC. 835. Nott, Jrs., 20. | \onst.,° 75: 
nen Nain go P4AOe MO. ts “eet.. Gaz, t. 33, f 12, Albi, 
ease Nehianinn 77a, tara 2c. Iweauim. /775:, 1. t: 50, 40. 
We cCeher Us tat EO. te 7 On Roes., 75.4 V., pal. 2, t. 5. 
WYRE ap. 0G. t. 2, a, 3. 

eee OP COCOn Sea te 2. WASt. AG OCA. Ach Lars. 


* For comparison we give the following: ‘* Phaiaena | Attucus), pectinicornis 
elinguis, alis rotundatis griseo-nebulosis subfasciatis ; ocello nictitante subfenestrato ”’ 
(Faun. Suec., no, 835). Also the following: (1) “a. Wénor.—‘ Faun. Suec.,’ i., p. 
pene (2)G- 70707. —Goed.,. ° Ims.2 3, t..2.’. .. . .- ** Major et -minor adeo 
inter se affines ac Sphinx elpenor (sic) et porcellus seu Phalaena antiqua et recens, 
confirmante Larva et Pupa, sed altera duplo J/ujor alis albido-cinerascentibus ; 
Minor vero ferrugineis. Sic una ex altera orta, constanter se miultiplicans, nec 
miscenda alterius cum altera in copula”? (Sys. Mat., xiith ed., pp. 810—811) 
Speyer points out (Stett. Lint. Zeit., vol. xl., p. 151) that Linné evidently considered 
pavonia-minor and pavonia - major as distinct species, since he writes: ‘+ J/ajor 
et minor adeo inter se affines ac Sphinx elpenor et porcellus seu Philaena 
antiqua et recens (gonostigma), confirmante larva et pupa, sed altera duplo major 
alis albido-cinerascentibus ; zor vero ferrugineis. Sic una ex altera orta, con- 
stanter se multiplicans, nec miscenda alterius cum altera in copula” (Syst. Nat., 
ed. xii., p. 811). He also shows that Linné did not consider such double names 
as inadmissible and that pavonia-minor and pavonia-major could be paralleled in 
repeated instances. He, however, doubts whether favonia-major = pyri, for, 
although Linné’s citations point in this direction, yet his description suggests simply 
that Linné’s pavonia-major was merely the female of the same species of which 
pavonia-minor was the male. He observes that no one would diagnose pyri and 
carpint in tbe terms used by Linné, that the latter knows no difference in the early 
stages, nor does he note that only one of the two inhabits Northern Europe. He 
further notes that in the Pawna Suecica, ed. 2, p. 291, only the ¢ of pavonia is 
described, and infers (being unacquainted with the roth ed. of the Systema Naturae) 
that, at that time, Linné did not know the insect afterwards described as pavonia- 
major. Speyer concludes that pavonia is, therefore, the correct name for the 
species, the suffixes -7270r and -mazor simply referring to the sexes of the same insect. 


308 : BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


1692. Reaum., 7ms.,,1., 0. 47, 48.  Roes:, /s., 45 tee 

Goorin, JOA, ts Cn Ais De 

Habitat in Rosa, Rubo, Ulmo, Corylo, Salice. ULarva nuda, verti- 
cillata verrucis pilosis ut P. af/andis. Ocellus alarum margine superiore 
nictitat lunula fenestrata vix conspicua. Varietates a et 8 adeo 
similes, ut vix differant, nisi magnitudine. An specie distinguendz? 
(Linné, Sys. Vaz, xth ed.; pp. 496—1497). 

Imaco.—5omm.—gi‘5mm. ¢. Head brown, collar white, thorax 
and abdomen brown. Anterior wings blackish-grey, with three 
transverse lines, one basal, pale, not reaching costa, edged on 
either side with rosy and then with black, the second beyond the 
ocellated spot, sinuate, pale, tinged with rosy, and edged on either 
side with black ; the third forms a whitish subterminal shade, 
edged externally with grey, with dark nervures crossing it ; discal 
area whitish, with conspicuous ocellated spot ; apex with pale 
lunular mark, edged strongly externally with crimson, a short black 
costal mark near apex. Posterior wings orange, basal and inner 
marginal areas darker; dark, irregular, transverse lines on either 
side of a conspicuous ocellated spot; subterminal band _ blackish, 
narrow towards apex, broadest at anal angle, outer marginal area 
grey, faintly tinged with reddish, the marginal line dark, blackish- 
grey. @. larger, paler; anterior wings pale grey, transverse 
lines white, the rosy tinge confined largely to basal line and apical 
area; posterior wings as in ¢, but with all orange parts white and 
the transverse lines more strongly marked. Thorax brown, basal 
part of costa of wing and collar white, abdomen white-ringed. 

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—The male is smaller than the female, 
the antennz more strongly pectinated, and the colours brighter and 
browner, the female having quite a soft pearly-grey ground colour. 
The female has a large heavy abdomen, is of quiet and lethargic 
habits, whilst the male is exceedingly active. The extremes of 
measurement of the examples in our collection are—Js, 50mm.— 
68mm., 2s, 75mm.—gi°5mm. Standfuss notes that, in breeding 
this species, there was a very close approach between the 
numbers of the sexes. Whus’ he notesi: in 1881—1620e4eaeenes 
Qs; 1882——230 g's, 205 9s; 1884—r110 ¢@s, 117 QiSeeioas 
—87 oS, 83 2S; 1890—116 JS, 111 2S; 1891—361 OS, 349 2S; 
1892—412 3S, 385 2S; 1893—442 OS, 411 2s. Total, 1920 gS, 
1818 9s. Chapman describes the antenne as follows: ¢, 8mm.— 
romm. long, of about 24 joints; plumules in a nearly flat plane, 
making the antenna a plane of about 3mm. across, narrowing to 
each end; each joint carries 4 plumules and these arise almost 
from the dorsum, leaving a large part of the circumference ventral 
and free from any pectinations, etc.; this portion would almost 
certainly be taken for the dorsum and not the venter on a casual 
examination; there are three basal joints, unpectinated, the first 
large and globular, the second somewhat conical, the third some- 
what less so and rather shorter, about 19 (17—2z0 or even a wider 
range) of quadripectinated joints, and three short, unpectinated 
terminal ones. ‘The origin of the pectinations on the joints are dorsal 
rather than lateral, and though viewed dorsally or ventrally they appear 
regularly placed, nevertheless the alternate branches differ, the 
distal branch bends more dorsally and the basal more ventrally, 


SATURNIA PAVONIA. 309 


and the bare dorsal surfaces of the two are not absolutely dorsal, 
but on the basal branch it is rather more basal, on the distal one 
more distal; the basal ones are also a little darker in colour, and 
terminate more bluntly. Both are fairly cylindrical, the basal a 
little thickened at the end, and terminating in a point. Nowhere 
on the antenna are there any definite bristles, but each branch 
Carries 200, or rather more (on full length ones), black, sensory hairs, 
about o'2mm. long. The shaft carries a few similar but shorter 
hairs. The colour of the shaft and branches is straw-colour. The 
black hairs make the antenna as a whole look darker. The ? 
antenna is about the same length as that of the male, and has 
the same (variable) number of joints; being without the sense-hairs 
of the g antenna, it looks pale straw-colour. The pectinations of 
the male antenne are represented by processes of which the basal 
is in length, where longest, about equal to the width of the antenna, 
basally and apically dwindling to nothing; the distal pectination 
is merely a slight thickening and projection of the lateral margin 
of the end of the joint, but where best developed, at the middle 
of the antenna, carries a bristle or two. The upper or outer processes, 
however, of both series are much smaller than the lower or inner, 
so that the outer basal are only half the length of the inner, and 
the outer distal can hardly be said to exist. The upper basal 
carry two short terminal bristles (not hairs), the lower basal also, 
but these also have another at their base. ‘These structures are 
not represented on the g antenna. They do not exceed o'o5mm. 
in length. Along the outer basal aspect of these basal processes 
or pectinations are a dozen or so of short hairs (o°o4mm.—o'o5mm.) 
representing apparently the hairs of the g antenna. ‘Towards the 
base of the antenna the inner pectination sometimes carries 2 basal 
and 3 terminal bristles; the terminal bristles are reduced to one 
on both pectinations towards the apex. In both sexes, the chitin 
of which the dermis of the joints (and in the g the pectinations) consists, 
appears to be very minutely spiculated, that of the ? pectinations is 
not so. 

GyNANDROMORPHISM.—There are very many gynandromorphous 
examples of this species recorded in the various entomological 
periodicals, and many others which have never yet been described 
undoubtedly exist in collections. Speyer gives (Stett. Ent. Zeit., 
xli., pp. 477—486) a very circumstantial account of a large 
number of gynandromorphs, including a brood of the larve of 
S. pavonia found by Maus near Wiesbaden, every one of which pro- 
duced imagines which proved to be more or less gynandromorphous. 
ihe eas are those which have come to our knowledge: 

. Perfect gynandromorph. Right ¢, left?. The 2 wings a little larger than 
the 2 ones ; the halves of the abdomen in form and colour agreeing with the sex 
exhibited by the wings. Captured near Aschaffenburg in 1844. (Hagen, Stett, Ent. 
Zeitg., 1864, p. 196). 

B. Left g, right ¢. Smaller than usual, even the ¢ side scarcely attains the 
size of an ordinary ¢. Right antenna and wings ¢ ; left antenna and wings ¢. 
Body slender as in ¢, coloured as in ¢, the scaling intermediate between that of 
the two sexes. From the SEL ag coll. In Berlin Mus. (Klug, Verh., 
p- 366; Fakrb., p. 255; Rudolphi, p. 57; Burm., p. 340; Lefebvre, p. 152) 

Eeft <¢, ght ¢. Body not ‘livited, 9; the ¢ wings rather smaller, from 


the eee yellow thers pass over their junction AS ith gs lee antenna ¢, right op 
Ginther, Chemnitz (Capieux, Maturforscher, 1778, st. 12, p. 72, tab, iv., fig. 6). 


310 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Left ¢, right ¢. Imperfect gynandromorph. ¢, with two ¢ antennz 
and ? genitalia. Forewings in form ¢, in colour ?, only the base of the left fore- 
wing and the first transverse line are coloured red- brown as in the ¢; on the under- 
side the costa is orange. Hindwings ?; in the middle of the left wing and on the 
outer margin of the right are orange spots. The right side of the thorax red- 
brown. In Ochsenheimer coll. (Ochsenheimer, iv., p. 188; Rudolphi, p. §2 ; 
BUMS; = 340). 

é. Ree: 3, left 9. Somewhat smaller than usual; on the rigut the wings 
somewhat smaller and completely ¢, right antenna likewise ¢; on the left the wings 
somewhat larger and completely ¢; body not hairy, without divisions, but doubt- 
less more ? than ¢. In the Regiomont mus. (Hagen, Stett. Ent. Zeitg., 1861, 

274). 
. ¢. Left fore- and right hindwing ¢, the right fore- and left hindwing ¢. 
The right antenna ¢, the left the same so far as the outer pectinations are con- 
cerned, the inner, however, much shorter, with the coloration of the ¢. Body as in 
the ¢, but without eggs and shrunken; thorax and abdomen of ¢@ coloration, the 
right patagia of ¢ coloration. Right forewing above almost entirely ¢, below 
almost entirely 9; tight hindwing above 2 y iak ugh darker, below as far as three- 
fourths to the marg cinal band yellow- scaled. Left forewing 2, with a brownish dash ; 


the left hindwing | ialf ¢, half 2. . The underside purely ?. The left forewing 
larger than right. Both hindwings of the sa ize, the apex of the mght more 
pointed. Bred at Vienna, 1865, Sci In Vienna mus. (Rogenhofer, 
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. UTten ice ©: 5 

Preponderantiy ¢. Right win ; itenna with 
shorter pectinations aa lightce: © : od oe m 2. Left forewing 
approaching the form of the @, but with ine Coloration vo: the g., and somewhat 


smaller than the right, more thiniy-scaied; unlerside g, with less of the 2 colora- 
tion. Left hindwing almost entirely @ with ¢ hair-covering; underside ¢, except 
the ¢-coloured central area. Body ¢, only on the thorax is the reddish-brown 
down of the ¢ ; the two last se gments somewhat more slender; anal tuft longer- 
haired. Bred 1865. In the Dorfmeister coll. (Rogenhofer, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 
1865, p. 515). 

9. Body, wings and size preponderantly ¢. Antennz somewhat more shortly 
pectinated than in the ¢. Patagia brownish, abdomen ¢-coloured. Right fore- 
wing in coloration and shape ¢, although SC sled with whitish-grey in the middie of 
cell 1 6; below ¢ -coloured with ¢ scaling i in isolated parts. Right hindwing above 
and yellons ¢. Left forewing in shape and coloration ¢, though brow nish-scaled, 
especially on the costa and at the base. Left hindwing ¢ with a rather broad 
yellow stripe. Bred 1865 by Weppl (Rogenhofer, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1805, 
pp: 515—516). 

u. Preponderantly g. Thorax and right antenna ¢ ; left antenna lighter, 
the. upper pectinations scarcely any longer than in the ¢, the lower about half 
as long as in the ¢. Abdomen 2, coloration grey mixed with yellowish. 
Forewings above ¢, the right one more rounded and bearing only on the 
Inner margin a row of white hairs and scales; the underside of the mght 
(forewing) coloured yellow in places. Right hindwing above quite ¢, below 
towards the base lighter grey. Left hindwing much larger than the right, in shape 
?, orange-coloured as far as the waved band with the exception of a narrow strip 
on the costa; this colour (orange) runs along nervure 5 as far as the fringes. 
Ocellated spot small as in the ¢. Underside as in the ?, from the base to the first 
band on the costa a stripe of red-brown scaling. Bred - W eppl in 1835 (Rogen- 
hofer, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1865, p. 516). 

k. Quite preponderantly ¢. Antenne, thorax, legs, colour and markings of 
the aene hindwing ¢; all the rest mixed. 62mm. in expanse; shape of wings 
more ¢ ;-left hindwing broad and regularly rounded, the right approaching that of 
the ¢ is shape. Abdomen not longer than in the ¢, but much thicker; the first 
segments covered with yellowish-brown hairs, intermingled on the anus with rusty- 
yellow hairs. Of the ¢ genital organs only irregularly-formed, slightly protruding 
rolls and clasps are discernible. Colour of forewings more grey than in normal 
males; ocellated spot of the left narrower; right hindwing in form and colour ¢, 
fainter coloured, its ocellated spot small; left hindwing ¢?, with large ocellated 
spot, but orange on the costa and at the base, Underside of forewings grey, dusted 
with orange on the costa; the left has besides a large orange area, occupying the 
inner marginal half, nearly up to the marginal band. Hindwings below with costal 
stripe of ¢ colour without downy hair-covering. Bred by Maus, Wiesbaden 
(Speyer, Stedt, Ent, Zettg., 1881, p. 482). 


SATURNIA PAVONIA. Sti 


\. Mixed gynandromorph. Abdomen in thickness, clothing and coloration ¢, 
sunken between segments 4 and 5 on left side; clasps distinctly discernible, 
more turned down, smaller and less regular than is usual in the ¢. Antennz with 
densely-ciliated pectinations, though shorter than is usualin the g. The second of 
each joint is much shorter than the first (on the right on the outer row, on the left 
on the inner row, of the pectinations). Thorax and legs ¢, the latter more strongly 
hairy than in normal ¢. Wings more ¢ in shape, and witha greasy gloss, all the 
wings above grey, ?; ocellated spot ?, alike on both sides. Forewings partly red- 
brown; hindwings in places bright orange-red. On the right hindwing the red and 
grey equally divided, on the left the former less extended. Forewings below ¢ - 
coloured, with bright orange-red areas: hindwings below ¢-coloured, in places ¢. 
Bred by ‘Maus, Wiesbaden (Speyer, Stett. Lt. Zeite., 1881, p. 482). 

pe. Characters of 2 quite preponderant, although the build of the antennz and 
some orange spots on the hindwing at once proclaim its gynandromorphous nature. 
66mm. Body, shape and colour of ¢. Hair of the legs a little stronger than in the 
?. Sexual parts imperfect, ¢. Antennze slighter than those of the ¢, in build 
more ¢. Outer row of the pectinations of the left antenna almost ¢, inner row 
altogether abnormal; the first process of every joint only half as long, but thicker 
than in the ¢; but instead of the second there are zwo present, one shorter, thicker, 
and more pointed, and above that a process twice as long, thinner, and spindle- 
shaped. The inner row of pectinations on the right antenna consists of rather shorter 
teeth than on the left, especially is the second of each joint strongly curtailed; of 
the processes of the outer row, the second is serrate, the first normal female (inner 
row). Wings ¢?, hindwings less regularly rounded. The outer half of the first 
double stripe on the forewings is bordered with red towards the base; on the left 
forewing is a second purple-brown cuneiform spot. Hindwings on both sides 
sprinkled with orange-yellow in divers places. Underside of the wings ? -coloured, 
with’ only a little ¢ admixture. Bred by Maus, Wiesbaden (Speyer, Stett. Ent. 
Zeitg., 1881, pp. 484—485). 

y. Imperfect gynandromorph, preponderantly ¢ (only one-fourth ¢). The 
wivgs show above, in front of the dark outer-margin of the white border of the inner 
dark shade, a marking ‘not in the ¢) arcuated between the nervures running 
towards-the base. Hindwings shot with red, the white border more brown. On 
the forewings at the apex the red mark in the fascia is, in a striking manner, 
twice as long as usual. Antennze not quite ¢, browner, furnished also with longer 
teeth (Kretschmar, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., vili., 1864, p. 397). 

g. Right antenna and right pair of wings in colour and size entirely ¢; left 
antenna ¢; left wings somewhat smaller. Left forewing in coloration and markings 
? but for the rather darker costa. (Left) hindwing wholly ¢, yellow- brown 
coloured and normally marked. Body in shape and colour preponderantly ¢. 
Bred by H. Jammerath, of Melle, near Osnabriick (/szs, ix., 1884, no. 20). 

o. Forewings as well as hindwings show eyually all over a transition to the 
@ colouring and merkings, so that the ¢ scales appear as if pushed in among the 
& scales. All the wings of normal and even size. Antenne g. Body strongly 
? in shape, but of brownish coloration. Genitalia crippled. In the Gleissner coll., 
Berlin (Schultz, /i/us. Woch. fur Ent., i., p. 445). 

a, Almost normal ¢ (58mm.). Wing coloration inclining to grey, and mark- 
ings fainter (Speyer, Szett. Ent. Zeitg., 1881, p. 481). 

o. Both the left wings and the right forewing ?, right hindwing ¢ ; left 
antenna ?,right ¢. In coll. Poulin, Geneva (Corcelle, Feuille des jeunes Nat., 

» p- 105). 

c. Left wings ?; the right wings, structure of antennz, etc., ¢ (Douglas, 
poe. Lint. Soc. Lond., 31d Ser., 1 , p-. X1)- 

7. Halved gynandromorph, left ¢, right ¢. In Budapest mus. (Mocsary, 
a Lapok, 1., p. 56). 

Crossed gynandromorph. Left forewing ¢, right ¢; right hindwing ¢, 
left 2 Eaiarnrceht, Ent. Nachr., ix., p. 134). 

@. Sizeof ¢ ; wing-markings on the night 2, right antenna ¢; on the left the 
reverse, Bred from larva near ‘Brinn (Dragoni, Verh. d. Naturf. Ver. Brunn, 
XXIV., p. IQ). 

x- Right side ¢, left side ¢. Bred from Lincoln. In Mason coll. (Mason, 
Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1806, Po XV 5. L7t., XXVIII, Pp. 211). 

wv. ¢ in form ; the antennze more strongly pectinated than usual; the pectina- 
tions on the right antenna about halfas long as those of normal male antenna, those 
of the !eft shorter than the right, but still longer than those of typical ¢. Bred 
from Wicken pupa. In Fletcher coll. (in litt.). 


312 BRITISH LFPIDOPTERA. 


w. Mixed gynandromorph. Size and shape of ¢, markings sharper. Abdomen 
?, somewhat distorted, evenly brownish, with the segmental interruptions brighter. 

On the left an intimation of an anal clasp in the form of quite a small tuft of hairs 
apparently resting on a little plate of chitin. Left antenna ¢, right ¢, although 
rather more strongly developed than in the normal ¢. Wings in shape and form 
¢, forewings brightly coloured as in the ¢, as regards the size and shape of the 
ocellated spots and other markings ¢. Hindwings deep dark orange, alike in size. 
On the underside the left forewing is brighter orange-coloured; on the right this 
colour is less marked, just as the waved marking on the left is far more weakly 
expressed than on the right side. The hindwings below are quite even in coloration, 
and correspond with those of a quite darkly coloured g¢. Bred in 1829 by Gross, 
Wiesbaden. In Mus. nat. hist. Wiesbaden (Pagenstecher, Yahrb. Nass. Ver. 
Naturk., Xxxv., pp. 89—90). 

a —Zc’, Frings notes (Soc. Znt., ix., p. 182) that a ¢ S. pavonza found at 
Bonn, in 1889, laid many eggs, from which over 100 imagines were obtained in the 
spring of 1890; a few pupz going over until 1891, when they emerged; among the 
latter no fewer than six gynandromorphous examples. Three of these are described 
as follows: (1) A perfect gynandromorph, the body exactly divided from the head to 
the anus into two halves, showing respectively male and female characters which 
include even the genitalia. The wings are very curiously divided in a diagonal 
manner, so that the right forewing and the left hindwing have male coloration, and the 
left forewing and right hindwing are coloured as in the female. The male and 
female wings, as well as being different in colour, have the usual disparity in size, 
giving the specimen, which is well developed and as large as a middle-sized female, 
a very curious and beautiful appearance. (2) An apparently faultless female, of 
medium size, but with both antennz pectinated as in the male, and the costal border 
of the right fore- and hindwings decidedly male with orange coloration. (3) The 
upper surface of all four wings is of male coloration, but the nght wings are 
considerably larger than is usual in the male. The right wings are greyish below as 
in the female, while the left wings have male coloration on the under surface. The 
abdomen and thorax are of the male form, though the former is swollen with eggs, 
which can clearly be seen through the spaces between the segments. The genitalia 
are completely divided into male and female, the male anal clasps being very strong 
and larger than usual. (4—5) Two others of this brood are noted by Caspari 
(Jahrb. d. nass. Ver. Naturk., x\viii., pp. 172—173) as being ‘‘of predominant ¢ 
type with ¢ portions scattered over the wings.”’ 

n'—X’. Five gynandromorphs were bred by Caspari, at Wiesbaden, 1895: 
(1) Completely divided; left antenna entirely ¢, right ¢. Left forewing and 
left hindwing wholly ¢, hindwing fiery orange; right side decidedly ¢. Underside 
as the upperside without a trace of ¢ and ¢ admixture, genitalia exactly divided, 
left g, right ¢. (2) The second gynandromorph similar, though smaller, with 
very dull coloration and faint orange on the ¢ hindwing. All the wing-scales 
poorly developed. (3) The body of the third gynandromorph is not divided into a 
g and ¢ side, but exhibits hairs as in a normal ¢. Wings in shape and 
coloration more ¢, though with isolated places ¢-coloured, especially on the 
underside. Left antenna wholly ¢, the right half ?. The upper side of this (right) 
antenna without pectinations, the underside with distinct ¢ pectinations. Abdomen 
$, with ¢ genitalia. (4) The fourth is a perfectly divided gynandromorph, 
except a slight blending. Left antenna strongly pectinated as in the ¢}; 
right below ¢ pectinated, above as in the ¢, except a few small weak pectina- 
tions towards the apex of the antenna. Left wings above and below very 
fiery-coloured; right wings ¢ , except a place on the forewing from the first lower vein 
to nervure 4. The abdomen above is ¢, more marked towards the left side, below ¢ 
more marked towards the right side. The body somewhat crooked, right side longer 
and stouter; full of eggs. (5) The fifth gynandromorph exhibits on the nght a ¢, 
on the left a ¢, antenna. The body is only divided on the lower part of the thorax, 
while the abdomen is entirely ? and filled with eggs. 

uw’. Imperfect. Right pair of wings ¢, as well as the left forewing; left 
hindwing ¢. Right antenna ¢, left ?. Body in shape more ?. External genital 
organs indistinct. Bred. Hartmann coll., Reichenbach (Schultz, Z/dus. Woch, fur 
Eni,, M., P.403)- 

y’. Right wings 3, left ¢. A broad orange-coloured ¢ stripe on the inner 
margin of the left ¢ hindwing. Antenne and body g. Sexual organs ¢, some- 
what crippled. Daub coll., Carlsruhe (Gauckler este Schultz, /dlus. Woch. fur 
Littts, W., Pp. As). 

&. Imperfect. Preponderantly ¢ in colour; on the hindwings some ¢ 


SATURNIA PAVONIA. 313 


orange rays and dashes. Antennz intermediate between the two sexes ; the 
pectinations shorter than in the ¢. Abdomen ¢, although pointed and thin. Bred 
at Prague. In Wiskott coll. (Wiskott, Festschrift Ver. Schles. Ins., 1897, p. 125). 

0 —y’. Nine gynandromorphous examples in the Staudinger collection (Schultz, 
Illus. Woch. fur Ent., ii., p. 463). 

w. Antenne wholly ? as well as abdomen and genitalia. Forewings ¢ 
except a ¢-coloured spot only on inner margin. Both hindwings of ¢ coloration. 
In size and shape of wings g¢. Emerged March 23rd, 1897, from a second-year 
pupa. Schultz coll. (Schultz, Z2lus. Woch. fiir Ent., i., p. 403). 

a’. Both right wings ¢g, both left wings ¢. Right antenna ¢, left ¢. 
The body in shape ¢, the right side with darker ¢ scaling, the left with lighter 
¢ scaling. Bred by Hildebrand, Magdeburg (Zt. Zeits. Guben,. xii., p. 56). 

3”. Wings and antenna on one side ¢, the wings and antenna on other side 
@ ; bred March 29th, 1893, at Preston, near Brighton (Morris, Zvz., xxvi., p. 164). 

y’. The left primary that ofa ¢, but the left secondary on the same side has 
only about one-fifth of the area with ¢ coloration, just reaching the eye-like 
markings: On the right side, both wings have the normal ? coloration. Antenne, 
left and right, ¢ and ¢ respectively. Bred May, 1896, from parents twice inbred, 
the original larve having come from Wicken in 1893 (Mitchell, “vt. Record, viii., 

SEGA!) 
i te The forewings of the ¢ pattern, the hindwings ¢. Bristow coll. (Kane, 
nee XXVil.. p. 41). 

e’. Halved, left? , right ¢. Wings and antenna on left side completely ?, in 
colour, markings and size; on right side completely ¢. [Nothing is stated concern- 
ing body and genitalia.} (Schultz, 222. Zeit. fiir Lnt., iti., p. 184). 

é”. Incomplete, predominantly ¢. Upperside: both forewings entirely ¢ in 
markings and colour; right hindwing ¢, yet with ¢ coloration on the costa of 
the wing, and also from the anal angle to the outer margin; left hindwing ¢, with 
$ coloration at the inner angle, the latter colour occupies one-fifth of the surface 
of the wing. Underside: left forewings purely ¢ in colour, likewise the right hind- 
wing ; right forewings ¢, yet with broad ¢g stripe along the costa as far as the 
apex; left hingwing ?, with strongly expressed ¢ coloration at its costa, occupying 
perhaps one-third of the wing. Shape: left fore- and nght hindwing ¢, smaller, 
more contracted ; the other two wings ? , more extended, larger. Thorax, palpi and legs 
of ¢ coloration. Antennz in colour and structure intermediate between ¢ and 2?. 
Body ¢? in form and colour. Abdomen with distinct ¢ sexual organs on the left, 
and a ¢ anal clasp on the right side. Bred by Krieghoff, from a larva found at 
Oberspier (Schultz, Berd. Ant. Zeit., 1897, pp. 158—159). 

7’. Incomplete. itight wings ¢ in shape, markings, and colour; underside, 
however, with a light ?-marked streak, 2mm. in width, on the inner margin, 
reaching to the base. The shape of the left wings also ¢. Colour of the left fore- 
wing on the upper side irregularly mixed, g¢ and ¢. Ground colour of left 
hindwing on the upper side ¢, but interrupted at the costal and inner margins with 
red spots and rays. Left forewing on the underside with broad orange rays from the © 
base to marginal band; ¢?, on the other hand, only on the costa, and in some 
places on the inner margin. Left hindwing, with the underside ? from the inner 
margin to the subterminal line only; in its marginal band very bright red 
é colouring. Size: left 38mm., right 37mm. Right antenna purely ¢ ; left 
intermediate between ¢ and ¢ form, the pectinations shortened, about half-way 
between those of the sexes. Abdomen very woolly, large, ? in appearance. Bred 
in Vienna. In the Wiskott coll., Breslau (Wiskott, /r7s, 1897, p. 384, pl. xi., fig. 4). 

6”. Most abnormal specimen, the various secondary sexual characters of both 
sexes being curiously mixed with certain aberrational features that are not sexual ; 
74mm. in expanse. The abdomen short, broad, and shrunken; the left wings 
apparently smaller than right, due to their outline following that of ¢ more dis- 
tinctly than do latter ; the ocellated spots, especially on forewings, unusually large. A 
small accessory circle at the upper outer corner of normal ocellated spot of right fore- 
wing. The white thoracic band is as pronounced as in normal ¢, but not extended 
along costa. The dash that represents the subcostal continuation of central white 
blotch surrounding ocellated spot is of ¢ character on right forewing and ¢? on 
left. Colour of forewings ¢ so far as depth of dark grey shading and absence of 
the three spots towards apex are concerned, but they show no trace of the orange 
scaling usually found in normal gs; there is also more white in marginal band 
of right than in that of left forewing. The left hindwing shows a most peculiar 
blotching and streaking with typical bright orange of normal ¢s, the right 
hindwing is of normal @¢ coloration, except that the dark outer band of both 


314 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


hindwings is more speckled with white scales than usual. The underside 
differs in that both forewings show the orange colour of normal ¢s, 
that of left wing more developed than that of nght; on the other hand 
the hindwings which differ so markedly on upperside do not differ so notice- 
ably on underside, being both more nearly like a normal ¢ than ¢, although 
they show traces of colouring of latter sex in costal area above ocellated spot. 
The antennz with long plumules compared with those of normal ¢s and with 
numerous dark hairs fringing them as in normal gs; the pectinations, however, are 
very slight compared with those of gs. Coll. Mera (Bacot, z7 @ztt.). 


TERATOLOGICAL EXAMPLES OF S. PAVONIA.—(1) A male with 
narrow wings, the forewings with the basal half of costa strongly 
excised and concave, the left hindwing with the apical part of costa 
excised (Hampson, 2.J/7.17, xxxvii., p. 118).  ((2) A Specmen 
with five wings bred at Tenby (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888, p. xv). 

VARIATION.—FThis cannot be considered as at all a variable 
species. There are very few records. of striking aberrations having 
fallen into the hands of collectors, nor is there any marked tendency 
to the development of Jocal races. Allen notices that Irish examples 
are large compared with those from Lancashire; Norman observes 
that Morayshire specimens are smaller and less richly-coloured than 
those from York, whilst Gordon considers the Wigtownshire 
females to be darker and more richly-coloured than those 
from the New Forest. Warburg states that S. javonia from 
Cannes are larger, brighter and more thickly scaled than any English 
specimens; and Calberla has named a bright form from southern 
Italy, var. meridionalis. ‘There is ashght amount of variation in the 
intensity of the ground colour of both sexes, in the amount of 
crimson shading, in the clearness of the transverse lines on the 
forewings, and the intensity of the lines on the hindwings. The 
best g aberration that we have has the forewings of a darker 
ground colour, less red than usual, the discal area very white, the 
ocellated spot unusually dark, the hindwings also yellow instead of 
orange (ab. /uzescens, n. ab.) ; and the best @ has the forewings of a 
darker ground colour than usual, the hindwings much darker, a 
smoky hue suffusing all the paler areas (ab. znfumata), evidently 
a @ form ayreeing with the g described by Newnham under this 
name (fosted p. 316). Two small gs, evidently resulting from bad 
feeding, have a very greasy appearance, the markings of the fore- 
wings all washed out, and the hindwings with the usual darker 
transverse lines almost obsolete (ab. swbobsoleta, n. ab.). Whitaker 
mentions (7.2.) two g¢ aberrations, one 57mm., the other 63mm. in 
expanse, one with only one band between the hind margin and 
ocellated spot on hindwing, the other with a narrow, inner, 
secondary one nearer the ocellated spot; the smaller one, between this 
band and outer margin, is of a deep orange colour, shading into brown; 
in the larger the colour is wholly brown (except the pink band). Ellis 
records a g¢ from Bolton with the whole of the markings so suffused 
with the dark ground colour that the insect appears nearly black. 
Hodgkinson records (£7, xxv., p. 145) an aberration taken on 
the Scottish border with a black band and a jet-black patch about 
8in.in width near shoulder. Gordon notes a ? with the normally pale 
markings quite red (ab. vosacea), taken at Corsemalzie in 1898; Hewett 
has a g with the left hindwing very pale, and one very dark ¢ 
from Yorks. Mitchell notes a dark @ showing distinct melanochroic 
tendencies bred from a Wicken larva (Zn/, Record, viil., p. 184). Wood 


SATURNIA PAVONIA. ald 


bred a specimen at Baldock with semi-transparent wings, a large 
proportion of scales being apparently absent (Zur. Rec., v., p. 105). 
rings records (Soc. /ni., xiii., p: 130) the breeding, in April, 1397, 
of-a very pale albinistic ¢. Gauckler describes and figures (///us. 
Wook fur Ent... p. 201, fig. 3) an’ aberration of S.. pavonza that 
emerged in February, and has the bands which border the ocellated 
spot of both forewings united (ab. fasczata, n. ab.), directly beneath the 
spot, into a single broad dark carmine-red band, whilst the white area 
surrounding the ocellated spot has almost disappeared. Dwarfs are not 
at all uncommon among bred specimens, and Davis notes some from 
Waltham Cross only about half the normal size. Our smallest ¢s 
are only 50mm. in expanse (ab. minor, n. ab.). Morton, on the 
other hand, notes 9s from Rothiemurchus Forest that expand 
73mm., and some of ours reach g1.5mm. It is difficult to know 
how far the development of the tint characteristic of one sex, by the 
other, is a mere matter of individual variation, or an external sign of 
an internal modification in the direction of gynandromorphism. 
Pearson notes (z./.) that he has a bred ¢ with 9? coloration from 
Wannock; Hewett has a @? from York, having hindwings 
approaching the g coloration; Gregson observes (£77, iv., p. 13) 
a very dark g, and 3 barren ?s approaching the colour of the 
gs. Newman records the breeding of a subdiaphanous specimen 
that had been three years in the pupal stage, and we have already 
noted (anéed, p. 234) that Standfuss has produced dull and 
ill-marked examples by exposing the pupze to high temperatures 
and forcing them to emerge in autumn without a winter hybernation 
as pupe. Frings has produced similar poorly scaled and ill- 
pigmented examples, by subjecting pupz to a low temperature and 
lengthening the pupal period. Thus the latter observes (Soc. Enz., xv., 
p. 35) that 1896 pupz kept out of doors in winter and placed in a refri- 
gerator during the summer, produced in the spring of 1899, crippled 
imagines, weakly marked, and very thinly scaled, and thus resembling 
those that emerged in-the spring of 1898 under similar treatment from 
1896 pupe (doc. cit., xiv., p. 59). . He further notes (Soc. Ent, xiv., p. 
67) that fresh pupe of S. pavonia, S. spint and S. pyri, were exposed — 
in the summer of 1898, Io to 15 times, 6 to ro hours at a time 
to a temperature of -15° C. They were then placed till late autumn 
in a refrigerator, hybernated in the open, part only producing 
imagines in the spring of 1899; almost all the S. pavonia were 
normal, probably only those being aberrant that were exposed to 
the frost immediately after pupation. These latter are pale in 
colour with much widened, hardly dentated, subterminal line and_ 
with the red of apex often darkened to black; whilst one very aberrant 
$ has the wings strikingly small and narrow, the expanse when the 
specimen is normally set (inner margins of forewings forming together 
a straight line) being only 39mm. ; its ocellated spots only consist 
of yellow rings in the black area; the double subterminal line not at 
all dentate, and so abnormally broad as to reach the eye-spots. 
Many of these pupe of S. pavonia did not emerge till autumn, 
1899, after spending the summer again in the refrigerator. Among 
these were an aberrant pair, agreeing with those described above 
and those bred in 1898. Frings considers that these experintents 
show that, through long-continued moderate cold, and through frost 


316 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


operating on fresh pupe, the same change of colour is brought about 
which also tends to occur, though rarely, in high alpine specimens. 

The following appear to be the more important aberrations 
and varieties that have been figured and described: 


a. ab. infumata, Newnham, ‘“ Ent. Rec.,”’ i., p. 198 (1891) ; Tutt, doc. cit., p. 
223 (1891).— ¢. Very dark; the dark colour of all the wings has so tar invaded the 
whole colouring, that it has nearly expelled the ordinary orange colour from the 
hindwings. Reared 1891 from larve taken on the Longmynds in Shropshire (Newn- 
ham). 

ab. vosacea, Newnham, “nt. IXec.,7 ti, p. 198 (1891)\; Ihutiavom anne 
223 (1891).— ¢ and ?. A very diminutive pair, in which a brilliant rosy-crimson has 
suffused the principal markings, this colour so far predominating that the bluish part 
of the crescent of the eye is altogether wanting, and this crescent reduced to a broad 
rich crimson arc. The usually serrated line is scarcely indented at all, and broadly 
suffused with crimson. This charming aberration might well be styled vosacea 
(Newnham). 

y. ab. obsoleta, n. ab. Carpinz var., Bond, ‘‘Ent.,”’ x., p. 1, with fig. (1877). 
—In the colour and markings of the specimen there is, perhaps, nothing worth 
notice, excepting the absence of the ocellus in each wing, and also of one of the 
nervures in each of the anterior wings. The specimen was bred by Mr. F. Barlow, 
from a larva found feeding with many others on sallow in Sawston Fen, Cambridge - 
shire (Bond). 

Bond further notes that from the same batch of larve he 
bred a curious @, quite destitute of scales, in fact diaphanous, 
and without markings, though perfect in other respects, and large 
im size, Ihe specimen is’ now im the “Stephens Collechons am 
the British Museum. The rest of the specimens bred were exceedingly 
fine, the largest, a @, nearly four inches in expanse, the g's also 
large, measuring nearly three inches ; the markings in all these 
clear and bright, the ground colour rather light, and not nearly so 
dark as some specimens received from the north of England. ‘This 
type specimen of ab. odsoleta 1s mentioned in the Proceedings Ent- 
omological Society of London, as having been exhibited at a meeting 
of that Society on August 4th, 1851. An exactly parallel aberration 
(ab. obsoleta) of S. spint 2, without ocellated spots on fore- or 
hindwings, is described and figured by Gauckler (lus. Woch. fiir Ent., 
Gs 105 alti) 

6. var. meridionalis, Calb., “Iris,” 1., ps 155 (1887); Staud., “ Catwuecrascer 
p. 127 (1901).—In the ¢ the upper Fide of the forewings is thickly dusted wal 
orange-yellow, the ground colour of the hindwings, as far as the dark submarginal 
band, a bright orange, but often the latter also is orange- -dusted, and the light mar cinal 
band of an orange colour. On the underside of all the w ings the colour is likewise 
brighter than in German specimens, the inner half of the outer marginal band white, 
sharply divided from the outer dark half, divided by the dark nervures into spots, so 
that in cell 6 of the hindwings as distinct a spot appears as inS. spi7z, Schiff. The ?s 
vary much in colour, but are mostly darker brown-grey, and with a redder tinge than 
there is in German specimens (Calberla). 

Staudinger diagnoses (Caz, 3rd _ed., p. 127) var. meridtonalis 
as: ‘Major, dilutior, g al. ant. aurantiaco-inspersis, al. post. 
SatUbatius auiambiacis. LtiaC, era, 

e. var. alpina, Favre, ‘‘ Mitt. Schw. Ent. Ges.,” x., I, p. 36 (1897) - 6 Pau 
Macr. Lép. Valais,” p. 111 (1899).—Se distingue du type par sa taille d’un bon tiers 
plus petite, avec les ailes beaucoup moins écailleuses et presque transparentes. 
Pas rare dans l’alpe de Bovine et les environs du glacier de Trient, Mont Arpilles, 
&c. (Favre). 

EGGLAYING.—The natural manner of egglaying appears to be 
to attach the eggs very closely together round and round the twigs 
of some dead or living plant, the micropylar axis vertical to the plane 


SATURNIA PAVONIA. SH) 


on which the eggs are deposited, the whole united solidly by a thick 
coating of dark gum. A batch thus laid around a heather stem 
May 17th, 1899, bore a most remarkable resemblance to a little 
bunch of dried Cal//una flowers, a resemblance still more striking 
when seen among natural surroundings in spite of the dissimilarity of 
individual eggs to individual blossoms. The eggs of another batch 
from near Knutsford were similarly laid against each other around a 
needle of furze forming a compact little mass of about 20 in number ; 
these were laid by a wild 9, April 22nd, 1899, on the gorse, though 
there was much heather close by; a batch of 176 eggs (with 9? ) 
received from Pitcaple, May 8th, 1899, was laid on the inside of a chip- 
box, upright, z.e., micropylar axis vertical, the eggs placed closely against 
each other and thickly covered with gum. A few of the outside eggs 
were flat, some oblique, z.2., partly on end, but so few that one 
would be inclined to think that the upright must be the normal 
position, were it not known that this was so. In some places they 
were arranged in two layers, one on the other, the upper being 
rather oblique. Chapman writes: “The eggs are laid in patches 
(ina pillbox) in regular rows, standing side by side on their smaller 
ends, the tops being rather wider they rather push one another 
over, and some are on their sides. They are very firmly glued 
together and to the surface of deposition by a brown gum or varnish 
which leaves a thick dark ring with a white centre at the point 
of contact when they are separated. The colour of the egg is 
therefore whitish and the brown clouding, of differing intensity 
on different parts of the egg, is due to differences in the _ thick- 
mess or the gum, and the surface seen is not the true surface of 
the egg but that of the gum” (May 13th, 1899). The eggs are not 
only laid more or less upright on end in a box, but more frequently 
round a twig on each other, mewstria-like; moreover they are not 
unlike the eggs of AZalacosoma neustria or those of AZ. castrensis in 
shape (Bacot); eggs laid around twigs of blackthorn and ground 
maple at Chelmsford (Miller) ; round a dried stem of bog-myrtle 
near Corsemalzie, hatched June 5th, 1898 (Gordon); a @ found on 
a hawthorn hedge on April 5th, 1893, at Molesworth, had already 
laid 52 eggs on the twig on which she was resting (Wood); eggs 
laid May roth, 1856, hatched June 5th at Fordwich (Cox); eggs 
laid April 22nd, 13885, hatehned May. z5th, 16385, at Brentwood ; 
another batch found April 27th, 1887, of which one part hatched at 
Brentwood on May 27th, 1887, the other part in Manitoba on May 
24th, 1887 (Burrows); a @ paired May 2oth, 1897, oviposition 
began same day before sunset, larvae hatched June 12th (Newland) ; 
Newland also notes (z./.) that a 2, that he believed to have been 
unfertilised, laid eggs on May 7th, 1894, but these hatched May 
30th—June 2nd; Bayne notes (¢./.) finding a 2 on a street lamp- 
post at Enfield and by her side a number of eggs which she had 
evidently laid there, April 24th, 1895; eggs laid May 14th, 1896, 
at York, hatched June 6th, 1896 ; a complete batch laid round a 
stalk of heather on May 11th, 1901, consisted of 167 eggs (Hewett) ; 
Milton and others have noticed that only the first laid eggs of some 
batches hatch, and the suggestion arises whether the ? does not fre- 
quently pair more than once in order to fertilise her whole batch. Holland 
states that about a third of a batch appears to be laid in one place, 


318 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


Ovum.—The form differs from a regular ovoid; it has three 
different diameters—the micropylar axis 2*2mm., a_ longer 
secondary axis 1°53mm., and a shorter 1°36mm. Looking down 
on the micropylar end, the egg is elliptical, with the diameters, 
153mm. and 1°36mm. This corresponds to a section one-third 
(‘7mm.) distant from the micropylar end; the egg is, however, 
ovoid, and not elliptical in longitudinal section, z.¢., it tapers 
towards the micropylar nadir and one-fourth distance (‘55mm.) 
from the end opposite to the micropyle, the elliptical section would 
have diameters 1°22 and 1*tomm.; this is not quite all as the egg 
is not quite straight but one side is slightly flattened, the opposite 
a little rounded (this form is one very common in Geometrids, also 
in Drepanids). ‘The surface of the egg is so clouded with brown 
gum that its colour is thereby dominated. Really the egg is white 
but not quite densely enough to obscure the green contents. I 
succeeded in chipping and scraping off some of the gum revealing 
a smooth surface, with faint pentagonal and hexagonal netting, 
not definitely rising above the surface, this netting was a little 
finer just round the micropyle, but without any obvious rosette of 
very fine netting. The micropyle was in a slightly paler area of 
egg (or egg contents). Many of the eggs showed a definite dark 
spot at the micropyle, as this is not constant and did not appear in 
the cleaned egg, it must be some effect of the gummy coating at 
this spot (Chapman, May 13th, 1899). Greyish-green in colour 
(but thickly embedded in brown gum); rather over zmm. long, 
and “1°3mm. <x rimm- along other axes; 7a very markedmeaye 
depression on upper surface (considering the eggs to be laid upon 
each other), the shell without an obviously distinct reticulation, ex- 
ceedingly roughened by raised points ; the micropylar area conspicuous 
as a minute black point placed at the rather broader end of egg, 
very slightly depressed (Tutt. Described May 5th, 1899, from eggs 
laid April 22nd, 1899, near Knutsford). Another batch was pale 
whitish-green in colour with scarcely any of the thick brown gum 
that characterises most of the batches; in these the micropyle was 
very distinctly made out even with a hand lens, the central black 
point being surrounded by a very clear white ring (From Mrs. Cowl, 
Bournemouth, May 17th, 1899; these hatched May 2sth, 1899). 
Another batch, colour pale olive-brown, the micropylar area 
rather dark, the micropyle a very minute depression at the apex, 
paler than the surrounding area. ‘The surface is practically smooth, 
a slight roughness under a fairly high power does not resolve into any 
definite reticulation (eggs from -Pitcaple, May 8th, 1899). When first 
laid the eggs are of a paler and greener tint than they afterwards 
become, but after deposition they change colour in a few minutes 
(Reid). When first laid the eggs are covered with a sticky 
substance by which they are attached and which makes them appear 
dark green; they soon dry and are then bluish-white and opaque 
(Burraud). Réaumur describes the eggs as like ‘des grains d’un émail 
blanc un peu bleuatre, ou d’une porcelaine dont le blanc peche 
pour étre trop bleu ” (AZém., 1., p. 631). 

Hapsirs OF LARVA.—The young larve live gregariously, and 
do not separate to any extent until after the third moult. Poulton 
notes that, in the first stage, larvee in his possession not only showed 


SATURNIA PAVONIA. 319 


a distinctly gregarious habit, but also persistently sought the side 
of their cage which was turned towards the light. Kane obtained 
a batch of larve (about 6mm. long) at Leenane, Connemara, on 
July 3rd, feeding on JZyrica gale ; they were quite social, but spun 
no silk web on which to rest. Hoffmann states that the larve are 
gregarious until after the third moult in the Upper Hartz, and are 
fullfed there about the beginning of July, the adult coloration being 
very protective on Calluna vulgaris, and, in spite of their large 
size, their green tint and reddish or yellow bristle-bearing warts 
render them inconspicuous. Holland observes that, when young, 
the larve prefer thick cover, and are found low down in the willow- 
beds, where the long grass and herbage grow around the small 
willows, whilst the larger larve are found higher up on the large 
bushes, occasionally fully exposed, but usually even these are most 
abundant in the densest part of a bush. Bankes sweeps the larve 
from heather in Dorset and Hants, and has sometimes met with 
the fullfed larva on heaths wandering about in search of a suitable 
place in which to spin. Porritt observes that, in Yorkshire, the 
larve prefer the lower shoots of whitethorn bushes on or at 
the edges of heaths, and we have seen them in abundance on the 
plants of Spzraea ulmaria that abound everywhere in Wicken Fen. 
Occasionally they are very abundant—Christy notes them as being 
exceptionally so on the moors of south Argyllshire in August and 
September, 1894, with larve of Laszocampa quercis var. callunae and 
Pharetra menyanthidis. ‘Vhe following notes relating to the capture 
of larve have been collected: larve fullfed in mid-August in the 
valleys of the Upper Engadine (Bischoff); July roth—z23rd, 1890, 
at Tancarville, Normandy (Leech); June 29th, 1878, at Barmouth 
(Sheldon); July 22nd—August 3rd, 1878, June r4th—z26th, 1880, 
at Wicken (Porritt); September 13th, 1879, fullfed larve at Chat 
Moss (Auld); larve from June 16th—August, 1880, at Eltham 
(A. H. Jones); larvae June 24th, 1885, at Abbott’s Wood (Hanes) ; 
larve feeding on elder, August 3rd, 1888, at Groombridge 
(Blaber); July 21st, 1889, 69 on sallow and willow, August 31st, 
1890, at Southstoke, May 28th 1893, at Pamber Forest (Holland) ; 
larve August, 1889, at Felixstowe, August, 1889 and 1890, at 
Brantham (Buckell); larve July r2th—rgth, 1890, at Brockenhurst 
(Ogden); May 1st, 1892, June 8th, 1896, at Benfleet (Whittle) ; 
June oth, 1892, at Hartley Wintney (Claxton); June 6th, 1893, on 
oak, June rst, 1896, at Chattenden (Bower); July 15th—z4th, 1893, 
at Wicken (Mitchell); July 29th, 1894, at Haverthwaite, larve on 
Hezner (Ankle); July;-1894, at. Abersoch (G. O. Day); August 
1st—September 22nd, 1894, June 5th—August 31st, 1895, at Penrith 
(Varty); August 30th, 1894, September 8th, 1896, on a heath at 
Heswall (Freeman); June 7th, 1896, near King’s Lynn, on birch 
(Glenny); larve June 8th, 1896, at Benfleet (Mera); July 18th, 
1896, in North Devon (Cowl); fullfed larvae August 4th, 1896, at 
Wicken (Kaye); August rst, 1896, at Ringwood (Fowler) ; June 6th, 
1897, at Denny Bog (Tremayne); larve June 22nd, 1897, also 37 
young larve at Loch Chesnay, June 5th, 1898, fullfed larve on Septem- 
ber 4th, 1898, &c. (Gordon); July roth—z24th, 1897, at Barmouth 
(Imms); larve July 31st, 1897, in Glen Mallon (Dalglish) ; 
larve fullfed on August roth, 1897, very small, in web, June 17th, 


320 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


1898, at Oxton (Studd); July 16th—z27th, 1898, in New Forest 
(Carr); larvee pupated from August 24th, 1898, in Norfolk Broads 
(Edelsten); August 6th, 1899, in Isle of Man, from heather and 
blackthorn (Clarke) ; larvee July 31st, 1900, at Henny, August 8th, 
tgoo, at Sudbury (Ransom). 

Larva.—/irst instar—The newly-hatched larva is black at 
first: the large warts are pale, but soon become as black as the 
hairs on general surface; length 2mm.—3mm. according to amount 
of extension. On the abdominal segments 1—7 the tubercles are: 
1 (anterior trapezoidals), a large boss or wart, terminating in a strong 
stiff spine o°35mm. in length, apparently without barbs, but seen 
laterally with 3 transparent or pale points, the first just beyond 
the middle, the others a little beyond; in a circle round this are 
6 long hairs about o:gmm. in length, faintly barbed; the bases of 
the spine and these hairs form a circular top to the wart, below 
this it continues same width (cylindrical) and then swells out, forming 
a wider lower ledge or circle which, however, carries no hairs ; 

(posterior trapezoidals) each represented by a single hair, with- 
out raised base, arising just behind and slightly outside centre of 
1; the hair is about o‘5mm. in length and has some variations in tint 
suggesting barbs, but these cannot be made out ; 111 (supraspiracular) 
a rounded boss or wart carrying 7 hairs, not apparently differentiated, 
about o‘g9mm. in length; v, subspiracular, a wart similar to iil, carry- 
ing 8 hairs very similar to those on 11; behind this and rather 
beneath it, and on its slope differentiated by its not forming part 
of the group of 8 \hairs noted, is»a single hair (? 1v)*) venyeummes 
about o'15mm. in length; vi, vii, vill (2?) on abdominal segments 
1, 2, 7, and 8 are three bristles om either side, in: lime acrossmaes. 
ment, on abdominal segments 3, 4, 5, 6 are three bristles on each 
proleg. The arrangement onsegment 8 is hardly distinguishable from 
the above, on the gth, ? iv is represented by one bristle, and ii seems to 
be internal to i, whilst on 10 there isan anal plate with a row of bristles 
along its hind margin, on either side, 4 towards the centre, length o-3mm., 
then a solitary one and then a group of 8 massed together, length 06 
mm., there are many short bristles at the base of the anal claspers, 
length o‘'r2mm. On thoracic segments 2 and 3, the tubercles are as 
on the abdominal segments, except that I do not detect ii, and 
between iv and v and the bases of the legs, is a small wart with 
two long hairs, one in front of the other. On. the prothoraxased 
plate with 1o hairs on its anterior margin on each side, and one 
posteriorly, one near the middle line; below the plate is a lateral 
wart with ro hairs. The true legs have the usual 3 joints and a 
claw, along with the claw are three identical spindle-shaped 
processes, as long as the claw, pale and transparent, they seem to 
be the same organs that, from their shape, I have called in other 
young larvee “battledore palpi.” The ventral prolegs have about 13 
large hooks along the inner margin only of the circle, the anal prolegs 


% In ‘the S: aturni: in dary a the subspir: cul: ar wart is usually considered to be formed 
of tubercles iv + v. Chapman gives his post-subspir icular tubercle in Ist stadium 
as possibly iv moved down, and the subspiracular as v alone and not v + iv. The 
tubercle mentioned here may be a supplementary one, since there is good evidence in 
some Saturnian larve that the subspiracular really iS iv 44 °¥, It may of course 
really be iv, absorbed in v in 2nd stadium, or atrophied. This explanation appears 
necessary to make the references clear. 


SATURNIA PAVONIA, 321 


have 16 along the anterior and inner margin. The head is black, with 
a number of not very long bristles, 2-jointed antennz, maxillary 
palpi, a well-developed labium, with a marginal row of minute 
organs (hairs ?) the largest being distinct palpi at the outer angles. 
Second tnstar: Colour black, with a dark buff lunar mark above 
subspiracular tubercle, almost continuous from segment to segment, 
but not quite, and, therefore, not a subspiracular line; since it varies 
a little from specimen to specimen, it may be a continuous line in 
some. It is usually. present only on the eight spiracle-carrying 
abdominal segments. When first moulted, the segmental incisions 
and the bosses of the tubercles are pale. The tubercles are a sub- 
dorsal (i) carrying a central and 6 surrounding hairs, supraspiracu- 
lar (411) similarly armed, but not quite so large; the hairs are black 
and strong and of a length equalling about half the diameter 
of the newly-moulted larva; tubercle ii of the first instar is 
now quite lost, nor is the post-subspiracular, called above 
lv,. present, or, if so, distinguishable from the secondary hairs ; 
the subspiracular tubercle, v, carries 2 or 3 black hairs like those 
of the dorsal tubercles, but shorter, and 5 or 6 white hairs that 
are a good deal longer and hang downwards to the surface on 
which the larva is; below this are (on 1st and 2nd abdominal 
segments) 3 ventral (vil, vill, ix) tubercles, the outer carrying 
2 or 3 white hairs, the two inner white ones; between these and 
the subspiracular are several hairs, one or other of which may 
represent vi. ‘The hairs, at least the central one on each tubercle, are 
much longer on the znd and 3rd thoracic segments. ‘The thoracic 
tubercles are (on meso- and metathorax) the same as on the other 
segments, except that vi seems to be present, with several white hairs. 
On the rst thoracic the dorsal and supraspiracular i and ili seem to be 
fused together. There is often a spot of yellow (continuing the lateral 
line) at base of v on the pro- and mesothorax ; the 8th abdominal 
segmentas others; the gth has 4 tubercles and the roth has 2. There are 
also a number of hairs on the general surface ; these are short and 
white, not rising much above the summits of the tubercles, and num- 
ber ten to a dozen round each tubercle, being scattered freely over 
the whole surface, ze, not massed near the tubercle; several 
rather larger ones occur below the subspiracular and in front of 
it and behind it; there is also a supply in the region of vu and 
at the bases of prolegs. The normal colouring as already noted 
is black, with an orange-yellow lateral line, somewhat interrupted, 
on the first 8 abdominal segments. The only variations noticed 
are the frequent extension more or less of the orange to the thoracic 
segments, and, as a rarer phase, the presence of some orange colouring 
round the bases of the tubercles, the central abdominal segments being 
first affected, and the lower row (iii) beforethe upper (1). One specimen for 
example has alunuleround the front and lower aspect of 111 on abdominal 
segments 2-8, which is a complete circle only on the 3rd and 4th seg- 
ments ; another has lunules round iii on 3-7 and no complete circles ; in 
another iii has complete circles from 2-8, and on the thoracic segments 
and gth abdominal are also marked yellow lunules, whilst yet another 
has a yellow lunule below the tubercle on abdominal segments 
3-8. As this is an anticipation of later colouring it may probably be 
occasionally more extreme. Zhzrd znstar : The tubercles as before, fine 


ic 


322 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


white secondary hairs numerous, hairs on tubercles not halt width of 
segment in length. Colour black with orange lateral line. One or two 
have this only, most have further markings. The orange band has the 
subspiracular tubercle in its centre, the spiracle being immediately 
above it. The orange line extends to the thorax in all specimens. 
The variation in the others would require a description for each 
specimen, but the general line of progress seems to be an orange 
circle round each tubercle first occurring on iii and afterwards on 1, 
first as a lunule round lower margin, then as a complete circle. 
Then the circle of iii unites with the lateral line, afterwards with that 
roundi, At the same time the lateral line becomes broader, and orange 
marks appear at bases of prolegs. ‘These changes are most advanced 
on abdominal segments 3—6, although the junction of the orange circles 
of i is very rare on the abdomen but usual on the thorax. The next 
step is the appearance of a spot which is greenish-yellow rather than 
orange at the posterior margin of segment, level with the spiracle, 
and another above it at the level of (the absent) 11. On one specimen 
these two spots have united into a vertical stripe at posterior margin 
of segment, of a quite green tint, and just touching the orange stripe 
enclosing 1 and ii. In this specimen the orange stripe is. still 
discontinued across dorsum on abdominal segments 1—6. The 
spiracle is a black spot in this stripe. The lateral band extends: 
downwards, uniting with the orange stripes at bases of prolegs, but 
includes two black islets on each segment. On abdominal segments 3 
and 4 the lateral stripe has a greenish tendency. ‘The tubercles are 
still black; looking directly down on one where the ground colour 
is still black, it shines with its 7 black spines (or hairs), then 
round it is a dull black circle, and the black round this shows up 
the white secondary hairs as a circle of white rays radiating from 
the tubercle. When the larva is fullfed in the 3rd instar the orange 
areas become rather green than orange; what is curious is that 
the median zone of the segment, surrounding the tubercles, is the 
first to become green, yet is the one that so often remains black 
in last instar. This anomaly to some extent remains, but is less 
difficult to understand when we more carefully examine the colours 
at this (the third) instar, and find that the black tubercles, ap- 
parently surrounded by a yellow ring, are not simply the 
tubercles, but that the black centre includes alsojgay@lace 
circle round the tubercle proper. fourth instar: In this instar 
we find a very definite change of coloration, we have not now a black 
larva with orange (latterly becoming greenish) markings, but a 
larva of very strong and vivid green, with black markings, and 
though there is still great variety in the relative amounts of green 
and black (and no orange) the tubercles are nearly black and the head is 
usually more green than black. The moult then from 3rd to 4th instar 
is critical in green appearing as the dominant colour. Using green 
in this instar as synonymous with orange in the 3rd, we may note 
that the lateral line persists but tubercle v usually has a black ring 
round it, which was previously wanting. The semilunar mark under 
ill actually, but not always, persists, that under i is wanting or pushed 
backwards ; a continuous dorsal black stripe is common, and at its 
greatest reduction is a black line connecting the black circle round i on 
each side, at least on forward abdominal segments. Green is the most 


SATURNIA PAVONIA, 823 


strongly developed on the posterior border of segments, usually to the ex- 
tent ofa broad continuous band round segment, that on the anterior border 
is usually reduced to two large spots in front of i and iii respectively. 
The tubercles themselves are usually pink, but may be green or may 
be black with a green or pink point. The whole of i may be black, 
or only those on front segments. The head may be entirely green 
except a black line round the clypeus, or it may be black with the 
Gemre, OL clypeus, a lime on .each side. and a patch at hind 
margin green. The black persists, in centre of face beside 
clypeus. It is obvious to conclude that, at this stage, the larva 
might be entirely black above lateral line, or entirely green with 
green or pink tubercles, were sufficient specimens at command. 
Of those in my possession the greenest has pink tubercles, all surrounded 
by very narrow black lines, a black triangle at anterior margin of each 
segment dorsally, and also above iii, a black dot mediodorsa!ly on 3rd 
thoracic and 6th abdominal segments and a black bar across the 
dorsum between tubercles i on the intermediate segments, 3 or 
4 black spots above v, one being the spiracle, a slender vertical line 
behind iii and a black dot behind that, and another above iii. When 
the larva is extended, the black triangles at anterior border of segments 
are seen to be connected by a black line round posterior margin of 
preceding segment. The head has a black line round clypeus— 
secondary hairs white, arising from minute black dots. The darkest 
specimen has black tubercles, 1 and iii only with coloured centres, tuber- 
cles v (subspiracular) have black circles, and there is a suspicion of 
orange tinting on the green of lateral line and beneath 11. ‘The 
greep patches of i are square, and right away in front of tubercle 
ii are irregular lunules below and in front of them. ‘There is a 
large green patch on posterior border of segments, on either side, 
narrow below and wide where it reaches forwards, nearly to line 
of tubercles and just between them. ‘The green invasion is a little 
stronger on the meso- and metathorax and on the 7th, 8th, and oth ab- 
dominals, in that the posterior patch meets the patch before 1 between 
the tubercles i and ii. Head black, with green clypeus, a line on each 
side of it and posterior margin of epicranium. ‘Though the subseg- 
mentation is indistinct, there appear to be three ridges behind that 
carrying tubercles, and on these the secondary hairs are arranged with 
some regularity. There are about g hairs (subsegments?) along the 
length of a segment, and their distances from each other are about the 
same in the transverse direction. This 4th stage is then identical in colour- 
ing with the last stage, but the black is more dominant. In the last 
stage a wholly green larva is common, possibly to be called the 
type, here it is rare, and is only very closely approached by the 
greenest one in the specimens under observation. Whilst dark larve 
are more abundant than in last stage, a larva quite black (except 
lateral line) seems quite possible at this stage, but in last stage 
could only occur as an extremely rare variation (Chapman. June 1901). 
Last stadium: ead and body bright green, the skin covered 
with minute tubercular points, each giving rise to a stout white 
bristly hair. Dorsally: head green, edges of clypeus margined 
with black, covered with many white and a few longer black hairs 

ocelli on a dark patch, the antenne pale, orange-brown, mouth- 
parts also brown, Prothorax with two dorsal yellow tubercular 


324 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


warts, transversely linear on anterior edge (each consists of the 
united dorsal (1) and supraspiracular (111) of the succeeding segments), 
9g long black hairs and many white ones on each wart, the lateral 
tubercular wart (iv + v) normal in shape, prothoracic spiracle large, 
conspicuous, with a pinkish centre and black rim. The meso- and 
metathorax, and abdominal segments 1—8, all bear a dorsal (3), 
a supraspiracular (111), and subspiracular (iv + v) wart on either side, 
yellow, edged with black at the base on upper side, and bearing, 
as a rule, 7 black hairs, of which the two central are the longest; 
on the 8th abdominal the subspiracular (iv + v) is pushed back 
a little, and on the 9th and roth the dorsal (i) and small supra- 
spiracular (111) unite, having on the roth the form of a single 
wart. The roth abdominal segment is much flattened dorsally and 
the anal flap is edged with the same sort of hairs as those on the 
wart. The abdominal segments appear to be divided into an 
inconspicuous 1st subsegment, a 2nd wide one bearing the tubercular 
warts, followed by four very narrow and _ inconspicuous ones. 
Laterally : The subspiracular flange is very conspicuous and rendered 
more so by the segmental incisions and the position of the sub- 
spiracular series of tubercular warts (iv + v) on it; the spiracles 
are very conspicuous, large, open-mouthed ovals with a black edge. 
The prolegs are green, covered with numerous stout white hairs, 
each arising from a small shiny tuberculated base; the foot itself is 
duller green, the hooks black, the anal prolegs are particularly 
large and_ strong. Ventrally: ‘The surface darker and duller 
green, the true legs reddish, each with a powerful hook, the legs 
themselves covered with many white hairs (Tutt. Described from a 
larva found feeding on VPotentil/a at Evolena, August 12th, 1899). 
Réaumur “describes (A7ém., :., p. 91) the young lamewas 
“‘entierement noires et tres-velués (pl. u., fig. 12), des poils serrés 
les uns aupres des autres partoient de tous les endroits de leur peau, 
ils couvroient les tubercules sur lesquels des poils plus courts étoient 
implantés. . . . Quand elles furent parvenués a une grandeur peu 
au dessous de celle que nous avons fixée pour la grandeur mediocre 
des chenilles (pl. i1., fig. 15), il parut tout du long de leurs cotes une 
raye jaune: en continuant de croitre, ce ne fut plus ce jaune qui se 
fit remarquer. Au milieu du noir qui dominoit, parurent de petites 
taches du plus beau verd d’émeraude, distribuées sur tout leur 
corps. Elles changerent de peau. Les taches vertes n’en furent 
pas moins belles, mais elles furent plus grandes. Elles eurent 
beaucoup moins de poils, il y en avoit peu sur tout ce qui étoit en 
verd. Enfin, soit a mesure qu’elles croissoient, soit apres) des 
changements de peau, le nombre des poils diminua de plus en 
plus, et le noir continua de disparoitre. Elles devinrent presque 
entierement vertes, n’ayant qu’une tache noire au bord posterieur de 
chaque anneau, et elles n’eurent plus de poils sensibles que sur 
leurs tubercules, qui d’abord furent jaunes, et ensuite rougeatres. I] 
resulte de cette observation que ce nest qu’apres avoir suivi une 
chenille jusqu’a sa transformation gqu’on peut la mettre dans le 
genre ‘des velués, ou des rases, et quil y en a qui vues@aame 
differents 4ges, seroient distribuées en des genres differents.” 
VARIATION OF LARVA.—Chapman’s detailed description of the 
larva (anfed, pp. 320 e¢ seg.) deals largely with this phase of the subject. 


SATURNIA PAVONIA. 3825 


There are certain directions in which variation of the larva occurs, 
on which detailed information would be exceedingly useful, ¢.g., the 
maintenance of characteristic features of any of the earlier stadia in 
individuals that have reached the adult stage, etc. Newnham says 
(Ent. Rec., ii, p. 199) that some larve have broad velvety rings 
around each segment, in others, they are reduced to smali rings 
around each tubercle; whilst the tubercles themselves offer many 
variations, bright yellow (the commonest form), orange, pink, white, 
black and purple, the three last-named forms being the rarest. 
Scharff notes an adult larva near Lough Bray, in the Wicklow 
mountains, in August, 1894, which was “entirely black, with the 
exception of the yellow tubercles, the green ground colour being 
reduced to a frontal triangular patch and two lateral streaks on the 
head, a pair of dorsal spots on the mesothorax and the two spots, 
on either side of each abdominal segment, which together form 
a broken spiracular line.” Bacot observes (Zt. Rec., iv., p. 199) 
that he “obtained a brood of young larve in June, 1892, on a 
whitethorn hedge, near Thundersley ; from a g and @ reared from 
these larve, a batch of ova was obtained in 1893, the larve hatching 
in about 20 days. After their first moult, the larvae varied very 
widely, some of them being entirely green or pale yellow without 
any black, some remaining (until their third moult) quite black, 
with the exception of a reddish or brownish stripe along the side. 
The latter retained a large proportion of black in their coloration 
until nearly fullfed, while others, exhibiting nearly every grade 
between these two extremes, could be picked out of the brood. 
It seems strange that a brood of larve should vary so widely after 
their first moult, and yet be so alike (comparatively speaking) in their 
last stage. The following possible explanation has occurred to me: 
The larve until the first moult are quite black, and they feed 
gregariously until the third moult. When feeding on a hedge or 
bush they might easily be overlooked, as the effect of a brood of 
small black larve lying close together is to blot out the leaf or 
leaves on which they are feeding, leaving an apparent opening in 
the hedge, such as would be obtained if one or two leaves were picked 
off. If, however, the whole brood retained its black colour as the 
larve grew larger, the size of the apparent opening or hole in the 
hedge would become noticeable, but as they vary in colour, they 
match very well with the bright green leaves and dark spaces 
between, in fact, if they cleared a patch of leaves, the larve would 
themselves (to a certain extent) present the appearance of the 
missing foliage. No doubt after the third moult, when they scatter, 
the bright forms are, as regards colour, by far the best protected.” 
Poulton notes (Zvans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1887, pp. 310—312) that 80 larvee 
received from Norfolk, July 25th, 1885, and found feeding on Sfzraca 
ulmaria, varied in ground colour, in the last stadium, from light bright 
green to dusky green. The black markings were also very variable 
in the last stage, being, as a rule, especially small in the bright green 
larve; in some larve the black rings were incomplete, and were 
occasionally reduced to a mere black line round each tubercle. 
The longitudinal black marks, as a rule, only occurred in the dull 
green larve. In 76 larve the tubercles were yellow, varying from 
orange to lemon-yellow, and the lighter tubercles were generally 


326 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


found upon the bright green larve; in three larve the tubercles 
were pink, without a trace of yellow or orange; in one the tubercles 
were pure white. Of the three larve with pink tubercles, one was 
recognised from its size to be a ?, and it was of a dull green colour, 
with the black markings largely developed ; the other two were 
similarly recognised as males, and they were both of the brightest 
green colour, but with the black markings also well-developed (unusually 
so for so light a ground colour). The perfect insects emerged during 
the last few days of April, 1886, and 120 ova were obtained from the 
? moth which was developed from the larva with pink tubercles, the 
male parent being derived from one of the other two pink-tubercled larvee 
just described. The larve emerged May 23rd, 1886, and were fed 
upon hawthorn; 80 of these larve were reared by Poulton, the re- 
mainder by Dixey. Of Dixey’s 40, 13 had yellow or orange tubercles 
im the last stadium, 27 having pink omnes like the paremtseetmc 
black segmental rings were not imperfect in any of the 4o larve, 
as was so often the case in the original batch of larve. In this they 
completely resembled their parents. ‘The green ground colour varied, 
but was mostly bright lke that of the larva of the g parent. Of the 
80 larve reared by Poulton, 48 were noted in the last stadium, and 
27 had-pink tubercles. Lhe results, therefore, tabulate as mtellowes: 
1885.—80 larve, of which 3 (or 3°75 per cent.) possessed pink 
tubercles. 1886.—88 larva, of which 64 (or 72°7 per cent.) possessed 
pink tubercles. Poulton adds that his larvae were exposed to surround- 
ings of different colours, but that the tubercles and the black markings 
were entirely unaffected, while the dulness or brightness of the 
green ground colour certainly seemed to be influenced by dark or 
light surroundings. While the great majority of Poulton’s larve 
possessed the uniformly well-developed markings noted by Dixey, 
in a few individuals these were only present in a very slight degree. 
This variation in the colour of the tubercles appears not to be 
confined in nature to any particular brood, or foodplant, or locality, for 
Bowles notes (nz. Rec.,11., p. 225) both pink-and yellow-tubercled forms 
of the larvae on Spiraea ul/maria inthe Norfolk Broads in August, 1891. 

Pupation.—The cocoon is spun up on or among the foodplant, 
attached to stems on bushy plants of heather (Gordon); among the 
tops of Calluna vulgaris and quite conspicuous at Ringwood (Fowler); 
the cocoons are usually found in Ireland on the heather, sometimes 
in places which must often be flooded in winter (Kane); found 
cocoons on the summit of the Belmore mountain near Fermanagh, 
in the autumn of 1897, where the ling was short and scanty, these 
cocoons were placed almost on the ground, whilst those found on 
the Lancashire moors are generally placed well above the ground 
(Allen); a single cocoon on the slopes of a headland on the coast 
of Co. Antrim, about 20 yards from the sea, on November 4th, 
1898 (Greer); cocoons at the foot of hawthorn hedges, preferably 
at the foot of low isolated bushes near end of hedge, at Enfield, 
&c. (Bayne); made low down in hedges or placed in cracks in 
garden walls in Namur district (Lambillion) ; cocoons are easily found 
among the heather on the moors at Harrogate; when the plants are 
withered they are more readily seen, being either spun up on the 
heather, or, as is frequently the case, loosely on the ground (Arbuth- 
nott); cocoons spun up on branches of a short, thick, whitethorn 


SATURNIA PAVONIA. Bou 


hedge about a foot from the top of the bank, on which the hedge 
was growing, near Sudbury; while the hedge is in foliage the 
cocoons must be very completely hidden, and, later, exposure to the 
weather has so brought the colour into uniformity with those of the 
surrounding branches that even when the hedge is leafless it is difficult 
to detect them (Ransom). 

Cocoon.—The cocoon is flask- or pear-shaped; the broad end 
rounded and closed, the narrow end with a_bottle-neck-shaped 
opening for exit of moth; composed of a loose fluffy silken outside 
covering, into which pieces of leaves, dirt, etc., are spun. The 
inner portion felted, deep red-brown in colour; the inside surface 
shining and smooth as if gummed. ‘The peculiarity of the cocoon 
is the remarkable ee'-trap arrangement, that, springing from the 
shoulders inside the cocoon, makes an exit which, while it excludes 
any external marauders, opens readily under the pressure of the 
emerging insect from the inside. Albin was the first to notice the 
peculiar exit made by the Saturnid larvz to their. cocoons, but 
Réaumur’s description of the cocoons and of the mode of escape of 
the imagines therefrom is quite unrivalled. He explains how, in spite 
of the toughness of the silk, the moths on emergence have only to 
push open a sort of fringe in order to escape. His detailed ob- 
servations, after noting that the cocoons containing a living pupa 
and one trom which the imago has emerged are perfectly similar, 
and the outlet for escape scarcely visible in the latter, read (J/ém., 
Pape 7) as iollows: “Wn des bouts de la coque (pl. xlvii., 
fee ple xix.. we. 2 pl. icing. 2) est plus: menu- que: l'autre, 
et on y voit des poils qui ne sont pas couchés comme ils le sont 
ailleurs. Si on se contente de regarder grossierement ce bout de 
la coque, on juge seulement que le fil n’y est pas devidé, quil y 
forme une masse cotonneuse, semblable a celles qui enveloppent 
d’autres coques en entier; mais si on regarde plus attentivement, 
on observe que tous ces fils, qui ne sont pas adherants les uns 
aux autres, se dirigent vers un méme point pour former une 
espece d’entonnoir qui est le bout de la coque ; enfin le bout de 
la coque est une espece d’entonnoir formé par les fils dune frange. 
La comparaison méme aux fils de frange est exacte, si on prend 
une frange avant que ses fils ayent été tors, ou en termes de> 
Part guipés, alors chaque fil de la frange est composé d’un fil plié 
en deux, c’est en tordant ces deux parties du fil qu’on les réunit ; 
le bout de chacun des brins de soye qui se rendent a la pointe 
de la coque, est fait aussi par un fil qui se replie sur lui-méme. 
Nous avons déja dit que ces fils sont gros; d’ailleurs, ils sont bien 
gommés, leur ressort les tient tous dans la premiere direction qui 
leur a été donnée et les y ramene lorsque quelque force les en a 
tirés.”. To emerge the imago advances freely in this funnel, it 
finds no great trouble to widen the detached threads which form 
the walls, and when it has emerged the elasticity of the silk 
makes them return to their former situation, and it thus results 
that a cocoon -with a living pupa, and one from which the 
imago has emerged, are externally similar. Réaumur then goes 
on to show that not only does the construction of the cocoon allow 
easy egress to the emerging imago, but also that it keeps out its 
numerous enemies. He writes (Joc. cit., p. 628) : “Outre lentonnoir 


328 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 
exterieur,’ outre celui dont nous venons de parler, omen 
verra un interieur, formé précisement de Ja méme maniere (pl. 
xlviue; Hes: 0-75 pl. xlix., fig. 44—z); mais dont les fils sont 
encore mieux arrangés en fils. de frange, et plus serrés les uns 
contre les autres. Le nombre des entonnoirs n ‘augmente point, 
ou augmente peu la difficulté que le papillon trouve a sortir; mais 
Yentrée dans la coque en est rendué plus difficile aux insectes qui 
voudroient s’y introduire. On connoit la structure des nasses 
dans lesquelles on prend le poisson ; leur artifice consiste 
‘en ce quelles sont composées de plusieurs entonnoirs d’osier 
ou de reseau, mis l’un dans l’autre. La circonference évasée du 
premier entonnoir offre une entrée facile au poisson, il n’en craint 
rien; 11 parcourt tout ce premier entonnoir, et entre sans défiance 
dans le second, qui se presente de méme 4a lui; il se rend dans 
la grande cavité de la nasse. Mais lorsqu’il veut revenir en arriere, 
il ne scait plus trouver, ou enfiler les petites ouvertures par ot il est 
sorti de chaque entonnoir. Les entonnoirs de notre coque sont 
tourneés, par rapport au papillon, comme les ouvertures des nasses qui 
invitent les poissons a s’y engager ; et les entonnoirs de ces coques sont 
tournés, par rapport aux insectes qui voudroient penetrer dans 
Yinterieur de la coque, comme le sent les entonnoirs des nasses par 
rapport aux polssons qui en veulent sortir. Nous ne devons pas 
encore oublier de remarquer que la chenille, avant sa metamorphose, 
se place dans la coque de maniere que la téte de la crisalide, et par 
consequent celle du papillon, se trouveront tout pres de lentonnoir 
interieur.” Réaumur further notes that he knows of no other larve 
except the Saturnias—favonia and pyri—that make cocoons with 
exits of this character. Latter records (Zrans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1895, 
p. 406) an experiment which showed that an abundant alkaline 
secretion is discharged by the emerging moth prior to exit from the 
cocoon. Doubtless the fiuid softens the converging silk fibres at 
the neck of the flask-shaped cocoon, and thus the labour imposed 
upon the moth is lessened. Judging only by the size of blue stain * 
produced, the amount discharged is little less than that produced 
by Dicranura vinula. ‘The head of the moth and of the pupa present 
no modifications correlated with the possession of a hard cocoon. 
ABNORMAL cocoons.—There are many abnormal cocoons of this 
species on record. One of the most frequent abnormalities is the 
formation of two exits to an otherwise normal cocoon. Such an one 
is in our collection, received from Mr. Alderson, of Farnborough. 
Newport describes (Zoo/., xil., p. 4175) a similar one, with two exits 
and containing but one pupa, and Newman another (loc. cét., p. 
8529) the exits being noted as smaller than the one usually present, 
the pupa contained being a healthy one. Culpin records a similar 
one, large, and made of white silk (Ent. Rec. i., p. 174) and Fowler 
describes an oblong cocoon with two exits, obtained at Ringwood, 
August rst, 1896. Warburg has one spun by a larva found in 
Southern France in June, 1885. Hoffmann states that larve found 
in the Upper Hartz frequently make cocoons with two normally- 
formed emergence openings, whilst Edmunds describes, from 


* The cocoons were placed in cones of loosely coiled red litmus paper, the apex 
of which was left open and directed towards the light; the head of the pupa lying 
near the apex. 


SATURNIA PAVONIA. 829 


Worcester, a cocoon constructed with three valvular emergence 
apertures, two of which are quite perfect and beautifully formed, the 
third being deficient in the usual converging filamentary portion ; 
this was constructed by a larva from which a fine § specimen was 
afterwards bred. Réaumur refers (J/em., 1., pp. 634—635) to a 
larva that spun a cocoon without a normal opening, the resulting 
imago being quite unable to force its way out on emergence, and 
Rye records a similar one ‘rounded at both ends like an ordinary 
‘eggar’ cocoon.” Sheppard exhibited a similar one at the meeting of 
the Entomological Society of London, August 4th, 1851, and Poulton 
mentions another (Z7ans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 311) spun without any 
apparent valvular opening, whilst Bell notes (Zt. Fec., vil., p. 71) two 
cocoons without the usual outlet, almost spherical in shape, 
and of small size. Newport describes (Zool., xil., p. 4175) a large 
flattened cocoon, the joint production of two larve, divided by a 
septum into two chambers, in one of which was a_ dead 
larva and, in the other, a pupa from which the imago had 
muledemo™. escape; Hlarwood mentions (Za7. Wek. Juni. vii, 
p. 28) a cocoon that contained two g pupe, and Frohawk describes 
and figures (Zy7z., xvil., p. 73) a similar one, one of the imagines 
from which emerged, but failed to get out of the cocoon; Fowler 
notes two cases in which two larve, taken at Ringwood, spun 
common cocoons, each the work ot two larve, whilst Milton mentions 
(Ent. Fec., il., p. 12) a cocoon containing two pupe ; Seyffler states 
that such cocoons have frequently come under his notice in Wurtem- 
berg. Such cocoons appear to result only from an overcrowding in 
confinement. At the meeting of the Entomological Society of London, 
held December 4th, 1901, Pickett exhibited several abnormal cocoons, 
one with two openings, one with no opening, and a third containing 
three pupz, whilst at the meeting held on May 4th, 1868, Trimen 
exhibited a cocoon in which the imago, having failed to get out 
of the anterior end, forced its abdominal segments through the 
posterior end. 

VARIATION IN COLOUR OF Cocoons.—Cocoons of this species vary 
in tint from pale yellowish or white to almost black. Quailand others note 
light cocoons as occurring among those spun by Wicken larve, the silk 
almost white; Culpin a long white one with two exits, whilst other pale- 
coloured cocoons are on record, all, however, made by larve reared in 
confinement. Poulton (Colours of Animals, 1890, pp. 142-6) suggested 
that this difference in colour was due to an ability on the part of 
the larva to spin a cocoon in response to the conditions of its 
surroundings. This view was challenged by Bateson and others, 
and the former (Zvans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1892, pp. 45 ef seg.) detailed 
at length observations which he had made in 1891 on certain 
experiments that he had carried out, that tended to contradict 


Poulton’s conclusions. He notes: 

(1) Eleven cocoons found spun in hedges in a state of nature, all of full colour. 
(2) Fifteen larvze, shut up in and among various dark substances, spun cocoons which 
were all light in colour, some being quite white, no dark cocoon being spun by a 
Jarva thus confined. (3) Fifteen larvze fed in a large vessel on food surrounded with 
crumpled white paper, produced 7 dark cocoons (3 attached to the paper and 4 
among leaves), 4 light brown in colour, 4 white (attached to paper and leaves). 

As a general fact Bateson found it difficult to obtain any 


considerable number of dark cocoons from S. favonia larve in 


330 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


captivity, even when they were left with their food and disturbed 
as little as possible; further that the colour of the cocoons did 
not appear to depend upon foreign substances. He suggested 
that a meconial fluid, viscous-and dark brown in colour and 
containing some fzcal matter, voided by the larva, was the material 
with which the cocoon was coloured. During 1892, further 
experiments were undertaken and the results detailed (oc. cit., pp. 
205 ef seg.) at considerable length. He had two batches of eggs 
that gave about 140 larve of S. pavonia, these were sleeved on 
hawthorn in the open air, and on July 2nd divided into two 
sections : 

(1) 66 larvze, covered with a large sleeve of white muslin, containing much 
crumpled white paper; these gave—7 cocoons on the white sleeve, 13 in white 
paper, 19 partially attached to. white paper and partly to twigs, 9 on leaves or 
twigs. With one exception, all the cocoons are of the full dark “colour, the excep- 
tion being also a brown cocoon, which is thin and deficient in substance (it is one of 
the 19). 1 44 larvee, cov ered with a lar ge sleeve of black muslin, placed on same 
bush, containing much crumpled brown paper, darkest obtainable; these gave—2 
cocoons in brown paper, 1 between paper and leaves, 4 on black sleev e, 31 in leaves 
or massed against each other. All these were of fall dark colour. 

These experiments were held to show that there was no 
relation between the colour of the cocoons and that of the substances 
to which they are attached. Further evidence is given to show 
that the colouring substance came from the alimentary canal, and 
after weighing the evidence Bateson concludes that : 

(1) The brown colour of the cocoons is derived from the alimentary canal. (2) 
It is produced in the digestion of the food. (3) It is probably a chlorophyll 


derivative. (4) It is imparted to the silk from the mouth of the larva, and perhaps 
by evacuation from the intestine also. 


May records (£nt. Record, vil., p. 238) an experiment which 
goes to show that after pale cocoons are spun in confinement, 
exposure to damp surroundings tends to darken them. He states 
that from dark cocoons received from Yorkshire, small imagines 
were bred, that, from a pairing of these, eggs were obtained and 
the larve divided into two lots: (1) Fed on abundant supply of 
fresh whitethorn, in roomy cage, dry, light and well ventilated ; 
Ig spun up producing 18 more or less pale-coloured and only one 
dark cocoon. (2) Fed on whitethorn, often short of food, under a 
glass shade without ventilation, ina continuously damp atmosphere ; 
16 cocoons resulted, every one dark. On November 24th three of the 
pale cocoons were placed on damp sand in the forcing cage, kept ina 
kitchen, and three days later the cocoons were noticed to be dark 
brown ; wishing to make sure that this change was due to moisture 
three more were placed with them, and on taking them out two 
hours later the change had already taken place. May suggests 
that the colour of the cement that is used in the construction of 
the cocoon and that makes it waterproof, is perhaps influenced 
by dampness and gives the cocoons their colour. He notes, however, 
that the cocoons spun by his larvae were thin in texture, and not 
so hard as those he had had before. Reference to our account of 
the variation of the cocoons of Lachnets lanestris (anted, vol. il, Pp. 
512) will give our view of the cause of the variation in colour. 

COMPARISON OF COCOONS OF SATURNIA PYRI AND 5S. PAVONIA.— 
The cocoon of S. pyri (about 24+ inches long) is of a deep brown 
colour, very similar in shape and construction to that of Saturnia 


SATURNIA PAVONIA. ool 


pavonia, except that it is longer, narrower, and has not so pronounced 
a neck as the latter. It is composed of very hard and tough silk, 
which cuts like thin horn. The outer surface is rough, covered 
with a thin coating of stout, wiry silk threads. The interior has a 
smooth glazed surface, two separate coats of the viscous silk having 
apparently been used in its construction. This can be best seen 
by opening the cocoon lengthwise. The opening, like that of S. 
pavonia, is constructed on a similar principle to that of a crab- or 
lobster-pot, with the exception that it prevents ingress and not 
egress. Inthe cocoon of S. pyvz this trap is double, a distance of 
about + of an inch separating the outer from the inner. The cocoon 
of S. pavonia also has remnants of an outer trap, but it is imperfect, 
being little more than an open ng with ragged edges, while the 
inner is even more perfect than that of S. pyri (Bacot). 

Pupa.—The general colour blackish; the whole surface is finely 
wrinkled, and nowhere presents any spines, or points, or any pits; 
the ventral organs (legs, antenne, etc.) and abdominal segmental 
incisions red-brown. The head narrower than the thorax, which 
again is less wide than the front abdominal segments, which in- 
crease in size from the 1st to 4th, and then decrease to the cremaster. 
The labrum and clypeus prominent; inter-antennal region pale in 
colour as if thin and delicate; the maxille short and enclosed 
Between the first pair of legs, the ist and end pairs of 
legs extending beyond the antenne, which are fixed frontally ; 
the second pair of legs extending about four-fifths from the 
base towards the apex of the wings. The glazed eye is very in- 
conspicuous. The prothorax, placed frontally, is ill-developed ; the 
mesothorax prominent; the metathorax ill-developed;a fine, smooth 
line running down the centre of the thorax. The forewings with 
a thick costal margin; the hindwings showing from the metathorax 
as a slight extension beyond the margin of the forewings to the 
middle of hind margin; the prothoracic spiracle in the suture 
separating the pro- and mesothorax. The abdominal segments 
show, dorsally, scars denoting the position of the larval tubercles. 
The spiracles are placed laterally, and are conspicuous on the ab- 
dominal segments 2—7, aborted on the 8th. Each consists of a 
narrow red-brown slit set in a prominent black rim. The ventral 
area is flattened and shining. The movable incisions are placed 
between 4—5, 5—6, and 6—7. The cremaster flattened out and 
bearing about 24 long black hairs graduating into shorter ones. 
The genital organs are clearly seen on the 8th and goth abdominal 
segments in the 2, and on the gth in the g as usual (Tutt). The 
antenna-cases are nearly as wel! developed in the ? as in the g 
pupa, whilst in the imagines the antennz are only very slightly 
pectinated in the 2, and only occupy a small portion of the 
space covered by the pupal ones (Bacot). 

COMPARISON OF PUPA OF SATURNIA PYRI AND S. PAVONIA.—The 
pupa of S. py7z has a low double cremaster with a few short scythe- 
shaped spines on it, in which feature it resembles the pupa of SS. 
pavonia, except that, in the latter, the ventral hollow and cremaster 
are developed to a far greater extent. It, however, differs greatly 
in shape from the pupa of S. fsavonza, which is much flattened out 
laterally, curved ventrally, and tapers rapidly towards the head and 


aoe BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


anus. The pupa of |S. pyr is, in shape, almost, if notequite 
cylindrical, tapers only very slightly to the shoulders (base of wings), 
and then abruptly to head, forming a blunt front. It tapers more 
evenly towards anus, which is rather blunt, and does mot curve up 
ventrally as the pupa of S. pavonia does, though the segments are 
somewhat compressed ventrally. The pupa of S. py7z is not unlike 
that of Mzmas tiliae in shape, only rather wider in regard to its length, 
and, of course, differing at head and anus. In general shape and 
appearance, omitting the antenna-cases, it tends rather towards the 
Amorphid (Smerinthid) than the Saturniid shape, as typified by S. 
pavonia (Bacot). The pupa of S. pyrz is much nearer the typical 
Saturnian pupa than is that of S. pavonia, which is really a rather 
exceptional form, both in its curvature and antero-posterior flattening. 
The Smerinthid (practically=Citheronian) pupa is the basal form of 
Saturnian pupa (Chapman). 

PupaL Hapits.—Like Lachneis lanestris, Dimorpha versicolora 
and other species that appear to have had a northern origin*, 
Saturnia pavonia frequertly goes over two, three or more winters 
in the pupal stage*, and this habit appears to be almost as frequent 
among broods of more southern as among those of more northern 
origin. Chapman records breeding imagines in May at Glasgow 
after passing two years in the pupal stage, and Barrett notes a 
whole brood, reared from Yorkshire ova, that pupated in August, 
1866, went over the whole of 1867 in the pupal stage, and produced 
imagines in the spring of 1868. Mead observes that from 1890 pupe he 
bred imagines January 22nd (3), February znd (@ ), February 7th 
(2g s),and February oth ( 2 ), 1892; whilst Nash bred a 2 March 31st, 
1890, and a g April 5th, 1890, at Hardwick, from pupe of the 
second year. Fenn reared, in 1890, from Bournemouth ova of 1889, 
a large number of imagines between March 8th and May ioth, but 
a few pupz went over a second winter, and the first of these emerged 
June rst; 1891; from the same locality Mrs. Cowl has repeatedly 
bred imagines after the pupz have gone over two winters. Beadle 
had several emerge (£u¢. Rec., xi., pp. 280, 306) after being three 
years in the pupal stage, and King (doc. ciz., 1., p. 109), in the spring 
of 1890, bred several that had been in the pupal stage three years. 
[See also anfed p. 315.]. Hoffmann notes that, in the Hartz, the 
pupal stage sometimes lasts 2, 3 or 4 years, such pupe generally 
producing ?s, whilst Hewett insists that the bulk of the imagines 
reared in the York district from two- and three-year old cocoons 


* We suspect strongly that this custom has much to do with the hereditary 
persistence of a habit engendered, in the case of these species, when they had to 
meet a much longer winter (and shorter summer) than now. We may suppose 
that this happened in their present breeding-grounds, or that the habit was 
engendered in a more northern latitude, and that the species have since spread, 
maintaining the habit as being even now occasionally of service to them. It 
occurs in a much more southern latitude than ours, for Warburg states that six 
larvee from southern France, fullfed in June, 1885, gave imagines in February, 1886 
and 1887, and Turner reared a brood (parents captured wild at Digne in the 
Basses-Alpes in April, 1898), that gave some examples that emerged after being two 
years in the pupal stage, viz., in April 1899, 21 ¢s; im April: 1900, 2 és and 7 @s. 
Standfuss observes (Handbuch, etc., p. 105) that 50 per cent. of pupe from Dantzig 
did not give their imagines the first spring /i.e., after one hybernation), whilst only 
30 per cent. of ‘pupe from Naples and Capri lay over. The maximum period of 
delay observed by Standfuss has been four winters. 


SATURNIA PAVONIA, 333 


are cripples. [For further instances of lengthened pupal stage see 
posted, Pp. 335 et seq.| 

ParasiITES.—Awmiblyteles armatorius, Forst. (Marshall); Crypts 
fumipennis, Grav. (Bridgman), Lwxetastes ilusor, Grav. (Barker), 
Pezomachus insolens, Grav. (Elliot), Apanteles immunis, Hal. (Decie), 
Meteorus luridus, Ruthe (Barker), Preromalus sp. 2? (Fitch), Lxorista 
grandis, Zett. (Bignell), Masicera sylvatica, F\n. (Fenn). 

FooppLants.—Almost polyphagous—white poplar, etc. (Burrows), 
Rosa, Rubus, Ulmus, Corylus, Salix, Pyrus (Linné), sallow, purple- 
loosestrife, hawthorn, etc. (Farren), Spzvaea ulmaria (Tutt), Lvica, 
Calluna (Pearson), MZyrica gale (Brown), bramble, apple (Ransom), 
Erica tetralix, etc. (Atmore), Ovzonis (Montgomery), willow, etc. 
(Edelsten), Zormentilla (Dalglish), Vaccinium, Sorbus (Hoffmann), 
apple, pear, ARumex crispus (Lambillion), raspberry (Romanoff), 
birch, elm (Adkin), Aelanthemum halimaefolium (Walker), plum, lilac 
(Finch), whortleberry (Ruhl), Potentilla (Tutt), Sambucus (Blaber), 
Prunus spinosa, Carpinus betulus, Quercus robur, Alnus glutinosa, 
Letula alba, Salix caprea, Rosa canina, Erica vulgaris, Fragaria vesca, 
Vaccinium myrtillus, Hippophaes (Ochsenheimer), walnut (St. John), 
oak for about fourteen days, then blossoms of bramble, refusing oak 
for the latter (Winkley), blaeberry (Varty), large strawberry bed 
eaten almost bare (Johnson). 

Hapits.—This is one of the early spring moths, and its habits 
are very similar to those of Dimorpha versicolora. Yhe 2 is quiet 
and lethargic, resting near the cocoon from which she has emerged 
until copulation has taken place, and flying at dusk for the purpose 
of oviposition. Hewett, however, captured a 2 on the wing on 
Strensall Common at 4 p.m., and Gordon observed another at 
Corsemalzie. The @? is sometimes captured at light; Jones and 
Fenn record one each on lamps at Eltham, Bayne one on a street 
lamp at Enfield. Jenner-Fust another on a street lamp at Bromley, 
April 24th, 1868. The ¢ flies swiftly by day, in full sunshine, its 
erratic flight very intimately connected with the discovery of the 2. 
The males are most active from just before noon until 5 p.m., although 
Holland says that, in his experience, the ¢ flies chiefly between 2.30 
p.m. and 5 p.m., rarely earlier. In confinement the greater number 
of specimens emerge between 9 a.m. and noon (9.45 a.m. is stated 
by Elliot to be the usual time), and from about 1 p.m. until 3 p.m. 
the gs assemble freely to a newly-emerged ?, but we have seen 
them attracted as early as 11 a.m. and as late as 5 p.m. Finlay 
considers the gs most difficult to net between 11 a.m. and 2 p.m. 
Edleston records that he obtained many gs on White Moss, near 
Manchester, on April 30th, 1843, by means of a virgin 2, whilst, 
in the same locality, on April 28th, 1844, the species was exceedingly 
abundant, a virgin @ of S. pavonza attracting, on this date, ds of 
Macrothylacia rubt, but the latter flew off without attempting to pair. 
Heathcote with a virgin 2 attracted many gs as early as February 
z9th, 1844, at Winchester, and so freely do they come on the 
Lancashire mosses that Ellis records as many as 200 g's assembled 
on one afternoon by a single 2 on Simonswood Moss, whilst 
Lambillion states that, at Namur, the gs will enter a house after 
a newly-emerged 2. Newnham notes that, on May 12th, 1892, 
he took a newly-emerged @ to the Longmynds, and assembled 
literally hundreds of gs between 3 p.m. and 5 p.m. Hewett states 


334: BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


that the gs assemble best from noon to 2.30 p.m., after which 
they get wild and will not settle; at the time named, however, 
they come up freely, many more being attracted by a @ that is 
held in the hand by one of the forewings than by one quite at 
liberty, the struggles of the captive 2 evidently diffusing more scent , 
the gs, he says, copulate freely with a @ thus held. Gordon 
observes that, on the moors of Corsemalzie, any number of gs 
can-be taken by assembling, and though seen more _ frequently 
from 3 p.m.—¥4 p.m., they appear to fly at all times of the day; 
Ash also considers 4 p.m. the time when gs fly most abundantly 
at Skipwith, whilst Dalglish asserts that, in western Scotland, the 
3s fly on into the evening. Haggart, on the other hand, considers 
1.30 p.m. the best time to assemble gs at Galashiels, whilst 
Lofthouse states that 2.30 p.m. is the most satisfactory time at 
Great Ayton. At Mallow, Newland notes that a captive 2 attracted 
$s during three days, the males appearing regularly at 2 p.m. in 
bright, hot sunshine, the nearest known habitat of the species 
being two miles distant, whilst Burrows observes that, although a 
@ was exposed at Brentwood daily from May 5th, she did not 
attract any ds till May 15th, when a number came up at about 
2.30 p.m. ‘Thornhill observed a @ at sallow-bloom in 1896 at 
Boxworth, surely a most unusual occurrence. 

Hanirat.—The habitats of this species are most diverse. It 
abounds on most of the moors and downs throughout the British 
Islands, appears to be equally abundant in the Fen districts, is 
often an abundant hedgerow species, and is not uncommon in the 
woods of Kent and elsewhere. Abroad it is found in equally 
dissimilar situations, being abundant on the hills around Digne, 
where the larve abound in hedges, equally abundant on the heather-clad 
moors of the Upper Hartz, occurs at Evolena and on most of the alpine 
ranges to 5000 or 6000 feet, and in the valleys of the Upper 
Engadine; is very abundant at Gibraltar, where it is only met with 
in the cork woods at the end of March; occurs on the borders of 
woods and meadows in the Zurich district (Ruhl), in dry meadows 
at Damm (Hering); in Scotland, it is common on all moors and 
mountains up to 3000 feet (Reid); in Ireland it is found on every 
bog (Kane). On the moors at Rannoch and the heaths in South 
Carnarvonshire (Day), on the heaths of Dorset and Hants (Bankes), 
the heaths and commons at Oxton (Studd), common on all the 
Yorkshire moors, especially so on those of the West Riding (Butterfield), 
on moorland wastes in the Carlisle district, ‘Todhills moss was 
literally covered with larvze in 1856 (Armstrong), on the moors at 
Ardclach (Thomson), on all the moors around Paisley and up the 
western coast of Scotland (Dunsmore); on the mountain slopes of 
Galway and Enniskillen from the sea level to 1200 feet (Allen), 
distributed throughout the moorland and mountain districts of 
Tyrone where heather is plentiful (Greer), on heaths on the 
mountains around Windermere (Freeman); on all the heaths of 
Gloucestershire (Mason), and of King’s Lynn (Atmore), on the 
heathery cliffs in Guernsey and Sark (Luff), on the cliff slopes at 
Leigh and Benfleet (Whittle), on the slopes facing the sea at 
Eastbourne (Montgomery); in Cambridgeshire ‘it frequents all 
sorts of localities, peat, gravel, chalk, and on hedges near the town 
(Farren), on hawthorn hedges about Boxworth (Thornhill), in the 


SATURNIA PAVONIA. 335 


hedgerows at Brandon (Ransom), on hawthorn hedges at Namur 
(Lambillion), and also at St. Neots, Enfield, Tottenham, &c. (Bayne), 
in the woods at Chattenden (Tutt), in willow beds as well as 
commons of heath and birch (Clarke), abundant all over Wicken 
and the adjacent fens (Tutt), in the marshes at Pwllheli (G. O. Day), 
and along the north bank of the Thames (Mera). 

TIME OF APPEARANCE.—From the end of March to the middle 
of June, not aitogether dependent on the season or latitude, e.g., 
Porritt notes a beautiful g in the third week of June, 1899, at 
Rannoch, but found young larve that had already left the eggs 
at the same time. Fritsch gives dates from March 17th—May 27th 
for Austria; Walker notes end of March (earliest date March 6th) at 
Gibraltar, and Standfuss the gs quite over in early April, in 1892, at 
Rome ; March znd, 1899, in the Esterels, common March 18th, 1899, 
at Trayas and Mal Infernet (Chapman); abundant throughout April 
ae Piene (Tutt); April and May in the Eure dept., May 14th, 
1883, at Pont de l’'Arche (Dupont), May 1st, 1872, in Guernsey 
(Luff); average date for Namur district, May 2oth (Lambillion) ; 
a pupa found in August, 1832, at Lycksele, in Lapp. Umensis, from 
which a @ emerged April 26th, 1834 (Zetterstedt). Autumnal 
emergences are very rare, but Blaber records one at Lindfield, 
August 16th, 1886, and Standfuss mentions some (anfed, p. 234) 
obtained by keeping the pupe dry for 7—10 weeks, and then 
freely and repeatedly moistening them. Actual dates are as follows: 
common May roth, 1843, a 2 also attracted ¢ Macrothylacia rubi, 
abundant on White Moss, April 28th, 1844 (Edleston); March 13th, 
1850, at Lewes (Tompkins); larve in autumn of 1849 at Stowmarket, 
from which imagines emerged mid-April to mid-May,1850 (Bree); April 
18th, 1857, at Tilgate, May 15th, 1857, at Poynings (Image); June 2nd, 
1858, 112 fs attracted by a single 2 at Roche Abbey (Smith); June 
1st—z1st, 1858, at Greenock (Somerville); bred May 7th—16th, 1859, 
at Brighton (Merrifield); May 1st, 1859, on Wandsworth Common, 
May 15th, near Leeds, August 16th, 1897, fullfed larve at Lyn- 
mouth, imagines May 3rd, 1898 (T. Briggs); May oth, 1859, 
attracted 50 gs with 1 @ on Huddersfield moors (Varley); bred 
April 30th—May 27th, 1860, from Halifax, April 3rd—May 12th, 
1861, from Lee, captured May ist, 1862, at Tilgate, bred April 
28th—May 3rd, 1885, from Barnsley, bred May tst—roth, 1887, 
captured April 23rd, 1889, at Bournemouth, bred March 8th—May 
19th, 1890, from Bournemouth ova, also June rst, 1891, after being 
two years in pupal stage (Fenn); April 5th—x18th, 1861, at Worcester 
(Edmunds) ; May 6th—roth, 1865, near Mansfield, May rath, 1893, at 
Sancreed Beacon, near Penzance (Daws) ; larve, at Harray, Orkney, 
July, 1866, 11 pupe obtained, 4 2? semerged May 23rd—June 1 6th, 1867, 
and 3 g's April, 1868, the other 4 produced ichneumons (Traill); April 
5th—r1ath, 1868, at Chat Moss (Campbell); April 24th, 1868, at 
Bromley (Jenner-Fust); February 5th, 1869, bred in a room without 
a fire at Forest Gate (Phillips); April 25th, 1870, at Dartford Heath, 
May 25th, 1890, at Teesdale Moors, October 11th, 1891, pupa at 
Chislehurst, cocoons spun on heather (Bower); May 8th, 1871, 
at Wanstead, April 16th, May 5th—r1oth, @? June 3rd, 1886, May 
8th—r15th, June gth, 1887, at Brentwood (Burrows); April z2oth, 
1875, at Bulmershe, April 28th, 1875, at Mortimer West, April 21st, 
1889, at Bulmershe, April 11th, 21st, 22nd and 24th, 1892, at Burghfield, 


306 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


April 20th, 1892, at Padworth, April 7th and 9th, 1893, at Burghfield, 
April 12th, 1893, at Aldermaston, March 30th, 1893, at Wokingham 
(Holland); May 26th—June 7th, 1877, at Wicken Fen, May, 1880, 
at Eltham (A. H. Jones); imagines bred April 26th—May 3rd, 
1878, a female of this batch believed not to have paired laid 115 
eggs from May 8th—roth, only one hatched, this larva pupated 
August 4th, 1878, imago February 5th, 1879, in a warm room ; 
imagines also bred April 27th—May 18th, 1880, from Bolton pupe ; 
bred March 21st—z8th, 1882, from Bournemouth pupe, young larve 
at Chattenden on June 21st, 1884, had all pupated by August 18th, but 
imagines were not bred till May 17th—z28th, 1886, one of these 
females laid ova which hatched June 16th, 1886, the larve commenced 
to pupate August 3rd, imagines May 18th—31st, 1887 (Adkin); 
on February 14th, 1880, six cocoons placed on mantel-shelf of sitting- 
room, g emerged Pebruary 23rd, a 9 February 24th} eae ee goee 
@ 28th, 2 fs onthe 2oth, all between 5 p.m. and 6 p.m. (Shuttleworth) ; 
May roth, 1880, at Donegal (Walker); imagines on wing June oth, 
1881, on Strensall and Sandburn Commons, and on May and, 1882, 
a male just emerged, also May 2oth, 1882, several males; on April 18th, 
1883, a cocoon, from which a male emerged April 21st, 1383, all from 
Strensall Common, also bred two females May 5th, two males May 
17th, 1883, and found males on wing May 11th, 1883, on Strensall 
Common, May 4th, 1890, May 3oth, 1891, on wing on Riccall 
Common, a male bred May 31st, 1892, from cocoon from Strensall 
Common, imagines on wing April 25th, 1893, and April oth, 
1894, on Strensall Common, many bred from May 6th—May 
15th, 1894, others (from 1893 pupz) emerged April z8th—zoth, 
1895, all cripples, males on wing April zgth and May 4th, 1895, 
on Strensall Common, many assembled May 5th, 1895, to 12 virgin 
females on Rhombald’s Moor, others bred May 6th—23rd, 1895, 
out of doors, imagines on wing May 11th, 1895, on a moor 
near Keighley, males assembled at Strensall on May rith, 1896, 
and several bred between May roth and May 23rd, several males 
assembled also on May qth, 7th and 17th, 1896, at Rhombald’s 
Moor, and on May 11th, 1901, many males assembled to ?s on 
Rhombald’s Moor (W. Hewett); imago May 7th, 1884, near Painswick 
(Watkins); June 3rd, 1885, June 4th, 1892, April 7th, 1896, May 17th, 
1897, April 22nd, 1898, April 26th, 1899, near Carlisle (Wilkinson) ; 
larve pupated August, 1885, none emerged in spring 1886, but a 
? most unexpectedly emerged about August 16th, 1886, at Lindfield 
(Blaber); larve July 22nd, 1886, and June 25th, 1889, imagines on 
wing, April 28th, 1891, in Isle of Purbeck, bred a series May roth 
—27th, 1892 (Bankes); May roth, 1888, May rst, 1890, in New 
Forest (G. M. A. Hewett), April 23rd—25th, 1889, in the Trossachs, 
May toth, 1889, at Rothesay, April 2oth, 1892, in the Trossachs, 
April 5th, 1893, at Loch Riddon (Dalglish) ; March <emstiiie 
April 6th, 1890, at Hardwicke, having been two years in pup 
(Nash); April roth, 1890, g hanging from a gorse bush fresh, 
April roth, gs flying at 12 a.m., not earlier, in South Devon, August 
29th, 1897, a fullfed larva at Reigate, from which ? moth emerged May 
6th, 1898 (Prideaux); from pupz of 1890 imagines emerged January 
22nd, 1892 (gd), February 2nd( @), February 7th (2 $s),February gth 
(? ), box keptin an outhouse (Read); Aprilist, 1891, at Armagh (John- 


SATURNIA PAVONIA. oot 


son); imaginescaptured May 7th, 1891, at Leigh, May rst, 1892, at Ben- 
fleet, bred April 28th—May 5th, 1897, from larve, imagines June 8th, 
1896, at Eastwood, also larvz June roth, 1898, at Eastwood (Whittle) ; 
May 31st, 1891, at Wicken, May 18th, 1897, at Fulbourne, May 
31st, 1897, at Windermere (Freeman) ; larvae August 3rd— th, 1891, at 
Wicken, gave pupz from which imagines emerged April 22nd—May 7th, 
1892 (Bloomfield) ; larvee 1879, most emerged 1880, five emerged 
1881, 2 gs April 28th, and 1@ April 29th, 1882, at Bournemouth 
(McRae); April roth, 1892, April 2nd, 1893, April 29th, 1894, 
May 15th, 1898 (2) (Freer) ; May 12th, 1892, on the Longmynds 
(Newnham) ; May 8th, 1892, well out April roth, 1894, April 15th— 
23rd, 1895, April 15th, 1896, 2 imagines bred April 13th—r1oth, 1891, 
from Stirlingshire pupe, April 15th, 1896, April 14th, 1897, from Oxton 
larvee (Studd) ; larve at Penrith in 1892, produced imagines March 
Fuime@re moun (as), thet 2) ot (22s), roth (2 and @), r2th(f) 
Mode wavy Toth, 1894 (3), Apml 23rd (2 9s, 2 g's), 20th, 1805 
ee larch mth (2), 13th Co), 24th (2), Apml 2nd (3 ¢s and 
meow vay wand: (2) 7th wg), 1897, all, at Penrith (WVarty); 
March 25th—April rst, 1893, at Penarth (Birkenhead) ; March 
que oog, irom Wicken «(Kaye) ; March 13th, 1893, at Bexley 
(Lathy); April 5th, 1893, 2 at Molesworth (Wood); April 5th, 
ua@eumaueticretord (Blathwayt) ; April, 7th, 1893, at Alton, 
amon Neild) > April 22nd; 1893, April 27th—28th, ~1894, 
mpm Ttioy 1695,.1n Carlisle (Day); April 26th, 1893, at Forest 
Row (Dallas-Beeching); larve first week in July, 1893, at East- 
bourne, from which imagines (males) appeared April znd—oth, 1894, 3 
April 20th, 1895, larva obtained August 25th, 1894, and a@ emerged 
April 23rd, 1895 (Montgomery); April 7th—r18th, 1894, near King’s 
Lynn (Glenny); May rst, 1894, near Mallow (Newland) ; May 
PenmenooA eat) Canick Weill \May 22rd, 13895) at Arrochar, May 
iZitemrog7, at Waas bill, May roth, 1898, at Ardlui-; April 
23rd, 1900, at Carrick Hill (Dalglish) ; imagines bred May 6th— 
rgth, 1894, from larve obtained July 24th, 1893, at Enniskillen (Brown) ; 
imagines May 13th, 1894, and from cocoons collected September 3rd, 
1894, imagines emerged May 6th—rogth, 1895, at Carlisle (Routledge) ; 
May 13th, 1894, at Castle Carrock (Warne); April 24th, 1895, at 
Enfield (Bayne); May 6th, 1895, at Inglis Maldis, near Montros* 
(Gunning); May z2oth, 1895, at Newstead (Kaye); April 4th, 1896 
and following days, at Morpeth (Finlay) ; imagines, April 5th, 1896, 
April z25th—zoth, 1898, from larve found June 7th, 1897, at 
Wyre Forest (Wainwright); April 18th—z25th, 1896, at Skipwith 
CAsh)i; May i4th, 1896 (Broome); May zoth, 1896, at Great 
Ayton (Lofthouse); g June 13th, 1896 (Lifton); bred February 
Aisa, at boxworts (Uhorahill) | ‘captured on wing April 
14th—May roth, 1897, April 19th—June 4th, 1898, up to r1000 
feet elevation on moorlands of Tyrone, June 17th, 1897, at Dun- 
gannon (Greer); May roth, 1897, imagines bred from Rothie- 
murchus Forest (Morton); May 22nd, 1897, on Belmore Mountain 
(Allen); May 24th, 1897, at Scone (Wylie) ; June 4th—r1th, 
1897, near Denny Bog (Tremayne); June 12th, 1897, on Waas 
Hill (Stewart); young larve at Folkestone on May 27th, 1897, 
pupated August 24th—September 29th, 1897, imagines emerged 
March 20th—April 5th, 1898 (Lane) ; larve found June sth, 


TJ 


338 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


1897, imagines emerged April 25th—May 6th, 1898, and May, 1900, 
at Worcester (Rea); April 25th, 1898, May z25th—June rst, 1890, 
at Bournemouth (Cowl); April 25th, 1898, in Hants (Bartlett); 
May sth, 1898, in New Forest (B. W. Adkin); ¢ first seen in 
1898, on May 7th, flying freely on May 23rd, 2 9s emerged May 
29th, and several June gth; in 1899, first seen April 22nd, others 
April 25th, May rith—r6th, at Corsemalzie (Gordon) ; May 1sth, 
1898, at Galashiels (Haggart) ; imagines April 1st—May. 4th, 1899 
(Burraud) ; April 24th, 1899, at Farnboro’ (Alderson) ; earliest 
appearance in 1899 was May 6th, at Kinloch Rannoch (W. Reid) ; 
May 27th, 1899, at Burnley (Clutten); bred May 25th, 1899, from 
Ingleby Greenhow (Elgee). 


LOCALITIES.—Probably in every English county, common throughout 
Scotland and the Islands, abundant in Hoy, the most northerly point at which it 
was met (McArthur); generally distributed on west coast of Scotland (Duns- 
more); common in the south of Ireland (McArthur); everywhere fairly abundant 
on hills, plains, heaths, commons, and bogs, appears to be in every Irish list (Kane). 
ABERDEEN: throughout the county (Horne), Braemar (Robinson), Stuartfield 
district (Prout), Pitcaple (Reid). ANTRIM: generally distributed in mountains 
(Greer), Slemish mountain (Kane). ARGYLL : common — Loch Ridden, 
Lochgoilhead, &c. (Dalglish), Glen Massan (Ord), Kiiberry (Cottingham). 
ARMAGH : Armagh (Johnson). Ayr: Beith, Kilmarnock (Rose), Straiton, 
Barr, &c. (Dalglish), Carrick Hill (Wilson). BEerKs : Reading (Clarke), 
Newbury (Kimber), Burghclere district (Alderson), Burghfield, Padworth, Woking- 
ham, Aldermaston, Bulmershe (Holland), Moulsford (Clarke). Burr: Bute— 
Rothesay, the Cumbraes (Dalglish), Arran (Smith), CAmss: generally distributed 
throughout the county—Cambridge (Farren), Milton (Moss), Horningsea, Swaffham 
fens (Jenyns), Boxworth (Thornhill), Wicken (Tutt), Fulbourne (Freeman), Whittles- 
ford, Soham, Burwell Fen (Balding). CARMARTHEN: Carmarthen (Robertson). CAR- 
NARVON : common on coast (Johnson), Pwllheli, Abersoch (G. O. Day), Conway, 
Trefriw (Bland), nr. Conway, Capel Curig (Gardner), Penmaenmawr (Porritt). 
CHESHIRE: common on mosses and heaths (Ellis), Heswall (Freeman), Sandbach 
(Heap), Delamere Forest (Arkle), Danes Moss, Macclesfield (South), West Kirby, 
Barnton (Gardner), Wilmslow (Johnson), Bidston, nr. Birkenhead {Newstead), 
Whitehall, Tarporley (Stock), Oxton Moor (Prince), Thurstaston, Wirrall, Rudheath, 
nr. Knutsford (G. O. Day), Whitegate Heath (Collins), Cork: Mallow, Mill- 
street (Newland), Timoleague, Glandore, &c., common (Donovan), Berehaven and 
Glengarriff (Kane). CORNWALL : Penzance, nr. Sancreed Beacon (Daws), 
Newlyn (Burrows), CUMBERLAND: Todhill Moss, nr. Carlisle (Armstrong), Castle 
Carrock Fell (Warne), Hayton Moss (Routledge), Carlisle, Orton, Durdar, Todhills, 
Salkeld, Kingmoor (Day), Bolton Fell (Thwaytes), Skiddaw, iseswick (Beadle), 
Penrith (Varty). DENBIGH: very common Minera district (Newstead), nr. Llan- 
gollen (Gardner). DerBy: Tatenhill (Brown), Little Eaton (Hill). DEvoNn: 
common (McArthur), Oxton, nr. Exeter, common (Studd), Lynmouth (Briggs), 
Sidmouth (Wells), Stoke (Harvie). DONEGAL: TPettigo (Kane), Donegal (Camp- 
bell), summit of Slieve League (Walker). DoRrsE?T: throughout on heaths (Dale), 
I. of Purbeck. Wareham, common (Bankes), Bloxworth, abundant (Cambridge), 
Weymouth (Forsyth). DuBLIN : Dublin mts. and Howth (Kane). DUM- 
BARTON : common— Arrochar, Ardlui, Glen Mallon, Craigmaddie, Milngavie, 
Glen Falloch, Bonhill (Dalglish). DuMFRirks: Dumfries (Lennon). DURHAM: 
common on the heaths and moors—West Hartlepool (Robson), nr. Durham 
(Ornsby), Shull (Backhouse), High Force (Howse). moors near Wol- 
singham (Hewett), Teesdale (Bower), Bishop Auckland (Greenwell). EDIN- 
BURGH : Edinburgh (Evans). Essex : generally common—Tilbury (Image), 
3rentwood, Wanstead, Rainham, &c. (Burrows), Henny, Brandon (Ransom), 
Chelmsford (Miller), Plaistow Marshes (Cooper), Maldon (Raynor), Leigh, 
Benfleet, Eastwood (Whittle), Thundersley (Bacot), Forest Gate (Phillips), 
Colchester (Harwood). ELGIN: Forres district—Altyre (Norman), FER- 
MANAGH: Enniskillen, on Belmore mountain (Allen). FIFE: Lomonds 
(Evans). FLINT: very common both sides of Nantyfirith valley (Newstead). 
FoRFAR : Clova (Barclay), Montrose, Inglis Maldis (Gunning). GALWAY: 
Galway (Allen), Clonbrock, Leenane, Connemara, etc. (Kane). GLAMORGAN: 
Swansea (Robertson), Barry Is., nr. Cardiff, Penarth (Birkenhead). GLOUCESTER : 


SATURNIA PAVONIA. 3389 


Huntingford, nr. Tortworth (Perkins), Cranham Woods, nr, Painswick (Watkins), 
Bristol (Hudd), nr. Hampstead, Newnham, Upton (Lifton), Hardwicke (Nash). 
HANTS : Bournemouth (Cowl), New Forest (Carr), Hayling Island (May), 
Ringwood (Bankes), Hartley Wintney (Claxton), Brockenhurst (Ogden), 
Lyndhurst (Lockyer), Wimborne (Fowler), Mortimer West (Holland), Winch- 
field (Robertson), Alton (Reid), Denny Bog (Tremayne), Fleet, Castle 
Douglas (Russell) HEREFORD : Hereford (Biathwayt), Tarrington (Wood), 
Leominster (Hutchinson). Herts: Hertford (Stephens), Baldock (Wood). 
Hunts: St. Neots (Bayne), Molesworth (Wood). INVERNESS: Rothiemurchus 
Forest (Morton), I. of Lewis, very common (McArthur), Corrimony (Barclay). 
IsLE OF MAN: Douglas Hd., hills round Sulby, Lezayre, hills above Laxey (Clarke). 
Kent: Eltham, Darenth (Jones), Keston (Colthrup), Folkestone (Briggs), 
Chattenden, Cuxton (Tutt), Lee (Fenn), Forest Row (Beeching), Stone, 
Dartford, Dartford Heath, Chislehurst (Bower), Farnborough (Alderson), 
Bexley (Lathy), Bromley (Jenner-Fust), Otford (Newman), Plumstead 


(West). KINCARDINE (Esson). KinG’s County : Toberdaly, Tullamore 
(Kane). - KERRY: Killamey, abundant (Kane). KIRKCUDBRIGHT: Cloke 
Moss (Robinson). LANARK : abundant — Douglas (Mackonochie), Bishop 


Lech (Ord), Stepps (Cross), Airdrie (Dalglish1, Carluke (Morton), Lanark 
(Kerswell). LANCASHIRE: all the moorlands (Allen), common on mosses and 
hills—Simonswood Moss, etc. (Ellis), Grange (Goulty), Rivington, nr. Horwich 
(Whittaker), nr. Windermere (Freeman); Bolton (Gregson), Cheetham (Edelston), 
Manchester (Marshall), Chat Moss (Campbell), Morecambe, Heysham 
Moss, Haverthwaite (Arkle), White Moss, nr. Manchester (Heathcote), 
Bumley (Clutten), Warrington (Collins). LEICESTER : Gumley (Matthews'’. 
Leitrim : Mohill (Kane). Linco~n : Hartsholme (Carr), Lincoln (Mason). 
LONDONDERRY: Derry ‘Campbell). Mayo: Crossmolina, shores of L. Conn 
(Kane). MERIONETH: Barmouth (Sheldon). MIDDLESEX: Enfield Lock, Forty 
Hill (Edelsten), Enfield, Tottenham (Bayne), Isleworth (Meyers), Waltham Cross 
(Davis), Willesden (Wormald). MONAGHAN: Slieve Beagh range (Kane). 


NariRN : Ardclach district (Thomson). NoRFoLK : Aylsham _ (Freeman), 
King’s Lynn (Atmore), The Broads (Edelsten). . NORTHAMPYION : Peter- 
borough (Mousley). NORTHUMBERLAND : common (McArthur), Morpeth 


(Finlay),. Twizell (Robson), Redewater district (Howse), Rothbury, Sweet- 
hope (Maling), Bellingham (Rhagg). Norrs: near Mansfield, Ratcher 
Hill (Daws), Newstead (Kaye), Sherwood Forest district (Lievers). ORKNEY : 
Stromness (Cheesman), Harray (Traill). OxFoRD : Chinnor (Spiller). PEM- 
BROKE: Tenby (Mason). PERTH: all the county (White), Rannoch (G. O. Day), 
Trossachs (Dalglish), Kinloch-Rannoch (Reid), Perth, Scone (Wylie), Doune (Evans), 
Camachgouran (Longstaff), Pitlochrie (James), Dunkeld (White). RENFREW: 
Gleniffer Braes (Dunsmore), Waas Hill (Stewart), Gourock, Dargavel (Dalglish), 
Paisley (Dunsmore), Greenock (Somerville), ©ROSCOMMON (Kane). Joss: 
Inverurie (Barclay), Strathcarron (Christy), Contin (White). ROXBURGH: 
Galashiels (Haggart), Hawick district, common (Guthrie), Roxburgh (Elliot). 
SHROPSHIRE: Shrewsbury (Oldfield), Netley (Hope), Church Stretton, on the 
Longmynds (Newnham). SLico: Sligo (Carpenter), L. Gill and MHollybrook 
(Kane). SOMERSET: Brockley Coombe (Mason), Quantock Hills, common (St. 
John), Weston-super-Mare (Crotch), Taunton (Rawlinson). STAFFORD: generally 
distributed—Chorlton Moss (Daltry), Rugeley, Cannock Chase, common (Freer), 
Leek (Hill), Burnt Woods (Woodforde). StTIRLING: Fintry (Eggleton), 
Drymen (Ord), Craigmaddie, &c. (Dalglish), Stirling (Studd). SUFFOLK : 
not uncommon (Bloomfield), Sudbury (Ransom), Felixstowe, Brantham 
(Buckell), Stowmarket (Bree). SURREY: all heaths in the county (Turner), 
Ripley, Combe Wood (Stephens), Shirley (Sheldon), Dorking (King), 
Wanasworth (Briggs), Reigate (Prideaux), Oxshott (Carr). SUSSEX : on the 
south downs generally, but not common—Polegate, &c. (McArthur), Groom- 
bridge (Blaber), Hastings and St. Leonard’s dist. (Bloomfield), Tilgate, Poynings 
(Image), Wannock (Pearson), Lewes (Nicholson), Eastbourne (Montgomery), 
Abbott’s Wood (Hanes), Ashdown Forest (Dallas-Beeching), Lindfield (Blaber), 
Brighton, dist. common (Merrifield), Newhaven (Reeve). SUTHERLAND: Melness, 
Strathmore (Mackay), Assynt district—Lochinver (Beveridge). TIPPERARY: (Kane). 
TYRONE: mountain and moorland districts throughout, Dungannon, &c. (Greer). 
WARWICKSHIRE: Sutton (Wainwright). WATERFORD: Comeragh mts., near 
Portlaw (Flemyng). WrESTMEATH: Mullingar (Middleton). WESTMORLAND: 
Witherslack (Shuttleworth), Windermere (Freeman), Kendal dist. (Moss). 
Wickitow : Lough Bray, in Wicklow mtns. (Scharft) WIGTOWN : all 


3840 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


the moors — Darsney Flow, Loch Chesnay, Corsemalzie, White Dyke Moor 
(Gordon). WORCESTER: Wyre Forest (Wainwright), Worcester (Edmunds), 
Bewdley (Tyrer), Monk Wood (Rea). Yorks: general on the moors—Eston 
Hills, Great Ayton (Lofthouse), abundant on all West Riding moors (Butterfield), 
Skipwith (Ash), Heathfield, Pateley, Bramham moor (Storey), Birstwith (Walker), 
Scarborough (Williamson), StrensaJl Common, Rhombald’s Moor, Keighley, 
Riccall Common, Sandburn Common, Thorne Moor (Hewett), nr. Leeds 
(T. Briggs), Bradford (Carter), Halifax, Huddersfield (Porritt), Ilkley (Denny), 
Otley Chevin (Taylor), Penistone (Harrison), Richmond (Sang), Ripon 
(Meldrum), Selby (Foster), Sheffield (Doncaster), Wakefteld (Talbot), Whitby 
(Clarke), Harrogate (Arbuthnott), Ingleby Greenhow (Elgee), Roche Abbey 
(Smith), Barnsley (zeste Fenn), Cleveland district—Brotton (Sachse). 
DISTRIBUTION.—As14: Amurland, Kentei mts., Bureja mts. (Staudinger), 
Altai mts. (Speyer), Amasia, common, Brussa (Staudinger), Persia—Irak dist. 
(Young). AUSTRO-HUNGARY: Tyrol, not rare (Hinterwaldner), Taufers, Inns- 
bruck (Weiler), Lavantthal (Hofner), Upper Carinthia, Salzburg, Moellthal, 
rather rare (Nickerl), Fiume, Draga (Mann), Bucovina, only in mountain regions 
(Hormuzaki), Pressburg (Rozsay), Bohemia, occasionally (Nickerl), Neu Sandec 
(Klemensiewicz), Stanislawow (Werchratski), Galicia, distributed but apparently 
very rare—Lemberg (Nowicki), Brinn (Miller), Hermannstadt (Czelkelius), Chemnitz 
(Pabst), Hungary—Kocsocz (Vangel), Golnitz (Hudak), Eperies, common (Husz), 
Dalmatia, Buda (Speyer), Inn Valley, not common (Himsl). BELGIUM: generally 
distributed (Lambillion), nr. Rouge Cloitre (Coubeaux), Mons, Frameries, common 
(Derenne), Virton (Bray). BULGARIA: Sofia, not rare (Bachmetjew). CHANNEL ISLEs: 
Guernsey, Sark (Luff), Jersey (Ansted). DENMARK: one of the commonest species 
(Wallengren), pretty generally distributed (Bang-Haas). FINLAND: occurs through- 
out (Reuter), FRANCE: very common throughout (Guenée), Meuse, Moselle, 
Meurthe depts., Hyéres (Speyer), Puy-de-Déme (Guillemot), dept. Var (Cantener), 
Basses-Alpes—Digne, etc. (Tutt); Morbihan (Griffith), Gironde (Trimoulet), Doubs 
dept. (Bruand), Aube (Jourdheuille), Douai (Foucart), depts. Indre, Cher, Cantal, 
Auvergne (Sand), Saone-et-Loire (Constant), Eure-et-Loir (Guenée), Haute- 
Garonne, common (Caradja), Seine-Inférieure—Pont de l’Arche, etc., rather com- 
mon (Dupont), Loire-Inférieure (Bonjour), Aude (Mabille), Sarthe (Desportes), St. 
Quentin (Dubus), Normandy—Tancarville (Leech), Manche—nr. Cherbourg, 
Rennes (Oberthtr), the Esterels, Trayas, Mal Infernet (Chapman), Cannes 
(Warburg). GERMANY: generally common, Upper Hartz, Black Forest to beyond 
3400ft. elevation (Speyer), north-west Germany, almost everywhere (Jordan), Bruns- 
wick, everywhere especially on heaths (Heinemann), Hanover, not rare (Glitz), Thurin- 
gia—Gotha, Berlach, Siebleber Holz, Friedrichroda, Georgenthal (Knapp), Pomerania, 
—not very rare—Damm, Carolinenhorst, Stepenitz, Vogelsang, Grambow, Nemitz, 
(Hering), Silesia—Leubeusch (Prittwitz), Alsace (Peyerimhoff), Wernigorode 
(Fischer), Rhine Palatinate (Bertram), Wirtemberg (Seyffler), Giessen (Dickore), 
Lower Elbe district (Zimmermann), Waldeck (Speyer), Erfurt (Keferstein), 
Zeitz-on-the-Elster (Wilde), Halle—Dessau (Stange), Munich, not common (Kranz), 
Hesse-Darmstadt, not common (Glaser), Rudolstadt (Meurer), Mecklenburg 
(Schmidt), Bremen (Rehberg), Saxon Upper Lusatia, not rare (Schiitze), Upper 
Lusatia, not rare (Moeschler), Dresden, not rare: (Steinert), Prussia —Konigsberg 
(Schmidt), Nassau (Rossler), Ratisbon (Schmid), Grimmer dist., Mayence, 
Wiesbaden (Homeyer), Frankfort-on-Oder (Kretschmer), Eutin (Dahl). GREECE: 
Corfu, Tinos (Staudinger). IraLy: throughout the mainland, ? Corsica (Curd), 
Calabria—south of Naples (Oberthtir), Modena (Fiori), Sicily (Mina-Palumbo), 
Roman Campagna (Calberla). NETHERLANDs: all provinces but not common 
(Snellen) ; the eastern provinces, rather commion, Breda, &c. (Heylaerts). Rou- 
MANIA: Jassy, Comanesti (Leon), Turn Severin (Haberhauer). RUSSIA: 
Moscow district (Albrecht), Wolmar (Lutzau), Volga dist., not rare, Kasan, 
Baschkiria (Eversmann), St. Petersburg (Erschoft), Transcaucasia—Tiflis (one only) 
(Sievers), Istidara, Daratchitchag (Christoph), Baltic Provinces, distributed through- 
out, but rare (Nolcken), SCANDINAVIA: one of the commonest species (Wallen- 
gren), Arctic Norway — Karasjok, Komagfjord (Schéyen), northern Lapland 
(Portin), Kobbervik, Langfjorddalen (Sandberg), distributed throughout Norway 
(Siebke), Finmark (Chapman), Christiania (Jordan), Lycksele, Lapponia-Umensis 
(Zetterstedt), SPAIN: Southern Spain (Staudinger), Catalonia (Martorell y Peja), 
Teruel (Zapater), Barcelona—Calella, &c. (Cunt y Martorell), Galicia—Santiago, &c. 
(Macho-Velado), Bilbao (Seebold), Gibraltar (Walker). SWITzERLAND:  Every- 
where up to 5oooft—-Canton St. Gallen (Taschler), Gadmenthal (Ratzer), 
valleys of the Upper Engadine (Pfaffenzeller), Weissenburg (Huguenin), Evolena 


CATALOGUE OF DIMORPHIDES, ETC. 341 


(Tutt), Gnisons (Killias), Ztirich dist., distributed but not common (Rihl), Valais— 
Morgins (Dupont), not rare in the Rhone Valley—nr. Martigny, Mt. Chemin, 
Sion, Sierre, Viége, Brigue, &c. (Favre). 

_ ADDENDUM.—GynanpromorpHisM.—the following instance of 
gynandromorphism has been unearthed since the printing of pp. 
309-313— 

uv’. [have bred a specimen of Saturnia pavonia this spring, which has the left wings 
like those of the ¢ except the costal margin of the hindwing, and the right wings 
like those of the ¢; the body resembles that of the ?, but is small; the antennz 
are more pectinated than those of the ?, but not so much as those of the ¢; the 
white blotch on the tip of the forewings is larger and brighter than usual, the span of 
the wings about the same as that of a large ¢ (Milton, British Naturalist, iii., 


Pe LDL), 
CATALOGUE OF THE PAL#aRCTIC DIMORPHIDES, BOMBYCIDES, 
BRAHMAIDES AND ATTACIDES. 

In giving a list of the Palearctic Attacids we note the follow- 
ing suggestions, for which we are indebted to Chapman, as to the 
affinities of this superfamily. All the authorities agree that there 
are five main divisions—the Hemileucids, Citheroniids, Automerids, 
Aghids, Attacids—in the Holarctic fauna. The questions that have 
arisen are as to (1) the order of their evolution, and (2) their relationship 
mter se. The greatest amount of doubt appears to attach to the 
position of the Hemileucids. The true relationships of the others 
do not appear so difficult to determine. The Hemileucids are 
certainly near the bottom of the stirps, ¢es¢e the two anal nervures of 
the hindwings. ‘They also differ from the others in having a single 
‘pair of pectinations to each antennal segment. Bodine considers 
(Antennae, etc., p. 43) that this shows that the Hemileucids belonged 
to the branch which produced the later families, after it had 
separated from the branch giving rise to the Bombycidae. Chapman, 
accepting Dyar’s statements as to the structure of the larva, 
thus formulates the following table for the Holarctic families : 

1. IwaGo: Hindwings with two inner anal nervures ; IV, and IV, of forewings 
separate; antennz bipectinate. LARVA: Single dorsal tubercle on 9th abdominal ; 


urticating setz. 
a. Primitive form lost 


b. IV, and IV, forked lake ue 4s .. HEMILEUCIDA. 
2. Antennz quadripectinate 
c. Partially only. Larval urticating setze lost .. CITHERONIIDA. 


3. Hindwings with one inner nervure 
: ot oe es a oc Ae .. AUTOMERIDA, 
4. Urticating setze lost ; no single tubercle on 9th abdominal segment 
(ee ae 40 ae 2 oe 6) Ao PeNGHUIINOYADs 
5. Nervures IV, and IV, forked se as | 6 DPATURNITD A. 
e. Discoidal cell closed. No unpaired dorsal tubercle 
on 8th abdominal... oe ae ae -- NSATURNIINA. 
fF Discoidal cell open, An unpaired dorsal tubercle 
on 8th abdominal .. ie ics ae «4  ATTACINA, 


The following appears to be a complete list of the Palearctic 
Dimorphids, Bombycids, Brahmeids and Attacids : 
ab, obsoleta, Tutt 


DIMORPHIDES. | 
DIMGRPHID. ab. clara, Tutt 
DIMORPHIN. ab, obscura, Tutt 
DIMORPHIDI. | ab. obscura-obsoleta, Tutt 
Dimorpha, Hb. ver. lapponica, Bau 
versicolora, Linn. BOMBYCIDES. 
ab. pallida, Tutt BOMBYCIDZ. 


ab. pallida-obsoleta, Tutt BOMBYCINA:, 


342 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


DAILALAMIDI. 
Dailalama, Staud. 
bifurca, Staud. 
BoOMBYCIDI. 
Bombyx, Hb. 
mori, Linn. 
mandarinus, Moore 
Oberthuria, Staud. 
czeca, Obth. 
Rondotia, Moore 
menciana, Moore 
var. lurida, Fixs. 
lineata, Leech 
Mustilia, Walk. 
falcipennis, Walk. 
Andraca, Walk. 
gracilis, Butl. 
BRAHMBIDES. 
BRAHMAIDA. 
BRAHMAINA. 
BRAHMAIDI. 
Brahmza, Walk. 
certhia, Fab. 
var. undulata, Butl. 
var. carpenteri, Butl. 
ledereri, Rghfr. 
christophi, Staud., 
wallichi, Gray 
hearseyi, White 
japonica, Butl. 
ATTACIDES., 
AGLIID. 
AGLIINA. 
AGLIIDI. 
Aglia, Ochs. 
Gaus erm. 
ab, ferenigra, 
Mieg. 
ab. lugens, Stdfss, 
ab. nigerrima, Stdfss. 
ab. melaina, Gross 
var. japonica, Leech 


Thierry- 


ATTACIDA. 
SATURNIINA, 
SATURNIDI, 
Mirina, Staud. 
christophi, Staud. 
Saturnia, Schrank 
spini, Schiff. 
ab. obsoleta, Tutt 
dixeyi hybr., Tutt 
bornemanni “ybr., Stdfss. 
hybrida Aybr., Ochs. 
? hybrida - major 
Staud. 
schaufussi Aybr., Stdfss, 
cephalariz, Chr, 
pavonia, Linn. 
ah. obsoleta, Tutt 
ab. subobsoleta, Tutt 
ab. rosacea, Newnh. 
ab. lutescens, Tutt 


hybr., 


Superfamily IX: 


ab. infumata, Newnh. 
ab. minor, Tutt 
2b, fasciata, Tutt 
var, alpina, Favre 
var. meridionalis, Calb. 
complexa hybr., Tutt 
standfussi Zybr., Wisk. 
emiliz hybr., Stdfss. 
hybrida-media “ybr., Staud. 
risil kybr., Stdfss, 
pyn, Schiff. 
schlumbergen ydr., Stdfss. 
atlantica, Luc. 
var. numida, Aust. 
var. marocana, Aust. 
var. mathen, Vall. 
pyretorum, Bdv. 
bieti, Obth. 
stoliczkana, Feld. 
var. schenki, Staud. 
huttoni, Moore (? sp.) 
LOEPIDI. 
Perisomena, Wlk. 
ceecigena, Kupido 
Loepa, Moore 
katinka, Westd. 
oberthtri, Leech 
' Rhodinia, Staud. 
jankowskii, Obth. 
davidi, Obth. 
fugax, Butl. 
var. diana, Obth. 
Salassa, Moore 
thespis, Leech 
ATTACINE. 
CALIGULIDI. 
Caligula, Moore 
japonica, Moore 
boisduvali, Ev. 
var. jonasii, Butl. 
ANTHERIDI. 
Antherza, Hb. 
pernyi, Guér. 
perny-yama ydr., Bourd. 
yama-mai, Guér. (? sp.) 
kirbyi 2ydr., Tutt 
moorel hybr., Tutt 
hartii, Moore 
ATTACIDI. 
Attacus, Linn. 
cynthia, Drury 
vay, pryeri, Butl. 
var. Walkeri, Feld. 
ACTIAIDI. 
Graéllsia, Grote 
isabelle, Graélls 
Actias, Leach 
dubernardi. Obth. 
artemis, Brem. (? sp.) 
selene, Hb. 
var. mandschurica,Staud, 
sinensis, Walk. 


SPHINGIDES. 


Réaumur gave (A/ém., ii., p. 253, pl. xx., fig. 1) the name ‘ Sphinx” 
to the larva of Sphinx ligustri, and Linné, in the rst edition 


SPHINGIDES. 343 


of the Fauna Suecica, p. 248, repeated the appellation in 
isi gieferences to this species. With the introduction of the 
binomial system of nomenclature, Linné utilised the name for 
his large group of the Sphingid moths, containing, indeed, many 
heterogeneous elements (Syst. Waz., xth ed., pp. 489 et seg.), but he 
again quotes Réaumur’s name with the references to ligustrz. For 
170 years, then, this name has been indissolubly connected with this 
species, and there can be no doubt, however changed our modern 
methods, that the typical species of Sphznx for all time will be 
figustvi. Linné’s division Sphinx (loc. cit.) represents considerably more 
than our superfamily, Sp/Azmgides. His diagnosis and subdivisions 
of the group read as follows : 

SPHINX. Antennz medio crassiores s. utraque extremitate attenuatze sub- 
prismaticz. Alz deflexze (volatu graviore vespertino s. matutino). 

I. LecGitiM&. Alis angulatis.—Ocellata, populi, tiliae, ocypete, nerit. 

If. Leeirima. Alis integris, ano simplici.—Convolvuli, ligustri, atropos, 
caricaé, celerio, ello, labruscae, ficus, vitis, elpenor, porcellus, euphorbiae, alecto, 
megaera, pinastri, tisiphone, thyelia. 

Ill. Leeirim#. Alis integris ano barbato. —Zantalus, tityus, ixivi, 
stellatarum, bombyliformis, fuciformis, culiciformis, salmachus, belis. 

IV. Apscit#. Habitu et larva diversee.—/ilipendulae, phegea, creusa, 
polymena, cassandra, pectinicornis, statices. 

After Linné, the first author who attempted any advance in 
the classification of the Sphingids was Fabricius, who, in 1775, 
restricted the name Sphinx to Linné’s sections I and II (supra), 
named section III Sesca, and section IV Zygaena. His grouping 
results as follows (Sys. Hut, pp. 536—556) : 

I. SPHINX. Palpi duo reflexi pilosi, lingua spiralis plerisque exserta. 
Antennz squammatz.—Ocellata, lugubris, pofuli, tiliae, merit, obscura, ello, 
jatrophae, carolina, strigilis, atropos, clotho, ficus, tetrio, rustica, pinastri, 
euphorbiae, lineata, vitis, satellitia, oldenlandiae, boerhaviae, didyma, parce, 
elpenor, porcellus, convolvuli, ligustri, cingulata, celerio, alectv, gnoma, hespera, 
labruscae, caricae, tersa, thyelia. 

2. SESIA. Palpi reflexi, lingua exserta*, truncataf. Antenne cylindrice, 
extrorsum crassiores.— Zantalus, hylas, stellatarum, thysbe, fuciformis, apiformis, 
haemorrhoidalis, culiciformis, tipuliformis. 

3. ZYGHNA. Palpi reflexi, lingua exserta testacea. Antennze szepius medio- 
crassiores.—Containing the Anthrocerids, Syntomids, Thyridids, &c. (see antea, 
vol. i., p 383). 

Scopolin ink 0777, still, further ~subdivided (Jxtvod. 7st. 
Nat., p. 413) the Sphznx of Linné, calling, however, the four 
groups Sfectrum—a, *, y ¢—and suggested types. But as a field- 
naturalist he went further, and subdivided the heterotypicai species 
which Fabricius had placed in Sesza (Linné’s Sphinx, sect. ili, supra), 
calling the Sphingid section JZacroglossum and the true clearwings 
Trochilium, a most important division. He diagnoses and illustrates 
the groups as follows: 

I. SpEcTrRUM.—Alz angulate, fasciate, subcaudate. Larva glabra. 

a. Spectrum alis angulatis. Larva acrocephala, rugosa. Pupa nuda, 
sepulta—Sphinex tiliae, etc. 

3. Spectrum alis fasciatis. Larva amblocephala. Pupa prioris— Sphinx 
ligustri $, etc. 


Probably refers to tantalus, hylas, stellatarum, thysbe and fuciformis. 
Probably refers to apiforniis, &c. 

Scopoli divides the genus Sphinx, Linn., into Spectrum, Macroglossum, 
Trochilium and Anthrocera, and retains no section Sphinx. His Spectrum contains 
ligustri, Linné’s type of Sphzx, and should, therefore, fall as a synonym thereof, 


+++ 


344 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


y. Spectrum alis semifasciatis. Larva maculata. Pupa exposita, obtecta 
foliis colligatis—Sphinx euphorbiae, etc. 

6. Spectrum alis subcaudatis. Larva capite retractili. Pupa prioris— 
Sphinx celerio, etc. 

II. MACROGLOSsSUM.—Corpus compressum, lateribus et apice barbatum. 
Larva elongata, absque maculis ocellaribus. Pupa exposita tecta foliis elongatis— 
Sphinx stellatarum, etc. 

III. TROCHILIUM.—Alez pellucidze. Abdomen appice szepius barbatum. Larvee 
pilis albis, exiguis pubescens. Pupa folliculata*. 

IV. ANTHROCERA.—Antennx nigra, subclavate. Ale longs, maculate. 
Volatus diurnus—Sphinx filipendulae. 


It is quite clear from Scopoli’s diagnosis that the larval characters 
restrict Zvrochilium to the “clearwings” proper, and exclude such 
species as fuczformis, bombyliformis, etc. It 1s, however, not the place 
here to enter into the synonymy of the “clearwings.” One can only 
express regret that Scopoli did not name his four sections of Spectrum, 
which is broadly synonymous with the Spimx of Fabricius, the 
Macroglossids and Trochiliids being excluded, and thus differing from 
the Sphinx of Linné, the type /zgustr7, however, being specifically 
included. It is also clear to us that Scopoli’s action in erecting 
Macroglossum [containing as it did the Sphingid clearwings, see 
diagnosis] ought to have limited the Sesza of Fabricius to apz- 
forms, haemorrhotdalis, culiciformis and tipuliformis, as possible 
types, but did’ not do “so as he was not) dealings yitneeene 
Fabrician genera, whilst Scopoli’s Z7vochilium, being cited without 
a type, cannot be held to affect the nomenclature, except, as we 
have already noted, that the reference to the larva shows it to be 
restmicted to the tmue ““clearwing ~ (ses. §s777c7,)) SpeClesaie = tmanm 
1777, Fabricius elaborated the genera of the Systema Endéomologzae, 
in the Genera Insectorum. Wis extended description of Sesza (p. 
159) becomes most important, in spite of Scopoli’s synchronous 
completed action in definitely naming the two main groups included 
in the Fabrician Sesza of the Systema Entomologiae, for, after an 
extended description of the imago— 

Lingua spiralis cornea, exserta, porrecta, involuta,  tiliformes; obtusa, 


truncata, bifida: laciniis zequalibus, obtusis, intus canaliculatis supra palporum 
basin inserti. 


He adds— 


_ Larva 16 poda, agilis, plerumque nuda, inermis antice attenuata. Puppa 
quiescens, nuda levis, antice posticeque acuminata. _Victus larve e foliis plantarum, 
imaginis e nectare florum. 


* Prout says: ‘‘ From the scope of Scopoli’s work one knows that he intended 
to include in Yrochilium, Schiffermiiller’s ‘ Sphinx, Fam. F..’ which comprises 
fuctformis, crabroniformis (apiformis, L.), culiciformis, tipuliformis, vespiformtis, 
tenthrediniformis, ichneumoniformis, fenestrina, asiliformis (=tabaniformis, 
Rott.), and spheeiformis. It is, therefore, almost synonymous with Seséa, Fab., 
but with J/acroglossum excluded.’? We prefer to look at it from an entirely 
different standpoint. Scopoli was essentially a field-naturalist (see Ant. Carniéolica), 
and separated the two widely-divergent groups, the Sphingid and Trochiliid clear- 
wings. His J/acroglosswm includes just such species as agree with his diagnosis, 
and his 7yochilium comprises the true clearwings—“ larvee pilis albis, exiguis pubescens; 
pupa folliculata.”” Scopoli, therefore, reached in 1777, exactly the same point at which 
Fabricius arrived in 1807, when he restricted Sesia to the Macroglossid species, 
and created Zgeria for Scopoli’s Trochiliid clearwings. The inclusion of Schiffer- 
miller’s fuciformis and fenestrixa would make the genus of course quite 
heterogeneous. 


SPHINGIDES. 3045 


There are no types mentioned in Genera Lnusectorum, and Durrant 
considers the types those of 1775 (supra). The latter also adds: 
“She only larve that Fabricius knew, in 1775, were those of 
stellatarum and fuctformis, and these, therefore, were the only really 
potential types of the genus.” Fabricius, however, did not specify 
either of these species as type. That Fabricius himself had no 
idea at this date of the heterogeneous nature of his Sesza, or of 
separating its various heterotypical parts, is evident, for, in the 
Mantissa, ten years later, he includes (pp. 98—101) a still more mixed 
assemblage. Thus we note: 

SESIA. Palpi duo reflexi. Lingua exserta truncata. Antenne cylindricaee— 
Tantalus, ixion, melas, hylas, fadus, stellatarum, brunnus, octomaculata, marica, 
thysbe, fuciformis, apiformis, sphegiformis, asiliformis, haemorrhoidalis, culict- 
formis, tenthrediniformis, tipuliformis, ichneumontformis, vespiformis. 

Fabricius thus maintained Sesza as a hopelessly heterotypical 
group, ten years after Scopoli had separated the Sphingid and 
Trochiliid sections ; indeed, he did so until 1807, when he retained 
the Macroglossid section in Sesea* and renamed the Trochilid 
section #gerza. In 1779, Leske cited (Anfangsgriinde der Naturge- 
schichte, p. 458) Sphinx stellatarum and S. fuciformis as examples 
ot Spex, ham. Ci, linn. =Sesca, Fab. ; whilst m 1797, Cuvier (7adl. 
LElem., etc., p. 592) cites ewphorbiue and atropos as examples of Sphinx, 
and stellatarum as an example of Sescat. Whether the action of Cuvier 
constituted a restriction of the genus Sesza to stellatarum, as appears to 
be the case to us, must be argued by synonymists. The general applica- 
tion of the name Sesza to the true ‘‘clearwings” depends upon Laspeyres, 
who, in 1801, published his excellent monograph Seszae Europacae, 
and who points out (/oc. cit, p. 1) that Fabricius gives the same 
characters, which he described in Syst. Entomologiac, in the Man- 
omen. Go, and im Laon. Systematica, i. pt. 1, p..379, but 
that he adds “ palpi duo,” and in diagnosing the antenne, the words 
“ extrorsum crassiores” are omitted. Hethen writes: ‘ Licet serius, 
Fabricio quoque Scopoli in ‘ Introductione ad_historiam naturalem,’ 
Pragae, 1777, p. 414, genus novum TZvochilium ut hisce insectis 
locus certus daretur, proposuit. Huic generi, a nemine tamen 
adhuc recepto, tertio in gente prima, tribus sextez, characteres 
sequentes adscripsit : 

‘Ale pellucida. Abdomen apice szpius barbatum. Larva pilis albis, 
exiguis, pubescens. Pupa folliculata.’ 

Summo autem jure ingeniosus, neodum pro meritis laudatus 
Scopoli hasce Sesias Fabricianas ‘ stellatarum, bombyliformem et 
fuciformem’ a genere suo ‘ Trochilium’ removat, novum iis genus 
constituens, cul nomen  JMacroglossum  (paxpoc, longus, et 
ywooa, lingua) dedit. Characteres generici Fabriciani, presertim 
secundaril, mihi non omnino satisfecere, quapropter novos stabilivi, 


* In his Philos. Ent, (1778), in a list of commendable generic names, because 
conveying some suggestions (etymologically) of the characters of the species 
contained, Fabricius includes Sesza, which he correctly translates ‘‘7¢zea,’’ v.e., a 
clothes-moth (Greek yc). One wonders how this name can be applied as a 
correctly suggestive generic name to either the Sphingid or Trochiliid clearwings 
included by him in the genus (Prout). 

+ If it be held, as I consider to be the case, that Cuvier here fixed the type of 
Sesta, Fab., as stellatarum, then Macrogtlossum, Scop., falls before Sesza, Fab. (Prout). 


346 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


quos Entomologiz cultorum examini hic subjicio.” He then 
details the generic characters at length, basing them not only on 
imaginal, but also on larval, pupal, and oval characters, restricting 
the genus to the internal- feeding species, the essential characters being 
noted as: 

Palpi duo, acuminati, reflexi. Lingua spiralis, exserta*. Antennz sub- 
cylindric, ante apicem incrassate, apice setigere—Apiformis, siriciformis, asili- 
formis, crabroniformis, sphectformis, scoliaeformis, hylaeiformis, chrysidiformis, 
ichneumontformis, vespiformis, melliniformis, andrenaeformis, thynniformis, 
culiciformis, formiciformis, hyphiaeformis, mutillaeformis, nomadaeformis, 
tipuliformis, tenthrediniformis, philanthiformis. 

In the same year, Lamarck noted (Syst. Anim. sans Vert., 

281) fuciformis, Fb., as the type of Sesza, whilst his restriction 
(loc. cit., pp. 281, 282) of Sphinx to convolvuli and ocellata was Clearly 
ultra vires in the face of the genus already having “guwstri for its 
type. On the other hand, in’ 1802, Latreille (2/77 Wate 
Ins., ill., pp. 400 e¢ seg.) upheld Laspeyres’ restriction of Sesza to 
the “ clear-winged, boring-larva” species, although including, as 


2) 


did Laspeyres, both the “apzformis” and “ culictformis ” groups, 
whilst he further isolated ocel/ata and ¢liae under the generic title 
Smerinthus. The following details (doc. ciz.) will give Latreille’s view 


at this time of the classification of the Sphingids: 

A, SPHINGIDES BOMBINATRICES.—Antennes toujours  prismatiques, et 
terminées par une petite pointe particuliére, dans le grand nombre.  Palpes 
extérieurs fort larges, trés-dilatés, trés hérissés d’écailles, fort obtus ou terminés 
seulement par un article tuberculiforme. Corps gros, fort. Yeux grands. 
Abdomen conique. Pattes grosses ; deux crochets simples, entiers, au bout des tarses. 

Gen. 1: SPHINXf. —Une trompe plus longue que la tete. Antennes simple, 
terminées par un petit filet. 

1. Antennes n’étant pas fort renflées; extrémité trés-crochue. Corps 
alongé. Point de brosse au bout du ventre. (Ailes toujours 
Opaques.) 

a. Ailes a bord postérieur droit, point anguleux—Sphinx convolvuli, 
atropos, Linn. 
3. Ailes a bord posténeur anguleux—Sphinx oenotherae, F. 

2. Antennes trés-grosses et fort renflées; extrémité peu ou point crochue. 
Corps court, large. Une brosse d’écailles au bout du _ventre. 
(Des ailes vitrées en tout on en partie dans _plusieurs.)—Sesza 
stellatarum, fuctformis, F. 

Gen. IL: SMERINTHUS.— Trompe trés-courte ou nulle. Anteunes en scie ou 
pectinées, terminées en pointe crochue, sans filet au bout. Ailes 
dentées ou anguleuses—SPhinx tiliae, ocetlata {, Linn. 

B. SPHINGIDES MUTI.—Antennes n’étant pas ou presque pas prismatiques, 

& anneaux ou contours également continus et arrondis dans plusieurs. Palpes 
menus, cylindrico-coniques, terminés insensiblement en pointe, ou cylindriques. 
Corps mince dans plusieurs. Yeux petits ou moyens. Abdomen souvent cylindrique. 
Pattes assez menues. Crochets des tarses unidentés dans quelques-uns. 

Gen. I: SEsIA.—Antennes terminées par une petite houppe d’écailles, simples. 
Second article des palpes extérieurs toujours plus couvert d’écailles que 
le dernier. (Ailes horisontales, étroites, toujours vitrées du moins en partie.) 
1. Abdomen sans brosse au bout. Dernier article des palpes peu 

alongé, conique—Sesia apiformis, F. [Obs.—Sa trompe est fort 
courte ou presque nulle. | 

2. Abdomen terminé par une brosse. Dernier article des palpes alongé, 
menu, presque nu, cylindracé—Sesia tipuliformis, culiciformis, F. 

Gen, IL: ZYGHNA. 

Gen. III: STyGIA. 


* Tt 1s remarkable that Laspeyres describes the true ‘clearwings as having a 
‘¢ lingua exserta,”’ the very term we have hitherto supposed to belong more particu- 
larly ‘to the Macroglossid section. 

t Does not specily Linné’s type, dégustri. 

t Omits Jopuli, the type of Hiibner’s Amorpha (1806), 


SPHINGIDES. o47 


Inm-rse5., luatreille <save (27152. JVat. Crust. Ins:, xiv.,. pp. 126 
et seg.) a more extended view of the contents of the genera Sphinx, 


Smerinthus and Sesta as follows : 

SPHINX.—Antennes en massue prismatique, terminées par un petit filet 
simple; palpes fort larges; une langue—Atropos, ligustri, convolvuli, elpenor, 
porcellus, euphorbiae, gallit, lineata, celerio, vespertilio, venotherae, stellarunt (Sic), 
fuciforme, bombyliforme. 

SMERINTHUS.—Antennes prismatiques, pectinées ou en scie, crochues a leur 
extrémité ; langue trés-courte ou presque nulle— 7Z7dzae, ocellata, populi. 

SrsIA.—Antennes en fuseau et peu contournées, terminées par un petit 
faisceau d’écailles ; palpes presque coniques ; le second article plus fourni d’écailles 
ou de poils - Apiforme, tipuliforme, culiciforme, chrysidiforme. 

The year 1806 saw the determination of the types of several genera. 
Hubner, in his Zentamen, p. 1, gives the following types of stirpes 
relating to the groups under discussion : 

Phalanx ii: SPHINGES. 

Tribus i: PAPILIONIDES : 

1. Zygaenae—Zygaena filipendulae.* 

2. Chrysaores—Chrysaor statices.t 

3. Glaucopes—Glaucopis phegea. 
Tribus 11: HYMENOPTEROIDES : 

1. Sphecomorphae—Sphecomorpha tncendaria. 

2. Sestae—Sesia culictformtis. 

_ 3. Lhyrides—Thyris pyralidiformis. 

Tribus 11: LeGITIMZ: 

1. Lombyliae—Lombylia stellatarum ¢. 

2. Eumorphae—Eumorpha elpenor. 

3. Manducae—Manduca atropos. 

4. Amorphae—Amorpha populi. 

The selection of cudliciformis as the type of Sesza, must be con- 
sidered in the light of Cuvier’s restriction of 1797. Otherwise 
it would appear to have left the residuary and not congeneric 
species of the ‘ apiformis” group to represent TZrochilium (a 
view taken by Oken in 1815), whilst atropos being selected 
as the type of Manduca, elpenor as the type of Lumorpha, and 
populi as the type of Amorpha, determined once for all the generic 
appellations of these species. 

In 1807, Fabricius makes a personal advance, but goes back on 
much of the work of his immediate predecessors, and practically 
reaches Scopoli’s position of 1777. He gives us (L/ig. Mag., vi., pp. 287 
—288) the following groupings, which do not much influence the 
synonymy : 

LaoTHOE §.—Taster zwei, rauh, sehr stumpf, Zweigliedrig. Rollzunge sehr 
kurz, hautig, fast undeutlich. Fiihler fadenformig ; Glieder unten schuppig. 
—Sphinx ocellata, quercis, tiliae, populi. 21 Art. 

SPHINX.—Taster dikk, rauh, sehr stumpf, zweigliedrig. Fthler fadenformig, 
unten schuppig. (1) Gezahnte Flugel.—Sphinx ello, tetrio. (2) Ganzrandige 
Fligel.— Sphinx nerii, atropos, euphorbiae, ligustri. 74 Art. 

SESIA ||.—Taster zwei, kurz, dikk, rauh, sehr stumpf, zweigliedrig. Filer 
nach aussen dikker mit einem kleinen Haken an der Spitze. (1) Fliigel ausgenagt. 
—Sphinx oenotherae. (2) Fligel ganzrandig.—Sphinx stellatarum, fuciformis. 
18 Art. 


* Cotypical with Scopoli’s Anthrocera, fixed in 1777. 

t Cotypical with Adscita, Retzius, 1783. 

{ Cotypical with Scopoli’s AZacroglossum, fixed in 1777; and Fabricius’ Sesia, 
xed In) 1797. 

§ Grote, in 1874, pronounced (Bull. Buff. Soc.,1., p. 24) populi to be the 
type of Laothoé, which may be considered as making it synonymous with Ammorpha. 
We have hitherto been inclined, however, to look upon gwerczis as the residuary type 
of the genus Laothoé. 

|| Already restricted (1797) by Cuvier with s¢ed/atarum as type. 


348 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


/HGERIA.—Taster zwei, vorgestrekkt, dreigliedrig; zweites Glied langer vom 
Kopfe abstehend, drittes kirzer, kegelformig, spitz. Fihler walzenférmig, vielglie- 
ee eae langer, feiner, spitz.—Sesza apiformis, ichneumoniformis, vespiformis. 

9 Art. 

In 1809, Laspeyres’ important review of the first two vols. of 
Ochsenheimer’s Die Schmett. von Europa, was published (F¥ena. 
Allg. Lit. Zeit., 1809, iv., pp. 89—104). In this he proposes (p. 
roo) the generic names Devlephila * (for the 2nd and 3rd families 
of the Vienna Catalogue) and Acherontia (for atropos), both ‘of which 
were adopted by Ochsenheimer in 1816. 


In 1810, Latreille (Consdérations Ord. Nat. Animaux, &c., 
PP. 357-358 and 440-441) named euphorbiae as the type of Sphinx, 
which was wltra vires, and fixed ocellata as the type of his Smerinthus 
to the exclusion of ¢/¢ae. Thus we find: 


SPHINX.—The type fixed on p. 440 as Sphinx euphorbiae ¢, Fab. 
SMERINTHUS.—The type fixed on p. 440 as Smerinthus ocedlata, Liun. 
SESIA.—The type fixed on p. 440 as Sesta apiformis {, Fab. 


In 1815, Oken gave (Lehrbuch der Zoologie, \., pp. 747 et seq.) 
a further grouping of Sphingid genera. His classification works 
out as follows: 


I. SPHINGES ILLEGITIM2, HYALIN4A.—Genus I—THYRIS. Genus 2— 
ALGOCERA. Genus 3—A#GFRIA, SESIA, TROCHILIUM. [Sect. A.—TROCHILIUM— 
aptformis\ and bembectformis. Sect. B. — ALGERIA||—all the small clearwings.] Genus 
A—SETIAM (Sesia, Sphinx, Macroglossum).—Like Sphinx ; anal tuft; tongue long 
and rolled in; antennze thicker and shorter, club-shaped, anteriorly pointed and 
hooked, distinctly flossy. Abdomen broad, tufts of hairs on sides and end; wings 
small; fly by day. Larvee long, cylindrical, on the ‘‘ Kreuz” [i.e., the small of the 
back] a horn or ‘‘ Spiegel-fleck,’’ no other spots, head globular, transformation 
above ground among spun-up leaves or bits of plants. [@. Wings entire—/fuciformis, 
bombyliformis, stellatarum. 6. Wings emarginate—venotherae. | 

Il. SPHINGES ILLEGITIMA, ADSCITA. PAPILIONES PHALASNOIDES. — 
Burnets, etc. 

III. SPHINGES PHALANOIDES.—Genus: LAOTHOE (Smerinthus).—Antenne 
prismatic, spindleformed, serrate, hook at end, tongue doubtful, palpi pressed 
near together, well scaled, last joimt scarcely perceptible. Larva obliquely-striped, 
with a caudal horn, head tetrahedral; pupa in earth, without cocoon; imago with 
very short tongue, bipartite; head small, prone; antennz prismatic, serrate, tip 
hooked; wings dentate, emarginate, broad; body unicolorous; fly at night.—Z. Zidzae, 
LI. ocellata, L. populi, L. quercis. 

IV. SPHINGES LEGITIM. Genus 1: ELPENOR**,—Spitzleibige Schwarmer, 
Mackelraupen, Augenraupen. Body smooth, naked, ‘‘ Kreuzhorn,’’ head globular, 
retractile, on the neck some eyespots; pupa, on the earth, among leaves spun 
together; imago with the abdomen pointed, not ringed, tongue moderate, wings not 
dentate, slightly narrowed, pointed, antennz of almost uniform thickness, scaled 
beneath, apex thread-like, eyes large, fly morning and evening.—&. nerit, &. 
celerio (phoenix), EF. vitis (elpenor), E. porcellus. 


* Curtis fixed elpenor as the type of this genus (Grit, Znt., fol. 3, 1824). It 
therefore falls as a synonym of Humorpha. 

t+ Ultra vires since ligustri was already (from 1758) the type of Sphinx. 

+ This of course fails, as Cuvier (in 1797) had already fixed the type of Ses¢a 
as stellatarum, and Hubner (in 1806) had named czdic¢formis the type. 

§ As apiformis and bemdeciformis have hitherto been considered congeneric 
this fixes these species as representing Zrochiliwm (sens. rest.). 

|| &geria has, apart from apiformis, only two possible types at this date, 
vesptformis and ichneumoniformes. 

{| Setia is evidently intended as a classical emendation of Seséa, and falls 
before the latter. 

** As no type has ever yet, to our knowledge, been fixed for this genus, and 
all the species contained have, in the meanwhile, been constituted the types of 
other genera, it appears to us best to declare edpenor, L. (=witis, Oken) the type, 
and to sink Zipenor, Oken, before Lwmorpha, Hb. 


SPHINGIDES, 849 


Genus 2: CELERIO*. Halbbandierte, halbringleibige Schwarmer; Flecken- 
raupen. With small, globular, not retractile head, body smooth, a caudal horn, 
coloured lateral spots; pupa on the earth, among leaves; imago on the sides 
of the belly with interrupted rings, tongue longer, forewings elongate, smooth- 
margined, inner margin hollowed, antennze as in the preceding.—C. galit, C. 
euphorbiae. 

Genus 3: HerrseEt. Tongue longest and thick, longer than body.—Z. 
convolvuli, HT. ligustri (spiraeae), H. pinastri. 

Genus 4: ATROPOS{. Tongue very short, thick, almost wanting.—A. solani 
(Sph. atropos). 

In 1815, Leach gave (Ldinburgh Encyclop., ix., pp. 130— 
131) the following groupings : 

LAOTHOE.— Ocellata, tiliae, popult. 

SPHINX.—forcellus, elpenor, lineata, galit, euphorbiae, pinastri, convolvuli, 
ligustrt, atropos. 

SEs1a.— Stellaiarum, bombyciformis (=fuciformis, Linn.), fusiformis. 

ZEGERIA$.—Apiformis, crabroniformis, vespiformis, tipuliformis. 

In 1816, Dalman (Vetens. Acad. Handlingar, pp. 204 ef seq.) 
divided the Sphingides into the following groups: 


(1) DiLtina—ocellata, tiliae, fopuli. (2) SPHINX—atropos, convolvuli, 
ligustri, pinastrt, galit, elpenor, porcellus. (3) HEMARIS—Stellatarum, fuct- 
formis, bombyliformts. 

Dalman names ocellata the type of Dilina, ligustri the type ot 
Sphinx, fuciformis the type of Hemaris, but does not indicate the 
type of his Sesza. He, however, places (Joc. cit., p. 217) Ses¢a in the 
Zygaenides, using the genus for apiformis, melanocephalus (crabront- 
formis),  scoliacformis, spheciformis, hylaerformis, ichneumontformis, 
palpina, culiciformis, tipuliformis, etc. We may here repeat 
that Smerinthus, Latr., was created for “tae and ocellata 
iinee2, that, im. 4810, occllaza was indicated as the type, 
and that in 1816, Dalman created JDzlima for ocellata, tiliae and 
popult, and also indicated ocellafa as the type; thus it would 
appear that Dz/zna, Dalm., is synonymous with Smerinthus, Latr., and 
falls as such, é/zae still awaiting, in 1816, a separate generic restriction. 
Dalman accurately fixes /igustrz as the type of SpAznx, and, although 
his AYemaris contains stellatarum, the type of Sesza and Macroglossum, 
he names fuczformis as the type of the new genus, which becomes 
restricted to the group of which the last-named species is the exponent. 

In 1808, Ochsenheimer had separated (Die Schmett., ii., p. 


185) the true clearwings and limited Sp/zmx to the following species: 
Fam. I—fuciformis, bombyliformis, croatica, stellatarum, oenotherae, 
gorgon. Fam. Il1—Jerii, celerio, elpenor, porcellus|. Fam. I11—Lzneata, galiz, 
hippophaes, euphorbiae, zygophylli, vespertilio|. Fam. 1V—Atropos, convolvuli 
ligustri, pinastri. Fam. V—Tiliae, ocellata, popult, quercis. 
In 1816 the same author published a classificatory catalogue, the 


* The species, gallzz and euwphorbiae, appear to us to be possibly congeneric. 
Hence Oken’s generic name must stand for them. We propose making gallzz the type. 

t+ As this genus retains ligwstri, Linné’s type of Sphinx, the name should 
sink as a synonym of the latter genus. We therefore make /igustrz the type, so 
that Herse falls as a synonym of Sphinx. 

{ Synonymous with dZanduca, Hb., and Acherontia, Lasp., atropos being 
the type of all three. 

§ Apiformis and crabroniformis are placed in Trochilium by Oken; vespi- 
formis isthe only one mentioned here of the two other possible types of gerza (cfr. 
antea, p. 348 footnote), and should, therefore, be accepted as the type. 

|| Fam. II is absolutely identical with Oken’s genus Hlgenor and contains 
the same four species. Fam. III contains both Oken’s genotypes of the genus 
Celerio (see supra). 


350 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


“Systema Glossatorum Europe” (ze Schmett., etc., vol. iv., pp. 1 
—97), and here, on pp. 41—45, he respectively termed the families 
mentioned above—Fam. I — Macroglossa (Macroglossum, Scop.). 
Fams. I]-Il]—Dezlephila (Spectrum, Scop.). Fam. 1V—Acherontia 
(Manduca, Hb.) and Sphinx. Fam. V—Smerinthus, Latr. (Laothoé, 
Fab., Amorpha, Hb.), thus reducing, by his own references, two of 
his names to the position of synonyms, 77z., MWacroglossa, Ochs., which 
falls before Macroglossum, Scop., and Acherontia, Lasp., before 


Manduca, Hb. ; 

Soon after this time (about 1822) Hubner published that part of 
the Verzerchniss which contained the Sphingids (pp. 115 ef seg.), and 
determined most of the genera belonging to the group. His 
grouping is as follows: 

Horde II (Phalanx secunda): SPHINGES (=Sfhinges, Linn.; Sphinges, 
Sestae and Zygaenae, Fab.). 

Tribus I: PAPILIONIDES.—Stirps I: ZyG@#NA=—divided into Fam. 1, 
Circumfluae Fam. 2, Atrostgnatae. ‘These include the. Anthrocerids. 

Stirps II: CHRYSAORES— dividedinto Fam. 1, /mmaculatae. Fam. 2, Excelsae. 
These include the Adscitids and Syntomids. 

Stirps IIIT: Graucoprs—divided into Fam. 1, Amplae. Fam. 2, Angustae. 
Fam. 3, Dubiae. Kam. 4, Hyalinae. 

Stirps IV: SPHECOMORPH2, divided into Fam. 1, Wodiles. Fam. 2, Exiles. 

Tribus II: HYMENOPTERIDES.—Stirps I : SEst#—divided into Fam. 1, 
Corpulentae. Fam. 2, Graciles. These include the true clearwings. 

Stirps II: APYRALIDES, containing Fam. 1, Vitratae. This includes only 
Thyris fenestrina and two of Cramer’s species. 

Tribus IIT: Lecirimaa (=Sesiae, Fab.).—The palpi thick, blunt, the antennz 
in front broader; ‘‘short-bladed,’? almost bent back at the end, the body thick 
and the wings strong. 

Stirps I: BomByL1a.—The tongue very long: the antennz almost club-shaped 
and pointed at the tip; the body with tufts of hairs. 

Fam. 1: VULGARES.—The wings somewhat short, their margins entire; the body 
with tufts on the sides and anus. 

Coitus a: Cephonodae.—The wings almost scaleless, the body variegated 
—Cephonodes hylas, Fab., C. bombyliformis, Esp., C. fuctformis, Linn., C.— 
pelasgus, Cram,, C. croatica, Esp. 

Coitus 6: Aellopodes.—The forewings with transparent white lines; the 
hindwings sinuate—Aellopos titan, Cram., A. fadus, Cram. 

Coitus c: Psithyri.—The forewings grey and black banded, hindwings 
rust yellow and blackish; the tufts of hair chequered—Psithyros stellatarum, 
Linn, 2; bes, Cram., 2. ceculus,. Cram... jaro, Cram, 

Fam. 2: A£Quivoca.—The wings sinuate and dentate ; the body with tufts o1 
hair on the anus only. 

Coitus a: Proserpint.—The back of the thorax ornamented ; the forewings 
dark-banded, traversed with whitish—Pvoserpinus oenotherae, Schiff., P. 
gaurae, Abb., P. gorgoniades, Hb. (gorgon, Esp.). 

Coitus 6: Enyones.—The forewings almost faicate at the apex, marked 
with pale and dark like the agate—“nyo japyo, Cram., &. pylus, Cram., £&. 
gorgon, Cram., £. lyctus, Cram., &. camertus, Cram., &. danum, Gram., 
EL. phegeus, Cram.,£. anceus, Cram., 2. syces, Hb. (ficws, Cram.). 

Coitus c: Hemeroplanae.—The forewings with blunt tip, agate-like, 
and with a light mark in the central area—Hemeroplanes pan, Cram., 2. 
triptolemus, Cram., 7. plutonius, Hb, (pluto, Cram.), ZZ, ovclius, Cram. 

Coitus d: Amplypieri.cThe forewings sinuate at the margin; in the 
central area with shining markings—Amplypterus ganascus, Stoll, A. panopus, 
Cram., A. dbubastus, Cram. 

‘oitus e: Nephelae.—The forewings with cloudy stripes; the hindwings 
dark— Nephele morpheus, Cram., NW. didyma, Fab. (penaeuws, Cram.), LV. 
chiron, Cram. 

Stirps II: EumMorpua:. —The antenna somewhat long and thin, their end bent 
back; the body long, pointed, quite smooth. 

Fam. 1: ELEGANTES.—The head, thorax, and body not entirely unadorned, 
the wings variegated. | 


SPHINGIDES. 351 


Coitus a: Pholi.-The forewings brownish-grey; the hindwings finely 
coloured; both pairs brown-shaded, and with angular black markings— 
Pholus crantor,Cram., P. licaon, Cram., P. strigilis, Fab., P. fics, Linn. 

Coitus 6: Daphnides.—The forewings a particularly beautiful green, 
and with softly variegated markings—Daphnis megaeacus, Hb. (eacus, Cram.), 
D. hippothous, D, nerit, Linn. 

Coitus c: Argei.—The forewings green, with pale lines; the hindwings 
variegated—Argeus labruscae, Linn., A. pandion, Cram. 

Fam. 2: OBLIQUOSTRIATA.—The forewings outwards from the middle of the 
Inner margin to the apex marked with pale and dark stripes and lines. 

Coitus a: Amphiones.—The forewings dark reddish-grey, striped with 
shadowy spots; hindwings red—Amphion nessus, Cram., A. brennus, Cram. 

Coitus 6: Theretrae.—Both pairs of wings exteriorly with dentate bands ; 
hindwings shaded with yellow and black—TZheretra equestris*, Fab., TZ, 
nechus, Cram., 7. porcellus, Linn., 7. tersa, Fab. 

Coitus c: Aippotiones.—The forewings externally with oblique white 
bands and brown stripes, also white nervured ; hindwings with almost red spots 
—fippotion celerio, Linn., HZ. ocys, Hb.f (celerto, Cram.). 

Coitus d: Ssoflae.— The forewings brown, the outer part obliquely 
pale- and dark-striped ; hindwings red—Jsoples eson, Cram., J. alecto, Linn., J. 
neoptolemus, Cram., LZ. theylia, Linn. 

Coitus e: Xylophanae.—The forewings with oblique wood-coloured 
stripes ; hindwings shaded with black—Xylophanes anubus, Cram., X. lycetus, 
Cram., X. gortys, Hb. (gordius, Cram.), X. cajus, Cram., X. drancus, Cram, 

Coitus f- Orez.—The forewings with alternately coloured stripes ; hind- 
wings with black and coloured bands—Oveuws gnoma, Fab. (butus, Cram.), O. 
acteus, Cram., O. elpenor, Linn., O. amadis, Cram., O. licastus, Cram. 

Stirps III: DEILEPHIL&, —The antennz outwards a little thicker; the forewings 
with obliquely shaded bands. 
Fam. 1: PALLIDOVENOS.—The forewings spotted and striped with a brownish 
shade ; hindwings black, red banded ; body black-marked on the sides. 

Coitus a: Dupones.—The forewings longitudinally as well as transversely 
banded, paler nervured; the hindwings pale grey and rose red—Dupo 
vitis, Linn., D. jussteuae, Ab. (vitis, Cram.). 

Coitus 6: Phryxi. —The forewings almost entirely white nervured; the 
body on the back and on the sides chequered with black and white—Phr-yeus 
livornica, Pet. (dineata, Fab.), P. caicus, Cram. 

Fam. 2: POPULARES.—The forewings transversely with shadowy bands; the 
hindwings red across the middle. 

Coitus a: AHylae.—The forewings on the costa with cloudy spots; the 
body at the sides ‘‘adorned with black and white cubes” (? chequered)—yles 
galit, Schiff., H. opheltes, Cram., HZ. zygophylli, Ochs., H. hippophaés, Esp., 
ff, nicea, Prunn., H. euphorbiae, Schiff., Hb. 

Coitus 6: Thauwmae.—The forewings with only cloudy spots and stripes ; 
the body sparsely ‘‘ marked with cubes ”’ (? chequered) —Zhaumas vespertilio, 
Esp., 7. capensis, Linn. (aeas, Cram.), 7. cecrops, Cram. 

Coitus c: Chromes.—The forewings band-wise, with angular markings ; 
the hindwings yellow, black margined.— Chromis erotus, Cram. 

Coitus d: Clanes.—The forewings tolerably broad; dull-coloured, with 
blackish transverse stripes—Clants nicobarensis, Schwarz, C. phalaris, Cram., C. 
achemenides, Cram. 

Stirps II: Manpuca:.—Ali the species very large ; the tongue strong, 
the eyes large ; the wings striped ; the body variegated. 

Fam. 1 : Lrves.— The tongue long ; all the members somewhat 
*¢schlanglich.”’ 

Coitus @- Ayloici.—All the species whitish-grey, black marked, the 
forewings with straight and waved stripes; the hindwing’s shaded with blackish 
—Hyloicus pinastri, Liun., H. coniferarum, Abb., H. menephron, Cram., . 
pamphilius, Cram., H. hylaeus, Cram., H. hasdrubal, Cram. 

Coitus 6: Hrinnyes.—The forewings brownish-grey, with dentate black 
stripes; the hindwings rust-coloured, with black border—Zvrinnyts ello, Linn., 


* Moore declares (Lep. Ceyl., li., p. 22) this species (= zessws, Dru., Cram.)-to 
be the type of Zheretra, a decision which we consider wltra vires in view of 
Stephens’ prior restriction ( posted p. 354). 

¢ Kirby gives (Cat., p. 653) ocys, Hb. = celerio, Linn., which makes 
Hiippotion monotypical. 


352 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


£. oenotrus, Cram., &. scyron, Cram., &. alope, Cram., EZ. caricae, Linn. 

(cacus, Fab.). 

Fam. 2: PONDEROS&.—AIl the species tolerably thick and short, eleganily 
marked. 

Coitus a - Acherontiae.—The tongue very short; the antennz at the end 
with a plumule; the back of the thorax marked like a mask; the fringes of 
the wings short—Acherontia atropos, Linn., A. chionanthi, Abb., A. morta, 
Hb. (atropos, Cram.). 

Coitus 6: Cocytii.—The tongue long; the thorax almost unmarked; the 
abdomen half yellow spotted—Cocytius jatrophae, Fab. (medor,.Cram.), C. 
rustica, Fab., C. forestan, Cram. 

Coitus c: Phlegethontit.—The thorax almost without markings; but the 
abdomen entirely adorned with yellow spots—--Phlegethontius cluentius, Cram., 
P. lucetius, Cram., P. hannibal, Cram., P. carolina, Linn., P. paphus, Cram. 

Coitus d: Agrii.—The hindwings and the abdomen red- and _black- 
banded—Agrius anchemolus, Cram., A. convolvuli, Linn., A. cingulatus, Hb. 
(cngulata, Fab. = convolvuli, Cram.). 

Coitus e : Lethiae.—The forewings only exteriorly with dentate stripes ; the 

_ hindwings banded—Zethia ligustri, Linn., L. print, Abb., L. drupiferarum, 

Abb., Z. kalmiae, Abb., LZ. gordius, Cram. 

Stirps V : SMERINTHI.—The head small, almost hidden; the tongue very 
short and delicate; the palpi small; the antennz curved; the wings with angled 
margins; the (?) arms thickly clothed with peculiarly coloured hairs. 

Fam. 1: DeENTATI.—The thorax without markings ; the wings jagged or 
dentated. 

Coitus a - Colaces.—The forewings with one angle, with shiny central- 
markings ; hindwings pale— Colax apulus, Cram. 

Coitus 0: Polyptychi.—The forewings with many projections or toothed ; 
with shaded band and blackish stripes—Polyptychus dentatus, Cram., P. 
timesius, Stoll, P. juglandis, Abb., P. populi, Linn., P. guercus, Schiff. 

Fam. 2: ANGULATI.—The thorax with coloured markings ; the wings with 
blunt angles, and soft shading. 

Coitus a: Paontae.—The hindwings marked above with an eye-spot— 
Paonias salicis, Hb. (ocellata, Linn.), P. myops, Abb., P. excaecatus, Hb. 
(excaecata, Abb.). 

Coitus 6: Mimantes.—The palpi fairly moderate. The forewings with 
deep inlets and blunt angles, banded—Jfimas tiliae, Linn. 

Fam. 3: UNCINATI.— The forewings curved like a beak; the hindwings sharp- 
angled. 

Coitus a: Oti.—The forewings with shaded stripes; the hindwings at the 
anal end dark —Otus choerilus, Cram., O. myron, Cram. 


Swainson, in 1821—22 (Zool. Jilus., i1., pl. 81 expl.), gave 
convolvult as “generic type” for Sphinx, but this was wltra vires, as 
ligustrt was already type of Sfhimx. Curtis, in 1824 (expl. pl. i), 
specified e/penor as the type of Dezlephila, but Hubner had already, 
in 1806 (anted, p. 347), specified e/penor as the type of Lumorpha, 
so that Declephila falls as a synonym of the latter. Stephens, 
in 1828, divided (/ilus. Haust., 1., p. 111) the Sphingids into four 
genera : 


SMERINTHUS, Latr.—Ocellatus, populi, tiliae. 

ACHERONTIA, Ochs.— Atropos. 

SpHINX, Auct.—Convolvuli, igustri, pinastri. 

DEILEPHILA, Ochs.—Zuphorbiae, galii, lineata, celerio, elpenor. 


WN 


This author united (Joc. ci¢., pp. 132—136) JZacroglossa, Ochs. 
(with s¢edlatarum as the type) and Sesta, Fab. (with fuctformis 
and bombyliformis) as the Sesz?dae, and referred the true “ clearwings” 
to the family Zeeriidae (loc. cit., pp. 136 e¢ seg.) Humphreys and 
Westwood (Brit. Moths, i., p. 5) also place the Macroglossids in 
Sesta, referring this genus to the Sphzngzdae. 


SPHINGIDES, . 353 


Boisduval, in 1829, gave (Lur. Lep. Ind. Meth., pp. 32—34) the 
following grouping : 

MacroGLossa—fuciformis, bombyliformis, crcatica, stellatarum. 

PTEROGON— @notherae*, gorgoniades. 

SpHINX—Wervi, celerio, cretica, elpenor, porcellus, lineata, dahlii, galii, hip- 
pophaes, vespertilioides, euphorbiae, nicaea, zvgophylli, convolvult, ligustri, pinastri. 

BRACHYGLOSSA Ff —Afropos. 

SMERINTHUS—(7iliae, ocellatus, populi, tremulae, quercis. 

In 1835 Stephens published, as an appendix to vol. iv of his /ustra- 
tions (faustellata), an ‘‘ Abstract of the Indigenous Lepidoptera contained 
in the Verserchuiss Bekannter Schmetterlinge by Hiibner.” In this he 
gives (p. 5) the following list of the Britisht ‘ Sphinges Legitime ” : 

CEPHONODES (SESIA).—Lombyliformis, fuctformts. 

PSITHYROS (MACROGLOSSA).— Ste/latarum, 

DAPHNIS.—LVerii. 

THERETRA (DEILEPHILA, B, pars).—Forcellus. 

HIPPOTION (DEILEPHILA, B, #.).—Celerio, 

OREUS (DEILEPHILA, B, £.).— Alpenor. 

PHRYXUS (DEILEPHILA, A, ~.).—Lvornica. 

HYLES (DEILEPHILA, A, .).—Galii, euphorbiae. 

HYLOICUS (SPHINX, £.).—-Pinastrt. 

ACHERONTIA (ACHERONTIA).—Aztropos, 

PHLEGETHONTIUS (SPHINX, f£.).— Carolina. 

AGRIUS (SPHINX, p.).—Convolvuli, cingulata (?). 

LETHIA (SPHINX, p.).—Ligustri. 

POLYPTYCHUS (SMERINTHUS, f.).—Populi. 

PAONIAS (SMERINTHUS, p.).—Sadlicis. 

MINIAS [sic] (SMERINTHUS, p.).— Tiliae. 

Although this mere citation of the British species does not in the 
‘least restrict Hubner’s genera, and Stephens makes no attempt to fix 
their types, yet his list had without doubt some influence in introduc- 
ing the genera to the notice of British entomologists, and, in 1837, 
Curtis distinctly fixes neva as “type of the genus” Daphnis. In 
Stephens’ Last of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection of the 
British Museum, part v, Lepidoptera (1850)—a catalogue which had 
perhaps more influence on nomenclature because containing a new 
classificatory system—the names become still further associated (as 
subgeneric, in most cases) with the same species, Phlryxus, however, 
being mis-spelled “ Phrynus.” The classification adopted in this 


work (pp. 25—30) 1s as follows: 
Fam. Il: SPHINGID. 
SMERINTHUS, Latr. 
a. PAONIAS, Hb.—ocellatus, L. 
6b. PoLyPricHus, Hb.—fopul7, L. 
c. MIMAS, Hb.—Zzlzae, L. 
ACHERONTIA, Ochs.—atropos, L. 
SPHINX, Auct. 
a. AGRIUS, Hb.—convolvuli, L. 
6. LETHIA, Hb.—/igustri, L. 
c. HyLoicus, Hb.—gzmastr7, L. 
DEILEPHILA, Ochs. 
a. HYLES, Hb.—ewphorbiae, L., galit, Schiff. 
6. PHRYNUS, Hb.—“ivornica, Esp. 
CHA:ROCAMPA, Dup. 
a. Hipporion, Hb.—celerzo, L. 


* D’Orbigny makes (Dict., x., p. 613) oenotherae (=proserpina), the tvpe. 
t Absolutely synonymous with J/anduca, Hb. 

t Carolina and cingulata are, of course, not British. Kirby notes (27 (7¢t.) that 
Hubner figures (Samml. Exot. Schmett., vol. i., ante. 1826) cingulata under the generic 
name A g77us, this being the earliest use of the generic title for a single species after its 


erection. Kirbyconsiders that thisissufficient to constitute c7zgulata the typeof Agrius. 


x 


354 


BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


b. THERETRA, Hb.—forcellus, L. 
c. OREUS, Hb.—elpenor, L. 
DAPHNIS, Hb.—vzeri1, L. 


Fam. II1: SES I1DA. 


MACROGLOSSA (MACROGLOssUM, Scop.)—stellatarum, L. 
Sesta, Fb.—fuciformis, L., bombyliformis, Esp. 


In 1835, Duponchel published (A777. War. Leb; sappaeieee 


155 e 


seg.) the Sphingid section of his “Catalogue Méthodique des 


Lépidoptéres d’Europe.” ‘Tabulated, his results work out as follows : 


Is 
2. 


3 
ae 
5: 
6 
7: 


SPHINX, L.—Ligustri, L., and var. spireae, Hb., convolvuli, L., pinastri, L. 

DEILEPHILA, Ochs.—Wicaea, de Prun., euphorbiae, L., galit, F., dahlit, Tr., 
epilobtit, Bdv., esulae, Bdv., tithymali, Bdv., zygophylli, Ochs., 
hippophaes, Esp., vespertilio, Fab., amelia, Feisth., démeata, Fab. 
(:vornica, Esp.). 


. CH@ROcAMPA, Dup.*—Werit, L., celerio, L., osyris, Dalm., cretica 


‘=alecto), Bdv., elpenor, L., porcellus, L. 

BRACHYGLOSSA, Bdv.—Azropos, L. . 

SMERINTHUS, Latr, —Tiliae, L., ocellata, La, eae 1, tremulae, Zett., 
quercus, Fab. 


. PrEROGON, Bdv.—Oenotherae, Fab., gorgon, Esp. 


MACROGLOSSA, Scop.— Stellatarum, L., croatica, Esp., juciformis, as 
bombyliformis, Ochs., welesiformis, Dahl. 


In 1836, Duncan created (L7it. Moths, p. 154) the heterotypical 


genus 


Metopsilus for neri (type of Daphnist, Hb.), celerio (type of 


LTippotion, Ub.), elpenor (type of Lumorpha, Hb.), and porcellus (type 
of Zheretra, Hb., and Choerocampa, Dup.), whilst Westwood, in 1840, 


gives 


(Gener. Synops., pp. 88—8g9) the following summary of the 


Sphingid genera : 


Family 1: SPHINGID, Leach. 


SMERINTHUS, Latr. /(Laothoe, Fb.).—3 spp. Sph. ocellata, L.—Wings 
angulated ; spiral tongue short. 

ACHERONTIA, Ochs. (Srachyglossa, Bdv.).=1 sp. Sph. atropos, L.—Wings 
entire, acute, spiral tongue short. 

SPHINX, Linn. (Eumorphae, Hb.).—6 spp. Sph. ligustri, L.—Wings entire, 
acute, spiral tongue very long ; antennz not clavate ; labial palpi robust. 

‘DEILEPHILA, Ochs. (Spectrum, p., Scop.).—3 spp. Sph. euphorbiae, L.— Wings 
entire, not subfalcate ; spiral tongue jong x; labial palpi robust ; antennze clavate; neck 
of larva not retractile. 

Dapunis, Hb. (Sphinx, L.).—1 sp. Sph. nerit, L.—Wings entire, acute, 
posterior slightly lobed ; spiral tongue long; antennz and labial palpi slender ; cater- 
pillar with the neck retractile. 

MEtTopsILUS, Duncan (Lumorphae, Hb.).—3 spp. Sph. elpenor, L.— Forewings 
subfalcate ; antennz obscur ely clavate; spiral tongue long; neck of caterpillar 
retractile. 

MACROGLOSSA, Ochs. (Sesta, ~., Fb.).—1 sp. Sph. stellatarum, L.—Wings 
squamose; apex of abdomen strongly tufted. 

SESIA, Fb. (Uacroglossa, p~., Ochs.).—2 spp. Sph. fusiformis, L.—Wings 
partially hyaline ; abdomen tufted at the extremity. 


Westwood’s determinations are correct for Smerinthus, Sphinx, 
Daphnis and Macroglossum, but the latter under existing rules 


falls 


before. Sesza, Fab. By fixing elpenor as the type of 


Metopsilus, the latter becomes a synonym of Zumorpha, Hb., 
whilst his Sesza is, of course, synonymous with Hemaris, Dalm. We 
have already noted (anted, pp. 348, 352) that Curtis’ action in fixing 
elpenor as the type of Dezlephila makes the latter genus synonymous 


* 


In D’Orbigny’s Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat., ; p- 613 (184 ayy Duponchel fixed 


on porcellus as the | type of ar genus. 


+ 


Curtis, Brit. Lnt., ‘fol. 626 (January, 1837), figured ze7z7, and declared 


it to be the type of the zeke Danae 


SPHINGIDES., 855 


with Eumorpha, Hb., the fixing of euwphorbiae as type by Westwood 
being altogether w/tra vires. 

So far as the British species are concerned, this may be said to 
complete the literature relating to their synonymy. We only add 
here Boisduval’s grouping, from his still-born work of 1875. In this 
(Ziistotre Nat. des Insectes, Lépidopteres, vol. i), the author confesses 
that his work is not up-to-date, and that he has made no attempt 
to make it so. He divides the Sphingids into the following tribes 
and genera: 


Tribe I: ACHERONTIDES—Acherontia, Ochs. ; 

Tribe II: SMERINTHIDES—Srvachyglossa, Latr., Metagastes, Bdv., Calymnia, 
Bdy., EZuclea, Bdv., Niceryx, Bdv., Smerinthus, Latr., Zurypteryx, Feld., Basiana, 
Walk., Daphnusa, Walk., Cypa, Walk., Ceratomia, Harris. 

Tribe IIT: LEUCOPHLEBIDES—Leucophlebia, Westd. 

Tribe IV: EURYGLOTTIDES —Jleganoton, Bdv., Macrosila, Bdv., Amphonyx, 
Poey, Luryglottis, Bdv., Sphinx, Auct. (two groups), Azceryx, Bdv., Pachylia, 
Bdvy., Zonilia, Bdv., Madorya, Bdv. 

Tribe V: DEILEPHILIDES— Dezlephila, Ochs., Elibia, Walk., Ambulyx, Bdv., 
Philampelus, Harr., Aleuron, Bdv., Everyx, Bdv., Euchloron, Bdv., Acosmeryx, 
Bdy., Eucheryx, Bdv., Choerocampa, Dup. (with 13 groups, the first group termed 
** Daphnis et Darapsa,” the eighth group Pergasa), Panacra, Walk. 

Tribe VI: MACROGLOSSIDES—TZemnora, Bdy., Lapara, Walk., Arctonotus, 
Bdv., Zylognathus, Feld., Epistor, Bdv., Tricholon, Bdv., Ocyton, Bdv., Aspledon, 
Bdy., Lophura, Bdv., Pterogon, Bdv., Pogocolon, Bdv., Angonya, Bdv., Gnosanda, 
Walk., Perigonia, Bdv., Jficrolophia, Feld., Thyreus, Swain., JZacroglossa, Ochs., 
Sataspes, Moore, Dasysphinx, Felder. 

We have now given a summary of the whole of the literature, 
so far as we know it, that bears on the vexed question of the generic 
synonymy of the British Sphingids, and in our opinion the types 
of the genera work out as follows: 

. SPHINX, Linné (1758).—Type fixed as Zigustrvi by Linné in 1758. 
. SESIA, Fab. (1775).—Type tixed as stellatarum by Cuvier in 1797. 
. MACROGLOSSUM, Scop. (1777).—Type fixed as stellatarum by Scopoli, in 

1777 (Falls before Sesia, Fab.). 

. SMERINTHUS, Latr. (1802).—Type fixed as ocellata by Latreille in 1810. 

. EuMorpHA, Hb. (1806).—Type fixed as elpenor by Hubner in 1806. 

. Manpwuca, Hb. (1806).—Type fixed as atropos by Hubner in 1806. 

. AMORPHA, Hb. (1806).—Type fixed as populi by Hubner in 1806. 

. DEILEPHILA, Lasp. (1809).—Type fixed as elpenor by Curtis in 1824 

(Falls before Zumorpha, Hb.). 
9g. ELPENOR, Oken (1815).—Type fixed as elpenor by Tutt in 1902 (Falls 

before Eumorpha, Hb.). 
10. CELERIO, Oken (1815).—Type fixed as gadlii by Tutt in 1902. [Gaddcz and © 
euphorbiae are the only species included in Oken’s genus. ] 
11. HEMARIS, Dalm. (1816).-—Type fixed as fuctformis by Dalman in 1816. 
12. DAPHNIS, Hb. (cz7c. 1822).—Type fixed as merit by Curtis in 1837. 
13. HIPPOTION, Hb. (circ. 1822). — Type fixed as celerio (=ocys) by Hubner 
CHE, O22. 
14. PHRyxuUS, Hb. (circ. 1822).—Type fixed as Zivornica by Stephens in 1850. 
15. HyLes, Hb. (circ. 1822).—Type fixed as euphorbiae by Tutt in 1902. 
16. THERETRA, Hb. (circ. 1822).—Type fixed as porcellus by Stephens in 1850. 
17. HyLoicus, Hb. (czvc. 1822).—Type fixed as pznastri by Stephens in 1850. 
18. AGRIUS, Hb. (circ. 1822).—Type fixed as cingulata by Hiibner ante 1826. 
19. MiMAs, Hb. (civc. 1822).—Type fixed as ¢zlzae by Hubner cz7c. 1822. 
20. CHGEROCAMPA, Dup. (1835).—Type fixed as forcellus by Duponchel in 
1843 (Falls before Zheretra, Hb.). 


Having completed our review of the literature of the Sphingids 
to the point of determining the generic nomenclature of our British 
species, we have now to review the Sphingids as a whole, and the 
relationship of the various sections that make up the superfamily. 

Réaumur diagnosed the group in 17 34(JZémozres,1., p. 288)as follows: 


COMI DUr-y WD 


356 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Les papillons portent de ces especes d’antennes que nous avons nommées 
prismatiques *, c’est-a-dire, de celles qui entre leurs deux bouts, dans la plus grande 
partie de leur étendué, ont un diametre 4 peu-prés égal, et dont la coupe est un 
secteur de courbe, ou un triangle curviligne. Tous les papillons de cette classe 
doivent aussi avoir des trompes. Ceux de la plipart des genres qui lui appar- 
tiennent, ont les ailes disposées de maniete qu’elles laissent le dessus du corps 4 
découvert, qui ordinairement se termine en pointe. Leurs ailes inferieures sont petites 
par rapport aux superieures (pl. xiil., figs. 5, 6, 9). Le cdté interieur de ces dernieres 
est plus court, et souvent considerablement plus court que le cété exterieur. Le bout 
de celui-ci va jusqu’au derriere, et quelquefois par-dela le derriere, au-lieu qu’ 
aprés la fin de l'autre, il reste encore quelques anneaux. Ces papillons, qui ont 
le corps gros et pesant, dont les ailes inferieures sont courtes, et dont les superieures, 
maleré leur longueur, n’ont pas une grande surface, font beaucoup de bruit en 
volant ; ils font entendre un bourdonnement trés-fort: ils ne scauroient se sottenir 
en lair sans agiter leurs ailes avec une grande vitesse. Nous avons vu des 
papillons bourdons dans la 6me classe des diures (pl. xii., figs. 5, 6, MW. 
stellatasum), et nous avons des bourdons-phalenes dans la premiere classe de 
Ceux-Cl. ; : 

The general characters of the superfamily are very marked, yet 
there have been many difficulties as to the exclusion or inclusion 
of doubtful species, mainly, however, due to ignorance of the 
earlier stages. Reference to the earliest diagnoses (azfed, pp. 343 
et seg.) of the superfamily will show that they were all more or less 
unsatisfactory, and, as we have already shown, included the A%gerids 
(Sesiids), Anthrocerids, and their allies. The elimination of these 
has already been dealt with, although it is remarkable that many 
recent authors have insisted on placing the A“geriids and Anthrocerids 
in close proximity to the Sphingids in spite of their amazing 
difference. | Miven! Hubner ineluded (7725, pp. 115 ee see 
Anthrocerids and Atgeriids in his Horde ii, Sphinges, but it is 
here (see, anfed, pp. 350 et seg.) that we have the first clue to a proper 
appreciation of the natural subdivisions of the Sphingids (sezs strzc¢.), 
considered in their world-wide variety of form and structure. It 
is true that Hubner’s characters are superficial, but not more so 
than those of all authors of his time, and he stands, in spite of all 
weaknesses in his work, the first exponent of modern ideas, of the 
collection of small groups of closely-allied species into distinct genera, 
as apart from huge groups—often of superfamily value—that served 
his predecessors, and still serve many of his successors, for genera. 
The work of our British lepidopterists has been, so far as this 
superfamily is concerned, exceedingly weak. Stephens not only 
maintained an alliance between the Sphingids, Sesiids (Macroglossids), 
figeriids (Sesiids), and Anthrocerids (Zygzenids), which he united 
under the name of Cvefuscularia, but his knowledge of the groups 
is well exhibited by the weakness of his generic tabulation, which 
reads : | 

plus minusve angulatz sa * me is .. SMERINTHUS. 

Ale) ( breves vs af We _. ACHERONTIA. 
integra, acuta. Maxillae haud clavatze SPHINX,. 

elongate; antennz 

clavate .. DEILEPHILA. 

These characters are certainly no better than those of Hubner, 
and do not attempt to deal with the group in the same detailed 
manner. 


* This description will give a good idea whence came the terms ‘‘ prismatic 
antenne,”’ etc., used by Stephens and others, They evidently originated with 
Réaumur. 


SPHINGIDES. 57) 


The work of Curtis, Stainton and Newman, does not really 
touch the classification of the superfamily, and no real alteration 
in the early genera was made either at home or abroad until, in 
1865, Grote and Robinson published their “Syn. Cat. of North 
mmencan  sphinsidae? (Proc. Lint: Soc. Phils, v.. pp: 149 <ef 
seg.), and divided the Sphingzdae into the tribes MMacroglossint, 
Choerocampinit, Smerinthinti and Sphingint. ine 1376, Buber 
brought out his JZonograph of the Sphingidae. Here we find 
another attempt to raise the Sphingids practically to superfamily 
rank, and to subdivide them into important sections, based on 
larval and imaginal structure. The Spfzvx of the older authors 
is divided into Choerocampinae, Acherontitnae and Sphinginae, the genus 
Smerinthus 1s subdivided into Simerinthinae and Ambulicinae, whilst 
Macroglossum is raised to Macroglossinae. His diagnoses, poor as 
they are, show a better appreciation of the material to be considered 
than do those of his predecessors, and read as follows: 


MACROGLOSSINZ.—Larva: with the anterior segments tapering towards the 
head, retractile; horn long and curved, head rather small. Imago: generally with 
externally angulated palpi; the antennz often gradually thicker from the base to the 
apex; thorax large and prominent ; abdomen of the male always with a more or less 
developed anal tuft of hair-scales. 

CHC@ROCAMPINA:.—Larva : with the anterior segments retractile, the filth some- 
what abruptly broader; the fifth and sometimes all the segments laterally ocellated ; 
horn variable; head rather larger. Imago: generally with externally rounded palpi, 
the antenne generally rather slender; eyes salient; thorax large and prominent ; 
abdomen without an anal tuft. 

AMBULICIN2Z.—Larva: with the anterior segments non-retractile, tapering 
slightly towards the head, which is abruptly rather large and rounded ; horn oblique, 
not curved, but slightly pointing upwards at the tip; a series of lateral oblique 
stripes. Imago: with externally rounded palpi, the antennz slender in both sexes ; 
eyes salient ; thorax rather short ; abdomen of the male produced behind, with lateral 
angular expansion, 

SMERINTHIN2.—Larva: rugose, with the anterior segments tapering towards 
the head, which is abruptly and decidedly larger, flattened in front, and angular 
above; horn straight. Imago: with the head and thorax short and broad; palpi 
small; antennz of male more or less pectinated. 

ACHERONTIINA:.—Larva: thick, clumsy, Sphinx-like, but with the horn 
always more or less recurved at the tip, and tuberculated or granulose. Imago: 
clumsy; legs, antennze, and proboscis thick, the latter very short; head, thorax, and 
abdomen short and broad. 

SPHINGINA.—Larva: with the anterior segments very slightly smaller than — 
the posterior, generally marked with oblique lateral stripes; horn (when present) 
rather long; head tolerably large; position of the larva in repose almost sigmoidal. 
Pupa: frequently with an external sheath for the proboscis. Imago: Choerocampine 
in form, but with the head generally smaller; the thorax variable in length; proboscis 
very long. 


Herrich-Schaffer, however, in 1845, had published (Schmett. von 
Luropa, vol. i., p. 82) an account of the Sphingids, and had given a very 
satisfactory diagnosis of the superfamily, which reads as follows : 


IMAGO: Quite large to fairly small, strongly built lepidoptera, with elongated 
forewings, with the outer margin slightly shorter than the inner margin; hind- 
wings small. No ocelli, palpi three-jointed, heavily clothed with hair, lying close 
to the head, with inner surfaces hollowed out, in which lies the proboscis, 
externally convex, the second joint thicker than basal and the third extremely 
small, only slightly discernible above the hair of the second joint, frequently 
almost entirely enveloped in hair; the antennze somewhat more slender near the 
base and at the tip, the thickening terminating in an angle which, viewed beneath, 
has a central longitudinal ridge ; in the male this bears two rows of bristles on 
each of the surfaces forming the middle ridge, the one at the front margin, the 
other at the hind margin, which two rows unite together towards the outer 


358 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


margin; in the ¢ instead of this is only a short raised semi-oval curve. Forewings 
with II or 12 nervures, 1 free, 2—--7 at equal distances out of cell, 8 out of 7, 9 
civided near apex of wing when 12 nervures are present; in the latter case, 
therefore, 10 is from 9, 11 from top of cell, 12 free ; if nervure 9 be not forked 
10 arises from front edge of cell and 11 is free; hindwings with 9 nervures, I 
free, the following all with tolerably equal. interspaces, 4 from apex of cell, 5 
as a continuation of-one of the weak dividing nervures of cell (the fold ?) or even 
further on towards the costa, 6 and 7 on a short footstalk, 8 from base sending 
back an oblique nervure to middle of front margin of cell. . 


He, however, did not get beyond genera in his subdivisions, his 
table of the latter working out as follows : 


I. Antennze with the apex pencillated, hooked. 


1. Abdomen with sides and anal segment barbed .. MACROGLOSSA. 
2. Abdomen with sides and anal segment not barbed. 
a, Abdomen with anal segment acute .. . 1 SPH Dye 
6. Abdomen with anal segment obtuse .. .. ACHERONTIA. 
II. Antennz neither pencillated nor hooked... os. bk 6S MERENGERES: 


This division, as far as it goes, is a natural one, but is neither 
better nor worse than that of Stephens, both being meagre in the 
extreme, and not dealing with the superfamily from a sufficiently 
broad standpoint. 

For comparison with Herrich-Schaffer’s diagnosis of the super- 
family we append Meyrick’s (A/andbook, &c., p. 292) which reads : 

ImAGO: Head with dense appressed hairs. Ocelli absent. Eyes glabrous. 
Antenne thickened towards middle or posteriorly, in g ciliated with partial whorls. 
Labial palpi moderate, ascending, with dense projecting scales. Thorax densely 
hairy beneath. Femora densely hairy, NEURATION: Forewings—I0 furcate, 6 out 

of 8, 9 absent (rarely present in exceptional individuals). an ae and 4 
ened at base, 5 from middle of transverse vein, parallel to 4, 6 and 7 connate 
or stalked, 8 connected by oblique bar with margin of cell before middle, more or 
less appreximated to 7 near beyond cell. Ovum: Spheroidal, smooth. Larva ®: 
Stout, usually with an oblique prose ng anal horn, anterior segments sometimes 
retractile or raised in repose. PUPA*: Subterranean. 

Grote, in 1856, published his work, the Hawk Moths of America. 
In this he largely maintained the subfamilies of Butler, but attempted, 
in addition, to show the origin of the superfamily, and the interrelation 
of the subfamilies. He made the Smerinthinae the central and 
generalised group, and from the Smerinthoid type, he considered the 
Choerocampinae and Macroglossinae had deviated in the direction of 
a specialisation of the imago by a narrowing of the wings, a 
strengthening of the costa of the forewings, a reduction of the 
hindwings, and an increase in the relative size of the prothorax and 
mesothorax. In the lower genera of the Choerocampinae, represented by 
Ambulyx, he considered the wing-proportion of the Swmwerinthinae to be 
carried over, no less than the soft brown colour,. and, in the case of 
A, sexoculatus, Grote, from Brazil, the ocellated hind-wings. He further 
suggested that while these three groups stand in a nearer ascending 
relation, the typical Sphinginae had probably a_ different line of 
development, standing nearer to the Acherontinae, the latter group 
being now somewhat independent. ‘This was the beginning of a 
considerable amount of excellent detailed work by Poulton, Packard, 
Chapman, Bacot, Dyar and others, which is far too comprehensive 
to enter into at length here; a summary of some of it is, however, 
necessary, and, as a preliminary, we have to note the main Sphingid 


* These characters certainly take rank with those of the authors of a century and 
a half ago. 


SPHINGIDES. 359 


characters, showing in what direction, in the various stages, affinities 
may be expected to be found. These may be noted as: 

OvumM.—Of the flat type, oval im outline, plump, green in colour, shell 
transparent, surface smooth. 

LARVA.—Tubercles i, ii, iii and iv with simple sete, v atrophied, a super- 
numerary prespiracular, base of tubercles i on 8th abdominal developed into caudal 
horn, and carrying tubercles i in Ist stadium (after Ist moult, 1 generally obsolete). 

Pupa.—Of two forms: (1) Amorphid—rough, with short maxillz; wider 
antenne. (2) Sphingid—smooth, with long maxille; narrowed antenne. 

IMAGo.—Frenulum ; two anal nervures to hindwing; otherwise of two 
forms : (1) Amorphid—short tongue, broad wings. (2) Sphingid—with long 
tongue, narrow, sharp-pointed wings. 

We should, therefore, expect in the primitive Sphingid, at 
least the following characters : 

OvuM.—Flat type, shell transparent. 

LARVA.—First stage (and possibly later), with i, ii, i, iv and v generalised 
in structure and position ; tendency to consolidation and enlargement of bases of 
i on abdominal segment 8. 

Pupa. — With distinct, and probably fairly strong, projecting points on 
movable segments. 

ImMAGO.—With distinct proboscis ; thickly scaled ; frenulum ; two anal 
nervures to hindwing. 

Grote, at first, fell into the error that has proved a stumbling-block 
to most of his successors in attempting to derive one group from 
another existent group. The lowest members that we now have 
of any stirps, are aS many generations from the common ancestor 
as the highest, and, therefore, though they may not have specialised 
in the same way as the highest, in so many, and what we regard 
as so important, characters as they have, yet have had as much 
time to specialise, and very possibly have specialised in some 
characters quite as much as they. This gives us the result that 
often puzzles us, that, what we cannot help thinking the lower 
form, 1s, from some points of view, much the higher. Specialisation 
is understood to mean elaboration of organs and functions, and 
higher and lower forms can only be such, in proportion to the 
greater or less elaboration of what we consider (often rather 
arbitrarily) the higher organs and functions. The practical result 
of this is that every case must be judged on its own merits, and 
the common ancestor of a superfamily, family, subfamily, tribe or 
genus, must be built up as possessing all the generalised characters | 
found anywhere in the group, and none of the specialised ones, 
z.é.. specialised as compared with other members of the group. 
Having obtained this as well as we can, we must work forwards 
to the present representatives of the group. The result almost invari- 
ably is that no present forms can be derived from any other present 
forms, and that nothing very definite exists between any present 
form and its most remote ancestors, ¢.g., one may build up a 
common ancestor to pzuastri and ligustri, but neither is that common 
ancestor, nor is any other existent species. If atropos be added 
to the group, the ancestor is varied, but is equally nonexistent, 
and so on. ‘This will make quite clear our disagreement with 
most of the conclusions of Poulton, Packard and others on 
EuismestIject, tor it must be quite, clear that neither Ag/za. nor 
Dimorpha, nor any other already suggested existent form, can 
ew a) direct ancestor of the Sphingids, for neither of these 
isd larva which, im the first’ stage, has 1, i, iM, “Iv, so 


360 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


generalised in structure and position as have the Sphingids. Neither 
has the imago of Agdza a frenulum, nor tongue, nor two anal nervures 
to the hindwings, all of which characters must have been present in 
the ancestral Sphingid. The Sphingid branch, therefore; Wemyahe 
main Sphingo-Micropterygid stirps ‘quite separately trom either that 
of the Dimorphids or Attacids and not through them. We have 
already presented this view of the subject (ante, VOL. aise 
124—126). ; 
Poulton published (Zvans. Ent. Soc. London, 1888, pp. 555 
et seg.) in detail the ontogeny of Ag/za tau and discussed its affinities. 
He also considered the structure of various Sphingid larve and 
finally concluded that ‘‘the Sphingids are a specialisation of the 
group of Saturnian-Bombyces, and that the following order represents 
the nearest affinity and is an approach towards the expression of 
genetic relationship: Sphinx, Acherontia, Smerinthus, Ceratomta, 
Lophostethus, Aglia, Ceratocampa (Attacus), Saturnia.” He then 
adds “The other genera of Sphing?dae will precede Sphinx as in the 


usual arrangement . . . . Lndromis and Bombyx mort will 
also be included in some of the gaps in the above mentioned list, 
but their exact’ position’ is. uncertam “; — >... heme 


condition of the Sphzngidae which comes nearest to Agla, &c., 
is strongly in favour of the above arrangement. They alone do not 
feed in the perfect state, and do not fly in the characteristic manner 
of other hawk-moths; in the strict sense of the word they are not 
hawk-moths. Their mode of flight and especially their rudimentary 
and unused mouth-parts, are further points of affinity to the 
Saturnians.” 

We need not say that we disagree almost wholly wan these 
conclusions. If anything is clear in the phylogeny of the Sphingids, 
it is that no one of the genera mentioned above has been derived 
through any other one. It is equally certain that neither Dzmorpha 
(Endromis) nor Bombyx (mort) could fill up any conceivable gap in 
the series mentioned, both forms being, in one or more aspects, 
more generalised than any one of those mentioned. It is also 
certain that the Amorphid branch* has evolved within the Sphingid 
stirps from a tongued ancestor, and that its tongueless condition 
is quite independent of the parall el condition found in the Attacids. 
Their slower mode of flight is possibly even a specialised (and 
not ancestral) trait, and consequent on the loss of the frenulum. 
Our treatment of the various subfamilies will possibly afford further 
critical differences from the conclusions arrived at by Poulton. 

His detailed facts, however, must be referred to by every student. 
We can only mention a few points. His summary of the resemblances T 


between the larva of 4g/ia tau and those of the Sphingids, in general, 
is as follows : 


(1) Caudal horn: Changes of size during growth; 2 terminal bristles; _bi- 
furcation ; longest and movable in early stages; colour, and white zone; thorn-like 


* This, we suspect, is the branch that Poulton intends by ‘ The imaginal con- 
dition of the Sphingidae which comes nearest to Agia.” 

+ Many of these characters, e.g., attitude, shagreen hairs,. oblique stripes, are 
spread over groups as separate as Lachneids, Dimorphids, Bombycids (ombjx 
mort), and Attacids, whilst shagreen hairs occur in some butterfly larvee, and 


oblique stripes and a ‘caudal horn in the Notodontids, where they cannot indicate 
alliance (Bacot). 


SPHINGIDES. 361 


processes. (2) Oblique stripes: As in Sesia (Hemaris). (3) Subspiracular stripe : 
As in Sesta (Hemaris), Macroglossa, &c. (4) White thoracic lines: As in 
Sphinx ligustri. (5) The appearance and arrangement of the chief tubercles. (6) 
Shape of head: As in young Sphinx and Smerinthus and adults of many other 
genera. (7) Sphinx-like attitude: Also the fact that it is chiefly marked in young 
larvee. (8) Position on leaves and twigs of foodplant, at different times in larval life. 
(9) Shagreen dots: With bristles, and the times at which they appear and persist 
(Smeerinthus, Sphinx). (10) Lndividual differences in shade of ground colour: As 
in Smerinthus. (11) Distribution of shades of ground colour: As in Smerinthus, 
Manduca (Acherontia), Sphinx. (12) Probable slight susceptibility of larval tints to 
surrounding colours : As in Smerinthus, Sphinx. (13) The colours of the 
spiracles in the last stage: Asin Sphinx. (14) Change of colour before pupation : 
As in Smerinthus. (15) The shape and texture of the pupa: As in Amorpha 
populi. 

Poulton adds that nearly all these points of resemblance* are 
very striking, and appear to prove that the larva has the closest 
affinity to the Sphingids and especially to the genus Smerinthus. 
He then details the peculiarities and apparent differences as follows: 

(1) Ova: Very different in colour. (2) Axpansion of spines: Immediately 
after hatching. (3) Zhe presence of four thoracic spines and the anal spine. (4) 
Absence (?) of subdorsal line. (5) The length of the first stage. (6) The ridges on 
abdominal segments. (7) The terrifying mark: Position and concealment during 
rest, but origin much as in Lumorpha (Choerocampa). (8) Loss of caudal horn 
im last stage, but certain Sphingid larve also lose the horn. (g) Only four 
stages ‘in the ontogeny. 

Discussing these differences and peculiarities, Poulton says 
that 1, 2, 6 and 7 are entirely adaptations to the peculiar conditions 
of the larva and cannot be considered to prove any great divergence 
in affinity, any more than the various adaptations which form 
such sharp characteristics within the group of the Sphingids them- 
selves, such as the terrifying marks ot ELwmorpha (Choerocampa), etc. 
It is impossible at present to decide whether 5 and 9 are adaptive. 
The subdorsal line (4) may be represented in part, and points 3 
and 8, in reality indicate affinity as much as divergence; thus, the 
caudal horn degenerates in size and shape in the latter stages of many 
Sphinx larve. He says that it nearly disappears in the last stage of 
Theretra (Choerocampa) porcellus ; itis absent from all except the earliest 
stages (if indeed it is present in these latter) of Zhaumas (Declephila) 
vespertilio and Pterogon oenotherae (Weismann, Studies in the Theory of 
Descent, pp. 209 and 259). The ontogeny of Ag/za is more exaggerated 
than that of any Sphingid larva; it commences with a more 
specialised caudal horn than that which any S/Aznx possesses, and 
associated with a specialised remnant of the spinous covering of 
allied Gombyx larve; and suddenly, at the last ecdysis, all these 
prominent features are lost as completely as is the hornt in the 
later stages of certain Sphingid larve. 

There is no need to follow Poulton in detail through all the 
interesting facts by means of which he attempts (doc. ci¢., pp. 568 
e¢ seg.) to show the affinities or “natural position” of the Sphingids. 
He points out the well-known facts, without, however, showing the well- 
known evolutionary principle involved, that within the Attacid stirps, 


* Similar habits necessitate similar needs, whilst a common ancestry often 
leads to the needs being met in a somewhat similar manner (Tutt). 
¢ The horn is not lost so suddenly in any Sphingid larva as it is, for example, 
in Aglia tau. In Theretra porcellus it is never really a horn as generally understood 
mong the Sphingids. 


362 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


specialisation proceeds in the larva (1) by the atrophy of tubercle 
11 and the development of 1 on abdominal segments, (2) by the 
development of 1, ill, iv + v into a series of projecting spine-bearing 
processes on either side of each segment from the mesothorax to the 
7th abdominal, (3) by the special development of 1 (and ? ii) on the 
meso- and metathorax as a pair of highly-developed spine-bearing pro- 
cesses, (4) by the union of bases of i on abdominal segment 8 into a 
caudal horn. He instances the various stages indicated by means of : 
(1) Platysamia cecropia and Callosamia promethea, which show the usual — 
ringed series on each segment commencing from the mesothorax, 
characteristic of the Attacids (sens. stric¢.), and with no defined 
caudal horn on the 8th abdominal. (2) acles imperialis and 
£. penelope, in which 1 on the meso- and metathorax are small and 
inconspicuous. (3) Cztheronia wardit, C. princtpalis, C. var. argyra- 
cantha, which have 1 on meso- and metathorax, and the caudal horn 
rather better developed than the others. (4) Lhescynthis erythinae, 
Citheronia phoronea, C. tixton, C. regalis, with large spined 1 on 
meso- and metathorax, well-developed caudal horn on 8th ab- 
dominal, and, in &. erythinae, a smaller on the oth abdominal, 
whilst his description of Ceratomia taken alone would show it 
to be almost certainly Attacid, but Dyar writes (Zz. Rec., xil., p. 21) 
that these horns are perfectly secondary and merely a special adaptation, 
the ordinary oblique lines being replaced by rows of teeth, and the 
“horns” only another manifestation of the peculiar conversion of mark- 
ings into structural characters (see also, posted, p. 364). Poulton also 
notes that the horns, &c., of these specialised Citheroniid larve, are 
dropped at the last moult, the larvee becoming entirely smooth, with 
atrophied tubercles, and with a coloration exactly suited to their 
environment. [For figures of the larve noted by Poulton, see Bur- 
meister’s Atlas of the Lepidoptera cf the Argentine Republic, pl. xix et seq.| 

Bearing on this last point is the fact that the essential facies 
of the adult Sphingid larva is similar to that just noted as being 
characteristic of certain adult Attacids. In the early stages of 
the Sphingid larva, however, we find an amazing difference from 
the Attacid, and the mode of evolution of a similar facies is entirely 
different. The newly-hatched Sphingid larva has, in its most 
generalised form, an almost primitive first stage, i and ii trapezoidal, 
ili supraspiracular, iv subspiracular, each simple and bearing one seta. 
Three specialisations (?) occur—(1) the atrophy of v; (2) the develop- 
ment of a special prespiracular (common in some Lachneids) ; (3) the 
presence of a more or less developed caudal horn on abdominal 
segment 8. Gradually, and never suddenly as in certain Attacids, 
the larva loses its simple primitive tubercles and becomes a smooth 
larva with only the caudal horn developed. Then the Sphingid larva 
bears a close superficial resemblance to the adult Citheroniid and 
Aglid larve, and Poulton makes the former a direct evolutionary branch 
of the latter and attempts to support his view with the African, 
spined, so-called Smerinthine, larva, Zoephostethus, which, apparently 
from the description, is not Sphingid at all, and certainly not 
Smerinthine. The Sphingid larva is very specialised in colour and 
markings, but in a very simple, clear, and definite direction. The 
Attacid (sevs. dat.) larva is even more specialised on distinctly 
different and independent lines and in a much more complicated 


SPHINGIDES. 7 pae 


manner. The two modes of development produce, in the adult 
larve of Agia and Sphinx, a somewhat superficially similar adult 
animal. The only existent larva that we know that even very distantly 
approaches (but certainly does not satisfy) the possible ancestral 
Sphingid form is that of ombyx mori, where we have i, ii, 
iii, iv and v in generalised position, occurring side by side with 
feet uke condition of 1: and iii im. the early - stadia, a 
highly developed condition of 1 on 8th abdominal, and _ swollen 
thoracic segments. The Sphingid egg, larva and pupa, all show 
characters that prove that Sphingids were never developed either 
through Lachneids, Dimorphids, Attacids or Bombycids, fer se, 
but, retaining some of the characters of each, their ontogeny 
abundantly proves that they have had a common origin with these. 
The impossibility of direct derivation from either of these groups is still 
further intensified by the imaginal structures —antenne, maxille, 
and frenulum. The special form of the Sphingid antenna closes 
the superfamily absolutely, and, unless one is willing to admit a 
series of discontinuous variations and redevelopment of lost organs 
as exemplified by the frenulum and maxille, this direct derivation 
is obviously impossible. Poulton’s position of attempting to prove 
that Sphinx has been evolved from Agétza through Ceratomia 
and Smerinthus, appears altogether untenable. Here we get an 
attempt to derive the most specialised Sphingids from the most 
specialised Attacids, whilst the generalised Sphingids (Eumorphids, 
etc.) and generalised Attacids (Hemileucids), where structure, 
if not adult appearance, would be expected to approach somewhat, 
arenot brought into consideration. Bacot’s paper on the subject / £77. 
Record., Vil., pp. 227—230, 246—248) should be referred to as there are 
many interesting facts therein. Among others he notes the following 
resemblances between Dimorpha versicolora and the Sphingides as: 

LARVA.—first skin.—(1) Caudal horn only faintly suggests that of the 
Sphingides. It more nearly represents that of Hutricha quercifolia. Second 
skin.—(2) Change in shape of head: Smerinthus (ocellata). (3) Dark medio- 
dorsal line: AZimas tiliae (in second skin). (4) Oblique stripes : as in Sesia (Hemaris) 
(mentioned by Poulton). (5) Strength of the 7th oblique as compared with the others : 
Smerinthus. In further support I would point out that the oblique stripes are 
caused (in D. versicolora) chiefly by the absence of the shagreen tubercles on the 
stripes, and though in Smerinthus the reverse is the case with the stripes, the 
borders, at a certain stage, are caused in the same way (z.e., by the absence of 
the shagreen dots). (6) The fact that the lateral lines are coloured, while the 
oblique are due at first chiefly to structural arrangements : Simerinthus. (7) 
Small, thickly scattered, shagreen tubercles, each bearing one slightly bifid hair: 
Smerinthus and Sphinx. Third skin.—(8) Anal flap outlined with yellow: 
Smerinthus. (9) Darker bordering to oblique stripes; Srmerinthus (? stage). 
(10) Ventral and anal prolegs developed much after the manner of Smerinthus 
(mentioned by Buckler), Last stage. — (11) Retractile head when fullfed : 
Eumorpha elpenor (mentioned by Buckler). (12) Change of colour before 
pupation : Sphinx ligustri and Afimas tiliae (mentioned by Buckler). (13) Only four 
stages in ontogeny (three moults) (mentioned by Buckler) : Asmorpha populi. 

Pupa.—(14) Shape and general aspect approaches JZ. tzliae. (15) Cremaster 
(in some characters): JZ ¢cdéae. (16) Movement in cocoon; the pupa forces its 
way partly out: Lumorpha elpenor (Tutt and Buckler). (17) Spines on free and 
following segments: 2. elpenar. 

IMAGO.—(18) Shape of wings (roughly only): Smerinthus. (19) Scheme of 
coloration (roughly only):  Svmerinthus. (20) Discoidal Junule on forewings (? 
too general to be of much use). 


The peculiarities and apparent differences may be tabulated 
as follows : 


364 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


LARVA.-—(1) Colour of Ist stage. (2) Tubercles bearing more than one 
hair (Ist stage). (3) Habits (as a whole). (4) Colour of shagreen tubercles (2nd 
stage). (5) Shape of head (2nd stage). (6) Additional stripe on horn or hump of 
the 8th abdominal (best seen in last stage). (7) Double row of black spots (dorsal) 
2nd stage. 

PupA.—(8) Bristles on anal armature: as in Saturnia pavonia. 


Dyar concludes (Ann. New York Acad. Scz., viii., p. 232) that the 
affinities of the larve suggest a relationship .between Sphingids, 
Notodontids and Lachneids, an impossible combination, but his 
description of the larva here is so faulty that further criticism is need- 
less. Later he gives (Z7aus. New Vork Acad. Sc, xive ogo) ae 
following accurate diagnosis of the Sphingid larva: 


The tubercles all remote, v moved up* in front of the spiracle, all the setz 
disappearing or becoming obscured at the first moult; tubercles 1 on the 8th 
abdominal segment borne on the apex of a long process (caudal horn), but they are 
entirely unconsolidated. 


He then says: ‘‘ The consideration of the first larval stage shows 
plainly that the Sphingids are not related to the Attacids, but 
rank as a separate division.”. He further notes that Ponltems 
supposition that the thoracic horns of Ceratomza amyntor might be 
homologous with those of the Cvtheronidae, can be shown to be 
unfounded, for, in the first larval stage of this Sphingid, these pro- 
cesses arise anteriorly to the setee and entirely independently of them, 
whereas in the C7ztheroniidae the horns are developed out of the 
corresponding tubercles. Dyar’s suggestion of a relationship with 
the Notodontids is contradicted on all other characters than those 
he notes—egg, pupa, imago, and even, in their broader aspects, by 
those of the larvze. 

Meyrick’s note on the phylogeny of the group (Handbook, etc., 
p. 293) is characteristically airy. He writes: “ The phylosenyeas 
sufficiently simple ; the group of Smervinthus and Dilina is of primitive 
character, and some exotic members of it closely approach the 
Notodontidae ; the other genera constitute a more largely developed 
line of descent originating in the group.” We wish we could accept 
this simple statement. The Sphingids (sezs. /a¢.) are proved by the 
egg, larval, pupal and imaginal stages to have no structural relation- 
ship whatever with the Notodontids, and, certainly in the larval 
and some imaginal structures, the Amorphids (Smerinthus and 
Dilina of Meyrick) are probably more specialised than any other 
Sphingids. The evolution within the group is not simple. It is quite 
clear, as we have already pointed out, that the primitive Sphingid 
had, among others, the following characters : 


Ovum: Oval, transparent shell, LARvaA: Primitive tubercles from meso- 
thorax to 7th abdominal ; hump bearing i on 8th. PupA: Rough skin, with well- 
developed dorsal points or spines. IMAGO: Well-developed (not necessarily long, 
but functional) tongue, frenulum, two anal nervures to hindwings. 


As a matter of fact one finds within the group iit 


A very general and characteristic form of egg with scarcely 
any modification. (z) lLarve represented by the Eumorphids 


* We doubt this; we believe v to be atrophied and the prespiracular here 
called v to be quite distinct from v. 


SPHINGIDES. 365 


(porcellus, elpenor, etc.) carrying many generalised characters; other 
larve represented by Sphingids (/zgwstz), Manducids (a¢rofos), and 
Amorphids (oce//a¢a, etc.), with fewer generalised and some distinctly 
specialised characters. (3) A more generalised form of pupa in 
Amorphids; a more specialised (especially with regard to maxilla) 
form in the other groups. (4) A highly specialised form of imago, 
by development of tongue and frenulum, in all the groups except 
the Amorphids ; an equally highly specialised imago in the 
Amorphids by the loss of .maxillz and frenulum. Based on different 
stages—larval, pupal and imaginal—different groupings would result 
owing to unequal specialisation in these stages, and one can only 
formulate a general conclusion by the consideration of all the 
structures. On this ground one is forced to the conclusion that within 
the group the lines of differentiation have been based : (1) On one line 
and one only in the larva, v7z., the development of that Sphingid larval 
form that will respond most perfectly to its environment, and _ in this 
particular the Amorphids and Sphingids (sezs. s¢vic¢t.) come very close 
together. (z) ‘On two distinctly divergent lines in the pupa and 
imago, v7z., the development (a) in excess, (b) in defect, of the tongue 
and frenulum, both characters dependent upon whether a swift-flying, 
nectar-feeding imago or a heavy-flying, non-feeding imago was being 
evolved. The former (development in excess) has left the greatest 
mark on the pupa and external appearance of the imago—Sphingids, 
Sesiids (Macroglossids), etc.—the latter has left less mark on the pupa 
and imago, and has possibly retained much more nearly the general 
characters and form of the other organs which have been less affected 
by the change. Hence one sees within the group two distinct lines 
of specialisation. (1) Towards the tongueless form (Amorphid). (2) 
Towards a highly-developed tongue and (its concomitant structure 
for rapid flight) long, narrow pointed wings (Sphingid). In the 
latter section we find different degrees of development in the larval 
structures, which appear to be rather more generalised in the 
Eumorphids, and more specialised in the Sesiids (Macroglossids), 
Sphingids (sens. strict.), Manducids and Amorphids. The com- 
paratively short tongue of the Manducids has nothing in common 
with the special line of evolution of the Amorphids, but is proved 
distinctly by the pupa to be a special development of the Sphingid 
(sens. strict.) tongue by atrophy. 

Based on larval characters Bacot obtains the following group- 
ings : 

I. Ist stage pale with greenish tinge; a longer or shorter caudal horn on the 
8th abdominal, bearing tubercles i at summit; primary tubercles single-haired 
(except ili on meso- and metathoracic segments, where it bears two hairs) ; shagreen 
hairs strongly developed, usually on a cone-shaped base (in early or middle instars) ; 
iv atrophied on the meso- and metathorax; v atrophied on abdominals; a pre- 


spiracular tubercle (? ancestral) on abdominals; abdominal segments divided into 
? 8 subsegments (best seen in stadia 2—4). 


A. Dorsal tubercles on meso- and metathorax set in trapezoidal (or oblong) 
form (i and ii being on separate subsegments) ; an enlarged Ist subsegment (con- 
sisting of 3 or more of the normal subdivisions); the caudal horn less strongly 
developed than in B (? a good character) ; the hairs simple, hollow (mot bifid). 


I. With tumid Ist and 2nd abdominal segments bearing ocellated spots . 
(when adult). 
a. Fairly developed caudal horn ., ah .,  HIPPOTION 
(celerio). 


366 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


6. Small caudal horn 56 ae oc .. EUMORPHA 
(elpenor). 
c. Caudal horn all but absent in all stages .. CABRERA 
(porcellus). 
2. Without tumid Ist and 2nd abdominal segments, and 
with tendency to produce ocellated spots on many 
segments. 
a. With single row of ocellated spots .. -. | EEIRSoS 
(devornica). 
6. With double row of ocellated spots .. © .. CELERIO (gadliz, 
euphorbiae). 


B- Tubercles 1 and ii on meso- and metathorax conjoined, or in close 
proximity on same subsegment; no enlarged Ist subsegment; the caudal horn long 
and markedly developed in Ist stage, and forked to a greater extent than in A 
(? good character). 

1. With forked hairs but not tumid thoracic segments— 
a. With primitive Ist stage (¢.e., without 
secondary hairs in Ist stadium). ; 
i. With forked hairs slightly developed 


in Ist stadium ss SESIA (stedlatarum). 
ii, With forked hairs very “strongly 
developed. 
@. clairs pale ereenin a. .. HEMARIS (fuci- 
formis). 
2. Hairs black ne .. HEMARIS (Zityus). 


o.  “Etmitive “ust. stage: lost; 7.2... a), coat sof 
secondary hairs developed in Ist stadium ; 
head triangular in outline. 
is Head rounded in Ist stadium; 7th 
oblique stripe strongly developed ... MIMAS (¢zdzae). 
li. Head variable in Ist stadium; 7th 
oblique strongly developed.. .. SMERINTHUS 
(ocellata) . 
iii, Head triangular in Ist stadium; Ist 
and 7th oblique stripes strongly 
developed .. ie a .. AMORPHA 
(populr), 
2. Larve with slightly tumid and_ translucent-looking 
thoracic segments in later stadia; forked hairs ill- 
developed if present. 
a. With stiff, pointed, curved caudal horn. 
i. Markedly forked in Ist stadium .. HyLoicus 


(pinastr?). 
ii. Not markedly forked in Ist stadium SPHINX (dégwstr7). 
iil. AGRIUS (co7- 
volvult). 
6. With peculiar downward curved rough horn. 
ih MANDUCA 
(atropos). 


3ased on certain pupal characters, e.g., the keeling of the pro- 
boscis, the position of the glazed eye, the specialisation of the lateral 
surfaces of abdominal segments 5,6, 7 in front of spiracles, &c., 
coe obtains the two following main divisions : 


. Broadly similar to the Saturniids or Ceratocampids—the proboscis short, 
uoaane wings to meet in the middle line and presenting no trace of keeling or 
projections ; convexity of glazed eye towards middle line ventrally, labrum ventral ; 
a dorsal suture or mesothorax ; no first femur visible—AMORPHIDA (Amorphinae, 
Amobulicinae). 

2. Proboscis to extremities of wings, separating them in middle line, always 
with some fulness in region of labial palpi, least in dZanduca (Acheroniia), strongly 
keeled, or with a definite projecting horn; glazed eye with convexity directed forwards ; 
labrum at anterior extremity of pupa or even dorsal; no dorsal suture ; first femur 
exposed—SPHINGID& (Sesitnae, Humorphinae, Sphinginae, Manducinae). 


Based on the whole of the structural characters obtainable in 


SPHINGIDES. 367 


all the stages, Chapman suggests the following more detailed subdivision : 
I, ImAGo with poorly developed proboscis ; resting with 
spread wings, so as not only to require no frenulum, but 
to have lost the « holding area.”” Pupa of ordinary 
Citheroniid or Lachneid type, z.é., unspecialised.— 
LARVA with secondary bifid hairs in earliest stage. AMORPHID2&. 
1. IwaGo: Proboscis nearly obsolete. PUPA: 
Without any special tubercles ES 3 .. AMORPHINZ. 
2. ImaAGo: Proboscis functional Pupa: Often 
with facial spines; callosity on metathorax AMBULICINE. 
II, Imaco with developed proboscis, resting attitude 
suggests that there ought to be a ‘“‘holding area,”’ but it 
continues wanting (ere 20, derivation from a form that 
has lost ‘ holding area’’). - PUPA specialised by 
thrusting back of head, apparently from immense 
development of maxilla cases (haustellum). LARVA 
indicates in various ways that secondary bifid hairs are 
lost (e.g., in Sphinx exist on horn, but not elsewhere) SPHINGIDR. 
vi IMAGO : Long proboscis. Larva: Small head, 
retractile front. segments. PupA: Maxilla-case 
more or less prominent and ae rarely horned. 
a. Abdomen tufted.. sf oe .. SESIINZA. 
b. Abdomen hardly tufted ue on .. EUMORPHINA. 
2. IMAGO: Proboscis still stronger, but become 
rather short. Pups: Maxilla-cases Eumorphine, 
much longer than imaginal proboscis. LARVA: 
Thoracic segments well differentiated, but hardly 
retractile ; horn distinctive, head large we .. MANDUCINZE. 
3- Imaco: Proboscis extremely long, abdomen 
pointed. PupaA: Maxilla-cases usually produced 
into a horn or trunk, by folding of maxilla at base. 
LARVA: Head large, thoracic segments usually 
differentiated but not retractile ac se .. SPHINGINZE. 


These schemes may be considered as merely tentative, but at 
any rate they bring into line the more marked structural characters 
that have been studied from a phylogenetic standpoint. 

The Sphingid ovum is very characteristic, green in colour 
(usually laid on leaves or fresh stems), shell transparent, very smooth, 
and with the micropylar area difficult to detect. The eggs of some 
species of Sphingids are terribly parasitised, ¢.g., Dimmock notes 
(Psyche, 1885, p. 282) that more than 30 minute hymenopterous 
parasites have been bred from a single egg of Smerinthus ex- 
caecatus. 

The Sphingid larva is highly specialised, but rather to its mode 
of life than structurally. One feels pretty certain that its tubercular 
arrangement is simpler than that of the Attacids, and that its caudal 
horn, a specialised projection bearing tubercles 1 on the 8th abdominal 
segment is really, within the superfamily itself, a generalised structure, 
its absence here denoting specialisation. The tubercles i, ii, ii and 
iv are, on the abdominal segments, simple, generalised and single- 
haired in the rst skin, save for the fact that the hairs are frequently 
either bifid (Sesuds) or chalice-like (Amorphids), whilst the 
so-called v, which is prespiracular, we consider to be homologous 
with the prespiracular wart of the Lachneids, v of the Lachneids being 
obsolete. ‘These tubercles may be retained after the rst moult (and 
sometimes the subsequent ones), but they dwindle, and the secondary 
shagreen hairs obscure them so that they cannot be at all readily 
detected. On the mesothorax and metathorax in stage 1, 1 and li 
form two separate sete on either side of median line in the Eumorphids 


3868 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


(elpenor, porcellus, galliz), whilst they (i and ii) arise from a 
single plate or raised area in the Sphingids (“eustrzZ), Sesiids 
(stellatarum), and Amorphids (ocel/ata)*. ‘The caudal horn, however, 
remains conspicuous, although its bifid tip and tubercles are usually 
atrophied. Peck notes (Can. ‘né., vii., p. 239) that Smezaathas 
astylus has its caudal horn armed with two spines appearing bifurcate 
at first glance, the spines being present from its hatching. The 
Sphingid caudal horn is characteristic of the superfamily. (although 
many Attacid and other larve have a very similar one), and when 
absent, as in adult larve of Eumorpha, Theretra, etc., it is re- 
placed by a small, low, flattened elevation, and the segment is often 
swollen (avzed, vol. 1., p. 50). The Sphingid larve that feed on 
low-growing plants are variable in colour, often dark, and are fre- 
quently ornamented with striking spots which are supposed to have a 
defensive purpose, and have been described as terrifying marks (Joc. 
cit., pp. 9I—g2). Those that live on trees and shrubs are usually 
green in tint (zeviz may be excepted), and their colour has been the 
subject of considerable investigation (anéed, vol. 1., pp. 43—44 and 
pp. 85—86). The remarkable attitude of Sphinx ligustrt, from which 
the name of the superfamily was derived, has no doubt a protective 
value, and its probable mode of origin has already been discussed 
(loc. cit., pp. 51 —52). But apart from the position taken up by the 
larva, the whole ensemble of the Sphingid larval position is sometimes 
strikingly protective, e.g., Smerinthus ocellata, Elpenor (Deilephita) 
hippophaes (loc. cit., p. 80), etc. 

Sharp writes (/zsects, 1., p. 381): ‘* The larve are remarkable for 
their colours and form. ‘The anterior segments are attenuated but 
are capable of great retraction, so that, in repose, this shape is 
concealed by the curious attitudes that are assumed. There is, 
in. nearly all cases, a conspicuous horn on the rith segment, and 
the body at the extremity, behind the horn, is so much modified 
that the two terminal segments look like little more than a pair of large 
claspers. In the Choerocampini (Eumorphids), the thoracic segments 
are retractile, and can be withdrawn into the more or less inflated 4th 
segment and give the creature somewhat the appearance of a 
miniature hooded snake. ‘The larve of SfAingzdae do not bear 
any conspicuous hairs—except during the first instar.” Weismann 
has discussed (Studies in the Theory of Descent), at length, various 
views on the origin of the lines, bands and spots found on the 
Sphingid larve, and his conclusions have been generally accepted. 
He suggests that the primitive markings of larve were lines and 
longitudinal bands, the spots appearing from interruptions of the 
lines or bands, and he concludes from his studies of the Sphingids 
that the subdorsal lines originated before the spiracular, although 
it is possible that the dorsal is older than either (az/fed@, vol. 1., p. 
44). Asa matter of fact, generalisations of this kind must always 
be accepted with caution ; no doubt ocellated spots and _ other 
markings have originated in a variety of ways under stress of very 
different and varied conditions. Piepers considers (Zzdschr. v. Ent, 


*The dorsals, i and ii, on the metathorax and mesothorax of Sphinx (ligustri), 
Sesia (stellatarum), and Amorpha (populz), are close together; in Sphinx on a 
single plate, in Sesia (Macroglossum) on a little elevation, in Amorpha close 
together but obscured by secondary hairs, apparently, however, on a raised skin 
area, if not on a plate as in Sphinx (Bacot). 


SPHINGIDES, 3869 


xl., pp. 27—103) from a study of the Javan Sphingid larve that 
much of what has been written as to the protective value of their 
colours and attitudes is fanciful and not warranted by facts. Kirby 
and Spence state that “the larva of Manduca (Acherontia) atropos 
if disturbed, draws back rapidly, making at the same time a rather 
loud noise which has been compared with the crack of an electric 
spark.” Reed describes (Can. Fut.,1., p. 40) a Canadian Amorphine 
larva which had the ‘power of emitting a singing noise when 
handled or disturbed, the noise being similar to that produced by 
the common little beetle, Lema ¢rtlineata.” Sanborn states (Joc. 
cit., p. 48) that the larva of C7vessonia juglandis, which is found on 
Carya alba and C. porvina, gives utterance to a note resembling 
the sound “é or feeep, produced by the inspiration of a small 
quantity -of air between the upper teeth of the human mouth and 
the lower lip, as in the act of sucking, and makes the same sound, 
if held, a little behind the middle, whilst it turns the body sharply 
from side to side. Sprague asserts (loc. cit.) that a similar sound 
is produced by the larve of Smerinthus excaecatus and S. geminatus 
when irritated. Mead also confirms (loc. cit., p. 47) Reed’s ob- 
servations. We believe that it has somewhere been shown that 
this noise is made by the jaws in the same way as a cracking sound 
is made by releasing a fingernail from under that of the thumb. 
Fernald observes (Sphingidae New England, p. 94) that the larve 
of some species are so numerous at times in America that the 
amount of damage done by them far exceeds anything that could 
be imagined. 

Newport has shown that the larva of Sphinx ligustr7 increased 
from J, of a grain on hatching to nearly 125 grains (when fullfed 
32 days after), an increase of 9976 times its original weight, and 
further asserted that growth is most rapid after the last moult, and 
that a larva of the same species increased from 20 grains to 120 
grains during its last stadium extending over eight days. 

Considerable detail relating to the moulting of the Sphingid 
larve has already been noted (azted, vol. il., pp. 5, 19, 27—30, 
32) chiefly, however, relating to the larval pupal moult. Speaking 
of the exuviation of Sphingids, Réaumur notes (J/ém., 11., p. 255) 
that “the larve which have a caudal horn leave it with the cast 
skin, a new one being developed with the new skin.” Watching a 
larva of SS. /igustri: changing its skin, he waited until the anterior 
part of the body and the prolegs had been withdrawn, and the 
old skin was pushed well back posteriorly, but the caudal 
horn was not yet clear. To see whether the new caudal horn was 
contained within the old one, he cut the latter as low down as 
possible, and when the moulting was complete he found that ‘the 
new horn had been mutilated and had lost half its length, showing 
that the new horn was contained in the old as in a case.” Chapman 
observes (anted, 11, p. 19) that, at the moult to pupa, before the 
larval skin is exuviated, the relative size of the segments has much 
changed, the prothorax being large, the first abdominal very small, 
whilst he observed that the margin of the mesothorax against the 
prothoracic spiracle was already brownish as well as the flanges on 
the 5th, 6th, and 7th abdominal segments. [Further details of the 
moult are given Joc. cit., p. 32.| 


370 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Sharp observes (/nsects, 11., p. 381) that “the Sphingid larve 
do not spin cocoons, but bury themselves in the earth,” a general 
statement by no means true of all the species. Many spin cocoons, 
the Eumorphids and Sesiids often with a fair amount of silk, 
and one suspects that this is the ancestral habit of the larvee of this 
superfamily, and that the frequent absence of puparia in the Amorphids 
(populz), although ALimas tiliae often uses quite a quantity of silk, and 
the construction of earthen ones (Manducids and Sphingids) are 
really signs of specialisation. 

We have already noted (anted, vol. 11., pp. 59—60) that the 
characteristic markings of the larva may be seen upon the pupa 
immediately after the skin of the former is thrown off, and that 
these appearances may be fixed by placing the pupa in spirit, and 
thus checking the darkening of the surface*, the persistence sen 
such colours depending upon the fact that the cells of the hypodermis 
of the larva and pupa are the same, so that any pigment contained 
in them during larval life may remain unchanged after the pupal 
period has begun. Poulton figures (M/orph. Lep. Pupa, p. 193, 
fig. 2) a pupa of Sphinx ligustri in which the characteristic larval 
markings are very plainly developed, and, in this, the purple borders 
of the stripes bear a relation to the segments similar to that borne 
during the larval stage, and this is especially well seen in the 
border of the, last stripe. ..-.. . . ~ Yhe-relation’ of thevcolemeem 
borders to the spiracles is just the same as that of the larva. 
Poulton adds that, ‘“‘on removing a portion of the cuticle and 
examining its under surface, it may at once be seen that the colour 
of the border is due to the pigment in the adherent hypodermis 
cells, which can be detached with loss of the colour. It is thus 
certain that the constitution of the coloured stripes in the pupa 
is similar to that in the larva, while the dark surface of the former 
is entirely different, and due to a darkening of the cuticle.” Similar 
facts are true with regard to the newly-formed pupa of Acherontia 
(Manduca) atropos, Smerinthus (Amorpha) populi and S. ocellata (loc. 
Gil. 0 LOA): 

The Sphingid pupz are large and robust, varying considerably, 
however, in the density and character of the integument and in 
the development of the various parts, so that it is not at all easy 
to give any character that defines a Sphingid pupa from that of 
other families, although one finds some characters that, when 
present, are very distinctive, ¢.g., antenne, proboscis, lateral flanges, 
&c. One observes the homologues of the anal claspers of the larva 
usually to be traceable as two convex cushion-like structures on 
either side of the anus, and, in some instances, these cushions retain 
the general appearance of the larval structures (Poulton, AZo7ff. 
Lep. Pupa, pl. xx., figs. 8, 9, 10). The position of the larval prolegs 
is usually represented by functionless scars upon the pupal cuticle, 
and one can almost always trace in the Sphingid pupa a scar corres- 
ponding with the larval caudal horn. Even in those species— Zumorpha 
elpenor, Theretra ( Choerocampa) porcellus, &c.—in which it is feebly 
‘ developed at the close of larval life, this scar is distinctly traceable, 


* Larve of Sphingids can be well preserved in a saturated solution of alum 


(Lovett). 


SPHINGIDES, a7 1 


and there is usually also a well-marked depression on the 8th 
abdominal immediately behind the scar. Poulton thinks that this 
must be due to the bending downwards of the horn, which becomes 
quite horizontal before the larval skin is thrown off, so that the 
posterior edge of its base and the continuous adjacent larval cuticle 
are depressed, and leave a permanent impress upon the yielding 
surface of the pupa. In Aimas tliae the area of the scar is smooth, 
although the rest of the skin is rough and corrugated. Poulton 
figures some interesting instances of well-developed scars (J/orph. 
awe Eupa, Pi. XX., figs. 2, 4,9, 10, 13, ,14),-and further notes 
that the peculiar rough plate upon the dorsal surface of the anal 
flap of the larva of JZ. t“liae is represented by the extremely 
rough dorsal surface of the terminal spine of the pupa, and this 
is a valuable aid to the identification of these two structures 
(age, p> 192). sharp notes -(/usects, i., p. 381) ‘that “the 
pupa is remarkable from the deep cleft that exists to admit air 
igemene. urs: Sspitacle; and for a deep depression on each 
side of the anterior part of abdominal segments 5—7.’’ Considerable 
change takes place in the dimensions of the newly-formed 
Sphingid pupa, a great difference occurring in a few _ hours. 
This has been worked out in considerable detail for Sphinx Lgustré 
(Fnt. Reéc., X., pp. 185 ef seg.), and it has been found that a pupa, 
measuring immediately on moulting 1°87ins. in length, made up 
of (1) *63in. from anterior extremity to end of wings, and (2) 1°24in. 
to posterior extremity, had become respectively in two hours r'rin. 
and s-7oin:, so that the change represented .(1) °63: 1:1, and (2) 
1'24: °78. ‘The most strikingly characteristic feature in the Sphingid 
pupa, however, is the proboscis, and we have, within the superfamily, 
two markedly opposite lines of evolution from an ancestor with a 
functional tongue of moderate length : (1) In the direction of atrophy 
as seen in the Amorphids. (2) In an excessive lengthening, as seen in 
the Sesiids (Macroglossids) and Sphingids (sews. s¢rict.). Chapman 
writes: ‘‘One may study the evolution of the pupa from this stand- 
point very usefully, and, so far as the excessive length of the proboscis 
in some species has to be accommodated in the pupa, the keeling 
in the Eumorphids is the initial stage of the prominent curved 
pupal tongue horn of the Sphinges, in which the proboscis, near 
its base, projects forwards, gradually forming a loop so that the 
imaginal proboscis passes down the front of the horn (short or long, 
curved, coiled or straight), bends under at its extremity and returns 
along the posterior aspect of the horn and then continues the ordinary 
course, between and to the extremity of the wings. In Sesta (Macro- 
glossum ) the fulness hardly amounts to a keel; in most Eumorphids there 
is a very definite keel, and in Sf/znx there is almost always a horn. 
I have no material to enable me to say how far the transition is 
gradual or abrupt. In Manduca, we have a recession from a 
condition probably similar to EZwmorpha ; there is some basal fulness 
and the pupal proboscis extends to the end of the wings, but the 
imaginal proboscis falls short of the pupal in length. The change 
in the line of the glazed eye is very curious. It probably originates 
in the highly-developed proboscis, involving greater development 
of the front of the head, and so pushing it backwards, and so far 
as the eyes are concerned, involving a rotation backwards on a 


372 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


transverse axis. No such change occurs in P/wsia where one might 
expect it; i-the long proboscis were the sole cause, ~Imae@77aza 
however, the extra space required in the pupa by the long proboscis 
is obtained not close to the head, but at and beyond the wing 
apices, whilst in Sphingids, apart from the keel, the central base 
of the proboscis extends very far forwards, which is much the same 
as the head being thrown backwards, and the labrum, usually on 
quite the ventral aspect of a pupa, becomes situated on 
the anterior apex of the pupa. There is one other characteristic 
of a Sphingid pupa to be noticed, that is the specialisation 
of the lateral surfaces of the 5th, 6th and 7th abdominal seg- 
ments ne wiront Of.) the spiracles: If we examine a pupa 
of a Citheronid, say Cvfheronia regalis, we find the anterior 
margin of the segments presents a raised line, equally developed 
in all aspects. The other segments are similarly constructed, but the 
fact is obscured by their not having these margins free as in the 5th, 6th 
and 7th. Inan Amorphid pupa, as that of Smerinthus ocellata, this line 
is much less definite, but is very distinct as a special ridge just in front 
of the spiracle. In many Sphingids it is but little different from this. 
Even in Manduca there is a strong blunt ridge just in front of the 
spiracles that might easily be taken as the ridge in S. ocellata, a 
little more developed. It has here, however, a strong margin opposed 
to it on the adjacent segment, and is clearly the product of a fuller 
and longer development than in Smerznthus. If, as an example of the 
Citheronids, we had chosen LKacles tmperialis, we should have found no 
regular line, but, in the prespiracular region of these segments, we should 
have observed that the general sculpture of the segment, which is else- 
where pitting, had here arranged itself as several parallel transverse 
fine sharp ridges. A precisely similar sculpturing occurs in many 
Eumorphids, and, progressing by the gradual increase of one ridge 
at the expense of the others, culminates in one strong sharp ridge 
anterior and slightly dorsal to the spiracle. In JA/anduca, this single 
ridge remains short, sharp and strong, and with still a row of minute 
ridges in front of it. In Sphinx the condition is not very different 
from that in Manduca. ‘There are some Eumorphid pupz in which 
this ridge is developed into a strong flange, and in one, at least, of 
these species, which escapes from the ground as a pupa before 
emergence, it is this flange that is probably the active agent in 
enabling the pupa to force itself upwards. It is very possible that 
similar structures to these prespiracular flanges of Sphingid pup 
exist here and there in other lepidoptera, but I have not met with 
them, and doubt their existing throughout whole families as in the 
Sphingids. Their use no doubt is to assist the pupa in getting a 
firm basis to resist the pressure necessary to enable the imago to 
break through the earth above it. Most Sphingids bury themselves 
in the earth for pupation, probably all do when a favourable place 
is obtainable, but some are not very averse to pupating under a stone 
or amongst surface déris, and some will even make something like 
a silken cocoon. That all prefer to ‘go’ down,” if possibley as 
probably true. It is noted that some use these flanges to emerge 
as pupe. In JdZanduca and some others the flanges very decidedly 
face forwards, so that their function is here probably somewhat altered, 
and they serve to hold the empty pupa-case back, rather than as 


SPHINGIDES, gle 


fulcra from which the moth may push forwards. Looking to the 
circumstances that we already find an indication of the two forms 
of these flanges in the Citheroniids, and that the single projection 
exists in only some Amorphids, whilst in the Eumorphids there is 
indication of the evolution of the single deep flange from a series 
of small ridges, it is difficult to avoid believing that this structure 
arose at least twice, probably oftener, quite independently, and that 
what the Sphinges inherited from the ancestor they had in common 
with the Citheroniids, and was not the structure itself, but only a 
capability of or tendency to develop it.” We may here note a 
peculiar pupal habit which is generally associated with the pupe 
of the more generalised groups. The pupa of Humorpha elpenor is 
capable of progression for some distance in its cocoon, often leaving 
it altogether before the emergence of the imago. Scudder states that 
the pup of the Sphingid genus, Macroszla, emerge from the earth for 
the escape of the moths, using for this purpose certain flanges in the 
spiracular region. As to the pupal antenne, Poulton observes that al- 
though the difference between the male and female imaginal antennal 
pectinations is not excessive in the Amorphids, there is always less 
difference between the antenne of the sexes of their respective pupe. 
The male pupal genital organs are represented in Sphinx ligustri 
by a very well defined linear depression guarded by two lips, the 
one on the right the other on the left, in the sternal region of the 
ninth somite. These lips are tumid, broad at their centres and 
pointed at either extremity. The structure is best seen in individuals 
placed, immediately pupation has been completed, in spirit, in older 
living specimens the dark colour and the thickening of the pupal 
cuticle rather obscure the structure (Jackson, Studies tn Morph. 
of Lepidoptera, pl. xv., fig. 11). The female pupal genital organs 
of the Sphingids are similar to those of other Heterocera. The sternal 
region of the ninth somite is prolonged forwards, to a greater or 
less extent, as a triangular plate invading the eighth sternal region, 
and it is, at the same time, not clearly limited from the tenth somite 
behind, z.e., the intersegmental ‘line between the gth and _ roth 
somites is not quite continuous from side to side across the ventral 
line. These features are shown in Profoparce mauritit, Butl., and 
Sphinx ligustrt, L., but in P. mauritid it is to be noticed that there 
are two fine longitudinal lines or depressions, one in the 8th sternum, 
and a second short one, at the apex of the triangular forward 
extension of the gth sternum, whereas in S. /éguwstvz there is but 
a single linear depression situated in the sternal region of the 8th 
somite, enclosed, however, by triangular lines passing backwards. 
The single depression represents the two depressions seen in 
Protoparce (loc. cit., pl. xv., figs. 10, 12). Jackson further notes that, 
in the cast pupal cuticle of Sphinx ligustri and of Smerinthus ocellata, 
he has found two bands united at their bases, which are evidently 
the cast chitinoid linings of the ducts of the bursa copulatrix and 
of the oviducal tube, whilst, on one occasion, a double linear depression 
was found in a pupa of S. Zgustri, and a similar one in S. ocellata 
(oculatus by error), in which there is also usually only a single 
depression ; similar variations have been found in the pupe of Amorpha 
popult. Variations in the direction of having single or double 
apertures are also noted in pupe of Manduca atropos and Eumorpha 


374 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


elpenor (loc. cit., pp. 146—147). Poulton observes (Morph. Lep. Pupa, 
p. 200) that, in the external genital organs of the pupa of Sesza 
stellatarum, there is a median line which traverses the prolongation 
of the roth abdominal. Poulton gives excellent descriptive figures 
of the terminal abdominal organs of the pupze of many Sphingid species 
(vide, loc. cit., pp. 202—206, pl. xx., figs. 1—26). [Jackson finds no 
external indications. of sex in the larve of Sphinx ligustrt, etc. | 

We have already given (anfea, pp. 357 e¢ seg.) the diagnoses of 
Herrich-Schaffer, Meyrick and others, of the imagines of this group. 
Fernald further notes (Sphingidae New England, pp. 95—97) the 
following characters : 

The thorax is well-developed in all the species and has the scales appressed 
over the surface, or there is a short stout erect tuft from each side of the 
metathorax, while some species have a central ridge of scales along the middle. 
The abdomen is stout and tapering to the apex, and there are fine spines along 
the edge of the segments in some of the species, which are concealed by the 
scales. Some species have anal tufts more or less fan-like and small tufts along 
‘each side. The @? ovipositor consists of two short pieces, one on each side, 
rounded at the outer end, and clothed with short hairs. The external organs 
of generation in the male are quite complex, and, besides the intromittent organ, 
consist of a clasper on each side, and a central plate above, to which is attached a 
hook curving downward, and, beneath this, is a projection, which is generally 
shorter than the hook, and curves up somewhat at the end. These two may be 
represented by the thumb and finger separated from each other by a little space and 
slightly bent. They vary much in form and in their relative length in different 
species. The side pieces or claspers also vary very much in form and size, and often 
have a variously-shaped spine, hook, or clasping-organ connected with the lower and 
inner side. These appear to be only a modification of one part of the side-piece and 
not a distinct body. The legs are well-developed and of moderate and nearly equal 
length. The fore tibiz havea stout spur called the tibial epiphysis on the inside, 
and, in some species, there are, more or less, spines all over their surface. The 
middle tibiz have a pair of unequal spines at the outer end, and are also spinose in 
some species. The hind tibiz are rarely spinose, but have a pair of spurs at the 
end, and, in most species, a second pair near the middle. The tarsi of all the legs 
are five-jointed, spinose, and are armed with a pair of simple claws at the end. 


The specialisation of the imagines is carried to great length 
in some particulars, the proboscis, antennz, wing-shape, scales, 
&c., being specially developed in various groups. It is remarkable 
that the mandibles, which can hardly be said to exist at all in the 
lepidopterous imago, appear to be present as obtuse projections on 
each side of the labrum in Amorpha populi, Phlegethontius carolina, 
and possibly several other species. The forewings are usually pointed 
at the apex, long in proportion to their width, the nervures exceedingly 
strong towards the base, and the hindwings small. ‘The Amorphids 
again form an exception. ‘The Sphingid abdomen is usually pointed, 
but in the Sesids (Macroglossids) tufted apically, with one or two 
tufts of long scales capable of considerable expansion. ‘The Sphingid 
proboscis is frequently developed to great length. Even in Agvrius 
convolvuli, the proboscis 1s some 5 inches in length, and those of 
some South American species are double this, the specialisation 
enabling them to suck the nectar from long tubular flowers, and no 
doubt are specially modified to aid in giving effect to cross-fertilisation. 
On the other hand, specialisation has, in the Amorphids, resulted 
in reducing the tongue to a very small and almost functionless 
structure. Westwood has noticed that there is an interesting con- 
nection between the variation in the length of the tongue and the 
rapidity of flight, both depending on the habit of sucking nectar 


SPHINGIDES. 375 


from flowers whilst the insect is on the wing. Similarly, most 
Sphingids have a strongly developed frenulum, which Fernald 
describes as being “attached to the basal part of the costa of the 
hindwings, and passing through a membranous loop on the under- 
side of the forewings; the frenulum consisting of a single curved 
bristle in the gs, but of a cluster of six very short fine bristles 
in the 2s, whilst the loop is wanting in this sex.” The Amorphids, 
however, have this organ present in a much reduced state, whilst 
Sharp states (J/nsects, i1., p. 316) that, in some Sphingids, there is 
the unusual condition of a highly-developed shoulder to the hind- 
wing, co-existing with a perfect frenulum and retinaculum. Griffiths 
observes (77 /2tt.):- “The Sphingidae exhibit the highest development 
of the frenulum, the spina of the male insect attaining its maximum 
of size and strength, and the retinaculum being powerful and capable 
or holdins with a firm grip. In the female insect, too, the 
spinule are strong, and their extremities converge to a strong 
fine point, thus forming a claw or hook, which catches the fasciculus 
of the forewing with considerable effect. These characters hold 
good as regards the majority of the species of this family, but some 
members of the subfamily Amorphinae form a noteworthy exception. 
Of one of these, Amorpha populd, Giorna states (Zrans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 
1, Pp. 135—146) that it is without the appliance. Such, however, can 
hardly be said to be the case; the male insect possesses, in the position 
occupied by the spina in other species, a process standing out from 
the margin of the wing, rounded in outline, and, in some few 
examples, terminated by a minute point. ‘This process corresponds 
with the root or prominence which in other species carries the spina. 
The female has a much more largely developed apparatus; not 
only does she possess the root process, but also a perfectly formed 
group of spinulz, which, however, are too small to be of any practical 
use in connecting the wings, so that the organ in both sexes may 
be considered abortive. The retinaculum of the male is absent, 
as we might expect, and its place is simply indicated by a most 
inconspicuous group of scales. It will be evident on consideration 
that the peculiar rest-position always assumed by A. populé would 
be quite impossible in a species with fully developed spina and 
retinaculum, inasmuch as the humeral angle of the hindwing always | 
projects before the costal margin of the forewing, and it would be 
necessary for the moth to withdraw the bristle from’ its loop every 
time that it composed its wings for rest. A similar rudi- 
mentary development of the part also occurs in greater or 
less degree in several other allied species, notably in the fine 
Australian species, Coeguosa triangularis, which has the spina very 
short and probably quite useless. Some other Amorphids, however, 
such as the genus A@zmas of Hubner (which includes JV/. “/zae) and 
Sichia (Laothoé) guercis, have the appliance fairly well developed. So 
also the very fine and remarkable South African species, Lophostethus 
dumolint, which is usually referred to the Amorphids, has_ the 
organ well and strongly developed in both sexes. The flight of 
many Amorphids is so different from that of the typical Sphingids, 
and their habits are so much more sluggish, that it is interesting 
and instructive to find a diversity in the perfection of this 
apparatus,” 


376 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


The specialisation of the antenne, however, is the most 
characteristic peculiarity of the Sphingid imago. The Amorphid 
antenna has an ordinary antennal tip, but in most of the other 
Sphingids the tip is produced, filamentous, recurved, or otherwise 
specialised, although, structurally, both are the same. Sharp describes 
(loc. cit., p. 380) the Sphingid antenna as ‘‘having a thick solid 
appearance, pointed at the tip, which is usually somewhat hooked 
and bears a few hairs. In the males the antenne are formed in 
a manner specially characteristic of the family. In section, each 
joint shows a chitinous process on the underside, forming, with 
that of the other joints, a continuous ridge, and on each side of 
this ridge there exists a series of short, delicate ‘cilia’ arranged in 
a very beautiful manner. ‘This structure, with some modifications, 
appears to be usually present in the family ; it attains a very 
perfect development in cases where the tips of two rows of cilia 
bend towards one another, meeting so as to form an arched cavity. 
This structure is different from what occurs in the gs of other 
families of lepidoptera, for though cilia are very common, they 
are usually placed either on two projections from the body of the 
antenna (instead of on the two sides of a single projection), or 
there is but a single whorl or set of them on each joint ( Cazoca/a, 
&c.).” Bodine states that the Sphingid antenne give some considerable 
colour to the view of a genetic relationship between the Sphingids and 
ZEgeriids (Sesiids). He notes (Antennae of Lepidoptera, pp. 36—37) that, 
in spite of Butler’s views (Zvams. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 121) that 
the antennal structure of the A®geriids (Sesiids) was closely allied to 
that of the Pyralids and Tineids, and not at all to the Sphingids, 
especially to Hemaris, yet every feature mentioned as _ being 
characteristic of the A®geriids (Sesiids) can be paralleled, not only in 
the Sphingids, but in the genus Aemaris, and that Hemaris thysbe 
presents the very characters that he describes in Sphecia, except 
that, in both cases, the “ pencil of rigid hairs” is really composed of 
rigid scales; the close resemblance in structure and form between 
the antenne of the A®geriids (Sesiids) and Sphingids, Bodine considers, 
certainly points to a genetic relationship. The large compressed 
ventral expansion, the fusiform or clavate shape, the peculiar 
distribution of sense-hairs of the third type, the relative size, 
development, and position of the cones, the tuft of long slender rigid 
scales projecting from the distal segment, the character of the chitin 
surface, are all features common to both the A®geriids (Sesids) and 
Sphingids, and no other forms known at present possess the whole com- 
bination of characters. The condition of the antenne of the Ageriids 
(Sesiids) is less highly specialised than it is found to be among 
the Sphingids ; the specialisation does not differ materially in extent 
from that of the other Microfrenate, but it has proceeded further 
in. certain directions; so, while the family is properly classed with 
the Microfrenate, it, at the same time, appears to represent an 
offshoot of the branch which, later on, gave rise to the Sphingids. 
There is, of course, he says, a possibility that the great similarity 
of appearance and even of structure of an organ may arise from 
similarity in environment and in the conditions of life, but in the case 
of the A%geriids (Sesiids) and Sphingids the resemblances are more 
than superficial, as marked in the microscopic as in the macroscopic 


SPHINGIDES. BG 


characters, and it is difficult to believe that such forms could 
arise unless there were some genetic relationship. Chapman 
disagrees entirely with Bodine, and writes (2 Ji#t.): “The 
antenne of the Sphingids present certain very distinctive 
characters. The female antenna of an Amorphid looks very like 
that of any other moth with a simple antenna—scaled dorsally, with 
fine hairs ventrally and sundry bristles. A closer examination, how- 
ever, shows that its true axis is not its apparent one. Each joint 
is articulated to its neighbour, not by its whole surface, but by a 
small circle close to the dorsal surface, and we might call the lowest 
portion beneath the articulating axis a pectination, or a pair of 
pectinations coalesced. It is very possible that this is its real 
nature. The dorsal scaled area has the scales arranged in some- 
what irregular transverse rows, never quite regularly, often very 
irregularly, in the manner usually associated with pectinations past 
or present. A second character of the Sphingid antenna is the 
terminal segment or joint, which is somewhat lengthened and of 
conical form in Amorphids, and becomes, in the other families, much 
lengthened and armed with various bristles, so as to have quite a 
special facies, often amounting to a sort of tassel. Another peculiarity 
of the Sphingid antenna is the peculiar arrangement of the long 
hairs of the g antenna. The lower surface is divided into two 
lateral portions by a central longitudinal keel or ridge, often very 
marked, almost always observable. If an ellipse be drawn on the 
ventral surface of the antenna, with this keel as the shorter axis, 
and the extremities just touching the middle of the margin of the 
scaled dorsum, it would mark exactly the line occupied by the 
origin of the hairs, excepting that a central line by the keel is 
usually vacant. The longest of these hairs is nearest the central 
line, and they are so disposed that, looking at the antenna on its 
ventral aspect, those on either side of the ventral line form a pocket 
like the toe of a shoe, by arching across the half ellipse between 
their bases, those on the proximal meeting those on the distal side 
of this area, with the opening into the pocket directly facing the 
observer, the individual hairs not radiating in all directions from 
the ventral line of the antenna, but directly outwards from its central 
plane. The central line or keel and the area within these pockets 
are covered with very fine sense-hairs, the angles outside the lines of 
hairs are unclothed. In the female antenna the whole ventral 
surface carries these fine appressed sense-hairs. The description 
given above of the ellipse of hairs is not quite accurate, at least 
for many species ; as seen from the underside, the line looks single, 
but, at the further end, next the scaling, it is not so; there, there 
are several hairs in short rows parallel with the length of the 
antenna, and very like the rows of hairs on the plumules of Lach- 
neids. Still, though the Sphingid antenna is probably derived 
from some forms of pectinated antenna, it is difficult to understand 
any mutation by which these hairs could be derived from those of the 
Lachneids. On the line of the keel at the distal margin of each 
segment is a hair, not very obvious basally, but, beyond the middle 
of the antenna, becoming short and thick as a little baton, and pro- 
jecting markedly on the convexity of the antenna, where it curves 
round towards the end. The characters of the Sphingid antenna 


378 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


are closely followed in those of Phalera bucephala and ot other 
species allied to it; the terminal segments are much like those of the 
Amorphids ; it possesses the marginal batons, and the arrangement 
of the hairs is very similar; the keel is not so distinct, and does 
not so definitely divide the hairs of the two sides as it does in 
most Sphingids, and the ventral projection carrying the hairs, though 
very similar to that of Sphinges, does not meet, its neighbour, but 
is obviously distinct, and so does not look as in Sphingids, as if a part 
of the true shaft of the antenna. The antenna of A%geriids (Sesiids) 
is) also very like that of Sphingids, much more like) iaeaer 
than is that of Phalera. Nevertheless it is essentially very differ- 
ent, whereas that of Pralera is based on a real identity of structure. In 
the A%geriids the general form of the antenna is the same, though rather 
more clubbed, and it ends ina very similar tassel, and the arrangement 
of hairs is much the same. The antenna of the A®geriids is, how- 
ever, solid ; it has no added ventral portion, the arranyement of hairs 
is a little different, they also fail completely over the club, which in 
both sexes carries only the fine appressed sensory hairs. A still 
more fundamental difference, showing the A%geriid antenna not yet 
to have escaped from a low Tineid form, is that in the females of 
many, if not of all, species, one row of scales completely encircles the 
antenna, ‘The A®geriid antenna is, therefore, an early micro form in 
its essential characters, although very specialised, and specialised 
so largely on similar developments to those of Sphingids, and probably 
in view of similar requirements, that the association of the two 

families in classification is a result that very naturally followed. The 
scaleless wings of some Sesiids (Macroglossids) appeared to be so 
obviously a confirmatory character, that one understands how the 
association of these two families is still a matter of faith in many 
quarters. The differences between the antennz of the different 
families of the Sphingids are not too well defined, that is, the forms 
that are commonest in each group are not always very well marked 
in all its members. ‘The differences consist in the general straight- 
ness of the antenna, in its being more or less clubbed, and in the 
curvature and specialisation of its terminal segments. “‘Thus— 


The antenna of the Amorphids differs from those of the remainder of the 
Sphingids in having but little curvature at the tip, and a fairly round blunt un- 
specialised last segment. 

That of the Ambulycids (Ambulyx) is a longer, more slender antenna, 
with a gradually diminishing curved tip ending in a last segment carrying very 
long scales, but not itself elongated. [In all the other groups the last segment 
is specialised by considerable elongation and a clothing of bristles. | 

In Sesiids (Macroglossids) the antenna is straight, very thickly clubbed, and has 
the terminal hook consisting of half-a-dozen very short compressed segments, the last 
one elongated so as to be as long as two or three of these, but still very short, as 
compared with the following groups. [This is probably not a stage intermediate 
between Smerinthus and Sphinx, but a specialisation for day-flying as seen in 
Anthrocerids, Papilionids. | 

In the Eumorphid antenna the terminal hook is long and sweeping, and 
involves a good many gradually diminishing segments, with a terminal segment 
equal in length to about three previous segments. 

In Sphingids and Manducids the hook is shorter, fewer segments being involved 
in the dwindling tip, and the final segment is_ very long , equal to about six previous 
segments. The Manducid antenna is str: aighter and thicker than that of Sphingids, 
and the final segment is therefore proportionally more slender.” 


The connection between antennal structure and habits is well- 


SPHINGIDES. 379 


marked in this superfamily. In those species that feed, both sexes 
fly actively and the antenne of both sexes are very similar—Sesiids 
(Macroglossids), Eumorphids, Sphingids (sens. stric¢t.), etc. In those 
that do not feed, both sexes are comparatively sluggish, the females 
particularly so, the males being driven to a more active condition 
on account of their having to seek the females, and here there 
is somewhat more sexual difference in antennal structure, e¢.g., 
Amorphids. 

One may note with regard to the specialisation of the body scales 
that they are ciosely appressed to the body, thus forming a smooth 
continuous coat of mail that evidently offers less resistance to its 
passage through the air than a body covered with a mass of 
assurgent hairs. This must certainly be of advantage to a swift-flying 
moth, ¢.g., Sphinx, Choerocampa, etc., whilst the protection given 
by. such a clothing must also be considerable. Kellogg states 
that the scales on the forewings are usually more specialised than 
those on the hindwings, both in form and arrangement, and that 
the scale-specialisation is higher in moths of highly-specialised flight- 
function (indicated by cephalisation of flight) than in moths of more 
generalised flight-function, as, for example, the Sphingids compared 
with the Attacids.. Hethen adds (Taxonomic Value of Scales of 
Lepidoptera, pp. 59-57): “The hindwings of moths, where an extreme 
cephalisation of flight has been arrived at, show a less specialisation 
of the scale-covering than is shown by the hindwings of moths 
whose flight-function is not so excessively cephalised, which, indeed, 
is to be expected, because of the lesser importance of the hind- 
wings in cases of extreme cephalisation of flight. This is well 
shown within the limits of a single family in the case of Calasymbolus 
myops, a Sphingid with the hindwings large in comparison with 
the hindwings of Choerocampa, Philampelus, Ellema and _ others 
showing extreme cephalisation of flight. In Calasymbolus, the 
disk of the hindwing is uniformly covered with flat scales, only 
the basal third of the wing showing long, weak scale-hairs. In 
Philampelus achemon, only the marginal brown edging is composed 
of specialised scales, without the presence of scale-hairs, while all 
the discal and basal portion of the wing is covered with long, 
rather thickened scale-hairs, in addition to flat scales. Choerocampa 
tersa shows a similar condition, as also does L£llema bombycoides. 
The fact that a heavy flyer shows a less specialised scale-covering 
than a swift flyer is also illustrated among the Sphingzdae. Triptogon 
modesta, a slow, heavy-bodied moth compared with Philampelus, 
has its forewings covered with long, thickened, two- to three-pointed, 
rather flattened scale-hairs thickly inserted, but rather assurgent, 
and not closely appressed to the wing surface. The hindwings 
bear elongate, single-pointed scale-hairs, and also some scales 
like those of the forewing, altogether a much more generalised 
condition of scale development than that of Pyzlampelus, whose 
forewings are uniformly covered with broad three- to seven- 
pointed flat scales, becoming a little longer toward the base of the 
wing.” We may here add that experiments on the contents of the scales 
of Smerinthus ocellata, show that if the hindwings be yellowed by 
HCl they afterwards recover their full natural colour; and 
it they be then subjected to strong HCl for an hour or so and 


380) BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


washed, the pink is restored, and the yellow entirely removed. 
The colour has, however, a faded appearance which is maintained, 
the pink colour being dull, but the red is quite permanent (Coste). 

Girard says (Cosmos, xvii., p, 282, and Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1860, 
pp. Ixxxv—lIxxxvi) that the secretions which enable certain species 
to emit a scent resembling musk seem to offer in some measure 
a generic character or evidence of affinity. He has frequently 
observed it in gs of Agrius convolvuli, as already remarked by 
previous authors, though never in the 9, and has also detected it in 
Sphinx ligustrt, though less powerfully. He thinks it would be of 
interest toexamine the third species of the genus, ylorcus pinastrt, so that, 
if this, too, possesses it, it might be added to the generic characters. 
In 1880, Von Richenau recorded (Kosmos, iv., p. 387) that both 
Sphinx ligustrt and Flyloicus pinastri were provided with a special 
scent-organ situated at the edge of the lower side of the 1st abdominal 
segment, which comes into view on pressure of the abdomen. It 
consists of two symmetrical bunches of hair-shaped scales, which may 
be extruded or drawn in. When extruded in a living SS. “gustri a distinct 
musky scent is apparent at the distance of half-a-métre, but ceases 
to be apparent when they are retracted into their fold, which occurs 
when the imsect is at rest. Only a rudiment of. this organ is 
present in the 9. ; 

Green notes (£.47.17,, xxxvi., p. 90) that Appotion celerio was 
found to make a squeaking noise, much like the well-known note of 
Manduca. ‘Yhe peculiar noise made by Manduca atropos will be 
dealt with at length later. 

Cross-pairing has been recorded between //ylorcus pinastri g 
and Mimas tiliae 2 (Bartel, Palaeark. Gross-Schmett., 11., p. 148) ; 
Treitschke (notes. Die Schmett., x., 1, pp. 137——138) the pairing of 
Smerinthus ocellata 3 with ‘Hyloicus pinastrti 2, and> Mentert 
(Insekten-Borse, Xvi., p. 280) observed a g S. ocellata paired with 
ah QO MH: ae Ele Linz. Although cross-pairings such as the two 
first-named are almost sure to prove abortive, experience 
has since shown that the last-named (though with the sexes 
reversed) may be quite fruitful. Successful cross-pairing, how- 
ever, is not at all infrequent among Sphingids, and it is many 
years since the successful crossing of Smerinthus ocellata $ 
with Amorpha populi 2 was first recorded, the product being named 
hybridus by Stephens (List Br. An. Br. Mus., p. 26), although it 
had been figured by Humphreys and Westwood some years pre- 
viously. Hagen notes (Zut. Wk. Lnt., iv., p. 23) that Mutzell had 
described in Wiegmann’s Avchzv, under the name of fphileuphorbiae, 
a hybrid between euphorbiae and galliz, but this has since been 
queried as being simply an aberration of the latter species, whilst 
vespertiloides has been suggested as a hybrid between vesfertilio and 
gallit or euphorbiae. ‘The tollowing are the only hybrids to which we 
have yet found reference in entomological literature: Smmertnthus 
hybr. Aybridus, Stephs. (ocellata 3 xX populi 2), Amorpha hybr. 
inversa, Tutt (popult 8 x ocellata 3), Calasymbolus hybr. tnterfaunus, 
Neum. (astylus 8 xX ocellata 2), Smerinthus hybr. fringst, Stdfss. 
(atlanticus 8 xX populi 2), S. hybr. oberthiiri, Tutt (atlanticus 
3 xX austauti 9), A. hybr.-. mets, Aust. (austau ee 
atlanticus 9), Mimas hybr. leoniae, Stdfss. (ttleae S xX ocellata 2); 


SPHINGIDES, 381 


Theretra hybr. standfusst, Bart. (porcellus 3 xX elpenor 2), Celerio 
(Deilephila) hybr. phileuphorbiae, Mutzell (euphorbiae $8 xX gallit 2), 
Celerto hybr. vespertiliowdes, Bdv. (hippophaes 8 xX vespertilio 2), C. 
hybr. epzlobiz, Bdv. (euphorbiae §  vespertilio 2), C. hybr. paulz, Mory 
(euphorbiae 3 X hippophaes 2), C. hybr. eugenz, Mory (epilobi 3 
x vespertilio 2), C. hybr. léppez, Mory (eugent S X vespertilio 2). 
We are indebted almost entirely to Standfuss* for our knowledge 
of these forms. He observes that, at present, only male progeny 
has been recorded of Theretra hybr. standfusst, and that in C. 
hybr. epzlobi, C. hybr. vespertilioides, and Amorpha hybr. znversa 
males predominate, and the females are sterile, whilst in Smerzn- 
thus hybr. hybridus the offspring consisted of both sexes in 
normal proportions, the females, however, containing but few eggs, 
and these abnormal in structure. It is further remarkable that, 
although most of the males of these hybrids have the genitalia 
well-formed and functional, the females are often more or less 
gynandromorphous, and where this is not the case they are almost 
always more or less sterile. Details of the various hybrids will be given 
under the several families or subfamilies to which the species belong. 

Gynandromorphism is not at all infrequent among the Sphingids, 
Schultz describes or mentions (///us. Woch. fiir Ent., i., p. 493, iii., 
p. 311) the following: Manduca atropos 1, Agrius convolvuli 6, 
Celerio gallii 1, Celerio euphorbiae 1, Eumorpha elpenor 1, Daphnis 
merit 3, Mimas tiliae 3, Smerinthus ocellata 2, Amorpha populi 66, 
A. hybr. hybridus 7, Sesia stellatarum 2. There are, of course, many 
other examples in various collections. 

Newman and others note parthenogenesis as occurring in 
Manduca atropos, Sphinx lagustrt, Mimas tiliae, Smerinthus ocellata 
and Amorpha populi (anted, vol. 1., p. 29). Treviranus ( Verm. 
Schr., iv., p. 106), speaking of parthenogenesis, says, ‘I myself 
have been eye-witness of this in the case of a 2 of Sphinx ligustrz, 
which had emerged from the pupa during the night in my room. 
In the morning it was impaled on a pin, and, on the second day, 
it laid a number of eggs, from which larve emerged just as if a 
pairing with a male had taken place, which was quite certainly not 
the case.” Burmeister says (Handbuch der Entomologie, p. 312 of 
Shuckard’s translation) that his friend, Dr. A. von Nordmann, 
has recently observed parthenogenesis in 4. popul7, but gives no details. 
Baltzer, in his dissertation, ‘“‘ De Anatomia Sphingidarum,” describes 
and figures numerous anatomical details in this superfamily, e.g., parts 
of antenne of Smerinthus ocellata, the intestinal tract of this species 
and Lumorpha elpenor, 8 genitalia of Atimas tiliae, 2 genitalia of 
Sphinx ligustrt, Humorpha elpenor, etc. 

Desvoidy notices (Zssaz sur les Myodaires, i1., 1830, p. 28) that 
he has seen Phryae emerge from the imago of Sphinx ligustri. 

The many important details found in entomological literature, 
relating to the habits of the Sphingids, are far too numerous to 
mention. Bachmetjew (Soczefas Eutom., vol. xv., pp. 171 ef seg.) has 
shown that the temperature of the moth rises rapidly whilst buzzing, 
Eumorpha elpenor being one of the species on which the observations 


* Mory’s hybrids described (MZ@ztt. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell., x., pp. 333 et seq.) 
must be bred ad ovo before they can be really accepted. At present the evidence 
offered is very inconclusive. 


382 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


were made. He defines “buzzing” as consisting of ‘‘ quick, short 
movements made with the wings, the number of which per second may 
be estimated at from 6 to 8. It is not a flutter, since in a movement 
of that sort the wings describe a greater amplitude. The wing 
movements, moreover, are quite regular.” He gives tables illustrating 
his results. The great attractive influence of light on many Sphingid 
moths is well known. We have seen dozens of dead Agvius convolvult 
beneath the electric hghts on the public squares:in Turin. . Swinhoe 
States (Hnt., xxill., p. 22) that, by means of the electric dight am 
Bombay, he had collected more than 300 specimens belonging to 
the Sphingids in a single night. Young observes that, at Mahdopoor, 
in the Punjaub, he collected above 30 species of Sphingids at 
jasmine, petunia, and marvel of Peru flowers. Green gives 
(#.M.M.. xxxvu., pp. 87 ef seg.) some interesting details of 
the. attractiveness of the electric light in Ceylon, in December, 
1900, the Sphingids being especially numerous. He counted on a 
single post 39 specimens of Pseudosphinx discistriga, whilst Daphnts 
hypothous and Theretra nessus almost rivalled the Pseudosphinx in 
-numbers, other species taken being Manduca lachests, Hippotion 
celerio and Agrius convolvult, Bethune records (Can. £7t., 1., 
pp. 47—48) his surprise at seeing on June 23rd, 1868, a very 
hot day, at ‘Trafalgar, a beautiful specimen of Amphion nessus 
perched on the carcase of a little dog floating in a pool, and 
which gave forth a horrid odour, but to which, on being dis- 
turbed, the moth returned again and again. Some species of 
Sphingids are known to be attracted to the sweets spread for 
Noctuids. umorpha elpenor is the most frequently attracted of 
the’ British species, but -the habit is a widely spread@jone 
for the following species are noted by Bailey ( Can. Hut., ix., p. 240) 
as being taken at sugar at Center in 1877: choertlus, kalmtae, 
vordius, hylaus, abbotti, drupiferarum, myron, sordida, ctnerea, harrisiv, 
lineata, luscitiosa. - 

Meyrick says (Hlandbook, etc., p. 292) of the Sphingids : ‘‘ This is 
a numerous family, distributed throughout the principal regions, except 
in New Zealand (where there is only one not truly indigenous species), 
but more plentifully within the tropics. The imagines are usually large 
insects, with stout heavy bodies, elongate-triangular forewings with 
very oblique termen, and relatively small hindwings; the wing- 
muscles are very strong and the flight exceptionally powerful.” 


Family : AMORPHID&*. 


Accepting Chapman’s grouping /amzed, p. 367) we see that the 
Sphingids fall into two main divisions, Sphingidae and Amorphidae, 
the characters being especially marked in the pupal and imaginal 
stages. He notes that one of the most peculiar characters of the 
imago is its resting attitude, which in the Amorphids is Pterophorine 
in general character, showing the costa of the hindwings in front 
of the forewings, as in certain Lachneids, e¢g., Zutricha quercifolia, 
whilst the frenulum is nearly obsolete ; on the other hand the resting- 
position of the Sphingids (as apart from the Amorphids) 1s with 


* The oldest plural form applied to this group is Hibner’s Amorphae (Tent., p. 
1) in 1806. The plural form of Smerinthus was not used until 1818 (Hb., Ze¢, 
i., p. 4). This being so, we call the family Amorphidae. 
> P: 4 oa ) 


AMORPHID&, 383 


the wings more or less flat or even deflexed, and these have a 
strong frenulum developed. Chapman accepts two subfamilies in the 
Amorphidae—Amorphinae and Ambulicinae — the latter of which 
Grote places among the Eumorphids. He looks upon the 
Ambulycids as representing the lower Eumorphids (Choerocampids) 
in which the wing-proportion of the Amorphids is carried over. 
We are not able to assent to this position. The Ambulycids have 
the Eumorphine characters of form, and a slightly longer proboscis 
than the Amorphids (sens. strict.), whilst the antennal structure is 
less definitely Amorphid than in Smerinthus, but the pupa is 
essentially Amorphid, although it has often facial spines as 
in the Sesiid (Macroglossid) pupa, and a metathoracic callosity as 
in the pupe of Sphznx and Manduca. Looking at our accepted phylo- 
geny of the Amorphids (sevs. s¢rict. /, it would appear that the Ambulycids 
branched from the Amorphid stem before the latter had separated 
very far from the Eumorphine portion of the Sphingid line, the 
Eumorphids being the lowest of the SpAzmgidae, but the subfamily 
is distinctly on the Amorphid, and not on the Eumorphid, side of 
the phylogenetic tree. We have already given (anted, p. 357) 
Butler’s diagnoses of these subfamilies. 


Subfam : AMORPHINA. 


Grote, Poulton, Packard and others have attempted to prove that 
the Amorphids are the most generalised of all the Sphingids. The 
broad wings, the rather less specialised antenne (in Sphingid direction), 
the ill-developed tongue and frenulum, and the different mode of 
flight have all led to this result, and certain characters of the pupa 
support this view, but we have already shown (anted, pp. 359 et seq.) 
that, in spite of some generalised characters, the loss of the tongue 
and frenulum really represent specialisations and prove con- 
clusively that these authors are wrong in deriving the Sphingids 
from Attacids, Lachneids or Dimorphids, groups that have already 
lost both tongue and frenulum, whilst the presence of these organs 
proves that any specialisation of the Amorphids in these directions 
has taken place within the Sphingid phylum. With Grote’s placing 
of the Ambulycids we have already stated our disagreement. 

In the Amorphid larva, the dorsal setze (1 + 11) on the meso- 
and metathoracic segments are placed as pairs (i and ii) on either 
side of the median line, the anterior and posterior sete of each 
pair having their bases close together on the same subsegment, 
being, in this particular, in agreement with the arrangement that 
pertains to the larve of Sphingids and Sesiids (Macroglossids), as 
opposed to that exhibited by the Eumorphid larve, in which they 
are placed, one on either side of the median line, as an anterior 
pair (i) and a posterior pair (ii), 1 being directly behind i, and 
situated on a different subsegment. In the oval and larval stages 
the Amorphids are fairly normal Sphingids, and, in the larval 
stage, are possibly in advance of the Eumorphids. The pupa is, 
however, less specialised, and is not unlike, in its general features, 
some of those found in the allied Attacid and Lachneid superfamilies. 
Bacot observes (Lt. Record, vil., p. 230) the general resemblance 
between the pupz of Dimorpha_ versicolora, Mimas tiliae and 
Amorpha popult. As the long-tongued Sphingids (sens. strict.) 


384 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


have specialised from a moderate-tongued ancestor, the develop- 
ment has left its mark on the pupa; on the other hand, the 
Amorphids have specialised in the direction of loss of tongue, 
and, therefore, in general appearance, the pupa is much more like 
those of its tongueless relatives (sens. Jat.). In the imaginal stage, 
also, the habits of the Amorphids and Sphingids are so different 
that specialisation is again in opposite directions and considerable 
difference in appearance results. 

Comparing the British Amorphid with the Sphingid species, Bacot 
gives (Lint. Rec., vi., pp. 178 e¢ seg.) the following interesting details : 
“Tn their earlier ‘stadia, the larvee of the Amorphids and of Sphingids 
(Sphinx ligustri) have many characters in common, ¢.g., S. ligustr?, 
in its first skin, has forked hairs, though these are black, and are 
thinly scattered compared with the ‘door-mat’ appearance which is 
characteristic of the Amorphids. The shape of the head is similar 
to that of Wimas ¢éliae in its earlier stages, and there are other minor 
points of resemblance. In the imagines, however, the only points of 
resemblance that I can see are that the head and eyes of S. lgustri 
are small, and that the antenne are somewhat similar in stucture. 
On the other hand, the resting-position is quite different, S. /égus¢rz, 
like Manduca atropos, Agrius convolvuli, &c., resting with the fore- 
wings sloped over the back and the hindwings folded underneath them. 
The resting-position of Ewmorpha appears, at first sight, to be some- 
what similar to that of the Amorphids, but the pupz are very different. 
Whatever may be the right place for the Amorphids, I can see no 
reason for putting Manduca atropos next to them, for I think that, 
without question, .S. /ygwstr7 is a nearer relation, and it is probably a 
link betweenthetwo. ‘Turning to individual differences, the hind tibize 
of MW. tiliae have four spurs, while those of the other Amorphid 
species, A. sopuld and S. ocellata, have only two. I find that 
Manduca atropos, Sphinx ligustri, Eumorpha elpenor and Hemarts 
fuciformis also have four spurs to their tibie. The males of JZ. 
tiliae have a frenulum*, but in the females this is only rudimentary, 
the loop being entirely absent, and the bristle being replaced by a 
number of short slender ones which are of no apparent use. The 
males of Smerinthus ocellata possess a small bristle, the females a 
group of small ones, but there is no trace of the loop in either 
sex. I examined a number of specimens of Amorpha popult, but 
could find no trace of loop or bristle in either sex, except im one 
female, which had a group of small bristles on one hindwing only. No 
doubt this was simply an instance of reversion, the frenulum apparently 
being, as a rule, altogether wanting in this species. A consideration 
of all the different characters present in the several stages leads 
one to think that JZ. “dae is the oldest form, and that S. ocedlafa, 
though its habits and food are very different, as is also the colora- 
tion of the imago, is not really so widely removed from JZ. “/zae 


* Griffiths notes that the frenulum probably reaches its highest development 
among the typical Sphingidae, but the case is far different with the Amorphine 
group, many species of which, including the giant Coeguwosu triangularis from 
Australia, possess it either weakly developed or quite abortive. In this, as in 
several other respects, they approximate to the broad-winged Bombycids— 
Lasiocampa, Attacus, Saturnia, and their allies-—to which they are probably nearly 


related, 


AMORPHINA, 885 


as a superficial knowledge of the two species might lead us to 
suppose. A. fpopuli, on the other hand, is, I believe, much farther 
removed from .S. oced/afa than is usually thought to be the case; 
it seems to have developed right away from the other British 
species, and to have lost many of the ancestral features that they 
retain*. The similarity of the eggs and of certain characters in 
the young larvee of WZ. t’ae and SS. ocellata, and the wide divergence 
of A. populi in these stages, are apparent on close comparison. I 
am well aware that the adult larve of S. ocellata and A. populi 
are often difficult to distinguish, but the likeness is really only a 
general one, and probably arises as much from the similarity of 
their foodplants and of the dangers to which they are exposed as 
from actual relationship. When we compare the imagines, the 
resemblance between J7. fti/iae and ‘S. ocellata, as_ regards 
the shape and markings of the wings, is very close, while 
A. populi is entirely different in both respects. One very 
stable and, perhaps, important marking that S. ocellata and 
A. populi have in common, is the white lunule on the margin of 
the discoidal cell of the forewings; but, though no trace of this is 
present in any of the specimens of JZ. f/zae that I have seen, a 
very similar mark may be noticed in S. /gustrz, albeit in this species 
it is black instead of white. Pierce, of Liverpool, who has made 
preparations of the genitalia writes thereupon as follows: ‘I 
found them very difficult to manage, as they were so large, thick 
and strong, and I have only succeeded fairly well. As regards 
size, those of A. populi and M. tliae seem much nearer, but in 
structure there is no doubt that those of .S. ocellata and A. populi are 
nearer to each other than those of either of them are to those of JV/. 
tiliae. JY am much struck with their strength in S. ocel/ata compared 
with what obtains in A. popult’ From these remarks it will be 
seen that the evidence of relationship, afforded by the genitalia, is 
not in accord with that furnished by other characters. I am not 
altogether surprised at this, as the genital organs would probably 
be among the first to undergo modification in a new species, and 
they are probably not so valuable a guide to the relationship 
between well established species as to the distinction between 
species that have all their superficial characters in common.” 
Later Bacot writes (loc. cit., 1x., pp. 145 — 146): ‘“‘ The pupa of 
Saturnia pyrt is not unlike that of Aimas tiliae in shape, only 
rather wider in regard to its length, and, of course, differing at head 
and anus. In general shape and appearance, omitting the antenna- 


* In those characters which are considered to be ancestral, S. ocellata 
and JZ. tiliae show more agreement than does either with 4. populz. It is probable 
that JZ. tiliae first branched from the stirps which gave rise to our three British 
species, S. ocellata being very probably nearer to A. populz, in the sense that 
they formed an ocellata + populi branch, after ¢é/7ae had separated as a distinct 
species ; but since this branch was thrown off, and after ocellata and populi had 
separated from their common ancestral form, the specialisation of the latter has 
advanced so far that it has lost many of the characters which the other two species 
retain. The reference (supra) to JZ. tiliae as the oldest form must be taken from 
this standpoint. It has itself specialised no doubt in coloration, pattern, and in the 
larval form, but, at the same time, it is more SpfAinx-like than either of the other 
species. It is, of course, possible to consider this as an instance of parallel 
specialisation (Bacot). 


386 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


cases, it tends rather towards the Amorphid than the Saturniid 
shape, as typified by Saturnia pavonta. Some pupa-cases of a 
large South African Saturniid moth that I have received are very 
similar in shape to the pupa of S. fy7z, with the exception that the 
abdominal segments 5, 6, 7 and 8 are ridged at the lower edge, 
and the cremaster is reduced to a blunt point, with a very stout 
pyramid-shaped projection on it. In fact the cremasters of this 
unnamed species, of S. Ay7¢ and of Dimorpha versicolora form a very 
good series of connecting links between the anal spike of the 
Sphinx pupa and the bristly cremaster of S. pavonia, the order 
being — S. pavonia, S. pyri, D. versicolora, the South African 
Saturniid, Smerinthus, Manduca.” 

Bacot, as shown above, looks upon J/zmas as exhibiting more 
generalised characters than the other Palearctic Amorphids, of 
which he considers the Sichiid group the base; from an ancestral form 
near this latter tribe he concludes that the more specialised Amorphids 
arose, splitting up into at least three distinct groups—the Smerinthids, 
Clarkiids and Amorphids (sezs. strict.), so that the division of the 
subfamily Amorphinae, so far as the Palearctic and some Nearctic 
genera are concerned, would appear to work out as follows: 

1, MIMANTIDI—Mimas (tiliae). 

2. SICHIIDI—Sichia* (quercus), Burrowsia .(roseipennis), Kayeia (mackit). 

3. SMERINTHIDI — Daddia_ (kindermannt), Bellia (caecus), Smerinthus 


(ocellata), Nicholsonia (salicet?), Calasymbolus ‘astylus). 
4. CLARKIIDI—Clarkia (dissimilis). 


5. AMORPHIDI— 77iptogon (modesta), Amorpha ' populz). 
The following comparisons of the eggs, larve, pup, and 
certain imaginal structures of our three British species, Mzmas filzae, 


Smerinthus ocellata and Amorpha populi, should prove interesting 
and instructive : 


OvuM.—The eggs of the three species are very similar ; they are all egg-shaped 
and of the flat type; they are laid on their flat sides, those of Amorpha and 
Smerinthus are fixed by a certain amount of gluey material that is not obvious on the 
other surfaces of the egg; those of JZzmas are more densely covered with an india- 
rubber-like gum; all are pale green in colour, those of J/mas are darker, either 
actually or from the effect of the gummy coating. All are about 2-oomm. in length, 
those of Amorpha and Smerinthus fractionally above, of JAZimas below, that length. 
In width, that of A. populi is the broadest, and makes the nearest approach to a 
spherical egg, its other diameters being about I1°7mm. and [-6mm. respectively, that 
of S. ocellata has these 1°55mm. and 1°3mm., and those of J/. ¢//7ae 1°55mm, and 
I'°35mm. These measurements are, however, only roughly correct or are rather the 
maximum diameter, and are measured nearer the micropylar end, and all taper to the 
nadir, whether as seen from the top or from the side. Taking a diameter at the 
same distance from the nadir that the longest is from the micropyle, the egg of A. 
populi, seen from above, measures [*5mm. against maximum of I*7mm., and from 
side 145mm. against 1°60mm.; those of S. oce//ata and JV. tiliae, being narrower 
eggs, differ inappreciably as seen from above, but seen from the side the measure- 
ments are: A. populi—-greatest height 1-omm., height nearer nadir 1°45mm.; 5S. 
ocellata, 1°3mm. and 1:15mm., and JZ. ¢idzae 1°35mm. and I'10mm. respectively; the 
egg of JZ. trliae, therefore, tapers most in aside view. The surface sculpture of allis of 
hexagonal cells, tolerably regular about the equator, but towards the micropylar end 
becoming somewhat lengthened parallel with the length of the egg. The cells are 
about ‘o2mm. in diameter, perhaps a shade larger in A. popul?. In A. populi the 
lines dividing the cells are fine, and the centre of each cell has a small raised boss 


* Grote robbed us of Zavthoé in 1874 by fixing populi as the type of the 
genus, and thus annulling it, as a synonym of Amorpha ; later, in 1895, he gives us 
quercus as the type of Polyptychus, but Stephens had, in 1850, made fopuli the 
type of Polypiychus, which also made this genus a synonym of Amorpha, 


AMORPHINE. 387 


rising in the middle of a depression. In S. ocellata the depression is hardly to be 
detected. In J tcélvae these markings cannot be always observed owing to gum, 
but in one specimen, in consequence or in spite of the gum, the ridges dividing the 
cells were broad and flat, and left a depression marking each cell with a small, central, 
raised boss. The micropyle was not seen in the egg of JZ. tzliae. In Amarpha and 
Smerinthus it is a small rosette of about 20 narrow cells some ‘04mm. in diameter, 
apparently with a few smaller central cells. It is to be noted that the narrower end 
of the egg is the nadir, the thicker the micropylar end. The measurements are-— 


A. populi. S. ocellata. MT. tiliae. 


Greatest length .., on bd 2-05mm. 2-0S5mm. I-9g5mm, 
Greatest breadth fe oe 1*70mm, I°55mm. I°55mm. 
Lesser breadth (towards nadir). . 1°65mm. = == 

Greatest height .. Aes es 1°60mm. I*30mm. 1°35mm. 
Lesser height (towards nadir) .. I'45mm. 115mm. 1-lomm. 
Diameter of cells of sculpture .. ‘022mm. ‘o2mm. ‘o2z2mm. 


There is: some probability that the peculiar character of the sculpturing of the egg 
surface is due to the cement covering hardening and contracting in peculiar relation 
to what is probably the true sculpturing, v/z., a simple fine network, the fine lines 
of the network attracting some of the cement, and the remainder aggregating in the 
centre of each cell. These eggs present what is an almost invariable character of flat 
eggs, viz., a depression of the upper surface, slowly increasing from day to day as 
evaporation goes on. That of .S. ocellata seems to yield most readily to this change, 
that of AZ. télcae comparatively little, a difference no doubt due to the great thick- 
ness of cement that clothes the latter, acting as a great check to evaporation 
(Chapman). 

LarvA.—Wewly hatched : The larvz of these three species are extraordinarily 
alike and the likeness goes into much detail. Not much short of jin. long, when they 
stretch themselves, and with large green heads, they are almost identical in size and 
outline as well as incolour. A. populi is of a paler, whiter green. To the naked 
eye they are distinguishable by the colour of the horn. In A. pofuli this is a 
green almost the same as the rest of the larva. In S. ocellata a pinkish-red, and 
in J. ti/iae a dark fuscous shade, seen with a glass to be more marked on the upper 
and under aspects of the horn. A sharp eve may also detect that the larvee of 
Amorpha and Smerinthus have already the lateral oblique lines distinguishable 
as of a slightly different shade of green, whilst that of JZ. tcd:ae has no trace of them, 
but has a broad subdorsal and a not quite so broad lateral longitudinal stripe. All 
have 8 subsegments to the abdominal segments, and all have forked hairs. In 
these there is some little difference in each species. There is also a difference 
in the crochets of the prolegs. Three larger hairs of the same forked character 
as the minute ones mark tubercles i, ii and iii, the latter being the least obvious ; 
they are on subsegments 3, 6 and 4 respectively. On the 2nd and 3rd thoracic 
segments there is a subsegment rather broader than the others, and terminating by a 
sulcus just above the spiracular region. This is the 3rd or 4th subsegment of the 
5 or 6 which seems to be the number of subsegments on these segments. This 
subsegment carries three tubercles which are in line with i, ii and in. The first 
two (i and ii) carry two forked hairs, one in front of the other, the third (iii) carries 
only one. ‘These are substantially the same in all the larvae, but are, perhaps, a 
little more easily seen in JZ. ¢iliae. The crochets seem to be 9 in number usually, 
they are of a much darker brown in 4. fopuli than in the others. The forked 
hairs differ in the three species. In all, the larger hairs have the forks less pro- 
nounced, the smaller hairs vary much in size in the same individual in different 
places, so that it is difficult to say that they differ in size in the different species, 
but the forked extremity has a specific form in each case. In S. ocellata there 
is very little enlargement at the point of forking, the hair being little more than 
bifurcate, the two branches leaning at an angle of 120°, and being between 4 and 
z the length of the hair in length, and tapering regularly to a fine point. In A. 
populi the branches are rather shorter, spread more laterally, and have the angle 
between them so filled up as in some degree to make them resemble a fish’s 
tail, especially as the central thin lamella is marked with radial lines, and even 
slightly notched at the margin. In JZ. til/ae the two branches spread nearly at 
right angles to the stem, and so there is little room between them to fill up, 
yet there is a central portion that actually projects at the angle between the 
branches, and is marked by a few radial lines. The branches are perhaps proportionally 


388. ; BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


a little longer than n A. popwli*. The horns are of almost exactly the same length 
in all three species, viz., 2°2mm., and terminate in two hairs, each about 0-14mm. 
long. S. ocedlata has a larger number of long hairs on it than the others. On 
Mf. tiliae the fine hairs are much shorter than on the other species, and with 
insufhcient magnification look as if they were merely simple hairs; they are, 
however, forked as in the other species. The horn of 4. popwdi is rather shorter 
than in the others. /uligrown (in ist instar’.—When the three larve are fullgrown 
in this (first) instar, they present decided differences. S. ocel/ata is rather over 2in. 
long, and of much the outline and proportion of the larva in its last mstar. A. 
populi is much the same, but appreciably longer and a little more slender, whilst JZ, 
tiliae is longer and more slender to a remarkable degree, being almost exactly -5in. 
long, but not more bulky than the others. The markings also differ. A. populi has 
the oblique lines bright yellow on a green ground, the two colours only, each 
definite and distinct, and with no intermediate shades; half-way down these there 
is a longitudinal yellow line, of about the same width as the oblique lines, and of the 
same colour; this extends right up to Ist segment. The dorsal tubercles of the 
thoracic segments are also yellow. The dorsal ends of the oblique lines are indistinct 
on the two posterior subsegments, and appear to terminate with square ends (on 6th 
subsegment) at some distance from the dorsal line. S. oced/ata is very similar, but 
the anterior margin of the oblique lines is sharp, whilst the posterior rather shades off 
into the ground colour ; the upper margin of the longitudinal line does the same, and 
between them they invade nearly the whole of the ground colour in the triangle 
between them ; the oblique lines further continue backwards just below the dorsal line, 
along the whole of the next segment behind, and so cut off a very definite dark green 
dorsal line; below the longitudinal line, the oblique ones are narrower and more 
definite, and stretch forwards for two or three subsegments of the preceding 
segment, but less distinctly than they do in 4. populi for nearly the whole segment. 
S. ocellata, instead of the two colours yellow and green, has deep blue-green (dorsal 
line), green, yellowish-green, and yellow (and the red horn). WM. ¢ddiae has the 
longitudinal line much broader than in either of the others, and at first sight the 
oblique lines are wanting; they may, however, be traced as very narrow lines, most 
visible below the longitudinal line, but also through it. The longitudinal line is much 
less a line than in the others, but a broad shade, fading above and below into 
the ground colour. The dorsal line is dark blue-green. The longitudinal line 
is whitish- or yellowish-green rather than yellow. The whole larva of more 
uniform aspect than the others, and of a bluer and whiter general tone. 
Second instar.—In A/. tiliae, the larva, in colour, etc., is not very different from 
that of the first instar, but the subsegments have now each one row of rather large 
mammillaz (Poulton’s ‘* shagreening ” = cone-shaped bases of secondary hairs) 
solarge that their bases occupy the whole width of the subsegment ; at the date of moult- 
ing and before the larva has grown, these are tall and end in a hair or spine, slightly 
thickened at the end, and carrying several fine points. They are no longer bifurcate 
or fish-tail hairs, but these are still represented by a few very small hairs between 
and beside the mammille. In A. populi, second instar, the larva is green, slightly 
paler horn, Ist and last oblique line much stronger than others, longitudinal line 
narrow and very distinct. It presents the same mammillz as in that of J/. tiliae, 
ranged in one row along each subsegment, but a condition hardly observable in 
MW. tiliae is here very pronounced, v7z., that the mammillz are yellow on the green 
ground colour, and are very large and pronounced in the yellow oblique and longi- 
tudinal jines, and indeed form these lines, whilst elsewhere they are much smaller, 
and, in the greenest areas, are practically absent. The hairs with which they are crowned 
are shorter than in J/. téliae and have the same thickened spiculate summit. The 
very small bifurcate hairs distributed amongst the mammillz are, owing to the 
open spaces, more numerous than in JZ. ¢idiae. In S. ocellata, second instar, the 
conditions resemble A. populi in the great variations in the size of the mammille, and 
the way they form the markings. The mammiliz are nearly white, their terminal 
hairs are as finely bifurcate as in the first instar, and the fine intermediate hairs are so 
similarly. The head in first instaris rounded, in the second it possesses in JS. oced/ata a pair 


* Perhaps it would be more accurate to say that the forked hairs of the 
smaller sort do not differ in the three species quite so much as_ described above, 
but that they do differ in the directions stated, fairly fish-tailed forms occur among 
the smaller hairs of S. ocedlata, the fine acutely branched form described is 
distinctive of S. oced/ata, but affects the larger hairs. The larger hairs of 4. populi 
and J/. tiliae are not bifurcate but only a little thickened and slightly spiculate 
at top. 


AMORPHINZ. 389 


of very definite little horns, side by side, in which the two halves of the epicranium 
terminate above and in front. In JZ “iliae these also exist, but are not very obvious 
unless looked for. In A. fopuli they are absent unless two points, not close together, 
and just like the other minute tubercles of the head, though a little larger, represent 
them. The comparative form of the larve of M. tcliae and S. ocellata may be shown 
by the measurements of specimens fullgrown in second stage: S. ocel/ata—length, 
I4mm., thickness, 2°5mm. JZ. ftzdzae—length, 18mm., thickness, 2°Imm. TZzhird 
wmstar.—The larva of A. populi in third instar has the hairs crowning the now very 
numerous tubercular or mammillary spots extremely minute, and apparently with 
no terminal branchings or dilatations. The bases of the bristles on thoracic legs are 
raised into mammillz, but not to the degree found in S. ocel/ata. The larva of S. ocellata 
in third instar has the very numerous tubercular dots or mammillz white, and these 
mark out the stripes by their larger size along their lines of direction. They carry 
very small pale hairs, and these are still very distinctly bifid at their extremities, as 
also those on horn, which is bifid at extremity, but without hairs ; these mammillee 
also invade the surface of the thoracic legs, which are usually so smooth (apart from 
ordinary bristles), as well as the very pronounced double red frontal horn, which is 
a specialisation of the tubercles. The larva of JZ. tlzae in the third instar has minute 
hairs on mammillary points apparently simple as well as those upon caudal horn; 
true legs slightly tubercular. It reserves its long slender facies (Chapman). 

LARVAL HEAD.—The head of the larva of A. populz in Ist stadium appears to 
be triangular in comparison with those of S. ocedlata and JZ. tiliae. It is not actually 
triangular, but has a decided tendency to lengthen and to become pointed at apex when 
viewed from the front. It is worthy of note that it is less angular in adult stage than 
are those of JZ. tdzae and S. ocellata (Bacot). 

Pupa.—tThe pupe of JZ. téliae and S. ocellata are enclosed in a frail cell or 
cocoon, composed of earth, spun together with a few slight silk threads. In the 
case of A. fopuli, I could find no trace of silk, nor were the pupz enclosed in 
a cell, although they were supplied with the same material as the others in 
which to pupate. Asa rule, those of 4. popwli are only just beneath the surface, 
while the larve of JZ. tiliae and S. ocellata may burrow to a depth ofseveral inches. 
The difference between the pupz of the Amorphids and those of the rest of the 
Sphingidae is very striking; the chief points are the shortness of the wing-cases 
and the complete absence of the sheath of the tongue, in addition to which, they 
are thicker and more rounded, the head is small and does not project so far, and 
the small size of the eye-cases is very noticeable. On the surface, the pupz of 
MW, tiliae and A. populi are much alike, the latter being rather the rougher of the 
two. The bosses on either side of the anus are very distinct in both species. In 
colour, the pupa of JZ. tiliae is of a deep red-brown, while that of A. populi is 
of a dead black with, when quite dry, a slight greyish tint on the antenna-cases 
and other raised surfaces. In shape, that of J/ ¢iliae is more like that of S. 
ligustrt than that of 4. populi, which is by far the shortest and dumpiest of the 
three. The pupa of S. ocellata comes between the other two as regards shape, 
but is much more rounded at the anal end, the bosses on either side of anus being, 
as a rule, hardly visible ; it has a smooth pcelished surface, and is of a deep brown 
or black colour. The anal spike is largest and thickest in J/. tilzae, in S. ocellata 
it is smooth~and relatively smaller, while in A. populé it is much smaller, and 
generally sharp and slender (Bacot). 

IMAGINAL FRENULUM.—The imago of JZ filiae possesses the loop and 
bristle fairly well developed, and certainly quite effective, as the ¢ has a well- 
defined loop, and the bristles of the ? are sufficiently long to interlock with the 
scales of the forewing. In S. ocellata the male has a very short bristle, and 
the female a cluster of very small ones; the loop of the male is absent, 
and the whole appliance is probably useless, or nearly so. The male of 4. 
populi possesses the prominence on the hindwing from which, in other 
species, the bristle proceeds; this is rounded in outline, and, in some few examples, 
terminates in a minute point, which can hardly be called a bristle; all the female 
specimens which I have examined microscopically, have a very small but perfectly 
formed bunch of bristles lying close to the edge of the wing, but clearly in both 
sexes the appliance is quite useless and is merely a survival. [Although for the 
sake of simplicity, it may seem well to follow the usual course of uniting our three 
British Amorphids in one genus, yet, taking into account the allied European and 
Exotic species theie is probably gcod giound for considering 72/éae at least to be 
generically distinct from the other two, even if they are not all three representatives 
of different genera, not in respect o: diversities of the frenulum alone, but in view 
of many other points] (Griffiths), 


390 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


GENITALIA.—(1) A. populi g . The superior harpes are rounded and full, having 
an acute angle on the inner margin. The inferior harpes bifurcate at the extremity, 
the inner hook being elongated, the outer hook short and abrupt. The uncus is 
elongated and rounded at the tip. The flap is large, gently tapering to a point. The 
penis is irregularly curved, surmounted by about 30 or 40 spines (At. Rec., x.. pl. ili., 
fig. 3). (2) S. ocellata* g .—The superior harpes broad and rounded, having an acute 
angle at the inner margin. The interior harpes short and toothed on the inner 
margin and terminated by a single pointed hook. The outer margin is indented 
just past the middle, and again nearer the extremity, forming an acute angle. 
The uncus is abruptly elongated, terminating in a point or beak. The flap is 
gently pointed, almost forming a right angle, with the tip slightly rounded. The 
penis is bulbed, slightly produced at the base, it then ascends almost parallel, having 
a sharp hook on the lip, and is surmounted with a large number of short, thin spines 
(doc. cit., pl. iil., fig. 2). (3) JZ. teliae g .—The superior harpes are short and square. The 
inferior harpes are bifurcate at the extremity, with two equal projections. The uncus 
is broad and r unded, slightly indented at the lip. The penis is long and slender, 
widening at the base into two lobes, surmounted by two short spines (doc. c7t., pl. ii1., 
fig. I). (4) A. populi 2 .—The organs consist of two lobes, covered with tubercles, 
each of which emits a short, stiff hair, and have somewhat the appearance of a 
spider’s spinneret ; there is also the ovipositor, which consists of a short tube; 
this is placed about three parts of the way down the final segment (oc. czé¢., pl. 111, 
fig. 6). (5) S. ocellata ?.—The female of this species has so nearly similar 
organs to those of the last, that further description is unnecessary (oc. czt., pl. i1., 
f1¢75)*( Pierce). 

Gynandromorphism is very prevalent in Amorpha popult and 
Smerinthus hybr. hybridus. Schultz notes the following (77/7. Woch. 
fiir Lnt., 1. pp. 367—368; i., pp. 393—395; Ml., Pp. 135—137): 
Mimas tiliae, 3 examples; Smerinthus ocellata, 2; S. hybr. hybridus, 
7; Amorpha popult, 66. 

Parthenogenesis is reputed to have occurred in AZzmas tiliae and 
Smerinthus ocellata (see Ent. Rec., Vi., p. 71). 

One of the most interesting features of the Amorphid genera is 
the comparative ease with which some of the species hybridise. 
The best known hybrid is Smerinthus hybr. hybridus (ocellata 8 X 
popult 2), the reciprocal cross Amorpha hybr. inversa (popult xX 
ocellata)) being much more rarely obtained. The crossing of Amorpha 
austautt 3, the large north African representative of 4. populz, with 


* S. hybr. kvbridus (ocellata 8 xX pcpuli ¢), 3.—The superior harpes are 
narrower, rounded, and have the acute angle on the inner margin. The inferior 
harpes are long and simple, gently tapering into a long thin point, straight on 
the outer margin. The uncus is abruptly elongated, terminating in a pointed beak. 
The flap is produced, roundly tapering to a point. The penis is almost bulbed at 
the base, proceeds in a parallel direction, and is surmounted with about 20 
small spines bunched together. In point of size, there is very little difference in 
the three (ocedlata, hybridus and popul’) (Ent. Rec., x., pl. iil., fig. 4) (Pierce). I would 
point out that the genitalia of the male hybrids differ from those of the males of 
both parental species, but the organs of the ¢ hybrid tend towards gynandro- 
morphism. On the other hand, the sexual organs of the pupz show no tendency 
whatever towards a confusion of the sexes, nor do they differ in any respect from those 
of S. ocellata or A. populi in this stage. This is, I suppose, only what might 
have been expected, as the imaginal characters are subjected to the influences of 
both natural selection and intra-selection, while the rudimentary pupal organs 
escape all these influences, except the slow reducing action of intra-selection in the 
embryonic stage (Bacot). It will be noticed that in no point does the ¢ genital 
structure of the hybrid agree with that of ¢ JZ. ¢//ae, but we find the male hybrid, 
to a certain extent, agreeing with S. oced/ata in the uncus, the hook on the lip 
of the penis, and in the rounded portion of the apparatus at the base. The flap 
rather approaches (vide, doc. cit., pl. iii) to that of A. popul7, the lower portion of the 
penis being divided between the two parent species, and partaking of the characters 
of both. It will thus be seen that the apparently male specimens possess distinctly 
male organs, all of which are highly developed and different from those of the 
parents (Pierce), 


AMORPHINE. 39] 


S. atlanticus 9, the north African representative ot S. ocellata, is 
practically identical with the last-named hybrid form (A. hybr. zzversa), 
whilst the crossing of S. atlanticus $ with A. populi 2 (=hybr. 
fringst) must be considered as being little more than a repetition 
of the more common crossing S. hybr. hydvzdus, although Standfuss 
states that there is a physiological difference between ocel/ata and 
atlanticus. ‘The crossing of the American Ca/asymbolus astylus with S. 
ocellata is exceedingly interesting, but that of Mimas tlae with 
Smerinthus ocellata, to the student of Palearctic lepidoptera, is even 
mone, so... Grover records (#7. Kec., 1x., p. 233) the .pairing of 
A. populi § and MW. tiliae 2, on the evening of June 18th, 1897; 
ova were deposited during the afternoon and evening of June roth, 
the @ dying during the night. The eggs proved fertile, but no 
further details were published*. Pickett also notes (loc. ci#., xil., 


pp. 215—-216) cross-pairing between (1) ocellata S$ X populi 9; 
ley popu Sx ocellata 2; (3) ocellata $ xX ttliae 2. The first 
couple were paired 48 hours, and the ? laid go eggs. The second 
only remained paired about an hour, and the @ laid 56 eggs. The 
third only remained paired half-an-hour, and the @ only laid 6 eggs, 
all on the underside of lime leaves. The more important available 
details on the subject of hybridity in the Amorphids, and the various 
crosses that have been obtained, appear to be as follows: 


I. Mimas hybr. Leonra, Stdfss. (téleae g x ocellata ?).—Only ¢s 
obtained. This hybrid resembles JZ. ¢z#/zae much more than the robust WS. ocellata. 
(a) The peculiarities in which it resembles JZ ¢zlzae are as follows: ‘‘ Les antennes 
peu fortes, mais mesurant presque la moitié de la longueur des ailes antérieures, la 
finesse du thorax et de l’abdomen, la forme é€troite allongée des deux paires d’ailes, 
les contours gracieusement ondulés du bord externe des ailes antérieures, donnent la 
caractéristique de l’aspect d’ensemble de ce nouvel hybride. Ce papillon dans ses 
dessins ressemble aussi sensiblement davantage 4 la S. t2lzae qu’a la S. ocellata, en 
ce que l’aile antérieure porte en dessus, vers son milieu environ, une tache triangulaire 
trés accentuée. Cette tache, dont le coté extérieur a une forme légérement arquée 
asa partie la plus large prés de la céte, va de 1a en se rétrécissant vers le bord 
inférieur, et s’affaiblit parfois tellement qu’elle finit par disparaitre dans la couleur 
plus claire du fond. Chez la S. ¢¢/zae ce dessin central de Vaile antérieure ne forme 
pas en général une tache compacte, mais cette tache est coupée le plus souvent, a 
peu pres au milieu, par une bande plus ou moins large de la couleur du fond, ou du 
moins elle est distinctement étranglée. Entre cette large tache triangulaire et le 
bord externe, mais plus prés de Ja tache, l’aile antérieure de notre hybride est 
traversée du haut en bas par la ligne ondulée qui n’est pas trés nettement marquée, 
et qui, d’une maniére générale, suit une direction paralléle au bord externe de J’aile. 
Cette ligne ondulée n’existe que rarement chez la S. ¢7/ae, et méme alors elle est 
trés indistincte, tandis que chez la S. oce/lata on trouve toujours une double ligne 
ondulée, étroite, mais bien marquée. D’aprés cela nous devons reconnaitre dans 
cette ligne ondulée de Vhybride l’origine de la S. ocellata.’’ (6) The peculiarities in 
which it most nearly resembles .S. oce/lata are as follows: ‘‘ La large bande foncée 
sur le sommet du thorax, qui ne présente chez la S. ¢z/zae qu'une ligne assez étroite, 
mais c’est surtout une tache noirdtre de forme arrondie en dessus de l’angle anal des 
ailes postérieures, a l’endroit, depuis lequel une ombre foncée s’étend jusqu’a 
Vangle anal. Le plus souvent cette tache noire porte 4 son bord supérieur une bande 
arquée d’écailles d’un gris bleuatre qui se dirige vers Ja racine de l’aile. C’est 1a un 
faible souvenir du brillant ceil bleu de la S. ocellata, qui lui-méme est ramené par 
la a un degré primitif de son développement, tel qu’il se trouve par exemple chez 
la S. kindermanni, Ld., du Pont (Asie Mineure). Entre cette tache ronde et la 
racine de l’aile postérieure se montre, chez quelques individus, une teinte obscure, 
de couleur rouge cerise, rappelant encore la provenance de la S. ocel/ata ; tandis que 


* Bacot states that he had some of these eggs, that they produced normal JZ. 
filiae larvee, and that one perfected a normal imago of JZ. tlzae, so that pairing with 
a g WM. tiliae had probably previously taken place (iv dt). 


392 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


d’autres individus, par la teinte brun clair de cette méme tache, s’éloignent 4 peine 
de la SS. tiliae. La coloration générale varie beaucoup d’un individu a un autre. 
Les tons gris verdatre, ou gris brun, sont la régle chez le peu d’individus obtenus 
jusqu’ ici. Le coloris ne passe au brun rouge que chez un seul exemplaire. De 
méme la couleur des ailes postérieures en dessus varie sensiblement, entre le brun 
clair et le gris brun foncé. L’envergure moyenne des ailes n’est guére que de 60 mill. 
tout au plus, elle est donc sensiblement plus petite que celle de la S. tzdzae, laquelle 
atteint prés de 70 mill. Les ailes de ces hybrides ne se développent souvent pas du 
tout, d’autres fois seulement trés imparfaitement, et méme, chez les individus les 
mieux formés, il se présente fréquemment, ¢a et 14, de petites lacunes au bord externe 
des ailes ”” (Standfuss, JE QU, SOG, TEMES II 2y, WOO. 9)- 

2. CALASYMBOLUS hybr. INTERFAUNUS, Neum. (astylus $ x ocellata ¢ ).—The 
imagines look remarkably alike, and are nearly all of the normal large size of S. 
ocellata, measuring from 67mm.—73mm. across the wings. The ‘shape of the 
primaries is more of the peculiar cut of Calasymbolus astylus on an enlarged scale, 
while the secondaries are those of S. ocedlata with less dentation of outer margin 
near the anal angle. The following characters are uniform in all examples : "A 
large, brown, thoracic central stripe from head to body, as in astylus. Entire 
absence of the scalloped outer margin of primaries so prominent in ocellata. Only 
faint traces of discal spot ; transverse lines on primaries much less undulated than in 
ocellata, and the basal space of the triangular appearance of that of astylus, formed 
by the diagonal line from basal part of costa joining marginal dash on submedian. 
Coloration of primaries a mixture of ocel/ata and astylus, with a fresh rosy hue 
prevailing. Secondaries light chestnut, with basal area of light rose ; the ocellated spot, 
although smaller than in oce//ata, is about twice the size of that of astylus, with a 
heavy black rim and centre. Below, both wings as in ocellata, with the entire 
absence of discal dot in primaries. Abdomen light chestnut, with an overcast 
of light rose; 12 ¢ examples (Neumoegen). 


Pupe of S. ocellata imported from Germany by Rix, of New 
York, disclosed, among others, in 1893, a @ which was tied to a 
twig of syringa to see whether she would attract an American 
“beau.” The next morning a § Calasymbolus (Paontas* ) astylus was 
found in copulation with her. The eggs, which she afterwards laid 
were fertile, and many of the larve from them pupated in the autumn 
of 1893. In the summer of 1894, 25 gs emerged, whilst some 
20 more apparently healthy pupze, went over a second winter 
(Entom. ews, v., p. 326). 

3. SMERINTHUS hybr. HYBRIDUSTt, Stphs. (ocellata $ K populi ¢ ).—Five 
examples, 4¢s, 1¢.—They are almost perfectly intermediate between the two 
species. The forewings have all the characters of both species, the basal line 
as in A. populi, but with distinct traces of a shade, showing the angulation of the 
basal line seen in JS. ocel/ata, the hindwings have the ‘fulvous basal patch of A. populi 
(no red colour) and indistinct eye-spot, characteristic of S. ocel/ata. Ova laid May 
31st, 1890, larvee appeared in due course and pupated between July 20th—27th. 
Ten imagines appeared three weeks later (Tutt, vt. Rec., i., p. 203). 

Standfuss observes (Handbuch, etc., p. 54) that this hybrid 
has repeatedly been bred in captivity in many places, and has 
also been observed in a state of nature in Schilling, Saarau, Silesia ; 
according to outward appearance, this cross results in an intermediate 
between the two species, the blind grey-blue ocellated spot strongly 
suggesting, on superficial examination, S. oce//ata, but in the form 
of the wing coming much _ nearer A, populi ; the extremely rare 
2S Ob othis hybrid” have the ocellated spot, as a rule, very ill- 
developed, sometimes almost entirely wanting, so that this sex 
reminds one more of 4. populi; the g of this hybrid is said to 


* The type of the genus Paonias was fixed as ocellata by Stephens in 1850, 
and therefore falls as a synonym of Smerinthus. Calasymbolus had astylus fixed 
as type by Grote, in 1874, and must stand for this species. 


t Treated at length later in the volume (see foséed), 


AMORPHINA. 093 


produce, when crossed back with jpopuli 2, or wild ocellata 9, 
a reversion to the physiological peculiarities, etc., of the pure 
species. We know nothing of the crossing of these g hybrids with 
the parent 9s, nor can we find any references to any literature 
on the subject. Standfuss further notes (zz /¢t.) breeding some 500 
specimens of S. hybr. Aybrzdus in 1901. 


‘4. SMERINTHUS hybr. OBERTHUERI, Tutt (atlanticus $ x austauti ?),—I 
have only once, out of many attempts, successfully reared imagines, in which 
atlanticus was the g and austauti the ¢ parent. The imagines do not differ 
sensibly from A. hybr. sets, the cross in which the sexes are reversed. The 
general characters of the cross are very nearly the same; it is, however, larger, 
without doubt because the ? azstauti is larger than ¢ atlanticas. Thus 
the reversal of the sexes in crossing these African Amorphids, produced no such 
marked differences on the resulting progeny as those recorded in the progeny of 
A. populi and S. ocellata by reversing the sexes (Austaut, z7 Zett., April 4th, 1902). 


We are indebted to the kindness of M. Oberthur in obtaining 
for us from M. Austaut a note on the breeding of this cross. If, 
as appears very probable, a/anticus be only a form of S. ocellata, 
and austauti a form of A. populi, the hybrid will of course rank 
merely as a variety of S. hybr. Aydvzdus. We give them separately, 
however, for purposes of reference and future work. 


SMERINTHUS hybr. FRINGSI, Stdfss. (a¢lanticus $ x populi 2 ).—Ce nouvel 
hybride, de belle taille et vif coloris, provient ducroisement de la S. atlanticus g et 
de la S. populi ¢. Cette belle forme de Smérinthe se rapproche sensiblement plus 
de la S. populi que dela SS. atlanticus. Bon nombre d’entomologistes voient dans 
cette S. atlanticus une espéce spéciale, en tous cas on pourrait l’envisager comme 
étant la forme locale nord-africaine, sud-oranaise, etc. (cfr., Standfuss, Handbuch, 
&c , p. 55) correspondante a notre S. vcel/ata. Au reste, ce sont précisement ces 
croisements qui nous montrent que la S. atlanticus (abstraction faite de ses par- 
ticularités morphologiques et biologiques dont nous n’avons pas a nous occuper ici) 
est aussi physiologiquement différente de la S. ocellata. (1) La S. hybr. frings? 
tient de la S. popili—la largeur de ses ailes, lesquelles sont toutes visiblement 

ondulées a leur bord externe, puis d’une maniére générale le dessin et le coloris du 
ton, tant6t plus gris, tanté6t plus rougedtre. (2) D/’autre part l’influence de la S. 
atlanticus se montre—dans un ceil gris bleuatre clair, sur champ foncé, devant langle 
anal des ailes postérieures. Cet ceil toujours plus ou moins vague disparait parfois 
presque entiérement. En outre, le dessous des ailes antérieures est lavé de rouge 
dans sa premiére moitié. Enfin on remarque parfois une teinte foncée sur le milieu 
du thorax qui trés souvent ne s’apercoit qu’a peine. (3) Quant a la forme bien 
connue de S. hybr. kybridus qui est le produit de S. Populi 8 avec S. ocellata 2 *, 
notre hybride s’en distingue: (a) Par sa grandeur plus considérable, envergure 
moyenne 78mm.—82mm. tandis que S. hybr. kybridus ne mesure en général que 
7omm. a2 75mm. (4) Par une plus grande largeur des ailes. (c) Par les dessins 
plus fortement marqués des quatre uiles tant en dessus qu’en dessous. (d) 
Par l’apparition plus fréquente d’individus femelles normalement développés 
(d’aprés mes expériences faites sur 7 pontes, 10 per cent., tandis que les 22 pontes de 
S. hybr. hybridus que jai élevées jusqu’ici ne m’ont donné que 2 per cent. 
@ individus femelles). En outre, en examinant les choses de plus prés, on s’apercoit 
que ces insectes ne sont jamais normalement développés quant aux caractéres 
secondaires de leur sexe. Leurs antennes sont en général bien plus fortes que chez 
les femelles des deux types, et, de plus, ces antennes ont souvent, non seulement des 
dents, comme les antennes m4les, mais elles portent méme des cils. Plusieurs de ces 
derniers individus présentent méme des pinces du male. I] ne m’a pas encore été 
possible de faire des recherches anatomiques sur Ja structure interne de leur corps, 
et je ne pense pas non plus qu’un pareil essai ait été tenté ailleurs. Si l’on com- 
pare cette nombreuse présence d’individus femelles normalement développées 
parmi les S. hybr. frzzgsz, avec le rendement du croisement de S. hybr. hybridus, 
on en vient 4 conclure a une différence physiologique entre S. atlanticus et S, 


* Standfuss is here inerror. S. hybr. kyd7idus, Stephs., is the cross ocellata ¢ 
x popult ¢. 


394 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


ocellata (cfr., Standfuss, ‘* Exper. Zool. Studien,’? Denkschrift. der allgem. 
Schweiz. Gesellsch. fur die gesammt. Naturwissenschaften, 1898, pp. 43—44). 
Ceci étant, nous sommes forcés de reconnaitre que la S. atlanticus est sous certains 
rapports physiologiques moins avancée que la JS. ocellata. (4) M. Austaut a déja 
souvent introduit le produit du croisement,de S. atlanticus avec S. austauti. Cette 
S. austauti est la forme locale gigantesque du Nord de l’Afrique qui correspond 
ala S. populi de nos régions. Notre S. hybr. frizgsi se distingue dudit hybride 
de M. Austaut par les caractéres suivants: (a) L’envergure des ailes, 78 —82mm., 
qui reste en dessous de Venvergure de la S. hybr. metis, qui atteint 95mm. et 
davantage encore. (6) Des ailes relativement plus larges. (c) Des couleurs plus 
vives, des dessins plus fortement marqués, ce qui n’est pas le cas chez la S. hybr. 
metis qui conformément a la S. austauti, dont il provient, n’a que des lignes 
ondulées assez peu distinctes. (d) Les proportions entre les individus males et 
les individus femelles normalement développés semblent étre 4 peu prés les mémes 
entre les deux formes hybrides. [En effet M. Austaut a eu l’obligeance de m’ 
informer quil obtint, en tout, de ses magnifiques hybrides, 45 individus males 
et 5 individus femelles (Standfuss, 4zi/. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1901, pp, 87—89). 


This is also, of course, if at#/anticus be really only the north African 
form of .S. ocellata, a variety of S. hybr. hydridus, Stephs. Standfuss, 
however, in his description, suggests some physiological differences 
between ocellata and atlanticus, so that we have retained the name, 
which otherwise, perhaps, should sink as a synonym of 5S. hybr. 
hybridus, Stephs. 


6. AMORPHA hybr. METIS, Aust. (austauti x atlanticus 2) and ab. DELETA, 
Aust.—Size of medium-sized examples of A. austawti, and general form of wings 
nearly like that of this latter species, that is to say, rather broad and hardly dentated 
along the outer margins. Upperside of forewings of a reddish tint, analogous to 
that of ab. incarnata, with the pattern arranged as “follows : Ist, a basal area of rosy- 
grey, traversed by a brown transverse line, sinuate, and bounded externally by 
another transverse line, which is lighter and slightly arcuate or convex; 2nd, a broad 
median area of a darker grey, uniform, slightly “lighter on the costa, marked with a 
small white cellular spot, and bordered by two narrow parallel bands, the one grey, 
the other brown, not much sinuated, and very slightly undulated; and 3rd, another 
terminal area, rather narrow, of a rosy-grey, marked towards the middle of the 
outer margin by a ‘‘semilunar”’ brown spot. The outer angle is marked 
with a blackish spot. Finally, a dark brown line, almost straight, traverses the 
middle of the wing a little beyond the cellular white spot. The upperside of the 
hindwings is of a rather bright amaranth-red, darker at the base than towards the 
opposite extremity. Anal region of the wing covered by a very large 
fuliginous black ocellated spot, subtriangular, with outline not much _inter- 
rupted, and of which the centre is occupied by a whitish pupil. Anterior 
margin of the wing of a sombre grey, showing the following transverse markings : 
ist, a dark grey band margined on each side by a pale grey border; 2nd, a line 
of an obscure dark red descending obliquely from the anterior margin to the 
abdominal margin, after having, by. a flexuous movement, gone round the summit 
of the large ocellated black spot. Body relatively long, of a rosy-grey, with 
the abdominal incisions paler; a longitudinal spot of a very pale brown, and 
very straight, on the middle of the thorax. Antenne whitish as in those of most 
Amorphids. Palpi tawny on the edges, adorned with some brown hairs. Tibiz 
of the first two pairs of legs pale brown. All these characters, except as below 
noted, are invariable in the 6 examples, all ¢s, which I have before me. But the 
general tint is not reddish in 3 of them, but cinereous-grey analogous to that 
of typical A. awstaut:. In these latter, also, the amaranth-coloured spot which 
covers the lower part of the secondaries has become replaced by a pale brown, 
while that which normally occupies the disc of the reverse side of the superiors 
is completely wanting. This modification is so decided that I consider it an 
aberrant form, deserving a separate name. I call it dedefa. Its aspect is nearer 
that of awstauti, while the reddish type, especially on account of the amaranth- 
coloured wash of the secondaries, more resembles atlanticus. From more than 
150 eggs, almost all fertile, only 32 larvae were obtained, of which only 6 reached 
ae The larva is intermediate between those of the parents (Austaut, Le 
Wats, XIV. 5202250). 


Austaut writes (7v /it¢., April 4th, 1902): “I have only obtained 


AMORPHIN/A. 399 


imagines of this cross three times in fifteen years. The imagines 
of this crossing are exceedingly difficult to obtain. It is, in the 
first place, necessary to sacrifice many couples to get eggs; the eggs 
are, then, for the most part, infertile, and the larvae when obtained 
are extremely delicate, a combination of circumstances that makes 
the obtaining of imagines very problematical.” 

7. AMORPHA hybr, INVERSA, Tutt (populi $ x ocellata ?*\.—The inter- 
mediate form only appears with the cross ocellata 8 xX populi ?. The reciprocal 
cross, populi g x ocellata ¢, produces an insect indistinguishable from the ¢ 
parent according to the observations (probably insufficient) already made (Staudinger, 
Berl. Ent. Zeits., xviii., p. 149). The cross populi 8 x ocellata ¢ shows in the 
specimens, which I have thus far seen, an insect which cannot be distinguished from 
a very aberrant 4. popili ; it is, however, very doubtful whether the form is constant 
throughout, for S. austauti § x atlanticus @ produces likewise a form with blind 
ocellated spots on hindwings (Ze Wat., 1893, pp 230—231); S. austauti is, however, 
probably the Algerian local form of A. popzli, and S. atlanticus the corresponding 
race of S. ocellata (Standfuss, Handbuch, &c., p. 55). 

This is, of course, if awstautéz be simply the north African form 
of populi, and atlanticus the form of ocellata from the same district, 
Metely a vaticty of A. hybr. mets. It has, however, been so 
long under discussion that we give the various notes referring to it 
separately from the account of mets. ‘Thus, House records ( Zrans. 
Ent. Soc. London, 1842, p. 194) obtaining a pairing between fopul7 
3 X ocellata 9, but the eggs laid did not hatch; similarly, Bacot 
fecondse( 277. Jee. 1X. p. 290) a pairing of popule S Xx ocellata 
2, the ? laying 78 eggs, on which some slight colour-changes took 
place, but none hatched, and he further calls attention (oc. cz¢., vi., pp. 
180—181; x., p. 190) tothe fact that, so far as experiments in Britain 
had been conducted, larve had not been obtained from this cross, 7e., 
in which ocel/ata was the 2 , and makes some interesting remarks on the 
possible reason of this result. Bacot’s statement as to larve of this cross 
not having been obtained would appear to be not quite accurate, for 
Williams writes (Zuz., vii., p. 21): “This year, 1873, I bred out specimens 
of Smerinthus ocellata and S. popult, which I was lucky enough to 
cross, male fopuli with female oce//ata. In about 24 hours 
the female began to deposit her batch of eggs, the eggs being laid in 
batches differing in number, and all unattached; the number deposited 
was 170, laid at intervals, more so after being disturbed. The 
duration of the egg stage was 15 days; the colour, at first bluish, 
changing in a few days to light fleshcolour. The larve fed on 
apple leaves, but, after feeding for three weeks, began to wander 
from their food, and died with diarrhcea.” Other pairings between 
these species have also been noted (see Lt. Aec., xii, p. 215). 
As Standfuss and Staudinger refer to imagines of this cross, and we 
can find nothing of such in the entomological literature that we 
have searched, excepting Staudinger’s and Standfuss’ references 
(supra), we wrote Standfuss, who replied (zz Jtz.)- “ As Staudinger, 
some years ago, offered examples of this cross in his price list, I 
obtained a g from him, which I still possess, and which I cannot 
distinguish from A. populd,; further, Staudinger wrote to me that 


* We cannot tell on what authority Dale makes the statement 
that ‘‘ when a cross between a ¢ populi and a @¢ ocellata is effected, there is a 
slight difference between the hybrid thus produced and that above described (by 
Westwood) ocellata $ x populi 3” (Hist. Brit. Hawk Moths, p. 25, 1893). Such 
crosses are quite unrecorded in Britain, 


396 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


none of the moths of this crossing were distinguishable from A. 
populi. Iwas not able to learn from Staudinger whence he obtained 
the moths; I further received, as from this crossing, a ? from 
a Herr Rosenhagen of Posen, which I still possess, and which I 
am also unable to distinguish from A. popul:. During 1900 and 
1g01, I obtained a large number of pairings of fopuli S xX 
ocellata 2; those of 1900 all failed, in 1901 one out of many pair- 
ings gave a few eggs which produced larve; most of these died 
without feeding, but I obtained from the others a few pupz which 
are going over the winter, and I hope at last to breed it my- 
self. ‘The pupz lead me to expect a moth that will be quite distin- 
guishable from A. populz” (March 3rd, 1902). It is to be observed - 
that Austaut’s hybr. meés is from austautd 8 xX atlanticus 
(=popult 8 x ocellata 2), whilst Standfuss’ hybr. frvzngs¢ is from 
atlanticus 3 X popult 2 (=ocellata 3 xX populi 2 ), that is, in the 
first case, the parentage of SS. hybr. zmversa, and, in the second 
case, the parentage of S. hybr. ydvzdus. It is further to be noticed that, 
in crossing austauti § X atlanticus 2 (=fpopuli 8 x ocellata 2), 
Austaut really has obtained the reciprocal cross to S. hybr. hydrzdus 
in these local races, although, at present, detailed evidence is wanted 
as to the actual breeding of the cross of populi 3 xX ocellata 2 , from 
typical forms, to the imaginal stage. In rgor, in his account of S. hybr. 
tringst (anted, p. 393), Standfuss misquotes S. hybr. Aybridus as populi 
3 x ocellata 2, although he had, in 1896, quite correctly given it 
(Handbuch, p. 54) as being ocellata 3 X populi?. Frings notes (Soc. 
Ent., xv., p- 164) that he, himself, had never succeeded in obtaining 
a single larva from the eggs of the cross populi § xX ocellata 2. 

Of the habits of the British species, Bacot says: “ALimas tiliae 
emerges in the afternoon, in which respect it is very constant. 
Beales states (Znt. Kec., vol. xiv., p. 165). that his) specumeas 
whether forced or not, almost invariably emerged between twelve 
and two. ‘The other two species usually emerge about midnight, 
although I have had some out as early as 9.30 p.m., and others 
as late as 8 a.m. Prout tells me that, when forced, they usually 
emerge between 5 p.m. and 7 p.m. JV. ¢lae is out during May and 
June. Barrett says there is no second brood, but Bellamy stated at one 
of the meetings of City of London Entomological Society, that he 
had seen a specimen as late as November 22nd. The other two species 
are also out during the same months. Smerinthus ocellata is partially 
double-brooded, and occurs again in August or September. Amorpha 
populi is said to be regularly double-brooded, the second brood 
coming out at the end of July and in August, and the rearing 
of three broods in one year has been recorded. ‘The second brood 
of A. populi is, however, I fancy, only a partial one, the greater 
portion of the early pupz going over the winter before emerging. 
Out of about forty larve that went down at the end of June, 
1892, only five or six yielded imagines the same year; one of 


these was crippled, and the others rather undersized. I have 
frequently raised broods, no members of which emerged before 
the winter. The emergence of the first brood would seem to 


be spread over a considerable space of time; in 1894 I ‘assembled ’ 
a perfectly fresh male on June 22nd, and a specimen is recorded 
(Ent. Rec., vol. i, p. 180), as having been taken in a moth trap 


9 


AMORPHINA. 397 


on July 8th. The well-known position assumed by the moths, when 
at rest, is undoubtedly protective so far as our British species 
are concerned. JZ. tliae is said to rest on the young shoots that 
spring directly from the trunk of the lime, and to simulate a group 
of small leaves. I have seen one hanging from the top of a split 
oak fence, and it so exactly resembled a withered leaf that none 
but a practised eye could detect the difference. S. ocellata rests 
on bushes or hedges, and is said to exactly resemble a withered 
leaf or spray of leaves. I have never found one at large, but 
even in a_ breeding-cage, notwithstanding its large size and rich 
coloration, it is byno means a conspicuous object. That the ocellated 
spots are of some special use to the moth, is very evident, because 
they are such a constant character, and moreover, are well 
developed in the many allied species that are distributed over 
nearly the whole of the North Temperate Zone. A. populi is said to 
rest during the day on the trunks of poplars or on hedge-banks. 
I have only once found the moth at rest, and then it was on the 
trunk of a poplar, where it was not at all well protected. All 
three species are said to fly slowly and heavily at dusk, and again 
later in the night. I have never seen any of them on the wing 
spontaneously, but have thrown up A. populi and S. ocellata during 
the day; they had a feeble and fluttering flight, something like 
that of a bat, but slower. Bred specimens of both species are 
usually lively and active about dusk, and the males again from 
about 10.30 p.m. to midnight.” 


Of the distribution of the British species, Bacot says: “ AfZimas 
tiliae 1s much less common than either of the other two species. 
It is fairly plentiful and widely distributed in the south and south- 
east of England, scarce in the midlands, and very scarce, if not 
altogether absent, in the north of England, Scotland, Ireland and 
- Wales. On the Continent, according to Kirby, it is common 
except in the extreme north and south; it also occurs in Siberia, 
and there is a specimen in the British Museum collection from Sierra 
Leone (!). 4S. ocellata is commonly distributed in the south and east 
of England, less commonly in the north of England and south of 
Scotland, in Ireland it is scarce but widely distributed. It occurs 
throughout Europe and northern Asia, and closely allied forms are 
found over nearly the whole of the North Temperate Zone. A. populi 
is found throughout Europe, except in the extreme north and south, 
and also in northern and western Asia. Barrett says: ‘It 
appears to occur in all parts of the United Kingdom excepting 
the west of Scotland. It is scarce in the west of England and Wales, 
and in Ireland it is found wherever poplar is common. aera 
it was abundant in the south of England and even in London 
now, however, it is rarely seen in the suburbs of London, and seems 
to be generally less common throughout the country.’ My own 
Expenmcnce is quite the reverse. of that of Barrett. I have 
always found it common in the suburbs of London, in fact, much 
more plentiful in and around London than in any part of England 
that I have visited. In the City of London Society’s ‘ten-mile 
list,’ Dr. Buckell tells me that it is recorded as occurring over the 
whole area, It also occurs in the west of Scotland.” 


398 ; BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


Tribe: MIMANTIDI. 


This tribe was separated by Hubner ( Verzezchniss, p. 142) under 
the name A/imantes, and “lzae was made the exponent of the only 
genus, A/zmas, placed in the group. It is possibly, in some respects, 
the most generalised of the Palearctic Amorphinae, although in 
wing-shape, colour and ‘markings, the imago may be said to be 
highly specialised. The larva, however, is longer and more slender 
than those of the Smerinthids and Amorphids (sews. strict.), and 
is much nearer, in this respect, to the larve of the more generalised 
species on the Sphingid’ side of the phylum. -The cocoon of 1%. 
tiliae, also, often shows a considerable amount of silk, much 
more, usually, than one finds in the cocoons of Smerinthids or 
Amorphids (sens. s¢rect.). The Mimantid pupa, too, is longer and 
more slender in outline, approaching more the typical Sphingid form 
than do the pupz of the other Amorphids (sens. /az.), it is also some- 
what rougher, and the anal spike is larger and thicker. The imago 
further shows characters that are rather Sphingid than Amorphid, 
e.g., the frenulum is fairly well-developed and effective in JZ. tlzae, 
differing much in this respect from Amorpha, Smerinthus, etc. 


Genus: Mimas, Hubner. 


SYNONYMY.—Genus: Mimas, Hb., “ Verz.,” p. 142 (circ. 1822); Steph., 
“Tist Br An. Br. lus) vo, px 260: (7350); Butl., “in Zoolk Soc enna 
Ix, pt. 10, p. 508 (1876); Grote, Journ. Na) Ent.) Soc. annem 
(1805) nit. Nees vii, pe 5.0 (1895); teromt,. cant Ne cy aamesunee 
246) (190). Sphiwx, Winn., “Sys. Nat.,-7 “10th ed.) p.) 489) (1756) i ae eeneeen 
ps 797 Gzo7)G “en. Suec 7) 2nd) ved: p. 2677 G7Or); Oda aint oemaleece 
Gree,” p. 79 (1761) ; Scop. “ont. Carm.,7 p. 163 (1763) ; tute, “Berlei aes 
Pp. 188) (1766); Bab.“ Sys” Ent.,?? p.. 537 (1775) 3 “Specs Ims.572 Tey peter ie eentee 
Mant. Ims.,”? i; p. 93) (787) 3. “Ents Syst ie, pt. 1p. 350 .d7Oe) ans emeane 
“¢ Schmett. Wien.,;’ 1st edz, p. 41 (1775); Esp., ““ schmett. Burs” ii pmeeecma eam 
(1779) ;_ Bergstr., “‘Sphing. Eur. Larv.,” p. 4 (1782); Bkh., ““Sys. Besch.,” ii-) p: 
T10(1789)\5 Brahm, ““Ins/=Kal. 11.) 1) ps 420 (1791) 5 Elb., “Eur Schmenensdes 
72) (Gre. 1800) ; text, p: 100 (1805) ; ““Warvo dep. i, eesit DG aie mnoaa 
Schrank, ‘* Hauny(Boica,”? i.) 1, p.222 (1s01); law. “Sleep: Brit., iy pen mareanns 
Ochs., ‘“‘ Die Schmett.,” 11., p. 249 (1808). Spectrum, Scop., ‘‘ Introd. Hist. Nat? 
p- 403 (1777). Smerinihus, Watr., ** Hast. Nat... 1., p. 401 (1802) avant 
(1805); “Gen. Crust,” iv. “p. 210 (1S09)); Ochs. 9° DiewSchmett= a smyeemome 
(1816) > Sami, *< Ent. Comp...) p. 243 (1819); “Ent. Cabs,” 1, no! 3) ties one 
Hb, “Franek Cat.,”” p..38 (1825) # Godt., ‘< Hist.) Nats’? ike os meieenene 
Stephs., “Illus.;”iv., 1, p. 113 (1828); ““Cat: Br. Ins.,? pt) 2, ps 30i(ieeo) eaeaueman 
Br. An. Br. Mus..." v., pi 26 (1350); Bdv., “Eur Lep. ind. Meth-\” (paste oeone 
“Genet Ind. Meth.,% p. 49 (1840)5 “Sp."Gén. Lep. Het:,7) 1s) pyeeeecomenn 
Wood, ‘Ind. Ent:,” pli 12, fis. 8 (13836); Dup., “Hist. Nat.) supperiiessuemiens 
(1835\'5, $* Tiecon. Chen.,”” pl/jivi, fig: 2 o(c77e., W8a0));) SS Cate aNie theres 
(1844); Humph. and Westd., ‘* Brit. Moths,” p. 8 (1841); Evers., ‘‘ Faun. Volg.- 
Ural.” p. 114) (1844); H.-Sch., “Sys. Bearb.,? ., p. 91 (1846); Hleydenny isan 
Eur. Cat. Meth.;” ed. '3,.p. 19 (1851)5 Sta...) “*Man.,"”) 1., oo. (67 (Ghz emsoeaee 
“' Geog. Verb.,’"1., p. 324 (1858) ;) il, p. 280 (1862); Hein., “* Schmett-ieuccmens 
p: 150°(1859) ;  Humph., “Gen. Br. Moths,* p. 8 (1860); Staud., ““Gatgy siioueaes 
p. 16 (1861); 2nd ed., p. 37 (1871); Wallgrn., “Skand. Het.,”” 1, po tse(foog)s 
Snell, “De Vilind.,” p. 101 (1867); Beree, “* Faun. Franc.,”’ i.) p.segeoaae 
Nolck., ‘‘Lep. Fn. Estl-,” 1., p.- 90\- (1863); Newm., “° Brite iMioths) meee 
(1869) ;  Mill., ** Cat. Lép. Alp.-Mar.,’? 1, p.. 119” (ish2) 9) abate sae 
‘¢Nat. Tids.;’ (3), .Ix., p. 403. (1874); Cunt. vy. Mart. - Cat. ILépesivanaens 
p. 41 (1874); Cure, “Bull Soc. Ent, Ttal.,”? / vil, ps 112. (1875) 
“Eur, Butts. and Moths,” pi. 73 (1879); Frey, ““Lep.. Schweiz; eae 
(1880); Buckl., ‘‘ Larva, &c.,” ii., p. 105, pl. &x., fig: 3 (1887) ; .Mina-Pal., “iNet 
Sic.,”) Vil, p. 135. (1888) 5; Autiv.,” “Nord. Byar.,’’ pi 43-1000); Clann sean 
Rec.,”’ i, pp. 327-329, pl. A., figs. I-12 (1890) ; Bacot, “Ent. Nec. vig pees 


et seq. (1895); Grifhths, doc, czt., p. 257 (1895) ; Barv., ‘‘ Lep, Brit.,”’ ii., p. 11 (1895) 


MIMAS TILIA, 399 


Lucas, “ British Hawk Moths,” p, 131 (1895); Tutt, ‘“‘ Brit. Moths,” p. 23 (1896) ; 
Bartel, <‘‘ Paleeark. Gross-Schmett.,”’ ii., p. 146 (1900). Laothoé, Fab., ‘TI. 
Mag.,”’ vi., pp. 287—288 (1807). Laothde, Leach, ‘‘ Edinb. Enc.,”’ ix., p. 130 (1815) ; 
Olsens Lehrb; Zool.,-* 1., p. 753 (1815). Dzlina, Dalm., “K. Vet. Ac. Handl.,” 
pe2t2 (1610); ° Zett., “Ins: Lapp.,’p. 916 (1840); Kirby, “Cat.,” p. 709 (1892) ; 
** Handbk.,” iv., p. 56 (1897); Meyr., ‘‘ Handbk.,” &c., p. 300 (1895); Leech, 
faites. Hnt..soc. Mondon,” 1898, p. 278 (1898); Prout, ‘Fnt.,’’ xxxii., p. 60 
fees), Staud. ©<° Cat. 3rd Jed. p. 100 '(tgo0l). | Mferinthus, Meig., “* Eur. 
Senet) 1. 4p. -149-(1830). —Ainzas, Stph., ‘Ill. Haust.,” iv., app. ‘p. 5 
(1835). 

The genus A/zmas was eliminated from the remaining Amorphids 
by Hubner, about 1822 (Verzeichniss, p. 142), where he diagnoses 
the genus as follows: 


The palpi fairly moderate in length. The forewings with deep inlets and 
blunt angle; banded—J/imas tiliae. 


Meyrick diagnoses (Handbook, p. 300) the genus as follows : 


Tongue short, imperfect. Antenne less than 43, stout, thickest towards 
middle, not lamellated. Abdomen stout, with appressed scales, pointed.  Tibiz 
with appressed scales, all spurs present. 

Dalman’s Dilima has come into pretty general use for this 
species, but he expressly makes oce/lata the type of his genus, so 
that it becomes synonymous with Smevinthus. Dalman’s original 
description shows that his Delzna is really a diagnosis of our family 
Amorphidae. It reads ( Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar, 1816, 
pp. 205—206) as follows: 

DILINA. — Cafut parvum retractum, palpis brevissimis obtusis oculos 
clypeumve ultra non assurgentibus. ZLzzgua brevissima, spuria, aut vix ulla, 
Antennae sublineares flexuose; maris prismaticze subtus scobineformes, ciliatz ; 
feminze simplices subfiliformes. Ale margine angulate, |. dentate, 1. emar- 
ginate. . . . Larva scabrosa capite triangulari supra acuminato; cornu anali. 
Puppa nuda, terra sepulta. GENERIS TYPUS: JD. ocellata. 

According to Staudinger (Caz, 3rd ed., p. 100) there are only 
two species included in the genus—#/zae and christophi—the latter 
an eastern species recorded from the southern Ussuri district and 
Japan. The following note by Leech (Z7ans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 
1898, p. 278) is interesting: | 

Christophi, Staud., “Rom. Mém.,” i., p. 162, pl. ix., figs. 3a, 0, pl. 
xi., fig. 1 (1887); ‘‘Cat.,”’ 3rd ed., p. 100.(1901) ; Kirby, “‘Cat.,”’ p. 709 (1892) ; 
Leech, ‘‘ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,” 1898, p. 278 (1898).—This species, which is 
closely allied to D. ¢zliae, can be readily separated by the absence of any green 
coloration, by the contour of the central fascia, and by the uniform dark brown 
colour of the thorax. A series of 165 specimens of D. ¢idiae, comprising all the 
known aberrations, shows nothing among them that could be mistaken for D. 
christopht. Larva, on Alnus incana, is said to resemble that of D. tcliae very 
closely. Amurland; Japan; Yesso (Leech). 

shew seues (1°s, 3.9:s) im the Leech collection, shows AZ 
christopht to be a species closely allied to, but distinct from, JZ 
tiliae. It appears from the imagines to be a more specialised 
form than the latter. The whole tendency of the coloration is to 
become darker in christophi, inclining to an olive-brown tint, with 
shades of purple-grey in some examples ; the hindwings duller 
and darker than those of JZ. “liae (Bacot). 


MIMAS TILI€, Linné. 
SYNONYMY.—Species: Tzléae, Linn., ‘‘Sys. Nat.,’”’ 1oth ed., p. 489 (1758) ; 
iamed. p79, (1707) ;..°“Faun. Suec.,” 2nd ed., p. 287 (1761) ; -Poda, “* Ins. 
Mus, Grec.,”’ p. 79 (1761); Scop., ‘Ent. Carn.,” p. 183 (1763); ‘Introd. Hist. 


400 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Nat.,.”’ p. 413 (1777); Huin.; ‘Berl. Mag.,” 11., p. 183 (1766) ;~ Bab.) °° Syseimiee 
p- 537 (1735) 5 cs « Spec. Ins., > il. P-i4l (27o0)4 ‘* Mant. Ins,” i1., “Pp. O35(Ggem er 
ent: Sse, ’ » pt. T, p. 358 (1793); ‘¢ Ill. Mag.,” vi., pp. 287—288 (1807) ; Schiff., 
“¢ Schmett. Aven as Ist ed peau C7 5); 2nd ed., p. 7 (1301); Esp., ‘* Schmet Hames 
ile Dane toys OVE) bs (CEA FKCL YS Bergstr., eSphe Eur. Larv.,” ps 4. (1782) ;” Bhs "Sasi 
Besch:,;7i1., p. 2101(1789); Brahm, “<Ims.=i<ak.,”7 in, 1, p..420 (1791); (abe Sea 
Schmett.,’’ fig 72 (czvc. 1800); text p. 100 (1805); “‘ Larv. Lep.,” ii., Legit. D 6 2 a (circ. 
HOO) Pe OMVIELZ 37 0 Pe WA 2 (G07. NO22) we calunanCle Cat., * p. 88 (1825) ;. Schrke = “Signa 
Boca,” iit. p. 222) Toou);selawi.5 c= Weep dotatt cal :P. 64 (1803); Latr.,.‘* Hist. Nat.,” 
Mis spa 4Ou(1SO2) xiv.) P. 134(eOs)| 5-6 Gen. Crust.,” iN (OF 210 (1809) ; Ochs) 22 ie 
Schmett.,” ii., p. 249 (1808); iv., p.45 (1816); Leach, « Edinb. Enc.,” ix., pa lgouiemage 
Oken, “‘Wehrb. Zool.,” 1 Da wis Gaol is Wale, K. Vet. Ac. Handl.,” p- 212 (1816); 
Same.“ ee Comp.,”” p. 243 (1819) ; “Ent. Cabt.,771., no.3, fig. 5 (1832); Gedieeettism 
Nat.,” i 505 OS (1821) ; stephs., “Til,” iv., 1, p. 113 (1828); “Cat. Br. inse7 2 eines 
Alt aoe ; List Br. An. Br. Mus-,”’ v., p. 26 (1850); Meic.; “Hur Schmetiongss 
p- 149 (1830) ; Bdv., “ Eur. Lep. Ind. .Meth.,” p. 34 (1829); :¢Gen--et Indaairenams 
Pp. 49: (1840) ;_“oSp.-Gén. Lép. -Het.,”’ 1.,-p. 44 (1875); Wood, “Inds inte sapiens 
fig..8 (1839) ; Dup., “ icon. Chen.,”’ pl. viii., fm. 2 (ccvc. 1840); “ Cat iether 
45.(1844); Zett., “ Ins., Lapp.,” p. 916 (1840); Humph:and> Westds = orame 
Moths,” p. 8 (1841); Evers., ‘“‘ Faun. Volg.-Ural.,” p. 114 (1844); Hert.-Sch., 
S “SVs. Beatb.. 2 i., p. Ole(1da6)) Eleydenix. “ep: -E re Cat. ee ed:-3.4038re 
(1851); Sta., “ Man..’"1., p.87:(1857); Speyer. “Geog. Verbr.,”7 1.5 ps 3 aanuanene 
ll.; p. 200 (1862) 3. Eleim-, ““ Schmett. Deutsch.,”’ p. 150 (1859); meer ** Gen. 
BiataMioths:-2 po)(ts00) >) otauds. siCat.. istied:, o--10 ey ; ona ed. + pose 
(1871); 3rd ed., p. loo (1901) ; Wallgrm., ‘‘Skand. Het.,” 1:, p. 55 (1862); Snell., 
“De Viind.,”’ p: 101 (1867); Berce, “* Faun. Franc:,”” w., p. 27) (1S68)— Noleias 
‘ep. En: Est,” i. p. 90 (1868); Newm.,, <(-Brit.-Moths??) pysoee seme 
Mill., ‘‘ Cat. Lép. Alp.-Mar.,” 1., p. L19 (1872); Bang-Haas, ‘*Nat. Vids} (a) 
p- 403 (1874); County Mart., *Cat.Lep: Bare.,”’ p.. 41 (1674) >) Praunees eee 
pl. i., fig. 1oa—b (1874); Curd, “Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital.” vil, p. Bl2i( topes Buil., 
“Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, , pt. 10, p. 568 (1876) ; Kirby, “Eur. Butts. and Moths,” 
Db Has Cy) Ree Cat P- 709 (1892) ; ‘¢ Handbook, &c.,”’ iv., p. 56 (1897) ; Réss., 
‘« J.-B. Nass. Ver. Nat.,” xxxili-xxxiv., p. 36 (1880); Frey, ‘‘ Lep. Schweiz,” p. 58 
(1880); Hofm., “ Schmett., Me SKE oe Tee 1s AOY pl. XVlil., ne 3 (1893); ‘* Raupen,” &c., 
p- 30, pl. viil., fig. 4 (1887 ys Buckl., ‘ Larvee,’ etc anu tle, “ 105, pl. XX. , lig. 3 (1887); 
Mina-Pal., «Nat. SIGS." Vile, Da ts5unkSoo)). wee ‘“« Nord, Fyar.,”’ p. 43 (4889) ; 
Qlarks Sbnt INecs, ee pp- 327 —329 e¢ seq., pl. A., figs. I—12 (1890); Barr., “« Lep. 
Brit.” ii., p. 11 (1895); Meyr., ‘‘ Handbook,’ &c., p. 300 (1895); Bacot Siam 
Rec.,”’ vi., pp. 173 e seg. (1895); Griffiths, <‘ Ent. Rec.,” vi., pp. 256—257 (eggye 
Lucas, ‘‘ Brit. Hawk Moths,” p..131 (1895); Tutt, “ Bnt. Moths,” po23(1e9G 
Bartel, ‘‘ Paleeark. Gross-Schmett.,”’ i., p. 146 (1900). 

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.— Sphinx tiliae, alis angulatis: superioribus 
griseo fasciatis; posticis testaceis. Merian, £w7., 2, t.24. Wilk., Pap., 
10,.t. t,.b. 4. Frisch, /zs., 7, t: 2. Alb., Zzs., t. re: Resse 
phal. t.2. Habitat in Z7/za (Linn., Sys. WVaz¢., xth ed., p. 489). [Linné 
later modifies this to: Sphinx, alis angulatis virescenti-nebulosis 
saturatius subfasciatis ; posticis supra luteo testaceis (ed. xil., p. 797). | 


IMaGO.—56mm.—71mm. Anterior wings curved at apex ; 
outer margin somewhat deeply sinuate, the inner margin concave 
towards anal angle; rosy-grey in colour, green on the outer area, 
with a very variable median greenish-brown transverse band; a 
submarginal undefined dark band from costa to anal angle, and 
an ill-developed double basal band; a white apical patch, some- 
times continued as an irregular white line to the anal angle. 
Posterior wings rounded at apex, emarginate on the outer margin, 
just before the anal angle ; yellowish-grey in colour, with an 
undefined dark transverse band from apex to anal angle, and a 
dark basal patch, outer margin sometimes quite yellow-ochreous. 
Head and thorax of the same hues as forewings; abdomen usually 
grey-green with rather darker segmental marks, 


MIMAS TILIA. 401 


SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—In a series of specimens, the gs and 
2s have a somewhat different facies, due chiefly to the greater 
robustness of the body of the 9, which is perhaps more marked 
in this species and Amorpha populi than in most other Sphinges, 
affecting the thorax as well as abdomen. In the ¢g the wings 
are also shorter and narrower basally, and wider at the hind 
margin than in the @. In A. fopult, the notches between the 
nervures of the forewing are nearly equal, except that nervure 5 is 
short and the notch here is from 4 to 6. In JZ tliae the notch is 
enlarged into a deep sinuation by 4 retreating as well as 5. This 
Condiioem Is more pronounced in the g¢ than-in the @. The ¢ 
coloration is darker than in the @, but the range of variation in 
races and specimens is so great that individual series may show 
the females the darker. The antenne differ as in all other 
Sphinges, in the gs having the usual cups of cilia well marked, 
while the @ shows only a small median lateral bristle at margin 
of scaled area. The ¢g antenna has about 54 joints, that of the 
@ about 52, but there is some variation. In the ¢ the anterior 
Hiiaespur teaches, nearly to the end of tibia; m the @ it falls 
decidedly short of this point; the posterior tibial spurs are larger 
in the g than in the ? (Chapman). 

GYNANDROMORPHISM.—Very few gynandromorphous specimens 
of this species have been recorded. ‘The following are the only ones 
We liace-: 

a. Left ?, right ¢. Coloration on the right side olive-green with dark 
median band ; lighter on the left side, and more yellow-green, with median 
band correspondingly lighter. The patagia and underside of the wings correspond 
with this coloration. Right antenna ¢, left ¢. Abdomen g. Captured near 
Berlin. Coll. Wiskott, Breslau (Wiskott, Hestschr. Schles. Ver. Ins., p. 109). 

(3. Referred to by Schultz as described in Russ’s /szs, iv., 1879, no. 20 (Woch. 
fur Ent., 1., p. 367). We have quite failed in our attempts to get the description. 

. A gynandromorphous example in coll. Staudinger (7m ditt.) (Schultz, Woch. 
ae .. 1, Pp. 303 \. 

VARIATION.—The species is very variable, both in colour and 
in the amount of development of the median transverse band; 
rarely are two specimens exactly alike, and they are very frequently 
asymmetrical, the colour and markings of the left wings differing from 
EiOscsOntme ment. Clarks plate’ (#77. Kec, i., pl. A) exhibits 
this peculiarity well. Turner notes (Proc. Sth. Lond. Ent. Soc., 1894, 
p. 50) an asymmetrical specimen taken at Greenwich, in which the 
right side is of a deep green and rich ferruginous-brown, whilst the 
left side is of a much paler green and brown, the latter being smoky 
in places ; also the lower of the two blotches on the left forewing 
is very narrow, the corresponding one on the right forewing being 
very large. Bartel notes rare aberrations of a very _ bright 
yellow colour (=ab. /uéescens, n. ab.), and says that the progeny of such 
individuals as have been inbred for many years in captivity are 
usually much more distinctly and prominently marked than the 
normal imagines taken wild, and are distinguished also by the hind- 
wings being exceptionally heavily-marked with black (=ab. suffusa, 

lark). Very dark greyish-green individuals with almost com- 
pletely black hindwings are recorded by Caradja as_ being 
found in the Department of the Haute-Garonne in October, and 
bred from larve collected at tne commencement of the same 


402 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


month, and the same author also asserts that larve living on lime 
produce brighter-tinted moths, whether green or brown, whilst those on 
elm give quite dark specimens. Standfuss says the green form is bred 
from Ulmus campestris. Hofimann and Keller note that at Stuttgart 
the brown form appears commoner than the green. Richter says that 
in Dessau those reared on birch produce brown aberrations. With 
regard to the variation in the transverse band, Bartel observes that it 
varies greatly in width and ground-colour, whilst the outward 
angulation is sometimes pointed, and at other times blunt ; in some 
green examples the band is lightly edged with darker coloration ; 
when complete it extends from the front margin to the inner edge, 
in most examples it is interrupted and broken up into two spots, of 
which the upper is the greater and may be separated from the 
costal margin, whilst the lower one is usually just away from the inner 
margin; in some examples the spots are only just separated by the 
nervure running between them, whilst in others the ground colour 
extends for a considerably greater width separating the two spots 
much more completely ; the costal spot runs much below the middle 
of the wing, and is connected occasionally on its lower edge with the 
small spot of the same colour extending from the inner margin, the 
latter (small spot) being extremely narrow and almost like a stroke, 
the upper, however, also sometimes becomes very small. The area 
in front of the twice-angulated outer edge is usually dark-coloured 
and inwardly edged with a hghter border; the band is sometimes 
only indicated in outline or is reduced to mere traces ; in others it shades 
off into the ground-cclour. Some of the most marked aberrations have 
been described and figured by Clark (Zut. Record, 1., pp. 327— 
328, pl. A., figs. 1—10). Speaking of the general variation, he 
writes: ‘‘ If we look at our three British Amorphid species, we note 
that Amorpha popul: has a more or less developed band passing trans- 
versely across the centre of the anterior wings ; Smerznthus ocellata has 
a fairly developed dark blotch on the costa of the anterior wings, 
followed by a smaller blotch on the inner margin, these two blotches 
undoubtedly showing the origin of a central band in the genus; whilst 
in Mimas tiltae the central band is always dark ona pale ground, 
and hence stands out conspicuously. Perhaps the most common form 
of the band in this species consists of a large costal blotch, anda large 
blotch on the inner margin just united at the centre of the wing, 


as in pl. -A., fig. 10. Sometimes this band, however GSquie 
complete, and occasionally entirely absent, as pl. A., fig. 1, will 
show. The most interesting feature with regard to this is the 


occasional asymmetrical character of the band as in figs. 2, 4 and 
6, whilst figs. 3, 5, 7, 8 and 9g, although all showing some abnormal 
condition of the band, are perfectly symmetrical. A_ structural 
point to which I would also draw attention is the variation in the 
outline of the anterior wings. This species always appears to unite 
the sinuous outline of A. populz with the centrally concave outline 
of S. ocellata, the latter feature being generally strongly developed, 
but, in the specimens figured, it will be noticed that figs. 1 and 4 
have this character reduced to a minimum, whilst fig. 8 has it 
very strongly developed. ‘There is a considerable amount of varia- 
tion also in the width of the double transverse basal line (compare 
figs. 1 and 3); that of fig. 7 is, however, practically obsolete, and 


MIMAS TILIA, 403 


fig. 10 also shows some variation in direction. In the basal space 
between this line and the thorax there is also considerable difference 
(compare figs. 6 and 8). Figs. 9, 8, 6, 3, 2 and 1 show especially 
the variable character of the transverse line outside the central 
pine although mo two are ‘alike, and fig. 6- exhibits a 
most abnormal, asymmetrical shape of the _ pale _ apical 
blotches. Careful comparison shows that there is some varia- 
tion in the shape of the hind margin of the posterior wings.” 
Kane observes that several Galway specimens that he has seen 
have the central band of forewings large and continuous and 
the green replaced by olive-brown; the hindwings very pal!e russet. 
James records an aberration with the usual markings present but 
subdued, and the whole wings of a dull olive-brown, with no trace 
of terra-cotta or green. Crewe notes an imago bred in May, 1857, 
at Stowmarket with a most beautiful purple tinge. South describes 
(Zut., xxv., p. 249) two forms: (1) Pale brown forewings marked 
with reddish spots of usual shape, hindwings fuscous grey-brown. 
(2) Greenish-white forewings, the usual central markings dark 
green, and some touches of an intermediate shade of green, 
between the central band and base of wing and on the outer 
third ; hindwings fuscous-brown, outer and abdominal margins 
pale, the former edged with blackish. Occasional small specimens are 
sometimes met with; these Boisduval seemed in some way to have 
connected with elm-feeding larve, naming the form w/mz, in 1840 (Gen. 
et Ind. Meth., p. 49), with the illuminating diagnosis ‘‘ valde minor.” 
Colthrup records (#7, xxxiv., p. 260) an example, the ground- 
colour of the forewings pale brown, with indistinct markings, the 
hindwings with a pinkish tint, and another with the forewings dark 
brown in colour, with very intense green markings, the band 
Bepresented only by a small spot. Clark states (2m?t. Hec., 1Vv., 
p. 257) that colour variation is not specialised in any _ brood, 
extreme red and green forms being reared from the same batch 
meses Schultz records (Ler/. Lvz. Zzits., xliv., Sitz. p. 29) rearing 
a brood of MW. tliae on oak, the moths being fawn-coloured, the 
hindwings much darker, whilst the wings appear to be narrower 
than usual. Wells records two aberrations (277. Rec., ill., p. 313) 
from pupze dug at Cambridge, one of a dark slaty-grey colour, 
with the posterior wings nearly black; the other with quite normal 
markings, but with all the wings much suffused with bright crimson, 
the usual dark-green blotches on the anterior wings standing out 
like crimson velvet. In some examples of both sexes the outer 
margin is very pale. The hindwings of the ¢ vary much—from 
orange to blackish—some with a good band ; those of the ? are, on the 
whole, paler, often suffused, but rarely so dark, as in the darker g's. 

For such a variable species some tabulation seems necessary. 
After some trouble the following has been made to cover the 


variation known to us: 
GROUND-COLOUR PALE-GREY OR FAWN-GREY (WITHOUT GREEN TINGE). 

1. With complete transverse mecian band=ab. padllida-transversa, n. ab. 

2. With band broken medially into costal and inner-marginal parts=ab. 
bipunctata, Clark. 

3. With only costal part of band, inner-marginal part obsolete=ab. pallida- 
costipuncta, n. ab. 

4. With only inner-marginal part of band, costal part obsolete=ab. pallida- 
marginepuncta, n. ab, 


404 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


5. With the costal part reduced to median spot, the inner-marginal part 
obsolete=ab. pallida-centripuncta, n. ab. 
6. With the band entirely obsolete=ab. pallida-obsoleta, n. ab. 


GROUND-COLOUR REDDISH-GREY OR RED (STRONGLY TINGED WITH GREEN). 

I. With complete transverse median band=/fdiae*, Linn. 

2. With band broken medially into costal and inner-marginal parts=ab. 
maculata, Wallgrn. 

3. With only costal part of band, inner-marginal part obsolete=ab. costz- 
puncta, Clark. 

4. With only inner-marginal part of band, costal part obsolete=ab. margine- 
puncta, n. ab. 

5. With the costal part reduced to median spot, the inner-marginal part 
obsolete=ab. centripuncta, Clark (=ab. wl, Bartel). 

6 With the band entirely obsolete=ab. obsoleta, Clark. 


GROUND-COLOUR ENTIRELY RED OR RED-BROWN. 

1. With complete transverse median band=ab. brunnea-transversa, n. ab. 

2. With band broken medially into costal and inner-marginal parts=ab. 
brunnea, Bartel. 

3. With only costal part of band, inner-marginal part obsolete=ab. drunnea- 
costipuncta, n. ab. 

4. With only inner-marginal part of band, costal part obsolete=ab. brunnea- 
marginepuncta, n. ab. 

5. With the costal part reduced to median spot, the inner-marginal part 
obsolete=ab. brunnea-centripuncta, n. ab. 

6. With the band entirely obsolete=ab. brunnea-obsoleta, n. ab. 


GROUND-COLOUR ENTIRELY GREEN (OR VERY FAINTLY TINGED MEDIALLY WITH 
REDDISH). 

1. With complete transverse median band=ab. virescens-transversa, n. ab. 

2 With band broken medially into costal and inner-marginal parts=ab. 
virescens-maculata, n. ab. 

3. With only costal part of band, inner-marginal part obsolete=ab. vzrescens- 
costipuncta, n. ab. 

4. With only inner-marginal part of band, costal part obsolete=ab. wirescens- 
marginepuncta, n. ab. 

5. With the costal part reduced to median spot, the inner-marginal part 
obsvulete=ab. virescens-centripuncta, n. ab. 

6. _ With the band entirely obsolete =ab wirescens-obsoleta, n. ab. 

The following appear to be the described forms of this species: 

a. ab.obsoleta, Clark, “ Ent. Rec.,” 1., p. 328, pl. -A., fie. 1 eon) aieaen 
‘Pent. NeC., 7 Wi, p.v 10 (sol). Zaiiae var. INewm., |) °S kinins: 7: ville fig. 
(1875)... Imaculata, — Bart., — “ Die ‘Palecark.< Gross-Schmett., sila ame 
(lQ00) mH asy76le Stade.) atime ord. "ede. al OO (1901). — Anterior wings 
of a delicate fawn-colour, with the basal area and transverse lines slightly darker, 
the central area having the faintest tinge of pink, without the trace of a transverse 
band; the extreme outer area strongly tinged with green. Posterior wings orange- 
coloured, with a dark brown central band, united to the dark scales of the base 
(Clark). BELGIUM /Zeste Bartel). FRANCE: Indre—La ari GERMANY: 
Saxon-Altenburg— Altenburg. RussrA: Kasan Govt. (¢este Bartel). 

Staudinger’s diagnosis, under the name evs¢téncta reads: “ Al. 
ant. sine fasciis nec maculis, szepius fere unicoloribus” (Caz, 3rd ed., 
pa ton). Bartels diagnosis runs: S¢, -2.. In ‘examplesiaou this 
aberration, the small dark spot in the middle of the upperside 
of the forewing and found in ab. wz/mz is entirely wanting. In place 
of it there is a light-coloured area which occupies the median area 
of the wing and extends somewhat towards the margin of the 
wing.” Robson records (Proc. South Lond. Ent. Soc., 1895, p. 41) an 
examp!e with no trace of the usual dark band across the forewing. 


* Linné’s original description (ed. Xe, p. 489) defines the type as ** asclatis ”’ ; 
in his xiith ed. he calls it ‘ subfasciatis,’? which we suspect is Wallengren’s ab, 
maculata (see anted, p. 400, and posted, p. 406). 


MIMAS TILLA. 405 


Another obsoletely banded one is noted from Hammersmith (£77, 
XXXll.. p. 284) by Betteridge, and Nicholson records another (£7. 
inaewive, Pp. 257). Clark feures and describes (£77. Aez.,'1., pl. A.,-fig- 
2) an asymmetrical form (ab. semzobsoleta) as follows: “The left anterior 
wing is identical with ab. odsoleta, as also is the right hand, 
except that small central and inner marginal blotches remain as 
traces of the original band. The ground colour of the hindwings 
is much like that of the forewings, the dark band also ill-developed.” 
Rothschild figures (/77., xxvil., p. 50) an aberration, of the form odsoleta 
on the left side and centripuncta (ill-developed) on the right side; 
red june, 1393, from a [ring larva.. It isa ¢ 2°35 in. in expanse; 
the basal part of forewings pinkish-grey, the apical portion dark 
green ; the apical marking of normal shape and colour; the hind- 
wings almost entirely black, very faintly tinged with buff on the 
nervules. Bate notes a specimen having the right forewing without 
the usual dark central blotch and with the whitish apical mark 
larger and more distinct than that on the left forewing, which was 
normal. James notes an olive-coloured aberration at Crouch End, 
with central spots missing on one forewing (ab. verescens-obsoleta ) 
and reduced to a point on the other. 

oma emacninipuncan Clana) “obits rec... 1, p. 329, pl. Au, fig, (7 
Room e cies Wnt. iNec..7 1... p. 16. (1391) > Frohk., ‘Ent. Rec.,”’ it., p. 312 
(1892). Ulmi, Bartel, ‘‘ Die Palezeark. Gross-Schmett.,’’ ii., p. 149 (1900); Staud., 
Paeiemecidecd= p=. 100 (190I). - 72izae-ab., Fletch: ““Knt. Rec.” xiil., p. 254 
(1901); Colthrup, ‘* Ent. Rec.,” xiii, p. 297 (1901).—Anterior wings, with the whole 
of the central and basal areas deep reddish; the outer area normal, greenish-olive ; 
one small central spot is the only trace of the transverse band; the hindwings 
yellowish, with the band rather ill-developed (Clark). AUSTRO-HUNGARY: 
Hungary—Epiries (Husz). BreLtGium: Huy (¢este Bartel). FRANCE: Haute- 
Garonne, rather the commoner form (Caradja), Aix-les-Bains, singly (teste 
Bartel) ; Douai (Foucart), dept. du Nord, rare with type (Paux). GERMANY: 
Very rare with the type ; Saxony-Altenburg—-Roda, Carlsruhe (teste Bartel), 
Prussia, singly (Grentzenberg). SPAIN: Bilbav (Seebold). 

Staudinger diagnoses this aberration ( Caz., 3rd ed., p. 100) as: “Al. 
ant. ee unica, non fasciatis.” Bartel describes it (Palacark. Gross- 
Schmett., ., p. 149) as: “gf and @. The dark central band crossing 
the upper he of the forewings, which, in the type, consists of two spots 
more or less connected, is represented in ab. w/z only as a small dark 
spot, at some distance from the costa and more or less towards the centre, | 
of the wing. The aberration varies in colour as does the type, and 
is found in the same localities, but is generally rare.” Fletcher bred, 
from a Streatham larva, on May 22nd, 1901, an example in which 
the ground-colour of the forewings is rather lighter than usual, and 
the fascia absent, except a small dark green spot in the centre 
of the wing just anterior to the junction of the upper and median 
nervules. Colthrup notes one bred on May 18th, 1901, very similar 
to Clark’s fig. 7, but the ground-colour of a darker brown, and 
the markings near the tip of the forewing of an intense green. 
Hampson records an example in the British Museum collection in which 
the right forewing has the median band reduced to a dentate spot 
at lower angle of cell. Imms notes another from Northampton, 
with the central band reduced to a small spot. Newman bred one 
from a Bexley larva in 1899. Adamson (£nxt., xv., p. 161) captured, 
June 8th, 1882, a fine centripuncta, with'a large dark green pear- 
shaped spot in centre of wing. 


406 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


y. ab. pechmanni, Hartmn., ‘‘ Mitt. Miinch. Ent. Ver.,”’ i., p. 35, pl. i., 
figs. {—3 (1879); Bartel, ‘‘ Die Palzeark. Gross-Schmett.,” i1., p. 150 (1900) ; 
Staud., ‘‘Cat.,”? 3rd ed., p. 100 (1901).—Head, thorax and abdomen brown or 
green, ‘the lighter markings on the thorax and form of the wings typical. The 
usual central transverse band quite obsolete; on the other hand a claviform spot, 
which is to be seen in no other Sphingid, appears distinctly. The forewings 
uniformly green or brown in colour as far as the paler band at the outer mar gin ; 
on the apical part of the costa the usual light claviform spot. The underside of 
both wings cinnamon-brown, with a lighter band at the outer margin. All the 
specimens somewhat smaller than the type (Hartmann). 

A number of specimens were inbred by Pechmann, emerging in 
1878, most of the individuals showing the normal range of variation, 
but others, of both sexes, were peculiar in being without the median 
band, but with a well-marked claviform spot towards the base. 
Prout notes: “The figures show a very distinct and interesting 
form, quite agreeing with the description—ground-colour uniform 
dark brown or green nearly to outer margin, the marginal part, 
which is normally green or olive, being of a sort of violet-grey 
tint, The ambiguous reference to a ~claviform” ‘Spotwsecmsme 
have no reference to any remnant of a central band, for the figure 
shows (as the description says) that that is absolutely wanting. 
The figures have a lead-coloured or bluish claviform spot close to 
the base of forewings.” No doubt it is a peculiar modification of 
Clark’s ab. obsoleta, with much darker ground-colour and an unusual 
spot developed towards the base of the wing. Staudinger diagnoses 
ite (Gai, 2100! ClO, HOO) BS 2“ Wilinayore, ill, euones Keres unicoloribus brunnes- 
centibus, margine exteriore dilutiore grisescente.” Hartmann notes 
the aberration. as coming from Nymphenburg, near Munich. Bartel 
adds that ‘‘a specimen recorded from Crefeld is possibly only ab. 
obsoleta, Clark, whilst the record that it occurs at Erfurt with the 
type is open to doubt.” 

0. ab. O2punctata, Clark, <° Ent. Rec.) ic, (p. 328, plo Ac, tieaeemquomiee 
Ckll., “Ent. Rec.,” ii, p. 16 (1891).—The ab. d¢punctata, has the ground colour 
slightly more tinged with pink than figs. I and 2, and the outer margin rather grey ; 
the transverse band is represented by a central spot and a smaller one on inner 
margin ; hindwings tinged with yellowish, band not very distinct (Clark). 

Clark’s aberration only differs from ab. maculata, in having a 
small central spot, and an extremely small inner-marginal spot, whilst 
the usual green tint is practically wanting. Voelschow notes (Soc. 
Ent., XV., p. 122) a 2 in which the hindwings have a complete black 
transverse band, whilst the forewings have the central area light ashy- 
grey, the normal transverse band being broken into two quite small 
spots, the upper of which does not touch the costa. 

€. ab. maculata, (Mitzel 77 ltt.) Wallgrn., ‘‘Skand. Het.,”’ p. 15(1863); Lampa, 
‘Ent. Tids.,’” vi., p. 27°(1805); Buckell, “Ent. Reéc.,’’\v., p. 270 (ec Teterenccme 
ab. centripuncta) (1894);- Staud., ‘*Cat.,”’ ard ed.,.p.) 100 (1901) Zzegewae 
Clark, ‘‘Ent. Rec.,’”’ 1, p..329, pl. A., fig. 9 (1891).—Fascia media alarum 
anticarum in maculis dissoluta (Wallengren). 

Staudinger diagnoses (Cat., 3rd ed., p. 100) the form as: “Al. 
ant. fascia media latius interrupta in duab. maculis dissoluta.” Clark 
notes (Znt. Kec., 1., p. 329) of his specimen (fig. 9): “ Basaland 
central area red, as in figs. 7 and 8, but of a more purplish tinge, the 
paler outer parts of the wing well-developed, outer area greenish- 
olive; central band broken into two spots, one central, and the ‘other on 
inner margin, better developed than in fig. 3 (ab. dipunctata) ; hind- 
wings almost identical with those of fig. 5.” 


MIMAS TILIA, 407 


£. ab. costipuncia, Clark, “* Wnt. Rec.,” 1.) p. 329; pl. A:, fig. 8 (1891) ; Chll., 
‘Ent. Rec.,” ii., p. 16 (1891).—Aimost identical in’ coloration with fig. 7 (ab. 
centripuncta), but with the transverse band represented by a large costal blotch 
(Clark). 

Clark figures (/oc. cét., pl. A., fig. 5) another example almost 
intermediate between ab. costipuncta and ab. centripuncta, which he 
describes as having ‘‘the ground colour of the central area redder 
than any of the preceding, and with the outer area greener. ‘The spot 
is intermediate in development between the costal one in fig. 8, 
and the central one in fig. 7, and is not quite symmetrical, reaching 
fully to the costa on the right, but not quite on the left ; hindwings 
dark greyish-fuscous from the band to the base, the outer margin 
tinged with reddish.” 

n. ab. brunnea, Bartel, ‘‘ Die Paleeark. Gross-Schmett.,” i1., p. 149 (1900) ; 
Weelkchow,. “soc. Ent? xv. p. 122° (0901).  Brunnescens, Staud., ‘* Cat.,”? 
3rd ed., p. 100 (1901).— sg and ¢. Marked as in the type, but the green 
coloration entirely wanting. A dark reddish-brown is the prevalent ground- 
colour, especially of the forewings. This aberration is found everywhere with 
the type (Bartel). AusrRo-HuNGARY: Upper Austria not rare (Himsl); Bukovina 
(Hormuzaki) ; Galicia—Lemberg (Garbowski) ; Hungary—Epiries (Husz), Tavar- 
nok, Buda-Pesth (¢este Bartel). BELGIUM: Huy (¢este Bartel). FRANCE: Haute- 
Garonne (Caradja), Montmorency, near Paris. GERMANY: Stuttgart, more common 
than the type (Hoffmann and Keller), Schwerin- Mecklenburg (Voelschow), Crefeld, 
rare, Leipzig, very rare, Thuringia (Krieghoft), Wtrtemberg, Baden, rarer than 
the type, Nassau, Bavarian Palatinate (Spuler), Alsace (Peyerimhoff). ROUMANIA: 
Comanesti, Grumazesti, abundant in 1895, etc. (Caradja). Russia: St. Petersburg, 
etc. (deste Bartel). SWITZERLAND: Aigle (Lowe). 

This was originally a trade name of Staudinger’s, which 
obtained general usage without being described until Bartel 
diagnosed it. A year later Staudinger himself renamed it drunnescens 
and noted it as “‘brunnescens, nec viridescens.” Riding criticises 
(Lint. Rec., 1X., pp. 150-151) Barrett’s assertion that the red colour 
of this species is generally due to changes produced after emer- 
gence, and observes that this is incorrect as a general statement, 

that he has a bred g and @ entirely reddish and yellow- 
brown and without a trace of green. Clark’s plate (Eut. Rec., 
i, pl. A) should have prevented Barrett’s statement. Voelschow 
observes that, in June, rgoo, he put out a ? and she was found 
in the morning paired with a g ab. drunnea, which was remarkable 
for its black-coloured hindwings, the area of the forewings 
between the uninterrupted brown central band and the marginal 
area being densely sprinkled with black scales. Lowe captured a 
beautiful rust-brown specimen, without a tinge of green, at Aigle, 
July 3rd or 4th, 1898. The following notes refer to this aberration : 
Not rare with the type in Upper Austria, bred by Angele on February 
21st, 1896 (Himsl); rarer than the green form in Baden (Spuler), dark 
red-brown aberration bred from Sutton in June, 1888 (Lee). Frohawk 
(£nt., xv., p. 130) bred April 23rd, 1882, one specimen remark- 
able for entire absence of green ; all the markings usually green, are 
light burnt sienna-red, the usual whitish blotch at tip of forewing 
pink; ground colour also pink, in places slightly tinged with grey ; 
thorax and abdomen also of same colour. 

QO. ab. sujjusa, Clark, ‘‘ Ent. Rec.,” i., p. 329, pl. A., fig. 10 (1891); CkIL., 
“Ent. Rec.,” ii, p. 16 (1891).—Anterior wings dark olive-green, with central 
area tinged with pink, crossed by a deep olive-green band, almost joined at one 
point on the right-hand wing; hindwings, except on margin bordering the abdomen 
where the colour is pale, deep fuscous-black (Clark), 


498 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


EccLtayinc.—The eggs appear to be normally fastened to the 
underside of the leaves of the foodplant, either singly or in pairs 
(Bacot) ; eggs laid on lime leaf at Chiswick fastened by a tenacious 
gum (Sich); discovered a ? ovipositing on the trunk of a small 
lime tree, on May 26th, 1895, at Crouch End (James); ? laid 39 eggs 
on a stone step quite five yards from a lime tree at Sydenham (Swain). 

Ovum.—Oval in form, plump, with shining pale green shell, 
about 1°75mm. in length and «:4mm. in width (Hellins); of the 
same shape and size as that of S. ocellata, but of a darker and 
duller green (Bacot). [See description by Chapman, anted, p. 386.] 
Graber has described and figured (Denks. Ak. Wien, lv., pp. 148— 
149, pl. vi., figs. 39—41) embryotogical details from the ova of 
this species. Brown notes (/nz., v., p. 395) parthenogenesis as 
having occurred in this species, but gives no data. 

HaBITS OF LARVA.—The larve appear usually to feed high up 
in large elm-trees in Kent, and hence are rarely observed until 
they come down for the purpose of pupation, and therefore one 
knows but little of their habits in nature. Bacot observes that in 
their earlier stages the larve usually rest on one of the veins on 
the underside of a leaf, but, in the later stages, choose a twig or 
leafstalk for the purpose; they seem to dislike the light, and, when 
their food is changed, get underneath the leaves as soon as possible. 
In confinement they do well on fresh young shoots of lime until 
the 3rd moult; they then want less succulent food, and feed best 
on the smaller dark green fleshy leaves from the upper branches 
of the tree. “It 1s stated (m7. W2. /nz., vii, p. 100) silat 
obtained from moths that emerged from pupe dug at elms, feed up 
twice as fast on lime as onelm. ‘The following notes show that the 
larve are obtainable in Britain from June to September, dependent 
on the season, possibly, often, from late May to September, as the 
egg-stage rarely lasts more than 14 days, and the imagines are fre- 
quently observed in early May. ‘Thus we have: August and Sep- 
tember at Bristol (Prideaux); at Tunbridge Wells in September 
(Nicholson) ; August 24th, 1856, at Notting Hill, July 17th, 1895 
(A. H. Clarke); larve at Ramsgate, August 30th, 1856 (Powell) ; 
September 22nd, 1853, and «ist week of Septembequsno squmen 
Emsworth (Hellins); September roth, 1870, at Greywell, September 
Ist, 1879, at Caversham, September 16th, 1880, at Henley, Septem- 
ber 5th, 1884, at Tilehurst, August 30th, 1888, at Hartley Row, 
September 12th, 1891, at Reading (Holland); August 15th, 1871, Sep- 
tember 4th, 1872, August roth, 1873, September 16th, 1879, September 
3rd, 1883 fullfed, September 29th, 1892, fullfed on lime, September 
2nd, 1898, at Lee (Bower); September 5th, 1871, at Wanstead, 
July roth, 1887, at Brentwood (Burrows) ; August 24th—September 
24th, 1875, September 14th, 1885, fullfed at Lee, ova laid June 
14th, 1895, hatched June 24th, larve fullfed July 20th (Fenn) ; full- 
fed September 16th, 1883, August 13th, 1892, at Bristol (Bartlett) ; 
August 21st—z29th, 1890, August 8th, 1898, fullfed at Chiswick 
(Sich); Auyust, 1891, on elm at Bedford (Steuart); September 
13th, 1891, August 24th, 1892, August 6th, 1893, September rst, 
1898, at Oxton (Studd); eggs laid May 27th, 1892, hatched in a 
week, the first fullfed Jarva went down July 18th, the rest followed 
at intervals for three weeks longer, at Hartley Wintney (Claxton) ; 


MIMAS TILIA. 409 


Hmly, 22rd, 15903. larva im about 2nd, skin on lime, August 6th, 
1895, fullgrown on lime, July rath, 1896, in last skin on fence at 
Crouch End (James); larve on elm, plentiful, all sizes, July 30th, 
1894, at Worcester Park (Kaye); September i12th, 1894, fullfed 
at Sudbury (Ransom); July 5th, 1895, fullgrown larva at Chelms- 
ford (Miller); July 6th, 1896, at Chichester (Anderson); larve on 
lime, July 20th, 1896, July 22nd, 1397, at Whitwell (Hreeman); 
August 8th—r14th, 1897, at Brentwood, August 6th, 1900, on lime 
at Hazeleigh (Raynor), Himsl gives July to September as the 
best time for larve at Postlingberg, in Upper Austria. - ? 
Larva*.—/first stadium: Very long and slender in form; the 
head rounded, quite unlike the pointed head of mature larva; the 
caudal horn (about one-fourth or one-fifth length of larva) colourless 
on emergence but soon darkens, a result brought about by the 
hairs with which it is covered turning black; the only trace of 
anal plate consists of a few prominent tubercles on roth abdominal 
ceqmenta Second sracwm = | Vine head more thangular, but not 
quite of the mature shape; the tubercles on it give it a very rough 
appearance, at the apex two prominent yellow processes; a dark 
dorsal line and oblique stripes are very faintly marked in this 
skin ; the caudal horn is dark red or crimson in colour, the mammille 
or shagreen hair-bases giving it a thorny appearance; the sete at 
the tip of each fork shorter. Zhivd stadium-: Wead more pointed 
and the processes at apex larger; the yellow lateral lines of the 
head visible but not yet distinct, each segment apparently divided 
into eight subsegments, the mammille being arranged in eight 
MimIeenoOm each yseement. the anal’ plate now ‘composed of 3 
or 4 mammille, tinged with dark red or brown ; oblique stripes 
stronger, the 7th pair not running up the caudal horn as in larve of 
Amorpha popult and Smerinthus ocellata. Fourth stadium: Larva stouter 
but still long and slender compared with that of S. ocellata. The 
apical head-processes tall and bearing 2 or 3 simple sete; the 
mammille large, tall, conical, carrying short thick unforked 
hairs; also a few hairs arising from the general body surface; 
the oblique stripes well-marked, yellow, bordered anteriorly with 
darker green than the rest of the body; the 7th pair very strongly 
developed, the 6th pair faint. [Some slight variation .in caudal © 
horn, in some both the horn and hairs are unforked, in others both 
hairs and horn slightly forked.]| /th stadium: The~ processes 
on apex of head have almost disappeared ; the apex slightly notched ; 
the surface of the head smooth; the shagreen points only appearing 
as pale dots, the anal scutcheon, now dark crimson, bordered with 
yellow ; the caudal horn quite changed in appearance, bright blue 
in colour, looks stiff and corneous; is sharply pointed and curved 
backward. |Larve of S. ocellata and A. populd also have this stiff 
curved caudal horn in final stage, but not so well-developed as 
in MM. tiliae, which approaches larva of Sphinx ligustri in this 
particular, although, in the latter, the horn is larger and biack.] The 
mammille or shagreen points on body surface, smaller, flatter, and 
carry simple hairs. Considerable variation in colour, some with deep 
crimson blotches bordering stripes anteriorly, sometimes before 
all, at other times before only some, of the stripes ; the 6th pair 


* Already described in detail, ated p. 387. See also p. 367. 


410 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


of stripes least strongly marked; shagreen points maintain yellow colour 
even inred areas ; the colours dull before pupation (Bacot). The young 
larva, before its first moult, has the head rounded, the subdivisions of 
the segments already marked, the skin covered with small two- 
pronged hairs, not so conspicuous as those of S. ocel/ata and 
A. popult, the horn 2mm. in length, black, thickly set with short 
two-pointed bristles, its end with two points; the colour yellowish- 
green, more full green on the back; the figure is slendeme aime 
trst moult takes place when the larva is about 11mm. long; the 
horn becomes 3mm. long; yellowish in colour, with dark short 
spines; the lobes of the head become pointed, with yellow tips, 
the eight subdivisions of each segment set with rough points * ; 
the colour yellowish-green, and the seven yellow lateral stripes 
slanting appear plainly. The second moult comes when the larva 
is about 18mm. long; the tips of the lobes of the head become 
reddish, the rough points on the skin yellowish. The chzrd moult 
finds the larva about z5mm. long and the yellow scutcheon on 
the thirteenth segment appears. Phe fourth moult is passed 
when the larva is about 35mm. long; up to this time the figure 
has been very much more slender than that of S. ocellata or A. 
popult, but now it begins to grow stouter. The biggest larva 
I had this summer grew to be something less than 50mm. in 
length, stout, but tapering forwards a good deal, the skin smooth, 
the dots remain but are not rough; the face triangular, the horn 
short and rough, a rough oblong patch on the anal flap; the 
back lhght yellow-green, the belly duller green, the dots above 
the spiracles yellow, below them whitish ; the face glaucous- 
green, slightly dotted with white, the lobes broadly bordered 
with opaque white outside, tips of the lobes slightly reddish ; 
the seven slanting lateral stripes are pale yellow, edged in front 
with -bright green, six of them: begin just at’ the’ level@wcgaae 
spiracles, but the seventh is longer and goes through segments 11 
and 12 running up to the horn. As the larva matures there 
comes a red tinge in these stripes ; the horn is blue above and 
red with yellow dots, below; the rough spots on the anal flap 
are red edged with deep yellow; the spiracles are yellowish-white 
broadly ringed with red; the thoracic legs pale yellowish ringed with 
delicate pink, the ventral and anal prolegs coloured like the belly ( Hellins). 

VARIATION OF LARVA.—The fullgrown larve of JZ. éliae vary 
a good deal in coloration. Some of mine had red blotches bordering 
the front of the stripes; one or two had red borders to all the 
stripes, others only to some of them. I particularly noticed that 
the weak stripe (the 6th) always came off worst, the blotch being 
either faint or altogether absent from this stripe, even when it was 
strongly marked on all the others. Another thing that struck me 
was that the colour of the tubercles persisted more than that of 
the surrounding surface, the yellow colour showing up plainly in 
the midst of the red blotches. It is probable that these red blotches 
~ * Réaumur first applied (J/ém., i., p. 77) the term “ shagreened ” to the rough 
skin of this and the allied species. He writes: ‘‘ Leur peau peut étre comparée a 
celle du chien de mer, et le nom qui semble le mieux leur convenir est celui de 
chenilles chagrinées.”? He says that the rough points are arranged with method, are 
coarse to the touch, formed of corneous matter, appearing under a microscope as tiny 
‘‘mamelons ’’ springing from a circular base. 


MIMAS TILL. 411 


are remnants of an ancestral character similar to the bright borders 
of the stripes in the larva of Sphinx ligustri. Just before pupation 
the colours of the larve get dull; in some the back darkens and 
becomes bronze-green or -b!ue, the tubercles showing up as bright 
specks. In the brood I reared, this change was not general; most 
of the larve became dirty-white previous to going to earth, and I 
found, when changing their food, that the dark ones were much 
more easily passed over than the light ones (Bacot). The larva 
of AZ. tilzae varies considerably. In some the oblique lines almost 
disappear. Occasionally, on either side of the body, six large, round, 
black and white centred spots appear, those on the fourth segment 
being the smallest, the remainder gradually increase, that on the ninth 
segment being the largest; an aberration of this kind is figured by 
Esper (Die Schmett., t. 45); this larva hasalsoa faint spot on one side 
of the third segment (Bartel). Larvae are not uncommon, blotched 
with crimson on the borders of the oblique stripes. Buckler gives 
Clara OC, i., pl. X%, figs. 3, 3¢,-36) figures of three very fine 
forms of larva—fig. 3 of a fine bright pea-green tint with grey segmental 
and subsegmental incisions, whitish oblique lateral stripes shaded 
_ with dark grey anteriorly, caudal horn pale blue; fig. 3a yellow- 
green, with the subsegments of each segment marked transversely 
with minute yellow dots, the oblique lateral stripes yellow, slightly 
edged with reddish anteriorly, spiracles red-edged, caudal horn 
blue with red tip; fig. 34 bright green laterally, dorsum of abdominal 
segments strongly yellow, oblique lateral stripes yellow, with a heavy 
red blotch anteriorly in contact with each, spiracles red-rimmed, 
anal flap red. Anderson notes (Zut. Rec., ., pp. 200—z201) a 
larva taken at Chichester, August 25th, 1891, which, instead of 
the normal green colour, was of a dingy violet shade. 
Pupation.—The larva generally goes underground for pupation, 
but I have found the pupa hidden in rough chinks of the elm 
bark, sometimes as high up as six feet from the ground (Hellins) ; 
the larva spins a frail cell or cocoon, composed of earth spun 
together with a few silk threads, the larva often burrowing to a 
depth of several inches (Bacot); near Strood, a hollow in an old 
elm, full of decayed leaf-material, was always certain to contain 
several pupe, rarely enclosed in any very definitely made puparia 
(Tutt); the larve pupate just beneath the surface of the ground, 
forming a very fragile cocoon, such spinning as there is being 
very slender and delicate (Ransom); found high up on elm in 
crevice of bark at Cirencester (Harmer); at foot of elm- and lime- 
trees (Bartlett); dug September at Winchester and Southampton 
(Moberly); pupe dug at the roots of large elms (Russell); mostly 
under elm-trees, but discovered a pupa on April 14th, 1892, 
embedded in the wood of a fallen elm-tree, like an egg in an 
egg-cup, or an acorn in its cup, and another embedded in a stem 
of ivy growing on a tree at about 1o feet from the ground (Studd) ; 
barely covered with earth (Phillips); pupz at roots of elm at 
Painswick (Watkins); under elm and lime in Bucks (Peachell) ; 
pupate in the ground 2 inches deep at Namur (Lambillion); pup 
dug at elms on canal bank at Hythe, October, 1891 (Brown) ; 
common in October, 1859, at roots of elm (Fenn); at Taunton, 
pupe beneath the bark of elm toft.—12ft. up, but never more 


4.12 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


than a single pupa found at root beneath any one tree (Buckland) ; 
pupe often most abundant by digging about elms in the avenues 
and parks in the Reading district (Holland); a pupa under bark 
of plane-tree 4 feet from ground in a firm silken cocoon produced 
imago June 2nd, 1856, the pupa less rugose than usual (Cox, 
Ent, Wk. Int, 1. p. 28); a pupa, March 2nd, 1657, ilgameocaan 
of gnawed bark and wood under bark of old willow, and from 4ft.—5ft. 
from ground, the pupa smoother than usual, with a most beautiful purple 
tinge, produced moth May, 1857, other pupz under piece of bark on 
elm 4ft.—5ft. from ground, at Stowmarket (Crewe); more commonly 
dug under elm than hme, once under sycamore, but other trees 
near; a very hardy pupa in confinement, have known injured speci- 
mens to emerge successfully (Prideaux) ; 3 inches under ground, near 
trees (J. A. Clark); common under elm towards end of September 
at Calne (Eddrup); pupa spun up in an old decayed mat /imoa 
garden, 3 pupz in a flowerpot in a toolshed under lime tree, most 
found by tearing up the grass roots from 1zins. to r8ins. from the 
trunk (James); pupz to be taken freely at the roots of elm in the 
autumn near Honiton (Riding); common in the Cheltenham district at 
roots of elm and lime, some 70 pupz dug in 1898 principally at elms 
(Robertson) ; found commonly at birch and elm, prefers the narrow 
angles formed by the roots, getting in as far as possible (Greene). 
Pupa.—g. Length 26mm.—35mm., width 85mm. — g‘6mm. 
[This difference in width in two specimens of the same sex may 
appear trifling, yet the two pupz look, one as if it were a 2 pupa, 
the other quite a starveling.| Some pupz of both sexes have a brilliant 
shining black aspect, others a dull grey-brown appearance. The 
majority have more or less of this dull grey-brown muddy and 
muddled appearance. One.~specimen gives some clue) foie 
nature of this appearance. In this specimen, a fine superficial 
scale can be picked off the pupa in small flakes. It is of equal 
density all over, and extends right down to the bottom of the 
intersegmental incisions. It is something belonging to the pupa, 
not, that is to say, any extraneous dirt or other coating picked up. 
Under the microscope it is of very uniform density, but shows in 
every detail the surface sculpturing of the pupa. It would appear 
that the black pupe are those in which this scale is perfectly adherent 
rather than wanting, and that the brownish coloration is due to 
its being more or less loose. On pupating, the new pupa is moist 
with fluid; this fluid appears to contain chitin, which solidifies as 
the fluid dries up and forms part of the outer surface of the pupa. 
I imagine this brown scale is this chitin, which in this species for 
some reason fails to absolutely consolidate itself with the pupa-skin 
in a large proportion of cases. The idea that there is a double 
pupa-skin (as in Zphemera, &c.) seems an impossible one. 
The pupa is nearly straight and cylindrical in .the sense 
of having everywhere a circular section, z¢., not anywhere 
flattened. It is widest at the 4th and 5th abdominal seg- 
ments; hollowed at the 3rd thoracic and 1st and znd abdominal 
segments, so as to have a certain amount of waist. Still it is of 
very nearly the same size from the middle of mesothorax to the 
6th abdominal; the anterior extremity is rounded dorsally but is 
fairly straight in front; the posterior extremity tapers from the 


MIMAS TILIA. 413 


5th abdominal more rapidly at each segment ; but the roth 
abdominal still possesses a diameter of 3:°5mm., with a strong 
spike at its dorsal margin so as to preserve the appearance of 
straightness to the whole pupa, although the abdominal segments 
are really slightly curved forwards. The general characters are 
ordinary Amorphid, z.e., obtect, the 5th and 6th abdominal only 
movable, face as in most obtect pupe, labrum ventral, eyes with 
convexity pointing ventrally, etc. From labrum to end of wings 
is 15mm., for the last 4mm. of this the wings meet closely in the 
middle line, quite close to their apices and without showing 3rd tarsi, 
they reach to quite posterior border of 4th abdominal segment. 
The proboscis reaches to the point where the wings meet, the 
znd pair of legs is just outside the proboscis and ali but reach 
this point; the antennz are again outside the legs and fractionally 
shorter ; the ist legs between maxilla and znd legs are 3mm. 
short of reaching this point; the maxille are basally broad as 
is very usual; the rst legs have a base against the eyes and an 
equally long margin against the antenna. The general surface is 
rough and dull, but all these appendages—maxillez, legs, antenne— 
are separated from each other by a line of smooth shining surface, 
as if a fractional margin of what ought to have been opposed 
surfaces were exposed; this glazed surface is slightly wider at 
a point between maxilla and rst leg, where, in some pup, a portion 
of first femur is exposed. There is no trace of labium; the bases 
of maxilla narrow forwards to an angle in the middle line, 
terminated by a small button which appears to be labrum; mandibles 
not expressed. The other features of the pupa fall rather under 
the head of surface-sculpturing, since it is not easy to describe 
them altogether apart from what is really a separate matter, the 
development of the wrinkles, etc., of the chitinous surface. 
The pupa has the whole surface of the abdominal segments at least 
(except the intersegmental subsegment) covered with scattered minute 
hairs or bristles of a length of 0:06 mm., usually on the summits of the 
wrinkles ; the general surface is rough, taking, on the wings, the form of 
a series of fine blunt points, arranged, not very clearly, in transverse 
rows or ridges, broken by a longitudinal arrangement related probably 
to the nervures, which are not otherwise so clearly expressed ; the 
middle of the hind margin of wing on 4th segment is, not very deeply, 
sinuate about its middle; Poulton’s line is clearly marked, by the 
rows of rough points being, on it, in very definitely longitudinal 
regular rows; behind the forewing, a narrow strip of hindwing 
extends to middle of 3rd abdominal segment, and is divided longitud- 
inally into two nearly equal strips by a clearly-marked Poulton’s 
line; at the base of the wing, about half-way between rst spiracle 
and base of hindwing, is a rather stronger group of rough points, and on 
some specimens, two or three of these combine to make a definite, 
but rudimentary, spine or horn. The other appendages have fine 
rough points indefinitely arranged, except on antennz, where they 
are in fine transverse lines, with a more marked series along each 
margin. ‘The glazed eye is a definite smooth line, with convexity 
directed ventrally, and has the surface-points fading into it in 
radiating grooves. The inter-antennal portions of the head and 
of the clypeus in front of these tend to form slight elevations 
covered with the usual rough points. The prothorax faces half- 


414 , BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


way between dorsally and forwards, and is roughly sculptured 
with small points. The opening over first spiracle is a narrow 
slit with sharp lips, and slightly finer sculpturing along mar- 
gin. The long, broad dorsum of mesothorax is rough, with 
irregularly but closely disposed points, and has a_ longitudinal 
central line of suture, marked, especially at its centre, by similar 
smoothed surface to that noted in connection with the appendages. 
The surface roughnesses look as if arranged, in. some degree, with 
reference to this point as a centre, but elude any definite description 
of radiatmg from it or being.in circles round it. Whisidera 
suture passes forwards as a definite, fine groove through the pro- 
thorax and the interantennal headpiece, and is even seen, not as 
a suture, but a line of central division, between the rough surface 
even on the clypeus; it extends backwards through the metathorax, 
and as an indicated central line rather than a suture through the 
first three abdominal segments. Another suture on the dorsum of 
the mesothorax is unusually obvious, vzz., that marking off the 
wing-bases; this starts at the anterior margin of the segment, half 
way between the middle hne and the antenna, at a point where 
the prothorax projects backwards with something of an angle, and 
reaches the posterior margin of the segment just where it curves 
round into the inner margin of the wing. The metathorax is very 
narrow on the extreme dorsum. The first abdominal segment is 
narrow, and narrower laterally where it passes under the hindwings. 
The znd and 3rd abdominal segments -are again rather narrow ; 
the 4th, 5th and 6th abdominals being one-and-a-half times to twice 
the width of those in front, their width differing considerably accord- 
ing to plumpness of pupa and stretching or otherwise of inter- 
segmental membrane; the 7th and 8th again are narrower, and 
the oth very narrow; the roth is unusually well developed. 
The subsegmentation of these abdominal segments is obvious to 
a degree rare in pupe. To take the fifth abdominal segment 
on the dorsum, five successive zones are present, four being 
subsegmental, the fifth the intersegmental membrane. The first 
is a little the largest and slightly fuller and more rounded, and 
more boldly sculptured; the fourth is very narrow; tracing these 
round the segment, the first three become indistinguishable at 
the spiracle, but the fourth is more marked in the lateral region 
than elsewhere ; it seems to be the portion I have in the Rhopalocera 
called the intersegmental subsegment ; its sculpturing is different 
from the others, instead of being of bold rough points, it is a fine 
shagreened texture, much like intersegmental membrane; the line 
marking it off from the anterior subsegments is very marked 
laterally and fades rather suddenly ventrally at the scars of the 
prolegs, but on the 7th abdominal segment it passes right round 
the segment very distinctly; this line is really a fall of the pupal 
surface to a lower level on this subsegmental surface, a circumstance 
that seems to make it structurally something different from the 
others, possibly, as I have surmised, part of what is properly 
intersegmental surface; the line is not straight round the segment, 
but has a distinct angle upwards in front of the spiracle, and is 
waved twice again in front of this; in one specimen there is a 
tendency to a range of nodules in this subsegment, very marked 


7 


MIMAS TILIA, 415 


on the 3rd abdominal segment. The sculpturing of the abdominal 
segments, 7z.¢., of their three anterior subsegments, deserves special 
attention. The roughness of the mesothorax consists of a set of 
minute raised islets, closely packed together, the top of each having 
several small rounded projections, this is somewhat modified 
on the metathorax and in the 1st abdominal; they consist of a maze 
of waved ridges, of fairly uniform size and height, running into 
one another, or as it were dropping under each other; when we 
reach the 3rd abdominal segment, these ridges are larger towards 
the front of the segment, smaller behind, and this character they 
preserve through the rest of the abdominal segments; they have 
also very largely arranged themselves into a set of minute 
semicircular ridges, all with the convexity forwards and all highest 
on the forward edge, the points of the cusps fading down beneath 
the crests of those behind them ; these get larger and more 
pronounced as we pass backwards; on the 5th abdominal segment, 
a large number of them are complete raised rings, with central 
cups, reminding one of a set of volcanic craters or a lunar landscape ; 
on the 7th abdominal they are very large and numerous and packed 
together, but retain the character of being larger on the anterior 
portion of segment, and with their posterior lips lower, but rarely 
wanting ; on the 8th abdominal they are large and crowded so as 
to interfere with each other here and there; on the goth and roth 
this tendency is much greater, so that on the roth the condition 
is rather one of high irregular ridges, with deep pits between them ; 
the same sculpturing occurs all round the segments, but is less 
pronounced and smaller ventrally, so that these ridges, in front of 
the spiracles of the 5th, 6th and 7th abdominal segments, are 
raised semicircles, as described on the 3rd abdominal dorsally, 
but the individual crescents are more distinct, from having 
little other sculpturing along with them. Ventrally, on the 
5th and 6th abdominal segments, are the scars of the 
prolegs ; these are depressions surrounded by a low, rounded 
elevation, the bottom of the depression is more or less smooth and 
flanged, from which radiate, over the surrounding elevation, fine 
ridges which lose themselves in the general sculpturing of the 
segment. On the dorsum of the 8th is a very similar scar of the 
larval horn; this (like the scar of the prolegs) varies a good deal, 
it is usually a slight elevation, with a depression behind it; the 
ordinary sculpturing radiates from the top of this elevation, as if a 
bit of it had been cut out and the rest drawn together from all 
round to fill the vacancy ; sometimes the elevation has a central 
depression that is smooth and glazed; in some specimens it is 
almost obscure, but is never quite absent, so that this pupa does 
not range itself with those that only present such scars when 
weakly or not well-developed. The 9th abdominal segment has a 
small depressed circle in which are, side by side, two rounded 
elevations (g parts); the roth segment has, as already noted, a 
wide end, the dorsal portion of which has a cremastral spine, 
conical, very rough, ending in a minute bifid point; the larger 
ventral portion has a depressed central line, with a _ rounded 
boss on either side ; these bosses are roughly sculptured, as 
noted above ; the depressed central line has, on either side, a 


416 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


flatter area with longitudinal grooves or ribbing, it ends in front 
in a minute pit or foveola, and, behind, in a depression at the base 
of the cremastral spine, which has a ridge and two grooves (or 
rather three ridges) radiating back from this point. The abdominal 
spiracles are oval, double, raised lines, within which is a flat area 
with a narrow central slit. The margin of the 4th subsegment, 
which bends forwards in front of the spiracle, does so so markedly 
on the 3rd abdominal as to produce a small pit at that point; there is 
no trace of alteration of the surface sculpturing in front of the spiracles, 
still less any trace of flanges as in the Sphingids (sews. strict. ). 
The @ pupa is rather larger and more robust; it may be 11mm.— 
12mm. or more in width, otherwise it differs from the g pupa in 
no respect, antennal or otherwise, except in the configuration of 
the terminal segments. From the foveola, noted at anterior end 
of groove in roth abdominal segment, a suture proceeds forward 
to anterior margin of 8th segment. This forms a wide, smooth, 
longitudinally striated area on the 9th abdominal, which encroaches 
on the 8th by an angular prolongation, and terminates between two 
small mammillez on the middle of the ventral line of the 8th 
abdominal. There is much difference as to the obviousness or 
otherwise of these sculpturings ; in a well-marked one, the _pro- 
longation of the gth into the 8th abdominal stops just before a 
definite foveola in the 8th, between two slight elevations (Chapman). 
Poulton describes and figures (£x¢. Alorph. of Lepidopterous Pupa, p. 
204, pl. xx., figs. 12—14) the terminal abdominal segments of 
this pupa. Viewed ventrally, the 2 pupa shows the median pro- 
longation of the roth abdominal to be distinct, and the median 
slit in front of its apex represents one or both generative openings. 
A @ pupa, viewed from the left-side, showed the scar of the 
caudal horn distinctly in profile. 

EXTENDED DURATION OF PUPAL STAGE.—The pupal stage rarely 
extends over more than one winter; occasionally, however, an odd 
pupa in a brood will do so in confinement, but the records of such 
are very few. We have the following noted: Imago emerged May 
18th, 1867, from a pupa of July, 1365, at Brighton) (images 
May 1881, from an 1879 pupa (Lowrey) ; four imagines between 
May 18th and 27th, 1888, from 1886 pupe at Lee (Fenn); April 
8th, 1894, a ?, from an 1892 pupa at Hartley Wintney (Claxton) ; 
May 2nd, 1894, a @, also from an 1892 pupa at Mitcheldean 
(Searancke). It will be observed that all these examples are from 
localities south of the Thames. 

Parasites. — /chneumon flavatorius, Fab. (Stephens), Prmpla 
instigator, Panz. (Marshall), AZicroplitis ocellatae, Bouché — the 
larve are gregarious, leave their host in September, when they 
spin their rough, greyish-brown cocoons, closely agglutinated 
together, and remain thereon until the following May or June 
(Bignell). [Slater exhibited certain parasites found externally on 
larva of JZ. trliac, which Waterhouse believed to be an Acarid— 
Uropoda vegetans (E.M.M., vol. RMU,” seis). 

FoopPLANTs.—Lime (Linné), elm (Tutt), hazel (Bacot), sallow 
(Fowler), willow (Crewe), honeysuckle (Simes), birch (Dollman , 
alder (Briggs), oak (Speyer and Snellen), all varieties of Ulmus 
(Snellen), ash (Caradja), once on walnut (Rossler), Zilia platyphyllos, 


MIMAS TILIA. 417 


T. microphylla (Chaumette), Z. ulmifolia, Ulmus campestris, Betula 
verrucosa, Alnus glutinosa, Quercus robur, Castanea sativa, Fuglans 
regia, Fraxinus, Pyrus communis, Prunus avium (Bartel). 
Hastrs.—Beales observes (Ei iter, AV. ps 1os5) that the 
imagines, whether forced or not, almost invariably emerge between 
noon and 2 p.m.; Clark finds them newly-emerged on the trunks 
of lime-trees in the afternoon, but James discovered a ¢? just 
disclosed, the wings undeveloped, on a lime trunk, at 10.30 a.m., 
on May 12th; 1895, at Crouch End ; Russell states that 
the imagines emerge during the daytime. During the day they 
are to be found on elm trunks (Raynor); on lime-trees and palings 
at Wimbledon, &c., on elm-trees at Oxford (Briggs); on lime- 
trees in gardens and meadows at. Sudbury (Ransom); on palings 
and once on a bay-tree at Chiswick (Sich); on dark-coloured 
barricades and fences at Namur (Lambillion). The well-known 
position taken up by this moth when resting on a fence or tree- 
trunk is highly protective, and it is said* often to rest on the 
young shoots that spring directly from the trunk of a lime-tree, 
and to simulate a group of small leaves; I have seen one hanging 
from the top of a split oak fence, and it so exactly resembled a 
withered leaf that none but a practised eye could detect the differ- 
ence (Bacot). Meyrick compares the imago at rest to a pair of 
half-expanded lime leaves. In the evening Dillon has observed the 
imagines at Clonbrock flying about lime and privet at dusk, and Kaye 
(Ent. Rec., xil., p. 313) observed one at dusk, on July 15th, 1900, 
hovering at honeysuckle, at Worcester Park. Hewett notes an 
example taken at night on a sugared tree at Winchester (Zu+. Rec., 
iep use) Uheb imagines are occasionally attracted “by light. 
We have taken it clinging to lamps at Strood and Peckham ; 
captured at light on Wicken Fen (Studd); very common at 
electric light at Berne, May 2nd— oth, 1893 (Knecht); _fre- 
quently at light at Worcester (Rea); at hght at Cheltenham 
(Winterbotham) ; at Aigle, 7 examples, from 9.15 p.m.—10.20 p.m., 
Caw sid and 4th, v1do9d, (Lowe); at the electric light “at 
Chester (Arkle). The males are readily attracted by a _ newly- 
emerged °; Burrows and others record the capture of several g's in 
this manner, and Carter writes (L777, xxxill., p. 202) that a? , hanging 
on the lower branch of a lime-tree on May 17th, 1900, and following 
Menisneadueracted: fs) as tollows< May 17th,.'3 “fs; 18th, 7° os; 
ROtinEes Si 2Otl, 3° S> 21st, none; 22nd,.2° g's; 23rd, .2) (g's. 
He concludes, from his observations on this and other occasions, 
that the gs never arrive before 9 p.m., nor has one been observed 
after 9.30 p.m. Jenner observed several males attracted at 8.30 
p.m. by a newly-emerged ? in a window at Carshalton, on June 
15th, 1857. Bacot obtained 4 gs between 8.50 p.m. and 9.25. p.m. at 
Clapton, on May 7th, 1896, with a fresh @. Prideaux obtained 
ea s, atiuracted to a bred ¢, between 9 p.m. and 9.30 p.m. at 
Dristol Wee took a dozen’ gs one evening im’ June, 18338, at 


* ‘The small leaves breaking out from the buds here and there on lime-trunks 
nearly always appear in pairs, and point obliquely downwards, so that they form a 
curious resemblance to the wings of the imago of JV/. ¢zliae ; they are placed at precisely 
the same angle, and when only half expanded have the same straight costal edge and 
scalloped margin (Barrett). 


418 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Sutton, Surrey, flying around a captive @. Battley observes that 
an imago emerged at ro a.m. on March 13th, the wings not 
expanding until the afternoon of March 14th (ut. Rec., i, p. 
54): 

Hapitar. — Generally distributed in our southern counties in 
a variety of situations—trees growing in parks, gardens, hedges, 
and even in streets, are usually chosen by the moth on which 
to lay its eggs. It occurs on the lime-trees that frequently line 
the streets in various parts of London, or grow in the small gardens 
in front of suburban houses. We have not observed it in dense 
woods, but suspect that it occurs even there. 

TIME OF APPEARANCE.—In Britain, from April to early June, 
largely dependent on the season, also occasionally late specimens 
that are not from eggs of the year, e.g., Hellins notes a larva found 
September 22nd, 1858, that disclosed an imago August 8th, 1859. 
Occasionally one gets a second-brooded individual developed, z.g., 
an emergence on November 22nd, 1894. (Bellamy, 277 izes 
p. 302). Fritsch gives dates for Austria from May 4th—July zoth, 
but not many in July, also as early as March zoth at Neusohl, 
and April 24th at Pressburg ; middle of April in the Roman 
Campagna; April and May at Budapest; April to July at Funf 
kirchen ; May in Bremen, Cassel, Wiesbaden, Augsburg, Istria and 
Transylvania; May troth—zs5th at Namur; May and June in the 
Inn Valleys, Mecklenburg, Eutin, Crefeld, Upper Lusatia, Thuringia, 
Baden, Epiries and Sarepta; May to July in Brunswick and Leipzig; 
June in Lombardy, mid-June in Kissingen; commencement of June 
to mid-June at Mulhausen; June and July in Roumania (Caradja) ; 
July 2nd at Groesen in the Baltic Provinces (Nolcken); July in 
Loire-Inférieure, Mehadia, St. Petersburg and Transcaucasia; July 3rd 
and 4th, 1898, at Aigle; end of July and commencement of August 
in the Visp Valley; July and August at Aix-les-Bains. Possibly 
some of these last-named records indicate a second brood; the fol- 
lowing certainly do so—spring and summer in Tuscany (¢esée Bartel) ; 
May-June and again from August-October, usually in_ two, 
often in three, broods a year in the Haute-Garonne (Caradja) ; 
June and again in September in the Eure-et-Loir dept. (Guénée) ; 
May-June and occasionally in August in Silesia (Assmann), 
The following dates indicate the vagaries of its appearance in 
Britam; “April a5th, 1719, from a larva -obtaimed July 
1718, and that pupated July 22nd, 1718 (Albin). May 5th, 1857, 
and following days at Faversham (Stowell) , May 27th, 1857, at 
Wandsworth, fullfed larva common from August 11th the same 
year (Blackmore); June 15th, 1857, at Carshalton (Jenner); July 
zoth, 1858, July 25th, 1867, at Emsworth (Buckler); May 5th-June 
gth, 1860, larvae September 24th, from Benson, produced imagines May 
25th and 26th, 1861, imagines taken May 3rd—16th, 1862, May 
rgth, 1866, May 11th— 22nd, 1876, June 4th, 1885, at light, 
May 8&th—18th, 1886, June r2th—July rith, 1887, May 18th—27th, _ 
1888 (two. years in pupa), June znd, 1891, June 17th, 1892, 
June rath, 1893, June 27th, 1894, June 12th, 1895, April 28th—June 
23rd, 1896, all at Lee (Fenn); June 15th, 1860, at Mansfield (Brameld), 
April 30th, 1861, May ist, 1865, at Worcester (Edmunds); April 
30th, 1861, at Colchester (Harwood); June 14th, 1862, on Wands- 


MIMAS TILIA, 419 


worth Common, June 29th, 1862, near Brompton Cemetery, May 24th, 
1869, at Wimbledon Common, June roth, 1881, at Twickenham, bred 
May 14th, 1889, from larva found August zoth, 1888 (T. Briggs) ; 
May sth, 1866, from eggs hatched last week in May, 1865, which pro- 
duced larve that pupated July 7th—r14th, 1865, at Brighton, one of same 
brood emerged May 18th, 1867, June roth, 1898, from Sydenham 
(Image) ; May 26th, 1866, at Northleach (Todd) ; May 4th, 1868, ¢ 
captured at Bromley (Jenner-Fust) ; rst week in May, 1868, at Pains- 
wick, imago emerged May 8th, 1869, from a larva obtained July 3oth, 
1868, at Painswick (Watkins); May 16th, 1870, June 11th, 1876, 
firmer 2tn, O77, June 7th, 1878, June 6th, 1879, June roth, 1880, 
May roth, 1884, May 27th, 1885, June reth, 1887, May. aust, 
1880, all at Lee, at rest on fence on July znd, 1871, at Eltham, on 
tree-trunk, May 27th, 1893, others taken May 25th, 1894, May 18th, 
1896, May 31st, 1897, May 27th, 1898, May 13th, 1900, all at 
Lee (Bower); May 28th, at light at Odiham, June oth, 1875, 
at Henley, May zoth, 1886, at light, June rst, 1889, in signal-box 
at Reading (Holland); May 25th, 1871, at Wanstead, June 3rd, 
1886, at Brentwood, May ist, 1891, June roth, 1893, May rst, 
1894, June 6th, 1895, assembled at Rainham (Burrows); June 11th, 
7575, June 17th, 1879, at Rugby (Wilson) ; May 25th, 1886, at 
Guildford (Grover); June 3rd, 1886, June 17th, 1891, at Brentwood, 
May 25th, 1897, at Witham, June 22nd, 1898, at Hazeleigh 
(Raynor) ; June 16th, 1888, g at light, May 15th, 1893, May rath— 
Bom, 1895, June 2oth; 1398, latest date I have taken it, all at 
Crouch End, June 18th, 1896, a worn male and fresh female 
respectively from Norwood and Croydon, June, 1900, scarce at 
electric lamps on Highgate Hill (James) ;. June, 1888, at Sutton 
(Lee) ; June 17th—24th, 1888, June 13th, 1893, June rath, 1899, 
at Chiswick (Sich); July 7th, 1888, June 17th, 1899, at Croydon 
(Sheldon) ; three pupe forced, put on mantelpiece, June rst, 1889, 
one emerged February 24th, another March 8th, the last March 
21st, 1890 (Arkle); June 8th—27th, 1889, May 14th, 1893, at 
Waeromrand. Crouch nd (j-.a. Clark); June 24th, 1890, May 
14th—3oth, 1893, May 31st, 1895, clinging to bases of lime-trees, 
planted about the town at Ealing (Montgomery); June 18th, 1891, 
at Tuddenham (Christy); April 25th—May 14th, 1892, April gth, 
1893, April 3rd—6th, 1894, April zoth—May 7th, 1896, April 
ard, 1898, February 26th, 1898 (forced), June 4th, 1900, at Oxton, 
June 14th, 1898, at Wicken at hght (Studd); May r1oth—a23rd, 1892, 
at Shorncliffe (Brown); May 24th and 2gth, 3 gs assembled to bred 
? at Bristol, g¢ May 16th, 1898, ona fence, g June 16th, rgoo, on 
a lime trunk, both at Reigate (Prideaux); June 1st, 1892, at Cheltenham 
(Brooke); June 21st, 1892, larve August 13th, 1899, gave imagines that 
emerged June 21st, 1900, at Bristol (Bartlett); July 2nd, 1892, at Brent- 
wood, May 28th, 1895, ar Forest Gate (Mera); April 26th, May 27th, 
1893, July 4th, 1900, at West Dulwich (Fletcher ; 9 emerged April 8th, 
1894, froma pupa that changed 1892, allthe rest emerged May, 1893, from 
Hartley Wintney (Claxton); April 26th, 1894, at Blackheath (Smith) ; 
° bred May znd, 1894, from a two-year-old pupa from Forest of Dean, 
retardéd specimens appear usually to be 2 (Searancke) ; May 27th, 
1894, May 15th—28th, 1895, May 14th, 1896, at Wisbech (Glenny) ; 
April r4th, 1895, April 23rd, 1896, June 5th, 1899, June 2oth, 


420 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


1go00, at Worcester (Rea) ; May 5th, 1895, at Worcester Park, Surrey 
(Kaye); June 1895, June 6th, 1896, at Bath (Greer); May roth, 
1896, May 31st, 1897, at Chelmsford (Miller); June 7th, 1896, 4 g's 
assembled to @ between 8.50 p.m. and 9.45 p.m. at Clapton (Bacot) ; 
April 22nd—3oth, 1897, at Cheltenham (Winterbotham) ; May 7th, 
1897, May 11th, 1898, at Reading (Butler); May r14th—17th, 
1897, from pupe taken at Fleet in September, 1896, May 16th—z2ist, 
1898, from pupz taken at Otford on October 22nd, 1897; May 23rd, 
1899 from pupz taken at Fleet on October Ist, 1898, imagines May 
15th—June rst, 1899, from pupe taken at Faversham on December 
23rd, 1898 (Russell); June 24th, 1897, freshly emerged on a beech 
trunk (wych elm near) at Chalfont Road, May 2gth, 1899, at Dalston 
(Prout); January, 1898, 1 indoors at Gloucester (Merrin); January 
31st, March gth, rath, 13th, April rst, 6th, 1898, at Cambridge (Thorn- 
hill); June 6th, 1898, bred at Corsemalzie from southern pupz 
(Gordon); May 6th, 1899, from West Drayton, May 27th, 1899, 
from Hampstead, June 15th, 1901, on Hampstead Heath (Phillips) ; 
May roth, 1899, emerged from Cheltenham pupz (Robertson) ; 
May zoth, 1899, at Iver, February 28th, 1901, from pupa dug at 
High Wycombe on June rith, 1900 (Peachell) ; g¢ June 3rd, ¢ June 
15th, 1899 at Sydenham, @ June 6th at ~ Forest Huliyjalyeas 
@ at Dulwich, the latter had laid 39 eggs on the side of some 
stone steps which were quite 5 yards from a lime-tree (Swain); 2 
és emerged May 20th, also’r1 @; 1 S$ June 1st, soon alleeeam 
pupz obtained from Northampton (Hewett); imagines, May 2oth, 
Igo1, larve June 4th—zgoth, pupz July 7th—27th in the Dorking 
district (Oldaker) ; June 25th, t901, at Sudbury (Ransom). © 


LOCALITIES.—The northern limits of this species in Great Britain are hardly 
known with certainty. It is exceedingly rare in Lancashire, Yorkshire and Lincoln- 
shire. Records in these counties and north of them appear to be of single specimens 
only. AYR: Kilmarnock (Dunlop). BEDForRD: Bedford (Steuart). BERKs: Reading 
(Butler), Tilehurst (Holland). Brecon (Tutt coll.). BuckinGHAM: Hanbury 
Park (Wynn), Iver, High Wycombe, Hughenden (Peachell), Chalfont Road 
(Prout), Halton, Wavendon (Stainton). CAMBRIDGE: common throughout Fen 
district (Balding), Cambridge (Hunter), Wisbech (Glenny), Wicken Fen (Studd). 
CHESHIRE: very rare (G. O. Day), Sandbach (Heap), Chester (Quinton). CUM- 
BERLAND: Keswick, rare (Beadle). DERBY: Cubley, Burton district (Brown). 
DEVoN: Starcross (Mitchell), Teignmouth (Stainton), Exeter (Hellins), Oxton, common 
(Studd), Sidmouth (Majendie}, Plymouth (Basden-Smith), Buckerell, abundant (Rid- 
ing). DORSET: common throughout (Dale), Blandford, Dorchester (Stainton). ESSEX: 
generally common (Harwood), Epping, common (Stainton), Chingford (James), Wan- 
stead, Brentwood, Rainham (Burrows), Witham, Hazeleigh (Raynor), Ilford (Adams), 
Chelmsford (Miller), Eastwood, Southend (Whittle), Colchester (Harwood), Forest 
Gate (Mera), Hale End (Prout), Feering Bury (Reid). FLinr: Erbistock (Perkins). 
GALWAY: Clonbrock, common (Dillon). GLOUCESTER: fairly common (Griffiths), 
Northleach (Todd), Gloucester (Merrin), Tewkesbury district, common (Fox), Bristol 
district, rather common (Bartlett), Forest of Dean (Searancke), Prestbury, Cheltenham, 
common (Robertson), Cirencester (Harman), Painswick (Watkins), Clifton (Prideaux), 
Lower Guiting (Stainton). Hants: Isle of Wight, Long Benton (Ingram), Basing- 
stoke (Holdaway), Gosport, scarce (Pearce), Ringwood (Fowler), Fareham (King), 
Emsworth (Buckler), Odiham, Greywell, Hartley Row (Holland), Portsmouth (Jones), 
Hartley Wintney (Claxton), Winchester, Southampton (Moberly), Fleet (Russell), 
New Forest, Boscombe, Bournemouth ( Robertson). HEREFORD: Leominster (Hutchin- 
son), Tarrington (Wocd). HerR?rFoRD: Hertford (Stephens), Hitchin, Knebworth 
(Griffith). Hunts : St. Ives (Norris) KENT : Rochester and Chatham 
districts, not uncommon (Chaney), Greenwich, Strood, common (Tutt), Rosher- 
ville (Andrews) Ramsgate (Willson), Wye district, common (Theobald), Otford, 
Faversham, Ashfcrd (Russell), Eltham (Jones), Greenwich Park (West), Lee 
(Bower), Sydenham (Image), Halstead (Tutt coll.), Shorncliffe, Hythe (Brown), 


MIMAS ‘TILIA. 421 


Forest Hill (Swain), Blackheath (Smith), Penge (Norman), Tunbridge Welis 
(Nicholson), Brockley, common (Turner), Northfleet (Andrews), Lewisham (Fenn), 
Bexley, common (Newman), Bexley Heath (Carter), Bromley (Jenner-Fust). 
Kerry : Killarney, one (Salvage). LANARK : near Hamilton (Lang f¢este 
Chapman). LANCASHIRE: very rare in north Lancs., single specimens only 
taken (Murray), Bolton (Tutt coll.) Hulme (Adamson). LEICESTER: Lough- 
borough (Wieldt), Earl Shilton (Vice), Gumley (Matthews). Lrncoin: Lincoln 
district, very rare (Carr), Brocklesby (Musham), Brant Broughton (Stow). 
MIDDLESEX: generally common (Godwin), Ealing (Montgomery), Harrow district, 
common (Rothschild), Kingsbury (Bond), Notting Hill (Clarke), Stamford Hill, 
very common in 1888 (Milton), Chiswick Park (Couckerell), Upper Clapton district, 
very common in 1888 (Ogden), Brentford (Fenn), Mill Hill, St. John’s Wood, 
Hendon (South), Isleworth (Meyers), Bedford Park (Gray), Paddington, Hampstead, 
West Drayton (Phillips), Brompton cemetery, Twickenham (T. Briggs), Hackney, 
one only, Dalston, Crouch End (Prout), Totteridge (Peachell), Kensington Gardens 
(Bacot), Ham Common (Ashdown), Fulham (Dawe), Canonbury (Buckell), Maida Vale 
(Tremayne), Waltham Cross, Enfield, rare (Bowles). NORFOLK : Whitwell (Free- 
man), Yarmouth (Knights), Norwich (Harris). NoTTINGHAM: Mansfield (Brameld). 
NoRTHAMPTON : Northampton (Hensman), Daventry (Green), Kettering (Sturgess), 
Peterborough, common (Morley). OxForD: Enstone (Tutt coll.), Chinnor 
(Spiller), near Oxford (Briggs), Benson (Fenn), Henley, Caversham (Holland). 
RENFREW: Houston /¢este Dalglish). RoxBURGH: Caverton district (Elliot). 
RUTLAND: Uppingham (Bell). SoMERsEr: Bristol coalfield district, generally 
distributed, not common (Hudd), Castle Cary, common (Macmillan), Wellington 
(Wilson), Taunton (Farrant), Weston-super-Mare (Smallwood), Bath (Greer). 
STAFFORD: Trentham (Jahn), Market Drayton (Laing) SUFFOLK: common 
(Bloomfield), Waldringfield (Jones), Sudbury, somewhat rare (Ransom), Tudden- 
ham (Christy), Ipswich (Pyett), Stowmarket (Crewe). SURREY: Guildford 
(Grover), Wimbledon (Whittle), Sutton (Lee), Barnes (Sich), Reigate (De Mattos) 
Worcester Park (Kaye), banks of river Mole, West Horsley, Wandsworth Com- 
mon (T. H. Briggs), Croydon (Sheldon). Carshalton (Jenner), Kingston-on-Thames 
(Cooper), Norwood (James), Chipstead (Carr), Banstead (Adkin), Dorking (Oldaker), 
Streatham, Tulse Hill, Caterham, Brixton Hill, Mitcham (Henderson), Dulwich 
(Swain), West Dulwich (Fletcher), Peckham (Tutt), Nunhead, Camberwell (Barrett). 
SUSSEX: rare in eastern Sussex—Hayward’s Heath. etc. (Jenner), Brighton (Image), 
Burgess Hill (Dollman), Bersted, Worthing (Fletcher), Chichester (Anderson), Rye 
(Henderson). WARWICK: Rugby (Wilson), Stanbury Park (Wynn), Birmingham 
(Imms). WILTSHIRE: Calne (Eddrup). WORCESTER: generally common in 
Worcester district—Spetchley Park, etc. (Rea), Malvern Wells (Mason). YoORKs: 
York once (Hewitson), Cottingham (Lowther, /Vat., 1900, p. 227). 


DISTRIBUTION.—Distributed over the whole of Europe to Transcaucasia 
and Siberia. Its occurrence, however, in southern Spain, the most southerly part 
of Italy and the Balkan peninsula has*not been positively ascertained. AsIa : 
Siberia (Pallas), Govts. of Uralsk, Turgai, Tobolsk, Akmolinsk, Semipelatinsk, 
Tomsk; Turkestan /¢este Bartel). AUSTRO-HUNGARY: Tyrol, not rare (Hinter- 
waldner), Ratzes (Heller), Taufers, Innsbruck (Weiler), Botzen (Bartel), Lavantthal 
(Hofner), Fiume—Castua (Mann), Upper Carinthia—Salzburg, Bohemia, not 
rare (Nickerl), Carinthia—Friesach, Karlsbad, Lower Austria—Vienna, Moravia — 
Mahrisch-Tribau, Ungarisch-Brod /¢este Bartel), Brinn (Muller), Gelicia, common 
(Garbowski), Cracow (Zebrawski), Sambor, Lemberg (Nowicki), Tarnéw (des¢e Bartel), 
Neu Sandec (Klemensiewicz), Stanislawow (Werchratski), Hungary, everywhere com- 
mon (este Bartel)—Hermannstadt (Czekelius), Epiries, common (Husz), Kikulahegy, 
Kocsocz (Vangel), Gdlnitz (Hudak), Transylvania, Kaschau, Leutschau, Rosenau, 
Neusoh]l, Raab, Budapest, Heveser Comitat (éeste Bartel), Bukovina, very 
rare compared with westem Europe (Hormuzaki), Pressburg (Rozsay), Upper 
Styria—St. Lambrecht (Kodermann), Fiunfkirchen, Josefsthal, Croatia, Mehadia (teste 
Bartel), Upper Austria—Inn Valley, Postlingberg, Heitham, very common (Himsl). 
BELGIUM: rather common (Donckier), Namur, very common, etc. (Lambillion), 
Mons, Flénu, Marche-les-Dames, very common (Derenne). DENMARK: rare, 
Lolland, Frederiksborg, Vordingborg, Nykjébing, Mariebo (Bang-Haas), Falster, 
Sjaelland (teste Reuter). FINLAND: Abo, Nyland, St. Karins, Sjundea (Reuter). 
FRANCE: common (Berce), Boulogne (Timins), dept. du Nord, common (Paux), 
Aube (Jourdheuille), Calvados (Fauvel), Douai (Foucart), Berry and Auvergne 
(Sand), Eure-et-Loir (Guénée), Haute-Garonne (Caradja), Puy-de-Déme (Guille- 
mot), Var (Cantener), Morbihan (Griffith), Gironde (Tiimoulet), Doubs—Chamors 
(Bruand), Aude (Mabille), Saone-et-Loire (Constant), Seine-Inférieure—very common, 


429 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Rouen, etc. (Viret), St. Quentin (Dubus), Deux-Sévres (Maillard), Sarthe (Desportes), 
Paris (Walker), Loire-Inférieure, common—-Chapelle-sur-Endre, Nantes, Savenay, 
Montmorency, near Paris, common (Bonjour), Le Havre (Dupont), depts. 
Meurthe-et-Moselle, Meuse (/¢este Bartel), Aix-les-Bains, common (Agassiz), 
GERMANY : common (Heinemann), northwest Germany, generally distributed 
(Jordan), everywhere in Silesia (Assmann), Rhine Palatinate, rare (bertram), 
Wurtemberg (Seyffler), Giessen (Dickore), Lower Elbe district (Zimmermann), 
Waldeck (Speyer), Erfurt (Keferstein), Zeitz-on-the-Elster (Wilde), Chemnitz (Pabst), 
Halle (Stange), Munich, not common (Kranz), Hildesheim, common (Grote), 
Rudolstadt (Meurer), Mecklenburg (Schmidt), Bremen (Rehberg), Saxon Upper 
Lusatia, common (Schitze), Dresden (Steinert), Thuringia—in the plains and lower 
mountains not rare—near Erfurt, Gotha, common (Krieghoff), Prussia, common 
(Grentzenberg), Upper lLusatia, common everywhere  (Moeschler), Ratisbon 
(Schmid), Pomerania, not rare (Hering), Dessau (Richter), Frankfort-on-Oder 
(Kretschmer), Hanover, moderately common (Glitz), Wernigorode (Fischer), Alsace 
(Peyerimhott), Brunswick (Heinemann), Eutin (Dahl), Stuttgart (Hoffmann and 
Keller), Baden district, generally—Constance, Carlsruhe, very common (Reutti), 
near Heidelberg (Baker), Heligoland (Gatke), Berlin, Holstein—Plon, Crefeld, 
Barmen, Elberfield, somewhat common, Cassel, Leipzig, Friedewald, common, 
Fichtel- econ ge, Kissingen, Augsburg, not rare, Kempten, Nassau, Frankfort-on- 
Main, Wiesbaden, Wetterau, Bavarian Palatinate /¢este Bartel). ITALY: fairly 
common except Sardinia and Corsica (Curd), throughout Tuscany—JXoman Campagna 
—Monte Rotondo, near Rome (Calberla), Modena (Fiori), Naples district— Castel- 
lammare di Stabia on the Gulf of Naples, Lombardy, Piedmont, Liguria (¢este Bartel), 
Madonie, somewhat rare (wrongly noted by Staudinger as not occurring in Sicily) (Mina- 
Palumbo). NETHERLANDS: in all provinces, common (Snellen), Breda, very common 
(Heylaerts). PORTUGAL (teste Bartel). ROUMANIA: quite rare, Grumazesti (abundant 
in 1895), Kloster Neamtz, Slanic (Caradja), Comanesti (Leon), Ciucorova in the 
Dobrudscha (Mann). Russia: Moscow govt. (Albrecht), Volga district, not 
rare (Eversmann), Transcaucasia—Borjom, Manglis, Lagodekhi (IRkomanoff), St. 
Petersburg (Erschoff), Baltic Provinces, very rare—Sessau (Voigt), Mitau (Bienert), 
Groesen (Rosenberger), govts. Archangel, Oblonez, Oranienbaum, Narwa, Pskow, 
Mogilew—Gorki, Wolynien, Kijew, Bessarabia, Cherson, Jekatinerinoslaw, Poltawa, 
Charkow, Orel, Kaluga, Tambow, Kasan, Simbirsk, Ufa, Orenburg, Samara, 
Saratov, Astrachan—Sarepta, not rare; Tawritschesk, Stavropol, north Caucasus 
(teste Bartel). SCANDINAVIA: not rare in south, northern limits Upland and south 
Finland (Aurivillius), Norway—Christiania, Drammen, Odalen, Naes Vaerk 
(Siebke); southern Sweden to Upland, southern Norway (Lampa). SPAIN : Teruel— 
Rubielos de Mora (Zapater), Galicia (Macho-Velado), Barcelona—Besos, Calella 
(Cuni y Martorell), Catalonia (Martorell y Pefia), Bilbao (Seebold). SWITZERLAND : 
Weissenburg (Huguenin), Grisons, rather rare—Chur, Bergell, etc. (Killias), Visp 
valley (Jordan), Aigle (Lowe), Zermatt, Gadmenthal from 2000ft. —2500ft., canton 
Glarus (¢este Bartel), Bern, common (Knecht), Bechburg (Riggenbach- Stehlin), 
Zurich district—Mettmenstatten, Zirichberg (Dietrich). 
Tribe : SMERINTHIDI. 

This appears to be the most extensive tribe of the Amorphids. It 
is a higher branch of this phylum than the Sichiid or “querctis” group, 
and very distinct from the Amorphid (sezs. strict.) or “populi” group. 
The tribe is exceedingly well-developed in the Nearctic region, 
and contains a number of closely-allied and interesting genera. The 
characteristic marking of the imagines is the ocellated spot on 
the hindwings. Bacot notes that Smerinthus (ocellata) and Amorpha 
(popult) appear to have arisen from a form possessing the 
characteristic anal angle wing-mark very much as is now seen in 
Sichia querciés, through a long series of less specialised forms now 
represented by occzdentalis and modesta towards Amorpha populi and 
through another series now represented by Burrowsia roseipennis and 
Daddia kindermanni to Smerinthus ocellata. ‘The anal-angle hindwing 
marking and colouring of the species of the gwercis-group, ¢.£: 
LB. roseipennis, become in D. kindermanni a double series of blue and 
black bars (black, blue, black, blue); these bars, strengthened 


vertically, and the black encroaching on the blue at the ends and 


SMERINTHIDI. 423 


below the last blue streak, produce the ocellated spots of such forms 
as Lellia caecus and geminatus. Following this, we have the central 
black bars detached at the ends, forming a central black spot or pupil 
in the blue iris as in vancouverensis ; then the black centre becomes 
suffused with blue scales, and the whole ocellated area enlarged, as in 
ocellata. A further development, or a separate line of evolution, from a 
form similar to WWicholsonia salicett, in which the upper portion of the 
double blue spot as seen in &. caecus tends to increase at the expense 
of the lower, produces the ocellated spot of such species as myops 
and astylus, in which it consists of a small central blue spot, 
surrounded by a broad black margin. 

The Smerinthid egg (as represented by S. ocellata) is green, 
with a faint polygonal reticulation, and a depression on the upper 
surface. - The newly-hatched larva is almost of the same outline and 
proportions as the adult, but with rounded head, which, in the second 
instar, however, becomes triangular and is provided with a pair of well- 
developed apical points. The larva spins a frail earthen puparium with 
few or no silken threads. In shape, the pupa falls between that of the 
Mimantids and Amorphids, being more rounded than the former at the 
anal end, the bosses on the underside of the anus being scarcely visible; 
the surface smooth and polished; the anal spike smooth and 
relatively small. The imaginal frenulum, in the g, has a very 
short bristle and the loop is absent, whilst in the @ it consists of 
a cluster of small bristles ; the whole appliance probably useless. 


Genus: SMERINTHUS, Latreille. 

SYNONYMY.—Genus: Smerinthus, Latr., ‘‘ Hist. Nat.,”’ iii., p. 401 (1802) ; 
ieee s5u( S05); “Gen Cmist.,’’ iv., p. 210 (1809); ““Consid.,”” p. 440 (1810); 
oie Dice ScClmett. 7° Iv. p45) (ono); ssam.. “Ent. “Comp.,”” p. 242 
Rome) eG Ok. List. Nat.” ai. p.. 68; pl. xx, fig. 2 (1621); Stephs., << Til 
PMs eye) EE2=(NO20) 06: Cat. br. Ins..2? pt. 2,°p. 30 C1629) 5 “list Br. An. 
ieee isnnven Pp. 20 (1850); —bdvy, our ep. Ind: Meth.,” p: 34 (1820) ; 
Bacue scenic. Nethi:725p. go (1s40) > (Sp. Gen. Lép. Het:,” 1., p. 17 (1875) 5 
iocdemecinds mt... pl xi en) 77\(1o39) Westd.,. “Gen. Syn.,’? p. 88 
ere ee Dip. hcon: | Chen..2 “ply, fie. 1 (ez7c.. 1840); “Cat, Méth.,”’ 
p- 45 (1844); Humph. and Westd., ‘‘ Brit. Moths,” p. 7 ‘1841); Evers., ‘‘ Faun. 
Wooler Ural cp. li4, (lo4a)s; El-och,. “Sys. Béarb..’~ i. p. 91 (1846) ; Chaum., 
fe ZG0l.,.. 12.5 9p. 3244 (1651); Hevdenr., ‘CLep. Eur. Cat. Meth.,”? ed. 3, p. 19 (1851); 
Siete Vane i, O7 (1557), opeyel, “Geow. Verb... 1.,.p. 325 (1658)5 Hein., 
«‘Schmett. Deutsch.,” p. 150 (1859); Humph., ‘‘ Gen. Brit. Moths,” p. 7 (1860) ; 
ped. Cat... tsted., p.. 0 (1d00));. 2nd ed), p. 37 (1871); 3rd ed., p. 99,(1901); 
Wallen okand. bet. 1, ps» i; (603); Nbr, <* Cat. Lép. And.,” i1., p-136 (1866); 
Smelly De Viind.,”’ p. 101 (1867); Berce, ‘* Faun. Branc.,”’ i1., p.27 (1868); Nolck., 
pulepa Bink tstl./7 1., p. gO (dee) 5) Newm.,; “Brit. Moths,” p, 4:,(1869); Mall.; 
peat ep. -Alp.-Mar.,’’ 1, p.. 120 (1872) ;. Bang-laas, ‘* Nat. Tids:,” (3), 1x., 
p. 403 (1874); Cuniy Mart., ‘*Cat. Lep. Barc.,” p. 41 (1874); Curd, ‘Bull. Soc. Ent. 
ew GOIN (tos) 7 buts, < Dre Zool, Soc. Ikond.,’ ix., p. 590 (1876); 
SnD is. butts, and —-Moths,’? “ps 747 (18709);  “* Cat.,” p. 711 (1892); 
Ppedand book a ce... IVs, 0p. 00) (1607) >) Prey, ‘ Lep. . Schweiz,’ -p. 58 (1880); 
ellins. “; Bucki. dane, &c:, i, p. 99, pl. xx., fig. 1 (1887); Aunv., “ Nord: 
Pijate-2 p-.435( 1869); Bacot, “nt. Rec,” vi., p. 174 (1895); Meyr., “ Handbk.,”’ 
Pe 299) ('695) ; Bam., “ep, Brit.,” u., p. 3 (1895) ;\ Lucas, ‘* British. Hawk- 
Moths, p:--123 (1895); Dutt, ‘Brit. Moths,” p. 20 (1896); Lamb., ‘“‘Ent. Rec.,” 
X1., pp. 330 e¢ seg. (1899); Bartel, ‘‘ Palzark. Gross-Schmett.,” ii., p. 171 (1900). 
sSprmnax, Winns, “Sys. Nat. 10th ed.; p. 489 (1758); 12th ed., p. 796 (1767) ; 
SeaaUiesuec. 7) 2nd. ed.. p. 266) (1701) 3 **Mus. Ulr:,” p. 341 (1764) ;~Poda, 
pelts MSH Gc, wap. COs (l7O1)iy scop:, “Ent. Carn.,”’-p. 182 (1763); Mull, 
peed. 2p 3700704) 3) Elin: Berl) Mag...’ il., p. 178 (1766); Fab., “Sys. 
meee SGOu inns) Spec. -Unss,”” a, (ps 139 (1781) 5 “Mant. Ins.’ 1.5.ps 
S21@787);, nts Sys.” Wie, pt. 1, p: 355. (1793); Schiff, ‘‘Schmett. Wien.,”” fst 
eae 4b; 75); 2nd ed.,'p. 5 (180); Hsp., “ Schmett. Kur.” ‘ii.,°p. 27, 


424 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


pls 1 (1779) ; Berg., ““Sphing. Bur; Larv.,” p: 4, (1782) 5 2Reta eee 
spec... p- 35 (1783); Bork., “Sys. Beschr.,” “i, \-p. 1040 (17 5Q)eaeiokean 
‘“Tns.-Kal-,” 1., 1; p. 430 (791) ;, Hib., “‘ Eur. Sehmett.;” fip. 73 (czxequcma) rome 
p- 99 (1805) ; Lamk., ‘ Syst. Anim. sans Vert.,” p. 282 (1801); Schrank, ‘‘ Faun. 
Boica,”” i:, I; p. 221 (1801); Haw., “ep.” Brit.,7- a,. pi. 62) s(isog)e@enes 
‘* Die Schmett.,”’ ii., p. 249 (1808). Laothoé, Fab., ‘‘ Ill. Mag.,” vi., pp. 287— 
288 (1807). Laothee, Leach, <‘ dmb. Ene.,” ix., p: 130(1815) ; Okea eer eenee 
Zool...” 1. Pp» 758° (18s). - -Dilina, Dalm.,- “KK. Vet: “Ac? Handi eens 
(1810) 5 Zett., “Ins. Vapp.,”’ p. 915 (1840). Paonias, «ib., “5 Views, ante 
(circ. 1822); Stephs., ‘Illus. Haust.,” iv., app. p. 5 (1835). dlerinthus, Meig., 
‘* Eur. Schmett.,” ii., p. 148 (1830). Bebroptera, Sodofisky, ‘ Bull. Mosc.,” 
X., no, 6, p. IL (1837).  Copismerinthus, Grote, ‘* Journ. NWeetaeseens 
lisp. 132) (895). “ Ent. Rec? vii, ip. 250.1895) 5) avi, ap. hommes 

Latreille gives (fZist. Nat. Crust. Ins., ill., p. 401) the following 
diagnosis of the genus: 

Trompe trés-courte ou nulle. Antennes en scie ou pectinées, terminées en 
pointe crochue, sans filet au bout. Ailes dentées ou anguleuses— Sphinx teliae, ocellata. 


Latreille fixed, in 1810 ( Conszd. Ord. (Vat. Animaux, Cee, p: 
440), the type of the genus as ocellata. Grote erected (Hawkmoths 
North America, p. 35) the genus Coprsmerinthus, in 1886, for ceriszz, 
Kirb. Later he- states. ( Fourn. Wew Vork Fut. Soc) mie eae 
Ent. Rec., vi., p. 56) that ocellata and ophthalmicus are congeneric 
with cev7szz, all agreeing in having a blunt spine at the extremity of the 
fore tibiz, and, as he erroneously believes that Latreille has indicated 
popult as the type of Smerinthus, he sinks Amorpha, Hb., before 
Smerinthus, and employs Cofismerinthus for ocellata. This spine is 
a very striking and characteristic structure, being, in S. ocellata, a 
distinct prolongation of the first tibia, and sufficiently large to be 
readily seen and examined under a low power lens. 


SMERINTHUS OCELLATA, Linné. 

SYNONYMY.—Species: Ocellata, Linn., ‘‘ Sys. Nat.,” xth ed., p. 489 (1758) ; 
xiith ed:; p. 796 (1767) 3 “* Faun. Suec.,?’ 2nd ‘ed.; p. 286 (1701); gadaneae 
Mus. (Greee:,” p:-80 (1761); Scop., ‘Ent. Carn.,” ‘p. 132 (1763) eile 
Frid.,” =p. 37 (1764); Hifn., “ Berl. Mag., 1.. p: 178) (1706); Pabljeasycestaneeee 
p- 536 (1775) 3 “Spec. -Ims.,”i., p- 139 (1781); <* Mant. Ins:)” a ypageaiom 
‘Ent. Sys., Mi-, 15. p: 355 (1793); “lll. Mag.,’% svi, -p..287 (sepia see 
«; Schmett. Wien.,’” ed.-1, p.41 (1775); ed. 2, p. 5 (1801) ; Esp., ““Schimethaiimmes: 
ii., Pp. 27, pl. 1 (4779) ;.. Bkh., ‘Sys. Besch.,’” ii. p. 104 (1780) ; “Schikcyaraes ae 
Boica,” ii., I, p. 221 (1801); Lamk.,.‘‘ Syst. Anim. sans Vert.,”’ p. 282 (1801) ; Hiaw., 
‘“< Lep. Brit.,” 1, p. 63 (1803); Latr., <‘ Hist.-Nats”’ ill., p. 401 (1602 ean 
(1805);. “¢ Gen. Crust.,” iv., p. 210 (1809) ; “© Consid.,” p. 440 (1910) > @encass mae 
Schmett.,”’ 11., p: 249 (1808); iv., p. 45 (1816)>. Leach,’ -* Edinb3itice aac 
130°(1815); Oken,. *‘ Lehrb, \Zool.}” 1., p. 753° (1815); Dalm., “RSV eee 
Handl.,” p. 212 (1816); ‘*Sam., “Ent. Comp.,” p. 243 (1819); ‘Godicje wee 
Nat.,”’ ili., p. 68 (1821); \Bdv., *‘ Eur. Lep. Ind. Meth... p: 34 (1629) aeeue 
Chen.,” pl. vii., figs. 2—4q (c’vc. 1840); ‘*Gen. et Ind. Meth.,” p. 49 (1840) ; Dup., 
«Icon. Chen.,” pl. vit., fig. 1. (cevc. 1840); “ Cat. Meth.” p. 45 (Toaajigeaecue 
<< Ins. Lapp.,” p. 915 (1840) ; Evers., ‘‘ Faun..Volg.-Ural.,’’ p. 114 (1844) ; H.-Sch., 
‘¢ Sys. Bearb.,”’ ii., p. 91 (1846) ; Chaum., ‘* Zool.,”"ix., p. 3244-(1851) ; Heyden 
Bur. -Cat: Meth.,” ed. 3, p. 19 (a851)5 | Spever, ** Geos. “Verb aa 
(1858); Staud., ‘sCat..”? “asst ed.,-p. 16-.(1861); 22nd ed.” pa S37 eee 
3rd ed., p. 99 (1901) ; Wallgm., ‘‘Skand. Het. Fjar.,’”’ 1., p. 17 (1863); Ramby, 
‘Cat. Lép. And.,’’ ii., p..136 (1866) Snell., “*De Viind.,” p.) tomioagm 
Berce, “* Faun. Franc.,” i, p: 27 (1868); Nolck., *‘Lep. Fn. Esti” aie 
(1868); Bang-Haas, *‘ Nat. Tids.,” (3), ix., p. 403 (1874); Cuni y Mart., ‘ Cat. 
Lep. SBare.,’? p. qt (1874); Mill., ‘Cat. Lép, Alp.-Mar.,”. paizom deve 
Curd, ‘* Bull. Soc. Ent. It.,” vii., p. 113 (1875); Butl., ‘Ir. Zool. Soc, Londs yam 
p. 590 (1876) ; Frey, ‘‘ Lep. Schweiz,”’ p. 58 (1880) 5; Bart., “ Palceanks 
Schmett.,” p.:171 (1900). . Semzpavo, Retz., ‘*Gen.. Spec: Ims.,” p. 35y(izogie 
Occellata, Brahm, ‘“ Insek.-Kal.,” ii., I, p. 430 (1791). Sadzets, Hub., “im 
Schmett.,’’ pl. xv., fig. 73 (ez7c. 1800) ; text p. 99 (1805); ‘‘Larv. Lep.,” 11., Legit. 
PD. @. 8 (circ. 1800);. “ Verz.,”? p. 142 (eve, 1822); Stphs., ‘Ul. Hauct5 7 cappe 


SMERINTHUS OCELLATA. 425 


pee bO2G)en Occvargs.ascephs., < iltus:,” i, p. 112, (1828) 5“ Cat.. ; Br. 
tase pt..2, p. 3° (1829)75 “ist Br. An. Br. Mus.,” v., p. 20 (1850); Meig., 
‘Hur. schmett.,” ti., p- 148 (1830); Wood, ‘Ind. Ent.,” p. 11, fig. 7 (1839); 


Humph. and Wrestd., item Other P- 97 (LOA )se ta.5. <9 Mani) 15 op. o7 
Cs57) ;- Fein, “ Schmett. Deutsch?) p. 150 (1359) ; ~ Humph.,'“ Gen.) Birt. 
Moths,” Heap (iso) -Newm., © brit.) Moths, p. 4 (1869) ; -Bdv., “Spec. 
Geneitet.,~1., pp- 17, 5! (1875); Kirby, ‘‘ Eur. Butts. and Moths,” p. 74 (1879) ; 
eG 711 (1692); “* Handbook, &c.,” iv., p. 60°(1897) ; Poulton, “ Vrans. 
Hts soc. Lond.,”’ pp. 27 e¢ seq. (1884) ; loc. cit., pp. 283—284, pl. x., fig. 1 (1887) ; 
Hellins, ‘<‘ Buck]. Larve,” &c., i1., p. 99 (188- We. Jahon ot Nord. Fjar., ep eeAg 
(§589))5, “Bacot, “Ent. Rec.,” vi., p- 174 (1895) ; Meyr., es Handbook, e &c., 
peeo9 (1s95) 5 Griffiths, “Wnt. Rec.,” vi, p. 256 (1895) ; ‘Barr., feena otitis. 

ie P- 3 (1895); Lucas, ‘‘ Brit. Hawk-Moths,” p. 123 (1895); Grote, «Ent, 
Rec.,” vili., p. 18 (1896); Tutt, ‘Brit. Moths,” p. 20 (1896); Chapman, 
Sint. Iec., ‘i xU HS JO LIS) (1898) ; Lamb., ‘Ent. Rec.,”’ xl., pp. 330 ef seg. (1899). 

ORIGINAL Seen One ocellata, alis angulatis: posticis 
ocellatis. Rai., /us., 148. Phalena major, corpore crasso, alis 
amplis interioribus macula ophthalmoide. Mouff., /us., 91. Goed., 
meanest GC). Uddmg 255: 58,1. 1.  Mer., 77s.) 2; t 37. 
alien boon. 1, bb. 5. <jonust.,./zs., t. 8, f. 30. . List., Goed., 
domino Ae Vl, 17S. O. 1. 12. - Roes., J7s.;.0;. phaly 1, t: 1. -Rai.; 
Ins., 148, no. 2z. Habitat in Spzraea, Salice, Pomiferis, Drupiferisque 
arboribus (Linn., Sys. /Vaz., xth ed., p. 489). [To this Linné adds: 
“Imago elinguis. horace macula ferruginea. Larva viridis lineis 
albis” (xiith ed., p. 797).] 

Imaco.—68mm.—g93mm. ‘Thorax and abdomen dove-grey to 
fawn with a broad central velvety-brown dash on thorax. Anterior 
wings dove-grey or fawn, shaded, mottled, and streaked transversely 
with olive-brown, a dark outer marginal border, a small patch on 
inner side of transverse streak, a suffusion of central area strongest 
towards base and below the pale grey lunule; the posterior wings 
beautifully suffused with bright rose-pink from base for two-thirds 
towards margin; the ocellated spot consisting of a bluish-black pupil 
surrounded by bright blue, in turn enclosed by a broad black margin. 

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—The @? is decidedly larger than the ¢ — 
say as 85mm. to 73mm. ‘The 2 is much heavier and, in a set 
specimen, the g abdomen has. a concave margin, the ? convex; 
this is more marked during life, when the ¢ sits with the abdomen 
very markedly curved upwards. ‘The male has larger and denser 
hairs on many parts, the thoracic dark crest stands up more 
markedly, but especially the legs are more roughly haired; this is 
very pronounced in the tibiz and first tarsal joints of the front 
legs. The first tibize and spurs are more robust in the ¢. The 
gd colouring is perhaps lighter and brighter, and the markings more 
crisply detailed than in the @, but individual variation quite swamps 
any such distinction between any specimens taken at random. 
The antenne differ as in all other Sphinges, but the hairs on the 
gd antenne are especially well-developed, so that the sexual differ- 
ence is more marked than usual. The antennal joints 54 to 56 seem 
the same in both sexes (Chapman). 

GYNANDROMORPHISM. — Compared with the large number of 
recorded gynandromorphic examples of Amorpha populi, there are 
very few of this species. The following are those which appear 
to have been recorded: 

a. Left side ¢, right ¢. Left pair of wings darker than the right; left 
antenna ¢, right ¢. Along the abdomen a sharply-marked dividing line, which 


426 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


exactly repeats the colour-differences of the wings. Shape of the abdomen on the 
left slender, on the right rounded and bulged with the anal end sharply bent to the 
left. Of the outer sexual organs only the left one somewhat projecting, anal clasp 
distinct, the female side crippled. Expanse—right side 35mm., left 33mm. Bred in 
Bremen. Coll. Wiskott (Wiskott, Zestschr. Ver. Schles. Ins., p. 109). 

(8. Similar to the above. In coll. Staudinger, zz “tt. (Schultz, Woch. fiir 
IGG Bins Woe (Oe AORNe 

VaRIATION.—The variation of the species is not at all striking, 
although a good aberration is occasionally obtained (¢.g., £74. 
Record, Xii., p. 163). Second brood examples of the @speeies 
are usually small and poor in colour (#7.. Wk. Jnt., 1v., p. 104). 
Adkin records a specimen from Lewisham with the ground colour 
unusually pale, giving the insect a particularly bright appearance. 
Butler notes a male with ocellated spots of quite a “ Cambridge 
blue” quite different from any others examined. Barrett says 
(Lep. Brit. i, p. 5) that ** specimens occur rarely, my ywitemeeas 
hindwings are almost or entirely destitute of rosy colour, being of 
a dull yellowish instead. Webb has specimens with the forewings 
of a putty colour, with the usual markings; Briggs one in which 
the shades and marbling of the forewings are nearly absent, but 
the lost colour seems concentrated in the triangular spot which 
lies against the outer line; another curious aberration is recorded, 
in which the ocelius of the hindwing is replaced by a triangular 
dark spot.” This latter form we would call ab. caeca, n. ab. Daws 
motes (#7. Kec, i. p. 93) that, on June 21st, 1é9omemesn: 
tured at Mansfield, Notts, a g¢ in which the right underwing 
is without the ocellated spot, having instead a dark triangular 
mark, all the other wings being normal.  MHall exhibited, at 
the meeting of the South London Entomological Society, on May 
gth, 1895, an example in which the ocellated spots are much ob- 
scured, and Oberthtr notes that, in France, aberrations are found 
with the hindwings pale, and the ocellated spots of the hindwings 
obscured, We ourselves have an example in which the ground colour 
of both fore- and hindwings is white, the markings and ocellated 
spot being normal; this came from Coverdale’s collection and 
may be called ab. adlbescens, n. ab. Bacot observes that in his 
experience the range of variation in S. ocel/ata is slight, confined, 
except in a few abnormal cases, to slight differences in depth of colour, 
and occasional absence or greater brightness of the pink or purple tints. 
Webb has a: peculiar 9 which we considered at first to be 
a gynandromorph, but Chapman describes it as a large 2 3°75 
ins. in expanse, the right side affected by partial albinism, 
or at any rate, loss of colour with weak and distorted scales. 
This especially affects the whole of the right side of the abdominal 
segments to end, which is dorsally nearly white on the right side; 
on the left much darker than usual, nearly of the colour of the 
dark centre of the thorax; the line of demarcation of the two tints 
is absolutely straight and median, producing a very peculiar effect. 
There is a white patch at posterior corner of mesothorax, but meta- 
thorax and 1st abdominal are normal. The antenne are 9, the 
right one looks shorter, but this is the result of having been broken 
off and replaced. The right forewing is +, shorter than left. On 
the upperside, the specimen looks rubbed and damaged at the 
wingbase, along the lower margin of cell and along veins 2 and 3. 


SMERINTHUS OCELLATA. 42,7 


It is, however, not so, but the scaling is weak, nearly white, and 
the individual scales deformed and set nearly on end. ‘The costal 
half of the wing is rather paler than the other, and the markings 
are slightly altered. The hindwing is a little paler and a little 
brighter in colouring than the left. The underside of the hindwing 
is paler and less distinctly marked than the other, and the markings 
are a little nearer hind margin. The forewing beneath is more 
largely pale and colourless than above, the weak scaling affects 
base of wing on its inner half, and, dividing into patchy streaks, 
reaches the hind margin in several places. ‘The effect is very like 
that of the white patches on certain gynandromorphous (?) gs of 
Porthetria dispar, but is due to weakness of scales and colour 
(albinism ?) confined to portions of one side only. There is no 
trace of gynandromorphism.” Bartel observes an aberration in the 
collection of Kricheldorff from southern France, in which the hind- 
wings are entirely red, except a small area at the apex, the ocellated 
spot is unusually large, as in S. planus, so that the specimen looks 
ait were, an approach to that species. inpethieweeyrences, 
the species is said to attain oftentimes an exceptionally large 
size, and the specimens remind one in other respects somewhat of SS. 
atlanticus, whilst. Staudinger describes a single ? from the Saisan 
district that differs greatly from the species in all other localities in the 
sharply defined whitish-grey (instead of reddish-grey) colouring of 
its forewings, the base being almost white. The large Mauretanian 
atlanticus is considered by Oberthur a geographical race only of 
this species, and not distinct, he finds the latter to vary slightly 
MmMercoloune on tie inmdwings., | Leech “refers (270c, Zool. 
Noam lond Koos, pa w5S7) tO Ss. planus, Walker. (Caz, vit, 
p. 254) and argus, Ménétriés (Enum. Lep. Mus. FPetrop., p. 136), 
as the Japanese and Chinese representatives of this species, 
and states that ‘“‘there is nothing whatever to separate planus from 
the European type,’ and that he does not attach value to the 
unimportant character, mentioned by Pryer, that the caudal horn 
Oretie larva is green instead of sky-blue. At a meeting of 
the Berlin Entom. Society, on May 4th, 1899, Schultz exhibited an 
insect as an example of S. hybr. Aybridus that he says gave the 
general impression of .S. oced/ata, but was yet strikingly paler, and 
without red in the eyespots of the hindwings. It was reared from 
a larva found wild at Stettin on Salzx (Berl. Ent. Zeits., xliv., 
Sitz. p. 29). As nothing special was noted about the larva one 
suspects that it may be an aberration of S. ocellata. The following 


are the already described forms of the species known to us: 

a. ab. pallida, n. ab. Ocellatus ab., Tutt, ‘‘ Ent. Rec.,”’ xili., p. 163 (1901).— 
The forewings are of a delicate grey, with the normal transverse lines fairly well- 
marked, a brown margin to the median ring, a brown patch directly below, and 
another centrally on the inner margin (and continued towards the base) ; the outer 
margin is also filled up with a brown patch, roughly triangular, the base formed 
by the curve directly below the apex of the wing, and the apex on the submarginal 
line. The two forewings, however, are not quite symmetrical, either in the arrange- 
ment of the transverse lines, or in the darker patches of colour. The hindwings are 
also grey, slightly tinged with yellowish, the nervures alone grey, the ocellated spot 
is well marked, the pupil, a pale ring, and black outer rings being well-defined. 
The most striking features are, of course, the absence of the rosy-red tints in the 
hindwings, and the metallic blue ring that surrounds the pupil of the ocellated spot, 
but the absence of the rosy tinge of the forewing is also very noticeable. ¢. Bred 
L. W. Newman, June 2nd, 1900. Larva from sallow, Bexley woods, 


428 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


2. ab. rosea, Bart., ‘“ Paleark. Gross-Schmett.,”’ p. 176 (1900).—The somewhat 
lighter, more yellowish-brown ground colour of the forewings, and the rose colour 
of the hindwings are much more brilliant and widely extended than in the typical 
specimens. According to Caradja, specimens of this aberration occur in Poland 
among the type, but, as no material from that district lies before me for comparison, 
I am unable to state whether these specimens reach the splendour of colour of those 
which used for a long time to be brought into the market by the late Leipzig 
collector, A. Kréning. According to him, the larvae which were fed on quince 
(Cydonia vulgaris) produced the ab. rosea. Herr Hermann Gerber, of Stétteritz, 
tried to produce the form, but always found that the larvze would not aceept either 
of the cultivated varieties of quince, but died soon after hatching. It is considered 
that ab. vosea may only arise from artificial (chemical) influence on the freshly- 
emerged moths (Bartel). 


This. was evidently used for some years as a MS. name, e.g., 
Caradja writes (/7s, vili., p. 65): ‘The var. vosea occurs in Poland, 
&c.,” at a date five years before Bartel diagnosed it. 

“y. Val. cinerascens, Staud.,“\ Stett. Hut. Zeit.,”” xl p. 316 (i870) eee aes 
3rd ed., p. 99 (1901); Bartel, ‘‘ Palzeark. Gross-Schmett.,” ii., p. 176 (1900).—A 
small ¢, much lighter than German specimens. The forewings are light ashy-grey 
with few prominent markings; beneath less red, almost suffused rosy, with a scarcely 
apparent darker border. The ocellated spots of the hindwings are largely filled up 
with milky-blue, otherwise agreeing with the type; the underside of the hindwings 
also has the marginal areas very weak. The specimen at first sight appears to be a 
new species. If all the S. oce//ata occurring in the Narin district are as pale as 
this, they must be recognised as a local form, and could then be known as var. 
ctnerascens (Staudinger). 

In his Catalogue, 2rd ed:, p.' 99, Sfauidia ser diagnoses this form 
as:-“ Al, ant. multo pallidior., cimereis, lineis transv. subnull> vy. 
desert. arenos.” It comes from the south-east sandy deserts of Russia: 
Narutn. 

6. var. planus, Walk., “List,” &c., vill., p. 254 (1856); Enyer) “iramsaes 
Soc. Jap.,-. Fx, ‘pt. .2, =p. 2397 (1883) 5) Karby, \<9Cat.,” “ps 71 b (Cleo a) aa 
« Paleeark: (Gross- Schmett.,”” a1., pi 169 (1900); Staud=, “Catz aetdeecar 
De, 100 (190n).. Axes, Mény, “ep. Mus, Petr, 7 ai., p- 130; ) pleas 
(1357 je bavan) sopece. Gens Jet... min mp Qui LOS) kp Stale ieee OtnaE ‘Mem. 
Vi. p»\ 2305 (1692), Ocellatus, \Weech > “Proc. Zool soc. ond. iscumas a 
(1888); ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,’? 1898, p. 278 (1898).—Mas. Cervinus; ale 
anticae fascia interrupta latissima pallide fusca linea transversa obscuriore, gutta 
discali albida, lineis duabus exterioribus transversis undulatis cbscure fuscis strigaque 
apud marginem exteriorem dilatata fusca ; posticae antice rosez, ocello magno cyaneo- 
atro. North China. From Mr. Cuming’s collection (Walker). DISTRIBUTION: 
Yokohama, common (Pryer), Gensan (Leech), Chang- Yang, Kiukiang (Pratt) ; Wei- 
hai-Wei, July 16th, 1898 (Fletcher). 

This form, first described by Walker from North China, was 
afterwards redescribed as azgus by Ménétriés. Staudinger (om. 
Mém., vi., p. 236) remarks that ‘it was discovered by Schrenck and 
Maack in the southern Amur district ; Christoph bred it at Wladi- 
wostok, Dorries on the Ussuri, Suifun and Bikin, Graeser at 
Chabarowka, Blagoweschtschensk and Wladiwostok. It also occurs 
in north China, and was described from there as planus, Walk., 
whick name must certainly be referred as synonymous with agus.” 
Bacot says that “it is slightly larger, paler in colour, the ocellated spots 
rather larger than in our British form.” Staudinger diagnoses ( Caz, p. 
100) it as: ‘Praec. var. pallidior, al. ant. haud cervino-tinctis, al. post. 
ocello majore, basi non rosaceo,.” Leech writes (Zrans. Ent. Soc. 
Lond,, 1898, p. 278): “The differences between Jlanus (=a7gus) 
and ocel/ata, indicated by Staudinger, do not hold good in my 
series from Japan, Corea and northern China, when they are com- 
pared with European specimens, The Asiatic examples usually 


SMERINTHUS OCELLATA, 429 


have the ocellated spot larger than those from Europe, but 
this is not invariably the case.” Pryer says of S. planus: “ Closely 
resembles S. ocel/lata. The larva feeds on willow, is green, with a 
green horn instead of a sky-blue one as in SS. ocellata.” 

¢. var. atlanticus, Aust., ‘“‘ Le Nat.,”’ xii., 1890, p. 190 (1890); xv., p. 72 (1893); 
Perey <Cat.,, p. 71% (1892) 5 Stdfss., “Handbuch,” &c., p. 55 -(1896) ;. Bartel, 
‘‘Palzeark. Gross-Schmett.,”’ il., p. 178 (1900); Staud., ‘‘Cat.,”’ 3rd ed., p. 99 (I90I). 
Ocellatus, Luc., ‘‘ Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr.,”’ 3rd ser., iv., p. xcii (1856).— Near S. ocellata, 
but perhaps resembles especially argus, Mén., from eastern Siberia. Compared 
with ocellata, the following differences are observable : The size is much larger, 
varying according to the sex from 92mm.—103mm. like that of medium examples 
of Amorpha austauti, Staud. The dominant shade on the upper side is a dark, 
somewhat brownish, olive-green, the pattern and the ordinary spots clearly marked 
in greyish-white. The basal line is less markedly interrupted than in S, 
ocellata. The extra-basal line, which succeeds it, throws out, as in S. 
ocellata,a pale streak, which is, however, much elongated, and gives off towards 
the oufer angle two black spots, of which one occupies the normal position, and 
the other is placed further behind at the extremity of the transverse wavy lines. 
This streak, otherwise, is twice broken, first near its point of origin, in consequence 
of the intersection of the two brown oblique lines, which mark the path of the 
extra basal line; secondly, further on by meeting another blackish-brown, quite 
straight, line which crosses the wing transversely from one side to the other. One 
observes that this last line does not touch the discoidal spot as in ocellata, but 
that it is placed equidistant from the spot and the transverse or median lines, in 
a manner similar to that occurring in argus. These median lines, being nearer 
the outer margin, bring about the lengthening of the white streak which has 
its origin in the extrabasal line, and they are also more strongly sinuate, and 
particularly more deeply waved than those of our European form, and one notes 
that the median nervure, which intersects the dark space in the middle of the 
wing, is marked in grey as in £:mdermanni from Asia Minor. The posterior 
wings of atlanticus present even more striking characters than the forewings. 
The ocellated spot, situated towards the anal angle, is more rounded, never 
angulated, and is very wide. The black ring which surrounds it is especially 
thick on the basal side. It throws out from one point a streak or “‘liture’’ towards 
the anal lobe, analogous to that of vced/ata, and from another a straight ray that 
terminates in a point towards the centre of the wing. It results from this dis- 
appearance that the ocellated spot appears to be bounded by a circular arc of 
which the ends coincide with the “‘liture’’ and ray just mentioned. The basal 
tint of a brilliant carmine-red extends narrowly above the ocellus almost to the 
base, but does not descend so low as in ocellata, along the abdominal margin; 
it dies out abruptly towards the centre of the wing in the formof a prominent mark, 
tinged with black, and leaves the whole of the anterior margin pure white (Austaut). 


Staudinger diagnoses (Cat, p. 99) this form as: 4 Major, ali 

ant. minus (in g fere non) cervino- eas 
. @.var. gen. 2, aestivalis, Aust., ‘* Le Nat.,” xii., p. 191 (1890); Kirby, “Cat.,” 

p- 711 (1892); Bartel, ‘‘ Paleeark. Gross-Schmett.,” AL p- 180 (1900). —Rather smaller 
than typical var. atdanticus, darker, more like a dead leaf in colour, not olive-green, 
and rather inclining to a yellowish tinge ; markings as in a#lanticus (Austaut). 

Towards the end of July, 1880, a large green Sphingid larva 
with shiny blue head, and with ordinary dark ferruginous-brown 
subdorsal lines, was received from Morocco. This pupated and 
produced towards the end of August, a fine imago, very near 5S. 
ocellata, but with a sufficiently characteristic appearance to in- 
duce Austaut to regard it as a new species. This specimen 
is the type of the var. aestivalis. After ten years he obtained 
three others at the commencement of May, 1890, in the mountains 
of the province of Oudja at about 1200m. elevation. These were 
the larger individuals described as a@tlanticus. Bacot notes that the 
larval characters indicated, w7z., “the blue head and ferruginous- 
brown subdorsal line,” appear more distinctive than are any of the 
imaginal characters ayailable, 


430 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


TERATOLOGICAL SPECIMENS.—Waller records a specimen which 
emerged from pupa with one antenna (£77., xxill., p. 326). 

EccLavinc. —The eggs are laid singly on both sides of willow 
leaves or on twigs, most frequently, however, on the underside, very 
rarely on the upperside, of the leaves (Tutt); more usually on the under- 
side of the leaves of the foodplant, either singly or in pairs, more rarely 
they are laid on the smaller twigs and leafstalks (Hellins). A @ en- 
closed in a large muslin bag in which was a large leafy sallow branch, 
commenced to oviposit about 8.15 p.m. of May z5th, 1898. She flew 
noisily, stopping frequently to deposit an egg ona leaf. In about 35 
minutes she rested against a branch and became still. The following 
evening she repeated the business, and did so for six consecutive days. 
I carefully counted the eggs laid each day, with the following result : 
1st day (May 25th), 96 eggs; 2nd day (May 26th), 65 eggs; May 
27th, 138 eggs; May 28th, 54 eggs; May 2oth, 33 eggs; May 3oth, 
18 eggs; the female dying the following day. I immediately 
convinced myself that there were no more eggs in the body, the moth 
having completed the egg-laying on the 6th day, and I had 404 eggs. 
On June 8th, 384 larve had hatched and 20 remained unhatched; of 
the moths bred from these larva, 6 pairs were kept under observation, 
and the eggs laid by the ?s numbered respectively—284, 220, 187, 
160, 121 and 93, z.¢., a total of 1065 eggs, with an average of 178 
for each @ (Lambillion). Bacot considered this decrease in the 
number of eggs as due to the difficulty of keeping sufficient thoroughly 
fresh food in a breeding-cage for such a large number of larve. 
Eggs are laid singly on leaves of various species of Sa/zx and not in- 
frequently on apple-trees, the egg stage lasting about 11 days 
(Newman) ; eggs laid singly on the undersurface of willow leaves on 
the banks of the canal at Hythe (Hill) ; ova laid singly on underside 
of leaf seldom more than one on each leaf; a ? that emerged 
September 2nd, 1900, was paired with a ¢ that emerged on the same 
date, and produced fertile ova on the 3rd, these hatched on the 
tgth, but the larve died before becoming fullgrown for want of my 
being able to obtain food (Ransom); eggs laid on underside of 
apple leaves at Lee (Bower); pearly-whitish eggs laid singly on 
underside of sallow leaves at Kingsmill (Watkins); ova found in nature 
on Populus nigra on July roth, 1892, at Rainham (Burrows); June gth, 
1866, @ laid 351 eggs, 38 not deposited—389, at Cambridge, egg- 
laying lasted 5 days (Gedge); eggs on plum-trees at Kensington 
June 17th, 1847 (Merrifield). 

Ovum *.—Of flat type, micropylar axis horizontal; r1*6mm. long, 
I'4mm. wide; pale yellow-green, very shiny, oval in outline, but 
some variation (occasionally almost circular), the two ends almost 
equally rounded; the upper surface with a somewhat circular 
depression, variable in size, the sloping edges of the depression 
slightly iridescent; the surface finely striated longitudinally, very 
minutely pitted ; the micropyle only traceable as a small depression 
at one end, the micropylar area apparently similar to rest of egg- 
shell (Described June 12th, 1899, from eggs laid June 5th, and 
received from Mr. Hope Alderson). Of a plump oval form, not 
so deep as wide, upper surface somewhat sunken in middle, the shell 


* Already described (ated, p. 386) in detail and compared with ova of J/mas 
tiliae and Amorpha populi, 


SMERINTHUS OCELLATA. 431 


shining, covered with a very slight reticulation, the colour light, tender 
yellow-green. Three or four days before hatching, the young larva can 
be seen curled up, its colour not so green as the rest of the egg outside 
it, and before long its red horn becomes conspicuous (Hellins). Bright 
emerald-green, with a pearly lustre when first laid (Bacot). Partheno- 
genesis has been recorded in this species (av/ed, vol. 1., pp. 27—29). 

VARIATION IN EGGS.—Hellins gives the following note on the 
variation in the size of the eggs of this species: ‘ The eggs of the 
first and second days’ laying were from 1°8mm. to 1'9mm. long 
and about 1'4mm. wide; those of the fifth day were 1°6mm. long 
and 1'2mm. wide; and those of the sixth day 1°45mm. long and 
r’2mm. wide, but these last shrivelled up and did not produce any 
larve.” Poulton remarks that “darker ova produce larve of a deeper 
green, and wice versa.” 

COMPARISON OF EGGS OF SMERINTHUS OCELLATA AND AMORPHA 
POPULI.—The eggs of A. pofuli are less full green, much paler, 
more whitish-green and not so yellow-green as those of \S. ocellata ; 
also more circular (less oblong) in outline and plumper in build. 
The surface is very finely netted, not at all so coarsely as the egg 
of S. ocellata, and looks almost smooth under a hand lens. [Eggs 
of both species laid June 5th, 1899, and compared June rath. ] 

HABITS OF LARVA.—Hellins remarks that, whilst small, the larva 
eats away both sides of a leaf of sallow or willow, leaving the 
midrib untouched, and using it as a resting-place. Bacot notes 
the larva, when small, as “resting on the midrib or on one of the 
larger veins of the leaf, and having the power, like those of Af%imas 
tiliae and Sphinx ligustri in their early stages, of dropping on a 
thread, if by any chance it loses its hold. It assumes the ‘Sphinx’ 
attitude in its 2nd instar, and rests attached by the 4th pair of prolegs 
and anal claspers only, the other three pairs of prolegs being 
withdrawn until flush with the ventral surface of the body; as the 
larva gets larger it rests, as a rule, on an upright twig, which it 
grasps with its anal claspers, and with the last pair (or last two 
pairs) of prolegs, assuming an upright attitude, with the fore-part 
of the body raised, and the head drawn back. In this position its 
resemblance to a sallow- or willow-leaf is very perfect (see, av¢ed, 1., p. 
80), and the reason for the withdrawal of the unused prolegs is ap- 
parent, as, if not withdrawn, they would break the regular leaf-like out- 
line. Occasionally one finds larve at rest on the midribs of partially 
eaten leaves, and, in that position, they do not raise the fore-part 
of the body, and they use all the prolegs.” Newman states that 
the larva rests on a twig of its foodplant, attached by the and, 
3rd and 4th pairs of prolegs and anal claspers, elevating the fore-part 
of the body; the head prone, the mouth touching the first pair 
of legs, all the legs crowded together and directed forwards; the 
larva never falls from its foodplant or feigns death, unless its statuesque 
immobility may be so interpreted. Zeller remarks (Sze¢t. Lunt. 
Zéit., XXX., p. 386) that the larva of S. ocel/ata assumes a quite 
different posture when at rest from those of JZ. “/zae and A. popult, 
&c., and that Rosel has given a very natural figure of it. He 
has no doubt that the many near relatives of .S. oce//ata share this 
habit. At Carlisle, larve are found freely on the osiers, which fringe 
the small streams (Day); on dwarf sallow in a bog at Enniskillen 


432 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


(Brown); on sallow on Strensall Common (Walker); on dwarf sallow 
on the Instow sand-hills (Hellins) ; common on willows growing 
by river at Nottingham (Whittaker) ; common on apple-trees at 
Market Drayton in 1900 (Woodforde); on dwarf sallow in a bog 
(Brown) ; larve occasionally found in early morning crawling down 
willow-trunks by the sea to pupate (James) ; in fair numbers on 
the small sallow trees, Sa/7x caprea, in the railway ballast holes and 
edges of plantations, near the same, at Lincoln (Musham). Birks 
notes (Zt. Wk. Lnt., vi., p. 187) that he observed a larva of S. ocellata 
licking itself over every accessible part of its body, leaving its skin 
glossy with a moisture which soon disappeared. The following 
dates as to the capture of the larve have accumulated: July to 
September in Upper Austria (Himsl) ; larve in June and July, and 
again in August and September at Comanesti (Caradja) ; May 18th 
— 24th, 1893, in New Forest (Richardson) ; August rath, 1891, in New 
‘Forest, on wild appie (Fitz-Gibbon) ; occurs sparingly on sallows at 
Sulby every year, September 3rd several fullfed (Clarke) ; larve July 
28th—August 11th, 1847, at Brighton (Merrifield); August 11th— 
24th, 1856, Jarve at Cambridge (Barren) ; June 13th amc 
1858, July roth, 1858, on sallow, August 4th, 1868, on willow, 
two larve September 13th, one of which went to earth on 
r7th (Hellins) ; larvae exceedingly abundant on the _ sand-hills 
at Deal in 1860 (Harding alone took 26 dozen), June rz2th— 
August 25th, 1362, August roth—31st, 1863, August Ist, 1874, 
August 2oth, 1875, August 3rd — September 13th, 1885, August 
t1th — 2oth, 1886, August rith—September 12th, 1887, August 
24th—September 3rd, 1888, August 9th—z2nd, 1890, August 23rd 
—September 15th, 1891, August 17th— September toth, 1892, 
August ist and 2nd, 1895, all at Lee, July 22nd, 1874, at Eltham, 
August 6th—8th, 1870 and August 26th, 1874, at Deal (Fenn) ; July 
22nd, 1871, August 3rd, 1873, on apple, August Sthy eae ge sem 
crab, July 22nd, 1877, August 6th, larva fullfed on willow, all at Lee, 
August 18th, 1890, larva on sallow at Eltham, July 27th, 1893, 
on apple, August 23rd, 1894, fullfed on sallow, August 18th, 1895, 
on apple, August 27th, 1896, larve small on apple, August 3rd, 
1899, larvee (seven) fullfed on sallow, August 3rd, 1900, two larve 
fullfed on apple at Lee (Bower); larve on September 2nd, 1871, 
at Wanstead, July 27th, 1887, at Brentwood, August 29th, 1892, and 
July 25th, 1893, at Rainham (Burrows) ; September 13th, 1879, 
fullfed at Chat Moss (Auld); July 2nd, 1883, at Barnes (Sich); 
August, 1884, at Romsey (Buckell); July 25th, 1885, on Tottenham 
marshes (Sheldon) ; August and September, 1885, 1886, and 1887 
in North London district (James) ; July zoth, 1886, at Caversham, July 
gist, 1888, at Hardwick, July 26th, 1889, at Burghfield, August 
Ist, 1889, at Bulmershe Park, August 28th, 1892, at Midgham, 
near Newbury, July 27th, 1891, at Pamber Forest, August 5th, 
1890, at Hartley Row (Holland); abundant near Newark, on wild 
crab in 1886 (Hewett); larvae August 25th, 1890, at. Brentwood, 
August 8th, 1895, at East Barkwith, August 8th, 1896, at Panton, 
August 25th, 1898, at Hazeleigh (Raynor) ; September 15th and 
16th, 1890, at Lyndhurst on sallow (G. M. A. Hewett); July 19th— 
31st, 1891, at Brockenhurst, July 15th— 24th, 1893, at Wicken 
(Mitchell) ; larvae on sallow September roth, 1891, September rath, 


SMERINTHUS OCELLATA. 433 


1892, July 23rd, 1897, at Aylsham, August roth, 1896, August 15th, 
1898, exceedingly abundant at Prescot (Freeman) ; August, 1892, at 
Folkestone (Bryne) ; larve August 13th, 1892, August, 22nd, 1894, 
August 3rd, 1896, August 23rd, 1897, at Bristol, August 31st—Septem- 
ber 3rd, 1892, August 9th—3oth, 1896, at Braunton (Bartlett) ; larvee 
on sallow, September 23rd, 1892, at Newbury (Beales) ; fullfed at 
Frimley, July 2oth, 1893 (Newland); July 27th—31st, 1893, at 
Wicken Fen (Bouskell); August roth, 1893, on sallow, September 
5th—S8th, 1894, at Enniskillen (Brown) ; remarkably abundant in 
August, 1894, on Strensall Common, where the sallow. bushes are 
small and isolated ; this autumn (1894) an excess of larvae on one of 
the bushes had resulted in its being stripped before some of the larvee 
were fullfed, and, having vacated it for pastures new and failed 
to find another bush near, some 4o or more larve were found 
crawling on the ground in its neighbourhood ; also very common 
in the York district on young apple-trees in gardens and on crab- 
trees by the roadsides (S. Walker); July 14th, 1895, August 2zoth, 1900, 
at Sudbury, August 28th, 1895, at Bulmer, August 18th—atst, 1899, 
must 20tn, 1900,, at -Hénny CRansom) ; larvae September, 
1895, August 28th, 1898, at Oxton (Studd); August 22nd, 1896, 
larva pupated August 29th, 1896, at Chester (Arkle) ; September 
3rd, 1897, at Kirkbride, September rst, 1898, in Ballaugh-Curraghs 
(Clarke) ; July 23rd, 1899, fullfed larva at Reading (Reece); larve 
August 21st, 1899, at Limbrick Lanes (Whittaker); July 28th, 1900, 
larve half-fed on sallow at Stoke Wood, Oxshott (Pickett); August 
24th, 1900, at Hampstead (Hopson) ; eggs hatched June oth, rgor, 
larve fullfed July 23rd, 1g01, and following days at Henley-on- 
Thames (Stearns). 

Larva *.—/irs¢t stadium: Vhe larva is much shorter and stouter 
than that of MWimas tiliae; the head is generally round like that of 
the last-named species (although there is some variation in this 
respect, Poulton remarking that, in a brood of young larve that he 
reared, he was surprised to find a few of the newly-hatched larve 
with heads of the typical Amorphid shape). The caudal horn is 
about one-third the length of the larva, appears black to the naked 
eye, but under a lens is seen to be of a deep pink, the black colour 
being due to the hairs. When full-grown in this stadium the 
oblique stripes are quite distinct, and the subdorsal is also clearly 
developed on abdominal segments 2 to 5. (In one young larva, 
the subdorsal was continued throughout its whole length; it was 
very distinct in the 2nd instar, and could still be traced in the final 
Stage.) Second stadium: ‘The head is now roughly triangular, 
almost of the form of that of the mature larva; on the apex there 
are similar processes to those seen in the larva of JZ. tlzae, but 
they are red instead of yellow; the lines up the sides of the head 
memequites aistincs im this stage’ The body has a yery. rough 
appearance, due to the large size of the mammille of the shagreen 
nase) the | 7th stripe 1s continued some way up the horn, 
and the latter is now very little longer than the thickness of the 
body; the anal flap outlined with a yellow stripe. Z%zrd stadium : 


* Described in detail /anted, pp. 387—388) and compared with larve of 
Mimas tiliae and Amorpha popult. 


434 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Very little change. The subdorsal stripes are yellow; the oblique 
stripes whiter, bordered with green of a darker shade than the ground 
colour ; the 7th stripe is continued to the base of the horn, and this 
stripe is stronger than the rest; the horn is pink in front, green 
behind, with the tip blue. ourth stadium: The red processes on 
the apex of the head are usually well developed, but are subject to 
considerable variation, in one larva they are reduced to small red 
knobs, in others twisted across each other, and sometimes quite 
flattened down; the bases of the shagreen hairs are very prominent 
in this stage, but are either absent or very small on the dark 
borders of the oblique stripes; the caudal horn is now short and 
thick, it it not bifid, but tapers to a point. The hairs in this stage 
are, as a rule, single, but some of the longer ones which spring from 
small tubercles are still forked. F7/th stadium: The processes on 
the apex of the head have entirely disappeared; the surface of the 
head very rough and granulated; the bases of the shagreen hairs 
are smaller in proportion than they were in the preceding stage; 
no trace of forked hairs observed in this instar, the stripes as in 
the last two stadia, the subdorsal usually distinct on the thoracic 
segments ; the 6th oblique weak, the 7th strong; there are some- 
times traces of an additional pair of oblique stripes in front of the 
normal first pair (Poulton mentions a larva in which there were 
traces of two additional pairs of stripes); the horn is blue, similar 
to that of the larva of JAZ. “lzae but not quite so large (Bacot). 
The wnewly-hatched larva varies from 4mm.—5mm. in length, the 
‘caudal horn from 1'25mm.—i1'4mm. The whole skin is covered 
with very fine two-pronged hairs, the usual dots emitting similar 
ones of stouter make; the horn is covered with tiny two-pronged 
spines, and has two sharp strong spines at the tip; the general colour 
is pale, somewhat yellowish-green, the back rather fuller in tint, the 
horn dull pink ; the ventral feet increase gradually in size from seg 
ment 7 to ro. After a day’s growth there can be seen faint traces of 
pale slanting streaks on the side. At the vst moult the larva is about 
gmm. long; the horn does not grow except at the moults; there is 
now a fuller green thread down the back on segments 2—4, a strong 
yellowish-white subdorsal line, which goes on faintly to the horn, and 
on segments 5—12 seven whitish streaks slanting upwards and _ back- 
wards. After the first moult there comes a change in the form of the 
head ; it was rounded, but now the lobes become almost triangular, and 
are quite pointed at the top ; the skin becomes covered with little points 
still emitting the two-pronged hairs; the horn is now 2°5mm. long, and 
still bears tiny spines as before. At the second moult the larva is 
about 15mm. long; the skin shows eight wrinkles to each segment, 
the subdivisions bearing each a transverse row of pale yellow points. 
The slanting streaks are yellow; the lobes of the head outlined on 
their outer edges with yellow, their sharp tips rich red; the horn, 
3mm. long, is pale yellow, with a pink line on its upper side. At 
the ¢hivd moult the larva is about zomm. long, has now become stout 
in figure ; the face is still long, and the points of the lobes project 
so much that, in some cases, they cross one another ; the horn is 
stout, whitish on the sides, with a purplish stripe on the upper surface ; 
the rough points on the skin are whitish, and the lateral stripes are 
whitish, edged in front with deeper green than the ground, At the 


SMERINTHUS OCELLATA., 435 


fourth moult the length is about 35mm., and the tips of the lobes of 
the head become shortened, and lose the red tint. The biggest larva 
I had this summer when fullgrown was quite three inches (75mm.) 
in length, the figure stout and stiff, stoutest about segment ro, and 
tapering forwards, and not so much backwards, the face triangular, 
the horn on segment 12, when perfect, curved at the tip, which is very 
sharp ;. each segment has eight subdivisions set with rough points ; 
on the back there is an arrangement of these points marking out 
a dorsal space, but there is.no line; the ground colour pale glaucous- 
green, the rough points opaque white; on segments 2—4 a white 
subdorsal line, on side of segments 5—12 seven oblique white stripes 
sloping upwards; each stripe has its lower half on one segment and 
its upper half on the segment behind it, reaching almost to the 
plain dorsal space ; each white stripe is edged in front with a deeper 
green than the ground. ‘The last of the seven is longer than the 
rest, and begins below the spiracle on segment ro, runs through 
Ir up to the subdorsal level, and then through 12 up into the horn ; 
the horn is light blue, greener near the tip, and is set with white 
points; the spiracles yellowish-white, strongly ringed with pinkish- 
brown; the belly fuller green than the back, and with smaller 
white points; the back of the head blue, the face granulated, full 
green with a few white points, the lobes outlined with yellow, the 
mouth reddish-brown, the thoracic legs pinkish-brown, with white 
points on them ; the ventral and anal prolegs green, with their feet 
slightly tinged with pink (Hellins), Newman describes the larva 
C7). pp. 91-92), as also. does Chaumette (Zool, 1ix., p. - 
3244). ‘The moulting of the larva is noticed (azfed, vol. ii., p. 17). 

_ VARIATION OF LARVA.—The variation of the fullgrown larva is 
almost parallel with that of Amorpha populi; the oblique stripes are, 
however, usually broader and whiter, though sometimes, in the 
yellow form of the larva, they are as yellow and nearly as narrow 
as in A. populi, Larve are sometimes met with which have traces 
of an 8th oblique stripe, and Poulton mentions one with a goth 
as well. One, reared in 1896, showed a tendency to darken before 
pupation in the same way as do the larve of Mimas tiliae and 
Sphinx ligustri (Bacot). Buckler figures (Larvae, &c., i., pl. xx., 
figs. 1, Ia, 10) three very fine forms of the fullgrown larva: (1) 
Blue-green, with yellowish incisions and whitish oblique lateral stripes, 
edged anteriorly with darker green, pale blue caudal horn, the skin 
covered with minute white shagreen dots arranged transversely, and 
showing distinctly the subsegments. (1a) Dull grey-green, with 
yellow oblique lateral stripes, the subsegments distinctly marked 
with transverse series of yellow shagreen dots; the caudal horn 
yellowish with black tip; three longitudinal rows of red spots on either 
side of larva, vzz., a subdorsal row, one spot on each segment from 
the prothorax to 7th abdominal; a spiracular row, one spot on 
each segment from prothorax to 8th abdominal; a row just 
above base of prolegs, one spot on each segment from r1st—6th 
abdominal. (14) Bright yellow-green, with white oblique lateral 
stripes, edged anteriorly with dark green; subdorsal and spiracular 
rows of bright crimson spots, and bright blue caudal horn. Poulton 
observes (Zvans. Ent. Soc. London, 1887, p. 283) that two mature 
larvee of light yellowish-green tint, captured near Oxford in August, 


436 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


1886, on Salix triandra, had the red spots more developed than in 
any other individual of the species hitherto described, and he figured 
the most extreme form (Joc. cit., pl. x., fig. 1) although the other only 
differed in the absence of the minute dot of the upper row on the 1st 
thoracic segment. The small size of the upper dot on the 7th ab- 
dominal segment is noteworthy, and was the same in both individuals. 
Comparing these larve with that previously figured (Joc. cit, 1884, 
pp. 27 ef seg.), it will be observed that, in these larve here described, 
the spots of the two upper rows are larger and extend on to more 
segments, while those upon the claspers are much larger and more 
distinct. In breeding large numbers of the species, the spots were 
found in various degrees of development, upon many of the whitish 
larve, although more frequently upon the yellowish varieties. 
This observation confirms the single instance of a whitish larva 
with red spots recorded in 1886. With regard to the red-spotted 
form of larva, Poulton further observes that larve of S. ocellafa, 
reared from imagines that had themselves come from larve of 
the red-spotted form*, were similarly marked. Many other 
observers note the red-spotted form. Bartel states (Fadaeark. 
Gross-Schmett., W., —. 172) that: there are aberrations semm@se 
larva in which there are laterally two rows of red or red- 
brown spots, which are often tolerably large, but which vary much 
in number and size. ‘This form is often confounded jwithwerme 
corresponding form of the larva of Amorpha populi, from which, 
however, it may be readily distinguished by the quite different 
resting-position of the larva and by the colour of the caudal horn. 
Boscher notes that larve feeding on sallow and apple showed a 
variation in colour that caused them to resemble their food; those 
on sallow, too, were ornamented with red-brown spots absent in 
those on apple. Steuart observes that larve found at Bedford on 
apple and willow contrasted strongly in colour, the former being 
of a tich apple-green tint, the latter of a very pale ssilvem 
white and green. Bouskell obtained a white form of the larva 
at Wicken Fen from white aspen, and the difference in tint of larve 
feeding on Salix viminalts and S. triandra respectively has already 
been observed. Poulton treats this matter of the variation of the 
larvee of this species when feeding on different foodplants at length 
(see anted, vol. i., pp. 85-86). Allchin records (Znt. Wk. Jnt., i, 
p. 164) a brood (30) of larvae in which every individual lost the 
caudal horn, which gradually disappeared from apex to base, leaving 
only a shght smooth tubercular prominence, the peculiarity con- 
tinuing through more than one change of skin. 

Cocoon.—The larve go underground for pupation, and make a 
cavity for themselves two inches down in the loose soil, but with 
little or no silk spinning (Hellins) ; the larva makes a frail cell in the 
earth, only very few silk threads are used, although sometimes the 
larva burrows to the depth of several inches (Bacot) ; the larvz pupate 

* Peck observes (Can. Ent., Vill. p. 239) that the larvae of Smerinthus myops 
has red blotches that are not uniform and are more prevalent on larvee of the late brood 
(although some are entirely green), and correspond in colour to similar spots found 
on the leaves of the wild cherry at that season. White’s notes (Proc. Ent. Soc. 
Lond., 1887, pp. xxiv—xxvii) should be referred to, as also those of Cameron 
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 69), and those of Miss Gould (doc, cit., 1892, 
pp. 242—243). | 


SMERINTHUS OCELLATA. 437 


in the ground (Clark). The pupz are generally obtained in October and 
November by digging at the foot of the trees on which the larve have 
fed up. Comyn notes (Zur. Wk. /nt., vil., p. 44) 37 pupe being found 
in a piece of ground less than 2zft. in diameter, under a sallow-bush. 

PupaAL MOULT.—At the moult to pupa, the larval stripes are 
visible in dark green, as well as the sites of the prolegs. The lips of 
the ist spiracle and the anal spine are chitinous. The tube 
between the rst and 2nd thoracic segments leading to the tst 
spiracle is unusually open, and allows the spiracle to be seen at 
bottom, light being freely afforded through the translucent green 
tissues. ‘The other dark chitinous parts are the posterior border 
of the 7th abdominal and pale bands on the dorsum of the ard 
thoracic, and the 1st, znd and 3rd abdominal segments, also 
many of -the small cutaneous pits. In another specimen the 
stripes and prolegs are of a vivid blue as well as the tips of the 
mandibles and four spots at the base of the labrum. In this 
species the spiracles are closed from the moult, and the move- 
ments of the valves are not visible (see am/ed, vol. 11., pp. 50-59) 
(Chapman). 

Pupa.-_—g. Length 4omm., width (at 4th and 5th abdominal seg- 
ments) 13mm.—14mm. ; fairly cylindrical ; front straight from labrum 
to end of wings, and nearly to the 6th abdominal segment, thence 
tapers regularly to anus; dorsum curved from the znd abdominal to the 
head; the cremastral spike, being at dorsal margin of roth abdominal, 
makes one take an erroneous line as the axis of the pupa and 
think it more truly cylindrical than it is; nevertheless, apart from 
the curvature of the thoracic dorsum and some “waist” at the 
rst abdominal, any cross-section would be circular ; from the labrum 
to end of maxille 6°5mm., to end of first legs and of antenne 
Iomm., of 2nd leg 12mm., and of wings 16mm. ‘The apparently 
smooth hairless surface presents microscopically a considerable number 
of very minute hairs scattered round the median zone of each ab- 
dominal segment; these are definite hairs with jointed bases, their 
length being actually :06 of a millimétre. Specimens differ a good 
deal in the clearness of the mouth-parts; a favourable specimen 
shows a prominence at front angle of cheeks that looks like jaws, 
but is really process of cheek; inside this is a smoother space, with 
a small tubercle, the labrum, centrally forwards ; two others, one 
on each side laterally, the mandibles; a central foveola is the 
opening of mouth or cesophagus, z.e., the place whence cesophageal 
lining was withdrawn on moult to pupa. The anterior margin of 
maxillz is somewhat arched forwards, being more forward centrally, 
but there is no forward angle here as in the pupa of AZimas tiltae ; the 
lines of suture of the appendages have a polished margin as in J/. 
tiliae, but the general surface being smooth and polished, the first 
impression is that this polished line of the suture is absent; the 
convexity of glazed eye is towards the venter; the rst legs have an 
equal margin to face and antenna, the 2nd begins as a sharp 
point between antenna and 1st leg. The wings are much smoother 
than those of the pupee of Amorpha populi and M. tiliae, but have an 
abundance of fine transverse smoothed-out wrinkles; the lines of 
neuration are fairly distinct. Poulton’s line is obvious along the 
hind margin, less so along the inner margin; the strip of hindwing 


438 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


ending just past middle of 3rd abdominal segment shows Poulton’s 
line well, except in some specimens, in which it is covered by 
forewing ; the outline of forewing shows a sinuation of hind margin, 
somewhat nearer apex than middle, and a rounded fulness of anal 
angle; the wing just reaches the hind margin of the 4th abdominal 
segment. The head, thorax and appendages are dull but fairly 
smooth, their sculpturing being fine wrinkles ; the abdomen is smooth 
and polished, its sculpturing being entirely pitting, except in the 
cremastral region; there is a fine suture dorsally along the thoracic 
and ist abdominal segments. On dehiscence, this suture opens 
to a varying degree in different specimens, sometimes to middle of 
mesothorax only, or as far as posterior margin of mesothorax, but 
not into abdominal segments, where suture is only apparent, and the 
head- and leg-covers fall away in one piece. There is much 
variation in colour, some being very deep black, with strongly 
contrasted, brown, intersegmental membrane, others a moderately 
deep brown, against which the intersegmental membrane shows but 
a trifling difference. The thoracic spiracle is a comparatively wide 
opening, with sharp edges; it is not, however, wide enough to 
enable the true spiracle within to be seen; the abdominal spiracles 
have sharply raised, narrowly oval, ridges as their margins. There 
is considerable variation in the sculpturing of individual specimens ; 
the legs always have some transverse wrinkles, but sometimes these 
are nearly invisible; similarly on the antennez each joint has two 
transverse lines, sometimes these are only indicated; when this 
is the case, there is usually one ‘sharp point centrally Jon 
each joint, in other, cases the two lines are Toushiaes 
most marked at the margin; on the prothorax the roughness 
is formed by small irregular compressed elevations. On the meso- 
thorax the ridges are dorsally transverse radiating from the 
median suture; there is another smooth line running Jongitudinally 
backwards from the anterior margin of the segment at a point 
half-way from dorsum to spiracle ; this is more than a mere 
line and expands in middle of segment to a small smooth patch ; 
it sometimes reaches posterior margin of segment; sometimes the 
wrinkles on either side of it coalesce and obscure it at this margin ; 
a little way outside its lower end and at middle of wing-base 
is another smooth spot with two or three isolated raised points, 
sometimes wanting, sometimes very marked on little raised bosses 
on very smooth pupe in which the other wrinkling is_ very 
obsolescent. On the metathorax the wrinkling is fine and of no 
marked features, except the central suture, which is a raised 
ridge, with a central deep impression (the true suture). The 
abdomen has a very smooth polished surface with many rather 
deep pits and sundry other marks and _ irregularities sometimes a 
little resembling the wrinkling of the thorax, in others with 
nothing but smooth surface and pits. As to the subsegmentation 
in a well-marked specimen, one may define five subsegments ; 
anteriorly a rather broad and well-raised portion, best marked 
on 3rd abdominal segment, then an extremely narrow one, usually 
marked on the 5th abdominal, but often not very evident, a 
third one of moderate width, the fourth much the same, and the 
fifth, reduced to obsolescence dorsally, appears to be the inter- 


SMERINTHUS OCELLATA. 439 


segmental subsegment, and is best seen laterally on the 4th and 
5th abdominals, where its sculpturing consists of a few oblique 
impressed lines. Another feature of the abdomen is a _ dorsal 
suture-like groove, often very deep on the rst subsegment of the 
3rd, 4th, and 5th abdominal segments. The pitting and wrink- 
ling, in specimens where it is to some extent wrinkling, are most 
marked dorsally and at the anterior borders of segments. 
Laterally, the subsegmentation fades out, except the interseg- 
mental subsegment, which is there most marked, and on the 5th, 
6th, and 7th abdominals the ridge of the first subsegment forms 
a rather sharper edge just above the spiracle, reminding one of 
the flange in Sphingids (sems. res¢.), and this feature, like all the 
other sculpturing, varies exceedingly in different specimens, and 
often cannot be found. The scar of the horn on the 8th abdominal 
segment may be merely a faint depression towards posterior 
margin of segment ; usually the depression is very decided, and 
is smoother than the surface around, but not polished, rarely 
there is a very definite prominence at the anterior margin often a 
hollow. The proleg scars (on the 5th and 6th abdominals) are 
equally variable, often mere depressions, without distinctive 
sculpturing, that would be passed over as accidental, they fre- 
quently are smooth hollows, transversely elongated to an oval form 
with definite margins and terminating externally in a _ curiously 
deep small pit, which is sometimes double on the 6th abdomi- 
nal segment; these pits as shallow depressions are common ; 
as deep pits (as though a pin had been thrust in) they are 
rare. Very similar pits, with a similar range of variation, are 
found just behind each spiracle. The 8th abdominal spiracle is as 
usual a mere scar. On the oth and roth abdominals the sculptur- 
ing consists of very small circular pits rather sparsely placed, 
Z.é.. 3 or 4 times their own diameter apart. The roth abdominal 
segment is tolerably smooth, and almost entirely without the 
two lateral fulnesses that are so prominent in pupe of Amorpha 
populi and Mimas tiliae, and look like a persistence of the anal 
prolegs ; still a scar of the anal prolegs may be detected, and this 
appears as a rather smoother place on each side of the anal fissure. 
The cremastral armature is a pyramidal eminence about 1mm. in 
length and width, perhaps rather longer than broad, in so far that 
the extremity is somewhat produced whilst the base is constricted 
as though it had had a thread tied tightly round it; ventrally it 
is smoother and flatter, dorsally it is rough with strong sharpish 
points, of which several occur close to the apex, seen laterally, it 
is curved a little dorsad, and looks as if two more threads, at equal 
intervals, had made slight grooves across the dorsum; there is 
a rather deep hollow at the ventral base of the spine; in front of 
this is the oval anal scar; sometimes blurred, at others consisting 
of three fine parallel grooves with two intermediate ridges, or four 
if the outer margins of the outer grooves be counted. In front 
of the gth abdominal segment are two small, polished, nearly 
hemispherical tubercles, with a minute pore between, but rather 
anterior to them. The @ pupa is more robust than that of the 
&, but not sufficiently marked in every case to enable them to 
be separated by this character, nor is there any other sexual 


44\() BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


difference, except in the sculpturing of the 8th and oth abdominal 
segments. In the ? pupa, the 1oth segment stretches forwards 
ventrally in a smooth surface, continuous with the similarly produced 
gth segment and with the 8th; at the apex of this smooth surface, 
in the middle of the 8th segment, but having all the aspect of being 
on this angular projection of the 9th, are two small prominences, 
with a hollow between them, less prominent than those on the gth 
segment of the g pupa, but very similar to them. ‘The-only other 
difference from the g pupa is that the anal groove has, in some 
specimens, a small pore separated from it in from eagunes 
might be part of the groove or a separate structure (Chapman). 
Poulton gives (ELxt. Morph. Lep. Pupa, pp. 202—203, pl. xx., figs. 
I—7) a description with illustrative figures of the terminal abdominal 
sepments of the ¢ and 9? pupce of this Species. dlewmotesmm: 
pupa) the last spiracle (functional in the larva) as being rudimentary in 
the pupa, a rough terminal spine forming the extremity of the 
pupa, whilst immediately in front of it (in the ventral line) is the 
anus, which is very distinctly indicated. The boundary between the 
gth and roth segments is prolonged forwards in the ventral line, 
and the apex of the narrow triangular area which is thus formed 
represents the opening of the oviducts, invisible in most individuals 
of the species, although sometimes seen. Immediately in front of 
the apex of the above-mentioned area is the second or anterior 
generative aperture, that of the bursa copulatrix. This is very 
distinctly marked, and is bounded laterally by prominent convex 
lips; it thus resembles the form of the male generative opening, 
but can be readily distinguished in that it is placed in the 8th 
abdominal segment, while the male aperture is situated in the oth; 
in the side view, the dorsal projection, which corresponds with the 
caudal horn of the larva, is seen; this normal trace of the caudal 
horn consists of an anterior slight elevation formed by the soft 
surface of the pupa, rising in the hollow interior of the horn, and 
a posterior slight concavity, caused by the hinder margin of the 
base being depressed into the soft surface when the horn is bent 
backwards, becoming nearly horizontal before pupation, whilst im- 
mediately below the terminal spine is seen a curved line dividing 
the roth segment into an upper and a lower (or anal) part. The 
terminal part of the pupa, as seen ventrally, shows distinctly the 
narrow pointed prolongation of the boundary between the goth and 
roth abdominal segments, although neither of the generative organs 
is visible without magnification; the anus is distinct, and the 
cushions on each side of it (representing the anal claspers of the 
larva) are somewhat more prominent than usual. In the 3 pupa, 
ventral aspect, the opening of the male ducts is distinctly seen, 
placed between the prominent lips upon the 9th abdominal segment. 

VARIATION OF PUPA.—The most notable fact about this pupa 
is the variation in the character of the surface sculpturing,- not 
only in the degree to which it is pronounced bOthojGauaaa 
thorax and abdomen, but, especially on the abdomen, in_ its 
obsolete character, so that, in some specimens, a description of 
it as a perfectly smooth, polished surface with pits, on the 
pattern so common in Noctuid pupz would be correct, whilst 
in others, the smooth surface still retains something of the labyrinthine 


SMERINTHUS OCELLATA. 44] 


wrinklings, such as occur in the pupa of A/7mas teliae (Chapman). 

VARIATION IN PUPAL PERIOD. — From August-September to 
May-June may be looked upon as the normal period of pupal 
life, but occasional individuals have only a pupal duration of three 
or four weeks. On the other hand, occasional individuals remain 
two years in the pupal stage before disclosing the imago, ¢.g., Todd 
motes (#17. /17,, vil., p. 61)) the emergence of an imago in 1870 
that passed a second winter in the pupal stage, the only one observed 
out of hundreds of bred and dug pupz; Lane records a ? bred 
June roth, rg900, from a larva taken at Brimsdown in 1898, and 
Hill one bred May zoth from a larva taken at Hythe in 1898. 

FooprLants. — Salix, apple, plum (Linné), dwarf-sallow, 
sallow, willow, apple (Hellins), almost all plants of the natural 
order Aosaceae, also willow, sallow (Merrin), Populus nigra, Salix 
caprea (“Ausham), Salix wviminalis, Populus italica, P. tremula, Prunus 
spinosa, Pyrus communis, P. malus, birch, rarely (Bartel), Salzx 
triandra (Poulton), Cydonia vulgaris (Kroning), Prunus padus 
(Speyer), wild plum (Fenn), fersica vulgaris, Amygdalus com- 
munis (Trimoulet), wild crab (Hewett), Salzx repens (Atmore), 
Populus alba (Harris), privet (James), bramble (Montgomery), 
white aspen (Bouskell), Paradise stock (Pearson). The larve 
often commit considerable damage to the foliage of young 
apple-trees, to which they are said often to transfer themselves from 
Salix caprea; Horvath also notes them as injurious to the apple-trees 
in Hungary. 

ParasitES.—The larve of S. ocellata appear very liable to 
the attacks of ichneumons, some 75 per cent. of those obtained 
on the Norfolk Broads being usually affected (Bacot). The larve 
are greatly affected by ichneumons in the London district, often 
MoOmesepemecent) being tree» inom their attacks; it 1s easy to 
detect those stung as the blue caudal horn becomes green and 
has the appearance of the extreme tip having been bitten off 
(Mera). Amblyteles palliatorius, Grav. (Marshall), Zvrogus lutorius, 
Fab. (Fitch), Microplitis ocellatae, Bouché (-Microplitts tngrata, 
Hal.) (the larve of this species are gregarious, leave their 
host in September, and form their greyish-brown rough cocoons 
closely agglutinated together; in these they remain until the © 
following May or June) (Bignell), /chneumon pisorius, L. (Bouché). 
[A very minute sand-fly, supposed to be a Szmulium, attacks 
the larva of Smerinthus planus in Japan. Pryer records (Z.AZ.M/, 
XX1V., Pp. 156-157) observing one (under the microscope), with 
its proboscis buried in the back of a nearly full-fed larva. 
Hodges records a brood of larve of Smerinthus ocellata des- 
troyed by wasps who cut each larva in two with the jaws, 
carrying off the hind-part first and returning for the caudal 
half. 

ane ate imagines emerge in the early morning, never 
later than 9.30 a.m. (Ransom); they then remain immovable until 
8 p.m. or g p.m., when they suddenly. vibrate their wings and then 
fly (Cowl). A pair of this species taken zz copulé, May 25th, 
1892, remained paired until 7.45 p.m.; at that time the g became 
restless, vibrated his wings rapidly for some seconds, and appeared 
to warn the @ that it was time to separate; the 9? , however, did 


449 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


not stir, and two or three minutes later the ¢ again vibrated his 
wings (more rapidly than at first), and this lasted for about half 
a-minute; this aroused the 2, who set free her companion, the latter 
immediately taking flight. In captivity the imagines generally emerge 
from 6 a.m.—8 a.m. ; immediately their wings are dry, they settle down 
and remain quite still until about 8 p.m., when the ¢s_ begin to fly, 
seeking the 9s, and pairing with them freely in the enclosure in which 
they may be confined. Whilst paired, the insects remain at rest, ap- 
apparently sleeping during the period of copulation, some 22—23 
hours. The couples arrange themselves vertically, the ¢ with its 
head pointing downwards, as other observers have noticed in other 
species. Several pairs were purposely disturbed, but the ¢? almost 
immediately returned to the previous position, and it was con- 
cluded that this was possibly necessary owing to the weight of 
the abdomen of the @. Separation took place in the same manner 
as described above for the first pair, the g vibrating its wings, a 
movement repeated three times before departure, the 9s remaining 
quite still more than half-an-hour after the departure of the ¢ 
before taking flight for the purpose of egglaying (Lambillion). 
Ransom observes that the 9s sometimes pair more than once. 
Newman notes (777. Aec., xi., p.-350): “Whe fs atemenamee 
very readily by a newly-emerged 9, rarely before 1 a.m., but 
between I a.m. and 1.45 a.m., they arrive very rapidly, and are 
so keen in getting to the @ that they may be picked up with the 
fingers.” At rest during the day, they are not very conspicuous; 
on July 7th, 1884, a very fine specimen was observed at rest on 
the edge of a potato-leaf, and in this position it so exactly resembled 
a dried and withered leaf that I was almost deceived, the hindwings 
being hidden under the forewings, whilst the conspicuous ocellated 
spots were not visible (Warner). The imagines are frequently taken at 
light at Lincoln (Musham), and at Ahascragh, commonly (Dillon), 
at the electric lights at High Wycombe (Peachell), and at Chester 
(Arkle) ; they occur. at electric light at Berne (Hiltbold), and three 
examples were taken at electric light at Borshom by H.R.H. 
Prince Nicolas Romanoff. Rothke records the imagines as 
sometimes, but very rarely, visiting flowers of an evening, like the 
Sphingids, resting by day on the stems or among the leaves of 
trees (deste Bartel). Cross-pairing ofa g S. ocellata witha 2 AZimas 
tiliae has been recorded by Herfert, and hybrid ¢lzae § xX ocellata 
? have been bred (see azfed, p. 391). Crosses of g astylus X Q 
ocellata are fruitful (loc. cit, p. 392), whilst those of ocellata $ xX 
populi 9 are common (/oc. cit.), on one occasion a ¢g was found 
paired with a 9 A. pfopuli in Princes Park, Liverpool, May 28th, 1860, 
The reciprocal cross is very rare (/oc. czt., p. $95). 

Hapitat.—The species appears not to be particular as to 
its habitat; in gardens in the London suburbs, where a newly- 
emerged @ placed on a shrub in the early evening is almost sure 
to be found with a partner in the morning; in gardens and orchards 
on fruit-trees in Kent, Hereford, the Burton-on-Trent district, 
&c.; by the sides of ditches on the marshes along the banks of the 
Thames, on marshy land at Enniskillen, Sandwich, on Wicken 
and the other Cambridgeshire fens, on the coast sandhills at 
Instow, Deal, &c. ; on Strensall Common abundant, and on the open 


SMERINTHUS OCELLATA. 443 


common at Fleet ; hedgerows, by roadsides and the outskirts of woods, 
are some of the many different habitats affected by this species 
throughout the greater part of England and Ireland. Its range, how- 
ever, is remarkable, for common as is the species locally as far north 
as Grange-over-Sands in Lancashire, in parts of Cumberland and York- 
shire, it becomes exceedingly rare in Durham and Northumberland, 
and the whole of the records from Scotland number fewer than half- 
a-dozen single individuals, although Stainton notices the species from 
as far north as Sutherland, a record, however, that has never since 
been confirmed. 

TIME OF APPEARANCE.—May and June are the usual months in 
which the imagines appear, although in early years emergences may 
take place in April and in late ones in July, usually, however, this 
species appears a little later than either W7mas taltae or Amorpha popull. 
Occasional second brood examples are recorded in August and 
September. Fritsch gives dates for Austro-Hungary from April 30th to 
July 12th, and notes 3 second-brood specimens from Biala, September 
zoth—3oth and another from Innsbruck, September 3oth, whilst 
Galvagni caught a g August 11th, 1899, in the Brenner district. 
The following data are interesting : April at Novorossiisk on the 
Black Sea, April and May in the Loire-Inférieure, May 31st, 
tgo0o, at Pont de VArche (Dupont), May in Brussa, Fiume, 
Hermannstadt and Augsburg, May and June in most German 
and Austrian localities, Belgium, &c., May 25th, 1898, at 
Namur (Lambillion), May to July in Brunswick, Leipzig, and 
the Baltic provinces, June 1st, 1897, at Lyngor (Strand), June in 
Borshom, Lombardy, Mulhausen, Crefeld, Upper Austria, &c., 
June 3rd, 1896, at Postlingberg (Himsl), June and July at 
Schwerin, &c. The following suggest more or less partial double- 
broodedness. April to August at Budapest, May to August at 
Grumazesti (Caradja), May and August generally in France 
(Berce), May and August in Alsace (Peyerimhoff), April, 
June, and August-September, in Tuscany (Curo), May and 
September ‘in Seine-Inférieure (Viret) ; May-June and August 
in the Haute-Garonne (Caradja), June and August at Bremen 
(Rehberg), July, August at Aix-les-Bains (Agassiz), July to 
September at Eutin (Dahl). The occasional British second-brooded 
examples that have been recorded in our magazines, &c., will be 
found among the following dates of capture, &c.: Imagines May 
28th, 1847, at Brighton, and June 12th, 1849, at Holm Bush, 
eggs at Cuckfield, July 31st, 1857, very probably those of 
znd brood, these hatched August 4th, on August 6th nearly full- 
grown larve also taken on sallow, these went down on August rath, 
on which date other large larve were found (Merrifield) ; imagines 
June roth, 1855, at Chelsea, and July rst—r1oth, 1855, at Chertsey 
(Clarke); six pairs bred August rath, 1857, and following days 
from eggs hatched rst week in June, 1857, larve from _ the 
August imagines were fullfed by the end of September, 1857 
(Allchin); June rst, 1858, at Barnstaple (Mathew); June rst— 
rith, 1858, at Machynlleth (Alington); June rst, 1859, at Stoke 
Newington, July znd, 1859, at Thames Ditton, larve obtained 
September, 1860, at Deal, produced imagines which emerged May 
24th—June 27th, 1861, imagines captured or bred May 23rd, 1863, 


444 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


May 23rd, 1365, May 1st, 1876, June 7th and sth) 13éoqeyie 
r8th—July 4th, 1888, May 14th—June 12th, 1889, June 8th, 1892, 
May 2gth, 1893, June 6th and 7th, 1896, all at Lee (Fenn) ; a partial 
second brood, diminutive and poor in colour emerged on August 25th, 
1859, and following days at-Wakefield (Talbot); June 15th, 1860, 
at Mansfield (Brameld); April gth—r15th bred at Worcester 
(Edmunds); May roth, 186€1, from pupe found at Tottenham 
(Huckett); June 18th, 1867, a 9 on wing at Eltham, May 2oth, 
1008, a 2 atirest on grass at Vilgate, July 12th> 1373 eon 
wing in Dartford Marshes, June arth, 1377, 3 ds atelieieem 
Wicken Ken CA. YHe jones); May 20th, 1870, June rothye nage mer 
rest on apple-tree, June 22nd, 1878, at roadside lamp, June 15th, 
1887, at rest on fence (obtained ova which hatched June 24th), June 
25th, 1894, two imagines on apple at Lee (Bower); June 4th, 1870, 
one netted in a garden at Odiham, May 3oth, 1873, at Reading 
(Holland); June 4th, 1870, from a larva that pupated August 
26th, 1869, another June 12th, 1888, from a larva that pupated 
Auswst 15th, 1387, at Kingsmill (Watkins) 3” |une irr theeme gee 
at Wanstead, May 18th, 1885, at Rainham (Burrows); g September 
Ist, 1874, from larva that pupated July 31st, 1874, at Walton-at- 
Stone (Hodges); June 15th, 1877, at Instow (Buckler) ; June 17th, 
1870, at Rugby (Solly); May, 21st, 1884, at Chichesteran@ameder 
son); June 1th, 1888, at~ Bristol (Bartlett); july 24tneeoue 
1888, at Bristol (Griffiths); September 17th, 1880, larve fullfed at Bal- 
laugh-Curraghs, imagines appeared the following May (Clarke) ; June 
2oth, 1890, July roth, 1896, May 28th, 1900, at Mansfield, May 2oth 
to end of June 1899, at Penzance (Daws) ; from larve reared in con- 
finement imagines emerged May 23rd-31st, 1891, and May 6th-roth, 
1893, at Ealing, May 18th, 1897, at Polegate (Montgomery); June 
1gth, 1891, at Lincoln (Mackonochie) ; larvae August, 1891, on 
sallow, emerged May 27th-June i1th, 1892 (Prout); May z5th- 
29th, 1892, at Wisbech (Glenny); May roth, 1892, at Clapton 
(Bacot) ; May 26th, 1892, at Llandogo (Nesbitt); May 2gth, 1892, 
May roth, 1893, May 18th, 1898, at Reading (Butler); June 27th- 
20th, 1892, at Abbotts Wood (Porritt); May* 5th) xcesieean 
Chiswick (Sich); May gth, 1893, on the sandhills at Port ‘Talbot, 
Swansea (Robertson); one netted May zoth, 1893, June 5th-r4th, 
1894, May 28th-June 6th, 1895, at Enniskillen (Brown); May 
24th, 1893, at Tottenham (Clark); September 1893, one imago 
from an egg laid in the spring of 1893, at St. Leonards (Esam) ; May 
25th, 1894, May 17th, 23rd, June 2nd, 13th, roth and 26th, 1696, 
May 24th-June rath, 1897, May 25th, 1897, at Carlisle (Day); June 
Ist, 1894, at Hayton Moss (Bowman); June 14th, 1894, at East 
Torrington, June 12th, 1896, at Legsby (Raynor); July 28th, 1894, at 
Worcester Park (Kaye); May 15th, 1895, at West Dulwich (Fletcher) ; 
May 23rd, 1895, at light at Rugeley (Freer); May 1895, at light 
at Ipswich (Pyett); June 11th, 1895, June 3rd—r4th, 1896, at 
Worcester (Rea); April 16th, 1896, at Stratford-on-Avon (Frohawk) ; 
April 24th-May oth, 1896, from larve at Herne Bay, September 
5th, 1895, June 22nd, 1896, at light at High Wycombe (Peachell) ; 
June 16th, 1398, June gth, 1899, at Chelmsford (Miller); pair 2 copula 
at Enniskillen, May 23rd, 1896 (Allen); May 26th-31st, 1896, May 
28th, June 3rd-4th, 1900, at Oxton, one forced March 31st, 1897 


SMERINTHUS OCELLATA. 445 


(Studd); June 4th and rs5th, 1896, at light at Bath (Greer); June 
2oth-July roth, 1896, at Mansfield, May zoth-June 28th, 1897, at Paul 
(Daws); larve September 8th, 1896, imagines emerged May 23rd, 
1897, at Llanstephan (Newland); imago emerged from pupa May 
HoMieseoo 7, june sth, 1397, at rest, June rath, 1898, June 2xst; 
1898, at light at. Newtown (Tetley); June 6th, 1897, June 7th, 
1898, also bred May 6th-26th, 1898, at Carlisle (Wilkinson); June 
miintoo7, af at light at Sydenham (Swain); June, 1897, 
at Aldershot (Bland); July 6th, 1897, in Norfolk Broads (Free- 
Mit sNuesust 25th, 1697, at. Eccleston Mere, Jume oth, 1000, at 
Winster (Cotton); May 28th-June roth, 1898, from larve obtained 
August, 1897, at Fleet, June 6th-1roth, 1898, from larve obtained 
September z2nd-4th, 1897, June 3rd, 1899, from larvez obtained Sep- 
tember 4th, 1898, at Southend near Catford, June 8th and 17th, 
1899, from pupz obtained October 4th, 1898, at Fleet (Russell); June 
and, 1898, at rest on a rhododendron leaf, others bred May 3oth to 
June 5th, 1898, at Enfield (Edelsten); June 4th-11th, 1898, at Brem- 
hill (Eddrup) ; June 7th, 1898, at Leicester (Dixon) ; June 26th-3oth, 
1898, on sandhills between Waxham and Horsey (Cox); June 8th, 
gth and 13th, 1899, at Dawlish (Rogers); June gth, 1899, July 
Mid EGoo, inom sudbury pupe, july 1st, 7th, sth, 1oce, from 
York pupe (Hewett); June 21st, 1899, at Bournemouth (Cowl) ; 
larve at Norwich pupated July, 1899, an imago emerging August 
roth, 1899 (Laddiman); larve August, 1899, imagines June 8th, 
tgoo, in New Forest (Moberly); June roth, 1900, from larva at 
Brimsdown in 1898 (Lane); May 2zoth, 1900, from larva at Hythe 
in 1898 (Hill); June 8th, 17th and a2r1st, 1900, at Chilwell ( Pear- 
son) ; May 22nd, rg901, at Cranbrook (Marshall) ; June 3rd, 
Ig01, at High Cummersdale (Thwaytes) ; ova June 5th, 1901, 
produced larve that pupated July rath, rgoz, imagines (6 9s) from 
August gth-20th, 1go1, in the Dorking district (Oldaker) ; June 2oth, 
Igo, at light at Haverstock Hill (Hopson); September 2nd, 1900, a 3 
and ? at Sudbury from ova laid in spring, this ? laid ova that hatched 
September rgth, but larve died for want of food (Ransom); September 
2nd, 1901, from larva that pupated July 23rd, 1901, at Henley-on- 
Thames (Stearns). Of 200 (out of 384) larve hatched on June 
8th, 1898, the first went down on July 8th, 30 days after 
hatching, and 8 days later pupation was completed; the pupe, kept 
in an unheated room, were placed on a bed of “heather” mould 
and covered with moss; the first imago emerged on May 27th, 
1899, and the emergences were continuous for 15 days—177 perfect 
imagines and a score of cripples (Lambillion). 


LOCALITIES. — Widely distributed in Ireland, but usually scarce (Kane), 
exceedingly rare in Scotland, and only occurring occasionally in odd specimens. 
[ABERDEEN : Fyvie (Sim), rare at Aberdeen (Traill).] ARMAGH: Armagh (Johnson). 
BrpForD: Bedford (Steuart). BERKS: Reading (Butler), Burghfield, Bulmershe 
Park, Midgham, nr. Newbury (Holland), Hurst (Groome), Newbury (Beales). BRECON | 
(Tutt coll.). Bucks: High Wycombe (Peachell), Burnham Beeches (Williamson), 
Halton, common, Wavendon, nr. Newport Pagnel (Stainton). CAMBRIDGE: common 
throughout Fen dist. (Balding), Fulborne (Henderson), Wicken (Mitchell), Cambridge 
(Waters), Wisbech (Glenny). CARMARTHEN: Llanstephan (Newland), Langharne 
(Kaye). CARNARVON: near Deganwy (Gardner), Abersoch, common (Day). 
CHESHIRE: common throughout (Ellis), Hoylake (G. O. Day), Chester, very common, 
Delamere (Arkle), Wirrall, frequent (Gardner), Wallasey sandhills (Galliers), 
Birkenhead (Stainton). CLARE; Ennis (Brakey). CoRK; Mallow (Newland), Timo- 


446 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


league, not common, Glandore, Courtmacsherry, common (Donovan). CORNWALL: 
Land’s End (Mera), Penzance dist., common, Paul (Daws). CUMBERLAND: tolerably 
abundant (Day), Carlisle district, common (Wilkinson), rather rare at Keswick (Beadle), 
Cockermouth (Robinson), Orton, Cummersdale, Durdar (F. H. Day), Hayton Moss 
(Bowman), Lake district (Stainton). DENBIGH: Colwyn Bay (Newstead). DERBY: 
fairly common in southern part of county (Payne), Staveley district (Hooke), common 
Burton-on-Trent district (Brown), Bretby Lane (Harris). DEvon: Honiton district 
(Riding), Topsham, occasional (Kane), Oxton, not common (Studd), Instow (Buckler), 
Exeter (Morgan), Sidmouth (Majendie), Dawlish (Rogers), Plymouth (Basden- 
Smith), Barnstaple (Mathew), Ilfracombe (Gardner), Dartmoor (Gummer), Teign- 
mouth (Stainton). DORSET: common throughout (Dale), West Bournemouth 
(Robertson), Blandford (Stainton). DUMFRIES : Dumfries (Lennon). DUBLIN : Phoenix 
Park (Rathbone). DURHAM: singly only (Robson), Darlington (Sang), Swalwell 
(Nowell), Crimdon Cut nr. Hartlepool (Gardner), Hartlepool (Fleetham), Darn’s Head, 
Axwell (Hedworth). Essrx: generally common (Harwood), Shoeburyness (Mera), 
Chingford (Henderson), Harwich (Mathew), Woodford (Bishop), Chelmsford (Miller), 
Bulmer, Henny, Sudbury district, common (Ransom), Wanstead, Brentwood, 
Rainham, Southend (Burrows), East Barkwith, Hazeleigh (Raynor), Eastwood 
(Whittle), Isle of Dogs (Woolley), Colchester (Harwood), Theydon, Loughton 
(Lane), Ilford (Adams), Epping (Quail), Hackney Marshes (Clark), Feering Bury, not 
common (Reid), FERMANAGH: Enniskillen (Allen). FLINT: Overton, occasional 
(Perkins). GALWay: Clonbrock, Ahascragh, very abundant locally (Dillon), Gal- 
way (Kane). GLAMORGAN: Port Talbot, Swansea (Robertson). GLOUCESTER: Kings- 
mill, Painswick (Watkins), Bristol dist.—generally distributed but not common 
(Hudd), Cheltenham, Charlton Kings, Prestbury (Robertson), Tewkesbury, sparingly 
(Fox). Hants: Niton (Sich), Gosport, Portsea, common (Pearce), New Forest, 
Brockenhurst (Mitchell), Southampton (Burchell), Christchurch (Adye), Ringwood 
(Fowler), Scrogg’s Bottom, Aldershot (Bland), Fleet (Russell), Odiham, Pamber 
Forest, Hartley Row (Holland), Winchester, Basingstoke (Holdaway), Winchfield 
(Robertson), Burghclere (Alderson), Bournemouth (Cowl), Lyndhurst (Hewett), 
Romsey (Buckell), Horndean (Hawker), Sandown (Prout) HEREFORD: Leominster 
(Hutchinson), Tarrington (Wood). HeERrs: Hertford (Stephens), Walton-at- 
Stone (Hodges), Hitchin, Knebworth (Grifhth), Bushey Heath (Burraud), Enfield 
Lock, rare (Bowles). Hunts: St. Ives (Norris). ISLE oF MAN: Sulby, Bal- 
laugh Curraghs, Cranstal, Lochbride, Kirkbride, Ramsay (Clarke). KENT : 
Rochester and Chatham dist., not common (Chaney), Strood (Latchmore), 
Ramsgate (Willson), Dover (Walker), Folkestone, common (Bryne), Wye, 
Ashford (Theobald), Sydenham (Swain), Crocken Hill, Lee, Eltham (Bower), 
Abbey Wood, Dartford (Jones), Sheerness (Fletcher), Herne Bay (Peachell), 
Bexley (Newman), Deal (Fenn), Brockley (Turner), Gravesend, abundant 
(Jennings), Hythe (Hill), Cranbrook (Marshall), Southend near Catford 
(Russell), Tenterden, very common (Stainton), Higham, Greenwich marshes (Tutt), 
Lewisham (West). LANCS: common throughout (Ellis), freely in north 
Lancashire (Murray), St. Anne’s-on-Sea, common (Baxter), Southport (Porritt), 
Hulme (Adamson), Prescot (Freeman), Dutton (Shuttleworth), Chat Moss 
(Auld), Winster, Eccleston Mere (Cotton), Limbrick, near Chorley (Whit- 
taker), Liverpool (Harker), Grange-over-Sands (Booth), Warrington (Collins), 
Manchester, Preston (Stainton). LEICESTER : Loughborough (Moss), Leicester, 
Bradgate, Croft, common (Headly), Gumley, Queniborough, Aylestone (Bouskell). 
LimMeERICK : Limerick (Bristow). LINCOLN: Hartsholme, common (Carr), Lincoln 
(Musham), Panton, Legsby, East Torrington (Raynor), Great Grimsby (Dawson). 
MERIONETH : Harlech dist. (Graves). MIDDLESEX: Clapton very abundant (Ogden), 
Bloomsbury (Brit. Mus, Coll.), Tottenham (Coste), Chiswick Park (Cockerell), 
Enfield (Skyes), Hampstead Heath (Henderson), Hammersmith (Allchin), Kingsbury 
(Godwin), Mill Hill (South), Bedford Park (Gray), Isleworth (Meyers), Crouch 
End, Highgate (James), Perivale, Ealing (Montgomery), Ponders End, Chelsea 
(Clarke), Neasden (Phillips), Twickenham (Burrows), Tottenham marshes (Sheldon), 
Harrow dist., common (Rhoades-Smith), Camden Town (Newbery), Gunnersbury 
(Mitchell), Wandsworth (Galloway), Kilburn, Willesden (Wormald), Hendon (South), 
Lea Valley, Southall (Battley), Walham Green (Dawe), Ealing (Fenton), Hornsey Rise 
(Riches), Brimsdown (Lane). MONMoutTH : Llandogo (Nesbitt). MONTGOMERY : 
Newtown (Tetley), Machynlleth (Alington). Norro_tk: Aylsham, the Broads 
(Freeman), Ipswich (Pyett), King’s Lynn (Atmore), Horning Ferry (James), Barton 
(Sheldon), Fakenham (Woolhouse), Norwich (Harris), Waxham, Horsey (Cox). 
NORTHAMPTON : Northampton (Imms), Kettering (Sturgess), Peterborough 
(Morley). NORTHUMBERLAND: singly only (Robson), Wylam-on-the-Tyne 


SMERINTHUS OCELLATA, 447 


(Rhagg). NorTTiInGHAM : Newark (Hewett), Mansfield (Daws), Chilwell, Lowd- 
ham (Pearson), Nottingham (Whittaker), OxForD: Chinnor (Spiller), Oxford 
(James), Hardwick, Caversham (Holland), Cuddenden (Eddrup), Henley-on-Thames 
(Stearns), Standlake (Warner). PEMBROKE: Pembroke, common (Barrett). Rox- 
BURGH : Hawick dist. Howgate, one (Guthrie), RUTLAND: Uppingham (Bell). 
SHROPSHIRE: Market Drayton dist., common (Woodforde), Shrewsbury (Stainton). 
SOMERSET: Taunton (Farrant), Wellington (Milton), Bath (Greer), Bristol coalfield 
dist., generally distributed but not common (Hudd), Castle Cary, frequent 
(Macmillan). STAFFORD: common in north Stafford (Daltry), scarce at Rugeley 
(Freer), Stone (Masefield), Market Drayton dist., common (Woodforde). SUFFOLK: 
somewhat common (Bloomfield), Waldringfield, Lowestoft (James), Sudbury district 
(Ransom), Bungay (Groome), Stowmarket (Crewe). SURREY : Wimbledon (Whittle), 
Frimley (Newland), Worcester Park (Kaye), Richmond (Clark), Chertsey (Clarke), 
King’s Wood, nr. Reigate (Phillips), Dulwich (Helps), West Dulwich (Fletcher), 
Leatherhead (Briggs), Barnes (Sich), Croydon (Sheldon), Stoke Wood, Oxshott 
(Pickett), Wisley (Carr), Dorking district (Oldaker), Kingston-on - Thames 
(Cooper), Gipsy Hill (Wells), Streatham (Henderson), Thames Ditton (Fenn). 
SUSSEX; Chichester (Anderson), Hailsham (James), Polegate, Eastbourne (Mont- 
gomery), Tilgate(A. H. Jones), rather common, Brighton, Hayward’s Heath, Lewes, 
Battle, &c. (James), Worth (Silvester), Holm Bush, Cuckfield (Merrifield), Groom- 
bridge (Blaber), Bognor (Lloyd), Bersted, Worthing (Fletcher), St. Leonard’s (Esam), 
- Hastings district, somewhat common (Bloomfield). [SUTHERLAND (Stainton). ] 
WARWICK: Stratford-on-Avon (Frohawk), Rugby (Solly), Birmingham (Imms), 
Harborne (Harrison). WESTMEATH: Cromlyn (Battersby), L. Iron, common 
(Kane), Mullingar, common (Middleton). WESTMORLAND : occurs freely in 
the districts bordering north Lancashire (Murray), Kendal district (Moss). 
WIcKLOoW: Tinahely (Bristow), Wicklow (Kane). WuLts: Calne, Bremhill 
(Eddrup). WORCESTER: very common, Worcester, etc. (Rea), Malvern Wells dist. 
(Mason). YORK: very abundant near York, especially so on Strensall Common 
in 1894 (Walker), Shefheld (Doncaster), Wakefield (Talbot), Wilford (Whittaker), 
Hull district, Wold Carr (Boult), Askern (S.D.B.), Askham Bog (Prest), Barnsley 
(Harrison), Bishop’s Wood (Tyers), Bramham, common (Smith), Horsforth (Pickles), 
Huddersfield, rare (Porritt), Pannal (Roebuck), Pontefract (Hartley), Richmond (Lang), 
Scarborough, very common (Stainton), Skipwith, common (Ash), Doncaster (Corbett), 
Everingham, abundant (Sumner), Cudworth (Whitaker), Market Weighton (Hewett). 


DISTRIBUTION.—Distributed over Europe, occurs rarely in Asia Minor 
and south-west Siberia. In eastern Asia replaced by S. planus, which may be 
only a local variety taking the place of S. ocel/ata ;_ similarly S. atlanticus may 
be considered as only a local Mauretanian form of S. ocellata. Asta: Siberia 
(Pallas), north-west Asia Minor — Brussa, Olympus (Mann), north-east Asia 
Minor—Amasia; Govts. Tobolsk, Tomsk, Uralsk, Turgai, Turkestan, Akmolinsk, 
Semipalatinsk, Saisan district (Staudinger). AUSTRO-HUNGARY : ‘Tyrol, not 
common (Hinterwaldner), Brenner district (Galvagni), Lavantthal (H6fner), Taufers, 
Innsbruck (Weiler), Upper Carinthia and Salzburg (Nickerl), Upper Styria—St. 
Lambrecht (Kodermann), Carniola—Nanos-Berg, nr. Wippach, Carinthia — 
Friesach (¢este Bartel); Bukovina, everywhere (Hormuzaki), Pressburg (Rozsay), 
Neu Sandec (Klemensiewicz), Stanislawow (Werchratski), Briinn (Miller), Her- 
mannstadt (Czekelius), Epiries, common (Husz), Kocsocz (Vangel), Gdélnitz 
(Hudak), Galicia—-Syklo (Garbowski), Tarnow, Lemberg, Brody (Nowicki), 
Lower Austria — Vienna, Bohemia — Carlsbad, Moravia — Mahrisch-Triibau, 
Ungarisch-Brod, Hungary, everywhere common—Transylvania, Nagy-’Ag or 
Nosag, Kaschau, Rosenau, Neusohl, Raab, Budapest, Fiinfkirchen, Josefsthal, 
Croatia (teste Bartel), Fiume (Mann), Upper <Austria—Inn Valleys, somewhat 
rare, Linz, Postlingberg, Buchenau, Hagen, Plesching (Himsl). BELGIumM: very 
common throughout (Lambillion), Rochefort (Carlier), Namur, abundant (Colignon). 
CHANNEL ISLES: rare (Luft), Jersey (Breton). DENMARK: rather common 
(Bang-Haas). FINLAND: distributed (Lampa). FRANCE: common (Berce), Haute- 
Garonne, common, but not above the hill-region (Caradja), Puy-de-Déme 
(Guillemot), Doubs (Bruand), Loire-Inférieure, common—La Chapelle-stir-Erdre, 
Nantes, Savenay, Ancenis (Bonjour), near Paris (Walker), Pont de l’Arche 
(Dupont), Aube (Jourdheuille), Calvados (Fauvel), Douai (Foucart), Berry and 
Auvergne (Sand), Var (Cantener), Morbihan (Griffith), Gironde (Trimoulet), Aude 
(Mabille), Saone-et-Loire (Constant), Seine-Inférieure, common (Viret), St. Quentin 
(Dubus), Sarthe (Desportes), Meurthe, Meuse (Speyer), Savoy—Aix-les-Bains (A gas- 
siz), Corsica (¢este Bartel) GERMANY: not rare (Heinemann), general in north- 
west (Jordan), Silesia, common (Assmann), Ratisbon (Schmid), Pomerania, everywhere 


448 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


- 


common (Hering), Dessau (Richter), Hanover, not rare (Glitz), Thuringia, every- 
where—Erfurt, Gotha (Knapp), Eutin (Dahl), Frankfort-on-Oder (Kretschmer), 
Brunswick (Heinemann), Wernigorode (Fischer), Rhine Palatinate (Bertram), 
Bremen dist., distributed but not common (Rehberg), Wurtemberg—Stuttgart 
(Seyffler), Chemnitz (Pabst), Nassau (Roéssler), Baden—Constance, Carlsruhe (Reutti), 
Giessen (Dickore), Lower Elbe dist. (Zimmermann), Waldeck (Speyer), Zeitz-on-the- 
Elster (Wilde), Halle-a.-S., singly (Stange), Munich, common—Isarauen, Schleiss- 
heim (Kranz), Rudolstadt (Meurer), Saxon Upper Lusatia (Schtitze), Upper 
Lusatia (Moeschler), Dresden, common _ (Steinert), Prussia (Schmidt), 
Schwerin - Mecklenburg, common, Sylt Island, Crefeld dist., not rare— 
Wollicher, Oppumer, Bahndamm, MHiilersbruch, etc.; Barmen, Elberfeld, 
Ahrthal, Cassel, Leipzig, common, Augsburg, common, Kempten, 
Frankfort-on-Main, Wiesbaden, Wetterau, Trier, Bavarian Palatinate (deste 
Bartel), Alsace—Mulhausen, &c. (Peyerimhoff), Colberg on Baltic coast (Sich), 
Heligoland (Gatke), Berlin dist., common (Pftitzner), Hildesheim, not rare (Grote). 
ITALY: throughout (Curd), Modena (Fiori), throughout Tuscany, not common, 
Roman Campagna (Calberla), Lombardy, Piedmont, Liguria, Montagna de 
Matese, Sardinia, Corsica (Zeste Bartel). NETHERLANDS : common throughout 
(Snellen), Breda, somewhat common (Heylaerts). PORTUGAL (¢este Bartel). 
ROUMANIA : somewhat common, Grumazesti, &c. (Caradja), Comanesti 
(Leon). Russta: Baltic provinces, throughout, but not common, Dorpat, Neu- 
Kasseritz, nr. Werro (Nolcken), Lapland, rare, govts. Archangel, Oblonez (teste 
Bartel), Moscow provinces (Albrecht), St. Petersburg (Erschoff and Feild), Volga 
dist., not rare (Eversmann), Cracow (Zebrawski), Kurland, govts. Pskow, Mogilew 
—Gorki, Wolynien, govts. Kijew, Poland — Kamenez- Podolskii, Bessarabia, 
govts. Cherson, Jekaterinoslaw, Poltawa—Lubny, Charkow, Orel, Kaluga, Tambow, 
Lower Volga dist., Kasan dist., not rare, Simbirsk, Ufa, Orenburg dist., Samara, 
Saratov, Astrachan — Sarepta, Noworossiisk on the Black Sea (deste Bartel), 
Transcaucasia—BorjOm (itomanoff), Manglis (Sievers). SCANDINAVIA: fairly 
common to 61° N. lat., very rare farther north (Aurivillius), Sweden — Skania, 
Upland, Tornea, southern Norway (Lampa), Lapponia Tornensis (Zetterstedt), 
Norway—Christiania, Drammen, Odalen, rare, Naes Vaerk (Siebke), Lyng6r (Strand), 
Saeterstoen (Chapman). SPAIN: Bilbao (Seebold), Malaga (Rambur), Santiago 
(Velado), Barcelona — Lobregat and Besés dist. (Cunt y Martorell), Catalonia 
(Martorell y Pena). SWITZERLAND: widely distributed, but at no great height in 
the mountains (Frey), Gadmenthal 20ooft.—25o0oft. (Ratzer), Glarus, nr. Biel (Heer), 
Grisons (Killias), Bern (Hiltbold), Bechburg (Riggenbach-Stehlin), Ziirich dist., 
somewhat common—Mettmenstatten, Nurensdorf, Weisslingen (Dietrich). 


SMERINTHUS HYBR. HYBRIDUS, Stephens. 

SYNONYMY.—Hybrid: AHydridus, Stphs., ‘‘ List. Br. An. Br. Mus.,”’ p. 26 
(1850); Staud., “Cats,” ast ed.) p. 16 (861); 2nd ed. op: 37 (1é71)i) gedmeoumm 
gg (1901)\;9¢ Berl, Ents Zeits:.;*) xvil.;-p. 149 (1é7a)5 iloges) * OV erin yc eae 
Hamb,”” 1, p: I4i (1871)5 Strecker, ** cep: IKhop.. and Elet:,?? py Oonmplemvaiaguae 
15 (18723), Ziegler, “Berl. Ent. Zeits.,77) xxxvi.) Sitz. 7p. xl (1892)e mores 
‘cPiandbuch,’”, "&c., p. 54 (1896); <“* Bull. Soc, Ent. Hr,” oer ppye7—aG 
(igor) ; Wisk., ““ Nests. Ver: Schles. Ins. Bres..”” p. 109 (1897);) Spulen sem: 
Bad.,”? 2nd ed., p. 40 (1898); Frings, “Soc. Ent:,” xv., p. 164 (1901)> wBanter 
‘¢ Die Paleeark. Gross-Schmett.,’’ li., p. 176 (1900); Prout, ‘‘ Ent. Rec.,”’ xiii, p: 
323 (1901); Schultz, ‘‘Berl. Ent. Zeits.,”’ xlv., Sitz. p. 29 (1900). Ocellata (us) 
x popult, House, ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,” 1842, pp. 193—194 (1842); ‘ Ent. 
Wk. Int.,”’ iv., pp. 77—78 (1858); Westd., ‘‘ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,’’ pp. 195 
et seq., pl. xi., fig. 1° (1842); Humph. and) Westd., ** But) Moths) span 
fig. 10 (1842); Hague, ‘“Ent. Wk. Int.,” i, pp. 188, 197 (1857); Hagen, 
loc. cit., iv., p. 77 (1858) 3 Adamson, foc: cri.) iv... pp: 117, Teayeneeue 
Galliers, doc. czt.,. viii., p. 75° (1860); .x., p..100 (1861); Birch., ‘‘Rept. Bnt. 
Assn.,:’ 1870, pp. 111-112 (1871); Talbot, “*Ent.,” v., p. 450 (1871); Chawnenwer 
Cit., Viz Pp. 147 (1872)5 Porritt, “Ent: Mo. Mag.,” x1, pp. 110; Thyeimagee 
sriggs. ‘* Ent.,” xiv., p. 217, fig. (1881); Kirby, doc. cét., pp. 253—254 (1881); 
Eckstein, ‘‘ Ber. Oberhess. Gesell. Natur.,” xxvi., p. 54, pl. ii., fig. 4 (1888) ; ‘Illus. 
Zeits. f. Ent.,’* iv.,"p: 332 (1899); Kark, “Ent. Rec.,” 1; pp. :202—203 (@uogys 
Tutt, Zoc..ezt., p. -203 (1890),;- Donitz, “Berl. Ent. Zeits..7? xxxvic. 7 Site 
edn ((bespayioe [ke yma MOTE oy Brit,,”’ u.,.7p. 10, ‘pl. xli.> fig. “2 (0893)/5eeamaees 
‘¢ Hist, Brit. Hawk-Moths,’’ p. .25 (1993);  Bacot, “Ent. IRec.,””: vi. sppesage 
—181 (1895); viii., p. 318 (1896); ix., p. 299 (1897); x., pp. 7, 188 (1898) 
Prout, “° Ent,; Rec.,” xi. 9p. 266° (190ml); 


SMERINTHUS HYBR. HYBRIDUS, 449 


NATURAL PAIRINGS.—Very few records of the two _ species 
pairing in nature are extant. Koch observes (/ndo-Aust. Lep., p. 
32) a & S. ocellata found zn cop. with a 2 A. populi on the park 
palings at Frankfort-on-Main by C. Schneider. Foucart notes 
G@a7 cp. Douar) that Deligny exposed a @9..of A. . populs 
with the intention of attracting a g, and found it paired with a 
g S. ocellata. On May 28th, 1860, a g S. ocellata was found 
paired with a @ A. populi in Princes Park, Liverpool. 

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.—Stephens named this cross hybridus 
without describing the form. His name was given to one of the 
individuals described by House (Zrans. Ent. Soc. London, 1842, pp. 
194-195), and figured by Westwood. House writes: “I always keep 
my subterranean chrysalides in large garden pots, filled within about - 
two inches of the brim with hight sandy loam, hooped over the top with 
wire and covered with gauze, leaving a space of 8 or 10 inches from 
the mould to the top of the wires. When S. oce/lata began coming 
out (having them in one of these pots, and S. popu’ in another), 
I, every evening, before dark or twilight, took out the 9s of S. 
ocellata, one or two, not more, and put them in the pot with 
3 popult, and vice versa, and then placed the two pots closely side 
_by side in the garden or window for the night, so that the 2 of 
each species formed an attraction to its own g, while the g could 
only gain access to the 9 of the other species. By this means I 
obtained five broods of eggs of S. populi impregnated with ocellata 
and one of S. ocel/ata impregnated with populz; only about 30 eggs 
of one of the former broods hatched, about the middle of June last; 
of these, I reared nineteen caterpillars to perfection, which went 
underground in about a month or five weeks, and, in August last 
(1837), twelve of the moths came out perfect, the other seven being 
still in the pupal stage, and will, in all probability, come out in May 
next. The insects thus obtained are as near alike to each other 
as any species with which I am acquainted, and are as nearly 
intermediate as one can conceive. The power of reproduction is 
completely lost, as they appear to be as nearly intermediate between 
the sexes as between the species, and evidently partake of the 
mabure of both sexes, for, as proof, every freshly-bred insect of 
the genus Smerinthus on being touched discharges copiously a 
fluid which, in the g, is pure white, and in the @ of a yellow 
or ochre colour. These specimens discharged, at the same motion, 
first the white and then the ochre fluid, quite distinct, and _ this 
compound discharge was quite uniform in every specimen, which 
is never the case in any true species or sex. I had often indulged 
in fanciful ideas respecting this production, but 1 never conceived 
such an unfinished painting as it is; this is not nature improved 
by art, but nature sadly defaced by art, as the beauty of both species 
is, in great measure, lost. I took care to provide myself with eggs 
of both species, which should hatch at the same time as_ the 
hybrids, for the sake of comparison ; in their infant state, no difference 
was observable between them and fopulz, very little in their second 
stage, more, however, in the third, and finally they were more 
like ocellata than populit. The pupa differed as much from either, 
yet as much resembled both, as the moth. Whether such a pro- 
duction has ever been obtained before or not, I am totally ignorant 


2 E 


450 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


as I have never had the advantage of studying any work on 
entomology.” 

Imaco.—The insects are as near alike to each other as any 
species with which I am acquainted, and are as nearly inter- 
mediate (between ocel/lata and jpopuli) as one can _ conceive 
(House). In the outline of the wings the character is intermediate 
between the two species, the external margin being nearly similar 
in its general figure to that of oce//ata, but notched, although far 
less strongly than in jpopult, The markings of the forewings 
are almost identical with those of popu/z, the outer margin of the 
dark discoidal central broad bar is more irregular, and is succeeded 
by two waved fasciz, the first of which is less conspicuous than 
the other. The markings of the hindwings, on the contrary, more 
nearly resemble those of oce//ata, the pink colour of the base is, 
however, exchanged for the dark ferruginous colour as in fopulz, 
extending more generally over the wing than in the latter species. 
In the place, however, of the beautiful and clearly marked grey, 
silvery, blue and black eye of oce/lata, there is a large indistinctly 
suffused black patch, in which is an obscurely defined dark leaden- 
coloured eyelet. On this pair of wings are no traces of the trans- 
verse lines of populz. On the underside, the markings of all the 
wings resemble those of oce//ata more nearly than those of fopulz, 
there being four waved fasciz across the disc of the posterior 
pair. The thorax has a large, oblong, dark mark, but not so 
dark-coloured or large as in ocellata ; in populi there is no trace 
of this mark. From the form of the body, and the pectination of 
the antenne it must be regarded as a ¢g. Pl. xp 
illustration of this insect (Westwood). The imagines are beautiful 
and curious, having all the markings and all the colours of both 
species in one ; some have the markings of oce//afa on one wing 
and those of populz on the other ; some have populz bodies and others 
ocellata bodies, and the wings vwice versa (Hague). The forewings 
with a slight mixture of oce//ata, hindwings with the brick-coloured 
blotch and eyespot as well marked as can be expected (Adamson). 
The forewings resemble those of fopulz, only they are much darker, 
and the hindwings those of oce//aza, the moon, or large, round, bluish- 
like spot fully developed (Galliers). The markings and colours of 
both species come out very distinctly (Porritt). The forewings of 
a pair of hybrid oce/lata x populi in my possession, are of a rich 
brown colour with the markings of A. jpopuliz, the  hind- 
wings being marked like those of SS. oced/ata, with the patch 
of a reddish colour, and the eye very distinctly marked, but without 
the pupil (Chawner). Donitz exhibited (Berl. Ent. Zeits., xxxvi., 
Sitz. p. xxl) a hybrid of S. ocellata x populi, which had in general 
the form of popwlc and the colour of oce//afa. Particularly striking 
are the dentated margins of the wings, as jofuli also has them. 
The colour is very much duller than in ocellata, and the dark 
central stripe on the thorax (which oce//ata possesses) is want- 
ing. The specimen was obtained from Schaufuss, of Meissen. 
Herr Gleissner remarked that he had made an attempt to 
pair ocellata 9 with jpopuld g, the @ had laid egos bm 
only one larva hatched, and that also perished after a few 
hours. Herr Ziegler also showed (doc. cit., p. xxiii) a hybrid of 


SMERINTHUS HYBR. HYBRIDUS., 451. 


S. ocellata and populi (= S. hybridus, Westw.), which in colour and 
markings more approached A. poful7, and had the eyespots only 
weakly indicated. He suspected this hybrid had arisen from a 
pairing of gS populi with 2 ocellata. Schultz exhibited (Berd. 
fint. Zeits., xlv., Sitz. p. 29) two examples of S. hybridus, which 
resembled A. populz in the forewings, but had indistinct ocellated 
saees on the hindwings. Standfuss writes (zn it7,): “*.S. hybr. 
hybridus is known in nature, but as quite a decided rarity; a 
g is in my collection from Saarau, near Konigsselt in Silesia. 
I have bred over 500 specimens in the course of the year (1901) 
and it has also been bred by many other entomologists.” Bacot writes 
(in Witt.): “Two gs are 3:25ins. and 2°8751ns. in expanse. Both ex- 
amples have a rather oce//a¢a outline to the outer margin of the forewings, 
the hindwings being very much narrower than in A. populi and the 
notch near the anal angle being in evidence, in one specimen poorly, 
and in the other strongly, marked. The ocellated spot of one 
specimen shows a very faint tendency to a central spot, in the 
other the left ocellated spot is rather lunular in shape, while the 
right shows a very faint division by an oblique dusky bar, really 
a prolongation of the encroachment of the dark outer area; that 
on the other wing makes a lunule instead of a circular spot. On 
the underside of the wings the coloration is, on the whole, 4. popudi- 
hike in dulness, but as reyards the number of lines forming the 
band that is continued across both wings, and also in respect of 
its general contour, it follows S. ocellata, although it loses the 
small crenulations in the lines which occur about the middle ot 
this band on the hindwings of ocellata. I suspect, now that I am 
better acquainted with the North American allies of these species, 
that many of the characters usually attributed to the 4. populi 
parentage are in reality ancestral (reversionary), and that there is 
no such predominance of the @ parental influence as is often 
supposed, the A. populi facies, both as regards colour and mark- 
ings, being already fully developed in some North American 
species, Z7iptogon modcstus and occidentalis, while the forewings of 
vancouverensis and geminatus also show a strong tendency in this 
direction.” Bartel writes: “The markings of the forewings of 
examples arising from the cross ocellata X popul: are similar to 
those of A. populi. The dark colour on the disc is irregularly 
divided, and is intersected by two darker waved lines, of which the 
first is the less distinct. The contour of the wings is similar to 
that of both species; the outer margin is formed nearly as in 5S. 
ocellata, and dentated, yet not so strongly as in A. popult. The 
markings of the hindwings resemble more those of S. oce/lata,; the 
brown basal patch of A. popul7 is, indeed, present here, but much lighter, 
yellowish. In place of the anal eye-spot of S. ocellata, S. hybridus 
has a large black spot, which is distinctly granulated with dark 
blue, and shades off into the ground-colour. The costa of the 
hindwings is dark. The markings of the darker under-surface agree 
almost entirely with S. ocellata, yet the colouring of the basal and 
median areas of the forewings is not so extended and not so 
roseated, but yellow-brown, coloured like the basal patch on the 
upper surface of the hindwings. The middle of the thorax is 
occupied on the upperside by a dull olive-brown spot, which is not 


452 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


such a full, velvet colour as in S. ocellafa, but [which] is always 
wanting in A. popul’. The colouring of head, thorax, abdomen and 
legs approaches more to that of S. ocellata.” 

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—The-hybrid S. hybridus has, in the gs, 
antenne extremely like those of 3 |S. ocellata. Those of a quasi- 
@ specimen (fosted, p. 453, gynandromorph 9) are 2, but with a 
considerable display of the g hairs. These are most fully 
developed close «to the scaling, and’ are> in” placessealmmes 
typical g ; over the more ventral portions of the antenna they 
are largely wanting, and are, when present, sparse and shorter than in 
the ¢ (Chapman). 

GYNANDROMORPHISM.—House notes (Zvrans. Ent. Soc. Lond., iii., 
Ist ser., p. 194) of certain S. hybr. ocellata x populd that he reared, 
that “nineteen larve became adult, and in August twelve of the 
imagines came out perfect . . . . The power of reproducnenms 
completely lost, as they appear to be as nearly intermediate between 
the sexes as between the species ; they evidently partake of the nature 
of both sexes” ; as proof he states that ‘‘every newly-emerged insect of 
the genus Smerinthus on being touched discharges copiously a fluid, 
which, in the male, is pure white, and in the female of a yellow or 
ochre colour, whilst these hybrids discharged, at the same motion, 
first the white and then the other fluid quite distinct, and this compound 
discharge was quite uniform in every specimen, which is never the 
case in any true species or sex.” Westwood states (Zoc. cit., p. 195) 
that two of these specimens submitted to him were males so far as 
related to their external organs, and adds (p. 202) that in all gynan- 
dromorphous A. populi recorded up to that time the right side was 
ao and mathe lett ao Adamson writes (Ent. Weekly Intell. iv., 
p. 127) of a brood of hybrid SS. ocellata x populd that, in general, the 
sexes were more or less mixed, but he had one “such a decided male * 
that he was inclined to see if it would breed,” and further noted that 
he had observed many of the peculiarities referred to by House with 
regard to their sterility. Kirby observes (£77. xiv., p. 253) that he 
was under the impression that gynandromorphism was the usual 
character of hybrid ocel/ata x popul’. We are disinclined to this view, 
as Mr. Kirk, who reared ten imagines in August 189c, sent us 5 
which we still possess, and which, though intermediate between the 
species, are apparently distinct enough as to sex, consisting of 4 males 
and 1 female (£77. Rec., i., p. 203). On the other hand, Bacot reared 
three imagines in 1896, and their genitalia were examined by Pierce, 
who reported (£z7¢. Rec., x., p. 188) that those of the gs were pretty 
normal, but those of the 9 showed many marked ¢g characters. He 
notes (/n7¢., xxix., p. 374) that of the 3 specimens the 2 males, although 
perfectly distinct from the male parent, had perfectly formed genitalia, 


* Standfuss’ opinion as to the general failure of the female hybrids ot the 
Attacids (anted, p. 300) to produce ova, and the large percentage of gynandro- 
morphous examples among the apparently female examples, whilst the males were 
capable of pairing with females of either of the parent sex, is supported by Pierce 
with regard to S. hybr. ocedlata x populi, for he notes (Zint. Rec., x., p. 189) that 
whilst the only apparently female example was gynandromorphous, and evidently 
incapable of reproduction, the hybrid males might cross again with a ¢ of either of 
the parent species. Chapman notes that in the ¢ pupz of Bacot’s brood of S. 
hybridus the sexual organs showed considerable tendency towards a confusion of the 
sexes, those of the ¢s not differing greatly from those of A. populi (see posted, p. 458). 


SMERINTHUS HYBR. HYBRIDUS. 453 


and were apparently capable of copulation, but an apparent 2 was 
gynandromorphous, the genitalia containing the organs of both sexes. 
Eirena) notes (A¢p7. Brit. Assn., 1870, p. 111) the rearing of 
6 specimens—3 g's, 2 9s, and 1 gynandromorph. In spite of the 
reputed general tendency to gynandromorphism in 5S. hybr. hydridus, 
we find only the following described examples : 


a. Right side, ¢, ocellata; left ¢, puopuli, The right antenna ¢, right 
side presents the characters of S. ocellata the g parent, whilst the left side is 
¢ and differs from an ordinary ¢ A. populi only by a little more brilliancy of 
colour. The generative organs were much distorted, and there were no ova in 
the abdomen (Birchall, Rept. BYU. ASSIt. 170, ps III). The specimen passed 
into Briggs’ hands, who figured it (Zt., xiv., p. 217). 

B. Right side ¢, left side ¢. The right side inclining, both above and 
below, more to S. ocellata in coloration and markings, the left side more to 
A. popult.. The ocellated spout on the right side larger with a broad black border, 
the left one smaller, and more obsolete. Right antenna ¢, left ¢. Abdomen 
without ova, left side distinctly stouter, and with the anal point rounded towards 
the right, with a very distinct right anal clasp. Difference in wing expanse, 
right side 36mm., left side 34mm. Bred in Wiesbaden. Wiskott coll. Breslau. 
(Wiskott, Festschrift. Schles. Ver. Ins., pp. 109g—110, pl. iii., fig. 8). 

y. Right side ¢, left ¢. Wings and antennz on the right side ¢, on the 
left Bae @ ; wings of the right side larger than those of the left. Abdomen 
from its shape ¢ ; of the sexual organs only a ¢ anal clasp observable. The 
outer ¢ genital organs are not discernible. Daub coll. Carlsruhe (Gauckler) 
(Schultz, Lil. Woch. jun Fint., Hs, Pp. 395): 

6—y. Four gynandromorphs in the Staudinger coll. Not described (Zac. cit.). 

@. Apparently ¢. The genitalia have the lobes similar to those of the 
@s of A. populi and S. ocellata, but, mixed up with them in the last segment, 
are the rudimentary and partially dev eloped organs of the ¢, the whole apparatus 
being much smaller than is that of the ¢ parent species. Immediately behind 
are some curious structures which are apparently the rudimentary inferior harpes, 
then there is one superior harpe, well-defined, but very small; neither the uncus 
nor the anal flap is separable, but no doubt both are present in some rudimentary 
form ; the penis is very distinct; it is rounded at the base, and consists of a short 
tube, surmounted by a large number of very small spines. Farther back, near 
the junction of the penultimate segment, is the ovipositor (?), scarcely smaller 
than that of the parents (vide, Ent. Rec., x., pl. iil., fig. 7). Ova were also discovered 
in the body. I should certainly say that this specimen was incapable of reproduction. 
Bacot coll. (Pierce, Hntum. Record, &c., X., Pp. 189). 


COMPARISON WITH PARENT SPECIES AND ALLIES.—Bacot notes of 
his g S. hybridus that it is superficially more like the ? than J parent, 
though a close examination reveals the fact that in many faint but im- 
portant markings it follows Smerinthus ocellata. ‘The wings are narrower 
than those of Amorpha populi, especially the secondaries, the notch at 
the anal angle being very distinct. There are three dark patches on the 
forewings, two situated near each other towards the anal angle, whilst 
the third is placed at about the middle of the outer transverse band. 
These patches are of very general occurrence among the Amorphids, 
being especially distinct, and evidently forming protective markings in 
Sichia quercés,and some of the American and exotic species. ‘They are 
present in both 5S. ocel/ata and A. populz, strong and dark in the former, 
faint only in the latter. In the hybrid, though they are scarcely so 
strong as in S. ocellata, they appear to me to partake more of the 
ancestral character. The hind tibiz of the hybrid moths possess two 
spines only. The ocellated spot on the hindwing is rather lunular 
than ocellated (Bacot). 

Ecciayinc.—Theegglaying habit must of necessity agree with that 
of Amorpha populi, the @ parent. Bacot notes a pairing on June 13th, 
1896, between which date and the rgth, 163 eggs were laid by the ?. 


454 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


They commenced to hatch on the 24th, 59 larve resulting. Of the 
other 104 eggs, 55 appeared to have fully developed, but from some 
unexplained cause had not emerged; 27 were still green (these after- 
wards dried up), and of the remainder some were very discoloured 
(probably died during the development of the embryo), and others 
had shrivelled up without change (probably unfertilised). 
Ovum.—Exactly the same as that of Amorpha popult. 
Larva.—/irst stadium (June 29th): Length between one-eighth 
and three-sixteenths of an inch when newly hatched, growing to 
between three-eighths and seven-sixteenths before the first moult. 
Head: green, large, rounded, but with a tendency to triangular shape ; 
a few scattered hairs and a yellow inverted V on face. Body: pale 
green; scutellum fairly distinct; a faint, dark, mediodorsal line; two 
tubercles on the dorsal area of the thoracic segments can be distin- 
guished as rather larger, and bearing longer hairs than the usual 
shagreen mammillary points. The trapezoidals on abdominal seg- 
ments can also be observed standing out among the mammillary 
points, though not quite so clearly as the two mentioned above 
as being on the thoracic segments. (This last feature is not dis- 
tinctive of the hybrid larvae; it can also be seen in the larva of 
Smerinthus ocellata, and is probably present in those of Amorpha populi 
and Mimas tltae. I merely call attention to it as an important 
point that I had not previously noted.) Seven oblique stripes are 
present, the seventh being rather stronger than the rest ; the subdorsal 
lines distinct. All the stripes are more conspicuous after the larva has 
been feeding for a few days. Caudal horn: long, pale pink; some of 
the larvz have only short horns, which appear withered (in one instance 
almost to the stump, in another it is almost entirely absent, while a 
third has the horn constricted just above the base, as though a piece 
of thread had been tied round it). I have noticed a similar deformity 
to this last in a larva of AZ. #liae. [Unfortunately, I had no larve 
of either S. ocellata or A. populd in the first stage with which to com- 
pare, but, judging from memory and written descriptions, I noted as 
follows: The larva closely resembles that of S. oce/data in shape 
and attitude, as well as in markings.] Second stadium (July 3rd): 
Most of the larve are now in the 2nd stadium, and are growing 
rapidly. [By this time I had larve of both S. ocellata and A. popult 
in the same stage as the hybrid larve, so that the comparisons 
in this and subsequent stages are more exact.] Length, three 
eighths to five-eighths of an inch. Head: triangular, broader, less 
tall and pointed than in larva of .S. ocellata, but not so bulged 
at cheeks nor squat as in that of A. populz; yellow mammille at 
apex of head taller than in the latter species. Body: scutellum 
indistinct; the subdorsal stripes are continued faintly across the 
oblique lines to the 5th (in one larva to the 7th); the mediodorsal 
line is produced by the absence of shagreen mammille; dark 
borders to oblique lines are present. The stripes are stronger 
than in A. popu/7, but not so marked as in JS. oced/ata. In addition to 
the other stripes, there is a faint lateral line below the subdorsal, 
on the thoracic segments. Caudal horn: the base is pink for 
about one-third its height; shorter and lighter in colour than that 
of .S. ocellata, though more marked in both respects than in larva 
of A. populi. [Habits: The larva retracts the first two pairs of 


SMERINTHUS HYBR. HYBRIDUS. 455 


forelegs (in one larva the third pair also); I did not note any 
marked preference for either the upright or hanging position in 
this stage, but one larva assumed a rather marked “ Sphinx” 
posture, very like that of Sphinx ligustri.| A careful examination 
of the larva proves it to be curiously midway between the parent 
species as regards most of the important differentiating characters. 
In coloration and shape it is neither so white a green nor so graceful 
in form as the larva of S. oce/lafa, nor is it so yellow-green and 
heavy-looking as the larva of A. populz. Looked at in a less 
critical manner, and without the aid of a glass, it reminds one 
most of the yellow form of |S. ocellata. Its habits and _ position 
Miso snow father more trace of the g than ? parent. The fact 
Oieine 1st pair .of oblique stripes -bemg no stronger than 
the 2nd to 6th pairs, and weaker than the 7th, still further adds 
to its resemblance to S. ocellata. Third stadium (July 8th): Head: 
as before, nearly midway between the parent forms in shape, &c., 
but it now resembles A. populs more nearly than S. ocellata in 
size, colour and roughness, being covered with yellowish mammille, 
which are only very small in the larva of S. ocellata ; the large 
apical points are only slightly larger than in the larva of A. 
populi, with which they agree as regards colour (yellow); they are, 
however, situated, as in S. oce/lafa, close together, and of a short 
distance apart with two smaller ones between, as is the case in 
the larva of A. populz. Body: becomes paler towards close of 
this stage, though not so white as in S. oce/lata. Stripes: oblique 
stripes, as in MW. tzlzae and SS. ocellata, 1 to 5 equal, 6 narrow and 
weak, 7 strong and broad. ‘The subdorsal line is faint and narrow, 
is continued backwards to the 7th oblique, but barely noticeable 
on thoracic segments ; a double mediodorsal stripe is faintly marked ; 
the anus outlined with same colour as other stripes. Caudal horn: 
iong and very thick at base. Hairs: still bifid, but this character 
is not quite so marked in the hybrid larva as in the larva of \S. ocedlata. 
[Habits: the larve rest either with the head downwards (A. populi 
habit) or with it upright (.S. ocel/afa position), with the first two 
pairs of forelegs withdrawn, though not so completely as is the 
case in S. ocellata.| One larva is growing to a large size in this 
stage ; it is already over one inch long, and shows no sign of an 
approaching moult. ‘The larva of .S. ocellata, when about to moult 
in this stage, is of about the same length as this larva now 1s, 
Dubai isnot qwearly so bulky: By July 12th there were only 19 
living larvee, three well grown in the 4th skin, the remainder mostly 
in 3rd. hey varied in colour from a yellow-green to a pale, 
whitish sage-green, and were tolerably constant in shape, but very 
variable in size. Sourth stadium (July 12th): Head: as previously 
described. Body:.the 7th oblique stripe is faintly continued 
fonwardss to the rds ‘pair of prolegs; the xst oblique runs 
forward to the prothorax. The small oblique stripes that are 
present in A. populz, just above base of prolegs 1, 2 and 3, can 
be faintly traced in the hybrid larva. The larve now mostly rest 
in the position taken by that of 4. populi. Both yellowish and 
whitish forms are present in this stage. Just after the 3rd moult 
the yellow forms are superficially very like A. fopuli in its 3rd 
skin, the only striking difference being the absence of any strengthen- 


456 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


ing of the 1st oblique stripes. July 17th. One is now nearly ful!- 
grown, in 4th skin, while the majority of the remainder are about 
to undergo a 4th moult. Sullfed larva in 4th skin (July 17th): 
Head: not so large or tall as that of S. oce/lata in 5th skin, and 
the yellow bands down the sides of the face are stronger and broader. 
The resemblance of the apical points and their position on the crown of 
the head are remarkably close to S. oced/afa in everything except colour. 
This is, however, partly due to the fact that, with S. oced/ata in the 
adult stage (5th skin), the tubercles or processes have greatly dwindled 
in size. Body: in colour it now almost exactly resembles a typical 
larva of S. ocellata; the oblique stripes are much stronger than 
when the larva first changed into this skin; the subdorsal is very 
weak and faint ; the spiracles bright red, whilst in S. oce//ata they are 
deep crimson, and much larger; anal flap outlined with yellow, in S. 
ocellata with white. [In general shape and habits the larva is still very 
similar to that of A. populz, and is restless under examination, as is the 
larva of the latter species. The larva of .S. oce/lata, on the other hand, 
will usually retain its stiff and rigid resting-position during the process 
unless greatly provoked.| The first larva went down on July atst, 
having only undergone three moults. /7/¢h stadium: ‘The same as 
in the fourth. By the 24th the majority were fullfed, or nearly so, 
and the remainder, with one or two exceptions, were in the final 
stage. So far as I was able to follow them, the majority had four 
moults, a few only attaining their full growth in the 4th skin (Bacot). 
House notes that in the first stage there was no difference obsery- 
able between the larva of the hybrid and that of A. populi, very 
little in the second stage, more difference in that of the )thinds 
whilst finally they were more like larve of S. oced/ata than those 
of A. populi. Birchall observes that the larve he had were barely 
distinguishable from those of A. fopuli, and appeared healthy, but 
there must have been constitutional weakness, for of 16 which 
assumed the pupal stage, only six produced moths. 

VARIATION OF 1ARVA. — Bacot observes (Fut. Record, x., Pp. 
190) that the hybrid larve of S. hybr. Avé7zdus, bred by House and 
Birchall, differed in some particulars from those he reared. These 
latter resembled more closely those of 6S. ocellata ‘than those 
of A. populi, whilst theirs resembled the larvz of 4. fopudi more nearly 
than those of \S. oced/ata, although House records that after the 3rd 
moult his larve began to lose their 4. fofud: traits, and finally were 
more like S. ocellata. Different broods may, of course, vary 
considerably in their tendency to follow either parent species. 
Frings observes (Soc. £nt., xv., p. 164) that, when young, the 
larvee had the characteristic form, narrowed anteriorly, as well as 
the colour and markings, of A. populi of like age, so that had he 
not known their history he would unhesitatingly have called them 
that species. But after the third moult, the greater part of them al- 
ready approached the larva of A. oced/a¢a ; the ground-colour assumed a 
bluish-white colour in place of yellow-green as heretofore. Neverthe- 
less, nearly all retained the form of jofu/7 larve. Not till after the 
4th moult did his specimens assume the form, colour and markings 
of the ocel/lata type, but then so completely that they were scarcely 
distinguishable from true oce//ata larve. Only a few specimens had 
retained the short, pointed horn of /fopuli larve, but this was 


SMERINTHUS. HYBR. HYBRIDUS. 457 


always bluish in colour, never yellow or reddish as in fopulz. All 
the larve possessed the horizontal prolongation of the first oblique 
stripe on the neck, a characteristic which also only belongs to populz 
larvee. 

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ADULT LARV OF S. HYBR. HYBRIDUS, S. 
OCELLATA, AND A. POPULI.—,I1) S. hybr. Ayéridus and S. ocellata.— 
Head of S. hybr. Zydvzdus smoother, and not so pointed; yellow lines 
down face much broader. Body not so long and graceful; the subdorsal 
stripes much weaker, the oblique stripes not so strong ; slight traces 
of small oblique stripes just above the bases of prolegs 1, 2 and 3 
(these are altogether absent in S. ocel/ata). Caudal horn: yellowish 
at upper end. Spiracles: not so large or dark; 1st and znd pairs 
of prolegs are retractile, but to a less extent than in S. ocedlata. 
Resting habits differ as a rule. (2) S. hybr. Aydridus and A. popult.— 
Head of SS. hybr. Zyd7zdus taller and more pointed. Body: longer and 
not so dumpy. Oblique stripes: rather broader as in the larva of 
S. ocellata, the stripes are due rather to colour than structure, the 
Ist no stronger than the following — znd to 5th; the 7th runs 
forward to front of 4th pair of prolegs (as in S. ocella/a). Small 
oblique lines above base of prolegs present, but much fainter 
than in A. populz. Caudal horn: sky-blue in colour at base. (3) 
General notes: In its general appearance the larva, in the rst and 
2nd stages, approaches S. ocellata rather than A. populi; in 3rd 
and eatly part of 4th stages it has a greater resemblance to A. 
populi; when fullfed it veers back again towards S. ocellata. A 
very similar change takes place in the larval life of A. fopult, 
though, perhaps, this is not. quite so marked as in the hybrid. It 
is in the middle stages (znd and 3rd) that this larva attains its 
greatest distinctiveness ; in the first and last stages the difference 
between it and the larva of S. ocellata not being nearly so sharply 
contrasted, and this departure and return is in no way due to the 
development of S. oce/lata, which does not greatly differ in appearance 
throughout its ontogeny. In the shape and structure of the head, 
and the markings on its body, the hybrid larve were remarkably 
constant. I looked with especial care for any individual variation 
or difference in the oblique stripes, which it seemed not unlikely 
might vary in the direction of A. populi, by a strengthening of the | 
1st, but in no case was there the slightest tendency in this direction. 
Throughout my notes I have made comparisons between the 
hybrid larve and those of the parent species, but in some 
characters the agreement with JZ. tlzae is as close as, or closer 
than, that with S. ocellata and A. populr, and where this agreement 
is present, as, for instance, in the colour of the processes at the 
apex of head, we have, I think, conclusive evidence that this 
was their original appearance. The larve were very delicate, 
more especially during the early stages, the moulting periods 
being the most critical of all. The less robust appeared to have 
great difficulty in getting rid of their old skin; I assisted them off 
with their old clothes in several instances, but, alas, in no case 
did my help prove of any avail, for they died in spite of my 
philanthropic efforts. I suspect the difficulty really consists in 
drawing out the old linings of the trachee, the rough assistance 
one is able to render, probably results in breaking them away 


4.58 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


from their attachment to the old skin, and leaving them to clog 
the breathing apparatus (Bacot). 

Cocoon.—Two of the larve formed rather large and firm oval 
cells in which to pupate, but no silk appeared to “have been used 
im their construction; they were from two-and-a-half to three-and-a- 
half inches below the surface. Of the remainder I cannot speak 
with certainty, their cells, if any, must have been extremely fragile 
(Bacot). 

Pupa.—Very close indeed to the pupa of Amorpha populi; they are 
a little smaller, and are more delicate in texture. They tend to 
great exaggeration of the scars of the prolegs and of the caudal 
horn. As weak specimens of other Amorphids tend to do this, this 
is rather an evidence of weak constitution than of definite variation. 
The subsegmentation, as described in the pupa of A. populi, is 
very distinct; on abdominal segment 3 five subsegments are marked 
out; the neuration and Poulton’s line are better marked than in 
the pupa of A. fopult, again apparently owing to the thinness of 
the chitin not allowing wrinkling, etc., to obscure the more essential 
markings; the pattern of wrinkling or surface scu!pturing is quite 
the same as in JA. populi; the anal spike is not quite as smooth 
as in the pupa of A. populd, but very neatly so. | Uhemeammmess 
of the chitin is again evidenced by the shrivelling of one or two 
dead specimens, as never occurs in either A. fopuli or S. ocellata. 
In one ? pupa, abdominal segments 8, 9 and Io are almost as 
distinct and separate as in the g pupa, but the anterior pore is 
at posterior margin of 8, and has, on right side, a rounded boss 
as in g, which is wanting on left side; a median suture proceeds 
from this to front margin of segments. Another 2 pupa is nearly 
like the pupa of a normal A. fopuli as to markings, but the three 
segments are continued across nearly as in g, the invasion of 
8 by angle of abdominal segment 9 not occurring; in another 
the pore is almost in abdominal segment 9. The pupz of the 
gs might be those of normal 4. populd (Chapman. Pupz received 
from Mr. A. Bacot). The pup# vary to a slight extent both in 
colour and ‘shape. “Whey areas a rule, meaner in shapemmonsmee 
pupa of S. ocellata, being longer and not so dumpy as that of 4. 
populi, with a tendency to narrow towards the head. On the 
ventral area the scars of the prolegs and the anal claspers do 
not show up so plainly as is usually the case with 4. fopul:; the 
final segments are, however, not nearly so rounded off as they are 
in 5S. ocellata ; the dorsal aspect of the anal segments and cremaster 
are much more distinctly like those of the pupe of A. fopule. The 
surface is much smoother than that of A. populi, but without the 
polished finish of S. ocellata. As regards colour, four were dead 
black, two of these having a slightly greyish tinge on the wing- 
cases, the remaining two being of a deep reddish-brown with a 
slightly smoother surface. The sexual organs are quite as plainly 
marked in pupe of the hybrid as in those of the parent species; , 
the reddish pupze were female, and the four black ones male 
(Bacot). The hybrid pupz had in part the deep black colour of 
popull, in part a lighter tone of colour, reminding one of oced/ata. The 
pupz were never found so smooth as those of ocellata, yet also not 
so rough as those of populi. The wing-cases remind one much of 
ocel/a¢a in their narrow and waved form (F rings). 


AMORPHIDI. 459 


Hasirs.—The resting-position of the g that emerged September 
2nd was similar to that usually adopted by A. populz, with the forewings 
hanging back and the hindwings protruding far beyond the costa of 
the anterior pair (Bacot). 

TIME OF APPEARANCE.—Hybridisation appears to hurry on the 
emergence of the imagines, for, instead of the pupe going normally 
over the winter, as do the pupze of the parent species, a very large 
percentage emerges in the autumn. House, who first reared this 
hybrid, notes (Zrans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1842, pp. 193—194) that eggs 
hatched in mid-June, 1837, 19 of the larve therefrom pupated during 
July, 12 of the imagines from these came out in August, the remaining 
pupe going over the winter 1837—-8. Hague observes (Zu. Wk. lnt., 
li., p- 188) that eggs laid in June produced larve that pupated in 
July, 1857, ten imagines emerging between September rst, 1857, and 
the Thursday preceding that date. Adamson, on the other hand, 
records (loc. cit., iv., p. 117) hybrids from eggs laid June, 1857, not 
appearing as imagines until June, 1858; the pupz were kept out of 
doors, but this he considers would matter little enough in July and 
first week of August, when the hybrids usually mature. Galliers 
notes (doc. cét., vill., p. 75 and x., p. 100) eggs laid May z2oth, 1860, one 
imago from the brood emerging June 23rd, 1861, all the rest of the 
batch having emerged in the autumn oi 13860. Talbot observes 
(Ent., v., p. 450) that he bred imagines in 1868, some of which were 
only 22 days in the pupal state. It is quite clear from the record 
tiae those bred by stephenson (. 47, 47, xi., p. 116) emerged in 
August, 1874, from eggs laid that year, whilst Kirk’s batch (wz. 
Rec.,1., pp. 202—203) pupated at Dundee from July 2zoth—27th, 1890, 
and emerged between August roth—17th of that year; similarly, 
those reared by Bacot in 1896, pupated July 21st and following 
days, three emergences taking place between September znd—rsth, 
1896, at Clapton. 


Tribe: AMORPHIDI. 


This is probably the most specialised tribe in the family. 
There appear to be but two Palearctic genera in the tribe, zzz., 
Tripiogon and Amorpha. As seen in Amorpha populi, the egg 
approaches spherical in outline, the surface reticulation very fine, 
the cells slightly depressed with a minute central elevation. The 
young larva of the outline of the adult, but rather longer and more 
slender proportionally ; the larval head without the apical extension 
seen in Smerinthus (ocellata), more triangular in outline in frst 
stadium; the bifurcating hairs somewhat fish-tailshaped at apex. 
The puparium without silk, the pupa often exposed, the surface 
rough, the bosses on either side of anus distinct; anal spike very 
short, slender and sharp. The imaginal frenulum, almost obsolete 
and functionless. The heavy mode of flight, the non-feeding habit 
of the imagines, and many other details of habit suggest a greater 
modification from the original Sphingid phylum than do these 
characters in the Sichid and Smerinthid groups. 


Genus: AmMorpPHA, Hubner. 
SYNONYMY.—Genus: Amorpha, Hb., “ Tent.,” p. 1 (1806); Kirby, ‘ Cat.,”’ 
Dep alOlag2) 7 <tand book,” (ace... v., Pp: 50.1807) > Prout, ‘ Enti,” xxxii., p, 60 
(aso9)- Spaz, Vinn?. << Sys. Nats? oth ed., p-489 (1758) 5. 12th ed., p.-707 


4.60 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


(1767));° “ Faun. Suec.,”’” 2nd jed-, p, 286 (1761) 3 Scop: “iint) Caray soem 
(FOR). 5 WTI 2 Delroy, Frid., aap "3 (1764) ; Hifn., “* Berl. Mage, iit pemegs 
(766) Rata’, Sys: Ent.,” Pp. 537 -1775); .° Spec. Ins.,” iy p.. aeGeoe 
‘oMant..lns:,’* t., p. 93 (1787)\5 “ont. Sys." -, 0, ps 357 970s em oennane 
SSS chinrert. Wien, > Tst eds, p. 41-(1775)5 2nd ed.,.9p. 7 {1sor);) sper oe mmc 
IES! hes” [D5 vi jolle (1779) : Bers., “* Sphing.)- Hur. Warvee;?) =pssmageie 
Bkh., « Sys, BeSchity iy tit. p. 106 (1789); Brahmi“ Insek-=Keall. 22) is) qaeeaee 
(i7ot)>) Eb: “deur. “Schmett:,” te: 74 (Give. 1800), text pp. Goi (e77eumC aan 
“Warvee, « 6cC., i, Legit. DD. a, 0, (cevc, 1800) Schr, “Fauna sholea mates 
p. 222 (1éol) 3) aw., “dep. Bnit.,”? 1, .p: 64 (1803); ‘Ochs; -oDiewschmieuens 
ls, Pp. 252 (1808): Smerinthus, Watr., ‘Hist. Nat:,” xiv. p. 135 (Gos) ieaGeme 
Cxrust.,”71v., p: 210 (1809) > Ochs., ““ Die “Schmett.,”) 1v.5 p. 045) 1ome) aso 
‘“Ent. Comp.” p. 243° (1819); Hb., “Franck Cat:,’2 =p. 88625) ay Gace 
OG Vealisies Nits <The. Was Fly jlo Ska, eR, Se (OAS Susolms., oC Wllss.,”” i., px 112 
(1828) 5. (Cat. Br. Ins.,2? 1.3, p. 30 (1829); << list Br. Ami Br) Vitis aye 
(u850); ‘Bdy., “ur. ep. Ind. Meth.,” p.-34 (1829); <* icon. Chens22 planaemec an 
—3, De Vii, EAI (€27e. 1840); “Gen. et Ind. Meth.,?? p: 49) (1340)55- Sos Grenmlecme 
TEWStng 7 so b. Az \io7S) 8 IDW De, “Tebist. Nat., ?* supp. Hs, pp» TOL = 162) (4635) oleone 
Clan Dk 4a (ere, 1840) ; ‘Cat. Meth*,’? p.45'(1844); Wood, “indi int tiiesene 
fig. 9 (1839); Humph. & Westd., “ Brit. Neda p. 7 (1841) ; Evers., “‘ Faun. Volg.- 
Ural.,” p. 115 (1844); H.-Sch., “Sys. Bearb.,” ii., p. 91 (1846); Chaumette, 
SSZ OOM ataler P- 3244 (1851) ; Heyden; “ep. Eur. Cat.) Meth 72 pas onienian 
Sta., “ Man., i) pe O7 (1857); Speyer, “Geog. Werbs7) 1b, pi g25 oso eae 
p- 280 (1862) ; icin; ““ Schmett. “Deutsch,/. pp. 149 (1959); alum phates 
Brit, Moths,’ ‘p: 7 (1860); Staud., “Cat:,” ast ed.) pp. 10) (TeOm)-aaamdmede 
p- 37 (1871); 3nd ed., p. 99 (toot); Snell, ““De Vind: (pameznGea as 
Berce, “Faun. Fran¢., ” Ii. p. 28, (1868)5 Nolcks, “ep, Pn hse ae 
(1808) ; Newm., “ Brit, Moths,” Dp: 4 (1869) >" Bang-Haas, <* Nat iids aaa 
ag [Oe MOB (1874) ; Cuni y Mart., “ Cat. Lep. Barc.,’’ p. 41 (1874); Mull, * Cat. 
[Eep: Alpi=Mar-,) p. 120) (1é75) 3 Cuno, “Bulle Soc. nt. italy? siviles emia ’(1875) : 
aro, Clawies JES, ancl MOS, jos 7A (Ua7o) 3s lee, “« Lep. Schweiz,” p. 58 
(1S80)s Poult.” “rans. “Pnt. Soc, Vond:,77(p. 207-(0885) 5 loc. Get. ppya2otanemneae 
(1837)i5. Buckl., “*arvee; &c., 1, pp- 20,. 103, pl: xx, tig. 2) (o) ee wuaee 
eSNiord: Eyar., p. 44 (1889) ; ‘Gould; << Trans. Pnt. Soc. Lond. 7) ppme2qteeamases 
pl: xi, figs. 1113. (1892); Meyr.,, “* Handbk.,? p> 299 (1895))) SBatmeomlecm 
Brit.,7’ lis, p. 7 (1695); lucas, “But. Hawk-Moths,” p. 127 (1895); bacouy aame 
IRCEay! Milage WAS (1895) ; Griffiths, loc. Cit., Pp. 256 (0695) 3 Putt) “iio roses 
p. 23 (1896); Bartel, ‘‘ Palaark. Gross-Schmett.,’’ p. 183 (1900). Laothoé, Fab., 
“Tl Mac.” vi pp 287, *288 (1807)%) LZaothoe. Leach, “oh dinby Hic yeas 
Do LAO (O15) s Olea, SLO, ZoOdle,” iby Do 753 (1815). Dilina, Dalmiya 
Wels NC, Jalenncllao” jo. AULA (USO) 3 Zeit. 9 loss Leys," 105 916 (1840). Polyptychus, 
Eli De pecee VICUZ ag un nna | (C27G ae O2/2) G- ae Sul Ses “ Tilus.,” iv., app. p. 5 (1835). 
Merinthus, Meig., “Eur. Schmett.,” i1., p. 150 (1830). olyptichus, Stphs., 
CIbigity Ise, Jeo, Jere. NIK 5 Os BO CISsel\s 

Amorpha was the generic name given by Hubner, in 1806, 
in his Zentamen, p. 1, to popula, which he had already figured as 
Sphinx populs in his Europ. Schmett., fig. 74. Amorpha is probably 
in many respects the most specialised genus belonging to the 
family Amorphidae. ‘There appear to be only two species in the 
genus, populdi, with a range throughout Europe and Central Asia 
to the Altai mts., and /fvemulae confined to ‘central and northern 
Russia, Finland and Siberia as far as the Ussuri districts 
Persian populeti and the North African awstauti are sometimes 
treated as distinct species. 


AMORPHA POPULI, Linné. 


SYNONYMY.—Species: Populi, Linn., ‘‘ Sys. Nat.,” roth ed., p. 489 (1758) ; 
i2thevedn, P. “97 (1767); “Faun. Suec.,"’ 2nd ed., p. 206 (1761)s50scqmm 
cBnt. Carn,” px 163 (1763)); Mull,» <* Fn. Frid.,”’ p. 37 (1764)5, “iia 
‘‘ Berl. Mag. , Ip. ayo, (1766). ee * Sys. Ent.,”"p. 537. (1775) 3 “* SpeCu tiem 
ley peat (7 eae Se Mant S352 sil.. ip. 93 (17 vAsied [emia ob Mee woe i. “T, ps 357 (1793) 3 
ei tine , pp- 287—288 (s8oy ); schiff., ‘ « Schmett. Wien. ” Ist ed, p. 41 (1775)3 
gnd ed... 7 (sory ; Esp., ee Schimett, doury; l., pigay ple Cl; oe ; Berg., ‘‘ Sphing. 


AMORPHA POPULI. 461 


es Paty... p. 5 (1782); Stoll, ‘* Pap. Fx.,” iv., pl. 308 A (1782); Bkh., 
Geevs.. beschi.,7” i., p. 106 (1789): Brahm, « Insek. seal ey Mee py ere 
otytib., “Kur. Schmett.,” fie. 74 (ci7c. 1800); text P 99 ire. 1805); 
Pei eps’? t., Lesit. 1). a, 6 (crc. 1800); <* Tent.,” p. I (1806) ; “ Verz., 
peered (erre. 1822)>- “Rranck Cat.,’” p. 88 (1825);- Schrk., “Teac, Pees 
Mr. 222 (160); “Elaw., “Lep. Brt.,” 1, p: Of (1803) ; Latr., ‘‘ Hist. 
Meee xiv, p. 135: (180s); “Gen. Crust.,” iv., p. 210 (1809) ; Ochs., “ Die 
Seumerk., i, p- 252 (180d); iv., p- 45 (1816) ; Leach, “Edinb. Ency.,” ix., Pp. 130 
(tans). Oken, “Lehrb. Zool.,” 1., p. 753 (1815) ; Dalm., «EK. Vet. Ac. and):,77 p: 
Bi roto)- Sam. “Ent. Comp.,’ p: 243 (1819); Godt., ‘* Hist. Nat.,” ii. Dp. vie 
Mex tie. 2 (1o2T); Stephs., *¢ Mlus.,”*1., p. 112 (1828) ; iv. -, app. p. 5(1835) : Sap 
eens. it, p..30 (1620); “Inst Br. An. Br. Mus.,’’ v., p. 26 (1850) 5 sie eer Os  Siite 
penmett..” i, p. 150 (1530) ; Bdv., ‘© Fur. Lep. Ind. Meth. p- 34 (1829) ; ‘*Icon. 
Chen.,”’ pl. vi., figs. I—3, vii., fig. I (czvc. 1840) ; Con, et Ind. Meth.,” p. 
AQ (1840); ‘Sp. Gén. Lép. Het..” eps 23 o75) 5. ups, Est Nat.77 pe 
Heme or LO2 (1835)> “Icon. Chen.,” pl. 72. fczre. 1840) ; coat. Méth., Sa 0 
Meeenoany = \Wood, “Ind. Fnt.,” p: 12, fig. 9 nee Zett., aC Tine. Lapp.,” 
p- 916 (1840) ; Humph. & Westd., ‘‘ Brit. Moths,”’ p. 7 (1841) ; Evers., ‘‘ Faun. 
Volg.-Ural.,”’ p. 115, (1844); H.-Sch., ‘‘ Sys. Bene lies Pa (Ot. §( FOAG)p 
@aanmetie, “ Zool.,” ix., p.- 3244 (1851): Heydenr., “ Lep. Eur. Cat. Meth.,” 
BapEOU(ESS 1); Sta, <Man.)” i., p. 87 (1857); Speyer, ‘Geog. Verb.,” 1., p. 325 
(1858); ii, p. 280 (1862); Hein., ‘‘ Schmett. Deutsch.,”’ p. 149 (1859) ; Humph., 
ecereornit. Moths,’ -p: 7 (1860); Staud., “ Cat.,”. «st ed., P- es (1861) ; ond 
eer s7(io71); srd-ed.,-p. 99-(1901); Snell:, “De Vhlind.,’’ p. toz (1867); 
ners, ““Raun. Franc.,”” i., p. 28 (1868);, Nolck., ‘ Lep. Fn. Stee psgo 
(1868); Newm., ‘‘ Brit. Moths,” p. 4 (1869) ; Bang- aac Nat. Eidss 74 5(@)). 
teen 403—(1574) > Cimt y Mart:, “Cat. Lep. Barc.,” P41 (I874)5° Praun, 
pale... pl, i, tig. Ita (1874); Mill., Cat. Lép. Alp.-Mar.,”’ p. 120 (1875) ; Curd, 
«“ Bull. Soc. Ent. It.,”’ vii.; p. 113 (187 5) Kirby, “‘ Eur. Butts. and Moths,” p. figs (1879); 
Cab p.7 10 (1892) ; Handbk.,’ ps5 (1897) ; Brey leep: Schweiz? p- 58 
(1880); Poult., “Trans. Ent. Soc. clas pz OT (1885) ; loc. cit., pp. 281 et Seq. 
feopbuckl.. <“Larvee,” &c., .; pp. 20, 103, pl. xx., fig.. 2 (1887 ); Auriv., 
‘Nord. Fyar., ” (Oy eel (1880) ; Gould, “Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond.,” pp. 241 et 
Seo Tape. . X13 Ae oe (1892) ; Meyr ss shlandbks2 7p. 299°\(1895),.> “Barr. 
es Lep. Brit., is 7 (1895) ; Lucas, ‘‘ British Hawk-Moths,” p. 127 (1895): 
Bacot, “ Ent. ee 7 Vin psn h 75 (1895) ; Gmiffiths, doc. cit., p. 256 (1895) ; 
ditt brit. Moths, » Pa23)48500) | Prout, *: nt.,~ xxxii.,-p. 60'(1890) ; Bartel, 
“« Paleark. Gross-Schmett.,” i) P63, \(h900).- 


ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.— Sphinx popul, alis angulatis reversis ; 
posticis basi ferrugineis; anticis puncto albo. fz. Swec., 810. 
Phalzna prismicornis spirilinguis, alis planiusculis erosis griseis, 
aimicnms alos. -Roes., /7s., 3, supp. t. 30. De Geer, /zs., 1, t.8, 
eee Sus. t. 57. Labitat in Pople, Salice rubra (Lmneé, 
Sys. LVat., xth ed., p. 489). [Later Linné changes ‘‘angulatis” to 
mdentatis.” (ith ed., p. 797):| 

Imaco.—65mm.—iozmm. Anterior wings with dentate outer 
margin ; ashy-grey or greyish-brown in colour, with a basal transverse 
line, median band, elbowed line and antemarginal line brown, a 
dark brown patch also on outer margin from apex nearly to anal 
angle; nervures pale ochreous; discoidal lunule well-marked and 
white. Posterior wings with dentate margin; of the same tint as 
forewings; three wavy transverse lines and outer margin brown; 
a large brick-red basal blotch. 

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—The @? is usually larger, paler, and much 
less distinctly marked than the g. The gs average from 7omm.— 
83mm. in expanse ; the @s from 72mm.—g9omm. The ¢ an- 
tenna consists of about 4o visible joints, dorsal scaling nearly white, 
faintly straw-tinted, hairs and ventral surface yellowish-brown, where 
the arch of hairs touches the scaling the latter is raised a little as 
being on a slight projection; keel strong, long hairs arising from its 


462 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


sides diverge at an angle of 180°; terminal joint nearly equal to 
14 Xx the preceding one; scales irregularly placed. In the ? antenna 
the scaling as img, ‘except that it is undisturbed eymenem: 
(since non-existing) arch of hairs, the whole antenna is rather 
more slender, and the terminal ‘joint is rather longer, thames) 


and carries a brush of a few hairs. On the ventral surface, 
each segment carries on each side a basal and a nearly median 
bristle. On, the centre of the distal ~ margin “of te emia 


surface. iS. a-very short bristle; a short, thick batonjeithatie 
more pronounced towards the antennal apex. ‘These batons are 
more obvious in the 2 antenna, but they exist also in the g, where 
they are accompanied by a few short hairs (Chapman). 

GYNANDROMORPHISM.— The large number of gynandromorphous 
examples of this species makes it impossible to hope to deal with all 
those recorded. The following are those with which we have 
Met ; 


. The right antenna is ciliated and perceptibly larger than the other, on 
pick one can discover no sign of hairs. Along the middle of the head, thorax 
and abdomen runs a straight line, by which the different parts of the sexes seem 
to be divided, but on the underside of the body this stripe is not visible. The 
wings on the right side are also more highly coloured, and agree with the colour 
which is usual in the g, while the left wings have the coloration distinctive of 
the ¢. On the underside one observes the same difference. As regards the sexual 
parts, I have only been able to discover those of the ¢, which, however, are 
placed more to the right side than in the middle. The left side of my specimen was 
very much shrunken, which hindered further investigation (Cramer, Pap. /xot., iv., 
Pp: 230, pla ccexcviil,, fig. A): 

B. Right side g, left side ¢. Right side entirely ¢ , with a strongly pectinated 
antenna, left side ¢. The wings of the mnght side shorter than those of the 
left side; the border of the outer margin is more whitish-coloured in the indenta- 
tions between the nervures. The markings of the wings somewhat different. The 
abdomen on the right with longer, male down. The dividing line between 
the g¢ and ¢ sides -is median up to the last segments, where:it is bent 
over strongly towards the left side. On the underside the g scaling does not 
reach so far beyond the middle line as above. In the Berlin Museum. Bred by 
Herr Ude, one of the assistants ; dissected, and described at length by Tetens 
(Tetens, Berl. Ent. Zeits., X8EVi., pp. 457—464, pl. xiii., fig. 2). 

y. Right side ¢, left ?. reece eynandromorph. Coloration on the right 
reddish-grey, with rather dark browner band, on the left light grey. Only along 
the costa of the left forewing, exactly over the subcostal nervure, runs a stripe of dark 
reddish-grey. The band on this half only expressed by the rather sharp outline, 
Dividing line very sharp. Antenna on the right ¢, on the left ¢. Body 
rather large. Left forewing 35mm., night 32mm. Bred by Jirak in Prague. In 
Nickerl coll. (Nickerl, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1872, pp. 728—*29). 

0. Right side ¢g, left ¢. Length of the somewhat shrunken body 12”, 
expanse of the wings 2” 92”. Dividing line distinct above and below; tight side 
of the body ash-grey ; left side reddish-grey; right antenna strongly pectinated and 
longer; right forewing 142”, left 162”. The dark bands and the waved lines on 
the ¢ side strongly expressed, on the ¢ side’very much less strongly pronounced. 
Berl. Mus. (Klug, Yahrod., i, p. 257; Tetens, Berl. Ent. Zeits., xxxvi., pp. 464 
—=406, pli xill., 1s) 1), 

Ro aN dee Gnel example in the Berlin Museum, mentioned but not described by 
Tetens (Berl. Ent. Zett., xxxvi., pp. 464—466). 

G, Right side ¢, en 9. Size of thorax and abdomen as In 9. Right 
antenna and wings in shape and colour ¢, left antenna ¢. Basal third of 
left forewing with ¢ coloration, contour and the rest of the wing ¢ ; right 
anterior tibia hairy as in the ¢ ; underside of the wings ¢ (Thrupp, Zvans. 
Lint. Soc. Lond., 1845; p. 68). 

n. Left side , right ¢. Left antenna, wings and body decidedly ¢, the 
WMG oo a Lie aaane line distinct. Captured near Witham, in Essex (Wing, 
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1849, v., p. I19, pl. xiv). 

@. Left side g¢,right 2. Size as in the g. Left antenna and wings ot 


AMORPHA POPULI. | 463 


g shape and coloration (Bellier de la Chavignerie, Aull, Soc. Ent, Fr., vi., 1858, 

. £8). 

: t. Left side ¢g, right ¢. Brightly coloured example. Median line 
indistinct. All the wings of the same size. Left antenna ¢g, right ?. Body 
large, ¢, with g¢ down. Gleissner coll. (Schultz, 77. Woch. fur Ent, i., 

- -368). 

i Right side ¢, left ¢ (Fischer-v.-Waldheim, Ovyctogr. de Moscou, 
pein Pefebvre, Anz... Soc. Hnt. Lr., iv., p. 148). 

h. Right side g, left ¢. 1887. Cologne. Westkamp coll. (ut. Zetts. 
Guben, i., p. 50). 

p. Left side ¢, right ¢. On May 24th, 1893, rom a pupa which had been 
kept all the winter, an imago emerged which, on its left side had a ¢ antenna 
and a small ¢ forewing, whilst on the right side it had a ? antenna and a large 
¢ forewing. The hindwings were crippled (Brown, Zzz. Jfo. JMlag., xxix., p. 
165). 

2 y—. Amongst a number of S. populi I am now (April 16th, 1880) rearing 
from pupz, I find two hermaphrodite specimens, each having a ¢ and a ¢? 
antenna. -One of these is depositing eggs (Shuttleworth, “77¢., xiil., p. 116; 
Pie Ne, XV p. 1675 Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. xxx). 

o. Left antenna ¢, right antenna ¢. Left forewing and right hindwing 
light in colour, the two other wings marked with darker (Seydel, Ant. Zeitsch. 

Breslau, 1886, p. Xxvii). 
aw. Left side ¢, right side ¢. Division sharp on head, left antenna ¢, right 
@, eye and palpus on left side larger, with longer hairs. On the right the epaulette 
is darker, both wings on this (the ¢) side much more intense in colour, sharper 
marked, less emarginate, and larger. In the outer area of cells i—iii of the right 
(?) forewing, irregular dark-brown male stripes run through the violet-grey ground- 
colour. The left (¢) front leg is far shorter and more strongly clothed with hair 
than the right. The abdomen is very interesting in form; dorsally and laterally it 
is purely ¢ in clothing and colour; ventrally, however, it has many irregular patches 
of ¢ coloration and with short hairs; it is also strikingly long and thick, of the 
size of that of a large ¢, right side much more strongly ventricose than left, with 
purely normal ¢ external genitalia, which were examined in the fresh moth. The 
specimen is very large, of a fine violet-grey colour on both pairs of wings, in spite of 
the unlikeness in other respects of the left and right sides. The pupa-case distinctly 
shows the difference of the antennal sheaths. The pupa came from the neighbour- 
hood of Leipzig. Imago bred April 30th, 1900 (Frings, Sec. Hnt., xv., pp. 52—53). 

—o. We have twice, in the neighbourhood of Paris, met with a poplar Sphinx 
which had, at least externally, the characters of a gynandromorph (Godart, Azcycl. 
Méth., ix., p. 66). [No further details are given. Godart had been describing a 
gynandromorphous Papilio ulysses, and just mentions these incidentally to show that 
the occurrence was not unique. | 

7. Halved. Right pair of wings and antenne ¢, left ¢. Body and genitalia 
¢. Bred, 1896. Hartmann coll. (Schultz, 21. Woch. fur Ent., ii., p. 393). 

v. Halved. Right pair of wings and antenna ¢, left ¢. Body in shape ?. 
Genitalia indistinct. Hartmann coll. (Schultz, 7. Woch. fiir Ent., ii., p. 394). 

@. Right pair of wings and antenna ?, left ¢. Body inshape ?. Genitalia 
indistinct. Hartmann coll. (Schultz, doc. cit.). 

x. Right side g, left side ¢. Perfectly divided gynandromorph. Bred by 
Eiffnger in 1893 at Frankfort-on-Main. In Roeder coll. (Schultz, 272. Woch. fir 
7t. 1, P- 308). 

W. Right side ¢, left side ¢. Left antenna 9°, nght antenna ¢. Both 
pairs of wings of grey coloration. Bred by Schumann, Berlin, from a dug pupa 
(Schultz, 722. Woch. fur Ent., ii., p. 393). 

w. Right side ¢, left side ¢. Left antenna ?, nght antenna ¢. Right 
$ pair of wings grey, left ¢ pair rusty-brown coloured. Captured by Hansch- 
mann, 1895, near Schmargendorf (near Berlin). Thiele coll. (Schultz, £2. Woch. 
er Ent., ., p. 393)- 

a’. Right side ¢, left side 9. Halved. Right antenna, legs and wings and 
right side of head and thorax entirely of ¢ form, left side of ¢ form. Right 
pair of wings ash-grey, left pair more fawn-colour. (Gerstacker, Sztzungsber. d. Ges. 
naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1867, p. 25; Bronn, Klassen und Ordnungen, v., 1, pp. 
213—2I5). 

B: ee side g¢, right side 9. Coll. Donitz. Obtained from Schaufuss o 
Meissen (Do6nitz, Berl. Ent. Zeits., xxxvi., Sitz. p. xxi). 

y. Left side g, right side ¢. In coloration, both pairs of wings alike, 


464 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


though the median band of the left forewing is darker. Left antenna ¢, right 
¢. Abdomen stout and long, with a dividing-line up to the terminal point, more 
slender on the ¢ side and bent towards the left. Right wing 4omm., left 37mm. 
in expanse. Bred at Berlin. Wiskott coll. (Wiskott, Festschrift. Ver. Schles. 
MP Sap kOe De LO), 

0. Halved. Left side g¢, right side ?. Right ¢? side somewhat redder 
in colour than the left. Left antenna ¢, right ¢. Abdomen according to shape 
and size ?. The grey and reddish coloration of the abdomen is separated by a 
very sharp dividing-line. Wing on the right side 38mm., on the left 35mm. in 
expanse. Bred at Berlin. Wiskott coll. (Wiskott, doc. cit.). . 

e. Halved. Left side g, right side ¢. Asymmetrically coloured and 
marked on the left forewing. From nervure 2 to the outer margin, and the costa 
of a dull brownish-grey with very obliterated median band, on the contrary from 
nervure 2 to the inner margin, deep black-brown. The other three wings 
dark grey-brown, with rosy incarnadine and sharply pronounced markings. 
Left antenna ¢, right ¢. Body according to the shape ¢, without really recog- 
nisable sexual differences. Bred at Breslau. Wiskott coll. (Wiskott, Joc. czt ). 

c’. Halved. Left side g, right side ¢. Neither in size nor coloration 
of the wings any essential differences. On the contrary, the left antenna decidedly 
é, right ¢. Abdomen from the shape ¢. Dividing line faintly discernible. 
Bred at Hamburg. Wiskott coll. (Wiskott, loc. czt.). 

n. Halved. Left side ?, right side ¢. Coloration and markings of the right 
pair of wings and patagia darker and sharper than on the left. Right antenna ¢, 
left ¢. Abdomen on the left stouter and fuller than on the right. Difference of 
expanse right side 36mm., left side 39mm. Bred at Hanover. Wiskott coll. 
(Wiskott, doc. czt.). 

6’. Imperfect. In coloration, markings, and shape of wings, the left side is 
distinctly 9, the ight ¢. The left antenna, however, does not correspond to this 
division, in so far that it is almost as stout as the right, typically formed ¢ antenna, 
and beset with weak, certainly shorter, but distinctly recognisable, teeth. Body ¢, 
with a line dividing it into a reddish left and a grey right half. Genitalia ¢. Left 
pair of wings larger (38mm.) than right (36mm.). Bred in Hamburg.  Wiskott 
coll. (Wiskott, doc. cit.). 

U. Halved. Right side ¢, left side ¢. Right wings and antenna ¢, left ?. 
Form of the bodv that of the ¢ but with ¢g anal clasp. Daub coll. (Gauckler, 
im litt.) (Schultz, Ldlus. Woch. fur Ent., i., p. 394). 

x. Halved. Right side ?, left side ¢. Wings and antenna on right side ¢, 
on the left ¢. Body purely ?. Daub coll. (doc. cit.). 

\’. Halved Right side ?, left side ¢. Wings and antenna on the right 
side ¢, on the left ¢. A divisional line runs down the centre of the body. ¢ and 
? genital organs present. Daub coll. (Joc. cit.). 

pw’. Right side ?, left side ¢. Right wings ?,left ¢. Both antenne with 
somewhat shorter pectinations than in the normal ¢. Body preponderantly ¢?, 
with imperfect genital organs. Daub coll. ¢doc. cit.). 

vy’. Halved, Right side ¢, left side ¢. Right wings and antenna ¢, left 
g¢. <A divisional line runs down the centre of the body. The ¢ anal clasp is 
plainly visible, also the ¢ genital organs of the other half, although somewhat 
imperfect. Daub coll. (doc. cit.), 

£’, Halved. Right side ¢, left side ¢. Right wings and antenna ?, left 
g. Abdomen according to form ¢. Anal clasp not well expressed. Daub coll. 
(Zoc. cit.). 

o’. Halved. Right side ¢, left side ¢. Right wing and antenna ¢, left ?. 
Form of the body more that of the ¢, although with crippled ¢ genital organs. 
Daub coll. (oc. cit.). 

mw. Halved. Left side ¢, right side ¢. Both pairs of wings brown, the 
left ¢ pair darker and more sharply marked, also rather larger than the right 


¢ pair. A divisional line runs nearly exactly down the centre of the body. 
The portion to the left of the line is darker than that lying to the nght. Form 
of the body ¢, with indistinct genital organs. Koser collection (Schultz, 


Llius. Woch. fur Ent., ii., p. 395). 

p—w’. Eight gynandromorphs of this species are in Staudinger’s coll. 
(Schultz, doc, cit.). 

a.” Halved. Right side ¢, left side ?. Right side of head and thorax 
g, dark slaty-grey, with thick erect hair; left side ?, light reddish-grey, hair 
appressed. Right side of head and also right eye distinctly larger than the left. 
Right antenna ¢, left ¢@. On the underside of the right first femur, and on the 


AMORPHA POPULI, 465 


upperside ot the second and third temora, there is a thick broad brush of hair; all 
the legs on the left side without such brush. ¢ palpus broader and longer than 
in the ¢. The ¢ pair of wings much darker, grey, with sharper central 
band and outer-marginal marking, also of a darker brownish-red at the 
anal angle of the hindwings. ? pair of wings reddish-brown, longer 
than the right pair. Right half of thorax more swollen, more massive. 
Divisional line recognisable neither on thorax nor abdomen; the latter in form, 
down and coloration normally ¢. Genitalia feebly developed although entirely of 
? structure. Captured July 3rd, 1892 (Schultz, 7lus. Zeits. fiir Ent., iii., p. 135). 

pB”’. Halved. Left side ¢, right ¢.° Left pair of wings ¢, with richly- 
contrasting darker markings; left forewing 2;cm. long. Night pair of wings ?, 
with paler, slighter markings; right forewing 3cm. long. Left antenna ¢, right 
¢. Thorax on the left more strongly hairy than on the right. The-genitalia were, 
in the living insect, clearly developed in exact halves, and became indistinct 
owing to the subsequent desiccation. The darker coloration of the left side shows 
itself on the upperside of the body as well as on the down of the limbs. Bred by 
Koch (zz litt.) (Ent. Zeitschrift Guben, xi., p. 56). 

y’. Right side ¢, left ¢. Perfectly divided. Divisional line very clearly 
perceptible on the upper- and undersides. ¢ pair of wings slaty-grey, the 
distinctly larger ? pair reddish-brown in colour. Form of the wings of each half 
different. Right side: eye and palpus larger, thorax more voluminous, legs with brushes 
of hair, and antenna purely g. Left side: legs longer, without brushes ; antenna 
shorter, quite ?. ‘Lhe last abdominal segment, except a spot situated on the 
left side, of ¢ coloration. Genitalia entirely ¢, on the left somewhat smaller 
and crippled. Captured in 1887 in Silesia. Frings coll. (iz étt.) (Schultz, Z2/us. 
Meus. fur Fnt., i., Pp. 135). 

6’. Halved. Left side ¢, right side ¢. Wing-markings of the left ¢ side 
sharper, the coloration also brighter, more violet. Right pair of wings less 
conspicuous, more brownish. Margin of the right forewing more sharply indented 
and considerably more oblique. Basal spot on the right ¢ hindwing smaller, and 
almost imperceptibly paler. Left antenna ¢ in form, right antenna ¢. Left 
palpus large, clothed with long dark hairs, the mght smaller, with shorter paler 
hairs. On the abdomen a narrow longitudinal ridge, which divides the sexes 
according to the coloration (left brownish, right more grey-brown). Towards the 
end of the abdomen this ridge verges round to the right. On the abdomen the 
anal tuft of the ¢, even if somewhat curtailed, is distinctly perceptible; on the 
right side it disappears entirely. Bred by Herr Lehrer Denke in Crefeld in the 
spring of 1895 (Rothke, fahresbericht des Vereins fur naturw. Sammelwesen zu 
Crefeld, 1895 to 1896, p. 14). 

é’. Halved. Left side ¢, right ¢. Right pair of wings very sharply marked, 
with dark prominent central band and waved line, bluish-grey (as also is the right 
patagia). All the rest coloured reddish-brown, and more weakly marked. Underside 
in agreement with the upperside. Left antenna ¢, right ¢. Abdomen stout and 
long, towards the anal end of ¢ form. Coloration of the body up to the last 
segment red-brown; terminal segment, together with the down of the anus and the 
longer right side of the anal tuft, on the contrary, coloured bluish-grey. Great 
difference in wing expanse; left side 38mm., right 35mm. Bredin Saxony. Wiskott 
coll. (Wiskott, Zs, 1897, p. 381). 

¢’. Halved. Left side g, right @. The left ¢ side bluish-grey, with 
sharply-marked band, the right ¢ side red-brown. Similar distinction in colour 
from the head to the end of the body marked out by a woolly ridge along the centre 
of the body. On the underside the left hindwing also from the base to the costa 
within veins 2—6 of ? red-brown coloration. Abdomen in structure ?, though 
on the left more slender, less rounded, with the extremity bent round to the left. 
On the underside the division between the two colours on the abdomen much more 
striking than on the upperside, the whitish-grey and dark reddish-brown sharply 
bounded. This boundary-line keeps the centre till shortly before the anal point ; 
there the brown ? coloration verges over towards the right, while the point is 
covered with ¢ whitish-grey hair. Left legs grey, night brown. Left antenna 
$,right 9. Expanse of wing: left 37mm., right 39mm. Bred in 1897 at Berlin. 
Wiskott coll. (oc. cct.). 

n. Strictly halved. Left side ¢, ght ¢. Right pair of wings smaller than 
the left. Right forewing with strongly expressed markings, of reddish-brown 
coloration, the latter especially prominent on the disc of the wing and on the outer 
margin. Left forewing with washed-out markings of a grey-brown colour ; 
the disc of the wing, owing to want of colour and demarcation, scarcely 


466 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


at all in contrast with the ground colour; the whole wing more ex- 
panded than the right. The red-brown basal spot on the left ¢ side 
is only about # the size _of that on the right. On the underside the left pair 
of wings distinctly differs in coloration from the right; the ¢ wing is here distinctly 
marked, the ¢ almost without markings. Right antenna ¢, left 9. Palpus of 
the ¢ side dark brown, longer-haired ; palpus of the ¢? side paler-coloured, less 
long-haired. Abdomen with distinct longitudinal ridge, which divides the body into 
two halves, of which the right is considerably more voluminous and more darkly 
coloured than the left. The anal tuft of the ¢ as well as the genital aperture of the 
¢ is distinctly discernible. This gynandromorph was bred in 1896 by Krieghoff at 
Langewiesen in Thiiringia (Schultz, Soc. Hnt., xiii., p. 1; Ll. Zeits. fur Ent., iii , p. 136). 

0”. Left side ¢, nght ?. Left antenna ¢, right ¢. Palpi without distinct 
difference as regards coloration. The same may be said of the legs. Right pair of 
wings larger, ?, left smaller, ¢. Left forewing dark brown, with sharp markings 
and strongly contrasting central area, less scalloped than the right, which passes 
more into the grey coloration and allows of less marked contrast in the central area ; 
however, the character of the markings is more distinctly pronounced here than on 
the @ forewing of the example above described. Right hindwing with smaller 
_red-brown basal spot; left hindwing normal ¢. Body without any sort of 
dividing ridge of hair above or below. ¢ genital aperture visible, and on the right 
side ofit a ¢ tuft of hair. This example was bred from the same brood as the above, 
together with about 60 normal specimens, by Krieghoff (oc. cit.). 

u’. Halved. Left side ¢, right side 9 (Hut. Zeitschrift Guben, ix., p. 115). 

x’. Left side ¢, right ¢. Left pair of wings and antenna @2, right pair ot 
wings and antenna ¢. Body in outward form ¢. Philipps coll., Cologne (zz Zitz.) 
(Schultz, Jddus. Zeits. fur Ent., iii., p. 137). 

XN”. Halved. Left side ¢, right ¢. Antennz in exact accordance with the 
two sexes. Body with ¢ anal tuft on the left side, on the right side materially 
stronger and fuller, running to a point at the anus (as in the ?). The left ¢ 
forewing, measured from the base to the apex, 33mm. long, the right ¢ wing 
36mm. The hindwings, in agreement with these dimensions, likewise of unequal 
length, that is to say, in exact proportion to the length of the corresponding 
forewing. The ground-colour of the left ¢ wings whitish-grey; the transverse 
bands, especially the central fascia, sharply laid on with brown, the latter with 
distinct whitish median spot. The ground-colour of the right ¢ wings more reddish- 
grey, the transverse band more washed out, and the median spot indistinct. On the 
underside of the left ¢ pair of wings the transverse bands distinctly visible, while on 
the right ¢ side they are scarcely to be recognised. This gynandromorph emerged 
from the pupa on August 27th, while all the remaining examples of this brood came 
out between May 10th and June 21st. A. Hoffmann coll. Cologne (2% @z¢z.) (doc. cit.). 

p’—v". Two further examples were bred in 1897. JDescriptions of these 
are wanting (¢ef/7. Entom. Fahrbuch, 1898, Report of the ‘‘ Orion,” p. 241). 

é". Right side ¢, left side ¢. Emerged from pupa in 1844 (Eyndhoven, 
Alg. Konst en Letterbode, 1847, pt. ii., p. 149). 

o”. Right side ¢, left side ¢. This example is smaller than the succeeding 
‘one, its abdomen is that of a ?, the right g¢ antenna is thickened and characteristic, 
the left ? antenna fine. From Osnabriick. Oberthiir coll. (Oberthir, z7 Z7#t.). 

m’. Right side ¢, left side ¢. The example has the abdomen placed 
slightly crosswise, is slightly deformed, on the right, enlarged and flattened. The 
four wings are similar; the insect is very large, well-developed as to its wings, 
with all the markings clearly shown. From Chalons-sur-Saone. In _ Boisduval 
coll. ‘This is the specimen noticed by Boisduval (Spéctes Gén., 1, p. 24) as 
being a magnificent gynandromorphous. specimen which was given to him by 
M. Martin, of Chalons-sur-Saone (Oberthir, 27 Zz¢z.). 

“. A specimen bred from a Brighton larva, which has the left antenna ¢, 
the right ? ; the wings are hopelessly crippled; the body is ¢ and full of eggs 
(Fletcher, 27 Witt.). 

o. Right side, wings small, ¢, greenish-grey in colour; left side, wings 
considerably larger, ¢, reddish-grey in colour. Right antenna ¢, left ¢. Bred by 
Dahlstrom in Epiries from a dug pupa (Bartel, Palaeark. Gross-Schmett., li., p. 191). 

r’. Halved. Right side ¢, left side ¢. Wings on the right side smaller 
than on the left, paler coloured and weaker marked. The abdomen distinctly 
divided medially by a longitudinal ridge, with longer hairs on right side. 
Kricheldorff coll. (Bartel, Palaeark. Gross-Schmett., ii., P. 191). 

v’. Halved. Left side g, right side ¢?. Right wings larger than left; 
central lunule of the right forewing more indistinct than that of the left, which 


AMORPHA POPULI. 467 


is darker coloured. The partition-line along the middle of the body is sharply 
marked. Bred in 1898 at Berlin from a dug pupa (Bartel, Palaeark. Gross- 
senmell., N., Pp. 191). 

o’. A faultless gynandromorph, bred by Jahn, from a pupa found at large 
pscontze,. (77s, ix., Pp. 323): 

x’. Head and thorax divided longitudinally, so that the right side is ¢, 
the left ¢. The last-named side shows the rare light red-grey colour, and 
the hairs appressed, the ¢ side is dark, more black-grey in colour, and has 
dense raised hairs. Right antenna and right legs ¢g, leit 2. Left (¢) wings 
of a reddish tint, right (¢) much darker, almost entirely dark grey. Abdomen of 
the size of that of a small ¢, but no trace shown of a partition-line. It has com- 
pletely the form, the hairs and the light colour of a normal ?. The last segment 
is very small, as are also the genitalia, which are somewhat aborted, yet completely 
one form (Frings, Soc. L7t:, vil.s p: 179). 

W’—a'". Mr. Weaver reared three gynandromorphous A. populi, one of which 
is now in the possession of Mr. Stevens. Right side ¢, left side ¢ (Westwood, 
trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1842, p. 202;.Lefebvre, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., iv., p. 149 
(1835). 
3”. A gynandromorph found by Westwood in Bentley’s collection [Lefebvre, 
Ang. S06. Lint. lr., v., p. 149 (1835) |. 

y”. Halved gynandromorph. Bred by Auer of Berlin from a pupa found in 
the neighbourhood (Bartel, Palaeark. Gross-Schmett., ii., p. 189). 

6”, Left ¢, right ¢. Bred at Weissensee, near Berlin (doc. cit.). 

é”, A gynandromorph noted by Kalender (Russ’s J/szs, iv., no..20, 1879; 
Bartel, Palaeark. Gross-Schmett., il., p. 186). 

g’”’, Of medium size; the right side smaller, ¢, the left larger, redder, ?. 
The palpi, eyes and genitalia are abnormal, and bear characters of both sexes. Bred 
from larva at Moscow by Zetter. The difference in the antennz was noticed in the 
pupa before emergence (Zetter, 2 J/ztt.) (Treitschke, Die Schmett., x., 1, p. 
141). [Possibly that fgured by Fischer von Waldheim, anfed, p. 463, gynand. x]. 

yn’. A very fine hermaphrodite, presented to me by Sheridan ; the wings, 
antenna and legs on right side ¢, those on the left ¢ ; the division as _pertect 
as if a g and @ had been divided lengthwise vertically, and the halves of the 
sexes united (Curtis, 477. Hnt., expl. pl. 482 (1834)). 


VARIATION.—Bacot observes that this species is more variable 
than S. ocellata, but the variation is chiefly confined to a greater 
or less intensity of the various tints, and not to an actual alteration 
iMecne markings, -“In Britain, the ground-colour extends from 
whitish-grey and pale reddish-grey to very dark grey, the latter 
sometimes suffused with rose, giving it a distinct purple gloss. 
Caradja notes the Roumanian form at Grumazesti as always grey, 
which is, however, strikingly dark and sharply marked, whilst at 
Comanesti, Leon obtains a brown form. Steinert in his fauna of 
the Dresden district tells of an unusually large example of 2. 
popult, The specimen, a @, has a wing-expanse of 1to2mm.; it 
was bred by A. Kotzsch, of Loschwitz, near Dresden. ‘The specimens 
which exceptionally emerge in late summer or autumn, without hiber- 
nation of pupa, are said to be distinguished by their less strongly 
emarginate wings and the almost rounded tips of the projections. A 
specimen of this species was found by Kollar, which had also 
on the forewings a rust-red basal spot similar to that of the hind- 
wings (cfr, Treitschke, Die Schmett., x., 1, p. 141). A large number of 
the specimens from Transcaucasia are distinguished by very light red- 
dish-brown colour, and approach more nearly to the var. populetorum 
of A. populeti (Bartel). Newman observes that he bred, at Bexley, a? , 
on July 5th, 1897, after the pupa had been subjected to heat from 
March, which had a very pink tinge; pink and dark forms, however, 
normally occur in all batches reared from Bexley larve. West - 
has more than once noted that the gs of the Lewisham and 


468 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Greenwich districts are frequently very rosy in tint. A _ large 
number of aberrations have been described in the British magazines, 
e.g., a g with three large pink blotches on the forewings, another 
of an extremely pale buff, and a third wholly chocolate in colour ; 
one of a reddish-brown colour:striped with amber, the spots in centre 
of forewing pale amber instead of white, the under part of body 
green, resembling a poplar leaf, the underside of wings tinged 
with a dull golden hue (Ranson, vz. iv., p. 148); bred imagines ot 
a light unicolorous fawn-colour, only 2” 2” in expanse, yet from 
these specimens, almost without markings, some of the finest and 
most distinctly marked specimens were reared (Gregson) ; a 2? specimen 
having ‘‘the whole of the insect—wings, legs, thorax, and abdomen— 
of a colour between brick-red and chocolate suffused with a whitish 
bloom as on ripe fruit; there is the usual whitish spot on the fore- 
wings, and also the crimson flush on the hindwings, but no other 
markings whatever; the nervures of the wings are bold and distinct 
and the antennze white”; pupa from Scarborough (Finch, £4, 
XXV1., p, 279), Of some Irish ones; Thornhill says (475 xay ieee 
294) ‘of 36 bred, none of the males are of the red form, and only one 
tending to a reddish-purple, of the females 5 are of a very light red 
form, some of the ordinary red form, and the others (11) the same 
colour as the males.” Some handsome aberrations are often bred in 
Ireland, suffused with lavender at the bases and over the oblique margi- 
nal band—Mayo and Howth; also specimens with rich olive-green 
central band and hind margin and similar lavender suffusions, but also 
with the discoidal mark very white and prolonged to the costal nervure ; 
in another, russet takes the place of the green, and the lavender is ofa 
warmer tone, all these possess the usual fuscous patch on the hindwing 
—Howth, mid-Galway (Kane). Bred a nice rosy form from dug 
pupze at Worcester (Rea), a light form sparsely scaled from New 
Forest, a @ in spring of 1890 from larva taken September oth, 
1889, feeding on sallow at Forest Gate, with the usual red markings 
at the base of the underwings replaced with straw-coloured patches 
(Mera), whilst Hill notes (2. AZ, AZ, xxiil., p. 5) a specimen from 
Derby with the russet spot on the hindwings wanting. He also 
records another Derby specimen of the brown form, with a lovely 
lilac bloom. . Some of the Yorkshire specimens bred are suffused with 
a purplish-red over both fore- and hindwings (Lofthouse), two bred at 
Gosport 1882, with a mauve pink tinge on the wings (Pierce), bred 1893 
from larvee taken in Sutherlandshire in 1892, the majority of the usual 
Scotch form, but in one the prevailing colour was a pinkish-grey and 
closely resembled two others from the New Forest and Lewisham that we 
bred (Adkin) ; pale form bred from larva with rows of red spots 
on both sides at Baldock (Wood); a very pale male the same 
tint as the palest @ and with the usual markings rather in- 
distinct from Guildford larva (Grover); a g with @?  colora- 
tion also an imago emerged August 6th, 1893, from pupa of Same year, 
in which the discoidal spot on forewings was much smaller and less 
white than in the rest of the brood which emerged in the spring of 1894 
(Filer) ; Corbin, Winkley and others observe that the autumnal-bred 
specimens are inferior in size to their spring relatives. Briggs notes that 
two imagines that emerged in August, 1887, were lighter than those 
of the same batch that went over the winter as pup and emerged 


AMORPHA POPULI. ~~ 469 


the next year; whilst we have already noted that Bartel says they 
are to be distinguished by their less strongly emarginate wings, 
and the almost rounded tips to the projections. Frey and 
other continental authors remark on the usually paler colour 
of the autumnal-bred specimens. Poulton exhibited at the meet- 
ing of the~ Entomological Society of London, on May 7th, 
Igoz, four very small, almost unicolorous, light brown speci- 
mens, bred as a second brood during the extremely hot weather 
of the middle of July, 1go0o. Oberthur observes that Scotch 
specimens (received from Pitcaple) are smaller than the normal 
~ size of French examples. The Aberdeen examples that we have 
observed have been strongly marked, and the ?s almost as dark 
as the gs, but of fair size; males from Rannoch are very dark 
and rather small; the Sutherland gs are also small in size, dark 
grey in tint, brightly and decidedly marked, the central and sub- 
marginal areas especially dark, the females dimorphic—both grey 
and red forms occurring. Except for the fact that they are rather 
smaller, there is no real difference between these and south of England 


examples. The following appear to be the usual British forms : 

I. Dark grey; sharply defined markings; median and submarginal areas 
especially clearly defined; suffused with rose, giving the wings a purplish tinge; not 
uncommon in the ¢s=ab. voseotincta, Reuter. 

2. Dark grey; sharply defined markings; median and submarginal areas 
especially dark; hindwings usually with very bright russet basal patch; frequent 
form of ¢s=ab. suffusa, n. ab. 

3. Paler grey, with less sharply defined markings; rarer in ¢, not uncommon 
in $=? populd, Linn. 

4. Whitish-grey, often with a faint yellowish tinge; usually with ill-defined 
markings ; rare in both sexes=ab. fadlida, n. ab. 

5. Pale reddish-grey, the markings ill-developed ; very rare in the ¢, common 
in the ¢=ab. rufescens, Selys. . 

6. Reddish-grey, leading up to foxy-red ; markings well-developed, rare in both 
sexes—=ab. fuchsi, Bartel. 

The following are the already-named aberrations and varieties of 
this species : 

a. ab. roseotincta, Reuter, ‘‘ Fort. Macrolep. Faun. Finl.,” p. 20 (1893) ; 
Buckell, “Ent. Rec.,” v., p. 276 (1894). — Corpore alisque superne saturate, 
roseotinctis, maculis umbrosis intra marginem exteriorem alarum omnium 
fasciaque anticarum media ferrugineis, ?. Finland (Univ. coll.), Aland (Bjorn 
Lendberg), Kristinestad (Sjoberg) [Reuter]. 

3. ab. tremulae*, Bkhb., ‘* Rhein. Mag.,’’ p. 649 (1793); Meig., “ Eur. 
Pcimictt.. i ps 150) plo dxvillk, tie. 4a(1S29) 5° Koch, “‘“Schmett. S.-W. 
DWeutsch:, 9p. 51 (356); Glaser, “* Der Neue Borkh..” p. 83 (1863); Carad., 
Seltisn xe ps) 31090). opal: var. sp...< Schmett: Hur... pli. xxil-, fig. 
2,(1760); Bkh,, “Sys. Besch.,”’ i., pp. 181—182 (1789) ; Ochs., ‘‘ Die Schmett.,” 
l., p. 251 (1808). Borkhausent, Bart., ‘* Paleark. Gross-Schmett.,” ii., p. 
194 (1900).—In 1789 Borkhausen writes (Sys. Besch., li., p. 181): ‘* Herr Esper 
gives us, on pl. xxil of his Abendschmetterlinge, fig. 2, a variety of the poplar-hawk, 
which has the same contour as the ordinary form, but is only half as large. The 
wings have no markings at all except the burnt-coloured spot at the base of the 
hindwings, but are of an unicolorous light grey. The example from which Esper’s 
figure is taken is in the cabinet of Herr Jung of Uffenheim, and was bred by him 
from a larva which only differed from the normal in its smaller size. Pastor Scriba 


* Tremulae, F. von Wald., ‘‘ Oryctogr. Mosc.,” pl. x., figs. I—2 (1830); Tr., 
Die Sehmett,,. x!, 1, p. 140 (1834): Dup., “ Hist. Nat.,”” supp. i, p. 29, pl. iu, 
mes 2,0 (1835) WHi-Sch., ‘Sys. Bearb:,” i., p.‘91, pl. iv., fig. 12 (1846); Vi., 
pa5O(lo52) , Bdy., ““spec--Gén:.”’ 1, p. 24 (1875)5 Staud., “ Cat.,” 3rd ed., p..99 
(1901).—This is a distinct species, with a var. amurensis, Staud., ‘‘ Rom. Mém.,”’ vi., 
p. 292. Bartel has renamed Borkhausen’s ¢vemzulae and allowed Fischer’s to stand. 
But, according to the law of priority, it is Fischer’s species that must be renamed, 
and Staudinger’s amwrensis will have to be adopted for it. 


470 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


of Arheilgen tells me that he once found several larvee on black poplar early in June, 
which were in all respects like the ordinary larva of the poplar-hawk, but which 
pupated when they were scarcely half the usual size, and produced imagines the 
same summer which completely agreed with Esper’s figure. Late in the autumn of 
1783 I likewise found on aspen such ‘a larva, which had scarcely reached half the 
normal size when it pupated ; I kept the pupa successfully through the whole winter, 
but it unfortunately perished through an accident towards the spring. Might not 
one conclude, from these corroborative observations, that this so-called variety is a 
distinct species? I will not decide at present, but await’ more precise observations. 
This autumn I have again obtained several poplar-hawk larvee, which for the most 
part have pupated at half size. Perhaps they will produce similarly varying moths. 
I will make known my experience in the supplements to the following parts of this 
work.”’ In 1793 (Rhein. Alag., p. 649) he adds: ‘‘ The so-called small obsoletely 
marked aberration of Sphk. popult, which I have made known in the JV. G. d. eur. 
Schm., ll. p. 181, has now been repeatedly bred in both sexes by an accurate and 
observant young entomologist, Herr von Schenk, who is at present studying at 
Giessen. Every time he has found the larva only on. aspen. It was only half as 
large as the ordinary larva of Sph. populiz, proportionally somewhat thinner, and the 
moth agreed entirely with Esper’s figure. If it is really a separate species, one might 
name it Sph. tremulae.”’ 

Koch worked out somewhat unsatisfactorily the history of this 
aberration (Schmett. S.-W. Deutsch., p. 51) and gives the following 
summary: This aberration was first figured by Esper (Die Schmett., 
ii., pl. xxi., fig. 2), who gives a_very reddish figure of it ween 
he describes it (p. 52) as ‘unicolorous light grey.’ Borkhausen 
(Sys... Besth., i., -p.- 181). cites Esper. and adds #thaue sens 
also” has bred this” aberration “irom the larva: In his Rhezn. 
Mag., p. 649, he repeats this and says further that Herr 
von Schenk has also repeatedly found the larva on aspen and 
bred both sexes. On account of the foodplant he gives it the 
name /rvemulae. Meigen gives the following very correct description : 
‘The moth is quite uniform hght-grey, only the hindwings have 
at the base a scarcely noticeable rust-coloured spot.’ Ochsenheimer 
only knew ¢remulae from Esper’s defective figure. Treitschke 
mentions (Die Schmeét., vol. x., part I, p. 140), that Herr Zetter has 
discovered this great rarity in the neighbourhood of Moscow. 
Zetter sent 3 specimens to Vienna, one of which remains in the 
Royal Nat. Hist. Cabinet. [Koch then goes on to say : “Zetterstedt, 
evidently thus erroneously named above, takes a newly dis- 
covered (near Moscow) species for the true /vemulae. ‘This 
can only be the one which Mann has diligently copied 
from the specimen in the Royal Museum at Vienna. Zetterstedt 
wrote his Faun. nus. Lapponica in 1840; thus the priority-right 
of the name ¢vemulae belongs to Borkhausen, not to him ; 
moreover, Borkhausen described a moth which occurred at Giessen, 
not at Moscow. In any case he [Borkhausen] did not at all know 
Zetterstedt’s insect, for his ¢vemulae is ‘quite unicolorous light-grey,’ 
while Zetterstedt‘s—at least according to Herrich-Schaeffer’s figure 
(Bd. i1., Taf. iv., fig. 12) —is certainly far from light-grey, and shows 
altogether quite a different species. If only some degree of attention 
had been given to Borkhausen’s description, his ¢vemulae would 
certainly not have been united or confused with Zetterstedt’s.” 
This confusion of names tends to obscure the facts somewhat, 
Koch having mistaken Zetter’s name for a contraction of that 
of Zetterstedt.| Koch then says that in order to become 
acquainted with the puzzling ¢vemulae, he asked several friends 
in Giessen, who collected lepidoptera, to look out for it, and 


AMORPHA POPULI. 471 


~ Herr Binzer succeeded in finding a larva on aspen from which a 
variety appeared, agreeing most exactly with Borkhausen’s 
description. In order that others may be able to convince them- 
selves of the correctness of these statements, Koch adds to his work, 
on pl. 1, fig. r an accurate figure, copied from nature, and concludes : 
“‘Tt only remains to be remarked that this variety does not result from 
all larve of fopulc which live on aspen ; for those which I have not 
rarely found thereon have all produced typical jpofulr.” Glaser 
describes it (Der Neue Borkhausen, p. 83) as: ‘The small light aber- 
ration of the poplar-hawk, of greenish-whitish ground-colour and with 
weaker markings, usually also with the rust-coloured spot almost 
obsolete, which is found in certain districts, ¢.g., about Biedenkopf (on 
the Upper Lahn), on aspen in woods, and having a very pale-green, 
sometimes blood-red spotted, larva. This aberration was known 
already to Esper and Borkhausen as the aspen-hawk, which they 
treated as a separate species.” He also repeats Koch’s 
statement that ‘‘ Zetterstedt’s Ser. tremulae is, however, a quite 
different species from this aberration. One also very often finds 
larve of the ordinary poplar-hawk on aspen, and a noteworthy 
variety is only produced by a long succession of generations 
on aspen. In Heydenreich’s Catalogue, var. tremulae is omitted, 
but Meigen has described it correctly, others only from hearsay.” 
ipantelooserves,: “9. A small and light form 4. populz, with 
greenish-grey ground-colour, weaker markings and almost obsolete 
rust-red basal spot of hindwings. ‘This aberration, in which Caradja 
(lris, 1X.. Pp. 3) suspects a transition to the true 4. fremulae, has 
no connection with this eastern species, and is only a casual 
aberration of the very variable A. populz, Hesse—about Biedenkopf 
on the Upper Lahn, Giessen; Belgium ; Roumania—in the forest of 
Grumazesti, .&c. Middle to end of June.” 

y- ab. rufescens, Selys, ‘‘ Ann. Soc. Ent. Belge,” i., p. 42 (1857); Bartel, 
‘«¢ Paleeark. Gross-Schmett.,’’ ii., p. 193 (1900).—Rufescens a fond roussatre pale, 
ressemblant un peu au S. guerciis du midi. Belgium (Selys) ; Douai, rare (Foucart). 

6. ab. fuchsi, Bartel, ‘‘ Paleark. ‘‘ Gross-Schmett.,” i1., p. 193 (1900). 
Rufescens, Fuchs, ‘‘ Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat.,” xlii., p. 204 (1889) ; Kirby, << Cat.,”’ 
p. 710 (1892).—-In this aberration the grey of the ordinary form is replaced by a 
delicate fox-red, which results in making the specimen widely different in appearance 
from other A. populi. The parts of the wings which have the fox-red colour are 
the central and marginal areas of the forewings and the margin near the apex of 
the hindwings. The base of the hindwing is dull rust-brownish, not dark red-brown 
as in other A. populi. The rest of the wings is almost rose-coloured in aspect, much 
more delicately coloured than ordinary specimens, wz., the basal area of 
the forewings, the space between the central and marginal areas of the forewings 
where the fox-red colour shades off on each side into the rose-colour without 
distinct demarcation ; lastly, a marginal spot above the hind angle of the forewing ; 
on the hindwing the area between the dull rust-brownish base and the fox-reddish 
apex. This central area is traversed on the hindwings by an indistinct double stripe 
of fox-reddish colour. All markings fainter, much less distinct than in the ordinary 
form. On the underside also all the wings show more faintly a reddish tone. 
Through this mixture of fox-red and rose-colour this specimen presents a character- 
istic appearance. Bred from larva found on Populus tremuda in the autumn of 1886; 
the imago emerged June 4th, 1887. I have received another ? from northern 
Germany, which entirely agrees with this in colour and only differs in its better 
expressed markings (Fuchs). 

Bartel renamed Fuchs’ ab. rufescens as not agreeing with Selys 
aberration of the same name, and writes as follows: “ @s. 
All the markings weakened, and much more indistinct than in the 


472 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


typical form. ‘The grey of the type is replaced in ab. fuchs? by a 
delicate fox-red. This colouring is especially conspicuous in the 
marginal and central areas of the forewing and on the margin about 
the apex of the hindwing, while the other parts of the wing are 
almost rose-colour, and much softer-toned than in ordinary S. popudz. 
These are the basal-area, the space between the central and 
marginal areas of the forewing (where, on both surfaces, the fox-red 
colour is lost in the rose without any distinct demarcation), on mar- 
ginal spot above the inner angle of the same wing, and the space 
between the base and the fox-red apex of the hindwing. This 
central space is traversed on the hindwing by an indistinct double 
stripe of fox-red colour. The large basal patca of the upperside of 
hindwing is not dark red-brown as in the type, but weakly rust- 
brownish. This aberration was erected upon two otherwise entirely 
agreeing @ examples of which the one only differed from the other 
in having the markings better expressed; also a specimen of ab. 
fuchst lying before me isa 2. One of Fuchs’ examples came from 
a larva found on Populus tremula, but it would be an error to ascribe 
the origin of this aberration to the influence of the leaves of the 
plant mentioned, for it is generally known that the larve living 
on aspen yield just as variable moths as those which feed on black 
poplar or willow. Central Europe (North Germany and Rheingau) ; 
probably also in the rest of Europe everywhere among the type” 
(Palaeark. Gross-Schmett., \i., Pp. 193). 


é. Vat. populeiz, Bien., ‘* Lep. Ereeb. Fersien,’’ p. 33) (1870) Kunbyees sea 
p. 710 (1892); Bartel, ‘‘ Paleearlk. Gross-Schmett.,” “p. 194 (ig0o);))Staud= 
“¢Cat.,” 3rd ed., p. 99 (1901).—Smerinthus populeti, n. sp. Smerinthus alis 
supra pallide ferrugineis (¢ albido ochraceis) obsolete dentatis, fasciis ferrugineis ; 
anticis puncto medio nullo, posticis basi ferrugineis. 100mm.—110mm., 2 g andI ¢, 
the former much worn, ina poplar plantation at Meschhet. Larger than S. populz, 
paler and more indistinctly marked. The transverse bands are scarcely indicated in 
the g¢,in the ¢ the outer is bright rust-colour; the inner, bounding the basal area, 
is lighter rust-colour. The sharply defined basal area of the ? is ‘lighter with two 
darker marks in the middle. Colour of body agrees with wings. Anos of ¢ 
strongly dentated, of the ? with only a slight suggestion of teeth. Beginning of 
July, 1858. Mesched and Charlog (Bienert). Pallide ferruginea vel albido-ochracea, 
al. ant. minus signat, [in ¢ fere unicolor.], non albido lunulatis (Staudinger). 
Kouldja (Alpheraky). 


By some lepidopterists this eastern form is considered to be a 
distinct species, and var. populetorum has been suggested to be a variety 
thereof. 


Z. var. populetorum, Staud., ‘Stett. Ent. Zeit.,” xlviii., p. 65 (1887) ; ‘* Cat.,” 
3rd ed., p. 99 (1901);, Kirby, “Cat.,” p. 7ro (1892); Bart.; ‘* Palecark.stanosce 
Schmett.,” i.) p. ‘195 (1900).” Fopul: var., Alph., ‘* Hor. Soc. Ent: dXossey aes wee 
p. 16 (1882).—From Usgent I received over 100 bred specimens of this form, also 
single individuals from Osch, sent by Haberhauer. [ at first took them for popwdetz, 
Bienert, but this north Persian form is smaller and far more uniformly marked. The 
few specimens I have (2) or have seen of var. populeti are strongly reddish-grey in 
tint, and the wings especially exhibit only a darker transverse band on the outer 
margin, Although this, especially in the forewings, gives a tolerably different 
aspect, vet I suspect that Aopz/eti is only one of the many local ferms of 4. populi. 
The central Asiatic var. opuletorum approaches far more nearly the Algerian var. 
austauti, Staud., for this also is only a local form of A. popudz, the different colour 
aberrations of which have been recently provided by Austaut with names. The dull 
yellow-green specimens he has called staudingert, the reddish form zxcarnata, and 
the dark grey mixed with brown mzrabdilis. In size, my central Asian populetorum 
vary from 85mm.—I12mm., and are, therefore, as large, on the average, as the north 
African austauti, of which, indeed, my largest specimen measures 118mm. The 


AMORPHA POPULI. 473 


colour is mostly of a light reddish-grey, as in the ab. zzcarnata, Aust., and single 
specimens are hardly to be distinguished from this. The colour is seldom so grey 
as it is normally in pofuli; it is never yellow-grey, nor quite dark grey in the 
specimens before me. Most of the examples are rather strongly marked, and have, 
on the outer area of the forewing, 2—4 dark, wavy, transverse lines, which are 
occasionally so faint as to be scarcely distinguishable; on the hindwings also the 
corresponding 2 or 3 darker, posteriorly lighter-margined, wavy, transverse lines 
usually stand out distinctly, whilst the large, red-brown, basal scale-patch is almost 
always strongly markea as in populi and austauti. The form of the wings varies 
considerably in populetorum, but not sv much as it does in populz. In populetorum 
the outer margins of the wings are far less crenate than in fopzl7, of which, however, 
I possess also some almost smooth-margined examples. The hindwings of austauti 
are almost entirely smooth-margined. At any rate, populetorum is a fine, large, 
interesting local-form of our populz, or, perhaps, really the type-form, if, indeed, 
Europe obtained its lepidopterous fauna from Asia (Staudinger). Usgent, Osch 
(Haberhauer), Pamir (Grum-Grshimailo). 

n. var. austauti, Staud., ‘‘ Pet. Nouv.,”’ ii., p. 190 (1877) ; ‘‘ Cat.,”’ 3rd edly p: 99 
Gugon)= Aust. “Ie Natural...” 1, pp: II, 68, 85 (1879) ; Obth., “ Etudes,’  etc., 
ip. 05, pl... fig.1 (1831); Kirby, “Cat.” p. 710 (1892); Standfuss, “ Handbuch, de pee 
pp. 55, 62, 150 (1896); Bartel, “« Palzeark. Gross- Schmett.,”’ ii., p. 196 (1900). Poupil- 
Wer, Bell’; << Pet. Nowv..,’ ii, p- 193 (1878).—A Smerinthus populi (?), taken in May, 
deserves special mention, although unfortunately it is not very fresh. It is very 
large, measuring 100mm. in expanse; its colour is greyish with a reflection of violet ; 
its markings do not differ from those of S. populz. The indentation of the margin 
of the wings is much less pronounced, almost none, especially on the inferiors ; 
this character, combined with its large size, gives this specimen a characteristic 
aspect; however, as S. populi varies much. even in the indentation of the wings, 
I should not venture to establish on this singie individual the characters of a species. 
Perhaps it is identical with S. populeti from Persia; but this latter is too insufficiently 
described for one to be able to identify it; if this supposition be not found correct, 
and a certain number of individuals are found in Algeria belonging to the same type, 
I shall propose to name this form in honour of its discoverer: Smerinthus austauti 
(Staudinger). PupA: The immense pupa, 53mm. long, or even more, of the var. 
austautt, is very nearly identical with that of A. populz, except in size. The sculpturing 
is bolder, or perhaps only appears so, the anal spike is smaller, shorter, blunter 
and rougher, being sculptured and even spiculated to the end. The tibio-tarsal 
joint of the first leg forms a marked prominence; this is so also in A. popzelz, but usually 
to so small a degree as to escape notice. The lateral prominences of the toth 
segment are very definitely shorter and smaller, so that the anterior horn almost 
falls into the general pupal surface (Chapman). 


Oberthtr writes (zz Jett.) that he does not believe A. austauti 
to be a distinct species, but considers it to be simply a very large form 
of A. populi, some of the 60 examples in his collection being very large; 
it 1s also very variable. The examples he has have come from 
Morocco, Sebdon, Géryville, &c. 

9. ab. austauti-incarnata, Aust., ‘‘Le Nat.,’’ i., p. 237 (June 15th, 1880) ; 
Kirby, “Cat.,” p. 710 (1892); Bartel, ‘‘ Paleeark. Gross-Schmett.,’”’ ii., p. 199 
(1900).—Two specimens only, ¢ and ¢?,received from Algiers. Does not differ 
from the type in markings, nor in theoutline of the wings, but in the general 
colour, which is a fine rose carmine-grey instead of being of a more or less pale 
ashy-grey. The undersurface is still brighter than the upper, and the abdomen 
is particularly accentuated. The brown spot on the secondaries is redder, and 
also occupies an extended area. These examples came from larve obtained at 
the same time as those of the type, but it is worthy of mention that the larve, 
which produced these remarkable specimens, were not green like those which 
I have previously described, but of a fine bluish-grey, tinged with violet 
(Austaut). 

CPApeausiauil-mirauies., Aust: “le: Nat..”’ i... ps 359° (Nov. Ist; 
1383) i icirby, Cat.) p. 7rO (1892); Bartel, ‘‘ Paleark. Gross-Schmett.,”’ 
p. 199 (1900).—Size and pattern normal; but that which distinguishes it from 
the forms already known is the fine delicate rose tint which forms the 
ground-colour, both above and below, and which also covers the entire body, 
except the antennz which are whitish. In addition, the centre of the forewings 
is shaded with a slight reflection of greenish, which enhances still further the 
richness of colouring of the moth. This superb aberration was obtained from 


474 ; BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


larvee found at Morocco. It belongs to the zstival form staudingert, just as 
tncarnata comes from the vernal form austauti. I have before me 3 examples 
agreeing among themselves; these are the only ones which I have thus far seen 
(Austaut). 

x. ab. austauti-staudingeri, Aust., ‘‘ Le Nat.,’”’ 1., p. 85 (September Ist, 1879) ; 
Kirby, ‘‘Cat.,”’ p. 710 (1892) ; Bartel, ‘‘ Palzeark. Gross-Schmett.,”’ i1., p. 198 (1900). 
—Two examples of Smer. austautz, Stgr., bred at Bel-Abbas from the larvee which 
formed the subject of my article in Le Naturaliste of August Ist ” [z.e., ‘* Discovery 
of the larva of Smer. austauti’’], the larve being raised from eggs obtained 
from a ¢ caught by my brother north of Maroc, but the imagines present such 
a different appearance that, at first sight, it is difficult to recognize them. In general 
they are of a very pale colour, and I do not know how to characterise them better 
than by saying that all the pale grey shades of the type have become whitish, and 
that those of a darker grey have passed into a greenish-grey so pale that this colour 
hardly stands out from the ground colour ; all the wings, in addition, have a yellowish 
gloss which gives the moth a very delicate aspect. Body entirely whitish, the trans- 
verse lines vaguely defined, with a tendency to obsolescence. This splendid variety 
appears tome to differ so much from the type that I do not hesitate to give it a 
separate name. All second-brood examples appear to agree with this, and it seems 
to be a regular second-brood form (Austaut). 

EGGLAYING.—Sladen reports (#v7¢., xxi., p. 14) that he has seen 
this species laying its eggs whilst on the wing. Attached singly 
or in pairs (laid side by side) on leaves of foodplant (Tutt); de- 
posited in pairs on poplar leaves, on the upper- or underside 
indifferently, generally from 5 to 7 feet from ground (indicates 
possibly not the height at which the moth prefers to oviposit so 
much as the height at which it was convenient to gather the 
leaves): (Hellins). - Sich notes. (22, xxv., p. 217) iindme;agen 
June 7th, 1892, at Barnes, 16 eggs, laid possibly -by a crippled 
?, not singly but in two groups on a brown dead twig of balsam 
poplar, and they were, like the twig, brown in colour. Bonhote 
records (loc. cit.) taking 18 ova of the same species on one small leaf 
at Harrow. Eggs laid singly on underside of poplar leaves 
(Gordon) ; laid singly on underside of poplar leaf occasionally two 
or thrée in a cluster om the same leaf but never more; thevese= 
stage lasts 13 days (Ransom); found on July goth, 1895, in twos 
and threes on poplar, the colour then yellow, but it disappeared 
gradually by the 14th, and the larve appeared on the 16th; when 
first laid the eggs are of a clear light green (Bartlett) ; pairing 
obtained July 31st, 1860, the @ began to lay next night, and 
continued to do so until August 8th, having then laid nearly 150 
eggs, these began to hatch on August rath (Merrifield), 2 seen 
ovipositing on Salix alba in garden at 9 p.m. on July 8th, 1897, 
at Ealing (Montgomery); eggs hatched on July 16th, 1895, and 
fullfed larve found next day. at Bristol (Bartlett); eggs found as 
late as August 13th, 1885, at Barnstaple (Mathew); ova hatched as 
early as March 22nd, 1894 (Prideaux). 

Ovum *.—Oval, inclining to circular in outline, varying from 
r'7mm. long and 1°5mm. wide to 1°5mm. long and 15mm. wide; 
the height rather less than the width, the ends very rounded, when 
first laid, plump without any depression; of a pale pearly-green 
colour ; the shell shiny, very finely pitted, with some trace of a 
polygonal reticulation ; a faint, very finely reticulated depression at 
one end of the egg forms the micropyle; this latter is very difficult 


* Already described in detail (anted, pp. 386-387) and compared with ova of 
Mimas tiliae and Smerinthus ocellata. 


AMORPHA POPULI. 475 


to detect, but appears a little paler than the surrounding surface 
of the egg [Received July 21st, 1897, from Mrs. McMillan, 
described same day under a 2 lens]. The eggs are very large, 
nearly globular, some are rather more oval; smooth-shelled, of 
a very delicate greenish tint, and glistening like so many pearls. 
A few days before they hatched there could be seen through the 
shell what looked like two air-bubbles, and a few hours before 
hatching the form of the embryo larva could just be discerned 
of the same colour as the shell, though the latter when the 
larva has left it is quite clear like glass (Buckler). Of broad 
oval outline, nearly as deep as wide, the shell glossy, but when 
magnified is seen to be covered with a very fine reticulation, 
irregularly varying from hexagonal to almost square meshes, in 
colour pale yellowish-green. Some eggs I have measured were 
over 2mm. long and 1°75mm. wide, but the largest of both layings 
(1882 and 1886), those in each case that were laid on the first day, 
were I°95mm. long and 1‘6mm. wide; those of the second, third, fourth, 
and fifth days 1r°8mm. long and 16mm. wide; those of the sixth 
and eighth days slightly smaller ; those of the ninth and tenth days 
1°65mm. long and 1°45mm. wide, and the last egg I found in the 1882 
laying was only 1°6mm. by 14mm. (Hellins). Kowalewsky has used 
(Mém. Ac. Sct. St. Petersb., (7), Xvi., pl. xii) the eggs of this species for 
some of his embryological investigations (see also anfed, vol. i., p. 22). 
Parthenogenesis has been reported in the species by Meisner (p. 45 (1818)). 

HaBiTs OF LARVA.—The newly-hatched larva sometimes eats 
the greater part of the eggshell as soon as it is hatched, others, 
however, eat only enough to enable them to escape from the shell. 
Even before the first moult they eat pieces of the entire substance 
of the willow or poplar leaves on which they are feeding (Buckler). 
The larva of this species has only three moults, whilst those of 
the other two British Amorphid species have four. Whether this 
is always the case I cannot say. Chapman states that some larve 
of Moma alpium (orion) have four moults, others five, and that this is 
not a sexual difference, as is the extra moult in the female larva of 
Lotolophus antigua. The young larve have very similar habits 
to those of .S. ocellata, but, as they get older, the position in which 
they rest is very different; this is nearly always with the head 
downwards, and although the forepart of the body is raised, as 
in JS. ocellata, the head is curved inwards towards the leaf or twig; 
they will grasp the stalk of a leaf with their anal claspers only 
and hang down behind it, and it is quite remarkable how small a 
sallow leaf suffices to hide a fullfed larva. On poplars I have 
frequently noticed them, when they have eaten half the leaf, so 
resting as to represent the eaten portion themselves, and they are 
then so well protected that, with any wind, it would, I think, be 
impossible to detect them. I have noticed that the larve are 
much easier to find on misty mornings and before the sun is up. 
Probably the explanation of this is that, in bright sunshine, the 
light and shadow are much stronger, and consequently the slight 
difference in tint between the larva and the leaf is not so noticeable. 
The same fact holds good with S. ocellata, and I think that, as 
a rule, the protective coloration of larve is most perfect in sunlight 
or in full daylight (Bacot). Borkhausen notes (Sys. Besch., i, p. 


476 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


182) that his observations lead him to suppose that the imagines 
from the early summer larve are disclosed the same year, at 
Darmstadt, after a pupal period of 3 or 4 weeks. He states that 
the larvae which one finds late in autumn, often even after the frost 
has injured the leaves, are from the second generation, that he has 
noticed that these larve, delicate as they appear, have yet a very 
strong constitution. He says: ‘‘They freeze to a piece of ice, and 
when by day they are thawed by the sun, they eat quite: cheerfully 
the fallen poplar leaves, finally pupate, and produce in the follow- 
ing May perfect moths.” Ransom says (7 Ut.): “The larve are 
found later in the autumn than those of 5S. ocellata. I have frequently 
found them when the leaves are falling, and a very small one on 
October 4th, 1900. These larve also rest and feed upon the 
underside of the leaves, appearing to eat both by day and night. 
Fullgrown larve can often be found at the same time as unhatched 
ova.” For notes on the moulting habits, see azfed, 11., p. 17. Notes 
on a peculiar licking habit of the fullfed larva are also given (antéed, 
vol. 1., p. 99). The following notes on the larve may be useful: July 
to October, in Linz district (Himsl), October rath, 1878, at Galli- 
poli (Mathew), August 21st-28th, 1886, at Jersey (Jordan); June 
30th-August 14th, 1845, very young larve August 17th, older larve 
September 4th, 1856, at Brighton, young larve at Cuckfield, August 
2nd-4th, 1857, possibly those of a second brood (Merrifield); larve 
July sth-August r4th, 1865, August 8th, 1875, common July 
and August, 1885, ova hatched on August 25th, 1887, larve fullfed 
September 23rd, also July 13th, and August 5th to September 26th, 
1896, all at Lee (Fenn) ; very abundant, August, 1870, on poplar at 
Douglas (Robinson) ; larve plentiful on willow at Greswell on August 
5th, 1870, at Butterwood on August 9th, 1871, at Bulmershe Park on 
August 6th, 1880, at Burghfield on August 3rd, 1884, at Tilehurst, 
August roth, 1889, at Goring, August 14th, 1887, at Warren on 
August rst, 1890 (Holland); larve, July 22nd-August r4th, 1871, 
June 21st, 1872, small on June 26th, 1878, September 16th, 1879, 
July 26th, 1893, all on poplar, September 6th, 1896, on sallow, 
all at Lee, July 25th, 1889, on aspen, August 31st, 1895, on 
willow at Bexley, September roth, 1891, on aspen at Teesdale, 
September 3rd, 1895, on poplar at Grove Park, September 12th, 
1895, on willow at Darenth, August 18th, 1897, on osier at Bromley, 
October 4th, 1897, on sallow at Stone (Bower) ; fullfed larve at 
Chat Moss, September 13th, 1879 (Auld); larve, September rst, 
1880, at Palmerston Park (Flemyng); July, 1881, in north Devon 
(Mathew) ; August 24th, 1881, at Jedburgh (Elhot) ; August 
roth, 1886, July 1oth, 1887, at Brentwood, September 2ist, 1891, 
at Bentley, September znd, 1892, at Mucking (Burrows); larve, 
September roth-14th, 1888, September 25th, 1889, September 5th- 
6th, 1890, August 31st, 1892, July 17th-z1st, 1895, fullfed July 
23rd, 1897, #” long, at Bristol, August 9th-September 22nd, 1892, 
September 5th, 1893, at Braunton (Bartlett); larve, July 18th, 
1889, September 24th, 1892, August 25th, 1898, July roth, also 
October 25th, 1900, at Chiswick, July 18th, 1889, June 7th, 1892, 
at Barnes (Sich); August 17th, larve in last instar on willow, 
August 30th, 1889, very small, on weeping willow at Lowestoft, 
August 8th-roth, larve fullfed, 17th, 19th, 22nd, 29th, these had 


AMORPHA POPULi 477 


buried, but were unchanged on August 30th, September rst, 6th, 1887, 
at Clapton on willow (James) ; August 4th, 1891, at Bedford, larva 
pupated August goth (Steuart); late wet season of 1891 affected 
larve to such an extent that some were quite young in September, 
these fed up till leaves began to fall, when larve were about half- 
size, lingered on into November, and died of starvation, the 
trees having lost their leaves (Adkin) ; August 26th, 1894, 
on poplar at Worcester Park, the number of Sphingids noticed 
in 1894 was remarkable (Kaye) ; larve fullfed, September 
17th, 1894, September 24th, 1895, August 5th-27th, 1900, at Sud- 
bury (Ransom) ; larve taken at Great Yarmouth on September 2oth, 
1895 (Miller); July 20th, 1896, on osier at Whitwell, July 22nd- 
August 8th, 1897, on poplar at Prescot (Freeman); ova, July 3rd, 
1897, hatched July 16th, fed up on poplar, commenced to pupate Sep- 
tember 7th, all but one in pupal stage on September 21st, at Middles- 
borough (Lofthouse); July 30th, 1898, at Knowsley Park (Cotton) ; 
larve August 14th, fullfed September 3rd, 1898, also fullfed on poplar 
on September 12th, 1899, in Sulby Glen, fullfed from Cranstal Loch 
on September 3rd, 1900, on sallow (Clarke); crawling on ground 
fullfed on October 3rd, 1895, still feeding but fullgrown at 
Reigate, September 13th, rt900 (Prideaux); eggs deposited July 
2nd, 1899, hatched July 13th, larve all fullfed by August 3oth 
at Weymouth, larve July 16th, 1899, at Weymouth, August 6th, 
1898, at High Wycombe (Peachell); 3 larve taken at Halliwell on 
August 22nd, 1899, the first one buried on August 25th (Whittaker) ; 
September oth, 1899, at Forest Gate, quite a small larva taken 
in autumn of 1900, when nearly all the leaves had fallen, and it 
would have been quite impossible for it to have fed up (Mera); 
in 1900 ova did not hatch till June 25th, and the first larva pupated 
July 30th, in the Dorking district, but 125 eggs were laid by a second- 
brood ? between July 26th-30th, and larve emerged August 5th, 
&c., in 1901 (Oldaker). 

Larva *.—first stadium: Much larger than the larva of either 
Mimas tiliae or S. ocellata; short and thick by comparison with 
S. ocellata; the head large ; roughly triangular in outline, but 
rounded at top ; the segmental incisions well-marked, but not so 
conspicuously as in JZ. “lzae; the scutellum distinct (a noticeable 
character in all the later stadia); the caudal horn green, of the 
same tint as the rest of the body, about one-third the length of 
the larva, and it appears to be slightly movable at will; the oblique 
and subdorsal stripes present though not very distinct ; the prolegs 
markedly well-developed. When fullfed in this stadium, the lines 
down the sides of the head are distinct, the oblique lateral body 
stripes markedly so, the subdorsal also clearly defined and 
continued as far back as the base of the caudal horn; there are 
also two spots on the dorsal area of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th 
abdominal segments, which are elongated into short stripes on 
the 5th. Second stadium: The head distinctly triangular in outline, 
but neither so long nor so pointed as in 5S. ocel/ata ; the scutellum 
has along the front a border of yellow mammille, forming a ridge 
just behind the head; the 1st and 7th pairs of oblique stripes are 


* Described in detail (aztea, pp. 387 —389) and compared with larve of JZmas 
tiliae and Smerinthus ocellata. 


478 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


very much more distinct and broader than the others, the subdorsal 
is much less distinct than in the first stadium; the caudal horn is 
pale yellow, looks long, but this appearance of length is really 
due to the shortness of the body ; the mammillz or bases of sha- 
green hairs appear to be less numerous than in the larve of WZ. tliae 
and .S. ocellata, at any rate they are less noticeable. Third stadium : 
The larva is very short and thick, much larger than those of J 
tiliae and S. ocellata are after the 2nd moult, in fact as large as 
is MW. tiliae after its third moult. The head is broader, the cheeks 
somewhat prominent; four rather large mammillary elevations on 
the apex of the head, two on each lobe, but these are much smaller 
than the similar processes on the larval heads of JZ. thae and 
S. ocellata; the mammiulle or shagreen hair-bases scattered over 
the dorsal area much larger in front of the rst pair of oblique stripes 
than are those behind them; the subdorsal stripes very faint, 
altogether wanting behind the 4th abdominal segment, and usually 
all trace’ of them is lost after, the mext. moult; the) iseeeiammeaes 
pairs of oblique stripes are much broader and more conspicuous 
than any of the others, the mammille on them being so large 
and so closely crowded together that they are ridges rather than 
lines ; the caudal horn is still slightly bifid, each tip surmounted 
by one long hair. Fourth stadium, Still stouter and _heavier- 
looking than the larva of S. ocellata, but the difference between 
the larve not nearly so marked in the adult as in the earlier stages. 
The head somewhat smaller than that of S. ocel/ata, broader, and 
not so pointed; the 2nd to 6th oblique lateral stripes are well- 
marked, the rst and 7th not standing out so markedly stronger 
than they, and there is a sign of a dark border in front of the 
stripes, chiefly confined to the znd to 6th pairs; the caudal horn 
is short and thin, is not so stiff or curved as that of S. oce/lata, 
and is not bifid ; there was no trace observed of forked hairs in 
this stadium. The larve had only three moults, one less than 
those of JZ. tiliae and S. ocellata (Bacot). The newly hatched larvae 
(July 3rd) are of the tenderest tint of green, with very long caudal 
horn * ; the larve grew rapidly, whilst the horn remained of same 
size, hence they appeared more proportionate in length; on July 
6th the pale yellowish oblique side stripes were already visible, 
also a yellowish subdorsal stripe and spots on the back of the 
thoracic segments; the skin likewise assumed its rough character. 
On July rith most had moulted the first time and were half an inch 
in length, and their skin was now rough with innumerable raised 
points ; the whitish, slanting side stripes were most conspicuous 
on the tenth and fifth segments, that on the fifth extending to the 
end of the dorsal part of the sixth segment, and that on the tenth 
reaching to the base of the twelfth segment; these two were 
stouter stripes than the rest, which were but thin lines. On the 
14th of July most of the larve had moulted the second time, and their 
increase in size and more bluish-green tint were remarkable ; in 

* One larva that had eaten the greater part of its eggshell waited by the 
remains of the shell apparently to digest its meal, and, in the meantime, its long 
tail began to wither at the end for more than half its length, and then shrivelled 


and turned blackish at the point of the round portion, which eventually proved 
to be the tip of the caudal horn, all beyond falling away (Buckler). 


AMORPHA POPULI. 479 


a few hours they were three-quarters of an inch in length. On 
the thoracic segments were thin subdorsal and spiracular lines of 
whitish points, and similar spots were on the back of the second 
to fifth segments and along the front of the second segment, 
where they formed a margin; on the head also a line of white 
spots was to be seen down the ‘side of each lobe from the conical 
crown; indeed one may say that all the segments were roughened 
or shagreened with fine whitish points. On the roth and zoth of 
July, some moulted the third time, others a few days later, the 
shagreened roughness, the increased stoutness and the fuller and 
yellow-green colour were at once very marked. They now grew 
very rapidly and they moulted the fourth time* on the 27th, 28th, 
and 29th of July, some were then marked with crimson spots one 
on each segment along the subdorsal region, others had these 
Sper ~otly onthe end of the .8th, oth, roth, 11th, and 12th 
segments, those on the 8th and trzth being larger than the rest ; 
the narrow oval spiracles were whitish, edged with crimson, and 
just in front of each spiracle was a narrow oblong crimson spot 
and a similar spot behind each spiracle, and just behind each 
ventral proleg was a bar of yellow, followed by a bar of crimson. 
The ground-colour of these larve was then of a very brilliant 
yellowish-green, studded with rough yellow points, of which the 
largest and most prominent formed the slanting yellow lateral 
stripes, of these the two thickest passed upwards and backwards 
from the side of the 5th to the back of the 6th segment, and 
from the roth to the tip of the caudal horn, which was likewise 
yellow. One larva was bluish-green, with the points and the stripes 
quite pale yellow (Buckler). Second stadium (well advanced in the 
second stage): Yellowish-green in colour, 13mm. long when extended 
at rest; the yellow marginal lines of the face terminate upwards in 
two apical tuberclesf, which are especially large, but not predominant, 
and are without any distinctive colour. Two dorsal tubercles are 
especially distinct upon the znd and the 3rd thoracic segments, con- 
tinuing anteriorly the direction of the barely recognisable eighth stripe, 
as in the young larva of Sphinx ligustrt in which, however, the marking 
is far more distinct and persistent. A semicircular crown, of 
especially large tubercles, extends in the vertical plane immediately 
behind the head upon the most anterior annulus of the 1st thoracic 
segment. There are about 15 tubercles in the semicircle, and they 
are directed forwards and produce a very striking effect. The 1st and 
7th stripes are especially large and distinct; the stripes and the 
subdorsal are chiefly made up of tubercles, but there is some suffusion 
of the ground-colour, which is (as usual) complete in the posterior 
part of the 7th stripe upon the 8th abdominal segment. The first 
stripe extends anteriorly as a line of tubercles on to the thoracic 
segments, becoming at first horizontal and parallel with the subdorsal, 
but appearing to rise on the 1st thoracic segment, and joining the 
ends of the semicircular crown ; but in the anterior part of its course 
the line becomes very difficult to follow. The 7th stripe is also 


* It is to be noted that Bacot’s larve only moulted three times, and pupated 
at the end of their 4th stadium. 

¢ Poulton uses the word “ tubercles ”’ in the sense of mammillz, or mammillary 
points, not in the restricted sense in which it is now used when describing larvee. 


480 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


continued forwards to the anterior limits of the 6th abdominal 
segment. There are oblique stripes (chiefly made up of shagreen 
dots) just above the claspers on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th abdominal 
segments. ‘These lines are more nearly horizontal than the ordinary 
oblique stripes, and their relation to the latter is doubtful. They may 
represent the forward extension of the 4th, 5th, and 6th oblique 
stripes respectively, but they have also the appearance of a sub- 
spiracular line twisted into partial parallelism with the oblique 
stripes. . An examination of the larva in this stadium, therefore, adds 
nothing to our knowledge of these lines, which are found during the 
whole subsequent hfe of the larva, and which have previously been 
described in the last stage (see, Zvans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 297). 
The extension of the first stripe and the semicircular crown are not 
equally distinct in later stages, but the latter is easily recognisable. 
The 8th stripe disappears. The whole comparison strongly confirms 
Weismann’s conclusion as to the extreme uniformity, and, therefore, 
the ancestral character, of the appearances witnessed in the ontogeny 
of this species (Poulton, Zvans. Ent. Soc. London, 1887, pp. 281—282). 
For notes on the dichotomous hairs of this larva see Zrans. Ent. 
Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 296. Notes on moulting have already been 
given (anéed, 11., pp. 17 and 59). 

VARIATION OF LARVA.—The larve of A. populi, like those of S. 
ocellata, vary considerably in colour in their later stages, ranging from 
dull green or sage-green to quite a bright yellow. ‘The spiracles 
are often surrounded by a red spot, and it is not uncommon to 
get larve with an entire or partial subdorsal row of similar spots. 
These spots are said to simulate the small red galls so often 
found on willow and poplar leaves. In one larva that I bred this 
year, the spots of the lower row were absent from the thoracic 
segments, whilst those of the upper row were present on those 
segments. I used to have a notion that the different forms were 
from different broods, chiefly because I had usually found the dull 
green forms on black poplar and the bright ones on Lombardy 
poplar, sallow or willow. It is true that I have occasionally found 
the latter on black poplar, but I do not remember ever taking the 
dull forms on Lombardy poplar. This year, however, I bred both 
forms from eggs laid by a single female, and Buckell has had the 
same experience(Bacot). Poulton has made many observations on the 
red-spotted form of the larva of this species (Zrans. Ent. Soc. London, 
1885, p. 297; 1886, pp. 284 e¢ seg.), and observes that the spots may 
be present in the early stadia, and that the peculiarity may be increased, 
or, on the other hand, the spots may decrease or altogether disappear 
in the later stadia, and he considers it probable that the spots 
are present upon a much larger proportion of young larve than 
upon those in the later stages, although, in a certain proportion of the 
latter, the character reaches a pitch of perfection not hitherto described 
in the earlier stages. Based upon the examination of 22 specimens, 
White observes (doc. cit., p. xxv) that the spots in the dorsal and spiracu- 
lar rows usually develop on the segments in the following oe 

Dorsal row eid ni ae Stans CRS Alene UF 5, 1 FON 25 3t It, 

Spiracular row .. ak ainln OAs! Sige Bin Skyy sen eonk Os ele neem = 
He shows that the ce is the more important series, and that 
this row commences most frequently on the 3rd abdominal segment, 


AMORPHA POPULI. 481 


whilst the spiracular series commences most frequently on the 4th 
abdominal. Poulton further shows (Joc. cit., p. 285) that the 3rd 
and 7th abdominal segments are predominant in the dorsal row. 
The latter also notes a reddening of the upperside of the base of 
the horn in some larve, whilst the prolegs are frequently all marked 
with red, but this character is usually not well-developed. <A 
red mark is also occasionally found on the head in the area of 
the ocelli, and the apex of the head is sometimes suffused with 
the red colour. Poulton further gives (loc. cit., p. 287) a table 
which shows the results of the examination of a brood of larve 
from a single batch of eggs, and all fed under the same conditions, in 
which it is seen that the tint of the ground-colour and the development 
of the spots are produced ina very heterogeneous manner. Miss Gould 
figures and describes (Zrans. Ent. Soc. London, 1892, p. 241, pl. x1, 
figs. 11—13) a red-spotted larva of Amorpha popul: in detail, and com- 
pares it with the analogous form of the larva of A/imas tiliae. She 
notes how, on August roth, 1890, a change took place in the 
spiracular row of spots without any moult. These were at first merely 
irregular, roundish, red spots, but became, at this date, more ocellated, 
the pupil (the spiracle itself) yellowish-red, the iris green, 
boldly outlined with red. Further details are given of the 
appearance of the spots after the larva had undergone its last 
moult. Elliot connects the peculiar form of the larva having 
Om cach segment, except the rst, 2nd and xz2th, a rather large 
purplish blotch just above the spiracles, with Populus nigra, and 
says that he repeatedly finds it on this plant; Dawson records 
(Znt., v., p. 184) a larva with an extra row of eight rosy subdorsal 
spots on either side, on the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, and 11th 
segments, the horn also rosy above and below, at Driffield; others similar 
taken at Shepherd’s Bush and Acton (Clifford) ; at Palmerston Park, 
near Dublin, a marked variety of the larva was taken on September rst, 
1880, by Flemyng, ‘‘ ornamented on each side with a double row of 10 
reddish-brown spots; the first five upper spots (counting from the 
Mead)yare ismall. 6, 4, and $ large, 9- small, ro large; the ten 
lower spots are all of much the same size, z.e., a little smaller than 
the large spots of the upper series. When the larva was found 
the spots were of a bright (almost maroon) colour, but have become 
duller as the pupal state is fast approaching. The red spot that 
is always found underneath the horn is present, also a red spot 
at the bottom of the horn on the upperside, and another at the 
top of the head” (£yz., xiil., pp. 243—244); a similar variety to 
that recorded by Flemyng, with two rows of 10 red spots on each 
side was found feeding on willow (Graham); a form of the larva 
occurs with two longitudinal lateral series of delicately pink 
blotches—the first series is what might be called subdorsal, being 
visible from above looking down on the dorsal area ; the second 
series 1s spiracular, each spiracle being seated in the middle of a 
blotch ; the ground colour is pale glaucous, so that the blotches are 
thrown up as it were in a very beautiful manner (Newman) ; larve vary 
much at Corsemalzie, some are very pale, others are of a rich dark 
green, some are ornamented with red spots (Gordon) ; larve were found 
in July, 1881, in North Devon, and, later, a second brood, the latter of 
the beautiful golden-green form, with subdorsal row of large red 


2G 


482 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


spots rarely to be seen among larvee of the ist brood (Mathew), an 
albino variety of larva was found feeding on aspen in the autumn 
at Mansfield, remarkably transparent, it died in pupa; and another 
with red spiracles and several rather large crimson-lake spots above 
the spiracular lines (Daws); aberrations of the larva of A. populi 
found on same row of poplars at Moseley, near Birmingham, were 
described by Barnes (£7z., ii1., p. 364) as: (a) August 21st, 1867. 
Ground colour paler than the typical examples with which it was found, 
and having a row of pink blotches of the same size, along the 
side by the spiracles, and another row above along the back. (4) 
September 16th, 1867. Fullgrown, the ground-colour very pale 
glaucous, with pink blotches as in a, except that they become 
smaller as they approach the head. (c¢c) September 17th, 1867. 
Two of a pale whitish-green, with blotches along the spiracles, no 
spots at all along the back. (d) September 17th, 1867. Also two 
more fullgrown ones, with ground-colour much darker than any 
before found, pink blotches along the spiracles, and two pink 
blotches just behind the head, two about middle of back, and two 
at base of horn. Schilde records (£z7?. /Vachr., vii., p. 100) a hornless 
larva of A. populi which was brought to him in the autumn of 1880, 
but which proved to be ichneumoned. In place of the horn, there 
was a perfectly sound, smooth surface of skin, somewhat depressed, 
because the two shagreen-stripes, which on the sides run upwards 
obliquely to the place of the horn, overtopped a little at the end, 
much as in the larve of Afpatura iris and A. tla a part of the 
oblique stripes project somewhat. Norman notes the larve as 
abounding at Forres, those found on /opulus alba wonderfully 
matching the colour of their foodplants, being of a pale glaucous- 
white hue, sometimes blotched with red. 

COMPARISON OF THE RED-SPOTTED LARV# OF AMORPHA POPULI 
AND Mimas TiL1#.—Poulton notes (Z7vans. Fut. Soc. Lond., 1886, 
p. 139; 1887, pp. 287—288) the similarity that the red markings 
on the larve of certain larve of A/imas tiliae have, in their broad 
aspects, to the earliest traces of the purple borders of the larvze of Sphznx 
ligustrt, contracting and becoming broader in the later stadia, and finally 
appearing as somewhat elongate spots on the anterior margins of 
the oblique stripes, and he suggests that his observations indicate 
that these features in JZ. “#/zae have arisen from a modification of 
a normal coloured border. Miss Gould says (Zvans. Lut. Soc. 
London, 1892, p. 242): “The red spots on the larva of Amorpha 
populi are unlike those on the larva of Mzmas tiliae in general effect, 
being rounder, bolder, and not in the least linear ; and their appearance 
suggests that they are strongly protective from their resemblance to the 
dark spots or blotches commonly seen on the leaves of the poplar. 
Viewed from underneath, with the light shining through them, the leat 
spots were of a red exactly corresponding with that of the red of the larval 
spots and much the same size, etc. In JZ. “ltae I could see nothing 
in the spots which would have led me to connect them with coloured 
borders until the second larva reached its last stage, but the- 
appearance of the spots in this individual was so linear and so 
unmistakably border-like that it seemed impossible to doubt the 
correspondence.” Miss Gould considers that it would have been 
natural to conclude from appearances that the spots are merely 


AMORPHA POPULI, 483 


protective in A. populi and in AL. tliae have either degenerated 
from coloured borders or are on the way to become such, but that it 
seems unlikely that the character can have a different significance 
in the two species. She considers that spot marking is the more 
ancestral, and that J/. élzae represents a stage of its modification 
into stripes, etc., but the material on which the observations were 
made was too small for safe generalisation. 

PUPATION AND cocoon.—The larva usually prepares for and 
undergoes its pupation quite on the surface of the soil. MHellins 
says that home-bred larve burrowed an inch or two into loose 
soil, but that, when pupa-digging, the pupa is found barely hidden, 
and there seems to be scarcely any silk used in spinning. Bacot 
says the larva never appears to spin any silk, nor is the pupa 
enclosed in a cell, although an abundance of material be supplied; 
as a rule, the larva burrows only just beneath the surface and 
then pupates. The larva generally burrows, but comes to the 
surface again before pupating, however much earth be given it 
(Arbuthnott) ; of more than 50 pupez dug at High Wycombe be- 
tween 1892-1899, only two were found under willow, all the rest 
under poplar (Peachell); pupz at Oxton, mostly at roots of elm 
(Studd); pupz dug at roots of poplar, also at roots of elm where 
no poplar trees existed (Russell); in the ground about roin. deep (!) 
(Lambillion); pupa taken at the roots of species of poplar, May 
27th, «gor, at Burnley (Clutten); larva buried October 24th, 
1886, cocoon just below surface, slightly exposed, and did not pupate 
until November 23rd, z.¢.,in 4 weeks and 2 days, although I have often 
turned pupz out in half this time; pupze dug commonly, October— 
April, under willows at Clapton, under poplars at Stamford Hill; on 
August 15th-16th, 1887, at Clapton, under aspen (James); pupz under 
willow and Lombardy poplar (Eddrup); the larva pupate in the 
ground, and are sometimes found at the roots of lime trees (Clark) ; 
rather common at foot of poplar (Hollands); common in Septem- 
ber and October, 1859 and 1860, at roots of poplar (Fenn); 
frequently dug at roots of Lombardy poplar in Gloucester and 
Surrey from September—Febuary (Prideaux). 

Pupa.—Length 33mm.—36mm., width romm. (¢) to 13mm. 
(2); these are average rather than extreme dimensions. Colour: 
black, with a suspicion that it is rather an extreme of brown than 
an actual black, intersegmental membrane brownish. The general 
structure is Amorphid, z., ordinary obtect, with labrum ventral, 
and glazed eye with convexity forwards. ‘The form is less cylindrical 
than in the other species, z.¢., it is more decidedly thicker at the 4th 
abdominal segment, tapering to either end. Thus, the diameters of a 
specimen are, at mesothorax romm., at the znd abdominal segment 
Iimm., at the 4th segment 12mm.. at the 5th segment 11mm., and at the 
6th segment 1omm. Except some dorsal depression on either side of 
the metathorax and 1st abdominal segment, which affects also the 
wings adjacent, forming a ‘‘ waist,” the transverse section would 
everywhere be very nearly circular. The curvature anteriorly is, 
however, almost entirely dorsal, the front of appendages being 
nearly straight. From Jabrum down venter: [the lengths are—to 
end of maxille 6°5mm., to end of first legs 9°5mm., of antenna 
tomm., of second legs 11*5mm., to end of wings 15mm., the cost 


484, BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


of wings being thus in apposition for from 3'5mm.to 4mm. The 
appendages are defined from each other by polished lines, as though 
traces of chitin that ought to be covered were exposed ; it appears, 
however, to be normal. That this is not certain, however, may 
be deduced from the fact that, in some specimens, the hind margins 
of wings appear to lie upon the 4th abdominal segment, with a 
surface at a higher level than that of the segment, and that, on 
the other hand, a proportion of specimens too large to be con- 
sidered abnormal or pathological have the wing-surface at a rather 
lower level than that of the segment, and that the margin of 
segment. at edge of wing, by which it rises tey itseeameies 
level, is glazed, and. has all the appearance | of guecues 
meant -to receive the end of wing, which has not quite 
reached it. There is some variation in the mouth region; one 
specimen has a point here from which five. sutures radiate, dividing 
off five almost equal angular portions, vzz., 2 maxilla, 2 cheeks 
and x labrum. More normally, however, the central portion is a 
square of black chitin, with a minutely rough wrinkled surface, 
and divided into a larger upper and smaller lower piece by a faint 
suture, and with some suspicion of a notch in lower piece. This 
is the labrum; above it is the face proper, divided by a slight 
suture running up from upper angles of labrum; below this are 
two angles, often a little raised, which look lke mandibles, but 
are probably parts of face or cheek, not being separated by suture ; 
below are the two maxille, their upper margins extending outwards 
half-way to antenne. The glazed eye is a fine glazed curved line, with 
delicate striz extending inwards, and on the outer convex margin is 
an area of very minutely pointed surface that might be taken as 
representing eye facets, sometimes this area appears to be striate 
just as on the other side of the glazed line. The antennz have a 
series of very marked transverse ridges, apparently two to a segment 
of the antenna, the two ridges are united at the centre of the 
segment into a somewhat higher point; the ridges are very sharp, 
and have furrowed and hollowed sides, that make them somewhat 
irregular. They vary from this to transverse rows of rough points, 
or even to minute points, with no very determinable arrangement. 
The rough sculpturing of the legs tends to arrange itself into 
transverse lines; that of the maxillze is more irregular and rather 
rougher, and often shows a false suture for a little distance down 
its middle, a similar one may sometimes be seen on first leg. The first 
leg extends upwards beside the cheek, which thus forms a right angle 
at the point where the maxilla and first leg meet, and the leg appears 
to extend upwards till it is cut off by the antenna. In the pupa of 
S. ocellata, the face makes a very obtuse angle here, and the leg 
is cut off by two oblique lines equally by the face and by the 
antenna, and ends in a right angle where the two lines meet. In 
iM, tiliae the lower margin of the face is even less angulated, and the 
leg is cut off by the face rather than by the antenna. The second 
leg terminates upwards rather less sharply than in JZ. élzae and 
S. ocellata. In some specimens these differences may be less 
marked, but are always sufficiently obvious. ‘The wings are very 
variable in surface; in all cases the hindwing shows a little strip 
down to middle of 3rd abdominal segment, where it disappears 


AMORPHA POPULI. 485 


under the rounded extension formed by the anal angle of forewing. 
In some specimens the wing presents nothing but uniform finely 
granulated or rough surface. In a well-marked one, however, 
the rough points arrange themselves in transverse lines, interrupted 
by fine, impressed, longitudinal lines representing the nervures, 
against which they are rather stronger; in other cases these higher 
points coalesce and represent the nervures by a ridge, without 
the impressed line. Poulton’s line is very vaguely expressed by 
the surface being sloped off to the margin by a rounded chamfer 
and by a little change of surface texture. At the centre of the 
wing base is often a small, smooth, almost glazed surface, with 
a distinct rounded nodule, usually polished and different from the 
roughnesses of the general sculpturing. The dorsal sculpturing 
of the mesothorax may be minute and fairly uniform; there is, 
however, usually a vague suture marking off the wing-base, and 
a longitudinal central one extending to the head and into the 
first abdominal segment; this may be a single or double ridge. 
The general character of the sculpturing over these segments is 
a set of rather sharp points tending to get into continuous ridges, 
something like those on antennze. The abdominal segments present the 
usual subsegmentation with varying distinctness. The intersegmental 
subsegment is very distinct laterally on 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7; in front of 
this, four other subsegments may be made out, usually very obviously 
on the 3rd abdominal, but more frequently on the other segments 
two only can be distinguished with any certainty ; that they are, how- 
ever, there substantially, is evidenced by slight indications in the 
arrangement of the rough ridges, even in the specimens in which 
they are most obscure; a faint indication of a narrow subsegment 
in front of these often exists on abdominal segments 3 and 4. 
The sculpturing of these abdominal segments is very labyrinthine, 
in some lights one takes it to be longitudinal, in others transverse. 
The fine, rather sharp ridges run into one another in a wave-like 
manner, with more or less fusiform hollows between; dorsally, a 
longitudinal arrangement is dominant, with much stronger ridges 
at the anterior borders of the segments, ventrally, a somewhat more 
transverse direction prevails; the anterior border of abdominal 
segments 5 and 6 has a rather sharp edge, only seen when the 
incisions are well opened, when, also, further smaller and smaller 
transverse ridges are seen to succeed each other right up to 
the intersegmental membrane; below this, on abdominal segments 
5, 6, and 7, is another transverse ridge, followed by two or three 
others in the spiracular region; these are really parts of the general 
arrangement of sculptured ridges, but are here very prominent, and 
separated from the others by their special direction, and the diminu- 
tion comparatively of the subsidiary interlacing ridges; they produce, 
on these three segments, a definite projection overhanging the 
spiracle; on the sth and 6th, the margin marking off the inter- 
segmental subsegment is a definite raised line; the scar of the 
caudal horn may be quite obsolete, but is usually a depression, with 
sometimes a prominence at its anterior margin. The scars of the 
ventral prolegs are not absent in any specimen examined, but are so 
various that apparently they might be; in some they are merely 
a small smooth spot from which the ridges of sculpturing radiate, 


486 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


in others are a small, or even a rather deep, hollow, often with a 
small additional pit at its outer extremity. The scars of the anal 
prolegs are usually absent. When present they are smooth 
depressions on the summits of the lateral eminences of the roth 
segment, so placed as to torm with the anal depression and the points 
on 9, a square. On the oth abdominal segment in the male pupa, 
ventrally, is a somewhat slender circular ridge, within which project 
side by side two prominences, which are rough and irregular, in a 
way similar to the general surface; the roth abdominal segment 
has terminally an antero-posterior or narrow depression, the anal 
scar, with a slight prominence on either side, and a depression 
cutting these off from the general surface, in front of this is a 
smoother spot from which radiate forwards several straight, sharp, 
fine ridges, and backwards the depression of the anal scar. On 
either side is a large prominence, that looks as if it represented 
the claspers, but which is, however, as above noted, merely a scar on 
its surface ; this, together with the gth abdominal segment, is_ 
covered with a coarse reticulation of fine ridges. The cremastral 
armature is a conical spike, generally not unlike that of AZ “tae 
or S. ocellata. It is cut off by a deep groove from the two promi- 
nences just described. Viewed laterally, this spine is 2mm. long, 
and 1°3mm. broad at the base, with a tendency to be bent forwards 
at first, and then at the tip backwards. In front of it the terminal 
prominences stand out with an anterior and posterior knob or horn. 
Viewed terminally, but a little from the venter, these 4 knobs form 
a square, the scars of claspers being just behind the anterior ones. 
Seen dorsally, the cremastral spine is 1°8mm. broad at base. ‘This 
spine has no rough points or spikes as in JZ. tdzae and S. ocedlata, 
the ridges trom below fade out on it into longitudinal lines, leaving 
the terminal ‘8mm. almost smooth. The spiracles are narrow 
brownish slits round which the sculpturing curves, almost forming 
an outer false spiracle. Some little way behind the spiracle of the 
3rd abdominal is a small depression, which may be quite a foveola, 
at which a subsegmental line of division ends. The 2 pupa differs 
from the g only in the stretching forwards of the gth segment 
ventrally into the 8th, so that it is difficult to say that it does not 
reach its anterior borders; the double papilla of the ¢ gth segment 
is here on the 8th (or produced gth), or it may be so smoothed 
away as not to be observable (Chapman). Poulton describes and 
figures (Ext. Morph. of Lep. Pupa, pp. 203—204, pl. xx., figs. 
8—r11) the terminal abdominal segments of the pupa of this species. 
In a female pupa, seen ventrally, the anus is sometimes concealed, 
owing to the exceptional size of the anal cushions, which occasion- 
ally even retain the form of the larval claspers. An elongated 
opening, surrounded by a raised border, is situated in the normal 
position in front of the apex of the narrow median prolongation 
from the roth abdominal segment. The opening is seen to be 
divided in two; it is probable that the posterior division represents 
the mouth of the oviducts; the anterior division corresponds to the 
bursa copulatrix. (The remarkable sculpture of the surface is 
indicated in the figure.) Seen from the left side the scar of the 
caudal horn is distinct, and the remarkable size and shape of the 
left anal cushion is better seen than from the ventral aspect. 


AMORPHA POPULI. A487 


Viewed from the left side and behind, the relative positions of the 
terminal spine, the anus and anal cushions are seen to bear precisely 
the same relation to each other as the anal flap, the anus, and anal 
claspers of the larva, thus supporting other observations which 
prove that these parts are respectively homologous. In the male 
pupa, seen ventrally, the opening of the male generative organs is 
distinct on the 9th abdominal segment; its direction is somewhat 
oblique, an irregularity which is not uncommon, and_ probably 
follows from the extremely ancestral character of the organs. 
The lateral lips are flattened, and marked with a sculpture which 
is different from that of the surface of the gth abdominal segment. 
(See also anfed, vol, i1., pp. 53, 56.) Poulton further observes (andéed, 
ll., Pp. 59) that he has observed the light oblique stripes, with 
their dark green borders, of the larve ofthis species and 5S. ocellaza, 
conspicuously appearing upon the surface just after pupation. 

FoopPLANTs.—Willow, poplar (Peachell), aspen (Musham), 
Populus, Salix (Himsl), small species of moorland willow (Gor- 
don), almost all plants of order Rosaceae, rose, poplar, willow, 
sallow, birch, * laurel, laurustinus,* (Merrin), osier (Bower), hawthorn 
(Prideaux), Salix rubra (Linné), all kinds of poplar (Hellins) ; 
Populus dilatata, P. tremula, P. balsamifera, Fraxinus, Cotoneaster 
(Siebke), birch* (Stainton), common laurel, laurustinus (Newman), 
apple (Bacot), black poplar, Lombardy poplar (Ransom). 

PaRAsiTes.—Tvogus Jutorius, Fab. (Fitch), Paniscus festaceus, 
Grav. (Marshall), Jchneumon pisorius, Linn. (Bouché), Amblyteles 
monitorius, Panz. (Giraud), A. proteus, Christ (Vollenhoven), 
Cryptus fugitivus, Grav. (Fallou), Microplitis ocellatae, Bouché [62 
examples of this parasite emerged from one larva sent by Fenn 
to Bignell (£xz., xviii., p. 327), the usual number is from 12 to 20 
(Bignell) ]. 

HABITS AND HABITAT.—Some contradiction appears in the various 
accounts as to the time of emergence of the imago, but although there 
is some variation, it is essentially a species that emerges at night, 
between 8 p.m. and 8 a.m. The imagines emerge late at night, 
the usual time about midnight, although they may emerge as 
early as 9.30 p.m., and as late as 8 a.m. (Bacot); in confinement 
the moths always emerge in the early morning, before 9.30 a.m. 
(Ransom); one emerged between 8 p.m. and 10 p.m., and remained 
in the same position till the next evening at sundown (Cowl); the imago 
emerges between 6 a.m. and 8 a.m. (Russell); imagines always emerge 
before sunrise (Merrifield). By day the imago rests on the trunks and 
branches of its various foodplants; on trunks and small branches 
of poplar, about Burnley (Clutten), also on the trunks of willow, 
as well as poplar, at Nottingham (Wright); the @ rests on tree- 
trunks, at about a foot from the ground, and remains there to pair 
(Bartlett). Both sexes fly at dusk, and we have repeatedly taken the 
?s flying over the tops of the tall poplar hedges at Deal after 
dark. The moth flies heavily at dusk, its flight slow and laboured, 
like that of Manduca atropos, which I frequently saw on the wing 
in India some years ago (Arbuthnott); both sexes fly at dusk; 


_ _* Bacot attempted to rear larvae on birch and laurustinus, but the attempt 
failed utterly, the larvze refusing to eat either of these reputed foodplants, 


488 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


on one occasion, June 11th, 1896, some 30 examples were seen 
at one time flying about some sallow-bushes at the side of the 
high road at Corsemalzie (Gordon). The gs assemble to a virgin 
?, generally late in the evening ; and they are also attracted freely 
to light—commonly at Worcester (Rea), gs at Weymouth (Peachell), 
at West Dulwich (Fletcher), at Lincoln (Musham), in the Wye Valley 
(Vaughan), commonly in the light traps at Oxton (Studd), at the 
electric lamps at Hampstead (Hopson), and Chester (Arkle), especi- 
ally abundant on the street lamps at Gosport, often as many as 
3 on a lamp (Pearce). Prideaux also notes a 2 ona gas-lamp which 
had laid an egg on one of the glass panes. The habitats of this species 
are varied—oplar and willow plantations, borders of woods and parks, 
in gardens, by roadsides, in lanes, on moors, and more especially 
by ditches, on marshes, and by riversides, as well as on railway 
banks, in fact any locality that produces willow, sallow, aspen, or 
poplar may be looked upon as a likely place for this species. 

TIME OF APPEARANCE.—Normally in May and June, in late 
seasons occasionally in July ; in early seasons a partial second 
brood emerges in late July and August from pupz of the year 
after a pupal period of only 3 or 4 weeks. Fritsch gives dates 
from April 28th—July 29th for Austro-Hungary ; May 5th, 1888, 
at Benztis Bay (Walker); May-June in the Linz district, June 5th 
—18th, 1896, at Ottensheim, June 29th — 30th at Gelgenheit 
(Himsl); May 28th, 1898, at Karu-Baglar (Bachmetjew) ; end 
of June in Namur district (Lambillion); from mid-May to mid- 
June in the Baltic Provinces (Nolcken); June roth, 1898, at Hoel 
Renebo in Norway (Bingham-Newland), &c. Borkhausen notes 
the occurrence of a second brood at Giessen, and Unterberger 
observes (Lllus. Zeits. fiir Ent., ii., p. 119) that at Georgenswalde 
(Samland) four larve of A. opuld pupated in July, 1879, that of these 3 
emerged on August roth, after being only three weeks in pupal stage 
—2 gsand1@. ‘These were under normal size, measuring, the g's 
5'2cm., the 2 5"1cm., the normal size being from 7cm.—gcem. Partial 
second broods are not uncommon in the south of Europe—the species 
is common in May-June, and rare in August-September in Piedmont, 
‘Tuscany and Liguria, September in Lombardy, April-May and August 
in the Haute-Garonne, May-June and August in Roumania, partial 
second brood in August at Hildesheim (Grote); May-June and 
August-September in Epiries, May-June and August at Budapesth ; 
Fritsch notes one imago captured on October 26th at Linz; at 
light on August zoth, 1899, at St. Jean-de-Luz (Dupont) ; 
July 19th—23rd, 1890, at Tancarville (Leech), In Britain most 
of the following dates suggest first broods : two bred May 
Ist, 1844, two captured June 13th, 1844, May 23rd, 25th, 28th, 
June znd, May 13th, 25th, 30th, caught gi June 2nd) eaoy 
May 31st at Kensington, July 2nd, 1847, f° at Chelsea, July 17th, 
1849, two zz cop, May 2oth— June rst, 1859, all at Brighton 
(Merrifield) ; April 4th—6th, 1857, May 15th, 1858, imagines taken 
July 27th—28th, 1898, at Brighton (Image); July rith, 1855, 
July 14th, 1864, at Chertsey, May 28th, 1868, at Taplow, June 16th- 
26th, 1890, July 14th-zoth 1892, at Kensington (Clarke) ; May 27th, 
1858, and onwards at Barnstaple (Mathew); May 30th, 1859, at 
Stoke Newington, bred April 9th—June roth, 1861, April 29th— 


AMORPHA POPULI. 489 


May 16th, 1862, May 17th, 1865, at light, bred May roth, 1866, 
April 19th, 1876, May z9th— June 16th, 1885, June 1z2th—July 
15th, 1887, May 24th—June 8th, June 25th, 1888, at light, May 
23rd—june 30th, 1889, May 23rd, 1890, May 6th—roth, 1891, 
May 28th—July 18th, 1892, June 6th, 1893, July 7th, 1894, May 
13th, 1896, all at Lee (Fenn) ; April gth—r15th, 1860, April 3oth, 
1861, at Worcester (Edmunds); May 30th, 1860, at Mansfield 
(Brameld); June 25th, 1860, at Ruthin (Ward); g July 28th, 1860, 
@ July 29th, another on the morning of July 31st, on the morning 
of August 1st, the first two had paired (Hut. Wk. Jnt., 1x., p. 165), 
May 4th, July rst and July 31st, 1861, July 13th, 1862, on Wandsworth 
Common, May 17th, June 4th, 1862, on Wimbledon Common, 
May 8th, 1863, at Mitcham, June 22nd, 1884, at light at Folkestone 
(T. Briggs); May sth, 1861, at Islington (Huckett); May 7th, 
1862, at Charlton, May sth, 1867, at Eltham, June 11th, 1877, 
at Wicken Fen (A. H. Jones), bred May 26th, 1866, at Northleach 
Gtoadd) = june oth, 1868, at Contin (White); May 23rd, 1871, at 
Wanstead, May 2oth, 1885, June oth and July 2nd, 1887, at 
Brentwood (Burrows) ; June ist, 1871, at Butterwood, June 3rd, 
zos0, at bulmershe Park, June r4th, 1832, June roth, 1886 at 
Reading ; often partly double-brooded (Holland); May oth, 
1873, June 14th, 1876, at road lamp, May 28th, 1883, June 27th, 
nao7. al) at Lee, June r4th, 1882, on fence, May z2oth, 1808, at 
road lamp at Eltham (Bower); a @ captured July 16th, 1873, 
at Wells, laid 160 eggs (Livett) ; May 3oth, 1879, at Rugby (Solly) ; 
June 14th—26th, 1880, at Wicken (Porritt), July 2nd, 1384, at Norbury 
(Hall), July rst, 1885, at Ladbroke Square (Rendall), July rath, 1885, 
July 5th, 1889, May 25th, 1892, May 7th, 1893, July 11th, 1896, 
July 4th, 1898, May 31st, 1899, all in London (Middlesex) district; June 
21st, 1900, abundant at electric light at Highgate Hill, August 31st, 
1894, at Waldringfield, the latest date I have ever seen the species 
at large, July 25th, 1898, a fair male at light at Wicken Fen (James), 
July oth—14th, 18386, June gth—July znd, 1887, at Brentwood, 
June 15th, 1895, at Panton, June rath, 1897, at Ulting, July 1st, 
Igoo, at Hazeleigh (Raynor), 2, May, 1887, at Bristol, g, June 
29th, 1889, at Ashtead, g¢, June 14th, 1891, at Bristol, April roth, 
1892, at Roydon, ¢, April roth, 1893, at Croydon, July 8th, 
1897, at Norwood, g, June 5th, 1899, at Reigate, all at light, 
eee on July xoth, 1887, at, Plymouth, netted at. dusk, a_ very 
small specimen, probably of 2nd brood (Prideaux), July 5th, 
1887, at Glenferness (Scott), July 4th, 1888, captured g on out- 
side of breeding-cage which contained a newly-emerged and virgin 
2 (Griffiths), July 2oth, 1888, common, bred May r2th—June 25th, 
1896, at Chester, August rath, 1896, at Rhyl (Arkle), May roth, 
1889, June r9th—z2z2nd, 1890, May z2oth—z2z2nd, 1894, May 17th, 
1896, May 21st, 1898, at Carlisle (Wilkinson), May 2oth—27th, 1890, 
April 7th, 1891, at Tottenham and Clapton (Clark), June 23rd, 1890, 
at rest on fence at Harlesden, June :oth, 1891, June gth, 1893, 
at gas lamp, May roth, 1895, July 8th, 1897, at Ealing (Mont- 
gomery), assembled a g June 22nd, 1890, at Southsea (Pearce), 
mc july 20th, TSor,.2 gs, 2 9s, May 3ist,-1 -¢, 2 9s, July ath, 
1892, 1 g, July rith, 1894, 1 g at light, May 18th, 1895, at West 
Dulwich (Fletcher), May 13th—xi8th, 1892, May 15th, 1895, at 


490 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Woodford, May 16th, 1894, May 14th, 1896, May aust, 1900, at 
Sandown, June 3rd—6th, 1898, at Aberdeen, June zrst, July 8th, 
1898, June 6th, 1900, at Dalston, June 3rd, 1898, at Chingford 
(Prout), May 23rd, July 29th, 1892, pair zz cof., May 1gth, 1893, 
June 13th, 1896, June 26th, 1897, July 31st, 1900, pair zz cop., at 
Reading (Butler), first imago June 1st, 1892, at Cheltenham (Brooke), 
common at Guildford, ? captured April 30th, 1893 (Grover), May 8th, 
1893, May 3rd—16th, 1896, at Wisbech (Glenny), May oth, 1893, at 
light at Enniskillen (Partridge), May roth, 1893, June 11th—23rd, 
1894, May 23rd, 1897, all in Cumberland (F. H. Day), May 16th, 1893, 
May 12th, 1895, pair zz cop., July 11th, 1898, pair zz cop. at Bristol 
(Bartlett), May 29th, June roth, 1893, at Margate, June rst, 1896, 
at Hackney, June 9th, 13096..at Cromer, july 26thyeceaie 
12th, 1900, at Leytonstone (McIntyre), July 7th, 1893, July 6th, 
1899, at Chiswick (Sich), July 15th—24th, 1893, at light at Wicken 
(Mitchell), June 26th, 1894, June 16th—24th, 1895, May 25th 
—June gth, 1896, June 8th—July 9th, 1900, at Oxton, bred April znd 
—3rd, 1894, and March 17th, 1897, forced (Studd), larve on dwarf 
sallows September 5th—8th, 1894 at Enniskillen gave imagines 
that emerged May 22nd—June 4th, 1895 (Brown), larve fullfed at 
Llanstephan on September 30th, 1894, imagines emerged May oth, 1895, 
larve July 23rd, 1896, at Mallow, imagines emerged May 2oth, 1897 
(Bingham-Newland), July 17th, 1895, April 23rd, 1896, June 8th, 1897, 
at Worcester (Rea), May 4th, 1896 (the earliest date over many years), 
and throughout June at Mansfield (Daws), May 5th, June 5th— 
11th, 1896, at Conway (Bland), May 12th, 1896, at Winchester 
(Broome), May 18th—June end, 1896, June 24th, 1899, at 
Chelmsford (Miller), imago at light May 29th, 1896, at Newtown 
(Tetley), June rth, 1896, June roth—zoth, 1898, abundant, June 
22nd, 1899, at Corsemalzie ( Gordon), pair zz cop. first week in 
July, 1896, another pair August 7th (Mitchell), July 13th—r6th, 
1896, at Bath (Greer), pupz September, 1896, gave imagines 
May 14th, 1897, pupe September, 1897, produced imagines that 
emerged May 9th—13th, 1898, larve in August, 1898, gave imagines 
May 1ith—aist, and one on June rath, 1899, all from Fleet, pupe at 
Otford on October 22nd, 1897, from which imagines emerged May 
15th, 1898 (Russell), bred March goth, 15th, 18th, 1897, March 
16th, r7th,, 20th, z1st, 23th, April 3rd, 6th, 1098, at) @ambagee 
(Thornhill), May 30th, 1897, at Rugeley (Freer), July 2nd, 1897, 
pair 2 cop., 1 fresh out on poplar treetrunk on May 2gth, 1900, 
at 8.45 a.m., cold morning, easterly breeze, at Middlesborough 
(Lofthouse), May 24th, July 9th, 1898, at Hayling Island (May), 
May 28th—June 15th, 1898, in Isle of Man (Clarke), May 2oth, 
1898, at Eltham at light (Bower), June 30th, 1898, at Rainford, 
June 21st, rg00, at St. Helens (Cotton), April and May, 1899, 
bred from Cheltenham pupz (Robertson), May 12th, 1899, at light, 
July 2nd, 1899, at Weymouth (Peachell), May 2oth, 1899, at 
Ingleby Greenhow (Elgee), June 15th, 1899, imagines drying their 
wings, on trunks of poplar, June 7th—r14th, rgoo, at Burnley (Clutten), 
May aust, June 6th, 7th, 1899, at York (Hewett), June roth, 1899, 
at Bournemouth (Cowl), ¢ June 25th, 1899, at Sydenham, g and 
@ July 16th, 18th at Dulwich, 9 laid 183 eggs—is 94mm. in 
expanse (Swain), July 6th, 1899, on Norfolk Broads (Freeman), 


AMORPHA POPULI. 491 


May 28th—June 3rd, 1900, at Hackney (Pickett), July 3rd, 1900, at 
Brockenhurst (Alderson), July 22nd, 1900, at Lichfield (Redmayne). 
The following suggest second or partial second broods: On poplar 
two. autumnal examples at York (Wilson), a second-brooded ? came 
out at the end of August, and a # at beginning of September, 1844, at 
Brighton (Merrifield), g and @ taken May 25th, 1858, eggs hatched 
June oth, first emergence of imagines from these August 13th, several 
following ; the pupz were kept quite naturally (Foster), pair found 
June 4th, 1859, at Huddersfield, eggs laid, which hatched June 15th, 
larvee went down end of July, and beginning of August, imagines 
appeared from these on August 15th and following days, pairings andeggs 
being obtained (Tindall), August 23rd, 1866, ¢ drying wings, no doubt 
belonging to a znd brood at Worcester (Edmunds), pair bred middle of 
June, 1859, produced eggs which hatched, the larve pupating August 
2nd and following days, and the imagines appearing August 16th on; 
other imagines appeared same time from wild larve taken in the 
summer which were fed out of doors at Barnstaple (Mathew), July 
17th, 1861, captured at dusk, bred July 18th—z25th, 1862, July 14th, 
1863, at light, July 24th, 1864, took two zz cop. on palings, July 12th, 
igth, 1885, at light, July 7th, August 3rd, 1886, August 13th, 1887, 
all at Lee (Fenn), larva June, 1868, pupated first week in July, imago 
August 3rd, at Folkestone (Taylor), freshly emerged 1st weekin August, 
1868, at Oxford (Matthew), imago emerged Deceinber, 1870, from Sep- 
tember 1870 pupa at Bristol (Hudd), pair zz cop. taken April 27th, 1872, 
—eggs obtained and larve from which went down June 17th—agth, 2 
imagines on July 8th, and from then to July 15th 30 more (Craik), 
an imago found at root of a poplar, wings quite limp, at Hertford, 
January 2oth, 1873 (Simmons, £yvz., v., 317), on August 6th, 1873, 
a 2 emerged from pupa bred from a caterpillar that only went to 
earth July 16th at Beckenham (Browne), eggs May, 1883, pupated 
July, 10 imagines bred beginning of August (Mitchell), larva fullfed 
July 14th, 1883, pupated July roth, imago August 17th at Waltham- 
stow (Jobson), larva pupated June, 1884, imago August 2nd, 1884, 
at Norbury (Hall), eggs June 18th, 1887, from Canterbury, larve 
fed up and 6 pupated from which two imagines, one on August 
18th and the other August zoth, emerged the same year, the others 
emerged next year, May 13th—June 11th (T. H. Briggs), ova laid (bred 
parents) April 23rd, 1887, hatched May z6th, larvae commenced to 
bury June 26th, g emerged July 26th, remainder normally next year ; 
pairing from bred specimens, unforced, on May 2oth, 1892, 1 g emerged 
(unforced) August 31st, 1892, remainder normally next year (James), 
several imagines in August, 1889, from ova laid three months before 
(Adye), fullfed larve pupated July 14th, 1889, imagines emerged 
August 14th at Southsea (Pearce), about 4o larve pupated end of 
June, 1892, 6 of which produced imagines in August of the same year, 
also assembled a wild newly-emerged g¢ in August to one of 
these bred ? s, others emerged from May 3rd, 1893, at Clapton (Bacot), 
from 1893 larve one g was bred July 28th, 1893, rest emerged June 
and July, 1894 at Guildford (Grover), larva June 28th, 1896, pupa 
June 30th, imago August 15th, 1896, at Ealing (Bell-Marley), from 
pupe taken at Fleet in September, 1896, an imago emerged November 
2oth, the rest going over to next year (Russell), August 5th, 1898, at 
Hazeleigh (Raynor), imago August 6th, 1898, at Lee, larve at 


492. - BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


same time (Carr), August roth, 1898, on Norfolk Broads (Freeman), 
at Dorking, ova June 4th, larve fullfed July 4th, 1901, imagines 
July 25th, and following days (both sexes), eggs obtained July 
30th, hatched August 6th, larve fed slowly, and only 7 had 
pupated by September 3rd, 1901 (Oldaker), May 25th, 1898, eggs 
June oth, several imagines August 13th and following days at 
Hayling Island (Forster), bred a g¢ September 16th, 1898, from 
an egg laid in June, 1898, at Penzance (Daws), five imagines 
emerged August, 1899, from pupe of the year at Brighton 
(Cardinall), partial second-brood, three years in succession, at 
Larkfield, one larva pupated, among others, on July 26th, 1899, and 
the imago emerged August 28th, 1899 (Saxby). Carrington 
observes that by feeding the larve liberally in a warm greenhouse, 
three broods may be reared in a year, and Rossler states that 
in Nassau, in warm summers, three broods have sometimes been 
noted in nature, whilst West records that in April, 1893, he 
obtained eggs which had resulted in imagines in July, 1893, 
from these he obtained eggs, resulting in pupe in August, some 
of which disclosed imagines September, 1893, the rest going over 
till the spring of 1894 (Proc. Sth. Lond. Ent. Soc., 1804, po ee 


LOCALITIES.—A bundant throughout Ireland from Malin Head to Cork (Kane), 
also generally distributed in Scotland to Ross and Sutherland. ABERDEEN: com- 
mon throughout (Reid), Aberdeen (Prout). ANGLESEA : common throughout (Day). 
ANTRIM: Glenarm, near Larne (Brunton). ARGYLL: Kilberry (Cottingham), Dun- 
oon (Chapman). ARMAGH: Armagh (Johnson). AYR: frequent Ballantrae 
(Dalglish), Kilmarnock (G. Rose), Ayr (Fergusson), Cloncaird Castle (Anderson), 
BrDFORD: Bedford (Steuart), BrRKS: Hurst (Broome), Reading dist., common 
(Henderson), Bulmershe Park, Burghfield, Tilehurst (Holland). BUCKS : 
Buckingham, common (Slade), High Wycombe (Peachell), Taplow (Clarke), 
Halton, very common, Wavendon (Stainton). BUTE: Arran (Arbuthnott). 
CAMBRIDGE: common throughout Fen district (Balding), Ely (Stephens), Quy, 
Cherryhinton (Peachell), Wicken Fen (Tutt), Cambridge (Waters), Box- 
worth (Thornhill), Wisbech (Glenny). CARNARVON: common __ throughout 
(Day), Conway, Trefriw (Bland). CARMARTHEN: Llanstephan (Bingham- 
Newland), Llanelly (Baker), Langharne (Kaye). CHESHIRE: common 
throughout (Ellis), Sandbach (Heap), Chester, abundant (Arkle), Macclesfield 
(South), Birkenhead, common (Stainton). CorK: Mallow (Bingham-Newland), 
Timoleague, rather common, Glandore (Donovan). | CUMBERLAND : tolerably 
abundant throughout—Orton, Salkeld, Cummersdale, &c. (F. H. Day), Carlisle 
district, common (Wilkinson), Lake district, common (Stainton), Cockermouth (Rob- 
inson), Keswick, not uncommon (Beadle), Wear, Hayton, Castle Carrock (Rout- 
ledge). CORNWALL: Paul, near Penzance, common (Daws), Truro, common 
(Stainton). DENBIGH: common throughout (Day), Ruthin (Ward). DERBY : 
common everywhere (Payne), Derby (Sheldon), Burton dist., common throughout 
(Brown), Burton-on-Trent, very common (Stainton). DEVON: Oxton, common 
(Studd), Braunton (Bartlett), Barnstaple (Mathew), Sidmouth (Wells), Stoke 
(Harvie), Dartmoor (Still), Plymouth (Bignell), Exeter, common, Teignmouth 
(Stainton), Morthoe (Longstaff), Ilfracombe (Henderson), Honiton district, common 
(Riding). DONEGAL: Derry district (Campbell). DORSET : common throughout 
(Dale), Weymouth (Peachell), West Bournemouth (Robertson), Blandford 
(Stainton). Duspiin : Howth (Fitzgibbon), Palmerston Park, near Dublin 
(Flemyng), Blackrock (Greer). DuMFRIES : Moffat (Somerville), Dumfries 
(Lennon). ‘DUMBARTON : Garelochhead, common (Henderson), Milngavie 
(Dalglish), Bonhill (J, S.R.M.). DuRHAM : generally distributed, Hartlepool, 
Monk-Hesleden (Robson), Bishop Auckland (Ross), Durham, fairly common 
(Maddison), Valley of Derwent and south banks of Tyne (Hedworth), Middleton- 
in-Teesdale (Lees), Darlington (Backhouse), Stockton (Sibson), Teesdale 
district (Bower). EpINBURGH: Edinburgh district, common (Evans). ELGIN: 
common throughout (Horne), Forres, abundant (Norman), EssEx: generally 
common throughout—Colchester, &c. (Harwood), Wanstead, Brentwood, Rain- 
ham, Mucking (Burrows), Eastwood, Southend (Whittle), Feering Bury, 


AMORPHA POPULI. 493 


very common (Reid), Chelmsford (Miller), Ulting, Hazeleigh (Raynor), 
Sudbury district, common (Ransom), Chingford (Prout), Woodford (Bishop), Forest 
Gate (Mera), Walthamstow (Jobson), Leytonstone (McIntyre), Ilford (Adams), 
Epping, common (Stainton). FERMANAGH: Enniskillen (Allen). FLINT: common 
throughout (Day), Rhyl (Arkle). GALWAy: Galway (Dillon), St. Clevans, &c. 
(Lawless). GLAMORGAN: Swansea (Robertson). GLOUCESTER: Bristol, common 
(Bartlett), Cheltenham district, very common (Robertson), Painswick district 
(Watkins), Lower Guiting (Stainton), Northleach (Todd), Stonehouse (Nash), 
Cirencester (Harman), Cheltenham (Brooke), Cotham, Clifton (Griffiths), 
Tewkesbury district (Fox). HANTS :_ Basingstoke (Holdaway),  Bisterne 
(? Bitterne) (Swzbs., p. 20), Winchester (Broome), Fleet (Russell), Sandown 
(Prout), St. Helens, near Ryde (Jordan), Brockenhurst (Alderson), Southsea, 
Portsmouth district, Gosport (Pearce), Ringwood (Fowler), New Forest (Adkin), 
Christchurch (Adye), Burghclere (Alderson), Southampton (Moberly), Hayling 
Island (May), Greswell, Butterwood, near Odiham (Holland), Bournemouth, Winch- 
field (Robertson). HEREFORD: Leominster (Hutchinson), Tarrington (Wood), Here- 
ford (Chapman). HeERTs: Hitchin, Knebworth (Grithth), Hertford (Simmons), 
Roydon (Prideaux), Baldock (Wood). HUNTINGDON: St. Ives (Norris). ISLE oF 
MAN: generally distributed—Tholt-e-Will, Sulby, Lezayre, Cranstal Loch, Kirk- 
bride, Douglas, Peel, Ramsey, Castletown (Clarke). KENT: common, even in 
London district (Tutt), Wye and Ashford district (Theobald), Eltham, Bexley, 
Grove Park, Darenth, Bromley, Stone (Bower), Beckenham (Browne), Folkestone, 
Canterbury (T. Briggs), Charlton (Jones), Otford, Ashford (Russell), Deal 
(Tutt), Rochester and Chatham district, not uncommon (Chaney), Lewisham 
(Stainton), Lee (Carr), Ramsgate (Willson), Sydenham (Swain), Tonbridge 
(Raynor), Margate (McIntyre), Tenterden, common (Stainton), WNorthfleet 
(Andrews), Larkfield (Saxby), Greenwich, etc. (West). KERRY: Garinish 
Island, common (Lawless). KINCARDINE: common throughout (Horne). KuirK- 
CUDBRIGHT : Douglas, abundant (Robinson). LANARK: common, Possil, Cam- 
buslang (Dalglish), Glasgow, very common (Stainton), Lighthill (Ord), Kelvin- 
grove (Eggleton). LANcs: common throughout (Ellis) common in north 
Lancashire (Murray), Rainsford, Knowsley Park, St. Helens (Cotton), Hulme 
(Adamson), Burnley (Clutten), Dutton (Shuttleworth), Chat Moss (Auld), Prescot 
(Freeman), Newchurch, in Rissendale (Eddrup), Halliwell, near Bolton (Whit- 
taker), Grange (Booth), Preston, common, Manchester, very common (Stainton). 
LEICESTER: very common, Aylestone, Knighton, Quorn, Gumley, &c. (Bouskell), 
Leicester (Stainton). LINCOLN: common (Carr), Panton (Raynor), Grimsby 
(Nicholson), Lincoln (Musham). LONDONDERRY: Derry (Campbell). Mayo: Mayo 
(Fetherstonhaugh). MERIONETH: Harlech district (Graves). MIDDLESEX: generally 
common (Godwin), Bedford Park, Chiswick Park (Cockerell), Kingsbury (Bond), Hamp- 
stead (Hopson), Chiswick (Sich), Upper Clapton (Raynor), West Drayton (Burrows}, 
Hackney Marshes (Anderson), Highbury (Hodge), Harrow-Weald (Brown), Padding- 
ton, Hampstead (Phillips), Earl’s Court, Kensington (Clarke), Dalston, Stamford 
Hill, Tottenham district (Prout), Canonbury, Islington (Buckell), St. James’ Park 
(Tarbat), Hendon, Mill Hill, St John’s Wood (South), Bloomsbury (Brit. 
Mus. Coll.), Isleworth (Myers), Harrow district (Rothschild), Kilburn, Willesden 
(Wormald), Ealing (Bell-Marley), Stoke Newington (Fenn), Enfield (Sykes), 
Ladbroke Square (Rendall), Haverstock Hill (Hill), Highgate, Crouch 
End (James), Harlesden, (Montgomery), Acton (Clifford), Waltham Cross 
(Bowles). MONMOUTH: Wye Valley (Vaughan). MONTGOMERY: Newtown 
(Tetley). Narrn: Ardclach district, rare, Glenferness (Scott). NORFOLK: Nor- 
wich (Harris), Whitwell, Norfolk Broads (Freeman), Great Yarmouth (Miller), 
Cromer (McIntyre). NORTHAMPTON: Kettering (Sturgess), Northampton (Imms), 
Peterborough (Morley). NORTHUMBERLAND : widely distributed, Twizell 
(Robson), Morpeth (Finlay), Newcastle (Maling). Notrs: Mansfield, common 
(Daws), Newark (Gascoyne), Worksop (Alderson), Chilwell, Bramcote (Pearson), 
Nottingham (Wright). OxForD: Oxford (Mathews), Chinnor (Spiller), Warren, 
Goring (Holland), Caversham (Henderson). PERTH: not uncommon, Forth, Earn, 
Gowrie, Perth and Rannoch districts, Greyfriars, Woody Island (F. B. White). REN- 
FREW: common, Crookston, Pollokshields (Dalglish), Paisley (Smith), John- 
stone (Watson), Bridge-of-Weir (Arbuthnott), Ross: Contin (White). Rox- 
BURGH: Hawick district, common (Guthrie), Galashiels, common (Haggart), 
Jedburgh, very common, Laurieston (Elliot) RUTLAND: Uppingham (Bell). 
SHROPSHIRE : Market Drayton district, common (Woodforde), Shrewsbury 
(Stainton). SOMERSET: Bath (Greer), Taunton (Buckland), Bristol coalfield 
district, common (Hudd), Castle Cary, frequent (Macmillan), Weston-super- 


494 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


Mare (Drakeford), Wells (Livett). STAFFs: common in north Staffs (Daltry), 
Lichfield (Redmayne), Stone, fairly common (Masefield), Burnt Woods and 
Market. Drayton district, very common (Woodforde), Burton-on-Trent district 
(Brown), Leek (Hill), Rugeley and Cannock Chase (Freer). STIRLING: 
Fintry (Eggleton). SUFFOLK: common (Bloomfield), Sudbury district, common 
(Ransom), Bentley (Burrows), Ipswich (Pyett), Lowestoft, Waldringfield (James), 
Stowmarket, common (Stainton). SURREY: Barnes, Wandsworth Common, 
Wimbledon Common, Mitcham (T. Briggs), West Dulwich (Fletcher), 
Reigate, Norwood (Prideaux), Streatham, Herne Hill, Tulse Hill 
(Henderson), Chertsey, Worcester Park (Kaye), Kingston - on - Thames 
(Cooper), Nunhead (Barrett), Dorking district, common (Oldaker), Croydon 
(Sheldon), Guildford (Grover). SUSSEX: generally common in East Sussex 
(Jenner), Bognor (Lloyd), Bersted, Worthing (Fletcher), Lewes (Nichol- 
son), Brighton (Fry), Hastings, St. Leonard’s (Bloomfield), Cuckfield 
(Merrifield), Chichester (Anderson), Groombridge (Blaber). SUTHERLAND 
(Stainton). WARWICK: Rugby (Peachell), Birmingham (Imms), Aston 
(Henderson). | WATERFORD: Portlaw, common (Flemyng). WESTMEATH : 
Mullingar (Middleton). WESTMORLAND: common in all the districts 
bordering on north Lancashire (Murray), Kendal district (Moss). Wie- 
TOWN: common, Stranraer (Dalglish), distributed over the county—Monreith, 
Portwilliam, Corsemalzie (Gordon). WuLTs: Calne (Eddrup). WoRCESTER: 
very common-~Worcester (Rea). YORK: common all over the county (Porritt), 
Hull district, common (Boult), Huddersfield (Tindall), Norbury (Hall), Cleveland 
district (Gribble), Middlesborough (Lofthouse), Ingleby Greenhow (Elgee), Scar- 
borough (Finch), Teesdale district (Bower), Selby district (Ash), Driffield (Dawson), 
York, common (Stainton), Whitby (Sich), Saltburn (I’Anson), Rotherham 


(Rodgers). 


DISTRIBUTION.—AlIl Europe, except the Polar region, as far as Trans- 
caucasia, also throughout south-eastern and central Asia to the Kuku-Nor district, 
to the south in Mauretania (var. austauti). AFRICA: Algeria, Morocco (Austaut). 
ASIA: everywhere to the Altai (Speyer), Persia—Irak (Young), Syria—Akbér 
(Oberthiir), Turkestan (var. popwletz) (Erschoff), Kouldja district (var. populetz ) 
(Alphéraky), Pamir-—Oche (var. populetorum) (Grum-Grshimailo), south-west 
Siberia, Tobolsk, Uralsk, Turgai, Akmotinsk, Semipalatinsk—the Altai on the 
upper Irtish, between Ust-Kamenogorsk and Ust-Buchtarminskaja, Tomsk, 
Jenisseisk, Irkutsk (¢este Bartel), Saisan (Staudinger). AUSTRO- HUNGARY: 
Bukovina, distributed (Hormuzaki), Pressburg (Rozsay), Bohemia, everywhere 
(Nickerl), Galicia—Sambor, Lemberg, &c. (Nowicki), Cracow (Zebrawski), Neu San- 
dec (Klemensiewicz), Stanislawow (Werchratski), Hermannstadt (Czekelius), Epiries, 
common (Husz), Hungary—Kocsocz (Wangel), Gélnitz (Hudak), Tyrol, not rare 
(Hinterwaldner), Lavantthal (Hofmer), Taufers, Innsbruck (Weiler), near 
Fiume (Mann), Upper Styria—St. Lambrecht (Kodermann), Upper 
Austria — Linz district, everywhere, Ottensheim, Gelgenheit, Inn valleys, 
not rare (Himsl), Carinthia— Friesach, Lower Austria — Vienna, Bohemia 
—Prague, Carlsbad, Moravia — Mahrisch-Tribau, Brinn, Ungarisch-Brod, 
Tarnéw, Szklo, Stanislawczyk, Brody, Transylvania, Kaschau, Leutschau, 
Rosenau, Neusohl, Raab, Budapest, common, Heveser Comitat, Grosswardein, 
Fiinfkirchen, Croatia, Josefsthal (teste Bartel). BrLGIUM: common (Donckier), 
very abundant, Namur (Colignon), Frameries, Quaregnon, rare, Valley 
of the Molignée, common (Derenne), all over the country, very common 
(Lambillion). BuLrGartA: Karu-Baglar (Bachmetjew). CHANNEL ISLANDS: 
Guernsey, not uncommon (Luff), Jersey (Jordan). DENMARK: com- 
mon everywhere (Bang-Haas). FINLAND: south and_ south-east Finland 
(Lampa), Aland, Kristinestad (Reuter), FRANCE: common everywhere— Rennes, 
Besancon, Digne, Chateaudun, Evreux, near Paris, Vernet-les-Bains, Chateau 
du Loir (Oberthtr), Le Havre (Dupont), Aube (Jourdheuille), Calvados (Fauvel), 
Douai (Foucart), Berry and Auvergne (Sand), Eure-et-Loir (Guénée), Haute- 
Garonne, everywhere, very common (Caradja), Puy-de-Déme (Guillemot), Var 
(Cantener), Morbihan (Griffith), Gironde (Trimoulet), Aude (Mabille), Saone- 
et-Loire (Constant), Seine - Inférieure (Viret), St. Quentin (Dubus), Sarthe 
(Desportes),_ Doubs (Bruand), Basses-Pyrénées —St. Jean de Luz (Dupont), 
dept. du Nord, common everywhere (Paux), Normandy — Tancarville 
(Leech), Paris—Port Marly (Walker), Loire-Inférieure, somewhat common— 
Savenay, Nantes, La-Chapelle-sur-Erdre (Bonjour). GERMANY: everywhere, 
not rare (Heinemann), Silesia, everwhere common (Assmann), north-west Ger- 
many, general (Jordan), Rhine Palatinate (Bertram), Wurtemberg (Seyfiler), Giessen 


ADDENDA RELATING TO AMORPHIDS, 495 


(Dickore), Lower Elbe district, common everywhere (Zimmermann), Waldeck (Speyer), 
Erfurt (Keferstein), Biedenkopf (Glaser), Darmstadt (Borkhausen), Zeitz-on-the- 
Elster (Wilde), Halle (Stange), Munich, common (Kranz), Rudolstadt, common 
(Meurer), Mecklenberg, common (Schmidt}, Bremen (Rehberg), Saxon Upper 
Lusatia (Schiitze), Dresden (Steinert), Thuringia (Krieghoff), Prussia (Schmidt), 
Upper Lusatia, very common (Moeschler), Nassau (Rossler), Ratisbon (Schmid), 
Pomerania, common and variable (Hering), Dessau ( Richter), Alsace (Peyerimhoff), 
Nassau (Rossler), Wernigerode (Fischer), Chemnitz (Pabst), Brunswick (Heine- 
mann), Hanover, sometimes common (Glitz), Frankfort-on-Oder (Kretschmer), 
Eutin (Dahl), Cassel (Sich), Konigswinter, near Drachenfels (Jordan), Heligoland 
(Gatke), Hildesheim, common (Grote), Berlin district, everywhere common 
(Pfitzner), Holstein, Hamburg, Lineburg, Crefeld, Barmen, Elberfeld, Cologne, 
Bonn, Ober-Harz, Halle-a.-S., Leipzig, Stuttgart, Kempten, Frankfort-on-Main, 
Wiesbaden, Wetterau, Trier (teste Bartel), Baden, everywhere—Constance, 
Carlsruhe, &c. (Reutti). IraLy: throughout, rather rare in the south, also in 
Sardinia and Corsica (Curd), Modena (Fiori), Roman Campagna, common 
(Calberla), Lombardy, Piedmont, Liguria, Tuscany, . Sicily — Monreale, near 
Palermo (deste Bartel). NETHERLANDS: in all provinces, very common (Snellen), 
Breda, very common (Heylaerts). PORTUGAL (¢este Bartel), ©ROUMANIA: 
everywhere—Grumazesti, Comanesti, Tulcea, &c. (Caradja). Russia: Baltic 
Provinces — throughout and common (Nolcken), Moscow district (Albrecht), 
Volga district, not rare (Eversmann), St. Petersburg (Erschoff), Transcaucasia— 
Borjom, rather frequent, Ourmous, lLagodekhi, Helenendorf (Romanoff), 
govts. Archangelsk, Oblonez, Pskow, Mogilew— Gorki, Volhynia, Kiev, 
Podolia — Kamenez-Podolskii, Bessarabia, Cherson, Jekaterinoslaw, Poltawa— 
Lubny, Charkow, Orel, Kaluga, Tambow, Lower Volga district, Kasan, not 
rare, Simbirsk, Ufa, Orenburg, Samara, Saratov, Astrachan — Sarepta, Taganrog 
on the Sea of Azov, Tawritschesk, Stavropol, North Caucasus (teste Bartel). 
SCANDINAVIA : generally common (Wallengren), Hoel Renebo (Bingham- 
Newland), Norway and Sweden, common up to 66° N., lat. (Aurivillius), very 
rare at Bergen, Christiania, Aamot, Aaset, Drammen, Odalen, Naes Vaerk, 
Hardangeria (Siebke), South Sweden — Helsingland, Umea, south and central 
Norway (Lampa), Lapland—East Gothland, Gothland, &c. (Zetterstedt). SPAIN: 
Andalusia—Malaga (Rambur), Teruel —Valderrobres, Huesca, common (Zapater), 
Galicia—-Santiago (Macho-Velado), Barcelona, &c. (Cuni y Martorell), Catalonia 
(Martorell y Pena), Bilbao, not frequent (Seebold), Navarre —Alsasua (Oberthiir), 
Benztis Bay, Gibraltar (Walker). SWITZERLAND: throughout, reaching to the 
mountain-region (Frey), in Cantons St. Gallen and Glarus (Heer), Grisons 
(Killias), Weissenburg (Huguenin), Thun (Jordan), Bechburg (Riggenbach- 
Stehlin), Bern, not very common (Hiltbold), Cours-sous-Lausanne (Chaumette). 
TURKEY: Gallipoli (Mathew). 


ADDENDA RELATING TO THE AMORPHIDS. 
AMORPHA HYBR. INVERSA, Tutt (page 395). 


We have (anzed, pp. 395—396) thrown some doubt on the parentage 
of certain moths said to have beenbred from f A. populi x 2 S. ocellata. 
Since we wrote our notes on the species, Standfuss has successfully 
reared two imagines of this crossing, one March 2oth, 1902, the other 
May 11th, 1902, from pupz obtained in the autumn of r1go1, a pairing 
on June 25th—26th, 1901, having yielded 18 larve, only two of 
which pupated. The imagines are nearer A. popul7 than are normal 
examples of Smerinthus hybr. hybridus, but yet have unmistakable 
traces of the ocellated spot of .S. oce//ata on the hindwings (see Zvz. 
fRec., July, 1902). 

; MIMAS TILIZ (page 401). 


VARIATION. — Standfuss has made (lnsekten-Borse, xix., Pp. 
163) various experimental crossings directed to ascertaining the 
respective influence of the progeny of phylogenetically older and 
newer forms, when crossed—(1) Within the limits of a single species. 
(2) Different species of the same genus. (3) Different genera. 
Under the first heading he gives the following statistics for AZ. tiliae 


496 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


paired with a new aberrational form, in which the central fascia is 
more or less obsolete : 

I, ¢ type X ¢ aberr.—Brood = 72 moths, all normal. 

2. ¢ type X 2 aberr.—Brood = 65 moths, all normal. 

3. ¢ aberr. X @ type. —Brood.= 69 moths, 1 ¢ slightly aberrant. 

4. g aberr. x ¢? type.—Brood = 52 moths, one ¢ resembling the aberrative 
g parent, rest normal. 7 

5. ¢ aberr. X ¢ type.—Brood’= 81 moths, 1 ¢ and 1 ¢? intermediate 
between aberr. and type, also one pair similar to aberrative ¢, 77 normal. 

Standfuss observes that the aberration used was a rather rare 
one, and the experiment was only possible through having at disposal, 
at the same time, more than tooo dug pupz from all parts ot 
central Europe. ‘The reversion to type forms a very high percentage, 
and the aberration appears in such very small numbers that it is 
pretty certain that it is not able to maintain itself in a state of 
nature. ; 


Family : SPHINGIDZ *, 


The Sphingidae form the second great family of the superfamily 
SPHINGIDES, and comprise the following main branches—/¢erogoninae, 
Flemarinae, Sestinae (Macroglossinae), Eumorphinae, Manducinae and 
Sphinginae—represented in the Palearctic fauna, there being possibly 
other important subfamilies among the tropical and _ subtropical 
species, where the superfamily has its metropolis. The number 
of species and their remarkable specialisation in certain respects 
are facts that immediately arrest the attention of the student, but, 
in spite of their large size and their general abundance in the 
imaginal state in collections, our detailed knowledge of the early 
stages of the great mass of the species is practically zz/, and hence 
any attempt at classification, based on the broader characters 
furnished by the egg, larva, pupa, as well as imago, must be 
recognised as merely tentative and open to considerable modification 
as material comes to hand. Chapman and Bacot have undertaken 
for this work to formulate their opinions based on the examination 


* Jordan, to whom we have submitted proof of our work, and who is now 
engaged on a revision of the Sphingidae, which is to be published in Movdtates 
Zoologicae, writes (in ditt.) : ** The hawk-moths fall into two sharply separated groups 
which we have termed Sphingidae-Asemanophorae and Sphingidae-Semanophorae 
in the revision of the Sphingidae; for details see Novitates Zoologicae, ix. suppl. 
(1902) which will be published during the year. To the first group belong what is termed 
(antea, pp. 360—367) Amorphidae, Manducinae, and Sphinginae; while the rest 
comes into the second group. ‘There are no connecting links between the six 
divisions. Each division has its own tendency of development. The Sphingidae- 
Asemanophorae, represented in the European fauna by a few specialised forms, 
show a marked tendency of becoming specialised by the reduction or loss of organs, 
while the prevailing tendency among the Sphingidae-Semanophorae (Macroglossinae, 
Eumorphinae, &c.) is to develop new structures. The Amorphidae and Sphinginae 
of Chapman’s classification (az¢ead, p. 367) both contain forms which have lost the 
frenulum, and have a functionless tongue, Chapman is quite correct in associating 
the so-called Ambulicinae with his Amorphinae, there is, in fact, nothing to 
separate the two. Chapman’s division of the Sphingids, according to the pupa 
(antea, p. 367) does not take cognizance of those Sphinginae in which the 


proboscis does not reach to the extremities of the wings. A number of 
Macroglossinae have the abdomen not tufted. The small head and retractile 


front segments, attributed above only to the Lumorphinae and ALacroglossinae, 
are found also in some Sfkinginae of Australia. The peculiarly curved-shaped horn 
of the larva of MWunducinae is met with among Sphinginae. The head of some 
Sphingine larvae is small, sometimes triangular as in Amorphidae.” 


SPHINGIDA, 497 


of such pupz and larve respectively as they have been able to 
accumulate, and the former furnishes the following important 
contribution to the phylogeny of the group. He writes (7 /itt.): 
“In dealing with the phylogeny of the Sphingidae, it is necessary 
to review the whole group, and it is impossible to escape the division 
into Amorphidae (Smerinthids) and Sphingidae, which is pointed out 
by so many differences, and has been recognised, apparently easily 
by so many observers. But here at once we have to reconcile this 
position with the fact to which Bacot calls our attention, and which is a 
fundamental one. He shows us that the Eumorphids in the earliest 
larval stage possess discrete thoracic tubercles, whilst all the other 
divisions have them conjoined; unless, therefore, we postulate a 
diphyletic origin for the group, for which there is really no other good 
reason, we must believe that the primitive Sphingid had such a larva, 
7.é.. with the thoracic tubercles discrete and not conjoined. This 
position is not affected by any question as to the homologies of these 
tubercles and what they are to be called. This was the character of 
the Jarva of the primitive Sphingid, but only in its first stages. The 
adult Sphingid larva may have been much the same as that we now 
find in any of the groups, I am not now concerned to guess which. 
This character taken alone places the Ewmorphinae alone as primitive, 
and throws together the Sphinginae, Amorphidae, Sestinae (Macroglos- 
sinae) and Hemarinae, into one group (anted, p. 366). The pupal facts 
flatly contradict this; they show that the Sphingids, as distinguished not 
only from the Amorphids but from all other lepidoptera, have a 
specialised structure, which one cannot believe to have been 
diphyletic without the very clearest and most cogent evidence. Can 
anything of this kind be said about the larval tubercles? The larval 
tubercles are often of very persistent type throughout large groups, 
and their evidence is not to be regarded as otherwise than very 
strong ; still this change from a separate to a conjoined condition is 
one that is very frequent, and occurs over and over again 
throughout the lepidoptera ; that it should occur twice over instead 
of only once within one particular family is perhaps a little unusual, 
but still more or less in the ordinary course of things. The 
primitive Sphingids then had discrete thoracic tubercles in the 
first larval stage, but they had not the pupa of the Sphingrdae. 
It was a pupa more like that of Smerintfhus but not necessarily the 
same. Did the proboscis of this pupa reach to the end of the 
wings? If we assume that it did not, but followed the type of 
Amorpha, then we may believe that the difficulties of again separating 
the wings and getting the proboscis to their tips, led to the attempt 
to accommodate the proboscis by throwing the head backwards. 
If we assume that it did, then the throwing back of the head was 
a variation, the precise reason of which is not clear, any more 
than we know why precisely similar requirements led to a pouch 
being formed at the end of the wings in Plusia and Cucullia. 
Something of this sort had to be done, Flusza did it in one way, 
Sphinx did it in another, why, we do not know, but if this be so, 
one ought to have some hope of meeting with a pupa, essentially 
Amorphid, but with the proboscis to the end of the wings, not 
as a special modification of either the Amorphid or Sphingid pupa, 
but as a reminiscence of the ancestor of both, and without 


2H 


498 | BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


necessarily expecting any other ancestral features. “Such a pupa 
we appear to have in Ceratomia amyntor. After the division 
into Sphingids and Amorphids occurred, one of the first variations 
to take place in the latter was in the 1st stage larva acquiring 
(independently) conjoined tubercles. The extraordinary resemblance 
of Dezdamia, a Sphingid, to Smerinthus, both in imago and in pupa, 
may be merely a result of convergence, but it at least gives one a 
suspicion that some such form of imago and of pupa obtained in 
the primitive Sphingid. The essential difference between the 
Amorphids and Sphingids in the pupal state appears to be the 
existence in the Amorphids of a dorsal thoracic suture opening 
on. dehiscence, and which is absent on the Sphingid side. This 
is a definite structural difference, a generalised character in the 
Amorphids, specialised in the Sphingids. The broad descriptions 
given of the pupz of the several. groups are applicable to the 
great mass in each group, and are not upset by exceptions, which 
are, on the contrary, most useful as indications of the points at 
which the several groups parted their ways. One such pupa is 
that of Daremma undulosa, whose pupa, at first sight, is distinctly 
an Amorphid—eyes frontal, wings meeting; it even has the free pupal 
surface scale often seen in Amorphid pupz, and so frequent, for 
example, in the pupa of MZimas tiliae. Not only is the pupa very 
Amorphid in appearance, but so unquestionably is the moth in several 
particulars. We find, however, on closer examination, that the 
dorsal suture of the thorax is absent, showing it to be definitely 
on the Sphingid side of the dividing line, even if very close to it. 
Ceratomia amyntor is a very similar pupa, but further from the 
Amorphids in having the proboscis extended to the wing-apices. It is 
a Sphinx in everything except that the dorsal movement of the head 
had not commenced ; this is never so pronounced in moths _be- 
longing to the subfamily Sphzngznae as in other Sphingidae, the pupal 
tongue-horn relieving pressure before it had advanced much, whilst 
in Eumorphids no pupal tongue-horn appeared until the labrum had 
been forced to a dorsal position.  veryx myron, E. choerilus and 
Daraspa versicolor have pupz with head-parts ventrad as in Amorphids ; 
they are, however, without dorsal suture, and, in most other respects, 
are Eumorphids. The imagines, nevertheless, have a very Amorphid 
facies, with Amorphid antenne, in full accordance with the 
Amorphid characters of the pupa. We cannot doubt that here 
again, this time on the Eumorphid branch, we are somewhere 
near the common base. When we come to the Sesiid (Macroglossid) 
division we find three branches that we may call the Prerogoninae, 
flemarinae and Seszinae (Macroglossinae), which have almost equal 
claim to separate rank with the Sphinginae and Lumorphinae. The 
Pterogonids again, as in Dezdamia, present many Amorphid features. 
The Prerogoninae are certainly the most basal of these divisions, 
with the Aemarinae as a possible branch, quite separate from and 
lower than the Sesiid (Macroglossid) division, which presents so 
many features parallel to the Eumorphids that one is not at all 
sure that it did not arise from that instead of the Pterogonid 
division. Further, that group of Sphingids of which we may take 
LPhilampelus as the type, and which is, in many ways, very similar 
to and parallel with the Eumorphids, seems to be a distinct branch, 


SPHINGIDA, 499 


originating in the Pterogonids, and having no direct descent from 
the true Eumorphids, whose oldest traces are probably in the “ AZyron” 
group. This branch would probably include Pachylia and Dilophonota, 
and Manduca* might possibly be a branch here. This question 
can only be resolved satisfactorily by a study of the young 
larve. All these divisions, originating practically together and 
not one from another, have to be reconciled with the generalised 
state of the young larve in Eumorphids, otherwise one of the 
most specialised groups. If we consider that the groups did so 
arise, 7.¢., together, a certain confusion of characters in the lower 
portions of the branches is not only very probable but practically 
inevitable. A special group, like the Sphingids or the butterflies 
probably arose, one might almost say, fully developed. For some 
reason, say a rapid change of conditions-—climatic, floral, parasitical, 
or what not—or a sudden access of variability in some special 
direction in the ancestral species or genus, threw open as it were 
to competition, a whole new world, to which they were able to 
adapt themselves; this they colonised by rapid and abundant 
variation in all directions, and, at this period, various distinct lines 
might easily acquire similar structures quite independently of each 
other. When this new world was fully colonised, so to speak, 
evolution would fall back into its more regular and humdrum 
routine.” 

Mies ova or the “Spiimevdae (are, in’ their broad aspects; 
very uaiform, and are very similar to those of the Amorphidae. 
Such specialisation as there is, is found to be either in the direction 
of small size, or in the reduction of the surface reticulations in 
order to obtain a smooth surface. 

The larvee of the Sphingzdae, as we have already noted (anéea, pp. 
367—368), although extremely specialised in colour, form, and resting- 
position, are structurally, especially so far as the tubercular  setz 
are concerned, of a generalised type, the tubercles consisting 
almost always of single-haired chitinous buttons, and placed in 
generalised position on the abdominal segments, except that v is 
obsolete, and an accessory prespiracular is present. One structural 
peculiarity, however, occurs, and this is giving our phylogenists 
much trouble. On the meso- and metathorax of the Aumorphidi— 
Eumorpha (elpenor), Theretra (porcellus), Celerio (galli, euphorbiae )— 
1 and ii are situated on separate subsegments, whilst in the other 
subfamilies these are pushed up so as to be on the same subsegment 
and either arise quite near each other (Amorphids), or else from a 
common raised base (Hemarids), or on the same chitinous button 
(Sphingids sens. strict. ). Strangely, too, the Eumorphid larve 
have none of the bifid hairs, in their earlier stages, that characterise 
the early larval stages of the Amorphidae, Hemarinae, Sesitnae, 
ang etO, as-slight extent, the Spredae. It is, we believe, true 
that these bifid hairs are not present in all the Sphinginae, nor 
are they noted as occurring in Manducinae, still, with some 


* One might point out here that the Manducid larva agrees with the Sphingid 
and not at all with the ‘sesiid (Macroglossid) larva. Both the Manducid and Sphingid 
larvee have tumid and_ pellucid-looking thoracic segments, whilst no Sesiid larva 
that I have handled or seen figured shows any traces of this distinctive feature 
(Bacot). 


500 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


exceptions, they may be described as being generally distributed 
throughout the superfamily, except among the Eumorphids. 
Whether these hairs should not be considered a generalised rather 
than a specialised character is still open to doubt. They are 
certainly found in quite separate and distant superfamilies. One 
is further inclined to look upon the tumid thoracic segments 
exhibited in S4hznginae and the swollen 1st and 2nd abdominals 
of the ELumorphidi as specialised characters, for there can be little 
doubt, one suspects, that the more uniformly cylindrical-shaped 
larve have retained, in this particular, and as a necessity of their 
environment, what one supposes must have been the ancestral 
form. The loss of the caudal horn, within the phylum itself, 
must also, it appears to us, be looked upon as a specialisation. 
It is really remarkable how few useful structural larval characters 
one appears to find in the Sphingids, 7.¢., characters sufficiently 
marked to be of service in allowing one to feel comparatively safe 
in discussing the phylogeny. The tumid thoracic segments of the 
Sphingids and Manducids, for example, suggest to us a distinct 
alliance, as also do the swollen rst and znd abdominals of the 
various Eumorphid branches, in spite of the possible advantages 
of these structures for the purpose of protection. 

Chapman’s notes on the pupa (az/ed, pp. 371 —373) suggest that - 
in this stage the most marked modifications of the superfamily are 
written. Viewed broadly the Sphingids must be looked upon as one 
of the most: successful groups of large lepidoptera in the struggle for 
existence ; their ability to feed upon the wing and their capacity for 
amazingly rapid and _ long-continued flight are their marked 
characteristics, and hence the modification of tongue and wings 
have been two of the most marked features leading to success in 
the struggle for existence, and the modification of the pupa to 
meet the requirements with regard to these organs forms a fruitful 
basis for study. As compared with the Amorphid pupa, the Sphingid 
pupa is longer, more attenuated towards the anal end, has a much 
smoother skin-surface, and exhibits, in some cases, considerable 
power of movement. In spite of the smooth appearance of the 
Sphingid pupal skin, Chapman has discovered the presence of 
unquestionable hairs or bristles of microscopic size on various pup, 
viz., Sesia stellatarum, Hippotion celerio, Eumorpha elpenor, Manduca 
atropos, Smerinthus ocellata, &c. These bristles are placed in a 
circular opening in the chitin, are there jointed, and then diminish 
regularly to a sharp point, like typical tactile bristles. They are 
in considerable numbers onthe pupz of Z. celerio and £. elpenor, 
occupying exactly the same positions as in S. s¢ellatarum, viz., 
the anterior borders of the segments ventrally, and especially on 
the modified portions close to the intersegmental membrane. In 
M. atropos and SS. ocellata they are smaller and less abundant, 
but here they occur on the central zone of the segments and are 
not found near either the anterior or posterior borders. The hairs 
are not to be seen unless a piece of the pupa be prepared and 
mounted; sufficient material has been examined to suggest that 
probably all Sphingid pupz have these hairs, and that their 
distribution is almost identical in Sesta (Jlacroglossum) and Eumorpha, 
different in Amorpha and Sphinx, 


SPHINGIDA. 4501 


With regard to the imagines, there is great variation in the 
proboscis, the eyes, antenna, wing-shape, scaling and frenulum. 
The variation in the proboscis is, of course, correlated with the 
parallel modification of the pupa, and the modification of the eyes, 
especially with regard to position, is also to be referred to the 
specialisation of the tongue. Chapman observes that ‘the dominant 
specialisation of the Sphinges is the great development of the 
proboscis. This acts on the pupa in several directions that give 
characters to that stage found nowhere else in the lepidoptera. 
It has also caused various correlated changes in the imago, which 
cannot always be directly traced to its influence, but in two cases, 
aieleast, the’ connection is fairly obvious. - One of these is the 
immense development of the head, in many cases, really, an immense 
development of the eyes. ‘This does not occur in those genera in 
which the proboscis is badly developed, or in those forms that 
are especially day-flying. Most nocturnal moths find the antennz 
as olfactory organs meet their requirements for finding their way 
about, either. for the gto discover the @, the @? to find the 
foodplant for oviposition, or for either to find some saccharine 
pabulum. When the place is found, a little searching about on 
foot is quite unobjectionable, but in SpAzzx, flowers have not only to 
be found, but the precise spot for introducing the proboscis has to 
be seen, and consequently it is evident that a larger eye to collect 
more of the dim lhght is a necessity. The other specialisation, 
similarly found in the well-proboscised groups, is the development of 
the extremity of the antenna as a tactile and not as an olfactory 
organ ; precisely why this is necessary is not perhaps fully evident, 
but it may be useful in their rapid flight as an advance guard, 
more probably it is of use when the proboscis is introduced into 
the tubes of flowers in telling when the approach to the flower is 
getting too close.” We have already detailed (anted, p. 379) 
Kellogg’s notes on the scale-structure and the relation of the scales 
to the character of the flight. Concerning this Jordan writes (zx 
“itt.): “The Sphingids of slow flight are more specialised than 
their swift-flying near relations. Shagginess of the scaling of 
the body and wings is not at all a sign of the insect being more 
generalised than its smooth-scaled ally. On the contrary, the 
shaggy body of several Macroglossids and Amorphids is a decidedly 
new acquisition, e.g., Philampelus (recte Pholus) has a more generalised 
scaling (see anfed, p. 379), and the rough-scaled Z7iptogon modesta 
is derived from a more smooth-scaled ancestor.” 

Details of the condition of the frenula of some of the species belong- 
ing to characteristic genera are thus described by Griffiths (zx Utz.) - 


SPINA OF ¢. SPINULZ OF ¢. | RETINACULUMOF 6. 
Pterogon Rather slender Short and close 
proserpina | 
Flemaris Very dark in colour | Compact group of| Flat and _ broad ; 
fuciformis | andhighlypolished | spinule,8in num-| more thickly scaled 
ber than in ZH. tetyus 
fHemaris tityus Somewhat lighter in Shorter than in ZH. 
colour, smallerthan fuctformis 


in Hi. fuciformis 


502 


Sesia stellatarum 


BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


SPINA OF ¢. 


Whitish, fairly long 


Long, somewhat 


SPINULZ OF @?. 


12 spinule of vary- 
ing lengths 


RETINACULUM OF ¢. 


Long and _ tightly 
compressed at ex- 
tremity 


Eumorpha Very compact, form- | Closely gripping at 
elpenor slender, light in| ing a sharp claw extremity 
colour 
Theretra Long, but still more | Smaller in propor-; Strong and _ very 
porcellus | slender than in| tion than inj] close, conspicuous 
elpenor, light in| elpenor, but very| from its white 
colour compact colour on the pink 
ground of wing- 
surface 
Hippotion celerto | Long and very thick Rather short but 
strong 
Daphnis nertt Long A powerful bunch | Short but strongly 
of spinulze, but} developed 
more separated at 
the tips than in 
above species 
Celerio euphorbiae | Longand ofa brown | Very close and| Very long and 
colour compact, forming] tightly curled at 
a broad pointed! extremity 
blade 
Celerio gallii* Long Very compact and | Strong and compact, 


similar to above but not so long as 
in euphorbiae 

Rather broad, not so 
long as in euphor- 
biae 

Short and_ broad, 
but closely gripping 


Phryxus livornica | Long, whitish 


Manduca atropos, | Strong and dark Strong and compact 
MM. morta, M. 


SLYX 


Sphinx ligustri |Long and fairly | Strongandnumerous| Short but powerful 
thick forming a_ sharp 
claw 
A grius Somewhat _ shorter do. do. 
convolvuli t+ than in Jdigustri, 


but strong 


The peculiar lateral asymmetry exhibited in the Hemarid 
genitalia will be dealt with in our consideration of the Hemarinae. 
The other imaginal specialisations will also be considered when we 
deal with the various subfamilies. 

Subfam: HEMARIN&. 

The clearwinged Sphingids, of which Hemaris fuciformis is 
figured by Réaumur (AZém., 11., pl. xii, figs. g—10), had already 
received the name ‘d’ailes vitrées” when Réaumur changed (Joc. 
cit., p. 277) it to “ Papillons mouches.” Owing to their superficial 


* I cannot discriminate the North American species, C. chamoenerit, from 
European C. gaddii, and I see by Butler that Strecker (Can. Eut., iv., p. 206) 
considers them identical (Griffiths). 

t+ Though the frenulum agrees fairly well with that of S. dégust7, I cannot help 
thinking that British entomologists ought to separate this species generically from 
S. ligustri. In development of haustellum, shape of pupa and general characters it 
agrees much more closely with Protoparce celeus, cingulata, carolina and other 
species with which genus Butler places it. The Australian specimens of A. con- 
volvuli seem to differ from European and African forms in my cabinet (Griffiths). 


HEMARINA, 503 


resemblance to some of the species of the true clearwings, these 
members of two quite distinct superfamilies were more or less 
united for over 150 years. Although both belong to flat-egged 
stirpes, yet, in the egg, larval, pupal and imaginal characters, 
there is really no close connection between the Hemarids and the 
AZgeriids, and one suspects that the systematists of the younger 
school will no longer blindly follow the incongruous groupings of 
Linné and Fabricius as have most of our British lepidopterists, even 
those who have published the most recent work on the subject. 

The Hemarid egg is typically Sphingid, of the flat type, smooth, 
green, and laid on the leaves of the foodplant. Compared with 
the egg of Sesza (stellatarum), this is larger, more oval, z.¢., less 
circular in outline, possibly the smaller size of the latter is a 
specialisation due to its position among the flower-buds of Galum, 
which in their minutest forms it has to resemble. The egg stage 
in those species of which we have information is somewhat short, 
both in the Palzarctic and Nearctic species. Fischer describes the 
eggs of Hemaris tenuis (Can. Ent., xvi., p. 143) as small, round 
and green, and states that the egg period lasts about 10 days. 
Smyth, however, states (Zt. (ews, xi., p. 584) that eggs of this 
species laid June 1st, 1900, hatched on the evening of June 6th. 

The Hemarid larva has a very distinct facies, readily seen 
by examination of the figures of the larve of H. fuctformis and 
Ff, tityus (Buckler, Larvae, &c., u., pl. xxvi., figs. 3—30, 4—4a) and 
of that of Cochrania croatica* (Milliere, /con., pl. 141, fig. 79). The 
superficial differences between these and the Sesiid larva, as illus- 
trated by Sesza (stellatarum) (vide Buckler, Larvae, &c., i1., pl. 
XXvVl., figs. 2—20), are very evident. ‘The larva is characteristically 
Sphingid, with well-developed caudal horn, cleft at apex and carry- 
ing two stout sete, the horn covered with minute bifid bristles. 
The tubercles i, 11, 111, iv and the accessory prespiracular are all 
distinct, and each of them carries a single deeply bifid seta, those 
on 1 and ii being on a common base on the meso- and metathorax. 
The skin is also covered, after the first moult, with a clothing of small 
bifid hairs, which becomes less prominent as the larva increases in 
age. The bifid character of the primary hairs appears to attain its 
highest development in this group, judged by the British species, 
the only other larve that approach them in this respect being 
those of the Sesiids, but, although in these they are more forked 
than is normal, they are far less so than in the Hemarids. 

Seasonal dimorphism appears to be exhibited in the larve of 
some American species. The autumnal imagines of Hemaris fenuts 
oviposit in August, and the larve are fullgrown by the end of 
September. Fischer observes (Can. Ent., xvi., p. 143) that, whereas 
the larve of the early summer brood are greenish-white in tint, 
those of the later brood vary considerably from reddish-brown with 
a slight purple tinge to the hue of the spring larve. Holland, how- 
ever, states (Joc. cit., xvill., p. 101) that a part of each brood Is light 


* This species is placed in MZacroglossum with stellatarum by Staudinger 
and others. It is certainly a Hemarid, in most of its characters agreeing almost 
- exactly with A. fuciformis and H. tityus. Its thick, smooth scaling, in which it 
differs so greatly from these species, and its pupal peculiarities lead us to place it in 
a separate genus and for that purpose we suggest the name Cochrania, 


504 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


apple-green and the other part reddish-brown, both varieties being 
found on the same plant at the same time. Smyth gives (£nz. 
Neus, Xi., pp. 587—58g9) detailed descriptions of the five larval 
instars of “7. /enuzs, and these are most useful for comparison with the 
corresponding stadia of the larve of our British species. ‘The fullfed 
larva changes colour just before pupation, the whole of the dorsai 
area becoming wine-coloured. 7 

The Hemarid  pupz are very closely .alike, Ze thosemsens 
Cochranta croatica, Hemaris fuciformis and H, tityus. ‘These are char- 
acterised by (1) a thick coating of minute hairs on the clypeus, and on 
the dorsum of thorax and abdomen, (2) a wide base to the maxille 
(a characteristic Sphingid as apart from Amorphid character), whilst 
(3) the cremaster is exceedingly strong and well-developed, and is 
well provided with hooks which hold most effectively to the silk of the 
cocoon. The labrum is pushed quite frontal, and the proboscis 
extends to the end of the wings. It would appear that the least 
specialised of the pupe of all the true SfAzngzdae are those of the 
Pterogonids and Hemarids, which are superficially almost identical 
and are really very close; these have done all they can to make room 
for the proboscis by pushing, as we have just noticed, the labrum 
quite to the front and extending the proboscis-case to the end of the 
wings, but there is no tongue-horn, nor even any keeling. The 
only point in which the Hemarid pupa agrees with that of Sesza 
(stellatarum) 1S in wanting the 1st femur. Comparing the pupz 
of the Pterogonids, Hemarids and Sesiids, three subfamilies which 
have been suspected of being structurally so close as to be included 
in the same genus, Chapman gives us the following tabulation : 


1. Pupa brown, circular section, often long tapering abdomen, labrum 


anterior, 
a. With callosities on metathorax, face and 
anal spine smooth, first femur exposed .. PTEROGONIN#. 


b. Metathoracic callosities nearly obsolete, no 
first femur, facial spines present or indicated ; 
anal spine, with fine spicula pointing distad HEMARINA. 
2. Pupa pale (cocoon in rubbish, not subterranean), antero-posteriorly 
flattened, abdomen short (comparatively), labrum 
dorsal 5 a 46 oe oe .. SESTINA, 


The above table is based on pupz of Hemaris fuciformis, H. 
tityus, Cochranita croatica, Sesta stellatarum, Pterogon proserpina and 
Deidamia inscripta. Possibly some exotic forms belong to further 
divisions. For comparison, the imagines of these three divisions 
may be tabulated as follows: 


I, Hind margin angulated... = ve .. PTEROGONINA, 
2. Hind margin smooth 
a. Markings irregular : .. SESIINA. 


b, Markings smooth, parallel with hind ‘margin HEMARINE 

(including croatica), 

The Hemarid cocoon is made on the surface of the ground 

and usually consists of a few leaves spun together with silk. That 

of Hemaris tenuis is moderately compact, spun among dried leaves 

on the surface of the ground and composed of deep brown silk 
( Cam. L777. XVI Pantoe )s 

The Hemarid imagines are essentially specialised for day-flying 

and feeding at flowers on the wing, whilst the undoubted mimicry of 


HEMARINE, 505 


bees by some of the species, by the loss of scales on the wings, has 
resulted in their having obtained the popular name of the Sphingid 
clearwings. Some, however, ¢.g., Cochrania croatica, are exceedingly 
well-scaled, and it is remarkable that, although superficially H. fuczformis 
has a facies quite intermediate between C. croatica and H. tityus, yet 
Chapman finds the genitalia of C. croatica to be nearer those of A. éetyus 
than those of 7. fuciformis. ‘Taking these three species as typical of 
the form of scaling found in the Hemarids, one finds that the wings 
of C. croatica are wholly covered with smooth scales; H. fuczformiis is also 
smooth-scaled, but with a very marked tendency to lose the scales 
from the centre of the wings, whilst H. #2¢yws is roughly-haired, and has 
the wings markedly transparent ; one observes also that H. fuczformis 
has strong scaling down the centre of the cell (median nervure), 
the nervure itself beneath being hardly indicated. Holland observes 
(Can. Ent., xviil., p. 101) that, when newly-emerged, Hemaris tenuzs 
is covered with scales on those parts of the wing that are pellucid 
in flown examples. Smyth observes that examples of 4. ¢enuzs, killed 
before the wings have been fluttered, are really Strecker’s fumosa, 
they show the even inner margin of the forewings, and the colours 
are light lemon-yellow and black, whilst. the sides of the abdomen 
show blue spots. ‘The Hemarid imagines have a long and effective 
tongue, the frenulum is well-developed and they rest with their 
wings drawn back and placed flatly, not very unlike the Eumorphids. 
The character of the frenula suggests strongly that the Hemarids are 
rightly separated from the Sesiids (Macroglossids). Griffiths gives 
(in litt.) the following details: 

(1) Fuciformis.— g. The spina is very dark in colour, smooth and highly 
polished. The retinaculum is rather broad and flat and thickly scaled. 92. With 
a compact bunch of spinulee of fairly even length and 8 in number. 

(2) Zityws.—Almost exactly asin A. fuctformis, but the retinaculum a trifle 
shorter. 

The frenula of 4H. ¢hysbe (United States) and A. saundersi 
(India) also resemble the above in the form of the retinaculum. 

(3) Stellatarum.— §. The spina light in colour. The retinaculum twisted, 
tightly knotted and compressed at the extremity and almost bare of scales. 9. The 
spinulz more spreading than in Hemaris, and of varying lengths; 12 in number. 

A 2 of a Sesza (sp. ?) from India has 5 long and 5 short spinule, 
but this and other Eastern species of this group agree with 
S. stellatarum in having the spinule less compact than Hemaris ; 
the gs also have the strong compressed form of retinaculum of 
S. stellatarum, and this form is like that of the Eumorphids in every 
respect. 

The most remarkable peculiarity of the Hemarid imagines 
is the asymmetry of the g genitalia. Chapman observes that 
in Cephonodes hylas, the right clasp is larger, rounded, but very 
imperfectly articulated to the base, so as to be capable of very little 
movement, otherwise, and compared with other Hemarid genitalia, 
one would call this the normal clasp. ‘The left clasp looks at first 
as though it had been the same as the right, but had met with some 
accident that had removed a large terminal disc, leaving two lateral 
cusps. It is shorter than the right as about 3 to 5, and the arrange- 
ment of bristles and spines is quite different from that on the right, 
if it be indeed possible to compare these very different forms. It is 


506 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


much more movable than the right clasp. The arrangement 
suggests that it is intended to facilitate a lateral instead of a medial 
approach in the capture of the female. The upper appendage or 
tegumen is also twisted, so as no doubt to correspond with the 
obliqueness of the whole appendage, as most definitely seen in the 
clasps. 

Grote asserts ( Can. Hnt., xix., p. 79) that “the American Hemaris 
axillaris and Hf. tenuis are outgrowths of the Palearctic A. fuciformis, 
whilst the American #7. gracilis is strictly congeneric with the 
European ZZ. bombyliformis.” 

The imagines appear to be day-fliers and to haunt the flowers 
much as do the Sesids (Macroglossids), nor is this habit confined 
to the Palzarctic species, for, in southern Manitoba, in spring, the 
bloom of the wild plum is visited by Aemaris thysbe and 4. tenuzs 
(Heath, Can. £nt., xxxill., p.99).. On the other hand, Mrs. Nicholl 
observes that, in the Val d’Ombla, Cochrania croatica haunts the hot 
rock faces, hovering over the broiling masses of limestone exactly in 
the same manner as does Sesza stellatarum in England. 


Tribe: HEMARIDI. 


Hubner includes (Verz., p. 131) the Hemarids in his coitus 
Cephonodae, defining this as having “The wings almost scaleless, 
the body variegated — Cephonodes hylas, Fab., bombyliformis, Esp., 
fuciformis, Linn., pelasgus, Cram., croatica, Esp.” It will be observed 
that Hiibner here places croatica with the Hemarids and not in 
Psithyros with stellatarum. 

Really the Hemarids (sens. strict.) form a very solid tribe, as solid as 
the Manducids. All the species appear to be very close indeed, and to 
give no really sound basis for even generic division. The real 
differences of the imagines of this section are: 

Smoothness of scaling. 
Extent of wing-clearness. 
Character of the small clear spot at anal angle of hindwing. 

One suspects that the larve, habits, specialisation to foodplant, 
&c., give much more definite data as to the specific distinctness 
or otherwise of the different forms. The second section, represented 
by Cephonodes* (hylas),is abundantly distinct, both in the pupal and 
imaginal conditions. ‘The Hemarids (sevs. strict.) are most numerous 
in the Nearctic region, but several species are Palearctic. On the 
other hand the Cephonodids are ‘‘the tropical representatives of 
the Hemarids, being found almost throughout the Ethiopian, Indo- 
Malayan, and Austro-Malayan regions. .The wings are longer and 
more pointed than in the Hemarids and transparent, except the 
nervures and the borders which are often very narrow (Kirby).” 

Bartel follows the usual continental arrangement of grouping 
Cochrania croatica with Sesta stellatarum on the character “ wings 
scaled throughout.” Bartel’s classification of the Palzearctic species, 
omitting the Sesiids (Macroglossids) which he groups with C, 
croatica, works out as follows: 


ON 


* Curiously in the British Museum collection Cochrania croatica is rightly 
separated from Sesta stellatarum, with which Staudinger and others erroneously 
place it, but is placed, not with Hemaris where it belongs, but in Cephonodes from 
which it is amply distinct. 


HEMARIDI. 507 


I. Wings scaled throughout. 
A. Forewings yellowish olive-grey, lighter exteriorly Croatica, Esp. 
II. Wings to a great extent scaled, only behind the 
middle with a narrow transparent-band, which is 
divided into single spots by the nervures which 
traverse it. Forewing with the scales greenish- 
olive in colour, with a broad dark brown outer band. 
Hindwing predominantly red-brown in colour .. Ducalis, Stgr. 
III. Wings to a great extent transparent. 
A. Median cell of forewing longitudinally divided by 
a dark fold which appears as a continuation of 
nervure 5. 
a. Outer margin of the wings brown. 
a. In the scaled inner marginal part of the 
hindwing no transparent cell is present. 
I. Base of forewing and inner marginal 
part of hindwing with the scales 
yellowish or greenish olive-colour .. Lombyliformis, O. 
2. The base of forewing and inner mar- 
ginal part of hindwing with the scales 
brown-red, scarcely greenish haired.. Beresowskii, Alph. 
b. Inner marginal part of hindwing with a small 
oblong transparent-spot, which is very finely 
divided by the intersecting nervure 


.. Ganssuensts,Grum., 
6. Outer band of the wings blackish, not 


brown, 
a. Outer band interiorly cut off almost straight, 
hence does not project inthe fornofrays .. Afinis, Brem. 


b. Outer band sends out towards the base long 
actiniform teeth. 
1. Base and inner marginal part of 
hindwing blackish .. Se Alternata, Butl. 
2. Base and inner marginal part of hind- 
wing gold-yellow.. os .. Radians, Walk. 
B. The median cell of forewing not divided by dark fold Fuctformis, O. 


(nee Ex); 

Jordan says (zz /ztt.) that the American species are different from the 
Palzarctic, but all belong to the same genus, and that the remark- 
able seasonal variation of some species has misled entomologists into 
describing more species than are distinct. Smyth has shown (£nz. 
News, xi. pp. 584 ef seg.) that Hemaris tenuis and H. diffinis are 
seasonal forms of one species, their relation being the same 
as that already proven in the case of AH. rujficaudis and JZ. 
thysbe. In the first case ¢ezuzs is the spring form from wintering 
pupe, and da@ffinzs the summer form from eggs of ¢enuis. He 
proved that eggs laid in captivity by a 2 dfinis in August 
disclosed ‘enuzs the following May, and from eggs laid by a 
tenuis @ in June, a@finzs in various varietal (as well as the 
typical) forms was disclosed the same summer in July. Further 
proof is given by Smyth (Joc. czt., xill., p. 82). Here he states 
that some 18 summer pupz did not disclose imagines of dfinis 
in the autumn, that these emerged in the spring, when 13 were 
of the spring form, 3 were very nearly of this form, whilst 2 showed 
a distinct approach to the summer form. 

Meyrick treats our tribe as a single genus, Hemaris, and notes 
it as ‘“‘a moderate genus, distributed throughout the northern 
hemisphere, but mainly American and Asiatic. Imago day-flying, 
feeding on the wing; immediately after emergence the wings are 
furnished with very fugitive scales.” 

It may be here noted that Christy captured, on May 5th 


508 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


1894, a 3 LH. fuciformis in copula with a 9 HY. tetyus; they were 
resting on a flower in the New Forest when taken. 


SYNONYMIC NOTE ON THE TWO BRITISH HEMARID SPECIES*. 


The synonymy of the two British Hemarid species is most un- 
satisfactory (see Lvtom., Xxix., pp. 39—40). The following appear 
to be the tacts: Linné named (Syst. (Var. ‘ed. 10) threelsseqies: 
which: have. at one time or another been referred) to) the 
two British ones, namely, fuczformis, tetyus and bombyliformis, 
but in the 12th edition he sinks the latter as alivamermmen 
his Sphinx porcellus, and it ought never to have been resuscitated 
for a Hemarid species. We quote the diagnoses of the other 
two under their respective species (see zzfra), and it is sufficient 
here to remark that the comparatively little regard which has 
been paid to the roth edition, and the fact that Linné united 
the two species under the one name—/uczformis—in his later 
works, have resulted in much uncertainty and controversy as to 
the correct identification of that name. Esper uses (Schmett. Eur., 
li, p. 118) the name /fuczformis for the broad-bordered species, 
giving a mixture of citations from earlier works. He makes no 
critical comments, not being then acquainted with a second species. 
He says (on p. 122) that Linné mentions also a var. fityws, quotes 
his diagnosis, and concludes that it may probably be a worn 
fuciformis. Later (tom. cit., p. 180) he erects bombyliformis as a 
new species, pointing out that Linné’s dombyliformis was an un- 
important aberration, or worn specimen, of forced/us, and that he 
‘believes himself justified in now transferring the name Jdombyliformis 
to a new species.” Schiffermuller and Denis ( Wren. Schmett., p. 44) 
also only cite one species, namely the ‘ Scadzosa-Sphinx,” which they 
give as fuciformis, L.  Illiger, in his edition of the same work (pp. 24 
—26), discusses the synonymy, and unhesitatingly concludes that 
the bombyliformis of Esper and Hubner (=~“etyws) is thetrue fuctformis 
of Linné, his chief ground being that Linné describes the abdominal 
band as “black,” whilst in the broad-bordered species it is decidedly 
‘‘red-brown.” Laspeyres, Ochsenheimer and ‘Treitschke all accept 
Illiger’s. conclusions. Dalman (K. .Ver. Ac. Hand, is1G ae 
216—217), retaining the name /uczformis, L., for the honeysuckle- 
species, and Jdbombyliformis, Esp., for the scabious-feeder, remarks : 
““ Post omnia que de precedentibus duabus speciebus ab auctoribus 
sunt scripta et disputata, ut in posteriorem Linnei synonyma cadere 
evinciatur, tamen nequeo non talem habere opinionem, Linneum 
sine dubio ambas species sub una commixtas pro oculis habuisse, 
unde ortum, ut diagnoses et descriptiones ejus breves nunc uni 
nunc alteri melius conveniant. Verba ‘margine atro purpurascente’ que 
sunt in Sys¢. 2Vaz., ed. xii., sine dubio ad /fuczformem nostram spectare 
videntur, cum tale de dombyliformi vix dici potuerit. Deficientibus 
aliis criteriis, Roeselii figura citata magni esse debebat momenti 
pro ea specie que ibi manifeste est dilineata.” He goes on to 
protest against Laspeyres’ upsetting of the synonymy on_ such 
dubious grounds. Most of the British authors (excepting Stephens) 
have also continued to follow Esper and Hiibner, although Kirby’s 


* For this synonymic section we are indebted entirely to Mr. L. B. Prout. 


SYNONYMY OF BRITISH HEMARIDS. 509 


“ European Butterflies and Moths” (translating Heinemann’s edition 
of Berge) and South’s ‘“Synonymic List” (adapting Staudinger’s 
“Catalog,” ed. 2) follow the German usage, and the greatest 
confusion has resulted. Zeller, in reviewing Wallengren’s ‘“Skan- 
semantens Eleterocer-Hjarilar” (Sze/t, Lat. Zeit, xxx., p. 387), 
called attention to the confusion, and suggested a somewhat drastic 
remedy, namely, the substitution of the names Jomicerae or cap- 
rifolit and scabiosae or knautiae for the two species, accord- 
ing to their foodplants. He writes: “The author (Wallengren) has 
overlooked the distinctive feature by which the two species, even 
in quite worn specimens, are to be differentiated with certainty. The 
Lonicera-hawk has the median cell divided longitudinally by a dark 
line which is caused by a fold; this line is always wanting in the 
Scabiosa-hawk. The names fucizformis and bombyliformis, as applied 
by Ochsenheimer, are here inverted, as Wallengren, with Dalman and 
the English, accepts the Zomzcera-Sphinx for Linné’s S. fuczformis, 
while Ochsenheimer takes the Scadzosa-Sphinx for it.” He quotes 
Linné’s diagnosis from the Fauna Suecica*, and adds that it denotes 
so surely the scabious species that he cannot do otherwise than 
agree with Illiger, that Linné’s citation of Rosel and the “habitat 
in Lonicera” are incorrect, like so many of Linné’s citations, and 
that thus there is not even any proof that he has “ without doubt 
mixed the two,” as Dalman asserted. Zeller does not know. on 
what ground the English agree with Wallengren’s view; even if 
a type in the Linnean collection supported it, he (Zeller) would 
still prefer to rely on the indubitableness of Linné’s words. Kirby 
(Zool. Rec., vi., p. 382) adds a note: “The former [2.2., Zomzcerae, Zell.] 
is certainly fuczformis, L.; his description of dombyliformis (Sys. Nat., 
ed. 10) is less satisfactory, and the two species seem to be confounded 
in his subsequent works.” ‘“ Former” in this note may be a /apsus 
for “latter,” for in 1871 we find him inclining to follow the German 
usage ; he says (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. xxi) that, in the roth 
edition of the Systema Naturae, Linné described the broad-bordered 
species as bombyliformts and the narrow as fuciformis,; in the 2nd edition 
of the Fauna Suecica he described the narrow-bordered as fuczformis, 
while in Sys¢. WVat., ed. 12, he described the broad-bordered species 
under this name, and referred dombyliformis as a variety to porcellus, 
and adds, ‘“‘ Under these circumstances the only way to avoid con- 
fusion appears to be to go back to the roth edition, as has been done 
on the Continent, and apply the name Jdombyliformis to the broad- 
bordered and /fuciformis to the narrow-bordered species.” But 
subsequent and closer investigation of the roth edition led Kirby 
to modify his views, and, in 1896, he makes out a good case 
(£nt., XXixX., pp. 39—40) for the restoration of the name /fuczformis, 
L., to the honeysuckle species, and the resuscitation .of the name 
tityus, L.—which had been allowed to lapse entirely—for the 
scabious species. His note is so readily accessible that it is 
needless to quote it at length, but his conclusions are stated as 
follows: ‘(1) The type of Linné’s species (fuciformis) was the 
broad-bordered species, feeding on Lomzcera. (2) In his Fauna Suecica 


* Unfortunately, Zeller had not access to the roth edition of the Systema 
Naturae, on which rests the principal elucidation of Linné’s action. 


510 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


he mixed it up with specimens of his SS. #¢yws, and added a character 
properly applicable to the latter. (3) Inthe rath edition of the Systema 
Vaturae, Linné, discovering that he had mixed two torms, separated 
the second as ‘,,’ distinguishing it by the very character which, 
from those given, would at once separate his Sphinx tityus as 
the narrow-bordered bee-hawk, feeding on scabious.” Aurivillius, 
in his ‘‘ Recensio Lep. Mus. Lud. Ulr.,” throws a little further light 
on the probable determination of Linné’s Sphinx tetyus. He writes 
(Sv. Vet. Ak. Hlandl., x1X,, M0. 5, p. 170): “Sphinx citys, ems yar 
Wat. €d. X., p. -493, no. 24. In schedula, que Sine duiiomhme 
pertinet, scriptum est: ‘ Phalaena Sphinx ano barbato, cingulo 
nigro.—Statura Bombylt.—Corpus flavum, hirsutum; abdomen versus 
basin cinctum fascia lata nigra; pone hanc fasciam a tergo fulvum 
est abdomen. Cauda atra barba fastigiata, sed supra flavescens. 
Alze margine nigro. Antenne. czruleo—nigre, mutice, clavate.’ 
Hec descriptio adeo bene in Macroglossa (Hemaris) bombyliformis 
(Esp.) quadrat, ut verisimiliter ad eam speciem pertineat. Quum 
autem descriptio a Linné pxzdlicata nimium brevis sit, optimium 
puto, nomen “fyus huic speciei non conservari.” Staudinger 
has (Hor. Soc. Ent, Koss. xiv. —. 301). a) meteisenmmems 
synonymy, in which he states that: (1) The specimen in Linné’s 
collection, labelled ‘‘ fuczformis” in Linné’s handwriting, is an example 
of the ‘“ broad-bordered” species. (2) He gathers from the Linnean 
descriptions that originally fuczformis must have been the ‘ narrow- 
bordered” species, and dombyliformis the ‘ broad-bordered.” (3) In 
his later works Linné united the two, and attached his label fuczformis 
to what was his earlier Jdombyliformis. The specimens which 
are extant im lLinneé’s collection give us little assistaneei ous 
it is to. be borne in mind that the type of hisizy7seugee 
probably mever in his collection, as the letters) syi=s eases 
show that it was in that of the Queen of Sweden. The 
specimen in Linné’s cabinet, which actually bears the label 
fSuciformis in his handwriting, is a ‘“ broad-border,” but an unlabelled 
specimen of the ‘narrow-border,” apparently of Linné’s setting, is 
present beside it, and as the label has been re-pinned, it may have 
once been attached to this other specimen, but there is no evidence 
whatever to show that this was so. 


Genus: Hermaris, Dalman. 


SYNONYMY.—Genus: Hemaris, Dalm., ‘‘ Vet. Ak. Handl.,” xxxvii., p. 215 
(1816); Butl., «* Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.,”” ix., pt. 10, p. 518 (1876); harby, “iam 
Butts. and Moths,’”’ p. 75, pl. xx., figs. 3 a—ce (1879); ‘*Cat.,” p. 625 (1892); 
‘‘ Handbook, &c.,”’ iv., pp. 4—5 (1897); ‘*Ent.,”? xxix., p. 40 (1896); Meyr., 
“ Handbook, &c.,”” p. 294 (1896); Prout, ‘‘Ent.,” xxxil., p. 60 (1899); Staud., 
<‘Cat,,”’ 3rd ed., p. 104 (1901). * Spxkiae, Linn.,” * Sys: Nat.,” )xtheceg eee 
(1758); xiith ed.,:p. 803 (1767); ‘*Faun. Suec.,” i, p. 289)(i7GR) eee 
‘Ins. Mus, Greec.,’? p. 12, pl. i, fig. 641761); Scop., ‘* Ent. Cami pee 
(1763); Miull., “Faun. Frd.,”’ p. 37 (1764); **Mél. Ac. Sci. Lunn, say 
(1766) ; “Zool. Dan. Prod.,” p. 187 (1776); Hfn., ‘* Berl. Mag.,”) il, ppaaeeem 
194 (1766) ; [Schiff ,] ‘‘Schmett. Wein,” p. 44 (1775); Ill. mn. Ausg., p. 22 
(1801); Esp., “‘ Schmett. Eur.,”ii., p. 118, pl. xiv., fig. 1 (1779); Ketzay eee 
et Spec. Ins.,’’ pi 33 (1783); ‘Geoft., ‘* Fourc. Ent. DParis.,” it, p. 252000 gee 
Bork., ‘Sys: Besch.,” ii., pp. 52, 133, 176 (1789); F.J..A. D., * Bork. Relgae 
Mag.,”’ p. 313 (1793) ; Don, ‘* Brit. Ins.,” iii., ps 37, pl. Ixxxvgee 
Hb., ‘‘Eur. Schmett.,”? figs. 55—56 (1796); ‘* Larve Lep.,” ii., Spl. aij 
Legit. A.a,. fig, 1@; A. b., fig..1 a—d (circ, 1800); text p. 93 (circ. “aORae 
Panz., ‘Faun. Ins, Germ.,” vi., pt. 69, no. 23 (1798); Schrk., ‘‘ Faun. Boica,” 


HEMARIS, 511 


fern. i, p. 230 (18o1); Haw., “ep: Bnt.,” i., p. 67 (1803); Lasp., « Ml. 
Mier p. 37(1803); Lath, “Hist. Nat.,”? ., p. 401 (1802); xiv., .p. 133 
mea. cen. Crist.et Ins.;’” iv., 9p. 210 (1809) ; Ochs., ““Die Schmett.,” it, 
pemtoeaysos); Godt., “Hist. Nat.,”” ui, p. 58 (1821). Sesza, Fab., ‘Sys. Ent.,” 
pester t775))-°opec, Ims..77 1. p. P56. (1781); “* Mant.” i., p.99 (1787); <* Ent. 
Sear pt. 1, p.. 380 (1793); lll.’ Mag.,” vi, p. 287 (1807); Leske, ** Anf. der 
Nats.) 459 (1779); Lamikk:, ““Sys. An. sans Vertt.,’” p..281 (1801) ; Leach, “‘ Kdin. 
Bucyei six. p. 130 (1615); Sam., “Hat. Comp.,” p. 244 (1819) ; Curt. {Bint 
Eut:,’’ expl. mpl: KC HOZ4 pee SupUS salle telalistss wii <p. 135 (1828) ; “Cats 
Ponsa. 34) (11620) 6 List Br. An. B. Mus,” p. 30 (1850); Dunc., 
pai vioths,  p. 168) (1336); Wood, “‘Ind. Ent.,’) p. 21 (1839) Westd., 
“Gen. Syn.,”’ p. 89 (1840) ; Humph. and Westd., ieee Moths,”’ i., p. 26 (1841) ; 
Dbldy., “List Br. Lep.,” p. 3. (1847); Sta., ‘‘ Man.,”’ 1., p. 99 aoe Humph., 
SiGreneebiit., Moths,’ p. 12) (1860) ; Buckl., * Larva,” ee He Wo WAL yo Xxvi., 
memmeam(loo 7). . Sera, Oken, “Lehrb. Zool.,” 1., p. 749 (1815). Macroglossa, 
Sen Dic <chimett.,” iv.,..pp. 41, 42 (1816) ; Bdy., “* Eur Lep: Ind. Meth:,” 
pee s2o) Genet. Ind.) Meth-;? p..45 (1840) ; «Icon. Chen.,” pl. x., 
esmes Acre. 1840) > “ EHist.’ Nat." Sphing.,”? p. 367. (1375); Meig., “ Eur. 
Bebmcuere i p.el26) 41830) Dupt, <. Hust. Nati,” supp. i., p. 164 (1835) ; 
sa@aieevieths.’ 1p. 43° (1644)5 Zett., “Ins. Lapp.,’? <p. 917 (1840); Evers., 
“Faun. Volg.-Ural.,”” p. 106 (1844); H.-Sch., ‘“‘Sys. Bearb.,” ii., p. 83 (1846) ; 
Pevancwe-ieep. Hur: Cat. Meth.,:7 3rd ed., p. 19 (1851); Speyer, “Geog. Verb 
SemmMetted ie) yp. 33) (1655) > I, p. 280 (1862); Staud., ** Cat.,’” ed. i, p. 1 
Geanpmend cd. ip. 38 (1871); Wallem., “Skand. Het,” 1.,\ p. 54 (1863) 
Reine Wata ep. And, p. 1232(16600); Snell., “De Vimd.5”) p. ‘or (1867) 
Bere, ““Maun. Eranc.,’’ “1.,° p. 32 (1803) Nolck. “deep. ne Estle 7 a 
isos); Zell, << otett. Ent, Zeit.,? xxx., p. 387 (1869); Newm., ‘‘ Brit. Moths,” 
Pemmmesoo)e Mill. “Cat. Lép. “Alp. -Mar.,” p. 121 (1872); Bang-Haas, « Nat. 
Tids.,” (3), 1x., p. 400 (1874) ; Cuni y Mart., Seep. Bareswa pe 42 (187 Nee Cures 
ppouleesoc. Hut lital: vil) p. 114 (1875); Frey, “* Lep: Schweiz," p- 59 (1880) ; 
MUI CoV. Vet. Hand.,” Fey Oo UO (1882); ‘Nord. Fyar.,’ eae (1889) : 
Mameoeaier Nate Sic... vil. p, 135. (1888); Barr, -“ Lep: Brit., s 11, Pe Os 
plelive tgs: 35) 3a (1893); Lucas, “* Brit. Hawk-Moths,” p. 143 (1895) ; Tutt, 
(brat. Moths;2 p. 37, pl. 1., fig. 5 (1896); Bartel, ““Paleeark. Gross-Schmett.,”’ 
ipa 23 (1900), Cann. “Riv. Tall’ xxi. p. 16) (1901), AZecroglossum, 
ame tist. Nat. Amesans Vert.,’7 1v., p. 9) (2817). Cephonodes, Eib., ** Verz.,” 
Mepieien(ci7zens522))) otphs, “lilly Hiaust. iv., app. p. 5 (1835). Bombylia, 
ipecotranek  Cat...7) p. 09) (1625). Zrochiium, | Westd., ‘Wnt. Textbook,” 
p- 395 (1838). vey ae . 

The genus is diagnosed ( Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar, 

1816, pp. 207-208) by Dalman, as follows: 


HEMARIS.—Caput prominulum palpis magnis densissime squamatis ]. pilosis, 
obtusis, marginem superiorem oculorum attingentibus ; prominulis. Lingua 
distincta. longitudine corporis. Antennae rigid distinctius clavate apice 
acuminato (maris cylindrico - prismaticze subtus scobinzeformes ciliate, feminze 
muticz). . d/ae breves minus angustatz, szepe fenestrate. Abdomen crassum, 
lateribus fasciculosum, ano barbato. Larva elongata levis, cornu anali; capite 
globoso. Pzxzppa intra folia 1. quisquilias subfolliculata. Typus GENERIS: Hemaris 
fuctformtis. 

This authors genus was heterogeneric, since he included (Jo. 
cit., pp. 215—216) stellatarum as well as fuczformis and fetyus (bombylz- 
formis) therein, but as he selected fuczformis as the type, this restricts 
its use to the clear-winged species. The characters are sufficiently 
wide, however, to include our subfamily Seszzzae. Meyrick described 


the genus (restricting it to the clear-winged species) as follows 
(Handbook, p. 293): 


Tongue strongly developed. Antennz over half, gradually thickened to near 
apex, then pointed, apex slender, hooked. Abdomen broad, hairy, with broad, 
truncate, expansible anal tufts. Tuibiz densely hairy. Wings with disc trans- 
parent. a aia te : 

He discriminates the two British species as: 


Hindwings with a blackish terminal line... 5 »» bombyliformis. 
Hindwings with a dark red-brown terminal fascia . 38 2. fuciformis. 


5) BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


HEMARIS FUCIFORMIS, Linné. 


SyNONYMY.— Species: /uctformis, Linn., ‘Sys. Nat.,”? xth’ ed] spun 
(1758); xiith ed., -p. 803 (1767); (?) ‘‘ Faun. Suec.,” i., p. 289)(1761) 7) Mielie 
“Mauna pimde, spe 3n i704). iby, ‘Syst. Ent.,? <p. 540) @jg5) eee 
Ins.,”’ ii., p. -156- (1781); ‘* Mant.” I,- p-°99 (1787); = amie 
iii.,.. pt. -% -p. 388 (1793); “Il Mag.” vi. p, 287 oe eee 
‘s Anfangs, der Naturg.,” p. 458 (1779)5  Esp., >‘ Die “Schimerey sae 
ERO; ple, © KIve) ones al (1779); Geoff, “‘Fource Ent... Pansies ieee 
(1785); Bork., ““Eur. Schmett.,” ii., pp. 52, 133,176 (1789)5 8. j-aea 
“ Bork. . Rhein. Mag.,” p. 313 | (1793); Don.;. “* Brit. ins) eee 
pl. 87 - (1796); Hb., “Eur. Schmett..” fig. 55. (1790); ssp 
Legit. A. b, figs. 1 @—d (cire, 1800); text p. 93 (czrc. -1605) ye Were 
p. 131, (cere. 1822); “‘ Franck Cat.,7 p. $9 (1825); Pamz e raeeeeiees 
Gem, vi. op. 230 (1798) ; -Lamk., “Sys. Anim. sans Vert.5'7) po 9260) wom 
Schrk..** Faun, Boic:,” i., 1,- p. 230. (1801); Hiaw.;. “(eps tail ease 
(1803); Latr., “Hist. -Nat.,” -tii.,- p. got (1802); 4°Gen. “mist seeeieees 
iv., p. 210: (4809); Dalm., “Vet. Ak. Handl.,”  xxxvit, po 215 (rere) 
Godt., “Hist. Nat.,” i., p. 58, pl xix., fig. 4 (1821); @Mieteen sae 
‘Schmett.,” u., p. 126 (1830); , Dunc., *‘ Bt. Moths,” p: 1680(183q)—eee@ceme 
‘Ins. Lapp.,” p. 917 (1840); Humph. and Westd., “ Brit. Moths,” i., p. 26 
(1841); Dbldy., ** List Brit.. Lep:;” -p. 3 (1847); Stepls.; S210 Stasis 
app: p. 5 (1835); ‘*list An. B. Mus.,” p.-30 (1850) ; “Chaum {= Zo0le as 
pp. Pp. 5 : Pp 
3244 (1851); Sta., “Man.,” i, p. 99 (1857); Humph., “Gen. Brit. Moths.”’ p. 
12 (1860); Wallgrn., “ Skand. Het.,” i., p. 54 (1863); Newm., “Brt] Mothse: 
[Dan 1 (1869) -sbuclda, 2c Wane): &c., ll., p- 121, pl. xxvi., figs: 9 @—¢ (eoge 
Auriv., “ Nord. Fyjar.,” p. 47 (4889); Kirby, ‘Cat:,” p. 625 (1002) same 
xxix., p. 4o (1896); ‘‘ Handbook,” iv., p. 4. (1897) ; - Dale, “*iint = ee 
Sou (USGo) 4) balks eep. Bilt ap. 70 (1893); Meyr., ‘‘ Handbook,”’ p. 294 
(1895); Lucas, ‘* Bnit. Hawk-Moths,” p- 143 (1895); Staud., “‘Cat.. 7 vediaaaaae 
TOM (LOOT) en Camm. < huiva yltal->27 | exis is p- 16 (1901). Variegata, Mill., 
éMél. Acad. Sci. Turin,” ili, p. 193 (1766). d/usca, Retz. ““Geuerspees 
Ins.,” p. 33 (1783).  Bombyliformis, Lasp., ‘Ill. Mag.,” ii., p. 37 (1803); 
Ochs.; ‘Die Schmett.,” i, p. 189 (1808); 1v., pp. 41. 42° (eSTG)=s ems 
‘‘TLehrb. Zool.,? 1., 749 (1815); Stephs., ‘‘Tll. Haust..” ip seca eee 
‘Gat. Br. Ims:,” t., p. 34 (1829); . Bdv., “Eur. ep. Ind: = iether 
(1829); “Gen. et Ind. Meth.,” p. 45 (1840); ‘‘Hist. Nat. Sphing.,” p. 367 
(1875); Dup., ‘Hist. Nat.,” supp. 1., p. 164 (1835); ‘‘ Cat. Meth..” (pojag 
(1844); Wood, ‘Ind. Ent.,” p. 21 (1839); Evers., ‘* Faun. Volg.-Ural.,” p. 
106 (1844); H.-Sch., ‘* Sys. Bearb.,’’ i., p. 83 (1846); Heydrch., \“Lep) Bar 
Cat. Meth.,” ed. 3, p. !9 (1851); Speyer,’ ‘“Geog. Verb. Schniettzaaueames 
313 (1858); il, p. 280 (1862) ; “Staud., ‘‘Cat.,” ed. 1., p. 17 (2Ssi)mecemes 
Ds ioe (ony) Snell “De Wilimd:;73-p. of (1867); Berce, ‘*‘ Faun. Pranes” omy 
p. 32 (18608); Nolck., ‘*Lep. Fn. Estl.,” i, p. 91 (1868) ; Zell., ““Stett am 
Zeit.,”? XXX., p. 387 * (1869); —Mill., . “Cat. Lép. Alp.-Mar..7 p12 (nee 
Bang-Haas, ‘Nat. Tids.,” (3), ix., p. 4oo (1874); Cuni y Mart., “Cat. Lep. 
Bare.,”’ p. 42 (1874); Curd, ‘Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital,” vii., p. 2a eegeee 
Butl., ‘Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.,”’ ix., pt. 10, p. 518 (1876); Kirby, ‘‘ Eur. Butts. 
and) lothss\ pai 5s pla xk, HES. 3 nee (1879); Frey, “ Lep. Schweiz;7 p: 
59 (1880); Mina-Pal., “« Nat. Sic.,” vii, p. 135 (1888); Tutt, “ Brit. Moths,” 
jy eieeaelOllen wee fig. 5 (1896) ; Bartel, ‘¢ Paleeark, Gross-Schmett.,”? ii., p. 223 
(1900). Lusiformis, Leach, ‘‘ Edinb. Ency.,”’ ix., p. 131 (1815); Sanav, Same 
Comp.,” p. 244 (1819); Westd., ‘Gen. Synop.,’”’ p. 89 (1840). uciforme, Latr., 
‘s Hist, Nat.,” xiv.. p. 133 (1805); Lamk., ‘Hist. Nat. Anim. sans) Vers 
iv., p- 9 (1817). Bombyliforme, Westd., ‘Ent. Textbook,” p. 305 (i8eam 
Lonicerae, Zell., ‘‘Stett. Ent. Zeit.,” xxx., p. 387 (1869).  Carifoliz, Zell, 
loc. cit. Simillima, Moore, ‘‘ Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,’’ p. 391 (1888). 


ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.—Sphinx fuciformis, abdomine barbato 
nigro : fascia flavescente, alis hyalinis margine nigro. Bradl., 
Nat., 26, f. 1. B. Roes., /#s., app. 231, t. 38. Habitat in Europa 
(Linné, Sys. /Vat., xth edy. Pi 403s “NOs. Be). Later descriptions 
by Linné read: [SpAznx JSuciformis. Abdomine barbato nigro: fascia 
flavescente, alis hyalinis margine nigro. Roes., ‘Ins.,” 3, t. 38 et 
4, t. 34, f. 1—4. Habitat in Zonicera, Magnitudo Bombylit. 


HEMARIS FUCIFORMIS, 513 


Corpus griseum. Abdomen cingulo nigro; barba laterali pone 
cingulum albida. Anus barba nigra. Antenne nigre (Faun. 
Suec., il., p. 289).] Sphinx fuciformis. Abdomine barbato nigro: 
fascia flavescente, alis fenestratis margine nigro atro-purpurascente. 
VeeESUEC., TOO2. SCOp:, Carn., 475.  Bradl.,-/Vaz.,. 26, f. +1. B. 
ie@csnt 7 75.,,-2Pp. 231, t. 38; 4, t. 34. f. 14."  Sultze [sic], Zns., 
t. 15, p. 82,n. 4. Habitat in Lonicera. Barba abdominis in medio 
alba est (Sys. Va¢., xiuth ed., pp. 803-804). 

ImMaco *.—42mm.—50mm. Anterior wings with the greater part 
somewhat transparent ; nervures dark red-brown ; the base and costa 
black-brown, dusted with ochreous-green ; a dark red-brown discal 
mark, and a broad red-brown hind-marginal band. Posterior wings 
more or less transparent with dark nervures and a moderately broad 
dark red-brown hind-marginal band; basal area densely scaled. 
Thorax ochreous-green; abdomen greenish-ochreous with a dark 
red-brown median band. 

VaRIaTION.—There appears to be some variation in this species, 
the Asiatic examples being different from those usually found in 
Europe. Slight aberrations in the amount of scaling retained, 
the width and tint of the marginal borders, and also in size, are 
recorded. Caradja, for example, records two Roumanian specimens, 
in both of which the dark outer margin is somewhat narrower than 
usual. Fowler observes that bred examples have the wings quite 
covered with rich brown scales, &c. The following are the described 


forms: 

a. ab. heynei, Bartel, ‘‘Ent. Nach.,”’ xxiv., p. 337 (Nov., 1898); ‘‘ Palzeark. Gross- 
Selmett-, p-.228 (1900); Rey,‘ Berl. Ent. Zeits.,” -xlv., Sitz. p. 18 (1900).— 
The size of both sexes is 42mm.—45mm.; it is thus considerably smaller than 
fuctformis, of which I have specimens before me measuring 50mm., while the 
extreme measurement of fztyus is only 43mm. The form of the wings agrees 
with the former species, while the outer margin also, both on the fore- and hind- 
wings, is as broad as in this species. The colour of the forewings is much darker 
than that of the hindwings, yet not red-brown as in fuctformis, but much more 
dusky, more blackish, thus similar to that of zétyus. Only on close examination 
is any brown tinge (very faint) visible therein. The elongate spot on the trans- 
verse nervure of the forewing, which so well distinguishes fuczformis from tityus, 
is much broader than in the former species, although still not so broad as 
in the var. robusta, Alph., from the Thian-Schan. The basal area and the main 
part of the inner margin are on both wings filled up with dark colour, which 
extends the same distance in heynet as in fuctformis, is grev-brown in one 
specimen, inclined to greenish in another, and to yellowish in the other two. 
The underside shows no important peculiarities excepting the notably darkened 
margins. Only the marginal band terminates at the inner angle of the hindwing 
in a far darker broad spot than in fuctformis, of which I have compared more 
than 60 specimens. One may regard this as a character of ¢ztyws, in which the 
black border widens at the anal angle into a more or less intense black spot. In 
the antennz no special differences are observable, but in the body such are very 
pronounced. Head, thorax, and first two abdominal segments incline in colour 
more to Ztyws than to fuctformis ; they are yellowish, without, however, being 
quite as light as in the former species. The abdomen far more resembles Zztyus 
than fuctformis in form. The 3rd and 4th abdominal segments are quite 


* The whole surface of the wings is covered before flight with large loose 
dark red scales, which in the broad “central portions of the \ wings are so loosely 
attached that they are shaken off at the first flutter. | These scales give the 
specimens which have been killed. before flight a dusky semitransparent ap- 
pearance (Barrett). Merrifield states that the fugitive scales which cover the 
centre of the wing, and almost immediately after emergence become detached, may be 
rendered adherent by allowing a very weak solution of indiarubber, in benzoline, 
to run over the wings. 


514 _ BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 


black as in ¢tityus; in fuciformis they are coloured red-brown like the border. 
The following segments are intermediate in colour between the two species 
named, being lighter ochre-yellow than in fityws; also the anal tuft agrees 
fairly well in colour and size with the latter species. The first three abdominal 
segments are somewhat paler on the underside, more blackish-coloured and inter- 
mixed with light yellowish hairs, the following segments yellowish. Anal tuft on 
the underside mixed with brownish. The colouring of the breast, the legs and 
the palpi agrees with fuczformis and ftityus. This interesting form is further 
characterised on the upperside of the abdomen by a slight bluish dusting in the 
middle of the black girdle, but no special weight is to be laid on this, as it is 
just as often present in fuctformis as absent. I am unfortunately not able to 
hame the exact locality of these four specimens from Heyne’s collection, as it was 
not indicated on them. On the other hand one may probably accept with tolerable 
certainty that they are from Central Europe, whence came all the rest of Herr 
Heyne’s fuctformis and tityus ; but Innsbruck can be given as a surer locality, as Herr 
Alexander Heyne received two others from there. Whether this is the product 
of a cross between fuczformis and tityus, as I regard it, or whether it is only a variety 
will have to be settled by further observations (Bartel). 


Rey states (e7/. Lint. Zeits., xlv., Sitz. =p. 18) @ihaueeaisee 
merely a colour aberration of A. fuciformis, having the broad 
wing-border of . fuciformzs but the abdomen as in /. “tyus. Later 
he exhibited at a meeting of the Entomological Society of Berlin a 
series of H. fuciformis which showed distinct transitions to ab. 
heynet, while HZ. ttyus showed at once definite distinguishing 
features, and he considered that there could be no doubt that 
heynet was an aberration of . fuciformis. At the same meeting 
Donitz remarked that he had bred this unimportant aberration 
with typical specimens from larve taken in Taufers. 


B. var. stmillima, Moore, ‘* Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,”’ p. 391 (1888) ; Kirby, 
“Cat.,” p. 625 (1892). — Hemaris simillima, n. sp. Nearest allied to ZZ. 
fuciformis, Forewings with a vinous-black costal, outer, and posterior marginal 
band, the outer band somewhat narrower than in AH. fuctformis, the posterior 
band sparsely covered with olive-green scales ; hindwing with a cupreous-red 
marginal band, the abdominal border prominently white-speckled. Head, thorax, 
and base of abdomen pale, dull, ochraceous olive-brown, the two red 
bands of a dull chestnut tint, basal segments yellowish-ochreous, anal lateral 
tuft black. Expanse, 1,4 inch. Hab. Kangra Valley [Himalayas]. In coll. 
British Museum. 


In treating this as a variety of H. fuczformis, we do so without 
knowledge of the insect. Kirby sinks it (Caz, p. 624) as a mere 
synonym of the latter species. Jordan simply states (7m U?t.): 
‘ Simillima differs from H. fuczformis in the forewings being some- 
what more elongate, z.e., narrower.” 


y. var. robusta, Staud., ‘‘ Stett. Ent. Zeit.,” xlii., p. 394 (Sept. 1881); 
‘¢ Cat.,’” 3rd ed., p. 105 (1901); Alph., ‘Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross) svi ee 
(Dec., 1882) ; Kirby, ‘Cat, p..026\) (1892); Bart. *“Paleeankk: Gross- Schmett.,” 
ise, pe ee (1900). —Two smaller, tolerably fresh specimens which were caught 
at Lepsa, one on May 13th, the other on August 27th, show that this species 
has there two broods. Otherwise they scarcely differ from European specimens, 
only the transverse nervure of the forewing is somewhat more broadly dusted with 
brown. This is still more the case in the lar ger specimens from northern Persia and 
the Thian-Schan, where also the outer margin is broader, yet they scarcely 
deserve on this account to be brought forward as a local form under the proposed 
name var. vobusta (Staudinger). Varietas major, viridior, alis anticis limbo 
latissimo, 47mm.—48mm. (Alphéraky). 


Alphéraky notes (Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., xvil., pp. 17—18) ; 
“Staudinger thinks (Sée/¢, Lint. Zeit., 1881, p. 394) that the Thian- 
Schan form of this species hardly merits to be distinguished from 
the type. It is, in fact, not a very specialised race, but, being 


HEMARIS FUCIFORMIS, 515 


constant, it ought to be distinctively named. The following 
characters distinguish all the Thian-Schan examples: La taille 
toujours plus forte, une coloration plus verdatre du corps, la 
bordure extérieure iniment plus large et la nervure transversale 
plus largement écaillée de brun. The form was everywhere 
common from 300oft.—8oooft. altitude, and flew during the whole 
summer. It was also found by Staudinger in northern Persia. 
This large form being constant in the Thian-Schan, I am astonished 
to learn that Haberhauer found a rather small form in the com- 
paratively near district of Lepsa. Individuals of var. robusta have 
also been received from Mauzarte (also in the Thian-Schan).” Bartel 
notes: “‘47mm.—4émm. (3, ? ), larger on an average than European 
specimens of JZ. bombyliformis (=fuciformis). ‘The transverse nervure 
of forewing and the outer margins of both wings are considerably 
more broadly brown-scaled; body more greenish in coiour; does 
not otherwise differ from the European type. According to 
Alphéraky, this form is constant in the Thian-Schan, since all the 
specimens caught by him possess the same characters. According 
to Staudinger, var. robusta also occurs in North Persia. Large 
specimens of AZ. bombyliformis (=fuciformis ) from central Europe, which 
show the above-named characters, may also belong to this form.” 
Kirby curiously sinks (Cat. Lep. fet., i., p. 626) this as a synonym 
of ab. malesiformis, Tr. Jordan notes (zz “itt.): “I think robusta of 
Alphéraky has no standing.” 


ped, mlesuformis, Vr., ‘Die Schmett.,”’ x., pt. 1, p..125 (1834); Nick., 
peeps bohm.” p. 27 (1850); Kirby, ‘Cat.,” p. 626. (1892); Bart., ‘* Palseark. 
Cross-schmett., i1., p. 227- (1900); Staud., ‘‘Cat.,” 3rd _ ed., p. 105 ‘(1901). 
—Macr. alis fenestratis; anticis basi ex viridi flavescentibus atomis, stigmate medio 
margineque externo purpurascentibus; abdomine viride flavo, fascio purpurascente. 
The true fuciformis *, L., is larger than fétyws. On the contrary, mzlestformts 
scarcely reaches the size of ¢/tyws. Also in the form of the body it resembles 
tityws much more, while fuciformis (especially the ¢) comes nearer to croatica 
and stellatarum in its broad flatter build. The antennz are likewise shorter; in 
the ¢ remarkably strong, black-brown. Thorax and abdomen yellow, almost 
without admixture of green. The girdle is here dr¢ght red-brown, The anal 
tuft, which in fuctformis is almost entirely black above, with only a few yellow 
hairs in the middle, and almost always broad, is in mlestformis pointed, 
black at the sides, but yellow in the middle; underside in the former black, 
in the latter with only the tip black. Wings narrower and shorter than 
in fuctformis, the border of a decided coffee-brown, the nervures disappearing 
therein. At the base they are covered with thick hairs, the central 
streak is smaller. The whole surface bears, even after the insect has flown 
some time, a scattered light-brown dusting, while fuctformis shows directly after 
emergence a few blackish specks only on the otherwise glassy wings. On the 
underside, the inner margins of milesiformis are yellow, the outer red-ochre ; in 
fuciformis darker. The glassy surface of the last-named shows, when turned 
towards the sun. a fine bright blue colour, almost violet, which does not appear 
at all in mlesiformis, or only presents a somewhat red-yellow appearance. I 
have always taken fuciformis in the middle of May, together with ¢ityws, there 
is also said to be a partial second brood at the end of July and beginning of August. 
It is always rare; in Hungary it is of a specially fine and bright olive-green colour. 
Milesiformis has been obtained by Dahl and myself from Franconia and Bavaria, 
where it is a tolerably common moth. I suspect that the larve figured 
and distributed by Hubner and Freyer as fuciformis belong to mzlestformis ; Rosel’s 
iv., pl. xxxiv., figs. I—2 on the other hand represent the true fuciformis (Treitschke). 
DISTRIBUTION. — AUSTRO-HUNGARY : Hraszt (Mann), Lavantthal (Hofner). 
BELGIUM: Liége (Donckier}, GERMANY: Stuttgart (Seyffler), Lower Elbe 
dist. (Zimmermann), Waldeck, singly (Speyer), Dantzig (Grentzenberg), Marbuch, 


* Nomenclature reduced to that of Kirby in order to avoid confusion. 


516 ~ BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


rare (Hoffmann), Osterode, Neuhaldensleben, Rheingau (Jordan), Berlin district, 
rare (Pfitzner), Freiburg, Lahr, Wirtemberg (Reutti). RUSSIA: Baltic Provinces 
(Nolcken). 


Nickerl notes mlesiformts as a form of the species with narrower 
wings, the larve and the foodplants being identical. Staudinger 
writes: ‘‘ Minor dilutior, gen. zstiva (?).” Bartel writes (p. 227): “d, 
?. Treitschke’s types in the National Museum, Budapest, belong to a 
somewhat smaller form of JZ. bombyliformrs (fuctformis}, which does 
not even reach the expanse of (the on an average somewhat smaller) 
MM, fuctformis (tityus). ‘The part of the wing at the immediate base is 
thickly dusted with dark scales on both wings. The scaling on the 
transverse nervure of the forewing is not so extended. In this respect 
ab. mulesiformis, therefore, forms the direct antithesis of var. robusta, 
Alph. The outer margin of the wings is lighter red-brown scaled, 
and sends out towards the base small teeth into the single cells. On the 
underside the inner margins are lighter yellow than in WZ. bombyliformis 
(fuciformis). The thorax and abdomen are more yellow in colour and 
show hardly any green admixture at all. Girdle bright red-brown 
(in other specimens in the Museum black-brown). Anal tuft pointed, 
yellow in the middle, black at the sides, underneath with black tip. 
Only small and lighter specimens of JZ. bombyliformis (fuciformts ) 
may be considered as ab. mdlestformis: As most of the differences 
given by Treitschke are not constant, the principal characters 
of this form are only the more narrowly scaled transverse nervure 
of the forewing, the lighter red-brown outer margin of the wings, 
the in-projecting teeth, the yellower body, and the lighter red-brown 
girdle of the abdomen. Occurs everywhere among the type.” 

EGcGLayINc.—The moths appear to lay their eggs at any time 
during the day, and as far as my observation goes they do not lay 
them on the wing, but alight for a moment to deposit an egg and then 
fly away again (Head). Three eggs sent by Mr. Head on July roth, 
1go1, were laid on the underside of a leaf of honeysuckle, being 
firmly attached to the surface; all are laid somewhat near the 
margin, two touching each other, the other separate (Tutt). The 
species is reported by Harwood (Buckler’s Larvae, vol. i., p. 121) 
to lay her eggs whilst on the wing, curling up the abdomen so 
as to place the egg on the undersurface of a leaf. Sladen also 
records (/nt., xxi., p. 14) the species as laying its eggs whilst on 
the wing ; he observed it doing so at Burghclere in 1886. Freeman 
observes that the eggs are very easy to find, being laid on either 
side of small leaves of honeysuckle on June 30th, 1899, at Aylsham, 
and Barrett notes that the eggs are deposited upon the leaves, while 
hovering over honeysuckle sprays, and are easily found. Bartel says 
that the spherical pale green egg is attached to the underside of 
a leaf of the foodplant, and if the leaf be torn off and allowed to 
become dry the eggs fail to develop. 

OvuM.—1‘1mm. in length, rmm. in width, height about ‘9mm. ; 
oval in outline, to the naked eye approaching a circular outline ; 
plump ; slightly flattened on upper surface but with no depression ; 
the two ends—the micropylar and its nadir—almost equally rounded ; 
the surface almost smooth, shiny, but with very slight traces of an 
exceedingly faint polygonal reticulation rather better developed 
towards the ends, and appearing rather as_ shallow longitudinal 


HEMARIS FUCIFORMIS. BAG: 


wrinkles ; colour bright pea-green, the embryo showing whitish 
through the shell (Received from Mr. Head, and described July roth, 
Igor). The empty eggshell is quite transparent, almost smooth, 
with the appearance of silk; the caterpillar escapes from the upper 
part of the egg, towards (but above and not directly from) one of 
the poles. Hatched July 6th, 1899 (Tutt). 

Hapits OF LARVA.—When young’ the larva rests underneath 
a leaf of honeysuckle, and has the power of dropping by a thread 
if disturbed (Bacot) ; its whereabouts are easily detected, owing to 
its habit of eating round holes through the leaves when young 
(Holland) ; usually these holes are in pairs, one hole opposite and 
on each side of the midrib, about 3 pairs to a leaf (Sich); after- 
wards the larve are highly protected by their resemblance to the 
narrow leaves of the honeysuckle, and are sometimes most difficult 
to see. They turn deep purplish-brown before leaving the plant 
for pupation (Griffiths). The larve were very plentiful at Wimborne 
in July and August, 1888 (Fowler), of varying sizes in July, 1890, 
in New Forest, some only just hatched and others fullfed; also 
fullfed larve July 18th-31st, 1891, at Brockenhurst (Mitchell) ; 
larve on July 3rd, 1883, at Butterwood, June 28th, 1886, at 
Tilehurst, July 5th, 1891, in great plenty at Aldermaston (Holland); 
June goth, 1886, already fullfed at Brentwood (Burrows); July 
12th-19th, 1890, at Brockenhurst (Ogden); ova and young larve at 
late as July 1r1th-31st, 1891; larger larve July 6th, 1892, near Ems- 
‘worth ; also on July 8th-gth, 1891, June 22nd, 1892, and May 2zoth, 
1894, in the New Forest (Christy) ; 13 larve on August 13th, 1898, on 
honeysuckle growing among heather at Oxshott (South) ; young larve 
on July 5th, 1899, at Aylsham (Freeman); nearly fullfed August 
7th, 1899, at Market Rasen (Mason); also very small at Reading, 
on July 2oth, 1900 (Butler); July 28th, 1900, between Loughton 
and. Theydon Bois (Lane); July 8th-11th, at East Hoathly 
mich); almost fullfed at Tuors Pensch, August 12th; 1875 
(Zeller). 

Larva.—/first instar (newly-hatched): Length about 3mm. 
Head large, more noticeably in height than width; rounded in 
outline; colour pale cream; surface granular, dull, with a few 
scattered hairs all markedly bifid, though the branches are not 
quite so long as those of the body hairs. Body short and thick; 
segments distinctly marked; scutellum distinct ; colour opaque 
creamy-white without lines; the tubercular points i, ii, iil, iv, and 
accessory prespiracular, tall and cone-shaped but not large, they 
are single-haired ; these hairs borne on the tubercles are large and 
very markedly bifid, each fork being about three times the length 
of the undivided or stem portion, the branches tapering gradually to 
a point; traces of serrations are sometimes discernible on the hairs. 
Caudal horn about one-half the length of the body, thick, soft, 
fleshy-looking, dark purple-black in colour; the terminal hairs (sete 
of i) long, and the horn itself slightly bifid; covered with a dense 
growth of short hairs slightly bifid at tip. /vrs¢ tnstar (full-grown): 
The caudal horn very similar to that of the larva of Sphinx ligustrt,” 
but the apical bisection deeper; the hairs at tip not noticeably bifid, 
suggesting that the wide forks of the hairs carried by the tubercles 
1, ll, 11 iv ®&c. are probably of more recent origin than the less 


518 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


strongly bitid ones on the caudal horn; the dorsal tubercles (i and 11) 
on the meso- and metathoracic segments are united as in the larva 
of Sphinx (ligustri) and bear two sete (i and 11). On the abdominal 
segments they are separate. The lateral tubercles—iii (supra- 
spiracular), iv (subspiracular), and the characteristic accessory 
prespiracular—each carry a single deeply-cleft hair. ‘There are no 
traces of any secondary hairs (July gth). Second instar: Head still 
rounded, not very large, bears rather long dark hairs slightly 
notched at apex, colour faint greenish with a semi-transparent 
appearance. Body of the same colour as in the first instar but 
rather more opaque; the scutellum very large and distinct, bearing 
some large dark-coloured hairs rather more forked at tip than those 
on head; segmental incisions distinct, subsegmental divisions also 
fairly well marked; the caudal horn purplish-black, large, thick, 
about one-third the length of the body, still slightly bifid at tip, 
each branch bearing one long tapering pointed seta, the horn 
still thickly covered with short dark-coloured hairs well forked at 
their apices; the body now covered, Amorphid-like, with a coat 
of fine, short, markedly bifid hairs, though not branched so much 
as are the primary hairs borne on the tubercles in the rst stadium ; 
the primary sete on the tubercles are still noticeably larger than 
these secondary hairs, but bear no comparison with those of rst 
stadium either in length or extent of bifurcation of bifid tip, being 
now merely slightly larger than the secondary hairs; no _ trace 
yet of lateral stripes (July 16th) (Bacot). Penultimate instar: ‘The 
larvee were set with rough points before their last moult, otherwise 
much as when in their last stadium. /zual instar: The fullgrown 
larva is about 35mm. long, stoutest at segments 9 and 1o, tapering 
forwards, but not rapidly; the face slightly wider at the mouth 
than above, the lobes set with some small points; the skin with 
eight folds to each segment, bearing dots, but really smooth; the 
horn on segment 12 rough, curved, and sharp at the tip; the general 
colour a beautiful green, the back whiter green, with a dorsal line 
showing at the folds; the subdorsal line yellow, ending at the 
horn, which has the base lilac, the middle claret-brown, and the 
tip brown; the spiracles bright rust-red in colour, with a white 
dot above and below ; in one specimen the spiracles were surrounded 
by reddish-brown pear-shaped spots; the belly red-brown, with a 
yellow line edying it, the anal flap edged with yellow; the head 
of a bluer green than the body (Hellins). The larva when full- 
grown is 40omm.—5s5omm. in length. It is light green, mixed with 
whitish dorsally, and densely covered with fine yellowish dots 
which stand together in rows. The larva has a yellow longitudinal 
line at each side of the dorsum, uniting on the horn. In the middle 
the dark dorsal vessels are visible, through which a light line 
runs. Spiracles white, margined with reddish, or brown-red. 
The thick, curved, shagreened horn is brown, at the apex 
yellowish. A violet tinge appears above the legs. On the belly 
a broad brown-red stripe runs from the head to the anal claspers ; 
it colours the legs, or a part of them, brown-red. Head dark or 
dirty grey-green, rough. Before pupating the larva becomes a dirty 
violet-grey (Bartel). The larva is elongated, covered with small 
tubercular spots, which give it a rough granulated appearance 


HEMARIS FUCIFORMIS, 519 


about 2ins. in length when full-grown; bright green in colour, 
speckled with pale yellow tubercular spots, getting lighter on the 
back; a darker green dorsal line, a pale yellow longitudinal line 
on either side which terminates at the horn ; the latter brownish- 
purple and minutely granulated ; head round, green, and minutely 
speckled with whitish-green ; the mandibles light brown ; the 
abdomen chocolate-coloured, or brownish-purple, or violet ; the 
stigmata scarlet ; the thoracic legs pink, tinged with plum-colour ; 
the prolegs brownish-violet, tipped with greyish fawn-colour ; 
there is a narrow yellow line just behind the head ; the edges of 
the anus are bordered by a yellow line. When the larva is about 
to undergo its change to the pupal stage, it turns to a dark 
brownish-purpie colour (Chaumette, Zoo/., ix., p. 3100). 

VARIATION OF LARVA.—Hellins mentions a larva in which the 
spiracles were surrounded by reddish-brown pear-shaped spots. 
Buckler figures (Larvae, etc., pl. xxvi., figs. 3, 3a, 3b) three different 
forms of the larva. (1) Brown, with a very dark mediodorsal line. 
(2) Green, with a broad yellow spiracular lateral band extending from 
the subdorsal line to the subspiracular line. (3) With a deep 
claret-red subspiracular line, dividing the spiracular area from the 
ventral area. The green larve ‘become dark-brown just before 
changing to pupe” (Buckler). 

COMPARISON OF LARVA OF HEMARIS FUCIFORMIS WITH OTHER 
SPHINGID LARVZ&.—The head of the larva of A. fuciformis appears 
to be tall and approaching the oval Sphingid outline; the scutellum 
is rough and prominent, a character that is somewhat marked in 
the larva of H. “#tyus,; the oblique stripes (or slashes) very faint. 
It may be noted that the larva of HZ. fuctformis shows the graceful 
tapering outline of the larva of Mimas tiliae from the 4th or 5th 
abdominal segment to the head, and not the abrupt outline from 
the 1st or 2nd abdominal segments to the head as exhibited in the 
larva of Sesza stellatarum. Possibly the ground-feeding habit of the 
latter and the bush-feeding habit of H. fuczformis are responsible 
for much of the difference; it may also be partly due to the fact 
that the larve of HA. fuciformzs examined are not adult. The 
caudal horn of the larva of H. fuciformis is distinctly longer and 
more prominent than that of &. fityus* (Bacot). 

Cocoon.—The larva forms a very open cocoon on the surface 
of the ground, of dirty whitish and pinkish silk, stuck over with 
bits of earth, &c. (Hellins); the dusky purple pupa is enclosed in 
a slight cocoon amongst moss or roots of grass (Crewe); a larva 
put in a box without material, spun a slight web, in which it 
remained 4 weeks before pupating (Bingham-Newland) ; the cocoon 
is made on the surface of the ground, much silk and little earth 
being used in its construction (Freeman); pupates between leaves 
which are merely drawn together by a few threads, or under moss 
(Bartel); spins a loose open network cocoon among moss, grass- 
roots, &c. (Barrett). 

Pupa.—The pupa is Sphingid (sens. rest.) in the orientation 
of the face-parts, but differs from all other Sphingids, in having a 
long tapering abdomen, in presenting no portion of the first 


* The larve of H. fuciformis and H, tityws on which this comparison was 
made had been preserved by inflation (Bacot). 


520 BRITISH 1.EPIDOPTERA. 


femur, and in possessing a very special anal armature. The long 
tapering abdomen is a Hemarid characteristic which it has in 
common with the pupa of Cephonodes. The want of the first femur 
is a character it possesses in common with (the Amorphids and) the 
Sesiids (Macroglossids), and which distinguishes it from the Pterogo- 
nids. The anal armature is a special generic or tribal character, 
and unites fuciformis, tityus and croatica ; these three pupe 
are in fact almost identical, and with trifling variations the description 
of that of A. fuciformis will serve for the other two_ species. 
The long tapering abdomen is due to the exposure of much 
intersegmental membrane at the free incisions, and is not so 
apparent in a dead, dry and shrivelled pupa. The fourth abdominal 
segment is the largest, and thence it tapers backwards, more so 
from the 7th abdominal segment, whence, viewed dorsally, it tapers 
regularly to the extreme point of the anal spine "(see Zayaam 
Viewed laterally, the pupa is equally thick at the 3rd and 4th 
abdominal segments ; forwards the dorsum goes on fairly straight 
but the ventral aspect retreats, the tapering of the last segments 
would be as regular as in a dorsal view, but for the hollow in 
front of the anal spine. The length of the pupa is 28mm. of which 
I5°5mm. are from front to end of wings. Extreme width, 7°6mm., 
depth, z.¢., antero-posterior diameter, 774mm. ‘There is a little dorsal 
flattening, otherwise there is nothing like the flattening characteristic 
of Sesiid (Macroglossid) pupe. ‘The colour is dark, quite black in 
some, in others with more or less brown. ‘The brown is especially 
dorsal and may absorb the whole mesothorax, and usually appears 
as the colour of some subsegments on each segment. The labrum 
is absolutely anterior, whilst on either side of it, and a little ventral to it, 
the angles of the cheeks carry a short thick spine or horn, with a 
moderately sharp edge running longitudinally on its front. There 
is a suture along the head and prothorax, but not on mesothorax. 
From the labrum the first legs reach romm., second to 11°5mm., and 
antenna to 13mm., end of maxilla, 15°5mm. The sculpturing of 
the appendage-cases consists of transverse wrinkles (or rugz), on 
the legs often with a zigzag arrangement, on the antennz each 
segment has two ridges united at their ends, on the wings they 
are rather bolder along the costa. Poulton’s line is well marked 
as well as down the narrow slip of hindwing. The neuration is 
marked by impressed lines cutting across the ruge, and are also 
marked by two brown stripes from the base of the wing, dividing 
into brown lines for each nervure from the middle” of) the 
wing in all pupz with brown markings. In the dorsal thoracic 
sculpturing, the rugze tend to break up into minute islets, and 
at the centre of the wing-base are some _ specialised folds, but 
nothing to be called a spine. ‘The thoracic spiracular opening is 
wide, with smooth margins. It is curved with the concavity 
behind, and often has the concave margin smooth and_ tumid, 
but sometimes the ordinary rugose surface comes to the margin. 
The metathorax is very narrow, especially medially, the posterior 
margin is raised, and in front of this is another ridge, broken 
dorsally by the narrowing of the segment into two portions, which 
correspond with the callosities often existing here (J/anduca atropos, &C.). 
The following segments have a black posterior border, very 


HEMARIS FUCIFORMIS. aa | 


minutely wrinkled (on 7 and 8 practically smooth), the intersegmental 
subsegment, broader laterally and especially in front (on 7), but 
disappearing suddenly on 5 and 6 at scars of prolegs. In front 
of this is a narrow subsegment of brown (or yellow) colour, whose 
ruge are quite independent of those of the last - described 
(intersegmental) subsegment, but continuous with those in front ; 
then a dark subsegment, broad dorsally, narrow laterally, and 
including the spiracles, with some indication of a division into 
two on 2nd and 3rd segments. In front ofthis is another subsegment, 
not very definitely marked off on 1, 2, 3 and 4, except by colour; on 
5, 6 and 7 it forms, dorsally and subdorsally, a slightly raised rib of red- 
dish-brown colour, and some differentiation in the wrinkling laterally; 
it is a little broader, reaching to close above the spiracles. Here 
on 5 and 6 it has the sculpturing in the form of 5 or 6 transverse 
wrinkles, rounded on 5 and rather sharp on 6, on 7 the area is 
merely finely pitted, its margin above the spiracle, however, stands 
up as a distinct ridge on 7, less so on 6, and hardly at allon5; 
in all, however, the subsegment slopes inward from this ridge to 
the anterior border of the segment; it is hardly visible except 
when the pupa is bent. The intersegmental membrane is pale 
reddish-brown, and its shagreening extremely fine. The proleg 
scars on 5 and 6 are small, smooth areas, towards which the lines 
of wrinkling radiate as they approach and then fade out; some- 
times they also present the aspect of raised areas with central 
hollows ; a smooth area, sometimes raised, sometimes hollow, marks 
the position of the larval horn. The anal spine is about 2mm. 
long, 16mm. broad at base, and about ‘gmm. thick. The margins 
are slightly curved, otherwise it is roughly triangular. It ter- 
minates in a fine spine, carrying two points, diverging laterally, 
but somewhat dorsally. The specialisation of the anal spine in 
these species (the genus ?) is shown in the clothing that it carries 
of very fine spines on raised bases, and all pointing very nearly 
directly backwards ; viewed dorsally, 10 are seen on each side 
at tolerably regular intervals, with three or four more crowded, 
but less typical, at the base; they clothe also the whole dorsum 
and half the basal aspect, and there is a small group on 
each side of the segment ventrally at the base of the spine. 
The anal scar is a rather deep cruciform hollow, whilst some concentric 
strize mark the position of the claspers. The g pore is quite 
at the posterior border of the 9th segment, and has the usual 
sumueture “father flattened down: “Ihe .@ pore is quite at the 
posterior border of 8, with 9g presenting a slight central stture. 
There is practically no invasion of the area of 8 by 9, and at 
first one takes the 9 pupa for a @, till the very different position 
of the g pore is compared with it. In one specimen the whole 
of this region is very smooth; it is judged to be a @ from a slight 
invasion of 8, with a doubtful appearance of a pore there. In a 
good light, with a strong glass, a considerable number of fine 
hairs may be seen on the dorsum of the head and of the rst and znd 
thoracic segments (Chapman). ‘The pupa is 24mm. long, cylindrical, 
stout across the wing-cases, tapering to the head, which is conically 
rounded; the abdomen tapers off considerably to the tail, which 
has a flat, triangular, sharpish spike. The pupa-skin is granulated, 


522 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


but rather glossy, the colour rich brown, with a blackish shade on 
the centre of each segment, and blackish outlines on the wing- and 
antenna-cases (Hellins). Black, shiny, but rugose, with red-brown 
intersegmental membrane, the head covered with short red-brown 
hairs. Head prominent, with two projecting papilla (one on each 
side of the base of the maxillee), forming nose-horn like spines, distinct 
but not conspicuous, owing to the prominence of the mouth-parts. 
Antenne set in at the junction of the dorsal face-piece and pro- 
thorax. The latter not well-developed, the prothoracic spiracle in 
contact with the antennz and on the line of separation between 
the pro- and mesothorax, the mesothorax not very prominent dorsally, 
the metathorax very ill-developed. The wing-surface folded trans- 
versely. Movable incisions between abdominal segments 4—5, 5—6, 
6—7. The abdominal spiracles very inconspicuous, a very narrow 
slit at base of a slight depression. The cremaster flattened, hollowed 
ventrally, ending in a bifid tip, and bearing lateral rows of hooked 
points. Sexual organs conspicuous. Ventrally the maxille reach to 
the apex of the wings, and end on the first movable incision. Two 
pairs of legs only visible, and these end just short of the tips of the 
antenne, which extend about 2 along the costa of the wing. The 
glazed eye exists as a narrow, black, shiny lunule, extending from 
the base of the first pair of legs to the base of the antenna (Tutt). 

COMPARISION OF PUP OF HEMARIS TITYUS, H. FUCIFORMIS 
AND COCHRANIA CROATICA.—In the pupa of /Z. “tyus, the facial 
spines or horns, instead of forming a summit ridge, are rather 
directed forward and end in a sharp point directed ventrally. 
The prespiracular ridges are most marked on 5, nearly evanescent 
on 6. The anal spine is perhaps narrower, and its margin (seen 
dorsally) is more in line with the outline of segments 8, 9, 
and 1o, whilst in the pupa of H. fuczformis there is an evident 
narrowing at the base of the spine. C. croatica has a much 
smoother pupa, the wrinkles being very slight and almost evanes- 
cent on the abdominal segments, the face-spines forming very low 
mammille, that would escape observation if not looked for, the 
wing-cases very smooth ; the spicules on the anal spines are 
perhaps rather fewer and stronger, the prespiracular ridges very 
strongly marked on the 5th abdominal (Chapman). 

PupaL HABITS.—The pupal stage usually extends from July to the 
following May or June; in warmer climates some imagines emerge in 
August after a pupal period of only three weeks. Not infrequently the 
species passes two winters in the pupal stage at Wernigerode (Fischer). 

FooppLants.—Lonicera (Linné), all the garden varieties of 
honeysuckle (Hellins), variegated honeysuckle (Bingham-Newland), 
Loniwcera xylosteum, L. caprifolium (Nickerl), Symphoricarpus race- 
mosus (Bristowe). | Herrich-Schaffer states that the larve feed 
on Lonicera and Galium ; Heinemann gives Galium verum only ; 
Caradja gives Galium, and Himsl Scadbiosa arvensis (evidently 
referring to H. “tyus). Zeller criticised the statements of Herrich- 
Schaffer and Heinemann as to Galéwm being a foodplant, and 
Kranz long since pointed out that the larve of this insect would 
not eat Galium, Knautia or Lpilobium as stated by many authors, 
but only species of the genus Lovzcera.| 

HaBITS AND HABITAT.—In wood-clearings and wood-ridings, 


HEMARIS FUCIFORMIS. 523 


loving the flowers of rhododendrons in the large private parks of 
the South of England, but also occurs in meadows by hedgesides, 
and by railway-banks, and at Oxshott haunts the honeysuckle 
growing amongst the heather on the heaths. It occurs everywhere 
in the wood-meadows in Baden, at Andermatt it loves the mountain- 
meadows, and at St. Michel-de-Maurienne haunts the lower zig-zags 
on the way up to Valloire, whilst in the forest of Fontainebleau we 
found it hovering over the masses of Echium vulgare by the sides 
of the open rides, or growing by the roadsides on the outskirts of 
the forest. It is abundant on the hot slopes of the Esterels and 
is common in the corkwoods to the north of Hyeres, whilst 
Lambillion records it as haunting the rocky ground of the Namur 
district. Head finds it not an easy species to breed in confinement 
owing to the difficulty of keeping the moths supplied with an 
‘abundance of the right kind of flowers on which they may 
feed ; they pair both in the morning and afternoon, and seem to 
lay their eggs any time during the day. The imagines emerge 
from noon until 2 p.m. (Kimber), and fly in the sun almost the 
whole of the day, from early morning between g a.m. and 9.30 a.m. 
(ne=tire ~Esterels), until 4 p.m., at which time they were: seen 
feeding busily at the bugloss flowers (in Fontainebleau Forest). 
They dearly love certain flowers, about 150 specimens being 
taken whilst flying at the blossoms of rhododendrons in the 
New Forest in 1869, the insects appearing always to prefer the. 
light crimson varieties to the other colours (Cox), at flowers of rhodo- 
_ dendrons in the Bristol district (Hudd), and at Newark (Leivers), 
plentiful at blossoms of honeysuckle in Rhinefields, June 5th, 1891, 
the rhododendrons not then being out (James), common at flowers 
of bugle and honeysuckle in the Kent woods (Carrington), common 
at flowers of bugle and rhododendrons in the bright sunshine in 
the New Forest (Carr), at flowers of Ajuga reptans in the Long 
Meadow at Abbott’s Wood (Porritt), hovering over the flowers 
of Ajuga reptans during sunshine in the damp ridings of a large 
wood near Wragby (Raynor), at flowers of Ajuga reptans in Wigmore 
Wood (Chaney), at flowers of Lychnis floscucult and Ajuga reptans 
near Rugby (Longstaff), common on a patch of ground covered 
with Lychnis floscuculd in blossom at Kettering (Sturgess), at 
flowers of Glechoma hederacea at Thurning, and at flowers of Lychnzs 
Jioscuculi in Tilgate Forest (Briggs), hovering over a patch of 
Nepeta glechoma in a wood near Guildford (Grover), at Melampyrum 
flowers at Hailsham (Carr), over Stachys sylvatica at Groombridge 
(Blaber), very abundant in 1893, feeding at flowers of bluebells, 
violets and primroses (Fowler), flying over Zychuzs at Clonbrock 
(Dillon), at lilac flowers at St. Petersburg (Menshootkin), whilst 30 or 
more can be taken easily at rhododendron blooms from 10 a.m.- 
II a.m. on a sunny morning, as well as odd ones at flowers of Ajuga 
reptans in the wood-drives near Lincoln (Musham), Krieghoff notes the 
imagines as attracted to flowers of Syringa, Pulmonaria, and Ajuga in 
Thuringia, and Garbowski that Salvia officinalis is favoured in 
Galicia, where, in some years, it is much more abundant than in 
others; Bartel notes thistles, rhododendrons, Syrvimga, Pulmonarta, 
Echium, Lavandula, Salvia pratensis and Ajuga as being the most 


524 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


attractive flowers, generally, on the continent ; Nolcken gives 
Ajuga pyramidalis, Echium vulgare and Lychnis viscaria for the Baltic 
provinces. 

TIME OF APPEARANCE.—The moth emerges in May and June 
in Britan— May r5th-June 15th are good average dates for 
Wigmore Wood in Kent. It is, however, well out in the Esterel from 
early April, where it possibly produces a second brood (Tutt), and 
was common until May 3rd, 1899, in the corkwoods to the north 
of Hyeres (A. H. Jones), it occurs in May, and again in July-August 
in the Haute-Garonne (Caradja), has a 1st brood about May toth 
and a 2nd brood in July at St. Quentin (Dubus), May and again in 
August at Eure-et-Loir (Guénée), August rst-3rd at St. Michel- 
de-Maurienne, possibly a second brood (Tutt), in May-June and 
August in Alsace (Peyerimhoff), June zoth at Grumazesti, July 
13th at Kloster Neamtz (Caradja), at the end of May (May 24th, 
1896) at Namur (Lambillion), in August at Liege (Donckier- 
Huart), May-June and again in August in Upper Austria (Hims)), 
in May and June, and more rarely again in August at Baden 
(Reutti), May 13th, 1902, at Brinnen (Chapman), double-brooded 
in the Swiss lowlands, occurring in May and end of July, but 
only single-brooded in the mountains (Frey), imago occasionally 
emerges in autumn of the same year that the larva pupates at 
Munich (Rossler), in June at Hraszt (Mann), common in the 
meadows at Andermatt up to 5o0ooft., middle of June, 1886 (Jones), 
at flowers of Zonicera, May 26th, 1875, at Tuors Pensch (Zeller), 
commencement of June at flowers of Orodus at Upsala (Dalman), 
June 28th-July 1st, 1897, at Fountainebleau (Tutt), Fritsch gives 
dates for Austro-Hungary from May 5th to June gth, also April 
7th at Cill, and April 24th at Vienna. There appear to be no 
records of second-brooded examples in Britain, at least the following 
show none: June 18th, 1856, hovering round JSetonica officinalis 
at Box Hill (Watney), May 17th, 1857, May 3o0th-June 6th, 1858, 
May 27th, 1860, at West Wickham (Healy), first week in June, 1857, 
at Fakenham Wood (Tillett), May 25th, 1858, in New Forest (Bryant), 
June roth, 1858, common at Kettering (Sturgess), May 31st, 1859, at 
Stone Woods, Greenhithe, June 25th, 1863, at Lyndhurst, May zoth, 
1865, not scarce, also May 2oth, 1866, and June 16th, 1874, at 
Darenth, May 2gth, 1866, at Blean Woods (Fenn), May 2tst-23rd, 
1859, at Darenth Wood (Harding), June 4th, 1859, at West Wickham 
Woods (Tibbs), June r4th-28th, 1860, at Balcombe ( Merrifield), May 
15th-21st, 1864, June 2nd-s5th, 1869, at Thurning, May 25th, 1866, at 
Bagley Wood, June zoth, 1867, at Tilgate Forest, bred June 4th-7th, 
1889, eggs laid by 2? captured near Peterborough, June 7th, 1888, larvee 
from which pupated August roth, &c. (T. Briggs), May 23rd, 1865, at 
Loughton (Cole), June gth-14th, 1866, at Coombe, near Brandon 
(Longstaff), June, 1866, at flowers of common bugle and cowwheat 
at Ipswich (Last), June 2nd, 1866, in Blean Woods (A. H. Jones), 
June 22nd-23rd, 1867, bred at Emsworth (Buckler), June 5th-26th, 
1869, in New Forest (Capper), June rith, 1870, at Lewes (Jenner), 
latter half of July, 1879, in good condition in New Forest (Graham), 
May 2gth, 1884, at Bulmershe Park, June 3rd; 1887, at Sulham, 
June rst, 1890, at Butterwood, May zgth, 1894, at Bagley Wood 
(Holland), bred June a2nd-13th, 1885, caught June 11th, 1887, 


HEMARIS FUCIFORMIS. 525 


May 24th, 1890, at Brentwood (Burrows), June 7th, 1888, June 6th, 
1890, May gth, 1896, May 4th, 1900, at Pamber Forest (Butler), June 
30th, 1888, near Emsworth, May 26th, 1892, May 5th, 1894, May 
22nd, 1897, June 27th, 1899, in the New Forest (Christy), extremely 
abundant in June, in 1883, in New Forest, a generally late and bad 
season for lepidoptera (Adye), July goth, 1888, at Groombridge 
(Blaber), May roth, 1890, at Wicken (Freeman), May zoth, 1890, in 
Brighton district (McArthur), May 31st-June 7th, 1890, at Brockenhurst 
in tolerable abundance (Ogden), June 5th, 1891, May 26th- June 
and, 1894, at Rhinefields (James), June 13th, 1891, at Abbott’s 
Wood, May 28th, 1895, near East Hoathly (Nicholson), May 26th, 
1892, in a wood near Wragby (Raynor), common June 2nd- 
t2th, 1892, in the Long Meadow at Abbott’s Wood (Tugwell), 
June 8th, 1892, in a wood near Guildford (Grover), April 24th, 
1893, at Colchester (Harwood), May 13th, 1893, in Brandon Wood, 
June “17th, 1899, at Moreton (Peachell), April 26th, 1893, at 
Abbott’s Wood, a very early year all over the country for 
lepidoptera (Esam), May 16th, 1893, in New Forest (Sich), 
May 11th, 1893, at Oxshott, May 26th, 1896, June 4th, 1897, in 
New Forest (Kaye), May 21ist-24th, 1893, in New Forest 
(Richardson), May 14th, 1894, June 5th-7th, 1896, at Lyndhurst 
(Tremayne), May r5th, 1894, in New Forest (Robson), June 
8th-17th, 1894, flying at rhododendrons, June 5th-11th, 1898, at 
azaleas, at Rhinefields (Wells), April and May, 1895, at Rhine- 
fields (Nash), May, 1895, near Newark (Leivers), June rst, 1895, 
at Lincoln (Pearson), June 16th, 1895, in Eastcote Woods, May 
23rd, 1886, in New Forest (Smith), ova found in New Forest 
end of July, the larve fullfed August 23rd, 1895, later examples fullfed 
September 23rd, imagines from which emerged June 5th, 1896, and 
following days, plentiful at Wishanger, May 28th, 1899, and after 
(Bingham-Newland), May 16th, 1896, common at Ringwood (Fowler), 
June 15th, 1897, at Seal Chart (Watts), May 25th, 1898, at Hayling 
Island (May), May 30th, 1898, in New Forest (Adkin), June 3rd, 
1898, at Leicester (Dixon), June z9th, 1899, at Langford Moor (Carr), 
May, t1gth-27th, 1900, in New- Forest, Southampton and Isle of 
Wight (Moberly), at flowers of “honesty,” Zunaria biennis, in bright 
sunshine at 8.50 a.m., on June 4th, 1900; at flowers of Lychnis 
diurna in bright sunshine about 4 p.m., on June roth, 1go1, at Corfe 
Castle (Bankes), June 2nd, 1901, at Reigate (Prideaux), June 8th- 
gth, 1901, in some abundance, on side of road in Worth Forest 
(Beadnell), June roth, 1901, in Dorking district (Oldaker). 


LOCALITIES.—The species is locally abundant as far north as Yorkshire, beyond 
which its range is very doubtful. Exceedingly rare (if not entirely absent) in Scot- 
land* and Ireland, and all Scotch and Irish records want confirmation very badly. 
[AYRSHIRE (Duncan, see Evt. Rec., xiv., p. 162).] BERKS: not scarce (Barrett), 
Reading (Butler), Newbury (Kimber), Bagley Wood near Oxford (T. Briggs), Bul- 
mershe Park, Sulham, Aldermaston, Tilehurst (Holland). Bucks ; Halton (Stainton), 
CAMBRIDGE : rare (Barrett), Wicken (Freeman), near Cambridge (Layard). 
[CHESHIRE : Bidston, scarce (Brockholes).] DrEvon: rather common (Barrett), Stoke 
(Harvie), Exeter (Stainton), Buckerell district, not abundant (Riding). Dorset: 
not common (Barrett), Wimborne (Fowler), Blandford (Smith), Moreton (Peachell), 
Bloxworth (Cambridge), Corfe Castle (Bankes), West Bournemouth (Robertson). 
[Dumrrizs: Castledykes (Lennon) (see zt. Rec., xiv., p. 162).} ESSEX: 
generally distributed in suitable localities (Harwood), Epping Forest (Donovan), 


* Meyrick says (Handbook, &c., p. 294): ‘‘ Britain to Sutherland, rather 
common.” This is quite misleading (see Enz, Rec., xiv., pp. 112, 162). 


§26 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Colchester (Harwood), Brentwood (Burrows), Loughton (Cole), between Loughton 
and Theydon Bois (Lane). [GALWAy : Clonbrock (Dillon).] GLAMORGAN: Swansea 
(Robertson), GLOUCESTER: not common (Barrett), Clifton Down (Spencer), 
Redland (Vaughan), Wotton-under-Edge, scarce (Perkins), near Gloucester 
(Merrin), Bristol district, scarce (Bartlett), Painswick (Watkins). HANTs: 
common and generally distributed in woods (Barrett), Gosport district, not 
common, Stokes Wood, Purbrook Common, Grange (Pearce), railway bank 
at Wood Fidley (Wells), New Forest (Graham), Isle of Wight 
(Grant), Burghclere, abundant (Sladen), Brockenhurst (Mitchell), Ringwood 
(Fowler), Lyndhurst (Tremayne), Bournemouth .(Bristowe), . Winchester, 
Basingstoke (Holdaway), Pamber Forest (Butler), Wishanger (Bingham-Newland), 
Binstead, Southampton (Moberly), Hayling Island (May), Rhinefields (James), 
Ampfield, Crabbe Wood, tairly common (Fisher), Butterwood, near Odiham 
(Holland), Littleton Copse, near Kimpton (Rudd ‘este Stephens), Winchfield 
(Robertson). KENT: common and generally distributed in woods (Barrett), Darenth 
Wood (Harding), Sevenoaks (Farren), West Wood, Shooter’s Hill (West), 
Chattenden (James). Seal Chart (Watts), Blean Woods (A. H. Jones), Stone 
Woods, Greenhithe (Fenn), Chatham district, not common—Wigmore Wood, 
Park Wood (Chaney), LEICESTER: -Leicester (Dixon), Gumley (Matthews). 
LINCOLN: locally common—Skellingthorpe, Newball, Hartsholme (Carr), Lincoln 
(Pearson), Wragby (Raynor), Market Rasen district, moderately common 
(Mason). MIDDLESEX: [Westbourne Park Station (Walker, Wat. Hist. Votes, 
1882, p. 4),] Eastcote Woods (Rhoades-Smith), Harrow district, Kingsbury 
(Bond), Ruislip (Melvill), Waltham Cross (?) (Bowles). NORFOLK: rare, but 
widely distributed-—Horsford, Heydon, Drayton, Cawston, Briston, Wormejoy, 
Middleton (Barrett), Stratton Strawless, near Norwich (Moss), Aylsham 
(Freeman), Fakenham Wood, near Thetford (Tillett), NORTHAMPTON : 
locally common (Barrett), Kettering (Sturgess), Thurning, Castle Hanger 
Wood, near Peterborough (T. Briggs). Norrs: north-east of county—Newark, 
common (Leivers), Langford Moor (Carr). OxForD: Oxford (Timmins). 
(RENFREW: very rare,’ Paisley (? Scott, see /7¢. Kec., 9 iveu sp eee 
[RoxBuRGH: Hawick district, rare—Goldielands (Guthrie).] | SOMERSET: local 
—Leigh Court, scarce, Portbury Woods (Hudd). SUFFOLK: generally dis- 
tributed in suitable localities (Harwood), local and somewhat rare—Stowmarket 
(Bree), Ipswich (Last), Newmarket (Brown), Monk Park Wood (Wratislaw), 
Bentley (Harwood), Aldborough (Hele), Dunwich (Harker), Sudbury, very rare 
(Ransom), Brandon (Walsingham), Downham (Norgate), Merton (Barrett). SURREY: 
common and generally distributed (Barrett), St. George’s Hills, wood near Ockham 
Road (Carrington), Oxshott (Kaye), Herne Hill, abundant (Austen), Dorking 
(Oldaker), Guildford (Grover), Frimley (Bingham-Newland), Coombe Wood 
(Stephens), Box Hill (Watney), Haslemere (Barrett), Horsley (Warne), West 
Wickham (Healy), Newland’s Corner, near Guildford (Griffiths), Worth Forest 
(Beadnell). SUSSEX : common and generally distributed in woods (Barrett), 
St. Leonards (Robinson), East Hoathly (H. L. Sich), Balcombe (Merriheld), 
Brighton district (McArthur), Hayward’s Heath, Lewes, Laughton, Battle 
(Jenner), Hastings district, rare (Bloomfield), Long Meadow, Abbott’s Wood 
(Porritt), Tilgate Forest (T. Briggs), near Emsworth (Christy), Lewes (Stainton), 
Hailsham (Carr), Groombridge (Blaber). WARWICK : locally between Knowle 
and Hockley Heath (Imms),. Coombe, near Brandon, Rugby (Longstaff), 
Brandon Wood (Peachell). [WoRCESTER: Worcester, common (Szés., p. 184).] 
York: Selby (Hebson), near York, plentiful in 1827 (Hewitson), Bishop 
Wood (Porritt), Wheatley Wood, Doncaster (Corbett). 


DISTRIBUTION.—Over the greater part of Europe (except the northernmost 
regions), Transcaucasia, northern and central Asia from Asia Minor to the Altai 
mountains, also in northern Africa ; the most easterly point it reaches is 
Nikolajewsk ; north Persia, Asia Minor, Greece and Mauretania appear to be its 
most southerly range, its most northerly points are Lapland, Kasan, and the Altai 
mountains. Its limit of elevation is noted as 8000 ft. AFRICA: northwest 
Africa—Algeria, northern Morocco /¢este Bartel). ASIA*: generally distributed 
to the Altai, but in most parts not common—northwest Asia Minor—Brussa, 
Olympus, near Demirtasch ; northeast Asia Minor— Amasia, Tokat; north 


* Jordan says: ‘* There is no Hemaris in Amurland, China or Japan that 
can be considered as a variety of, or identical with, either A. fwctformis or 
H. tityws. Neither of our two species goes farther east than the Kuku Nor 
and the Altai mountains’’ (7 ditt.). 


HEMARIS FUCIFORMIS. B27 


Persia—Elburz mountains, near Astrabad (Staudinger); govts. Tobolsk, Uralsk, 
Turgai, Turkestan, Semirjetschensk—Lepsa ; Akmolirsk, Semipalatinsk—in the 
Altai mountains on the upper Irtish, between Ust-Kamenogorsk and Ust- 
Buchtarminskaja, govts. Tomsk, Jenisseisk, Irkutsk, Trans-Baikalia — Kentei 
mountains /feste Bartel), Amur district — Nikolajewsk (Graeser), Lena district— 
Witim, Wilui (Herz), Trebizonde (Oberthtr). AUsTRO-HUNGARY: Innsbruck, 
Taufers valley (Weiler), Lavantthal (Hofner), Tyrol, very rare—Lienz, Meran 
(Hinterwaldner), Brenner district—Mitzens, Navis, Statzer Thal (Galvagni), 
Bucovina, local and scarce (Hormuzaki), Pressburg (Rozsay), Bohemia—Carlsbad 
(Nickerl), Galicia, local—Lemberg, &c. (Garbowski), Stanislawow (Werchratski), 
Holosko, one (Nowicki), Briinn (Schneider), Cilli, Freistadt, Vienna (Fritsch), 
Epiries, not rare (Husz), Hungary—Hamer, Kikulahegy (Vangel), Gélnitz (Hudak) ; 
Salzburg—Gais-Berg to 3200ft. (Nickerl), Glockner, Hraszt near Fiume (Mann), 
Upper Austria—Linz, Postlingberg, Schiltenberg (Himsl), Carniola—-Nanos-Berg, 
Carinthia—Heiligenblut at 46o0ft. elevation, Friesach, Lower Austria—Schneeberg, 
Moravia — Mahrisch-Trtibau, Ungarisch-Brod, Hungary, everywhere rare — Tran- 
sylvania, Nagy-’Ag or Nosag, Budapest, Fiinfkirchen, Croatia, Dalmatia (‘teste 
Bartel). BELGIUM: generally distributed (Donckier), throughout the Namur 
district (Lambillion), Brussels, Littich /¢este Bartel). BULGARIA: near Sofia 
(Bachmetjew). DENMARK: in most parts, but generally sparingly (Bang-Haas), 
Jutland, Zealand—Copenhagen /feste Bartel), FINLAND (Lampa). FRANCE: 
common (Berce), Basses-Alpes — Digne, Hautes-Pyrenees, Ille-et-Vilaine, 
Rennes, very common, Cancale, Pyrénées-Orientales—Vernet-les-Bains, Eure— 
Evreux (Oberthtr), Eure-et-Loir—Chateaudun (Guénée), Aube (Jourdheuille), 
Calvados (Fauvel), Douai (Foucart), Berry and Auvergne (Sand), Haute-Garonne, 
especially common at Bouconne, Mont Cagire, up to 4oooft. (Caradja), Hyéres 
(Jones), The Esterel, Fontainebleau, S. Michel-de-Maurienne (Tutt), Var (Can- 
tener), Morbihan (Griffith), Gironde—Pessac {Trimoulet), Doubs (Bruand), Aude— 
Le Malepeyre (Mabille), Saone-et-Loire (Constant), Seine-Inférieure, common 
(Viret), St. Quentin (Dubus), Deux-Sévres (Maillard), Cherbourg district (Nicollet), 
Indre—Nohant, Sologne, Cher—St. Florent, Auvergne —Chaudetour, Mont Dore, 
Le Livran (Sand), Eure—Pont-de-l’Arche (Dupont), the Landes, Montpellier, depts. 
Meurthe-et-Moselle, Meuse, &c. (teste Bartel). Loire-Inférieure — Nantes, La 
Chapelle-sur-Erdre, La Haie-Fouassiére (Bonjour), near Paris (Bartel). GERMANY: 
generally distributed (Heinemann), northwest Germany— Osterode, Neuhaldensleben 
near Magdeburg, Rheingau, &c. (Jordan), Rhine Palatinate (Bertram), Wurtemberg— 
Stuttgart (Seyffler), Giessen (Dickore), Lower Elbe district (Zimmermann), Waldeck 
(Speyer), Frfurt, rare (Keferstein), Zeits-on-the-Elster (Wilde), Munich (Kranz), 
Rudolstadt (Meurer), Hamburg, Bremen, not rare (Rehberg), Saxon Upper Lusatia, 
rare—Bautzen, Lobauer mts., near Seifhennersdorf, Grossschonau, Zittau, Neugers- 
dorf, up to 2000ft. (Schiitze), Dresden district, widely distributed, but only singly 
(Steinert), Prussia—Dantzig, Karalene, &c. (Grentzenberg), Rastenburg (Klups), 
Silesia, rare, principally in mountains (Assmann), Mittelwalde, between Kohlfurt and 
Siegersdorf /¢este Bartel), Upper Lusatia—not rare in the southern highlands of the 
Zittau district (Moeschler), Nassau (Rossler), Alsace—Vendenheim, Vogesen, Lutter- 
bach, Hardt, near Mulhausen (Peyerimhoft), Wernigerode (Fischer), Pomerania— 
Stettin (Hering), Brunswick, rare—Helmstedt (Heinemann), Hanover (Giitz), Eutin 
(Dahl), Berlin district, not common (Pfiitzner), Hildesheim (Grote), Chemnitz (Pabst), 
Franktfort-on-Oder (Bartel), Mecklenburg, not common—Neustrelitz, Schwerin, 
Wismar (Schmidt), Burgsteinfurt, Crefeld, Umgebung, Elberfeld, Barmen, Rhein- 
land, Cassel (teste Bartel), Halle-a.-S. Peissnitz, Seeleben, Biindorf (Stange), 
Leipzig, somewhat rare, Osterland (¢este Bartel), Thuringia, rare in plains, common 
on the mountains Laucha, Erfurt, Arnstadt, Gotha, Tettelstedt and Walters- 
hausen, common (Knapp), Bavaria—Kissingen, Bamberg, Ratisbon, rare, Gross- 
hessellohe, Pullach, near Munich, Augsburg, in most years common, Kempten 
(teste Bartel), Baden—Constance district, near Freiburg, Lahr, Carlsruhe, rare 
(Reutti), Bingen, Frankfort-on-Main, Wiesbaden, Taunus, Oberhessen, Bavarian 
Palatinate (¢este Bartel). GREECE: Veluchi mts., very rare (feste Bartel). 
ITALY : throughout, except Sardinia and Corsica, not common (Cur6d), Modena 
(Fiori), Roman Campagna— Monte Rotondo near Rome, throughout Tuscany, 
Florence, Monte Stenario (Calberla), Sicily—Palermo (Mann), Lombardy, Pied- 
mont, in the plains and valleys, Liguria, in the mountains (¢este Bartel). 
NETHERLANDS: in most provinces, not common (Snellen), Ginneken, Strybeek, 
Breda (Heylaerts). PORTUGAL (teste Bartel). JKOUMANIA: Tultscha in the 
Dobrudscha (Mann), Grumazesti, one, Kloster Neamtz, one, Azuga (Caradja), 
Comanesti (Leon). Russia: Baltic provinces—Lechts, Kokenhusen, Sessau, 


528 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Riga, Kemmern (Nolcken), Estland, Livonia—Dorpat, Neu-Kasseritz, near Werro 
(¢este Bartel), Moscow govt. (Albrecht), southwest Caspian district—Talysch 
(Radda), Volga district — Kasan, Orenburg province, not rare (Eversmann), 
Transcaucasia — Tiflis, Kodjori, Borjom, Bakouriana, Kasoumkent (Romanoff), 
St. Petersburg  (Erschoff), Russian Lapland, Finland, govts. Archangelsk, 
Oblonez —on Lake Ladoga, Kurland, govts. Pskow, Mogilew—Gorki, Volhynia, 
Kiev, Poland — Kamenez- Podolskii, "Bessarabia, Cherson, Poltawa — Lubny, 
Orel, Kaluga, Tambow, Simbirsk, Ufa, Baschkiria dist., govts. Samara—Sergijewsk, 
Saratov, Astrachan (teste Bartel). SCANDINAVIA: not rare (Aurivillius), Lapland 
—Upsala (Dalman), Gotheborg (Wallengren), southeast Norway, absent in 
southwest (Siebke), Gothland, rare, Scania (Zetterstedt), Hunneberg (Lampa), 
Christiania, East Gothland, here and there, Vermland, Lappmark  (éeste 
Bartel). Sparn: Teruel (Zapater), Galicia (Macho-Velado), Barcelona (Cuni 
y Martorell), Catalonia (Martorell y Pena). SWITZERLAND: up to 4oooft.— 
Bergiin, etc., Zurich, fairly abundant (Frey), Weissenburg (Huguenin), Grisons 
(Killias), Tuors Pensch (Zeller), Andermatt to 5oooft. (Jones), Bechburg 
(Riggenbach-Stehlin), Brinnen (Chapman), Canton St. Gallen, up to the 
mountain-region (Taschler), Canton Glarus (Heer), Schaffhausen, by no means 
rare (Trapp), Winterthir district (Biedemann), Bremgarten (Boll), Aargau, in 
the valleys and on the Jura nowhere rare, on the Born and Engelberg, Oftringen, 
Aarburg, Lenzburg, Vevey, Villeneuve, Martigny (Wullschlegel), Berne, 
Gadmen, only in the valleys (Ratzer), Schiipfen, not rare (Rothenbach), Neuenstadt 
(Couleru), Geneva (Museum coll.), Einsiedelna—Sattelberg (Paul). 


Hemaris Tityus, Linné. 


SYNONYMY.—Species: Zztyus, Linn., ‘Sys. Nat.,”’ xth ed., p. 493 (1758) ; 
Auriv., -* Sv... Vet. Ac, Hand.,” xix., p. 170 (1882) 5 ‘Kamby) == ste aie 
626. (1892)°; ‘‘’Ent.,” xxix, p.’ 40. (1896); Handbook,’ (vena ee 
(1897):  uciformis,? Poda, ‘Ins, Mus. Greec.,” p. 12, pl. 1., fe. sON (tyme 
Scop., ‘Ent. Carn,,” p. 188 (1763); Mull., ‘* Faun: Pind,” px 37 Gijon) ee 
ID, Teco jae. toh (QAO) S lebiak 4 ¢ Berl, Mag., ? i, Pp. 184. 194 (u76G)s Linn., 
Ce SYS Nats, 2) Xilt hed.) ys OO3N. Valeaa: (biOg)es ec ‘«Schmett. Wien.,’ pp. 
Hil Aol) (Cus) s 1 Me ae Zeke joe Leone Lasp., ‘*Tll.. Mag? tees 
(iso2\r Ochs so Wie Schimette, ay alin ape 186 (1808); iv., pps 4 (1816) ; 
Oken, “‘ Lehrb. 2Zool.;”’ 1., -p. 749°-(1815) 5. °Stphs., ‘“ TM) Selaisteeeeeieemmnan 134 
(1828) OCate Br dns.) i, 39.84 (i620). dve.encr ut Une tnd. Meth.,’ 
p- 32 (1829); ‘‘ Icon. Chen.,” pl. x., figs. 3—4 (circ. 1840); ‘‘ Hist. Nat. Sphing., 

p. 365 (11875)5. Dup.; “ Hist! Nat." supp. il, p- Tod (1635)e eae Men 
p.-43, (1844); Wood, “Ind. Ent.,” p..22 (1839); Evers., “* Paun) Vole: 
p- 105 (1844); H.=Sch., ‘Sys. Bearb.,” u., p. 83 (1846)3 Hevdrehtye aes 
Fur, ‘Cat. Meth.,” ed. 3, p..19 (1851); Speyer, ‘‘ Geog: Verbs i>ehmetcuucaaas 
Pp. 313. (2858); t., -p. 280 (1862); Staud., “* Cat.” ed. 1., py agicom een 
2., p» 38 (1871); Snell., ‘De’ Vimd.,”’ p. Go (1867) ; Berce) “Haun 
ii., p. 32 (1868); Nolck., “Lep. Fn. Estl.,” 1.; p.gn (1868); Zell Steteneeee 
LEAS XXX. Ds 387 (1S09)i5) Malls ** Cate eep.cAllp.- Mar. a pamee (187 2); Bang- 
Haas, ‘‘* Nat. Lids.,” (3), ix., p.qor (1874); Praun, ‘‘ Erg.” pl. koe eee 
(1874); Cuni. y Mart., “‘ Cat. Lep. Barc.,” p. 42 (1874); Curd, ** Bully Soca 
It.,’’ vii., p. 114:(1875); Butl., ‘Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.,”’ ix., pt. 10,)p 520 rageam 
Frey, ‘‘Lep. Schweiz,” p. 59 (1880); Lampa, ‘* Ent; Tids:,”? vy p. 27) (ieee 
Mina-Palsy ““iNat.. Sic; ? vil., pe 135 (1888) ; Tutt, .“* Brit. Mcths)) Sarees (1896) ; 
Bart., ‘‘ Palaeark. Gross-Schmett.,”’ ii., p. 234 (1900). J/Zusca, Retz., ‘* Spec. Ins.,’ 

p- 33 (1783).  Bombyliformis, Esp., Eur. Schmett.,> u., pe we@ueun xxiii, 
fig. 2 (779) ; .Bork., “ Sys... Beschi,”” 11, pp. 55, 134, 27@iiyoq) seen 
“ Ent. Syst.,’’ i., pt. 1,.p. 382 (1793)}° FE. J. A. D.,“ Botk> RigeinS ieee 
p. 314. (1793); Hb., ‘Eur. Schmett.,” pl. ix., fig. 56 (1790)5) textupiges 
(civc; 1805) ; “¢ Larv. -Lep.,’’ ii, Sph.. ii.,! Legit. . A. a: 7 
ES8O0)a;)<*! VerZ;, op. wha (exe. oe?) se eange, we aun. wins, Germ.,” pt. 69, 
no. 24 (1798); Schrank, ‘* Faun. , Boica,” i., I, p. 230 (i@0%) pee 
“ Lep.-Brit.,”: 1, p.. 68 (1803); - Latr., ** Hist. Nat.,”? xiv p37 gee 
Dalm., ‘‘ Vet. Ak. Hand.,’”’ xxxvil., p. 216 (1816); Godt., ** Hist tare 
p. 61, pl..xix., fig.’5 (1821); Curt., ““* Bnt. Ent.,” fo. 40 (1824) >. Erne ese 
li., p. 26, fig. 56 (1829); Meig., “Eur. Schmett.,” i1., p. 125 (1630)>) Dumem 
‘¢ Brit. Moths,”” p. 170 (1836); Zett., ‘‘ Ins. Lapp.,” p. 917 (1840) = iui 
and Westd., ‘Brit. Moths,” 1., p. 26. (1841); Dblidy., “List “Brimidegae 
p. 3 (1847); Stphs., ‘List Br. An: Br Mus.,” p..29 (1850); Sta. “Siviameee 
1., p. 99 (1859); Humph., ‘Gen. Br. Moths,” p. 12, pl. iu, fig. 7 (téGgs 


¢ 


HEMARIS TITYUS. 529 


Waviem,, “Skand. Het.,"* i., p. 56 (1863); _Newm., ‘Brit. Moths,” p. 12 
(1869); Buckl., “Larve,” i., p. 122, pl. xxvi., fig. 4 (1887); Poulton, “Trans. 
Ent. Soc. Lond.,” p. 283 (1889); Auriv., ‘Nord. Fjar.,”? p. 47 (1889); Barr., 
plement, i, p. 73-(1693); Meyr., “Handbook,” p. 293 (1895); Lucas, 
rt Hawk Moths,” p. 147 (1696): Cann., “Riv. Ital.,” xxi., p. 15 (1901). 
Bombyciformis, Leach, ‘‘ Edinb. Encyl.,”’ p. 131 (1815); Sam., ‘Ent. Comp.,” 
p- 244 (1819). fusciformis, Bdv., ‘Gen. et Ind. Meth.,” p. 45 (1840). Scabiosae, 
2a tett~ Ent. Zeit,,”’ xxx., p. 387 (1869); Staud., ‘Cat.,” 3rd ed., p. 105 
gon kvauizac, Zell., ““Stett. nt. Zeit.,”’ xxx., p. 387 (1869). 

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION *.— Sphinx tityus, abdomine barbato, 
cingulo nigro. M. L. U. Habitat in calidis regionibus. Alarum 
margo niger est (Linné, Sys. /Var., xth ed., p. 493, no. 24). [In the 
xiith ed., p. 803, Linné treats it as a var. 8 of fuciformis, repeating the 
preceding description. | 

Imacot.—38mm.—45mm. Anterior wings with the costa and 
a basal patch extending along inner margin beyond its centre 
blackish, scaled with ochreous-brown, the central area more or less 
transparent, with blackish nervures ; a narrow, dull, blackish-brown, 
hind-marginal band, broader at apex, very narrow at anal angle. 
Posterior wings transparent, with blackish nervures, inner margin 
blackish, scaled with yellow-ochreous, a very narrow (linear), blackish- 
brown, hind-marginal border. Thorax brown with long yellow silky 
hairs, paler at sides. Abdomen blackish-brown, thickly covered 
with yellow hairs, more golden-coloured behind the two narrow 
black median bands, a pale yellow hair-tuft on either side behind 
the black bands ; the apex terminating in two black tufts separated 
by yellow hairs. 

VaRIATION.—There appears to be very little variation in the 
species, since Jordan asserts that the so-called Amurland drunneo- 
basalis, Staud., referred to by various authors as a local race of 
this species, is identical with manderina, a local race of Hemarts 
radians, and has no connection with 4. “tyws. Caradja reports, in 
his MJacrolepidopteren Rumaniens the capture of an_ interesting 
aberration with exceptionally broad black border to both fore- and 
hindwings. Bartel adds that the specimens from the Thian-Schan 
are also broader bordered than the European. The single 9 
specimen recorded from Sicily is.said to be very large (wing ex- 
panse 48mm.), and to have the underside of the abdomen, the 
femora and tarsi deep black. 

EGGLAYING.—The eggs are laid on the underside of a leaf of 
Scabiosa succisa (Jeffery). Sladen reports (£v¢., xxi., p. 14) that 
he once observed a @ at Burghclere, as he thought, laying its 
eggs whilst on the wing, but that he failed to find any eggs. 
Bartel states that the oval green eggs are attached to the under- 
side of leaves of scabious (Avautia arvensis), but only one or at 
the most two eggs are laid on one plant. Phex?'s; he -asserts, 
are easily induced to oviposit in confinement. 

Ovum.—Almost spherical in shape, but with a distinct depression 
on the upper surface of the egg. It is of a bright apple-green 


* The original description of bombyliformis reads as follows: ‘* Sphinx 
bombyliformis, abdomine barbato coccineo, alis hyalinis luteo variis; posticis margine 
albis. Habitat in Europa’’ (Linné, Sys. Waz., xth ed., p. 493, no. 27). In the 
xlith ed., p. 801, Linné sinks this as var. 6 of Zheretra porcellus. 

¢ When freshly emerged, the wings are thinly covered with silvery-grey scales, 
having a purplish iridescence. These are all shaken off at the first movement (teste 
Barrett). 


530 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


colour, the shell covered with a minute, irregular, polygonal reticula- 
tion. When near hatching, the colour becomes yellowish, and 
afterwards the embryo is distinctly visible through the now trans- 
parent egg-shell, the black bifid hairs being particularly conspicuous, 
and exhibiting, as it were, a loose reticulation. ‘The micropylar area, 
placed at one end of the egg, is only noticeable from the much 
more distinct reticulation over that area. The eggs are laid singly 
on the underside of scabious leaves. [The eggs received from Mr. 
Wolfe on July 6th, description made under a two-thirds lens on 
July 7th.] Nearly round, with a slight depression on the top; 
green in colour; the body of the embryo is seen through the egg- 
shell to be covered with hairs (Jeffery). 

HaBris OF LARVA.—The larva hides under the leaves of its 
foodplants and is best obtained during the day by carefully turning 
over the radical leaves of the plants on which the larve are feed- 
ing. According to the season they may be obtained at any time 
between May and August, late June and July being, however, the 
usual time. To find the larvz, look for leaves of the blue scabious 
with holes bitten in them; many leaves with holes will, of course, 
not yield larve, whilst at other times plant after plant will give a 
bright green larva with red markings on the sides, on the underside 
of one of its leaves (Wratislaw). We have collected the following 
dates on which larve have been observed—July 16th, 1864, at Cam- 
bridge (Grinstead), end of May, 1865, at Penllergare (Llewelyn), 
July 17th-2rst, 1866, from Epping, fullfed (Buckler), in August, 
1886, at Renfrew (Dalglish), 22 larvae, May 27th, 1893, in New Forest, 
one already fullgrown, two others in the last instar, and others of 
various sizes (Richardson), June roth-21st, 1894, and June 25th, 1896, 
in the New Forest, but on August roth, 1895, in Argyllshire (Christy), 
early June (1st-gth) in 1893, but on July roth in 1891, in the New 
Forest (Robinson), fullfed August 8th-15th, 1899, around Evolena in 
the Val d’Herens (Tutt). Bartel says that when the sun is shining, 
the larva remains concealed in the earth ; but before the 3rd moult, 
one finds the larva sometimes sitting exposed on the leaves (mostly 
on the underside), on the stems, or under the flowers of the food- 
plant, but that these exposed larve are mostly stung. Thus a 
great number of young larve of this species, which Bartel found 
on the Jungfernheid, near Berlin, sitting exposed on leaves, stems, and 
under the flowers by day, were without exception infested with small 
ichneumon larve, which destroyed the larve before they had even 
reached middle growth, whilst he states that, in dull weather or at dusk, 
one also finds larve singly resting quite exposed on the foodplant. 
Yet he notes that, in breeding the larve in confinement, they 
must be quite exposed to the sun, and that the food should also 
come from sunny places; but even then poor plants are the more 
acceptable, because succulent plants, or those which are placed in 
water, inevitably cause diarrhoea. It is especially partial to dry 
meadows, and, according to Rossler, is sometimes observed in great 
numbers on hayricks. It is difficult to breed; yet the young larva 
are said to thrive excellently when fed with scabious or snow- 
berry. Some days before pupating, the larva becomes entirely dirty 
brown-red, 


HEMARIS TITYUS. dal 


LaryA*,—/irst instar (newly-hatched): The newly-hatched 
larva is covered with small black tubercles bearing forked black 
hairs; the caudal horn placed far forward on the 8th abdominal 
segment, and rather resembling a bristle surmounted with two 
black hairs (Jeffery); the hairs on the head and scutellum long, 
stiff, and dark in colour, their bifid character being merely suggested 
by a notch at the tip; on the other hand, the body hairs are 
similar to those of the newly-hatched larva of 4. fuciformis, only 
black instead of pale-coloured; the caudal horn is covered with 
minute bristles, but no basal mammille are apparent (Bacot). 
Second instar: After the first moult the caudal horn is more 
characteristic, but still terminated by several forked black bristles 
(Jeffery). Last instar: Length 1°625 inches when retracted and 
sulky, 2 inches when crawling, over ‘25 inches thick, thickest about 
4th abdominal; tapers a little to head, the prothorax and head 
being comparatively small; tapers from about 6th abdominal to 
anus; caudal horn pink, and starting from it is a darker dorsal, 
and on either side a subdorsal, line; just below the latter is a paler 
stripe, which is about halfway from dorsum to spiracles; there is 
also a series of oblique lateral stripes, these are a little obscure, 
but may be described as a darker shade passing from the sub- 
dorsal line, starting at the middle of a segment, downwards and 
backwards so as to include the spiracle of the following segment and 
reaching the posterior border of the segment, wnilst it is edged above 
and below with paler ; these paler areas might be described 
as the oblique stripes, as they are very marked below the spiracles, 
and, in fact, alternate with the others, but rather expand upwards, 
so as to be more than stripes (a specimen was seen with some 
pink in these stripes); the stripes pass through each abdominal 
spiracle, a paler line or stripe also passes from the caudal horn 
to behind the last spiracle; the spiracles themselves are oval, the 
upper and lower portions are pure white, cut off by perfectly straight 
lines from a central square portion, which is a bright yellowish-brown ; 
the spiracle is bounded by a black line especially marked against the 
white. The head is of the same colour as the body, but in the dark 
larva with a substitution of greenish; it has very numerous fine 
hair-points ; ends of jaws black, labrum, labial palpi and antennz 
brown ; jaws curiously angulated, each with 4 teeth; central ocellus 
very minute, the lowest of the 5 in arc also very small; antennz - 
green-tinted, brownish, and two-jointed. The body-surface is covered 
with minute hairs arising in little white dots; transversely there 
are about 15 of these from dorsum to spiracle, longitudinally each 
subsegment carries them irregularly, so that they cannot be counted 
in rows, but they are often in pairs or singly, so that each sub- 
segment carries two or three rather than one row; there are 8 
subsegments to the abdominal segments of which the 1st and 3rd 
are rather the largest, the prothorax, however, has only three, 1 
large and z small, the mesothorax 2 large and 2 small, and the 
metathorax 5 subsegments; the true legs are pink; the pale stripe 
below the spiracle marks a lateral flange, very conspicuous in some 


* Good descriptions of the early stadia of the larva of this species are still a 
desideratum, ; 


532 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


movements, obliterated in others; two further wrinkles intervene 
between this and prolegs, which have a fringe of rather larger 
hairs 12—15 in number; about 20 hooks to prolegs which retract 
very completely ; hooks alternately longer and shorter, the hair- 
points on horn are rather larger and more numerous than elsewhere, 
and the white bases have on upper and under surface of horn, 
brown rings; anal and clasper plates much as rest of surface except 
fringe of hairs at lower border of clasper. plates [Chapman, 
August 14th, 1899. Two larve from Evolena. One specimen 
apparently fullgrown is green, another in last skin is pale purplish 
and had same colour in previous instar]. Adult larva (preserved 
specimens): Head rounded, inclining to be tall, vertical measure- 
ment greater than horizontal; caudal horn stout, short and pointed ; 
body rather plump and stout compared with larva of Sesza stella- 
tarum, and very stout compared with that of Hemaris fuctformis. 
The three examined vary in tint; one is whitish-green, the second 
slightly darker, the third very dark olive-green with purple oblique 
slashes in which are the spiracles sloping from head to anus. The 
purple subdorsal line of this last example increases on each 
segment to a triangular or pyramidal blotch tapering from 
front to back; a dark mediodorsal line is present in all the 
examples, as also is the,subdorsal in some shade or other, and faint 
traces of the oblique markings; the abdominal subsegments are clearly 
marked by 8 ridges of mammillary points. There is no differentiation 
in appearance between the thoracic and abdominal segments, as in 
Sphingids and Manducids, nor does one find the marked tendency to 
taper from the abdominal segments to the head that is so strongly 
marked in the Eumorphid larve and, to a slighter extent, in that ot 
Sesta stellatarum, nor is there any tendency to form one large sub- 
segment by the union of the first three subsegments as in the 
Eumorphids. On the whole, the general form of the larva is more 
suggestive of the Amorphids in shape than of any other Sphingid 
larva that I have examined (Bacot). The larva when fullgrown is 
4omm.—somm. long. It is bluish-green, lighter coloured in the 
incisions, with a longitudinal white line on each side of the dorsum, in 
which stands, on each segment, a brown-red spot. The two lines unite 
on the almost straight, rough, browned horn, which is only slightly 
curved and runs to a fine point. Spiracles white, granulated with 
reddish and with red-brown margin; sometimes without this. Thoracic 
legs reddish. The centre of the venter is occupied by a broad brown- 
red longitudinal stripe, which runs from the first pair of legs to 
the anal claspers, and also colours the inner side of the ventral 
prolegs with red. The head is dark green, and like the rest of 
the body of the larva, rough shagreen (Bartel). 

VARIATION OF LARVA.——The larva of H. “tyws is rather vari- 
able both as to the tint of the ground-colour and as to the 
quantity and intensity of red markings present. In colour the larve 
not only vary through different shades of green but rare forms are buff 
or even pale purplish in tint, not only in the last, but also in the 
preceding, instar. Suchan one Chapman found at Evolena in the Val 
d’Herens, before its last moult, the colour being maintained through- 
out the last instar until fullgrown. Buckler gives figures of two forms 
of the fullgrown larve (Larvae, &c., i, pl. xxvi., figs. 4, 4a) showing 


_ HEMARIS TITYUS. 009 


considerable difference in the quantity of the red markings. One 
green one that we found at Evolena was marked with distinct 
red longitudinal lines. 

COMPARISON OF LARV& OF HEMARIS TITYUS, H. FUCIFORMIS AND 
SESIA STELLATARUM.—The larva of Sesza stellatarum has a strong white 
stripe where the subdorsal pale band is in #. “tyus, edged with 
distinct black above; the caudal horn of \S. ste//atarum has a brown point 
and a black ring below; there is also a bright yellow flange line, edged 
with dark above; the spiracles are black, with yellow spots within 
margin, at top and bottom; the number of subsegments is the same 
in the larvee of both species, and each subsegment carries a single row 
of largish white spots, bearing minute hairs, in S. s¢e//atarum 8 from 
spiracle to centre of dorsum; the legs brown (Chapman). Lucas 
gives the following comparative table of the larvz of Sesza stellatarum, 
Flemaris fuciformis and Hf, tityus : 

I. Spiracles not in a red patch. 

1. Ground-colour green or brown, white subdorsal line, 

and yellow subspiracular one a .. S. Sstellatarum. 

II. Spiracles in red patch, ventral surface red, 

ii. Ground-colour pale green; dorsal line showing at 

division of segments, indistinct subdorsal line, spiracles 

in small reddish spots .. . A. fuciformis. 
ii. Ground-colour rather full green ; ‘fairly ‘distinct 

subdorsal yellowish line, often having a row of red 

spots above it; spiracles set in elongated red spots H. tetyus. 

Cocoon.—The larva forms, on the surface of the earth, under 
moss, a very simple, wide-meshed cocoon (Bartel). | Constructs 
a slight loose cocoon, among rubbish in some sheltered nook on, 
or just under, the surface of the ground (Barrett), Moeschler 
states that he used to obtain the pupe in numbers, with a “ straw 
hoe” in the spring in Upper Lusatia. 

Pupa.— Length r-2ins. long, head to the 4th abdominal 
segment o*'65ins., o'2gins. wide at the mesothorax, narrowing 
slightly to the 4th abdominal, a little more to the 6th, and the 
terminal segments conical ending in a point. Colour, deep brown 
or black, incisions paler ; the surface minutely wrinkled and 
apparently hairless, but with numerous minute hairs on clypeus 
aide avdominal’ dorsum, and eyen on thorax. The maxille 
(proboscis) are very broad basally (a common Sphingid, apart . 
from Amorphid,-character), or rather, perhaps, the cheeks extend 
far downwards on either side and the maxilla thus form a square 
patch at their base, one angle extending upwards (between cheeks) 
to the labrum, two angles outwards (giving the apparent breadth) 
as though they would like to reach the antenna above the first 
legs, and a lower angle, which is produced into the extended 
maxille, reaching end of wings. No trace of the 3rd legs. Antenne 
reach to # the length of the wings, the 2nd legs to slightly beyond 
them, the 1st legs decidedly shorter, about 2rds. At either side 
of the maxillary base is a conical projection, terminating in a fine 
point. These seem to be at site of mandibles; labrum not well 


marked above and between these. The cremaster is a large and 
elaborate structure, and takes a very secure hold in the silk of 
cocoon. Seen laterally, it is thin and pen-like, but dorsally or 


ventrally (still pen-like) it continues the regular conical outline 


534 BRITSH LEPIDOPTERA. 


of the terminal segments to a point; its length (dorsally measured) 
is nearly +j,inch. The actual point, however, carries two spines 
directed laterally, almost anchor-like, basally it 1s smooth and has 
a number of short stiff brown bristles, beyond it is rough and 
wrinkled, and dorsally and along its lateral edges carries numerous 
fine hooks, these stand stiffly outwards, and, with an abrupt bend 
backwards, terminate in a sharp point; ro or 11 may be counted 
in profile along the margin (Chapman). 

VARIATION IN THE PUPAL PERJOD.—The oneal stage | in Britain, 
northern Germany, and the districts inhabited by the species at a 
higher latitude than these countries, lasts from July-August to 
May-June. In central France and southern Germany a certain 
number of pupz give their imagines in August, so that the pupal 
period for these lasts only some 4—6 weeks, from late June to 
late July and early August, and for the descendants of these 
moths from October to May-June. 

FooppPLants.—Svabiosa succisa (Doubleday), Knautia arvensis, 
Lychnis dioica (Paux), L. sylvestris (Donckier), Symphoricarpus 
lineocarpa (Lambillion). 

HABITS AND HABITAT.—Ridings and open glades in woods, rough 
fields and open meadows, near woods, rough overgrown ground in 
marshes and fens, bogs, and low-lying hollows appear to be the favourite 
haunts of this species in Britain, although gardens in some districts are 
by no means neglected. It also affects damp openings in woods in 
Herefordshire, but occurs on the open hillsides at Dunoon (Chap- 
man); the hills around Digne (Tutt), the swampy meadows 
at Brunnen (A. J. Jones), and the mountain slopes above Evolena 
(Tutt), suggest a variation of habitat on the Continent that would 
betoken a wide choice. The imagines are largely attracted to 
flowers; they favour those of Salva officinalis in the Haute- 
Garonne (Caradja), Ajuga repfans in the Namur district (Lambillion), 
Cardamine pratensis in Nassau (Rossler), Lychuis viscaria in Lap- 
land (Zetterstedt), flowers of Salvza pratensis and honeysuckle in 
the dept. du Nord (Paux), whilst Zeller says it comes generally 
to the meadow flowers at Bergun. In Ireland, it is recorded as 
flying over Lychnurs at Clonbrock (Dillon), at scabious flowers at 
Enniskillen (Partridge), at bugle flowers at Portlaw (Flemyng), 
over flowers of stock at Poyntzpass (Johnson), flying at flowers 
of Menyanthes tiifoliata in bogs near Athenry at the beginning 
of June (Lawless), &c. In Scotland, it is recorded between 
Bunawe and Oban on May 26th, 1859, when many newly- 
emerged imagines were seen at flowers Mf Lotus corniculatus, 
over which, during bright sunshine, they delighted to hover, 
occasionally inserting their trunks to sip the nectar while on the 
wing (Lut. Wk. Jnt., vi, p. 182); at the blossom of purple 
lilac at Temple, in Midlothian (Evans), plentiful at rhododendron 
blossom, most abundant from 3.30 p.m. to 6 p.m., at Corsemalzie 
(Gordon), sparingly over the moist ground in the low-lying part 
of Glen Lochay, the imagines hovering over /edicularis flowers 
(Morton), &c. In Wales, it is recorded as common in meadows 
near Swansea in early May, 1893, flying to the flowers of Ajuga 
and fedicularis (Holland); over flowers of Ovobus tuberosus at 
Newtown (Tetley), &c. Nash records two specimens 7” cof. taken 


HEMARIS TITYUS. 535 


on the wing at Stubby Copse, and Merrifield has captured imagines 
about 3 p.m. flying at ragged robin flowers in an oak wood at 
Holmbush. ‘The moth, however, appears to dearly love the hot 
sun, and Raynor notes it as hovering over the flowers of Ajuga 
reptans in the sunny ridings of a large wood near Wragby ; abundant 
at flowers of lousewort (fedicularis sylvatica) at Burghclere (Sladen), 
at flowers of the same plant in Ashdown Forest (Nicholson), also 
at Wan Fell (Britten), and in the Bristol district, in damp meadows 
(Hudd), at flowers of red rattle in a rough field surrounded by 
woods (Hellins), more common than usual in 1893, feeding at 
flowers of bluebells at Ringwood (Fowler) ; at flowers on the 
railway bank at Wood Fidley, in the New Forest (Wells), also 
at flowers on the railway bank near Wreay (Thwaytes), 
and in gardens at Folkestone (Knaggs). Flies earlier in the 
season in the Lincoln district than A. fuczformis, and is partial 
to the barely-opened blooms of Ajuga szeptans in the drives 
of woods (Musham), at thistle flowers at Oxton (Wilkinson). 
Some 20—3o0 examples netted over flowers of Fedicularis palustris 
near Glendalough. In making this record Carrington notes that it is 
best to always strike down while the moth hovers over the flower, and 
then to lift the bottom of the net, when the insect will flutter 
upwards. Kane says that it appears to be rather fickle in its habits, 
disappearing suddenly from its usual habitat without apparent 
cause, also that it is easily taken when feeding at the flowers of bugle 
or marsh-rattle, but that, on very hot days, its activity on the wing 
is prodigious, as it scarcely pauses to taste the flowers and flies as 
rapidly as MW. stellatarum. Carpenter observes (Proc. Sth. Lond. 
Lint. Soc., 1894, p. 52) that the moth has the habit, when on the 
wing, of getting well into the bushes and undergrowth, a proceeding 
that no doubt soon helps to rid it of its surface-scales. Fro- 
hawk exhibited at the meeting of the South London Entom- 
ological Society, on August roth, 1893, a specimen of H. “tyus 
and a species ot humble-bee, Bombus agrorum, which the moth mimics, 
both captured in company at rhododendron flowers in the New Forest. 
Curtis says that the imagines are remarkably swift on the wing and 
make a humming noise similar to that made by a humble-bee. Bartel 
observes that the moths in flight look conspicuously similar to the 
humble-bee, which is flying about at the same time, so that it 
needs a practised eye to distinguish them. Its flight is, however, 
more rapid than that of the humble-bee ; the moth circles in larger 
curves, shooting off like a dart to a considerable distance. It is 
to be met with especially in luxuriant wood-meadows and _ places 
where there are plenty of flowers, flying in sunshine to the flowers 
of many plants. 

TIME OF APPEARANCE.—From the middle of May to the middle 
of June is the usual time of appearance of this species in the 
British Islands—May, June, and July in Connemara (Lawless)— 
but there is no record of even a partial second-brood, unless this 
Connemara reference be one; on the continent, however, double- 
broods or partial double-broods are not infrequent, in southern Europe 
apparently the rule, whilst in northern Africa, at Tangier, Meade- 
Waldo records imagines in fair numbers at the end of January, 
1900 (£uzt., xxxiv., p. 206), suggesting continuous-broodedness, 


536 | BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


In May-June and August (August 26th) in Roumania (Caradja), 
in June-July at Tultscha (Mann), at Schiltenberg (Himsl), double- 
brooded, the rst brood about May roth, the znd brood in July at 
S. Quentin (Dubus), also two broods in Alsace (Peyerimhoff), April 
and June-July in the Haute-Garonne (Caradja), in early April at 
Digne (Tutt); early May in Waldeck, in 1844 on the wing by 
April 30th (Speyer), at the beginning of June at Brunnen (Jones), 
May and June at Eure-et-Loir (Guénée), -May 24th, 1896, at 
Namur (Lambillion), May 25th, 1875, at Bergitin (Zeller), June 
rath, 1870, at Konigswinter (Jordan), June z9th at Hoel Renebo, 
and early July, 1898, at Hoel Trondhjem, in Norway (Bingham- 
Newland), June 24th at Pichtendahl (Nelcken). Fritsch gives 
dates from April 23rd to June 6th, extending over a long series 
of years in Austro-Hungary, also a few at the end of July at 
Salzburg, 200o0ft. above the sea-level. Dates for the British 
Islands are—June 11th, 1848, June 25th, 1851, at Holmbush 
(Merrifield), May. e27th-31st, 1856, at. Dunoon (Chapmame 
June ist, 1857, some 30 imagines at Langwith Common, but 
imagines at York in July, 1860, a very backward season (Ander- 
son), May 23th, 1858, in New Forest (Bryant), June rst-4th 
1858, June 6th, 13859, at Worcester (Edmunds), aboutessem 
in the few days preceding June 14th, 1858, in fields where 
scabious abounds at Himbleton (Smith), June rst-21st, 1858, 
at Greenock (Somerville), June 7th-21st, 1858, at -Newnham 
(Bingham’, May 27th-June 5th, 1859, near Loch Nell, between 
Bunawe and Oban (Ent. Wk. nt, vi., p. 182), June 16th, 18509, 
on Wimbledon Common, May 23rd-28th, 1866, at Bagley Wood, 
June 2nd-rs5th, 1891, at Leatherhead (T. Briggs), June 2r1st-24th, 
1868, at Howth, fine series June 19th, 1869, at Howth (Carrington). 
Birchall notes it (#77z., v., p. 81) as abundant in the autumn of 
1869 at Connemara, imagines being on the wing in May, a few 
worn specimens in June, and freshly emerged examples in July 
(Lawless ¢es¢e Birchall), May 29th, 1869, at Winlaton Mill (Hedworth), 
June 5th-26th, 1869, at New Forest (Capper), beginning of June, 
1871, near Athenry (Lawless), June 12th, 1871, at Inverurie (Garrow), 
June 21st, 1874, on Sandburn Common (Dutton), April 19th, 1863, not 
scarce at Balcombe, May 17th, 1875, at Ramnor in the New Forest 
(Fenn), May 27th, 1885, May 26th-28th, 1892, in a wood near Wragby 
(Raynor), June 16th, 1885, at Cork (Sandford), June 3rd, 1887, May 
12th, 1893, at Sulham, June 1st, 1890, at Butterwood, never abnndant, 
throughout May, 1893, in the Swansea district very abundant 
(Holland), May 2oth, 1890, in Brighton district .(McArthur), 
May 31st-June 7th, 1890, on wing at Brockenhurst (Ogden), 
May 28th-June, r891 and 1892, near East Hoathly (Nicholson), 
June 5th, 1891, at red rattle in Stubby Copse, May 26th-June 
2nd, 1894, 1n New.  Copse (James), May 27th, 1892) “inj tie 
3elfast Hills (Watts), May 26th, 1892, May sth-21st, 1894, May 
22nd, 1897, in the New Forest -(Christy), June 18thpegeaeee 
at Guildford, (Grover), May ist, 1893, at Aberdeen, fyi 
wildly (Horne), May ruith, 1893, at Oxshott,, May 26th, 1896, 
at scabious in New Forest (Kaye), May 2ust-24th, sieges 
in bad condition in New Forest (Richardson), May 4th, 
1893, at Monaghan (Kane), May a2tst-24th, 1893, in New Forest 


HEMARIS TITYUS. 537 


(Frohawk), May rath, 1894, on railway banks at Stubby Copse, 
May 23rd-24th, 1896, in New Forest (Smith), May 15th, 1894, in 
New Forest (Robson), June 8th-17th, 1894, flying at Rhinefields, June 
5th-11th, 1898, on railway bank at Brockenhurst (Wells), May 25th, 
1895, at Ferness on the Findhorn (Thomson), June rith, 1891, June 
2nd, 1895, May 25th, 1896, June 5th, 1897, in Wyre Forest (Rea), 
first half of June, 1895, at Glen Lochay (Morton), May zoth, 1896, 
at Temple (Greeve), May 23rd, 1896, at Temple (Evans), May 25th, 
1896, at Pamber Forest (Butler), June 9th, 1894, at Galway, earliest 
dates of capture May 25th, 1896, May 25th, 1898, latest date June 
2¢th, 1898, at Galway and Enniskillen (Allen), May 25th, 1896, at 
Lincoln (Pearson), last week in May, 1896, at Lyndhurst (Bowles), 
June 27th, 1896, June 30th, July 5th, 1897, at Aylsham (Freeman), 
May 15th, 1897, common at Ringwood (Fowler), May 22nd, 24th 
ange 25th - 1697, ilying “freely in the sunshine at. Reading (J. 
Clarke), May 22nd-3oth, 1897, June 3rd-5th, 1898, at Newtown (Tetley), 
June 5th-7th, 1897, at Rhinefields (Tremayne), June rath, 1897, 
near Old Dromore, June, 1900, at Lough Erne (Bingham-Newland), 
June roth-22nd, 1897, June 16th-19th, 1898, at Wan Fell (Britten), 
May 30th, 1898, in New Forest (Adkin), June rrth, 1898, common 
on the railway bank near Brockenhurst (Wells), June r5th at 
White Loch in a meadow, June 23rd, 1898, at Loch Eldrig, June 
8th-16th, 1899, at Corsemalzie (Gordon), June 28th, 1898, at 
Orton, July 17th, 1900, on railway banks near Wreay (Thwaytes), 
June gth, 1899, at Poyntzpass (Johnson), June 21st, 1899, at Hayton 
Moss (Routledge), May 22nd-June, 1900, in New Forest (Moberly), 
wane. 4a ueoo, at Wan Kell (i. H. Day), June 4th, 1900, at 
Salkeld (Wilkinson), June 22nd, 1901, in garden at Redhill (Bead- 
nell). 


LocALITIES.—Abundant in many [Irish localities but uncertain in 
appearance (Kane), Distributed throughout the greater part of Scotland, 
England and Wales. ABERDEEN: local, but common where it occurs 
(Horne), scarce, Old Aberdeen Links, Scotston Moor, Monymusk (Reid), 
Toms’ Forest near Inverurie (Tait), Banchory (Traill). ANTRIM: Belfast 
district, Colin Glen, Crawfordsbuin Glen (Bristow), on hills about Belfast 
(Watts). ARGYLL: Tayvallich (Stewart), Dunoon (Chapman), Inverary (Lucas), Isle 
of Jura (Evans), Loch Riddon (Christy), near Loch Nell, between Oban ana Bunawe 
(Ent. Wk. Int. vi., p. 182), Oban, common (Somerville) ARMAGH : Poyntz-— 
pass (Johnson). AYRSHIRE (Duncan). BERKS: Sulham, Reading (Holland), 
Bagley Woods near Oxford (T. Briggs), Enborne near Newbury (Leach). 
Bucks: Halton (Stainton). CAMBRIDGE: (‘ambridge (Waters), Horningsea Fen, 
Wood Ditton, Devil’s Ditch (Jenyns), Wicken, Chippenham (Tutt), Burwell, 
Bottisham (Gaze). CARNARVON: Tan-y-Bwlch (Blagg). CHESHIRE: Bidston 
(Gregson). CoRK: Skibbereen (Wolfe), Cork (Sandford), Mallow (Stawell), near 
Old Dromore (Bingham-Newland), Ummera Woods near Timoleague, Glandore 
and Courtmacsherry (Donovan). CUMBERLAND: probably commoner than is 
suspected (Day), plentiful on west coast (Mawson), common (Armstrong, £xt. 
W. Int., vol. vil., p. 29),-Carlisle (Morris), Orton (Dobie), Hayton Moss, 
Headsnook (iXoutledge), Durdar (Atkinson), Salkeld, Wan Fell, near Lazonby 
(Wilkinson), Lake district (Stainton), Grasmere district (Massey), Wreay (Thwaytes). 
DEvoN: Woodbury, not rare (Kane), Barnstaple (Mathew), Exeter (Stainton). 
DONEGAL: Inishowen (Hart). DUBLIN: Howth (Carrington), Blackrock (Greer), 
Dublin (Bristow). DURHAM: Durham (Wood), Winlaton Mill (Hedworth). Dum- 
BARTON: Garelochhead (Somerville). Dorser: Blandford (Stainton). Down: 
Belfast Lills (Watts). Essex: generally distributed (Harwood), Epping( Stainton). 
FERMANAGH: Enniskillen (Allen), Lough Erne (Bingham-Newland). GALWway: 
Clonbrock, Merlin Park, ‘Kane), Galway (Allen), Athenry, Connemara— Great 
Killery (Lawless), Ardrahan (Nugent)., GLAMORGAN: Penllergare (Llewelyn), 
Swansea district, common (Holland), Penarth (Birkenhead). GLOUCESTER: near 


588 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


Almondsbury, rare (Hill), Newnham (Bingham), Lydney (Higgs), (Gloucester, 
(Marsden), near Easton (Barton), Bristol district, scarce (Hudd), Timberlands, rather 
common (Rea), Clutterbuck (Tetley), Stonehouse (Nash). Hants: Ringwood, 
common (Fowler), Rhinefields (Wells), Burghclere (Sladen), New Forest (Capper). 
Gosport district, Stokes Wood (Larcom), Brockenhurst (Ogden), Pamber Forest 
(Butler), Winchester, Basingstoke (Holdaway), Lyndhurst (Bowles), Butterwood near 
Odiham (Holland), Stubby Copse (Nash), Wood Fidley (Wells), Winchfield (Robert- 
son). HEREFORD: in damp openings in woods in Hereford district (Chapman), Leo- 
minster (Hutchinson). HuNTs (Humphreys and Westwood). KENT: Sandwich, 
common (Harding), Ashford (Jeffery), Sevenoaks (Farren), Folkestone (Knaggs), 
KERRY: Killarney (Salvage), near Kenmare, very abundant (Vernon). LANARK: nr. 
Glasgow (C. G. Barrett). LANCASHIRE : Manchester (Stainton), North Lancs— 
Silverdale mosses, rare (Murray), east side of Windermere, near Newby bridge 
(Massey), Ribbleton Moor, near Preston formerly (Hodgkinson). LEICESTER: 
Earl Shilton (Bouskell), LIMERICK: Cratloe wood, near Limerick (Neale). 
Lincotn: Newball, rare (Carr), near Wragby (Raynor), Lincoln (Pearson). 
MERIONETH : Barmouth (Arkle). MONAGHAN : Drumreaske, abundant 
(Kane). MONMOUTH : Wye Valley (Vaughan). MONTGOMERY : New- 
town (Tetley). MorAy: Duffus (Moore). MIDDLESEX: Kingsbury (Bond). 
MIDLOTHIAN: Temple (Evans). NAIRN: Ferness, on the Findhorn (Thomson). Nor- 
FOLK: Stratton Strawless near Norwich (Moss), Aylsham (Freeman), Woodbastwick, 
not common, Hersford, Cawston (Barrett). NORTHUMBERLAND: Shull (Backhouse), 
Twizell (Selby), Flass (Wailes). Oxrorb: Oxford (Stainton). PERTH : not un- 
common—Forth, Earn, Gowrie, Perth and Rannoch districts, Moncrieffe, Dalcrue, 
Durdie (F. B. White), Glen Lochay (Morton). RENFREW: very rare—near 
Glasgow (Dalglish), Greenock (Somerville), Paisley (Dunsmore). ROXBURGH : 
Caverton district (Elliott), Hawick district — Goldielands, rare (Guthrie). Ros- 
COMMON: Mote Park (Kane), Hoilybrook (Ffolliott), SHROPSHIRE: Wyre 
Forest. (Rea). SLiGo: Sligo (Russ), Markree, Lough Gill (Kane). SOMER- 
SET: Bratton St. Maur (Macmillan). STAFFORD: not uncommon in North 
Staffs, Craddock’s Moss (Daliry), Market Drayton district, very 
sparingly— Betton (Woodforde). STIRLING: Forth district (White). SUFFOLK : 
local and rare—Stowmarket, Raydon (Bloomfield), Assington, rare (Ransom), 
Tuddenham (Wratislaw). SURREY : Haslemere (Barrett), Redhill (Beadnell), Coombe 
Wood (Humphreys and Westwood), Wimbledon Common, Leatherhead (T. Briggs), 
Dorking district (Oldaker), Guildford (Grover), Oxshott (Kaye). SUSSEX: Brighton 
district (McArthur), Chichester (Lucas), East Hoathly, Ashdown Forest (Nicholson), 
Balcombe (Fenn), Lewes, Abbott’s Wood, Battle, Guestling (Jenner), Hastings district 
(Bloomfield), Holmbush (Merrifield), SUTHERLAND: Kerrera (Salvage). TYRONE: 
Favour Royal, Altadiawan (Kane). WaARrwWICK: Coombe Wood, nr. Coventry 
(Kenrick), Wyre Forest (Abbott), between Knowle and Hockley Heath (Imms). 
WATERFORD : Curraghmore (Wyse), Portlaw, (Flemyng). WESTMEATH : 
Cromlyn, scarce (Battersby), WESTMORLAND: Kendal district (Moss), Wither- 
slack-under-Whitbarrow, Grasmere (Massey). WICKLOW: between Round Wood 
and Seven Churches, near Glendalough (Carrington), Killynauly wood (Bristow). 
WIGrowN : Wigtown, White Loch, Loch Eldrig, Corsemalzie (Gordon). 
WILTs : Salisbury (Gummer). WORCESTER : common—Himbleton (Smith), 
Worcester (Edmunds), Cowleigh Park, Trench Wood (Edwards), Broadheath 
(teste Rea). YORK : York, Langwith Common, near York (Anderson), Hudders- 
field, formerly (Varley), Sheffield (Doncaster), Sandburn (Walker). 


DISTRIBUTION.—Over the greater part of the Palearctic region (except 
the polar area) including Mauretania. It reaches Lapland in the north, 
Kuku-Nor and the Altai in the east, and north Persia, Sicily and Maure- 
tania in the south. It reaches occasionally to a height of 9Q50oft. (Bartel). 
ArFrica: Algeria—-Lambessa (deste Bartel), Tangier (Meade-Waldo.) Asia *: 
north-eastern Asia Minor--Amasia, Tokat; north-western Asia Minor—Brussa, 
Olympus; Bithynia, Pontus, Armenia, north Persia—Elburz mts., Astrabad, 
Fergana (south) and govts. Tobolsk, Uralsk and Turgai, Turkestan, Pamir — 
Bach Alai, Olguine Loug mts. to g5ooft. (Staudinger), Kouldja, fairly common 


* According to Staudinger and Bartel this species occurs in Amurland, &c., 
but Jordan states that no Hemaris which can be considered a variety of, or 
specifically identical with, ¢é¢yws occurs in Amurland, China or Japan. The 
so-called var. Obrunneobasalis is, he says, the same as manderina which is 
specifically identical with HY, radians. 


HEMARIS TITYUS. 009 


(Alphéraky), Thian-Schan, to 4500ft.; provinces Akmolinsk, Semipalatinsk— 
Upper Irtish between Ust-Kamenogorsk and Ust-Buchtarminskaja, Saisan ; 
Semirjetschensk—-Lepsa ;_ govts. Tomsk, Jenisseisk, Irkutsk (¢este Bartel), 
Pokrofka (Graeser teste Staudinger). AUSTRO-HUNGARY: Campiglio (Chapman), 
Brenner dist.—-Mitzens, Navis, Statzer Thal (Galvagni), Innsbruck, Taufers 
Valley (Weiler), Lavantthal (Héfner), Tyrol, not rare—Trient, Botzen (Hinter- 
waldner), Upper Austria—Postlingberg, Schiltenberg, rare (Himsl), Bukovina, 
local and rare (Hormuzaki}, Bohemia — Prague, rare (Nickerl), Stanis- 
lawow (Werchratschi), Galicia, near Holosko, Lemberg (Nowicki), Brinn 
(Schneider), Raibl and Preth dist.—Fletsch (Zeller), Bregenz, Gresten, Iglau, 
Kaschau, Linz, Rosenau (Fritsch), Hungary — Kocsocz (Vangel), Epiries 
(Husz), Glockner, Fiume (Mann), Carinthia, Salzburg (Nickerl), Upper 
Styria -— St. Lambrecht (Kodermann), Lower Austria — Schneeberg to 
5o0oft., Vienna, Bohemia — Carlsbad, Moravia — Mahrisch-Tribau, Tran- 
sylvania, Budapest, Hevesen, Fiinfkirchen, Croatia (deste Bartel). BELGIUM: 
widely distributed (Donckier), Marchovelette (Wautier), Namur, Dinant, Liége, 
Charleroi, &c. (Lambillion). Corsica: Bastia (Curd). DENMARK: widely distri- 
buted, sometimes fairly abundant (Bang-Haas). FRANCE: throughout (Berce), Aube 
(Jourdheuille), Calvados (Fauvel), Douai (Foucart), Berry and Auvergne, common 
everywhere—Nohant, Sologne, S. Florent, Guéret, Mont Dore (Sand), Basses- 
Alpes —Digne (Tutt), Eure-et-Loir (Guénée), Puy-de-Déme (Guillemot), Var 
(Cantener), Morbihan (Griffith), Gironde—Pessac, Bouliac (Trimoulet), Doubs— 
Besancon, &c. (Bruand), Loire-[nférieure—Nantes, La Chapelle-sur-Erdre (Bon- 
jour), Saone-et-Loire (Constant), Seine-Inférieure, not common—Rouen, &c. 
(Viret), St. Quentin (Dubus), Deux-Sévres (Maillard), Hautes-Pyrenees (Leschnault- 
du-Villard), Dept du Nord, rather rare (Paux), the Landes, Haute-Garonne—near 
St Jean, Revel, Bouconne, Arguénos, Monte Cagire, &c. (Caradja), Hyéres, not rare, 
Savoy, in the plains and valleys, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Meuse (éeste Bartel), Vernet-les- 
Bains, Bondy, near Paris, Rennes (Oberthir), Kure, not rare—Pont-de-l’Arche, &c., 
Seine-et-Oise—near Veniéres (Dupont). FINLAND: south and south-east (Lampa). 
GERMANY: throughout, but rarer than H. fuczformzs (Heinemann), north-east Ger- 
many, generally distributed (Jordan), Silesia, nearly throughout—Glogau (Assmann), 
Rhine Palatinate (Bertram), Wurtemberg—Stuttgart (Seyffler), Giessen (Dickore) 
Chemnitz (Pabst), Lower Elbe district — Elbufer, Steinbeck (Zimmermann), 
Waldeck (Speyer), Erfurt, rare (Keferstein), Halle-a.-S.—near Schkeuditz, rare 
(Stange), Munich (Kranz), Rudolstadt, not rare (Meurer), Mecklenburg, distributed 
(Schmidt), Bremen, not rare (Rehberg), Saxon Upper Lusatia, distributed and 
locally not rare (Schitze), Dresden—Gehege, Neu-Ostra, Priessnitzgrund, near 
Meissen, Spitzgrund, Weinbohla, Auer (Steinert), Thuringia, distributed but not 
common — Siebleben, Gotha (Krieghoff); Prussia, rather common — Dantzig, 
Willenberg, &c. (Grentzenberg), Rastenburg (Klups), Upper Lusatia, distributed 
—Lémischau, Rachlau (Moeschler); Nassau (Rossler) ; Pomerania—Stettin, 
Stepenitz (Hering), Gollnow (este Bartel), Wernigerode (Fischer), Brunswick— 
Helmstedt, rare (Heinemann), Hanover (Glitz), Frankfort-on-Oder (Kretschmer), 
Eutin (Dahl), Konigswinter (Jordan), Hildesheim, rare (Grote), Berlin district 
somewhat rare (Pfitzner),. Burgsteinfurt, Crefeld, Umgebung, Miindelheimer, 
Damm, Elberfeld—Ellerforst, not rare, Hilden, very rare, Ahrthal, Leipzig, 
Kissingen, Ratisbon, Augsburg -—- between Statzling and Wulfertshausen, 
Kempten, Frankfort-on-Main, Wiesbaden, Oberhessen (deste Bartel), Alsace 
—Vogesen, Lutterbach, Mulhausen (Peyerimhoff), Baden, sometimes common— 
Constance, Carlsruhe, Turmberg, Rtppurr, Mannheim (Reutti). Ivrary: 
distributed on mainland, not common (Curd), Modena (Fiori), Roman 
Campagna—Monte Rotondo, near Rome, Tuscany — Leghorn, Florence, Monte 
Falterona, &c. (Calberla), Lombardy, Piedmont, in the plains and _ valleys, 
Liguria in the mountains (¢este Bartel), Sicily— Pullagutta valley, near St. 
Martino, near Palermo (Mann). NETHERLANDs: local, Gelderland, Amsterdam 
(Snellen), Breda, Ginneken, Stryeek, not rare (Heylaerts). PORTUGAL (teste 
Bartel). ROUMANIA: Grumazesti, Azuga, Kloster Neamtz (Caradja), Tultscha 
in the Dobrudscha (Mann). RussIA: Baltic Provinces—Esthonia, near Koik, 
Wolmar, Berghof, Frauenburg, Pichtendahl (Nolcken), govts. Archangel, 
Oblonez on Lake Ladoga (¢este Bartel), St. Petersburg (Erschoft), Kurland, 
Livonia—Dorpat, govts. Pskow, Mogilew—Gorki, Volhynia, govt. Kiev, Poland 
—Kamenez-Podolskii, Bessarabia, govts. Cherson, Jekaterinoslaw, Poltawa, 
Charkow, Orel, Kaluga, Tambow (deste Bartel), Moscow govt. (Albrecht), 
Lower Volga district, not rare, the Steppe district of Kasan, Simbirsk, Ufa, 
Orenburg (Eversmann), Samara—Sergijewsk, Saratov, Astrachan, Tawritschesk, 
Stawropol, North Caucasus (teste Bartel), Transcaucasia — the northern shores 


? 


540 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


of lakes Goktschai and Sewanga. Kasikoparan, rare; Istissou, Karabagh, Talisch 
(Romanoff), south-west Caspian dist. — Lenkoran (Radde). SCANDINAVIA : 
not rare in south, found as far north as Helsingland (Aurivillius), Stockholm, 
Upsala, Gotheburg, &c., not rare (Wallengren), distributed throughout southern 
Norway (Siebke), Lapland, more rare than fuczformis —Wermeland, Gothland, East 
Gothland, Scania (Zetterstedt), Saeterstoen (Chapman), Hoel Trondhjem, Hoel Renebo 
(Bingham-Newland), Lappmark (zes¢e Bartel). SPAIN: Andalusia—Granada (Rambur), 
Barcelona district (Cuni y Martorell), Catalonia (Martorell y Pefia), Bilbao, rare 
(Seebold). SWITZERLAND: This species goes higher up the mountains than A. 
fuctformis—Zermatt, &c. (Frey), St. Gallen, by no means rare (Taschler), Grisons 
(Killias), Glarus, to the mountain-region (Heer), Schaffhausen (Trapp), Zurich, 
especially on the rising ground on the right shore of the lake, not rare (R. Zeller), 
Bremgarten, often (Boll), Bechburg, rare (Riggenbach-Stehlin), the warm slopes 
of the Aargau, and the Solothurn Jura, nowhere rare, Lenzburg, Oftringen, Aarau, 
Kittigen, Bozberg, Schwarzenegg, Lungern, Villeneuve, Vevey, Martigny 
(Wullschlegel), Berne (Meisner), Gadmen, in the valley and on the Alps to 
5300 feet elevation (Ratzer), Neuenstadt, rare (Couleru), Geneva (Mus. coll.), 
between Leuk and Leukerbad (Jaggi), Einsiedeln—Sattelberg (Paul), Weissenburg 
(Huguenin), Evolena, Villar (Tutt), Iuors Pensch, Bergiin, not numerous (Zeller), 
Geussbach (Jordan), Briinnen (Jones), Zurichberg (Dietrich), Fusio (Chapman). 


ERRATA. 


p. 226, second column, between lines 46 and 47, insert: “ab. mznor, 
itt, eande-talbsyzyolezea. snubs 

p. 226, last line, for “apzcola” read “franconica.”” Kirby ( Catz., p. 832) 
makes /uteus a Lachners, and Staudinger (Caz., 3rd ed., p. 119) 
makes it a var. of Malacosoma franconica. In Brit. Lep., ii., p. 
498, we have followed Kirby, but in iii, p. 226, we have 
followed Staudinger. A recent letter from M. Oberthur 
makes it clear that both are wrong. He writes (zu /dtt.): 
“‘ Tuteus is a distinct species, intermediate between JZ. castrensis 
and MZ. franconica, it is nearer the former than the latter. 
The @ JZuteus looks like var. faraxacoides, but is darker (lutea 
nec citrina), the 3 M. luteus differs from MZ. castrensis § and 
M. franconica 8, 1 believe it to be a distinct species and 
not a variety.” I only regret that I had not this note before 
completing my list in Brit. Lep., vol. 11., p. 226 (Tutt, Avr. 
Tider, Ney |B: 16). 

p. 227, line 65, for ‘“ Aetanastria” read “ Amurilla, Auriv.” See 
Aurivillius, Zz. 77ds., xxii., p. 251. 

p. 228, first column, line 14, delete “ femorata, Mén.” 

p. 228, first column, between lines 56 and 57, insert: “ab. obsoleta- 
extrema, Tutt.” 

p. 261, line 22, for ‘Frisch notices (Soc. Ent., xi., pp. 19, 148)” read 
“Frosch notices (Soc. Zn¢., ix., no. 19, pp. 148, 149).” 

p. 342, firstcolumn, line 5, for “ Bombyx, Hb.” read “ Bombyx, Linn.” 

p. 342, second column, between lines 20 and 21, insert: “var. galeropa, 
Pung.” 

p. 342, second column, line 50, for “* A¢tacus” read “ Philosamia.” 

p. 368, line 24, for “‘ Z/penor” read “ Celerio.” 

p. 380, line 45, for ‘‘ vespertiloides” read ‘‘ vespertiliotdes.” 

p. 4241, line 38, insert “ WesrMORLAND : Clibburn (Hope) 

p. 438, line 39, for “on little raised bosses” read ‘as little raised 
bosses.” 


? 


EN DEX. 


PAGE. 
aavasaksae var., Lachneis .. 226 
abas, Gamelia ne ae 266 
abasia, Gamelia sc “6 266 
abbottii, Sphecodina 382 
acaciae, Taragama 229 
acanthophylli, Autosphyla .. 226 
acheloé, Eacles a Be 266 
achelous (= acheloé), Eacles 266 
achemenides, Clanis.. 351 
achemon, Philampelus 379 


Acherontia (= Manduca) 1 348, 349, 
352) Dae Sask 28 355, 359, 


358, 0, sy 309) 37 
Acherontiae .. ; 352 
Acherontiides 50 QS 
Acherontiinae 357 358 
Achnocampa .. 220 
acidalia, Dirphia E200 
aconyta, Dendrolimus itn Tan 
Acosmeryx 355 
acteus, Oreus Baa 
Actiaidi os sie be 342 
Meas 2. AO, Pilin Ciao 280, 342 
Adelocephala Oe 45 BYP 
Adscita ae nie Were 
Adscitae ie Sa. | BARS, Aus 
aeas (= capensis), Thaumas ee 
fEigeria 344, 348 
/Egeriidae ease 
/E gocera 348 
Aéllopodes Bs oe Ee BSO 
aestiva (==var. obscura), Eutricha ] 

Wi WUS. ZO 
aestivalis vay., Smerinthus .. 3,429 
JE quivocae 350 
Agapema Pag 
A garistidae e220 
agis, Dirphia.. s AGO) 
Aglia 232, 233, 207, 268, 269, ies 

273, 286, 295, 296, 342, 359, 

360, 361, 363 
Agliae te ae ee +7260 
Aglidae OTA OOO sal. 342 
Aghidi . of so a 342 
Aglinae 268, aes Zoe Z Ona 
A grius 353% 355 
Agrius (= Sphinx). ape 
Agri a ie B52 
agrorum, Bombus Secs 
alascensis, Gastropacha 5 IG 
alba aé., Malacosoma ; 226 
albescens, Poecilocampa 224-225, 226 
albescens, Smerinthus se 426 
albigutta, Cosmotriche ( ? ) Basis! 


PAGE. 


albomaculata, Cosmotriche 120, 153, 


NSA 5, LOA NOS c220 
albomarginata a@d., Poecilocampa 
225, 226 
alcinoe, Bunaea ae 200 
alecto, Isoples (Sphinx) 343: 351 
Aleuron » 355 
algeriensis var-., Diplura 226 
alnifolia ad. , Eutricha 186, 203, 204, 
206, 228 
alnifolia (= ad. ulmifolia), Eutricha 205 
alope, Erinnyis mage 
alphérakyi, Taragama a a 220 
alpicola (apicola dy error), Malaco- 
soma 226, 540 
alpina ab., Poecilocampa 226 
alpina var., Lasiocampa 49, 50, SI, 

HZ ROS 227 
alpina var., Saturnia .. On ad2 
alpium (= orion), Moma A75 
alternata, Hemaris 507 
aluco, Cosmotriche ( ? ) 154 
amadis, Oreus es at eS 5k 
ambigua ad, (et var.), Gastropacha 228 
Ambulicinae 357, 366, 367, 383, 496 
Ambulyx .. ; e305) 358, 378 
amelia, Deilephila 354. 
americana, Eutricha.. 11s, 185 
americana hybr., Platysamia 5 
amicta, Schizoloma .. ve 14g: 
Ammatocampa (= Gaeronachal ef MIKI 
Amorpha 346, 347, 350, 355, 3 66, 

B08, 370, 6900 307, 399, 422, 
424, 459-460, 497, 500 
Amorphe si 347, 382 
Amorphide 366, 367, 52. 383, 
399, 460, 496, 497, 499 
Amorphidi .. 20) =3865 259 
Amorphinae 366, 367, 275. ge 398, 496 
Amphiones 7 SHE 
Amphonyx oF 355 
ampla, Metanastria .. 112 
Amplae 350 
Amplypteri 350 
amurensis ( = tremulae), Amorpha 469 
Amurilla ; 540 
amyntor, Ceratomia 364, 498 
anachoreta, Laria 229 
anassa, Citheronia 266 
Anceryx 355 
anceus, Enyo.. ; 350 
anchemolus, Agrius .. ; ee 352 
Andraea ote 56 on ee 342 


542 INDEX. 
PAGE, PAGE. 
andrenaeformis, Sesia (Trochilium) 346 353, 354, 3555 359, 365, 366, 369, 
Andriae a0 fe te 52220 370, 373, 380, 381, 384, 487, 500, 
Angonya gS 502, 520 
Angulati ; 29 en BSZ atropos (= morta), Manduca (Acher- 
angulifera, Callosamia (Eacles) 274, ontia) .. S ae 
275, 278 | Atrosignatae 5S 
Angustae ; .. 350 | Attaci ec vo | 229; 266 
angustipennis, Eutricha ‘ 201 Attacidae 265, 200; 273, 2755 
Anisota . 268, 269, ae 272 276 280, 285—294, 342 
annularia, Phalaena . 126 | Attacides ~ 265—285, 341, 342 
annularis @é., Malacosoma _ aM W225 Attacidi we aes i. SAe 
Antheraea 2303 205,.271,) 2010342 Si Attacmae . 205, 27 le yan 
Antheraeae 50 50 266 275, 285, 286, 306, 341, 342 
Antheraeidi .. Re ae 342) | ettacus ls 271, 2727s 
Anthrocera 343, 344, 347 280, 284, 342, 384, 540 
antiqua, Notolophus es 2. 4750 | Attacus (= Ceratocampa) “<1 308 
antiqua, Phalaena 307 | Attacus (= Philosamia) 540 
anubus, Xylophanes 351 Attacus (= Saturnia) 2, 26a 
apicola by error (= alpicola), 1 Mala- ~ | Aurivillia 2,3, 226 
cosoma 1) 226, 540) Aunvyaiiiana cae 
apiforme (= apiformis), Trochilium aurota, Attacus 2 2 260 
(Sesia) .. 347 | austauti var, Amorpha 380, 390, 
apiformis (= crabroniformis), Tro- 393, 394, 395, 396, 
chilium . 344 428. 460, 472, 473, 474 
apiformis, Trochilium (Sesia, austauti-incarnataad., Amorpha 472, 473 
fEgeria) 343, 344, 345, 346, austauti-mirabilis ad., Amorpha 472, 
347, 348, 349 , 473, 474 
appollonia, Heniocha 2077 austauti-staudingeri @d., Amorpha.. 
apulus, Colax 352 472, 474 
Apyralides 350 | australasiae, Cosmotriche (?) .. 154 
Arbelidae #2 a. 230 | utomeres i. fa ae .. 266 
arbusculae var, Lachneis ae ». 226 | Automeridae ae 273, 34% 
Arceina 284 | Automerinae 272, 286 
Arctiidae 230 Automeris 23> I, 27202795 
Arctonotus ARE 280 284, 289 
Argel “9 a ne ». 351 | Autosphyla «+ 220 
argus (= uroarge), Eudaemonia .. 266 | autumnalis var., Eutricha. 117 7, FIs 228 
argus (= var, planus), Smerinthus.. 427 | axillaris, Hemaris .«, 506 
428, 429 | bacoti hybr., Lasiocampa 35, Sie 
argyracantha var., Citheronia . 362 100, 227 
Argyrauges ae ats 5, EST Basiana ; «Se5 
aricee var. (et ab.), Trichiura . 226 | hasipuncta ab.,  Lasiocampa 55, 226 
armatorius, Amblyteles 333 | bathseba (=maculosa), Pachyg pale 
armatorius, Apanteles 144 5, Oe 
arminia, Automeris .. 266 | Bebroptera (= Smerinthus) : 424 
armidis, Automeris .. ig 2266 belis, Se (Sphinx) 343, 350 
arrindia, Attacus Pe2gi Bellia ea .. 386 
artemis, Actias 342 bembeciformis, Trochilium age 348 
artemis, Hemileuca .. we .. 278 | beresowskii, Hemaris 507 
asiliformis, Trochilium (Sesia) 344, berhoba, Odonestis .. 113 
345, 346 berolinensis ab.; Cosmotriche ; 
askoldensis vay., Cosmotriche 164, 162, 163—164, 228 
165, 228 | betulifolia, Gastropacha 184, 185, 
Aspledon .. a? vas Persss 186, 200 
astylus, Calasymbolus pL eee 368 betulifolia (= ilicifolia), Gastropacha 187 
380, an 391, 423 Bhimidi : see .. aan 
atlantica, Saturnia . 342 bicolor, Sphingicampa 275, 277) 27a 
atlanticus va”., Smerinthus. . . 380 | bicolor, Thryptocera : sn 
391, 393, 394, 395, 39° 427, 428, 447 bidentata, Gonodontis ve 2a§ 
atlas, Attacus , 2806, oa 288 bieti, Saturnia ; ~» 342 
atlas (= talas), seinen 41266 bifasciata ad. , Malacosoma , .. 225 
Atropos ; 349 | bifurca, Dailalama oa 
atropos, M anduca (Acherontia, bipars, Dendrolimus <i 
Atropos, Sphinx, Brachyglossa) ., bipunctata ab., Mimas 403, 406 
343, 345, 349, 347, 348 349, 352, bistortata, Tephrosia ee ee 194 


INDEX. 543 
boerhaviae, Sphinx .. -» 343 | Brahmaeinae - <p 342 
boisduvalii, Caligula Sse) brennus, Amphion .. 351 
Bombix (= Cosmotriche) ..»156 | brevivenis, Odonestis (? ) Pe 228 
Bombix (= Eutricha) ‘3 ., 200 | brunnea aéd., Lasiocampa 50,227 
Bombix {= Lasiocampa) .. 32 | brunneaad., Malacosoma ., 225 
Bombix (= Macrothylacia) .. . 124 | brunnea ad., Mimas.. ; 404, 407 
3ombix (= Pachygastria) .. 4 | brunnea-centripuncta @é., Mimas . 404 
Bombyces ae e220 brunnea-costipuncta aé., Nanes 404 
Bombyci ‘ an 220))260 brunnea-marginata ab., Lasiocampa 
bombyci (= migrator), Cryptus 103 57, 22 
Bombycidae .. 234, 267, 269, 270, brunnea-marginepuncta @b., Mimas 404 
271, 341 | brunnea-obsoletaad.,Lasiocampa5s6, 227 
Bombycides . 341 brunnea-obsoleta ad., Mimas 04 
Bombycidi 342 | brunnea-semimarginata ab., Lasio- 
bombyciformis (=fucifor mis), Hem- campa .. Seay 
aris (Sesia) : - 349 | brunnea-transversa ab., Mimas A404 
bombyciformis (=tityus), Hemaris.. 529 | brunnea-virgata ad. , Lasiocampa G7, 2a 
Bombycinae .. as 341 brunneobasalis (=var. manderina), 
bombycoides, Ellema_ oo Hemaris . 529, 538 
Bombylia ( = Hemaris) 511 | brunnescens (= ad, brunnea), Mimas 407 
Bombyliae_.. 347, 350 | brunnus, Sesia are te 345 
bombyliforme(—fuciformis), ‘Hemaris 512 bubastus, Amplypterus eS 
bombyliforme (=tityus), Hemaris.. 347 | bucephala, Phalera (Laria).. 229, 378 
bombyliformis (=fuciformis), Hem- bufo, Syriaca : ~ M228 
aris 5075509, 512, 515, 516. | ~Bunaea 265 
bombyliformis (=tityus), Hemaris, Bunaeae P 266 
(Cephonodes, Macroglossum, burdigalensis var., Lasiocampa 67, 227 
Sesia, Setia) 344, 345, 348, 349, Butrowsia ; 386 
350, 352, 353, 354, 506, 508, butus (= gnoma), Oreus 351 
FOO EHO 511s (520 cacus (=—=caricae), Erinnyis 352 
bombyliformis (= porcellus var.), caeca, Oberthuria 342 
Theretra oe) 343, 508, 529 | caecigena,Perisomena (Satur nia) 290, 342 
Bombylii 510 | caecus, Bellia 386, 423 
Bombyx 192, 229, 230, 233, 235, caffra, “Bunaea va ne .. 206 
295, ae 540 | caftraria (—=caftra), Bunaea 266 
Bombyx (= Cosmotriche) . 155 | caicus, Phryxus sencist 
Bombyx (= Dimorpha) 235 | cajani, Libethra Jian ie? 
Bombyx (= Eutricha) fe 199 | Cajus, Xylophanes aS ee a GL 
Bombyx (= Gastropacha) .. .. 185 | Calasymbolus 379, 386, 392 
Bombyx (= Lasiocampa) Ble ee calberlae ad., Poecilocampa ne 220 
Bombyx (= Macrothylacia) nelize californica, Gastropacha ee 85 
Bombyx (= Pachygastria) .. 3, 8, 14 | californica, Platysamia 291, 292, 293 
Bombyx (= Saturnia) : 205 Caligula tes 342 
Bombyx-Laria (= Dimor pha) 235 | Caligulidi 342 
Bombyx-Lasiocampa (= Cosmo- Callidulidae 230 
triche) ‘ eS .. 156 | Callimorphae.. : ce e207 
Bombyx- Lasiocampa == Vasio- Callosamia 265, 271, 274, 279, 280, 
campa) : ae sie 286, 289 
Bombyx- Lasiocampa ( = Macro- callunze var., Lasiocampa 26, 33, 
thylacia) . -. 124 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 47, 
Bombyx- Lasiocampa ( = Pachy- ASi AG bile, 535.9545. 5555595 00; 
gastria) - GA. O27 508; 712.) 73-05, 875, Oo, OO, 
Bombyx-Odonestis (= - Cosmotriche) 156 9121925 1045-90, 97 98,4100, 
boreas, Dysdaemonia sa BZ 00 IOtee Lod, S1OS, 109,132,057, 
borealis var., Selenephera .. 220 Pedal ONG 
borkhauseni ( =o. tremulae), A= Calosaturnia .. 289, 296 
morpha .. 5A -» 469 | Calymma . 355 
bornemanni fydr., Saturnia 296, camelina, Ptilodonta (Lophopteryx) 
297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 342 229; 245 
Brachyglossa -- 353,354, 355 | camertus, Enyo - 350 
Brachyglossa ( = Acherontia = canensis ad. , Poecilocampa.. = 220 
Manduca) : . 354 | capensis, Dendrolimus Ba LEZ 
Brahmaea . 342 | capensis, Thaumas “- ion Sol 
Brahmaeidae .. 342 | caprifolii (= fuciformis), Hemaris 
Brahmaeides .. 3 ve 41) 342 509, 512 
Brahmaeidi ., me ! sia! 342 caradjae hybr., Malacosoma nes) 


544 
caricae, Erinnyis (Sphinx) .. 343, 
carolina, Phlegethontius (Sphinx, 


Protoparce) 343, 352, 353, 3745 


carpenteri var., Brahmaea .. : 

Canpinie (== pavonia), Saturnia 
(Heraea, Pavonia) 229, 266, 

Ain QO AIS, AOS a8 

cassandra, Rhescyntis 

cassandra, Sphinx (Adscita) 

castanea, ‘Cosmotriche (?) Bo 

castrensis, Malacosoma I, 4, 6, 32, 


Ol, 14a, BQE, Bi, 
catalaunica ab., Lasiocampa 57, 58, 
catax, Lachneis se B25 
Catocala AA, 
Caudatae a = 
ceanothi (= orilieoaiFca, Platysamia 
(Samia), 

cecropia, Platysamia (Samia) 
273, 274, 275, 270, 277, 279; 
283, 285, 287, 288, 290, 291, 
ae 


AF. 
280, 
292, 
| oe 
cecrops, Thaumas 
cedonulli, Parathyris.. 
Celerio 349, 355, 366, 
celerio, Hippotion (Choerocampa, 
Deilephila, Metopsilus, Sphinx, 
Spectrum) 343, 344, 347, 348, 
349, 351; 22 353, 354, 355, 
365, 380, 382, 500, 
celeus, Protoparce 
centripuncta ab., Mimas 404, 405, 
cephalariae, Saturnia : 


Cephonodae .. a 350, 

Cephonodes .. so | SOO; 

Cephonodes (= Hemaris) as 353 

Ceranchia ' 

Ceratocampa 28 1, 

Ceratocampidae (= Citheroniidae) 
267, 268, 269, 287, 

Ceratocampinae ‘ 

Ceratomia 355, 360, 362, 


cerisii, Copismerinthus 
cerisyi (—cerisil), Copismerinthus | 


cerridilolia var., Eutricha 165, 201, 


204, 205, 207, 
certhia, Brahmaea .. ae aie 
cervina a0., Malacosoma .. d 
cervina ad., Pachygastria .. ih 
cervina- approximata ab., Macrothyl- 

acia aH l29; 


cervina- -confluens abs Malacosoma 
cervina-conjuncta aé., "Macrothylacia 


129, 
cervina-dissimilis ad., Macrothylacia 
129, 
cervina-fasciata ab., Macrothylacia 
129, 


cervina-fracta ab., Malacosoma 
cervina-obsoleta ad., Macrothylacia 
129, 
Macrothylacia 
129, 
Macrothylacia 
129, 


cervina-separata a@d., 


cervina-unilinea @é., 


260,291, 9202; 


INDEX, 
352 cervina-virgata a@b., Macrothylacia 
12 
502 | cervina-virgata ab., Malacosoma : : 
342 | cervina-vulgaris ad., Malacosoma .. 
Chaerocampa (—Choerocampa) 
chamoeneril, Celerio .. “i 
BOF Cheleptenyx us: 230, 
5 AGT Chilena 154, 
343 | Chilentidi at 
154 | Chileniinze 
chionanthi, ‘Acherontia - 
540 | Chiron, Nephele a fe 
227 choerilus, Everyx (Otus) 352, 382, 
226 | Choerocampa 233, 252, 354, 355, 
376 | Choerocampa (—Eumorpha) 
206 | Choerocampa (—Theretra) 355, 361, 
Bee ocampinze 3575 
1oerocampini se 
793 Cisne ie Be 58 
’ | Chondrostegidze .- 
Chondrostegidi 
362 Chondrosteginze 
D357 christophi, Brahmaea 
367 christophi, Mimas 
540 christophi, Mirina 
Chromes a 
Chrysaores 7 
Gt stale: Ae oe : 
chrysidiforme, Sesia 
chrysiditormis, Sesia. . be 
502 | cinerascens var., Smerinthus 
oa cinerea, Sphinx : 
ao cingulata (cingulatus), " Agrius 
nae “(Sphinx, Protoparce) 343, 352, 
520 | cinnamomea, Bharetta ee 2% 
SIT | circumflexum, Exochelum 
280 | Gircumflue ., 
360 circumscriptus, Rhogas 
588 Citheronia 231, 268, 271, 272, 1273, 
268 | Citheronie ., 1 ae 
363 Citheroniide 232, 267, 268, 2609, 
Be 270,.271, 275, 280, 286,) 287. 
ts 288, 341, 
Citheroniinz ., 272, 2735 
228 | Clanes . Ms ne 
342 clara ad., Dimorpha .. 
225 Clarkia 
226 | Clarkiidi ot 
Clisiocampa .. ve 
227 clotho, Sphinx ch 
225 | cluentius, Phlegethontius 
Cnethocampa (=Eriogaster) 
a }y| Cochrania 4 . Ae. 
: cocles (ad. et var.), Pachygastria 11, 
227 13, 15, 16, T7.cOs eee 
cocles (var. mauritanica), oa 
227 gastria ., ie : 
225 coculus, Psithyros ., 
Cocytii : 4 
227 | Colaces ie : 
collesi, Chelepteryx - 30, 
227 Coloradia 271 
columbia, Platysamia_ é 290, 
227 | complexa ydr., Lasiocampa Su; 


INDEX. 545 
: PAGE. PAGE. 
complexa hkybr., Saturnia 299, 342 | dalmatina-typica @d., Eutricha 204, 228 
complicata hybr., Lasiocampa 36, 227 | dalmatina (zur. dalmatinus), Lasi- 
concolor, Pachygastria 25 AFG 226 ocampa ., 5. via x 58 
concolor, Suana .. 112 | dalmatinus var., Lasiocampa 5B, 227 
poainens ab., Malacosoma 36 8225 danum, Enyo ye x 350 
coniferarum, Hyloicus A135 Daphnides an eles 
constantina, Chondrostega .. 225 | Daphnis 353: 354s 355 
contracta-cervina aé., Pachygastria Daphnusa S- «2 355 
II, 226 | Darapsa a SRS 
contracta-flava ad., Pachygastria 11, 226 | Dasysphinx 2 355 
contracta-rufa ad., Pachygastria 12, 226 datini, Aurivillia 2, 226 
convolvuli, Agrius (Sphinx, Herse) daubii ad., Saturnia .. i204 
Bs 310,347, 3405. 352, 353, davidi, Rhodinia nif S42 
B54, 306, 374, 380, 381, 382, davidis, Aurivillia 2, 226 
384, 502 | decisa, Cosmotriche (?) Vee Sy! 
convolvuli, Cram. (= cingulatus, | decolorata, Aurivillia 2226 
Hb.), Agrius 352 | Deidamia < .. . 498 
Copiopteryx 284 | Deilephila 348, 352, 353, 354 355 356 
Copismerinthus 424 | Deilephila (= Celerio) » 381 
Corpulentae 350 | Deilephila (= Eumorpha) 355 
coryli, Demas (Laria) = 229 | Deilephila (= Spectrum) 350 
Cosmotricha (= Cosmotriche) 156 | Deilephila (= Thaumas) 361 
Cosmotriche 113, 10,216, 1535 154, Deilephilae ‘ 351 
iss—158, 228 | Deilephilides 355 
Cosmotrichidi IT, 153—155, 228 | delegorguei, Ludia 284 
Cosmotrichinae IIT, 153, 183, 228 | deleta ab., Amorpha 552 304 
Cossi 229, 266 Dendrolimidi III, 228 
Cossina 268 Dendroliminae ; it hie 228 
Cossus ! 41 Dendrolimus 2 dg) Ald, 228 
costipuncta ab., - Mimas 403, 404, 407 Dentati 5 i eet »» 352 
crabroniformis, Trochilium (Beer i ia, dentatus, Metopius. . 69, 103 
Sesia)-... 346 349 | dentatus, Polyptychus 5A Re 
crabroniformis (= apiformis), Trochi- diana var., Rhodinia -» 342 
lium ; si Be 344 | didyma, Nephele (Sphinx) 343) 350 
crantor, Pholus ay ERTS dithcilis, Apanteles .. : 143 
crataegi, Trichiura: £, 25,108, 220 diffinis (= tenuis), Hemaris 507 
crepuscularia, Tephrosia .. 194 | Dilina 349) 364 399 
Crepuscularia a4 26356, | Dilhna (= Amor pha) 460 
cretica (= alecto), Choerocampa Dilina (= Mimas) 399 
(Sphinx) 353, 354 | Dilina (— Smerinthus) 424 
creusa, Sphinx .» 343 | Dilophonota .. 499 
Cricula ae 270, 251 Dilucidae se zw 20g 
cristata, Trabala a .. 228° | diminuta aé., Cosmotriche | 2 
croatica, Cochrania (Cephonodes, 163, 228 
Macroglossa, Sphinx) 349, 350, Dimorpha 169, 229, 230, 231, 232, 
353, 354, 503, 504, 505, 506, 233, 234, 235—230, 281, 282, 
507, 515, 520, 522 341, 359, 360 
Cucullia - .. 497 | Dimorphae ae a eee 
culiciformis (culiciforme), (A®geria, Dimorphidae 229, 232, 267, 341 
Sesia, Trochilium) 343, 344, Dimorphides (Endromides) 229, 341 
345. 346, 347, 348. 349 | Dimorphidi 229, 341 
curvata ad., Lasiocampa 55, 226 | Dimorphinae 4 229;, 240 
cynira, Eacles 266 | dione (cytherea), Antheraea 266 
cynthia, Platysamia (Attacus, Samia) | Diplura ; ae 226 
POG Aan 2 As 27512795205; 291, 342 |) Diplunds = 226 
Cypa... a 35. lo Diplnnae — .~ oh 62) 1220 
cytherea, Antheraea '(Aglia) 266 | directa, Cosmotriche (?) 154 
Daddia a 86. Wimphia ie 272 
dahlii, Deilephila (Sphinx) 353, 354 | Dirphyae 266 
Dailalama a .. 342 | discistriga, Pseudosphinx rage? 
Dailalamidi 7 .. 342 | Dismor phia a erde Seer’ e, 
dalmatina ad., Eutricha 204, 205, dispar, Porthetria (Laria) 5, 220,. 427; 
206, 228 | dissimilis, Clarkia AP ss 300 
dalmatina-lineata @d., Eutricha divisa, Cosmotriche .. a it SEGA 
204, 228  dixeyi hybr., Saturnia 299, 302, 342 


546 INDEX, 
PAGE, PAGE. 
dolosa, Dendrolimus.. 4 .. 228 | Euclea Pe = as 20 355 
Dorvillia ee oe -» 235 | Eudaemonia .. ac 270, 284 
Draconipteris ae emit Eudaemoniaeé = 266 
drancus, Xylophanes 50 5 BSI Eudyaria 272 
Drepanidae .. ; 429230 eugeni hybr., elena 381 
Drepanulidae on PRO eulalia, Eacles A200 
Drepanulides .. : so »» 230 Eumorpha ce Choerocampa) 22 
dromedarius, Notodonta .. 59 RS 233, 252, 281, 3475 atoms 
drupiferarum, Lethia 352, 382 354, 355, 301, 300 soc sese 
Dryocampa .. e 55 BOS, AAO 373, 384, 560 
dubernardi, Actias .. 56 »- 342 | Eumorphae ., «. 3475358 
Dubiae an ve -» 350 | Eumorphae (= Metopsilus) 5 She 
ducalis, Hemaris 55 BOW Eumorphae (= Sphinx) .. 934 
dumeti, Lemonia 1,8, 32 | Eumorphidi i 499, 500 
dumeti (=trifolti), Pachygastria 7 | Eumorphinae 366, 367, 496, 497, 498 
dumolini, Lophostethus 375 euphorbiae, Celerio (Deilephila, Eu- 
Dupones  _ 50 351 morpha, Hyles, Spectrum, Sphinx) 
Dysdaemonia . zit 39, 343, 344, 345, 347, 348; 
Dysdaemoniae 266 349, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355 
Eaclae Ss : a0 200 366, 380, 381, 499, 502 
Eacles 267, 268, 271, 272, 276, 279 | Eupterotida a ve BOY, 
eacus (= megeacus), Daphnis 351 Euryglottides a rans 
Echidna 36 ; .- 295 | Euryglottes se +5 oe 355 
Echidnae 229, 266, 295, 296 Eurypteryx re an 355 
egeas, Automeris ae . 266 | Kustaudingeria é 225 
Elegantes oe 56 350 | Euthrix (= Cosmotriche) 156 
Elibia a ; ie 355 Euthrix (= Eutricha) 200 
Ellema : a 50. Sy Euthrix (= Gastropacha) .. =. BOS 
ello, Erinnyis (Sphinx) 343, 351 | Eutricha 113, 114, Die} eoa ye 
E]penor Bale ~ 34°, 349 I99—201, 228 
Elpenox (by error for Celerio) 308, 540 Eutrichae ae +) 2OF 
elpenor, Eumorpha (Choerocampa, Eutrichidae xe ~. Pee 
Deilephila, Metopsilus, Oreus, Eutrichidi I12, 183, 18a, 9228 
Sphinx) )@ 39,7162) 123i,1233, 3075 Eutrichinae ‘ IT2, 183228 
343, 347, 349, 351, 352, 353, eversmanni, Pachygastria 2, 4, 5, 
354, 355, 363, 365, 366, 368, 6, 11,,15, 175 19) 226 
379, 373) 374, 381, 499, 500, 502 | Everyx > ve = »» 355 
Elpenor (= Eumorpha} : dE OS) excaecata (= excaecatus), Paonias 352 
emiliae Aybr., Saturnia 290, 297, excaecatus, Paonias (Smerinthus).. 
ee 393, 342 352, 367, 369 
Endromes .. 229 | excellens var. (et ab.), Dendrolimus 
Endromidae .. ; i 1230 120, 228 
Endromidae (Dimorphidae)_ 230, excelsa ad., Dendrolimus 228 
232, 267 | Excelsae 35° 
Endromides (= Dimorphides) .. 229 | Exiles ee oH <2 2350 
Endromis ‘(= Dimorpha) 229, 232, eximia, Pyrosis (? Bhima) .. ie en 
233, 235, 236, 246, 360 | exstincta(= abd. obsoleta), Mimas .. 404 
Enyones aie e ees 5O. extrema ad., Cosmotriche 162, 163, 228 
Ephemera ie oh aut! fadus, Aéllopes (Sesia) 345, 350 
Epicnaptera (= Gastropacha) 118, falcipennis, Mustilia Sie . 342 
185, 186 | familiaris (= quercis), Lasiocampa _ 43 
epilobii hybr., Celerio (Deilephila) faro, Psithyres ‘ ws 350 
354, 381 fasciana, Chondrostega " 225 
epimethea, Imbrasia .. 266 | fasciata ad., Macrothylacia .. «5 ee 
Epistor : 55 fasciata aé,, Saturnia oe 305s game 
equestris, Theretra neaghl fasciatella vav., Dendrolimus . 228 
Erinnyes * 5u fasciatella (= undans), Dendrolimus 120 
Eriogaster (= ‘Cnethoc ampa) . 119 | femorata va7., Paralebeda . aay 
Eriogaster (= Macrothylacia) . 124 | femorata,Dendrolimus (by error) 228, 540 
erotus, Chromis SSG fenestrata (= ad. fenestratus), Lasio- 
erythrinae, Rhescyntis ye ey campa .. 87 
eson, Isoples 351 fenestratus (= @d. fenestrat a), Lasio- 
esulae, Deilephila 354 Campa) hs $0 87, 227 
Eucheryx 355 fenestrina, Thyris (Trochilium) 344, 350 
Euchloron 355 ~~ fentoni, Dendrolimus un .. 228 


INDEX. 

PAGE. 
ferenigra ad., Aglia 290, 342 
ferruginea, Gastropacha__,, a TOS 
ferruginea ad., Macrothylacia 128, 227 


ferruginea, Metanastria ahi 122 
ferruginea-approximata aé., Macro- 
thylacia oe : L209 227, 
ferruginea-conjuncta ad., Macro- 
thylacia .. se i Oe 2H 
ferruginea-dissimilis a@d., Macro- 
thylacia .. Se Tee Se 227 
ferruginea - fasciata ad., Macro- 
thylacia a See 20227 
ferruginea - obsoleta a@d., Macro- 
thylacia : aon 227 
ferruginea-separata ab., Macro- 
thylacia 128, 227 
ferruginea-unilinea a@0., Macro- 
thylacia x0 128, 227 
ferruginea - virgata a@d., Macro- 
thylacia pie 120, 227 
ficus, Pholus (Sphinx) 343, 351 
ficus (= syces), Enyo ae 5 ISO 
filipendulae, Anthrocera (Sphinx, 
Zygaena) -» 343, 344, 347 
flava ab., Pachygastria 4, Io, II, 226 
flavatorius, Ichneumon 50 VG 
flaveola, Dendrolimus an e220 
flavomarginata, Malacosoma 5 BAS 
flavovittata, Arguda ae US 
foliumsiccum (= ilicifolia), ‘Gastro- 
pacha lor 
forestan, Cocytius NaS 
formiciformis, Sesia .. »» 346 
fracta ab., Malacosoma Bete 215 
franconica, Malacosoma p22 540 
Frenatae : ete Ae Bn EO 
freyer1 ab. (et war.), Trichiura 226 


fringsi kybr., Amorpha (Smerinthus) 


38c, 391, 393-— 394, 396 


fuchsi ad., Amorpha 

fuciforme (== eae 
Cal) eae 

fuciformis, Hemaris " (Cephonodes, 
Macroglossum, Sesia, Setia, 


Sphinx) 343, 344, 345, 346, 
347, 348, 349, 350, 352—353, 


469, 471- 


Hemaris 


472 


512 


354, 355, 366, 384, 501, 502, 
503, 504, 505, 506, 508, 5009, 
510, 5II, 512-528, 529, 531, 
: : 532, 533 535» 539, 540 
fuciformis (=tityus), Hemaris 507, 
508, 509, 513; a 528, 529 
fugax, Rhodinia ae : 42 
fugitivus, Cryptus ae 487 
fumipennis, Cryptus .. 22333 
fumosa (=tenuis), Hemaris 505 
fusiformis (—fuciformis), Hemaris 
(Sesia) 354, 512 


fusiformis (tityus), Hemaris (Sesia) 


349 


Gastropacha (=Eutricha) Be 18,0) 
Gastropacha (=Lasiocampa) 32 
galbina, Saturnia . 296 


galeropa var., Saturnia 


; 54 
galii (—gallii), Celerio (Deilephila, 


Hyles, Sphinx) 349, 351, 353; 


354, 306 


O 


547 


PAGE. 


gallii, Celerio (Deilephila, Sphinx) 
39, 347, 3525 353 355, 308, 380, 
381 


a 502 
Gamelia ree 
Gameliae , e206 
ganascus, Amplypterus 5G) 
ganssuensis, Hemaris 507 

Gastropacha TeOnato, 32, “0, 118, 
184, 185- 186, 200, 228 
Gastropacha (Cosmotriche) .. . 156 
Gastropacha (Eutricha) a . 186 
Gastropacha (Macrothylacia) wed 
Gastropacha (= Pachygastria) 4 
Gastropacha (—Odonestis) .. i) B56 
gaurae, Proserpinus MD 1 350 
geminatus, Smerinthus 369, 423, 451 
geniculator, Rhogas 46 Seles 
giganteum, Anomalon 28 
giganteum var., Exochelum 28 
glasunowi, Gastropacha (?) Be PS 
Glaucopes 347, 350 
gloveri, Samia 2Z2Q1.5202.0 208 
Gloveria ae oe ie 
Glovertidi Li. 120 
gnoma, Oreus (Sphinx) BAR 25k 
gordius, Lethia : y a aS 
gordius (= gortys), X ylophanes B50 

gorgon, Pterogon (Enyo, Sphinx) 
S42) a3) wea! 
gorgon (= gorgoniades), Proserpinus 350 
gorgoniades, Pterogon she 353 
gorgoniades (= gorgon), Proserpinus 350 
gortys, Xylophanes ae 351 
Graciles a 350 
gracilis, Andraca 342 
gracilis, Hemaris 54 SOD 
Graéllsia 3 27M 342 
graminellae, Pimpla Ws 
grandis, Exorista oe OSS 

grandis, Lasiocampa Pe lil BP. BIR 
42, 226 
grifithsi Zybr., Platysamia 4 20K 
grisea ab., Gastropacha 18g, 228 
grisea ab., Macrothylacia eto 
grisea vary., Lachneis He «7 220 

grisea-approximata a@b., Macrothy- 
lacia oP wee On 227 

grisea-conjuncta  a@d., Macrothy- 
lacia at 2658 227 

grisea-dissimilis ad., ‘ Macrothylacia 
12650 227 

grisea-fasciata ab., Macrothylacia 
128, 227 

grisea-obsoleta @b., Macrothylacia 
120,227 

grisea-pallida ab., Gastropacha 189, 22 

glisea-separata a@b., Macrothylacia 
12050227 

grisea-suffusa ad., Gastropacha 189, 
228 

grisea-unilinea a@d., Macrothylacia 
120592271 

grisea-virgata a@b., Macrothylacia 
L205 227 


guillemotii ad., Lasiocampa 51, 56, 
62, 66, 67, 


548 INDEX. 
PAGE. PAGE. 
Gynanisa 265, 266 | Hymenopterides .. 350 
haemorrhoidalis, Sesia 343» 344, 345 Hymenopteroides 347 
hamula, Platypteryx ., 229 | Ebyperchnaae 266 
hannibal, Phlegethontius ~. 352 | diypercompae 267 
harrisii, Ellema - 382 | hyphiaeformis, Sesia 346 
hartii, Antheraea . 342 | hypothous (=?hippothous), Daphnis 382 
hasdrubal, Hyloicus 5 ARE Hypsidae ; ‘ 230 
hearseyi, Brahmaea 342 hyrcana var., Chondrostega . 225 
Hemaridi are 506—s08 hyrtaca, Dendrolimus ( Metanastria) 
Hemarinae 496, 497, 498, 499, 502—-506 TEL, 112, 512 
Efemans: 2545-355.) 200, 3705) 505, iberica ad., Pachygastria 12, 13. 15, 
506, 507, 510—SII, 526, 538 33, 226 
Hemeroplanae : a .. 350 | ichneumoniformis, A%geria (Sesia, 
Hemileuca PT ee Ag Pay PROX ROY, ARIAS Trochilium) 344 345: Bie Se 349 
Hemileucidae 232, 268, 269, 270, idiota, Pyrosis » 226 
272 ie 2185 280, 287, 288, 241- | alia, Apatura cs . 482 
Hemileucinae _ 2715. 200 ilicifolia, Gastropacha 32, 112, 119, 
Henioche : » AGF = 120, 158,164, Lobe 186- 199, 
henkei, Autosphyla o. -226 200, 204, 228 
Hepiali ie : .. 229, 266 | ilicis, Achnocampa ne eee 
Hepialidae_.. 3 is .. 87 | illusor, Exetastes 533 
Heraea (=Saturnia)., 295, 296 Imbrasiae . “266 
Heraeae 229, 266, ae 295 | immaculata (=a. obsoleta), " Mimas 404 
hercules, Coscinocera : . 284 | immunis, Apanteles .. 333 
Herse. oe : ~ 349 Immaculatae ., : we e3GC 
herzi (nana), Pachygastria 6 | imperatoria (—imperialis), Eacles .. 206 
hespera, Sphinx .» 343 | Imperialis, Eacles (Aglia) 266, 268, 
hesperus, Attacus e200 275; 270s 278, 362, 372 
Heteromorphae eZ O7 incarnata aod. , Amorpha 4 as 308 
heyerl /ydr., Platysamia 291, 293 | incendaria, Sphecomorpha - - 340 
heynei aé., Hemaris.. 513-514 | incompleta aéd., Eutricha 204, 228 
hilleri ad., ‘Malacosoma 225 | Incompletae .. ; - io BSE 
Hipocritae . 267 | infumata a@é., Saturnia 314, 356, 242 
hippodamia, Rhescyntis se A ACY ingrata (=ocellatae), Microphitis .. 441 
hippophaés, Celerio (Deilephila, inscripta, Deidamia .. ~ 504 
Hyles, Sphinx) 349, 351, 353, insolens, Pezomachus pisee 
354, 368, 381 | imspersa var., Lachneis 226 
hippothous, Daphnis ‘ . 351 | instigator, Pimpla : 175, 416 
Hippotion Sih. Ae 354, 355 365 intemerata, Cosmotriche (?) 154 
Hippotion (—Deilephila) .. . 353 | interfaunus 2ydr., Calasymbolus 380, 392 
Hippotiones .. ae 351 | intermedia ad, , Cosmotriche 162, 163, 228 
hirsutella, Sterthopterix on . 49 | intermedia ab. ., Malacosoma ~. 225 
hoegei ad. (et var.), Eutricha 204, intermedia Ayér., Lasiocampa 35, 227 
206, 228 intermedia, Malaccsoma = 226 
howardi, Dendrolimus II4, 115, 116 | inversa ad., Cosmotriche 160, 163 
huttoni, Saturnia ». 342 | inversa (=ad. extrema ¢), Cosmo- 
Hyalinae . x3 oe e350 triche . #63 
hybrida hyér., Saturnia 297, 342 | inversa hyor., ‘Amorpha 380, 381, 390, 
hybrida-major Zydr., Saturnia 297, 342 391, 395, 495 
hybrida-media “ydr., Saturnia .. 342 | inversa Aydr., Lasiocampa 36, 227 
hybrida-minor hybr., Saturnia... 297 | 10, Hy perchiria 266, 276, 278, 285 
Hybrides ei 229 irene, Automeris .. 206 
hybridus ybr., Smerinthus 380, 381, Ireocampa (—Pachy gastria) a: 
390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 396 iris, Apatura .. .. 482 
ioe ae -459, 495 | irmina, Gamelia -» 266 
Hylae.. 351 | isabellae, Graéllsia 294, 342 
hylaeiformis, Sesia 346, 349 | Isoplae os 568 
hylaeus, Hyloicus fe 351 isis, Gynanisa — vie 2S 
hylas, Cephonodes (Sesia) 343, 345, isocymae, Cosmotriche (PD i» ee 
350, 505, 506 | ixion, Sphinx (Sesia) 343, 345 
hylaus, (=? hylaeus), Dolba we 382 ixion, Citheronia 362 
Hyles (=Deilephila) 353, 355 | jana, Antheraea .. 266 
Hylesia wn ate xa .. 272 | jankowskii, Rhodinia =k ~» 342 
Hyloici : aS i »» 35 | janus, Automeris 266, 276, 277 
Hyloicus (Sphinx) 353, 355, 306 * japonica, Brahmaea . es +. 342 


INDEX. 549 
PAGE. PAGE. 
japonica, Caligula 228, 232.) 342 Leucophlebides 355 
japonica var. , Aglia .. B42. eves 2s 351 
japonica var., Gastropacha 188, 189, 228 liberia, Automeris 266 
japyo, Enyo .. . 350 | licaon, Pholus ar Sue 
jatrophae, Cocytius (Sphinx) 343 352 | licastus, Oreus se ate eos he 
jonasii var., Caligula : . 342 | ligustri, Sphinx (Herse, Lethia, 
josua, Pachy gastria 2, ae FeO, 220 Spectrum) 342, 343, 344, 346, 
jucunda, Automeris .. e200 3475. 3495. 3490 3525 35353545 
Jugatae 230 355» 359, 361, 363, 365, 366, 
juglandis, Cressonia " (Polyptychus) 305,00369;, “370; 3705). 3735" 3745 
- 352, 369 380, 381, 384, 385, 409, 411, 
juniperatae, Apanteles ie AY A315, 435, 455, 0479) 492,. 502; 
jussieuae, Dupo Be ei ai Largo 
kalmiae, Lethia 352, 382 | limacodes, Cochlidion ie a 41 
katinka, Loepa .. 342 | limosa, Pachypasa - 4 228 
Kayeia : 386 lineata, Cosmotriche ( ? 154 
kindermanni, Daddia (Smerinthus) lineata (=livornica), Phryxus (Deile- 
386, 391, 422, 429 phila) . 351, 354 
kirbyi Zydr., Antheraea 293, 342 | lineata, Phr yxus (Deilephila, coh) 
kirghisica var. (et ab.), Malacosoma 225 347, 349, 352, 353 382 
knautiae (=titvus), Hemaris 509, 529 | lineata, Rondotia ., ae i BAZ 
labruscae, Argeus (Sphinx)... 343, 351 | lippei Zydr., Celerio.. 381 
lachesis, Manduca .. ts .. 382 | Lithosiae . 267 
Lachneidae . I, 225, 230 | livornica, Phryxus (Deilephila, Phry- 
Lachneides I, 186, ee 267 nus) 351, 353, 355; 366, 502 
Lachneidi a . 226 | l-nigrum, Laria 49 
Lachneinae 226 | lobulina var., Selenephera I, 8, 49, 
Lachneis : 4, 226, 540 156, 226 
Lachnocampa (—=Macrothylacia) i240 325) Loepa... =a 272, 342 
Lacosomidae . , = 268 Loepidi : os ri -» 342 
laeta, Routledgia I 5 Sam | 54 228 | lonicerae (= fuciformis), Hemaris 
Lagoa, F 119 509, 512 
laocoon (=anassa), Citheronia . 266 | loti, Diplura .. oe ate 4, 226 
Laothoé 5 347, 348, 386 | Lophostethus,, xe 360, 362 
Laotboé (=A morpha) Be .. 460 | Lophura ais re eas 
Laothoé (=Mimas) .. 399 | lucetius, Phlegethontius 352 
Laothoé (—Sichia) -» «+ 375 | lugens ad., Aglia 342 
Laothoé (=Smerinthus) 35° 354, 424 | lugubris, Sphinx aa 
Lambessa_.. a 2, 227 | luna, Actias (Tropaea) 236, 266, 27 0, 
Lambessidi 2a 227 ZT ATA Aine 270; 277, 
lanestris, Lachneis 14, PAT eo af HOF 280, 285, 292, 93> 294 
68, 188, 226, 25% 330, 332 | luna (= selene), Tropaea 266 
Lapara : 355 | Lunatae : . 266 
lapponica var., Lasiocampa 85 i, 86, 227 | lunigera, Selenephera 49, I 56, I 57 7s 220 
lapponica ad. , Dimorpha 341 | lunula, Philosamia 22 279, 287 
Bara. . 229 | lurida var., Rondotia 2A 
larvarum, Tachina a 144 | lurdus, Meteorus 333 
Lasiocampa ieee par a 31, 32- 42, luscitiosa, Gargantua 382 
86, 113, 114, 12 be 125) 15, lutea var., Malacosoma 226 
: 226, 267, 384 | lutescens ad., Cosmotriche 162, 163, 228 
Lasiocampa (=Eutricha) 199 | lutescens ad., Gastropacha.. 189, 228 
Lasiocampa (—=Gastropacha) 185 | lutescens ad., Mimas peo 
Lasiocampa (=Macrothylacia) 124 | lutescens ab., Saturnia 314, 342 
Lasiocampa cee aaa, 3 | luteus, Malacosoma os = 540 
Lasiocampidae 230 | lutorius, Trogus v0i4 44; 487 
Lasiocampina ‘ 230 | lycetus, Xylophanes . S ee 351 
latipennis, Metanastria 112 | lyctus, Enyo : a 350 
latovirgata ab., see 34 55, 226 | Lymaniriidae ve °3 230 
Lebeda d II2 Lymantriides.. 267 
ledereri, Brahmaea . . 342 | macki, Kayeia =m 980 
Legitimae 343, 347, 350 _Macroglossa —= Macroglossum — — 
leoniae hybr., Mamas a ee 39! Sesia) 359, 352, 354, 355, 
Lethia (Sphinx) ., 53 358, 361 
Lethiae ba ce xy! = 352 Macroglossa (= Hemaris) .. 510, 511 
Leucophlebia on ne »» 355 Macroglossides ve + » 355 


550 INDEX. 
PAGE. . PAGE, 
Macroglossinae ate -» 357, 358 | meridionalis var., Lasiocampa 21, 
Macroglossinae (= Sesiinae) 496, 34, 35; 36, 37, 38,3940 se 
497, 498, 499 51, 52, 53, 55, 59, 60, 62, 63, 


Macroglossum 343; 344, 345, 3475 


348. 349, 357, 500, 503 
Macroglossum (= Sesia) on BES 
Macrosila ba BGS5 23713} 
Macrothylacia 3, 113, 121, 123— 
125, 227 
Macrothylaciidi Hi, LAO. Wai. 
122502277, 
maculata ab., Mimas 404, 406 
maculosa var., Pachygastria 18, 226 
Madorya 55 » B55 
maia, Hemileuca BOD, BUS. 7s 
maja, Saturnia 207s 205 
major @ad., Eutricha 204, 228 
Malacosoma AMV 2 1 liS ty li5O-2 2G 
Malacosomidi os oe ay 2216 
Malacosominae 225 
mandarinus, Bombyx »« 342 
manderina var., Hemaris 529, 538 
Manduca _347, 349, 350, 355, 301, 
366, 371, 372, 380, 383, 
386, 499 
Manducae 2475 S51 
Manducinae 366, 367, 496, 499 
mandschurica var., Actias 5 
marginata ad., Lasiocampa 50, SI, 
53, 55, 56, 71, 226 
marginepuncta a@d., Mimas . 404 
marginepunctata, Borocera 112, 113 
marica, Sesia vs 345 
marocana var., Saturnia 342 
maroccana var., Lasiocampa 226 
matheri var., Saturnia : 342 
mauritanica UAL «, Pachygastria 
ily Os Bao 
mauritii, Protoparce ; SiS 
mauritunnica (= var. mauritanica), 
Pachygastria 16 
medicaginis ab. (et var.), “Pachy- 
COS REy TUR MLO, Foy ity UB, 
12 eo Ap ncn ala LO ea2 7298220 
medor (=jatrophae), Cocytius 352 
megaeacus, Daphnis.. 351 
megaera, Sphinx a 343 
Meganoton .. 0 oe 30) 
melaina ad., Aglia 342 
Melalophae ae sc 267 
melanocephalus (= crabroniformis), 
Trochilium 349 
melas, Sesia .. on 345 
melliniformis, Sesia .. 346 
menciana, Rondotia 342 
mendocino, Saturnia . 296 
menephron, Hyloicus 352 
menippe, Antheraea,. . 266 
menyanthidis, Pharetra eS) 
meridionalis ad, (et var.), Eutricha 
204, 205, 206, 228 
meridionalis - lineata a@d., Eutricha 
204, 228 
meridionalis-obsoleta a@d., Eutricha 
204, 228 


64, 88, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 


1OL,, TIO, 7224 

meridionalis var., Saturnia 314, 
316, 342 
Merinthus (=Amorpha) .. .. 460 
Merinthus (=Mimas) vAbis -. 399 
Merinthus (=Smerinthus) .. '. 420 
Mermis 2s, LOR 
meta, Automeris as 5 206 
Metagastes a «36 aes oe 55 
Metanastria a en 2am 
Metanastria (=Amurilla) ie + 540 
Metanastria (= ai ee 
Metanastriae .. : on, ea 
Metanastriidi.. I 1, 120,227 
Metanastriinae 111, 120, 121, 123, 227 

metis hybr., Amorpha 380, 393, 
394-395 
Metopsilus - 354 
mexicana, Dendrolimus = Te 
micratorius, Metopius ; Lez 
Microgaster os a6 ES a EAE 
Microlophia .. 56 © 355 
Micropteryx 56 +. -2g0 
migrator, Cryptus » 1035) Taq 


milesiformis ab., Hemaris 3 ay 515—516 


Mimantes 352, 398 
Mimantidi . -» 386, 308 
Mimas 353, 355, 366, 375, 386, 398-309 
Minias (= Mimas) .. -» 353, 399 
minima, Cosmotriche (?) : Seige 
minor @0., Malacosoma oe 225 
minor @é., Pachygastria ‘ 12, 540 
minor @é., Saturnia .. 315, 342 
minor, Syrastrena a «LEZ 
Mirina 342 
modesta, Triptogon Evy 386, 422, 
451, 501 
modesta, Gastropacha (?) .. are tes 
modestus (= modesta), Triptogon.. 451 
molina, Syssphinx ere 229 
Mollipe “i . ve oe 272 
monacha, Lymantria_ oe 5, 120 
monitorius, Amblyteles .. 487 
montana vav., Dendrolimus 228 
moorei Zyd7., Antheraea 294, 342 
mori, Bombyx 230, 231, 233, 235, 
277; 2795 342, 360 
morpheus, Nephele .. »s 350 


morta, Manduca (Acherontia) 352, 502 


mortoni ydr., Actias 292 
multifenestrata, Copaxa . 277 
musca (= eae Hemaris By 
Mustilia ~ : ats . 342 
mutillaeformis, Sesia a 346 


mylitta, Antheraea 266, 287, 291 


myops, Paonias (Smerinthus) 352, 
: 423, 436 

myron, Everyx (Otus) 352, 382, 
498, 499 
Nadiasa < a ax ». 228 
Nadiasidi .. eis oe » 228 


INDEX. 551 


PAGE. 
Nadiasinae .. . a i228 
nana, Cosmotriche (?) of we) 154: 
nana, Pachygastria 2 Ane5s) (05 220 
nausica, Hyperchiria Ass oa 200 
nechus, Theretra .. or sa SS 
neogena, Autosphyla em fo 2A 
neoptolemus, ge as ee 35a 
Nephelae oe 44 ag 5O 
nerii, Daphnis "(Choerocampa, 
Elpenor, Metopsilus, Sphinx) 


39, 343, 347, 348, 349, 351; 
3535 354, 355, 308, 381, 502 


nessus, Amphion ... ee alee 3o2 
nessus, Theretra 3% . 382 
neustria, Malacosoma I, 4, 6, 32, 

194, 217, 225, 317, 
newara, Loepa 5 PXEKO) 


nicaea, Hyles (Deilephila, Sphinx) 


3913 353) 354, 


Nicea (= nicaea), ae iA oo. Bi 


Niceryx Sf . 26 355 
Nicholsonia .. : 50 Bye xO0) 
nicobarensis, Clanis .. os as ABI 
nigerrima ab., Aglia 290, 342 
nigritar sus, Bassus oe 56 LOR 
niris, Cosmotriche (?) 36 Foe ye 
Nobiles : +4 oe 5a 2EO 
nobilis, Lebeda oe Sige ike 
Noctua ie 56 ne so BAO) 
Noctuidae... 54 +1230 
nomadaeformis, Sesia 68 = 340 
Notodontidae 51 232 On 
Notolophus .. a6 204 
numida var., Saturnia oe nes 42 
Oberthtria.. sa BAB 
oberthiiri ydr., Smerinthus 380, 393 
oberthtiri, Loepa... a bo. Ye 
obliqua, Pinara ate bc baer el 
obliquata, Chilena .. "3 0228 
Obliquostriatae ae Sc Le 26 
obscura ab., Dimorpha ee 210 AT 
obscura aé., ” Eutricha 223 
obscura ab., Syriaca.. e L228, 
obscura, 1 Metanastria f _ ne 
obscura-obsoleta ad. , Dimorpha 240, 341 
obscura, Sphinx a 343 
obscura (= var. aestiva), Eutricha 
Li7, 116, 120 
obscurus, Cryptus  ., ae a2 
obscurus, Ophion .. 56 iy 28 
obsoleta ad., Dimorpha Boal 
obsoleta ad., Lachneis ae jn 220 
obsoleta ab., Lasiocampa EOe227 
obsoleta ad., Malacosoma .. a 225 
obsoleta ab., Mimas 404-405, 406 
obsoleta ad., Saturnia se) GUO SH 2 
obsoleta-berolinensis @., Cosmo- 
oes : ipl a 02,2228 
obsoleta-cervina ab., Pachygastria 
Tl, 226 
obsoleta-extrema a@b., Cosmotriche 
163, 540 


obsoleta-flava ad., Pachygastria 10, 226 
obsoleta-lutescens ad., Cosmotriche 
163, 228 


PAGE, 
obsoleta-medicaginis ab., Pachy- 
gastria .. cat eee ts Lune 20 
obsoleta, Nadiasa_ ., we25 
obsoleta-potatoria aé., Cosmotriche 
O02. 220 


obsoleta-rufa ab., Pachygastria ,.12, 226 
occellata (=ocellata), Smerinthus ,. 424 
occidentalis, Triptogon (Marumba) 


Ri Ns aaa 
ocellata,Smerinthus (Dilina, Laothoé, 


Sphinx) 343, 346, 347, 348, 
349, 352, 354, 355, 363, 365, 
3005 368;, 370), 3725-3135 379: 


380, 381, 384, 385, 386, 387, 
388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 
394, 395, 396, 397, 399, 402, 
408, 409, 410, 422, 423, 424— 
448, 4 440» 450, 451, 453, 454, 
455» 456, 457, 458, 459, 467, 
474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 480, 
484, 486, 487, 495, 500 
ocellata x populi Zyér., Smerinthus 
392-393, 448-459 


ocellatae, Microplitis 416, 441, 487 
ocellatus (= ocellata), Smerinthus 
(Paonias) 352, 353, 425 
ocellatus (= var. atlanticus), Smer- 
inthus .. : «« 428 
ocellatus (= var. planus), Smerin- 
thus = 427 


ochracea-confluens a6. Pe Malacosoma 225 
ochracea-fracta ad., Malacosoma ,, 225 

ochracea - marginata Qo, Wasio= 
campa ., sie 56, 227 

ochracea-obsoleta ab., Lasiocampa 
? 4 

ochracea-semimarginata ad., Lasio- 
Camp aes. a SOm227 
ochracea-unicolor ab., Malacosoma 225 
ochracea-virgata ab., Lasiocampa 56, 227 


octomaculata, Sesia_ Se 2+ 345 
oculatus (ocellata), Smerinthus .. 373 
ocypete, Sphinx ss sc -- 343 
ocys, Hippotion a =. 352 
ocys (= celerio), Eappetion Ble 355 
Ocyton whet 3 Ge 
Odonesis (= Cosmotriche) i se Lue 
Odonestidi . L12,21835 228 
Odonestis DEAD TiS N50, Noy. 225 
Odonestis (= Cosmotriche) . a B56 
CEnosanda .. By Be BOSS 
oenotherae (= proserpina), Pterogon 
(Proserpinus, Sesia,  Setia, 


Sphinx), 346, 347, 348, 349, 
nies 350, 353, 354, 361 
oenotrus, Erinnyis .. “A ». 352 
oiclus, Hemeroplanes ot ae S50 


oldenlandiae, Sphinx RAS} 


olivacea ab., Lasiocampa Oy 227 
olivaceo-fasciata ab., Lasiocampa 48, 

81, 86-87, 227 
olivacea, Gloveria .. oe ey ALES 
onobrichis (—trifolii), Pachygastria 7 
opheltes, Hyles oe me aa hE 
ophthalmicus, Smerinthus Og, Ce! 


552 INDEX. 
PAGE. PAGE. 
Overs: 50 es .. 351 | parallela var., Malacosoma.. 226 
Oreus (Deilephila) 20 . 353, 354 .| parece, Sphinx : = 343 
crion (= alpium), Moma .,. .. 475 | parthenias, Brephos .. oe 258 
Orimiscodes .. 5 , .. 272 | pastrana, Chondrostega 225 
osyris, Choerocampa ». 354 | pauli kybr., Celeno 2 =: 381 
(Shae au oe te Re 4 paupercula, Cosmotriche ( ? ) 154 
othello ad. ( ? var.), Malacosoma .. 226° | pavonia, Saturnia (Heraea) 75, 231, 
otus, Pachypasa [12 U3. 225 234,246, 265, 266; 2755 25m) 
RAchyeasthiannei203 9455, 182,013,220 281, 282,- 284, 285,288, 200. 
Pachygastria (= Lasiocampa) Meat 72 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 
Pachygastriidi : 212) 220 300, 301, 205, 306-341, 242 
Pachygastriinae ae Ze 1, .226 364, 386 
Pachylia 355, 499 | Pavonia (=Satumia) . 2 295 
Pachypasa .. 228 | pavonia-major, Saturnia 2: 207 
Pachypasidi .. 228 | pavonia-minor (=pavonia), Saturnia 
Pachypasinae ; 55 BRE 236, 266, 306, 307 
palaestinensis var., Lasiocampa . 226 | Pavoniae - 267 
palaestrana var., Chondrostega . 225 | pavoniella (—=pavonia), Saturnia 306 
palliatorius, Amblyteles A441 | pavoniellus (—pavonia), Saturnia 307 
pallida ad., Amorpha 469 | pavunculus (=pavonia), Saturnia .. 307 
pallida ad., Dimorpha -. 341 | pechmanni ad., Mimas -. 406 
pallida ab., Gastropacha 189, 228 | pectinicornis, Sphinx ve +» 343 
pallida ad., Macrothylacia 128, te 227 | pelasgus, Cephonodes 0, 506 
pallida ab., Malacosoma 225 | penaeus (—didyma), Nephele 350 
pallida aé., ’ Smerinthus . 427 | penelope, Eacles 266, 362 
pallida ab., Trichiura =A .. 226 | penzigi hydr., Malacosoma . . 226 
pallida - approximata ab., Macro- Pergasa fe . 355 
thylacia ‘ von 028, 227 | eerigonia 355 
pallida-centripuncta ab., Mimas 404 Perisomena .. . 2, oe 
pallida-conjuncta aé., Macrothylacia pernyi, Antheraea 287, 288, 290, 
128, 227 291, 293, 294, 342 
pallida-dissimilis ad., Macrothylacia perny-yama #ydr., Antheraea 291, 342 
128, 227 | perspicilla, Parathyris 267 
pallida - fasciata ab., Macrothylacia Phalaena (= Cosmotriche) .. 0 RS 
128, 227 | Phalaena (= Dimorpha) .. 2s 
pallida-flava ad., Pachygastria 10, 226 | Phalaena (= Eutricha) : . 199 
pallida-marginepuncta ab,, Mimas 403 | Phalaena (= Gastropacha) .. 185 
pallida-obsoleta @b., Dimorpha 341 | Phalaena (= Lasiocampa) . 31 
pallida-obsoleta ab., Macrothylacia Phalaena (= Macrothylacia) 123 
128,227 | Phalaena (—Pachygastria) .. 3 
pallida-obsoleta ab., Mimas e+ 404 | Phalaena (= Saturnia) : 25 
pallida-separata ab., Macrothylacia Phalaena-Attacus (= Saturnia) 295, 307 
128, 227 | Phalaena-Bombyx (= Cosmotriche) 
pallida-transversa ab., Mimas 403 155, 159 
pallida-unilinea @d., Macrothylacia Phalaena-Bombyx (= Dimorpha) 
128; 0227; 235) 2e5 
pallida-virgata a@b., Macrothylacia Phalaena- Bombyx (= Eutricha) 199, 202 
128, 227 | Phalaena-Bombyx (=Gastropacha) 185 
Pallidovenosae .. 351 | Phalaena-Bombyx (=Lasiocampa) 
palpina, Sesia.. ac 349 31, 43, as 
pamphilius, Hyloicus 351 | Phalaena-Bombyx(=Macrothylacia) 
pan, Hemeroplanes . 350 123, 126 
pandion, Argeus 351 Phalaena-Bombyx (=Pachygastria) 
pandiona, Parathyris 267 , &,. 
Panocra 355 | Phalaena-Bombyx (=Saturnia) 295, 307 
panopus, Amplypterus .. 350 | Phalaena-Sphinx (=Hemaris) . 510 
Paoniae hs : »» 352 | Phalaenae 3 229, 266 
Paonias ue -» 533 | Phalaenae-Attaci 266 
Paonias (—=C alasy mbolus) =a .» 392 | Phalaenae-Bombyces 266 
Paonias (—Smerinthus) 353, 424 Fhalaenae-Bombyci os 20u 
paphia, Antheraea .. 206 | phalaenarum, Telenomus 20, 132 
paphus, Phlegethontius .. 352 | phalaris, Clanis 351 
Papilionides .. 347, 350 | Phalera 378 
Paralebeda .,, as ore ieee Pharathyrides ; vo 207 
Paralebedidi ., ee oe 227 | phegea, Glaucopis (Sphinx) 343, 347 


INDEX. 553 
PAGE. PAGE, 
phegeus, Ee a4 - 350 | populetorum var., Amorpha 467, 
Pheosia : PATey| | 472-473 
Philampelus .. “356, 379, 498, 501 populi, Amorpha (Dilina, Teed 
philanthiformis, Sesia 346 Polyptychus, Smerinthus, 
phileuphorbiae ydr., Celerio 380, 381 Sphinx)" \243° 240,247, 348, 
Philhydoria (= Cosmotriche) =. £50 BAO gg maGanTssAur aha. SO, 
Philosamia 271, 280, 289 BO2 = COD, 126,370,034 35.1274, 
Philosamia (—Attacus) $29 540 BU5 se OOs BOls) S0an 30ds) 2055 
Philudoria ie 36 fs. 153 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 
Philudoria (= Cosmotriche) 156, 157 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 
Phlegethontii : 352 401, 402, A09, 410, 422, 424, 
Phlegethontius (Sphinx) 353 425, 430, 431, 433, 435, 436, 
Pholi rob! 437, 439, 442, 443, 449, 450, 
Pholus <= Philampelus) Sor AREAS 26 AGA Ao. ASOs0 Anim, 
phoronca by error (= phoronea), 458, 459, 460-495 
Citheronia oe .. 266 | populi, Poecilocampa 220, 224, 225, 226 
phoronea; Citheronia 200.202 DOPUlL Year. = (——waO, ‘tremulae), 
Phryae rel Amorpha a 469 
Phrynus (= Phrysus) B53) |) Popul: vax) (== wax, populetorum), 
Phryxi ik te Barge si! Amorpha : Aye 
Phryxus : 353, 355, 306 | populifolia, Eutricha 117, 118, 120, 
Phryxus (= Deilephila) : 053 184, 186, 200, 201, 204, 205, 228 
Phyllodesma (= Eutricha) 0200) ||) porcellus, Theretra (Choerocampa, 
Phyllodesma (= Coes) Ae alOls Deilephila, Elpenor, Eumorpha, 
Phyllodesmae So URS Metopsilus, Sphinx) 39, 307, 343, 
picta, Gravenhorstia 28, 103 ZA AOE TO wal 35 2 ak 
Pinaridae cael BG uo OleesO5n 200. 205.) 8a, 
Pinaridi III, 229 381, 499, 502, 508, 529 
Pinarinae , ae PU 226 ai) potatona,.Cosmotmiche Oou7.5, 24), 
pinastri, Hyloicus (Herse, Sphinx) 2G 2 OwAZ VOL. 02084 TO2, 
343> 349, 351, 352, 353, 354; III, 112, 113, L14, 115, 116, 
» 359, 366, 380 118, 120, 121, 123, 153, 154, 
pini, Dendrolimus 1, 32, 68, TLE Ih. LSS OS LOA LOO 1O2. LOR. 
PQ IAn ENG it Oss Vly. LIS, HOS, 20s 20, 212.0217, 220, 226 
EEO, 120, 1123, 153, E57, O45 potatorius (= potatoria), Cosmo- 
Zils a7 2130 228 triche ek 6c SSO, 
pisorius, Ichneumon.. 441, 487 poupillieri (= var. austauti), 
pithyocampa (= capensis), Metan- Amorpha ey A738 
asualan |. .. 112, 122 | prima var., Malacosoma 226 
plagifera, Paralebeda ; 227 | primigenum, Taragama 229 
planus var., Smerinthus 427, 428- principalis, Citheronia 362 
429) 441, 447 | prini, Lethia .. 46 Ls Ge 
Plateia Me ye en 2e2 promethea, Callosamia (Samia) 267, 
Platypterices . 229 273, 274, 275, 277, 285, 287, 
oe 265, 274, 279, 286 290, 362 
Plusia . , 497 propinqua, Holisondota 122 
pluto (= plutonius), Bere ne 350 | proserpina (=maja), Saturnia 267, 295 
plutonius, Hemeroplanes gO proserpina, Pterogon 501, 504 
podaliriaria, Therinia Be 2X0) Proserpini 2 ae 5 o. 
Poecilocampa 2 220n| pLOLels: Amblyteles .. pe Aa Kely/ 
Poecilocampidi 220 Protoparce : mene 7S 
Poecilocampinae .. 226 | prouti Zydr., Lasiocampa 355 227 
Pogocolon a BIS proxima ab., Cosmotriche 162, 163, 228 
polymena, Sphinx .» 343 | proxima, Chilena ; 228 
polyphema (= polyphemus), Telea 266 | pruni, Odonestis 5, 32, 68, 112, 113, 
polyphemus, Telea 266, 273, 274, 116, 117, 119, 156, 184, 216, 228 
aie 270, 277, 279, 2719, 205, 298 prunoides var., Odenestis 117, 228 
Polyptichus (= Amorpha) .. 460 pryerl var., Attacus.. 342 
Polyptichus (= oe) 5S Pseudohazis ., Bee Gh 
Polyptychi 352 psidii, Metanastria ize D2 
Polyptychus 352, 353: 386 | Psithyri Ef ue 350 
Polyptychus (= Amorpha) . 400 | Psithyros (Macroglossum) nd, 3 535500 
Polythysana a is Co 27 ie xteLOROn 253,1354, 355 
Ponderosae as i Pterogoninae 496, 498, 504 
Populares — . Pteromalus .. ss 4 Js 333 
populeti var., Amorpha 460, "407,472, He Pterothysanidae uF Ae 2220 


004 INDEX. 
PAGE. PAGE. 
Ptilodontes .. .. 229 | Recondentes . : ds a0 206 
pudibunda, Dasychira (Laria) a 2292) reducta, a(2) Cosmotriche 154 
punctata, Metanastria Li 222 regalis, Citheronia 275, 276, 27 8, 
puparum, Nemoraea (Tachina) 144, 175 36 2uaie 
purpurascens @d., Eutricha.. 205, 228 | regalis (=regis), Citheronia ou 206 
purpurascens a@d., Lasiocampa 56, 227 | regis, Citheronia : ene 266 
purpurascens-basipuncta a@é., Lasio- repanda (= hyrtaca), Metanastria 
campa : 56, 227 TLL; Liz ion 
purpurascens- -curvata ab., Lasio- repanda, Taragama .. te 229 
campa .. a 56, 227 | retamae (= var. ratamae), "Pachy- 
purpurascens-latovirgata ab., Lasio- gastria 56 : 202) aS 
campa 50 56, 227 | reticulator, Rhogas .. oo, lg 
purpurascens- marginata ab., L.asio- Rhescyntes. .. a0 eae 
campa .. 56, 227 | Rhodinia So 2: sie. 32 
purpurascens- -obsoleta ab., Eutricha ricini, Attacus 5: ae 
205, 228 rileyana, Heteropacha oe akon Ay 
purpurascens - semimarginata a., rimicola (= catax), Lachneis 32 
Lasiocampa .. 56, 227.| rimicola, Lachneis i220 
pygmaea var., Macrothylacia 130- risii hybr., Saturnia 290, 208, 302, 
131, 227 | 303, 342 
pylas, Enyo .. ae »» 350 | roboris (= ad, guillemotii), Lasio- 
Pyralidae .. 36 «2 230 campa 66, 67 
pyralidiformis, Thyris. 4h | TOWOKIS aes, Lasiocampa 32, 49, 50, 
pyretorum, Saturnia... me 342 - ele 52, 53585 OFGais 65- -06, 70, 
pyri ab., Malacosoma 226 72, 100; 226 
pyri, Saturnia (Pavonia) 265, 266, roboris (= ad. marginata), Lasio- 
AD; ASQ; AS, 204, AOS) 206, Calipal a6 ss 5 sis) Oa 
AQ, Ale AO, BOO, HOM, BOS, roboris (=quercts), Lasiocampa 43, 55 
AGO, BI Blo. BAO, AAT 27, roboris (= var. callunae), Lasio- 
342, 385, 386 campa 55 
pyriformis, (?) Routledgia .. 153, 154 | robusta var., Hemaris site ee S15, 516 
Pyrosis - .. 228 | romana ad. , Pachygastria : 17 
quadrangulata ab., Lachneis| 226 | rosacea ab., Saturnia 314, 316, 342 
quercifolia, Eutricha Sh Abe 5 68, rosea ad., Smerinthus 50 . 428 
Sis MOBS: 1yas 1a, Tale vais. rosea, Radhica ae a sO 
116, Liz, 119, WO}, Watts ISS, roseata, Gastropacha “A we ROS 
IGVl5 Os LOO, LOZ OS selOO. roseipennis, Burrowsia 386, 422 
ial, Merl, TS Milo, UI, OS, roseotincta ad., Amorpha . .. 469 
200, 201-224, 228, 280, 363, 382 | Routledgia 153, 154; .226 
quercifolium (—quercifolia), Eutricha 202 Routledgiidi .. [.  -Saeee 
quercifolius (=quercifolia), Eutricha 202 | roylei, Antheraea 4c . 203, 204 
querctis ab., Malacosoma 2. 225 rubi, Macrothylacia 1, 7, 8, 32, 68; 
quercts (=ab. marginata), Lasio- 76, 87; 90; TOL, Titeguaes 113, 
campa .. ae aio Tid, 216, 1204 ToKe 122, 123 
quercus (ap: roboris), Lasiocampa 65 124, I125=153,. 167, Wodaquges 
querctis, Lasiocampa I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 203, 221 333, 335 
OC), ok Ail, eal AS, 26, 27 Zones rubicunda, Dryocampa ; « 275 
BORA. BbesO. Siig Os, 30504 rubra, Platysamia 292 
AZ=111, 11s, 119, 120; UAt As, rubus rubi), a Macrothylacia 126 
15155 184, 192, 1O2,.20z,e220, rueckbeili, Autosphyla ‘2s 
231, 259, 319 rufa ab., Macrothylacia 128, 227 
querciis, Sichia (Laothoé, Polypty- rufa ad., Pachygastria 2 4, 120eee 
chus, Smerinthus, Sphinx) 347, rufa-approximata ad@., Macrothy- 
348, 349, 352, 353) 354, 375, lacia -. 128, 227 
386, 422, 471 rufa-confluens @., Malacosoma .. 226 
quercis (=trifolii), Pachygastria 7 | rufa-conjuncta ab., Macrothylacia 
quercis (=vav. callunae), Lasio- 128, 227 
campa 73 | rufa-dissimilis a@d., Macrothylacia 
querctis (=var. meridionalis), Lasio- 128, 227 
campa 59 rufa-fasciata ad., Macrothylacia 128, 227 
Radhica 113 | rufa-fracta ab., Malacosoma 226 
radians, Hemaris 507, 520, 539 rufa, Limneria 103 
ratamae var. (et ad,), Pachygastria rufa-obsoleta ad. , Macrothylacia 128, 22° 
2, 4, 6, II, 13, 15, 226 | rufa-separata ab., M acrothylacia 127, 227 
recens, Phalaena., ne 307 | rufa-unicolor ad., Malacosoma .» 220 


INDEX. 555 
PAGE. PAGE. 
rufa-unilinea ad., Macrothylacia 128, 227 Selenepherinae bak ae 226 
rufa-virgata ab., Macrothylacia 128, 227 | semifasciata var. (et ab.), Pachy- 
rufa-virgata ab., Malacosoma a 226 gastria iz, 220 
rufescens ad., Amorpha 469, 471 semimarginata ad, , Lasiocampa 5 5» 
rufescens ad., Gastropacha .. 189, 228 56, 226 
rufescens-confluens ad., Malacosoma 226 | semiobsoleta ad,, Mimas . 405 
rufescens-fracta ab., Malacosoma ., 226 | semipavo (=ocellata), Smerinthus. » 424 
rufescens-marginata ad,, Lasiocampa semiramis, Eudaemonia :Z00 
ea senecta vav., Lachneis 5a 24D 
rufescens-obsoleta ad., Lasiocampa septentrionalis, Croesus . 246 
, 227 | serratilinea, Napta . EZ 
rufescens-semimarginata ad., Lasio- serrula, Lasiocampa Pe, ap 33, 42, 226 
campa 56, 227 | Sesia 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 
rufescens-unicolor ab., Malacosoma 226 B52 354, 355) 366, 500, 505 
rufescens-virgataad., Lasiocampa 56, 227 Sesia (=_Ateenia) -* 345 
rufescens-virgata ab., Malacosoma., 226 | Sesia (=Hemaris) 361, 363, 511 
ruficaudis (—thysbe), Hemaris Or Sesia (=Macroglossum) 354, 368, 371 
ruficrus, Apanteles ., aN, ood Sesiae.. : as ae S47 350 
rufolinea ad., Pachygastria .. 12, 540 | Sestidae (=Macroglossidae) 2525354 
rufovirgata a6., Malacosoma 1 nS Sesiinae 366, 367, 496, 497, 498, 
rupicapraria, Hybernia ee OGY 499, 504, 511 
rustica, Cocytius ae ire 34Gn 352), | setia Ns ae 934 
Salassa 272, 342 | Setia (—=-Hemarns) Bae | 
saliceti, Nicholsonia . 386, 423 | sexcculatus, Ambulyx “ie 35S 
salicifolia, Eutricha .. ae 205220" i oichia re sis 300 
salicis (= ocellata), Smerinthus Sichiidi. ‘ Ee si 300 
(Paonias) 352, 353, 424 | sicula-latovirgata ab., Lasiocampa 
salmachus, Sphinx 56 .. 343 50. 227 
salmonea, Automeris : .. 206 | sicula-marginata ad., Lasiocampa 56, 227 
salomonis (= grandis), tec sicula var. (et ab.), Lasiocampa 34, 
1538 35, 36, 37, 38, 48, 51, 53, 56, 
Samia 270, 271, 274, 219) 2 280, 289) 290 57, 59, 63, 67-72, 96, 97, 106, 
Samiae : ; 267 LlO,225; 
sapiens var. , Lasiocampa 33, 226 | signata, (?) Cosmotriche ba ley 
Sataspes : .. 355 | simillima (=? fuciformis), Hemaris 512 
satellitia, Sphinx ee »» 343 | simillima var., Hemaris 514 
Patina 233, 266, 271, 272, 273, Simulium 441 
274, 277, 279, 280, 286, 294- sinensis, Actias 2» 342 
306, 342, 360, 384 | Ssinina var, Gastropacha 188, 189, 228 
Saturniae a ae 207 siriciformis, Sesia : 346 
Saturniidae (=A ttacidae) 232,205), siva, Taragama sae) 
2075 200, 270, 271,, 280, 286, Smerinthi : : ‘ 352 
287,. 288, 289, 341 Smerinthides ., a se ao355 
Saturniides coe 265, 268, 271 | Smerinthidi 386, 422 
Saturniidi 294, 342 | Smerinthinae.. 257 256 
Saturniina ie 267, 268, 269 | Smerinthini .. Boi 
Saturniinae 271, 273, 285, 286, 287, Smerinthus 169, 231, "252, 281, 346, 
294, 341, 342 347, 348, 349, 350, 352, 353; 
saundersi, Hemaris .. a SOG RE Agesh oe 350.) 255, 2001 20, 
scabiosae (=tityus), Hemaris 509, 529 Boz, 204, 360, 300; 372 375, 
schaufussi hybr., Malacosoma 226 28223804. 280,255, 3025) 305, 
schaufussi hydr., Saturnia 290, 298 399, 422, 423-424, 449, 452, 
299, 300, 302, 303, 342 459; 472, 497 
schenki var., Saturnia ss : 342 Smerinthus (= Amorpha) .. .» 460 
schlumbergeri hybr., Saturnia 299, Smerinthus (= Mimas) .. 398 
302, 342 | solani (=atropos), ee - 349 
scoliaeformis, Sesia .. .. 346, 349 | sordida, Chilena 5228 
scoparlae (var. viburni), Lasio- sordida, Gargantua 5. 382 
campa Ns, 60) | Spartit ab. , Lasiocampa I, rs 58, 59, 
scyron, Erinnyis a a 52 62, 70, I10, 226 
segregata var. (et ad.), Dendrolimus 228 | spartii-basipuncta a@é., Lasiocampa 
selene, Tropaea (Actias) 266, 288, GO. 2277, 
292, 293, 342 | spartii-curvata ad., Lasiocampa 56, 226 
Selenephera ., on .. 157, 226 | spartii-marginata ad., Lasiocampa 
Selenepheridi eh re ey BAS 56, 226 


556 


PAGE. 
spartil (var. callunae), Lasiocampa 80 
spartil (var. sicula), Lasiocampa 


DIS ON. Sit a5. Bien O35 (Ors (OO) 


l } 70, 71 
spartii (var. viburni), Lasiocampa . 

; 60, 106 
speciosa, Dirphia_ .. Se 5 AGO 
Speciosae .. 20 a6 AO 
spectabilis, Dendrolimus .. e220 


Spectrum 343, 344, 350 
Spectrum (=Deilephila) ., -- 354 
Spectrum (=Mimas) oe so Bors 
Speculares!) m. a oe ae 200 
Sphecia me 270 
spheciformis, Tr ochilium (Sesia) 344, 
346, 349 
Sphecomorphae Bee 347, 350 
sphegiformis eon Sesia 345 - 
Sphinges ; se 24 B50 
Sphinges- Illegitimae | ae a 348 
Sphinges-Legitimae 8 35 BS 
Sphingicampa 26S 27 T2772) 270 


Sphingidae 233, 234, 256, 267, 352, 
353, 354, 357, 360, 366, 368, 
375» 379, 382; 383, 384, 496- 


502, 504 
Sphingidae- Asemanophorae e490 
Sphingidae-Semanophorae . 496 
Sphingides 268, 342+ ae 
Sphingina.. ye 


Sphinginae 357, 358, "360, 367, 496, 
ae 498, 499, 500 
Sphingini.. 56 5 SS 
Sphingoides .. : 220, 266 
Sphinx 229, 245, 3425 343» 344. 345; 
346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 352, 
353) 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 


ADO; AOU, ROR, ROO) BES, 7M 

372, 378, 379, 383, 497-498, 
500, 501 
Sphinx (~=Amorpha) a -. 459 
Sphinx (=Daphnis) 56 ». 354 
Sphinx (—=Hemaris) ier LOsn belie 
Sphinx (=Mimas) .. - a 399 
Sphinx (=Smerinthus) 36 .. 423 


spini, Saturnia (Pavonia) 266, 267, 
290, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 
299, 300, 301, 305, 315, 316, 342 

spiraeae (=ligustri), Herse (Sphinx) 349 

spireae var., Sphinx re welt 

splendida, Trabala .. a 28) 

standfussi ybr., Saturnia 290, 298, 

299, 302, ak 342 
standfussi Aydr., Theretra .. 1 GUI 
standfussi, Sterrhopterix 

statices, Adscita (Chrysaor, Sphinx) 

343, 347 
staudingeri, Lambessa Day eey 
steliarum (stellatarum), Sesia ey gay 
stellatarum, Sesia (Bombylia, Macro- 

elossum, Macroglossa, 
Psithyros, Setia, Sphinx) 343, 
344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 
350, 352, 353, 354, 355, 306, 
368, 374, 381, 500, 502, 503, 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 
504, 505, 506, 511, 515, 519, 
523, 533, 535 


stoliczkana, Saturnia nO ox 342 
strigilis, Pholus (Sphinx) .. 343, 351 
stupidum, Taragama +5 1. 229 
Stygia : S: «» 346 
styx, Manduca oe ae «s 502 
Suana oo 
subalpina ad., “Lasiocampa = oer ceane 
suberifolia, Gastropacha (Epicnap- 
tera .- II9, 186, 200; 228 
subfasciata, Chondrostega .. 225 
subobsoleta aé., Saturnia ., 4, | 342 
subpurpurea, Amurilla (Metanastiey 
22°, 5A6 
suffusa ab., Amorpha Le . 469 
suffusa ab., Eutricha Es 205, 228 
suffusa ad., Mimas .. 401, 407 


suffusa-obsoleta ab., Eutricha 205, 228 
suffusa-typica a., Pachygastria 12,220 


sulphurea var., Routledgia 228 
superans, Dendrolimus oe S28 
suruka, Saturnia... We Se 205 
syces, Enyo ~. a Se oe 386 
svlla, Rhescyntis .. oe ae 2g 
sylvatica, Masicera ., oe MS oo 
Syntomidae .. a ms .. 230 
Syriaca st a Be -. 228 
Syssphinges .. me ae ». 229 
Syssphinx ~ = xe 272 


tabaniformis (=asiliformis), Troch- 


ilium oe se = «+ 344 


Tachina Ss se oe = 2hg 
Tachinae 50 56 Be -- 247 
talas, Attacus Ae «206 
tantalus, Sesia (Sphinx) 343, 345 
Taragama <; Negi 
Taragma 77 error (—Taragama) See Bae 
taraxaci, Lemonia .. Rue} 
taraxacoides ab., Malacosoma wa) eee 
tarquinia, Dirphia_.. 266 


tarquinia (—acidalia), Dirphia ‘22668 

tarquinius (—tarquinia), Dirphia .. 266 

tau, Aglia (Echidna) 62, 229, 231, 
233, 234, 255, 256, 266, 268, 
269, 276, 279, 282, 283, 28a, 


290, 295, 296, 342, 360, 361 
Relea 5: ao 271, 278, 280, 289 
Teleae ee a = .. 266 
Temnora 355 


tenthredinifort mis, Trochilium (Sesia) 
; 344, 345, 346 
Tenthredo. 3, Bs 243, 245, 247 
tenuata ad., Lasiocampa ..57, 58, 227 
tenuata (=var. ee Lasio- 


campa ,. 58 
tenuis, Hemaris 503, 504, 505, 506, 507 
Teratoptens ,, 271 


terreni ad. (et var.), Pachygastria 


2, 4, 5, II, 13, 15, 17, 18, 226 

tersa, Theretra (Choerocampa, 
Sphinx) .. ou 343, 351, 379 
testacea vav., Malacosoma ., seek 
testaceus, Paniscus ., : oe 40g 
tetrio, Sphinx 6 rr “3 Sas 


INDEX, 557 
PAGE. PAGE 
Thauma oye fe 9 271, 272 °| “trifoli: (==var. ratamae), “Pachy- 
Thaumae 351 gastria .. e I5 
Thaumas 361 | trifolius (=trifolii), Pachygastria 7 
Theretra | 351, 354, 355 366, 368 | trilineata, Lema 2-369 
Theretra (Deilephila) s . 353 | Triptogon : » 459 
Theretrae ash ten) thiptolems, Hemeroplanes .. 350 
Therinia . 230 | Trochilium 343, 344, 345, 347; 348, 349 
thespis, Salassa . 342 | Trochilium (=Hemaris) . Sil 
theylia, Isoples : : S. 3hb e |. bropaea: 270, 289 
thyatira, Gastropacha (?) .. . 185 | Tropaeae ae 200 
thyelia, Sphinx 7+ 24341. Pvioenathus: -: A ABRs 
thynniformis, Sesia .. . 346 tyrrhea, Antheraea .. 266 
Thyreus = 355 | alm G= 22: centripuncta), Mimas 
Thyrides . 347 404, 405 
oe . 230 | ulmiad., Mimas 403, 404, 405 
Thyr : 58 . 348 | ulmifolia ad, (et var.), Eutricha 204, 
Ache, Hemaris (Sesia) 343, 345, 205, 200, 228 
376, 505, 506, 507 | ulmifolia-obsoleta ad., Eutricha 204, 228 
tiliae, Mimas (Dilina, Laothoé, ulysses, Papilio : a 468 
Laothoe, Smerinthus, Spect- Uncinati ase 
EMI, Sphinx): 332, 242, 246; undans, Dendrolimus a 220 
S47; 340; 349; 352; 3537 354; undans (—fasciatella), Dendrolimus 120 
Bene G03, 300,, 270, 371, 375, undata, Nadiasa e220 
B80, 3281, 383, 384, 385, 386, undulata var., Brahmaea Ahi. 
BOT 3055 369, 9300, 391, 392, undulata var., Lasiocampa .. 226 
396, 397, 398, 399-422, 424, undulatus (undulata), Ophion 28, 69, 
430, 431, 433, 434, 435, 437; p 103, 144 
439, 441, 442, 443, 454, 455; undulosa, Bhima +. 113 
457, 474, 477, 478, 481, 482, undulosa, Daremma . -+ 498 
483, 484, 486, 495, 498: 519 | unicolor aé., Malacosoma 225 
timesius, Polyptychus . 352 | unicolor- rufescens ab., Gastropacha 
tipuliforme, Sesia 7 189, 228 
tipuliformis, A¢geria (Sesia, Trochi- unicolor vay., Dendrolimus,, oa 730) 
lium) 343, 344, 345, 346, 349 | unilinea ad., Macrothylacia.. i29 
tirrhaea, Aglia - 36 .. 266 | unilinea-typica ad., Pachygastria 12, 226 
tisiphone, Sphinx 343 | uroarge, Eudaemonia ye nee 200 
titan, Aéllopos a 350 | vancouverensis, Smerinthus 423, 451 
tithymali, Deilephila .. 354 vandalicia, Eustaudingeria .. 225 
titillator, Cryptus 5 103 | variegata (—fuciformis), Hemaris .. 512 
tityus, Hemaris (Sesia, Sphinx) 343, varipes, Polysphincta oe a gS 
366, 501, 503, 504, 505, 508, vegetans, Uropeda 416 
Rog, SO; 501, -513,\ 514, 515, veneta ad., Malacosoma 225 
519, 520, (522, ts 528-540 | ventricosum, Ophion ne, Oe 
Trabala eo Dou NViekae.. 229, 207 
Trabalidi . 228 verbasci, Gueulla 245 
Trabalinae .. .. 228 | versicolor, Darapsa .. - «» 498 
tremulae ad, , Amorpha 469-471 versicolor. (=versicolora), Dimorpha 237 
tremulae (amurensis), Amorpha versicolora, Dimorpha (Endromis) 
(Smerinthus) 353, 354, 460, 469 61, 76, 155, 157, 211, 229, 
tremulifolia, Gastropacha 118, 119, RO 2a 282) 280.225... 220= 
120, 185, 186, 228 264, 332, 333, 341, 363, 383, 386 
triangularis, Coequosa 375, 384 | versicoloria (= versicolora), Di- 
Trichiura as cae 220 -morpha .. ‘ je 2229, 220 
Trichiuridi . 226 | versicolorus —versicolora), Di- 
Trichiurinae .. e220 morpha .. 237 
Trichodae . 267 | vespertilio, Thaumas (Celerio, Deile- 
Tricholon » 355 phila, Sphinx) 347, 349, 351, 
trifenestrata, Cricula, . 2 354, 361, 380, 381 
trifolii, Anthrocera .. 30 vespertilioides Aydr., Celerio (Deile- 
trifolii (=iberica), Pachygastria 15 phila, Sphinx) 353, 391, 540 
trifolii, Pachygastria 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, vespertiloides by error (==vesper- 
Fasks 22.33.41; 42, 61, 62, 69, tilioides), Celerio _ 380, 540 
104, III, 113, 122, 226 | vespiformis, A¢geria (Sesia, Trochi- 
trifolii (var. medicaginis), Pachy- lium) 344, 345, 346, 348; 349 
gastria ,, oe ee Bee oud vestigialis, Agrotis ., 5. = 28 


55 8 INDEX. 

PAGE, PAGE. 
viburni vav., Lasiocampa 21, 27, 34, vitis (=elpenor), Elpenor - 348 
BI AO, Aga Rein 20 p, uke (OK Sin. vitis (=jussieuae), Dupo .. > Soe 
as ee Ise GR (OOH. Owe 7% Vitratae ae ae: 350 
SS1045) 95.) 0, 107, 1007 101, Vulgares 7.350 
I10, 227 | vulgaris, Exorista ve 17S 
vinula, Dicranura (Andria) 229, 328 | vulgaris ad., Malacosoma 225 
virescens-centripuncta a@b., Mimas 404 wagneri hybr., Pachygastria 3,..220 
virescens-costipuncta ab., Mimas .. 404 | walkeri varv., Attacus 342 
virescens-maculata ab., Mimas 404 | wallichii, Brahmaea .. a 342 
virescens=-marginepuncta ad., Mimas 404 | warburgi Zybr., Lasiocampa 35, 229 
virescens-obsoleta ad., Mimas 404, 405 | wardii, Citheronia . ies . = 1362 
virescens-transversa ad., Mimas .. 404 | watsoni zybr., Platysamia 291, 292, 293 
virgata ab., Gastropacha 189, 228 | Xylophanae .. 26 ae «0 350 

virgata ab., Lasiocampa BO, 227 yamamai, Antheraea 20, 287, 288, 
virgata ab., Malacosoma e225 290, 291, 342 
virgata ab., Poecilocampa .. .. 220 | zonata, Dendrolimus.. <5 «< 1220 
virgata-medicaginis a@d., Pachy- Zonilia 2 355 
gastria 5 ee II, 226 | Zygaena 343, 346 
vishnou, Trabala on 113 | Zygaenae 247-1358 
visicolora (=versicolora), Dimorpha 237 | Zygaenides .. a Sr 3) 349 

vita, Odonestis 5 oe .. 113 | zygophylli, _ Hyles (Deilephila, 
vitis, Dupo (Sphinx) Ble BIS S phinx) 2409, 22585 35350 5a 


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the various species and their varieties, as well as special notes by lepidopterists who have 
paid particular attention to certain species. 

Each volume has an extended introduction. That to Vol. I deals with ‘‘ General 
variation and its causes’’—with a detailed account of the action of natural selection in 
producing melanism, albinism, &c. That to Vol. II deals with ‘‘The evolution and 
genetic sequence of insect colours,’ the most complete review of the subject published. 
That to Vol. III deals with ‘‘ Secondary Sexual Characters in Lepidoptera,” explaining, 
so far as is known, a consideration of the organs (and their functions) included in the term. 
That to Vol. IV deals with ‘‘ The classification of the Noctuz,’’ with a comparison of the 
Nearctic and Palzearctic Noctuides. 

The first subscription list comprised some 200 of our leading British lepidopterists, 
and up to the present time some 500 complete sets of the work have been sold. The 
treatise is invaluable to all working collectors who want the latest information on this group, 
and contains large quantities of material collected from foreign magazines and the works of 
old British authors’ arranged in connection with each species, and not to be found in any 
other published work. 


Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera. 


(Demy 8vo., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-). 


Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account for the 
forms of melanism and melanochroism ; contains full data respecting the distribution of 
melanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin; the special value of 
“‘natural selection,’’ ‘‘ environment,’’ ‘‘heredity,’’ ‘‘disease,’’ ‘‘temperature,’’ &c., in 
particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the 
Entomological Society of London, says, ‘‘ An especially interesting line of enquiry as con- 
nected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which has been followed up in Mr, 
TUTT’S series of papers on ‘ Melanism and Melanochroism.’ ” 


British Butterflies. 


(Illustrated. Crown 8vo., Cloth, Gilt. Price 5/-). 


This book consists of 476 pages, contains 10 full-page illustrations, and 45 wood-cuts. 
There are figures of every British butterfly. Sometimes three or four figures of the same 
butterfly to illustrate the two sexes, underside and variation are given. The full-page 
illustrations and most of the wood-cuts have been drawn by the well-known entomological 
artist, Mr. W. A. Pearce. 

Each British butterfly is described under the following heads : —(1) Synonymy. (2) 
Imago. (3) Variation, with summarised diagnoses of all described forms, British and Con- 
tinental. (4) Egg. (5) Larva. (6) Pupa. (7) Time of appearance. (8) Habitat and Distribution. 
Besides these, there are extended remarks on each of the Tribes, Subfamilies, Families, 
Divisions and Superfamilies. The descriptions of the ‘‘ Larve’’ and ‘ Pupze’’ are mostly 
original. There are 282 aberrations and varieties diagnosed, of which 111 are described 
for the first time. 

At the end of each chapter is a brief summary giving the following inlormation, in 
tabular form, for each species:—I. Dates for finding (1) the ovum, (2) the larva, (3), the 
pupa, (4) the imago. II. The Method of Pupation. III. Food-plants. 

The preliminary chapters consist of a series on the structure of the Egg, Larva, 
Pupa, &c.; also others on practical work—Collecting, Pinning, Setting, Storing, Label- 


ling, &c, 


Monograph of the Pterophorina. 
_ (Demy 8vo., 161 pp., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-). 


This book contains an introductory chapter on ‘‘ Collecting,” ‘‘ Killing,” and “ Setting * 
the Pterophorina, a table giving details of each species—Times of appearance of larva, of 
pupa and of imago, food-plants, mode of pupation, and a complete account (so far as 1s — 
known) of every British species. uuder the headings of ‘‘ Synonymy,’’ ‘‘ Imago,” ‘* Varia- 
tion,” “Ovum,” ‘ Larva,” ‘* Food-plants,” ‘“ Pupa,’’ ‘¢ Habitat,’? and ‘‘ Distribution.” 
It is much the most complete and trustworthy account of this interesting group of 
Lepidoptera that has ever been published. 


Stray Notes on the Noctue.- 
(Demy 8vo. Price 1/-). 


This contribution to our knowledge of the British NocTUIDEs should be read by every 
British entomologist. It contains detailed information, among others, of the following 
points :—VARIETIES and ABERRATIONS—The local races peculiar to Britain—True distine- 
tion between Varieties and Aberrations—Types of species—Scientific usage of the term and 
its general application—Full notes on the Orrhodias, Leucania straminea and other species 
in the British Museum—Identical North American and British species of Noctuze—Repre- 
sentative North American species—The genitalia of Nocrurbrs—Identical Japanese and 
British Noctuze—Classification of the Noctue—Arrangement of Genera—Criticism of the 
various methods of classification which have been introduced into England—Want of 
relationship between Cymatophoridae and Bryophilidae—Separation of Leucania and 
Nonagria—Position of the Plusiids as exhibited by our species—The position of the 
Deltoides among the Noctuz, and many other matters of interest with which British 
entomologists should be conversant. 


Insects and Spiders. 
(Crown 8vo. Illustrated. Price 1/-). 


A really good introductory text-book to the study of general entomology. It contains 
15 chapters, giving structural and characteristic details of the various orders of insects. 
These are entitled—‘‘ General external characters of insects,” ‘‘ Internal organs of insects 
and their functions,’’ ‘* Metamorphosis in insects,’’ ‘‘ The earwig,’ ‘‘ Locusts and Grass- 
hoppers,’’ ‘‘ Dragonflies,”’ ‘‘ Caddisflies,”’ ‘‘ Butterflies and moths,” ‘‘ Beetles,’’ ‘‘ Flies,” 
«Social Insects—bees, wasps and ants,’’ The ‘‘ Honey-bee,” ‘‘ Wasps,” ‘‘ Ants,” and 
co Spidersa 


bf 


Rambles in Alpine Valleys. 


BEING THE WANDERINGS OF A FIELD-NATURALIST IN PIEDMONT. 
(Crown 8vo. Bound in Cloth, with map and photographs of district. Price 3/6). 


This book describes the lovely valleys which open out on the Italian side of Mont 
Blanc. It deals with the natural objects of interest—entomological, botanical, ornithological 
and geological. It contains the most recent scientific discoveries aud suggestions relative 
to the objects described. 

It contains much scientific entomology apart from the actual description of the insect 
fauna of the district. The chief insects discussed with relation to their environment are 
the Anthrocerids, the Parnassiids, the Gnophids, the Coliads, the Erebiids, the Argynnids, 
etc. The origin of the coloration of Alpine insects, the sexual dimorphism presented by 
them, and the explanations thereof are important features in the book. 


Random Recollections of Woodland, Fen and Hill. 


(Crown 8vo., Illustrated, Cloth. Price 2/6, a few copies of the Ist edition, 3/-). 


The collecting expeditions of an entomologist into various well-known localities in 
various parts of the British Islands—Wicken, Cuxton, Chattenden, Freshwater, Deal, 
Sandwich, Dover, the Medway Marshes, Argyllshire, etc., with full account of the fauna 
to be found in these localities. 


The ‘‘ Record’ Label List of British Butterflies. 


Arranged after the most recent systems suggested. Printed on one side of the paper 
only, For labelling cabinet. 
(Copies 7 for 6d,, 3 for 3d., not less than 3 sent. Postage 3d.). 


Notes on the Zygaenidae. 
Price 1/-. 


A few copies only. These papers contain a full and scientific account of the synonymy, 
variation, distribution, and habits of several species common fo Britain and the Alps. 
There is also a description of a new species hitherto confounded as a variety of Zygaena 


trifolit. 
Woodside, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh. 


(Crown 8vo., Illustrated, Bound in Cloth. Price 2/6). 


Another series of collecting expeditions into well known entomological and natural 
history localities, with description of botanical, geological, ornithological as well as 
entomological matters of interest to be found therein. The places dealt with include 
Cobham Woods, Cuxton Downs, the Western Highlands, Cliffe—all well known for their 
rich entomological fauna. 


A few Copies of the following Pamphlets, 


Notes on Hybrids of Tephrosia bistortata, Goeze and T. crepuscularia, Hb. I/- 
Some Results of Recent Experiments in Feats Tephrosia bistortata and 

T. crepuscularia 5° -- =e oe 4 

The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths re Sie = ee oo) cf 

The Lasiocampids t/- 
Some considerations of Natural Genera and incidental references to the Nature 

of Species .. <2 se ee -- se Sa HO 

The Scientific Aspects of Entomology (1 ) a8 ss Be xe ae Brief /- 

The Scientific Aspects of Entomology (2) I/< 
A gregarious butterfly—Erebia nerine—-with notes on the Lepidoptera of the 

~  Mendelstrasse aN “3 a ee the or: fg i 

The Nature of Metamorphosis a os ac es ye oA ne | 


The ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD and Journal 
of Variation. 


An Illustrated Monthly Magazine of General Entomology. 
Edited by J. Wo TUEL, FES; 


Assisted by 
Ph HgpsON, SEARE.-B.Sc., F.R.S.E., F-E.S., M. Burk, -B.A., ae See ae 
CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z. Se ES. Ht. ee ie: DoNISTHORPE, (Ae ihe] Debs ee 


EL; B. Prout, F.E.S. 


Published on the 15th of every month. Double numbers post free to subscribers. 
Subscription price 7s. per volume (including special Index, with every reference to 
aberrations, varieties, species, genera, etc.). A few complete series Vols. I—XIII, 
£5 net. Special Indexes from Vol. III to XIII, price 1s, 6d. each. Single Volumes 
tos. 6d. each net. 


The largest and most popular among entomologists of all the monthly magazines 
entirely devoted to entomology. The leading articles are written by the first entomologists 
of the day. In the last volume (XIII) among other contributors were—Arthur W. Bacot, 
eis. Exoiessor I. Hudson Beare, B.Sc., F-R.S.E.; F.E.S., W. H. Bennett, F.E.S., 
Rev. E. N. Bloomfield, M.A., F.E.S., H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S., Rev. C; R. N. 
Burrows, Malcolm Burr, B.A. F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S., Dr.T. A. Chapman, F.Z.S., F.E.S., 
Pee mira Vion oS. jo. Clark, E.E.S., KF. H. Day, F.E.S.,. H. St. J. K. 
Donisthorpe, F.Z.S8., F.E.S., J. Hartley Durrant, F.E.S., Harrison G. Dyar, Ph.D., 
Professor C. H. Fernald, M.A., Ph.D., Professor A. Radcliffe Grote, M.A., W. J. Kaye, 
F.E.S., G. W. Kirkaldy, F.E.S., W. F. Kirby, F.L.S., F.E.S., Frederic Merrifield, F.E.S., 


’ Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., F.F.S., Claude Morley, F.E.S., E. A. Newbery, R. Newstead, 


F.E.S., Hon. M.R.H.S., Mrs. Mary de la B. Nicholl, F.E.S., J. Portochinsky, Professor 
Edward B. Poulton, M.A., F.R.S., Louis B. Prout, F.E.S., Hon. N. C. Rothschild, B.A., 
fe el. 2 EeS., W. E. Sharp, F-E.S., Alfred Sich,.-F.E.S., B. Tomlin, B.A., 
wee G. . Verrall, FES... €. J. Wainwright, F.E.S.,.Rev. G. Wheeler, M.A., 
F. C. Woodforde, B.A., F.E.S. 


Each month there are numerous notes under the following heads: ‘‘Coleoptera,”’ 


_ ** Orthoptera,”’ ‘‘ Scientific Notes and Observations,” ‘“ Life- histories, Larvee, &c.,” ** Varia- 


tion,’’? ‘‘ Notes on Collecting,” ‘* Practical Hints—Field Work for the month, ” “ Current 
Notes,” “¢ Notices of Books,” cfc. 


Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist. 
PART I. 
Price 6/- Net. 
(INTERLEAVED FOR COLLECTOR’S OWN NOTES). 

This is one of the most useful books ever offered to the tield-lepidopterist, and 
will save him time, trouble and expense in prosecuting his work. One thousand two 
hundred and fifty practical hints are included, telling the lepidopterist how, when 
and where to work for the more desirable species. No lepidopterist can afford to 
be without a copy of this book. The older collectors will not only find many hints 
that they do not know, but will find many facts that they may wish to remember 
presented in a compact form. To the younger collector it offers a mass of informa- 
tion that he could not hope to accumulate by himself in very many years of field 
work. To all it must remain one of the most necessary books ever published for the 
use of field-lepidopterists. The contents are divided into the following chapters: 
(1) January, February, and early March; (2) late March and April; (3) May; (4) 
June; (5) July; (6) August; (7) September; (8) October; (9) November and 
December. Each chapter opens with a general review of the field work that can be 
done in the period indicated, and this is followed by a classified list of the ‘‘ Hints ”’ 
available for the period. Now that the whole of the material is grouped, it offers a 
great mass of exact, useful and reliable information, bearing on the work of the 
lepidopterist in the field, telling him exactly what to do and how to do it in the 
fewest possible words and in the least possible space. Such information could only 
be gathered by the individual worker as the result of many years’ observation and by 
reference to many books in which the facts are buried amongst a mass of other 
entomological detail. Lepidopterists, experienced and inexperienced, will find in 
this book much information that will suggest quite new lines of work in their collect- 
ing, and enable them to find, in close proximity to their homes, species which they 
had never suspected to be in their vicinity, and the saving of time and trouble will 
thus be enormous. 

The published records of many of our most observant field-lepidopterists have . 
been largely drawn upon in the compilation of this work. Among many others 
whose work has been laid under contribution are—Messrs. Alderson, Bankes, C. G. 
Barrett, Birchall, Bignell, Bower, Buckler, Burrows, Butterfield, Chapman, Corbett, 
Coverdale, Harpur-Crewe, Elisha, Farren, Fenn, Finlay, W. H. B. Fletcher, J. E. 
Gardner, Greene, Gregson, Hamm, Hellins, G. M. A. Hewett, Hodges, Hodgkin- 
son, Holland, Horne, James, Jager, Kane, McArthur, Machin, Mason, Merrin, 
Moberly, Morres, Newman, Norgate, Norman, Prout, Porritt, Raynor, W. Reid, 
Richardson, Riding, Robson, Robertson, Sheldon, Bernard Smith, Stainton, 
Stott, Threlfall, Tunaley, Tugwell, Warren, Whittle, Wratislaw, Lord Walsing- 
_ham, &c. 

The book has been interleaved, so that collectors can add therein their own 
notes, dates, &c. Reference has been made easy, the notes for each month being 
classed under the superfamily heads to which they belong. Those for June come 
under — Tineina (unclassified), Tineides, Adelides, Plutellides, Elachistides, 
Gracillanides, Argyresthides, Coleophorides, Lithocolletides, Nepticulides, Tort- 
ricides, Pyraloides, Crambides, Pyralides, Drepanulides, Cymatophorides, Brephides, 
Geometrides, Pterophorides, Sesiides, Zeuzerides, Cochlidides, Psychides, Anthro- 
cerides, Lachneides, Sphingides, Deltoides, Lymantriides, Nycteolides, Notodontides, 
Noctuides, Arctiides and Papilionides. These also will give an idea of the range 
covered by the notes. 

PART 2. 

At the present moment, a second part is in course of publication, due to the 
success attained by Part I. Like the latter, it will contain about 1250 short 
‘¢ practical hints’? on the model now so well known in Part I. Each chapter 
will also contain a preliminary summary of the work to be done during each 
month, As the method of work in the field was more particularly dealt with in 
Part I, these summaries in Part II will deal more especially with the points 
raised by the various methods of Rearing larvee in confinement, Sleeving, Breeding- 
cages, Food, and Feeding larve; Obtaining eggs in confinement from butterflies 
and moths; Special treatment of pupz; Keeping pupe through winter ; Special 
treatment of certain larvae in order to obtain pupze; Sugaring ; Assembling ;! Forcing, 
and a host of similarimportant topics to the entomologist. Quite new ground will 
be broken, and there will be no repetition, The hints will be arranged on a precisely 
similar manner to those in Part I, with the general notes for the month at the 
commencement of each chapter. The whole of the copies of Part II will be 
interleaved, and the price will be the same as for Part I, 6s. net. 

All the above Works 
To be obtained from H. E. PAGE, ‘‘ Bertrose,”’ Gellatly Road, 
Hatcham, S.E. 


py TKINS & DONCASTER, 
NATURALISTS, 


36, STRAND, W.C. (five doors east of Charing Cross Station). 


A large Stock of Insects’ and Birds’ Eggs. 


Plain Ring Nets, cane or wire, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6, 3/-. 

Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-, 4/6. 

Umbrella Nets, 7/-. 

Pocket Boxes (deal), 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. 

Zinc Collecting Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. 

Nested Willow Chip Boxes, 4 dozen 7d., I gross 1/6, 

Entomological Pins, 1/6 per ounce. 

Sugaring Lamps, 2/6, 4/6. 

Sugaring Tins, 1/6, 2/-. 

Sugaring Mixture, per tin 1/9. 

Mite Destroyer (not dangerous), per oz, 13d., per lb. 1/6. 

Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. 

Ditto, Book Pattern, 8/6, 9/6, 10/6. 

Larva Breeding Cages, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. 

Larva Preserving Apparatus, including oven, lamp, handblower, &c., 5/-. 

Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., I/-. 

Coleopterist’s Collecting Bottles, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. 

Steel Forceps, for moving pinned insects, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6. 

Cabinet Cork, per dozen, 1/-, 1/4, 1/9, 2/8. 

Glass Top and Bottom Boxes, per dozen, from 1/- and upwards. 

Setting Boards, flat or oval, from 5d. and upwards. 

Setting Houses, 9/6, 11/6, 14/-. 

Taxidermist’s Companion, 7.¢., a pocket leather case, containing most useful 
instruments for skinning, 10/6. 

Egg Collector’s Outfit, containing blow-pipes, drills, &c., 3/-. 

Egg Collector’s Climbing Irons, with straps, per pair, 5/-. 

Botanical Cases, 1/6, 2/9, 3/6, 4/6. 

Botanical (drying) Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. 

Botanical Press for travellers, 3/6, 6/-. 

Portfolios for dried plants, from 3/6 to 6/-. 

Label and Reference Lists of every description for lepidopterists, oologists, botanists, 
conchologists, &c. 


All articles enumerated above are kept in stock, and can be forwarded | 
immediately on receipt of order. 


Books on Natural History (new and second-hand). 
CABINETS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. 


Birds, Mammals, Horns, &c., Preserved and Mounted by First-class 
Workmen. 


For particulars, ask for our New Catalogue (g6 pages), which will be posted to 
any address. 


36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. 


oe eee _ PRINTED BY THE JOURNAL COMPANY, 
ne ROCHESTER AND CHATHAM. 


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Eek v.3 A natural history of the British
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