w^
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r-f L^ J^^
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OF
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NEW YORK.
r
BY AUTHORITY.
NEW TORK)
D.APPLETON AC? AND WILEY A PUTN4W?
BOSTON;
GOULD* KENDALL & LINCOLN.
AI.BANT,
QH
-^
AGRICULTUKE
OF
NE W- YOEK:
COMPRISING
AN ACCOUNT OF THE CLASSIFICATION, COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION
OF .THE SOILS AND ROCKS,
AND OP THK CLIMATE AND AORICULTUKAL PRODUCTIONS OF THE STATE;
TOOSTBsa iriTH DEscaiPTiONS or
THE MORE COMMON AND INJURIOUS SPECIES OF INSECTS.
BY E. EMMONS, M.D.
T0LU9IE T.
ALBANY:
PRINTED BY C. VAN BENTHUYSEN.
1854.
:a
Vv
h
/.
TO T. ROMEYN BECK, M.D., LL.D.
SIR:
There is more than one reason why the concluding divisions of the
present work, undertaken to explore and illustrate the natural history
of the State of New-York, and conducted under legislative patronage,
should be dedicated to you. You were among the first to foster the
enterprise, and remained its consistent advocate in times when adverse
circumstances seemed to jeopardize its continuance : much more than
this, your whole life has been assiduously engaged in promoting the
advance of science and the spread of popular education, and the
published results of your scientific and literary labors may be referred
to as reflecting an honor upon your native State. Would that the
merits of the present volume were such as to render it more worthy
its dedication.
THE AUTHOR.
[ AoBiccLTtniAL Repokt — Vol. v.]
4
PREFACE.
1 HAVE not attempted, in the preparation of this work, to place before my
readers an account of all the rare and newly discovered insects of New-
York and New-England, but have confined myself to those which are most
common and widely distributed. The rare and the local possess an interest
in the eyes of the learned ; but those which are daily met with in the fields
and in our walks, are the ones our interests demand us to know : the former
do neither harm nor good ; but a familiar acquaintance with the forms and
habits of the common and widely spread, is an indispensable preliminary
towards enabling the husbandman to take advantage of the services they
may be made to render him, or to protect his premises and the fruits of his
labor from the depredations of noxious broods. This view has mainly con-
trolled our undertaking ; as the work is designed for those who are supposed
to be mere beginners in entomology, and perhaps intend to prosecute the
study no farther than practical results will warrant, it was thought fit to
restrict the field of investigation to such insects as are sufficiently numerous
to interfere in some way with the prosperity or comforts of the dwellers in
this northern portion of our country.
One part of my labor has been to collect materials in the field, and an-
other to collect them from the researches of others, the latter item con-
stituting doubtlessly the largest and most valuable portion of the entire
work ; but it is confidently believed that naturalists and authors who have
contributed largely to the common stock of entomological knowledge, and
thereby earned and received a high and enduring reputation, will not be
disposed to object to the diffusion of information fraught with such great
consequence to the welfare of community. These distinguished investigators
are honored by their discoveries; but their discoveries require to be made
known to all the world, to the end that their results may redound to the
common good of the human family.
iy PREFACE.
After saying thus much in general, it is scarcely necessary to add that
this work is designed to disseminate the information collected from various
periodicals in which it was lirst gathered, and from expensive books of the
day in which a large amount is almost inaccessibly stored up, but is not
expected to add much to the materials of knowledge already accumulated.
We have been jxHirly supplied with the means of promoting the study of
entomology in this country, notwithstanding we have among us such men
as the Leco.vte's elder and younger, who both stand in the first rank of
entomologists ; but it is unfortunate that their classical works are mostly
confined to the libraries of the learned.
I liave made the freest use of Dr. Harris's excellent and practical works ;
and have also been very much assisted by our distinguished entomologist,
Dr. Asa Fitch of Salem, Washington county, N. Y.
I have occasion also to acknowledge a further indebtedness to Mr. Hal-
DEMAN of Columbia (Pennsylvania), who enjoys a European reputation as a
naturalist, for several valuable notes on various insects ; and could his as-
sistance have been still farther procured, the value of my work would un-
doubtedly have been greatly enhanced.
I have figured such insects as I have seen, and know to belong to New-
York and New-England ; but I have not seen them in all their states, and
am therefore frequently indebted to others for the figures given of the larva
and pupa stages. Some are copied from Abbott & Smith's work on the in-
sects of Georgia, and some from other works of like kind. I have figured
Tery few foreign species, and these have had some special purpose in view.
The figures have been drawn from specimens of the insects themselves,
by E. Emmons junior, and are faithful and accurate portraits of the indivi-
duals from which they were taken. It» is diflicult, however, to secure a
finished and uniform coloring, especially for so large an edition as three
thousand copies.
I do not deem it necessary to point out the faults of this volume ; for the
keen-sighted, and those who are disposed to look after them, will find them
with little trouble. I am persuaded, however, that the general reader, as
well as the .student, will find in it many valuable records. E. EMMONS.
Ai.BA.«JT, July 25, 1854.
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
General Oonsidebations
1-7
CHAPTER II.
SKETCH OF THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF INSECTS.
Anatomical description of parts — Function of digestion — Circulation — Nervous system — Senses of
touch, hearing, smell, sight and taste — Muscular motion — Function of propagation, pp. 7-24
Appendix to Chapter II, embracing references to Plates A, B and E
pp. 25 - 28
CHAPTER III.
Remarks on the classification of insects
pp. 29, 30
CHAPTERS IV TO XI.
ORDER I. COLEOPTERA
ClCINDELlD^
Carabid^
Dyticid.*
NiTIDULIDJB .
E.VOIDiB
Staphylinid^
Byrbhid^
HlSTERID^
LuCANIDiE
GEOTRUPIDiE .
SCARABiSID^
TfioaiDiE
Dynastid^
Meloi.onthidje
BuPRESTIDiB
Elaterid^
LaMPYRIDjB
[Agricultural Report — Vol. v.]
pp. 31 - 138
p. 32
38
55
58
59
61
66
66
66
67
68
70
71
71
83
8ft
8»
n
CONTENTS.
TXLKPUOHIDA
CLERIDJi
PriNIDiB
Lymkxylonidje
BOSTRICBIDJi
PVROCnBOlD*
CANTnARIDiS
CiSTELIDiB
DiAPEHIDiB
Hklopid^
TENKBBIONIDiB
Blapbid^b
PmLIIDA
Bbuobid^
ATTELABLDiE
CuBCULIONIDjB
scolytidjc
Pbionid^
CERAMBTCIDiK
LEPTUBIDiE
Cbiocebid^
Ca88IDID^
ClIRYSOMELIO^
GALXBCCIDiB . ,
CoCCINELLIDiB
). 90
91
92
92
98
96
96
97
97
98
98
98
98
100
106
107
112
115
116
125
129
130
130
133
136
CHAPTER XII.
ORDER II. EUPLEXOPTERA
p. 139
CHAPTER XIII.
ORDER ni. ORTHOPTERA pp. 140 - 147
Blattid^ p. 141
Mantid^ 142
Phabmid^ . . . . 142
ACHETIDiK .. .. .. .. 143
Grtllid^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
LoCUSTIDiB 145
CHAPTER XIV.
ORDER IV. APHANIPTERA . .
p. 148
CONTENTS.
vu
CHAPTER XV.
OKDEK V. HOMOPTERA
ClCADID^
Membracid^
Aphidid^ . .
COCCID^
pp. 149 - 165
p. 149
153
158
162
CHAPTER XVI.
HETEROPTERA ..
.
. pp. 166 - 171
Hydkometrid^
• » • • •
.. p. 167
Reduviid^ . .
• • • • •
168
Lyg^idje
• • • • •
169
ClMrCID>E
• • • • •
169
COREID^
170
SCUTELLAKID^
* ■ • • • <
171
CHAPTER XVn.
ORDER VII. DIPTERA
. . pp. 172 - 18
TlPULIDiE
p. 173
MUSCIDJE
181
Tabanid^ . .
182
Xtlophagidjb
183
SYRPHIDiB
183
CHAPTER XVIII.
ORPER VIII. NEUROPTERA . .
• LlBELLtTLID^
Myrmeleonid.1:
EpHEMERIDf
pp. 184 - 187
. . p. 184
185
187
CHAPTER XIX.
ORDERPX. TRICHOPTERA ..
p. 188
viii
OOMTENTS.
CHAPTER XX.
•
OBPER X. HYMENOPTERA pp. 189 - 197
TlNTUBKDINIDJE
. p. 190
Urockrid^
191
ICHNlUMONIDi
193
SpUIOID£
195
EVANIIDJB
196
ScOLlIDf
197
CHAPTERS XXI k XXH.
ORDER XI. LEPIDOPTERA p
p. 198 - 256
Papilionidjb
. p. 199
HsMCONIIDiE
202
NYMPHALIDf
206
LTCJSNIDiE
214
He8PERID£ . .
215
SPHINOIDiE
216
^GEBID^
222
LlTHOSIID^
224
Akctiid^
225
LiPARIDJE
230
Saturniad^
231
La8I0CAMPAD£
234
Hepialidje
241
NoTODONTIDiE
241
NoNAGRIADjE
243
AOROTIDA . .
243
NocTtriD*
244
Geometridje
248
TORTRICIDiE
250
YpoNOMEDTIDjE
252
TiNKIDA::
252
INSECTS OF NEW-YOEK.
CHAPTER I.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
The common idea of an insect is, probably, sufficiently exact for all practical purposes ;
yet it seems proper that the scientific idea should be expressed : indeed it is always im-
portant to define clearly the limits of all departments of Natural History, by stating in
determinate language the boundaries which confine them. Insects, then, are animals whose
bodies are covered with a coriaceous integument ; and they are divided into three distinct
segments or sections, the head, thorax, and abdomen. The head is provided with two an-
tennae ; the thorax, with six articulated legs ; and the abdomen with many rings, and
contains the digestive organs : the sexes are distinct. They have a respiratory, circulatory
and nervous apparatus : the first permeates the whole body ; the second consists mainly
of a long vessel extending through the body, and is called a dorsal vessel, from the
position it occupies ; the third is a symmetrical arrangement of nervous threads in two
lines, placed upon the abdominal face, and connected by knots or ganglia at every ring of
the body. The breathing is performed through small openings along the sides of the ab-
domen, at every ring : the air admitted permeates the whole system, and acts upon the
fluids as in all animals. The most interesting peculiarities, however, consist in the changes
which the insect undergoes during its stages of growth, which, although the developments
are not more remarkable than in other departments of the animal kingdom, yet differ from
the higher in being stationary for certain periods, during which it performs the functions
of a perfect animal, except indeed that which belongs to the exercise of the sexual or-
gans. These changes are called metamorphoses, and coBsist of three stages, the worm or
larva, the pupa, and the perfect insect.
[ AgIIICULTVBAL REfORT — Vol. v.] 1
CONSIDERATIONS. •
iMonfl. u deflned iu the foregoing iwragraph, are still very closely related to other
daMM of aninuls : thus they resemble the Myriapodes in the annular or jointed structure,
•nd In th«? iinoormnlnn of two antennae, but differ from them by the division of their bodies
iBto thice segments, while the Myriapodes are composed of many rings, to each of which
then b provided • pair of legs, as in the family of animals called Centipedes. They re-
semble the spiders, or Arachnida', somewhat in the division of the body, but the head in
spiders is soldereil to the thorax : they are also destitute of antennse ; the nervous system
la condensed into fewer central ganglia, and sometimes their respiration is analogous to
the pulmonary, the air being received into sacs or bags. They resemble the Crustacea in a
few points, but differ essentially from them in the character of the respiratory apparatus,
Inasmuch as the Crustacea are provided with organs analogous to the gills of fishes. The
reaemblance which insects bear to the worms, Annelides, is' the annulated structure : those
worms have neither antennse nor feet, and, as to sex, they are mostly hermaphiodites. In
addition to the foregoing, I may add, none of the classes have wings but insects, and their
metamorphoses are of a different character, consisting mainly of a casting of the integu-
ments as iu the crab and lobster.
All Insects are oviparous, or spring from an egg laid bef(a*e the birth of the individual.
A few examples are known where the egg is retained in the body, and there hatched.
These eggs are often carefully concealed, and hence are discovered with difficulty : it is
owing to this circumstance that they multiply to an injurious extent, and are often capable
of devastating extensive territories. They are, however, generally laid upon the bodies
which are to provide the food for the young : those which subsist upon herbaceous plants,
are found ujwn or near the foliage ; those which feed upon wood are deposited in holes,
or in cracks and crevices of trees, into which the young animal immediately begins to
penetrate ; or, which is -equally bad, the egg is deposited in the rudiments of the fruit, and
will be ready to devour it when it is mature.
Insects are extremely jh-oMc, but the different species vary exceedingly. According to
a statement in the Naturalist's Library, a certain large fly {Mesemhrina meridmna) lays only
two eggs ; while the female white ant lays probably not fewer than forty or fifty millions
in a year, which are extruded at the rate of sixty in a minute when engaged in the act*.
This statement embraces the extremes. Others are known to lay, as the queen bee for
example, fifty thousand ; female wasp, thirty thousand, though generally only from two to
three th<)usand. The eggs of the whe^t fly are not very numerous, and probably less than
one hun<lred ; yet even in that small number the increase will be sufficient to secure the
destruction of the wheatfields in a large district. But many insects produce several broods
in a season, and some of the most prolific produce several generations of young, consisting
mainly of females, which are capable of laying eggs as soon as they have reached a stage
• NaturalW* Library, Introduclion, pp. 72, 78.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 3
of full development. But the law of increase seems to rest upon the supply of food : where
this is sure and constant, the increase is much greater than where it is precarious or un-
certain ; thus those insects which subsist on animal food are comparatively limited, while
the vegetable feeders are more numerous : this is in keeping with the harmony of nature,
and the original arrangements of the Creator.
The eggs of insects are made up, essentially, of the same parts as the egg of vertebrated
animals. It consists of a yolk, with its germinal disc and germinal spot, which seem really
to be nothing else than a cell with its nucleolus. The yolk is enveloped in a proper mem-
brane ; and in order to defend and protect it, it is supplied with a hard outside envelope,
analogous to the eggshell of the common fowl ; but the shell, the white, and its tough
membrane, are not essential parts in the constitution of the egg.
The eggs of insects, like all other eggs, obey the law of temperature. The young are
hatched at an earlier day if the temperature is increased, and the hatching is retarded in a
medium of low temperatiu-e. It therefore happens that man is often a gainer in consequence
of the warmth of spring, which brings forward insect life at an early day, only to perish
by the frosts whiclr soon succeed. The eggs of insects are endued with the power to resist,
or rather withstand, wide variations of temperature. It is evident that they sustain all the
ordinary changes of the climate, and that it often happens that they are exposed to a
temperature equal to 20*' below zero. The ability to withstand either extreme of tempera-
ture depends upon the conditions of the egg : if it has progressed considerably towards
the development of an embryo, its power to withstand those extreme changes is diminished.
The pupa resists but feebly those changes when it first assumes this state ; but when it
has nearly reached the period of completing its metamorphosis, it is surprising that it can
resist a high degree of heat. I exposed the pupaj of numerous silkworms, enclosed in a
bottle, to 212°, without injju-ing them. I was siuprised to find, not many days afterwards,
that hundreds of millers of both sexes had escaped from their cocoons. The warmth of the
sun, together with its light, is sufficient to destroy the vitality of the pupa when it first
assumes that state ; but the eggs of insects require air, or oxygen, as much as the perfect
animal : when enclosed in a vacuum, they lose their vitality. Oxygen is essential to the
development of the embryo, and hence the outer covering must admit its passage.
The eggs of some insects seem to grow : they increase in size, probably by the absorption
of moisture from the atmosphere, or from the surface upon which they are laid.
The covering of eggs varies exceedingly : in some it is beautifully sculptured ; in others
it is smooth and shining. These different characters, if they could be fully delineated,
would constitute important marks for the discrimination of species, for it is probable that
they differ in the species to which they belong.
The most remarkable I'act in the history of insects, is their metamorphosis. The egg, as
has been observed already, is similar to the eggs produced by other classes of animals ; but
it never gives birth to a jjerfect insect, the immediate product of the egg being really as
CONSIDFJtATIONS.
I the perfect insect M possible ; for what can be more unlike than the caterpillar and
' t How disgusting the one, as it crawls like a reptile ; and how beautiful the
other, as i^ flits in the air like a bird !
' rwm the «gg, the first state in which the insect appears is the larva. This stage of
flsiglaaee Is characterized by (he vermiform shape and construction of their bodies ; and
It Is • stage which attracts our attention more frequently than that of the perfect insect,
and it is one in which it usually commits a greater amount of injury than in the perfect
stage : it Is, too, in this stage that the ^riculturist can more effectually exterminate these
hblbes. The term larva is applied generally to the immatiue butterfly or caterpillar. Grubs
ara white, soft-bodied animals, which are immature beetles ; while maggots are immature
flies, or belong to the dipterous order of Insects. All, however, are the analogous re-
pnsentatives (^ the different orders in the same stage of development, or that stage during
whieh the insect grows and frequently casts its integuments : it devours immense quanti-
ties of food, and is often very destructive to the foliage of vegetables. When it has reached
its development for the larva stage, it c«ases to eat, wraps itself in a mantle, simulates
death, but is really undergoing internal changes preparatory to a higher stage of develop-
ment. In its mantle it casts its old skin, which it presses down into the lower part of its
envelope, and soon appears in a livery peculiar to the pupa stage. The time during which
It is confined to this stage varies with every insect : in some it is brief; in others, it is long.
Insects are composed of thirteen segments, including the head ; but an obscurity often
arises from the consolidation of segments, and often produces thereby a disproportionate
development of certain parts. The three segments immediately behind the head correspond
to the proihorax, mesothoraa; and metathorax of the insect ; and these bear the three pair of
legs, provided the larva possesses legs. These are persistent, and hence are called true legs,
to distinguish them from the abdominal legs, prolegs or props, which are caducous, or are
never transmitted to the perfect insect : they are peculiar to the larva. The mouth-pieces
or oral organs frequently differ in the different stages also. These are sometimes designed
for suction in the larva, while the perfect insect is provided with jaws for mastication ;
hence, in such cases, the nature of the food is changed : in other cases the provisions for
taking food are the same in both stages.
The larvse grow rapidly, as a general fact, insomuch that the whole structure of the
animal indicates provisions subservient to this result : they are provided with strong and
efficient organs of manducation ; their digestive organs are very large and capacious ; the
function of digestion is rapidly effected, and the consumption of food is immense in pro-
portion to the weight of the body. It is stated that flesh-flies increase two hundred times
their weight in twenty-four hours. C!ount Dandolo remarks that the weight of the silk-
worm, when first hatched, is about one-hundredth of a grain, or it requires one hundred
of them to weigh a grain : after the first moulting, one hundred weigh 15 grains ; after
fte second, the same number weigh 94 grains ; after t!he third, their weight is 400 grains ;
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. Sf
after the fourth, their conjoint weight is 1628 grains ; and after the fifth, when they have
attained a length of three inches, they weigh 9500 grains. These changes of skin, called
moulfings, seem designed to accommodate the development of the body to its outer enve-
lope : it is a critical period ; and if any accident happens which interferes with its proper
performance, the animal either perishes, or is left in an enfeebled state, and is unable to
assume the form of the perfect insect. The number of moultings varies with the species,
but is always alike in the same species : the same changes are repeated in each respective-
ly. All these changes are best observed in the silkworm, in which their number is five, and
require thirty days for their complete performance. In some insects the number of moult-
ings extends to nine or ten, while in others it does not exceed three or four. The larva
ceases to eat when it is undergoing this process : an internal change takes place, however,
which greatly favors the casting of its envelope ; it is the absorption of the fat beneath the
outer skin, which becomes shrivelled, while at the same time it gives opportunity for the
expansion of the internal parts. The motions are strange during this period : their bodies
are curiously shaken and contorted, with jerkings of the head and posterior parts of the
abdomen ; these are designed to break up the attachments of the outer skin, and finally
to detach it from the new skin beneath, which is bright, fresh, and moist. A rent is finally
made in the old skin along the back, through which the animal now forces its way, in
which process it is assisted by attaching itself to some point of support : this is managed
so adroitly that the old skin remains whole, except the rent along the back, and so perfect
that it might be mistaken for the perfect larva. The change is not confinftd to the outer
envelope : the organs of respiration, though extremely delicate, as well as those of diges-
tion, cast off also their membranes, which are ultimately expelled from the body. It is no
wonder, then, that the moulting stage is one of great danger to the larva. This becomes
still more hazardous to the silkworm which is placed in an artificial state, and which Is
increased by the numbers that are crowded into a small area. The last change is attended
with circumstances somewhat peculiar. They first seek a suitable retreat, adapted fo the
nature of the insect itself ; a crevice in the bark of trees, a shelter under the roof of a
building, or a hole in the ground, in which they construct a sort of chamber, which they
line and otherwise prepare in a mode suitable to their necessities. They form habitations
with much skill, and the bestowment of much care, to defend their bodies from the ex-
tremes of temperature, or as a defence from their enemies. Sometimes, as in the dipterous
insects, the old skin is converted into a pupa case, after becoming more rigid and stiff : in
other instances a beautiful case is made, and a robe of silk is laboriously woven from a
single thread, which is formed and spun from the juices of the body.
The silkworm is an admirable example to illustrate the instinctive powers of insects in
perfecting their stages of development. We admire the skill by which it suspends itself in
its case, and the beautiful manceuvres by which it manages to place the baud of silk around
fr OtgtlltatHMKmDKR.KTlOSS.
1^ bodr. Th« haMtation of the pupa is usually called Us cocoon ; which term, however, is
BWi« eommonly applied to those silken cases or envelopes of which I have been speaking,
•ad of which we have an example in the silkworm. This is so closely woven that it ex-
^a^ ^nter, and is often stiffened by a glutinous matter, by which it preserves ils original
fbtm e?«i after the perfect animal has escaped : it is also farther strengthened by leaves
aad pieeM of wood, which undoubtedly serve as a better protection from its enemies.
Thus this helpless state is guartle<l and protected by a system of means which are calculated
to secure the existence of the animal in its utterly helpless state ; a state which simulates
death, and which, in its ultimate triumph, resembles the resurrection of the body from the
pare of real death.
All in8e«ts do not undergo the same changes ; neither are they alike in analogous states.
Thaa the caterpillar of our butterflies wraps itself in its mantle, where it silently under-
goat its change ; but the grasshopper comes from the egg an immature insect, but w ith the
gmeral form of the perfect animal, and hops about with the rudiments of w^ings upon its
baek. As it grows rapidly, it outgrows its skin, which it frequently casts, like the larva of
the butterfly : its wings continue to grow, and the body to increase ; the partial wings
keep pace witli these changes, till at last they are perfected, and the animal has reached
ita perfect state without having lost its activity during its period of growth. The grass-
hopper, then, never passes into the inactive pupa state ; and in this its metamorphosis is
similar to hugs, and dissimilar to beetles and caterpillars.
There is another Hifferenre in the history of insect life, which is interesting : it is not
the inhabitant of the same medium through life. It may begin its career in the water, and
and it in the air : the musqulto is an example. Who has not observed the wiggler in
stagnant water, and in our cisterns 1 It is the musquito enjoying its water-life to the full.
When the time arrives for its change, it rises to the surface, bursts its mantle, thrusts up
its head and spreads its wings, while with its feet it rests still upon its cast-off mantle, then
rises buoyant from its sinking bark, and flies away in triumph from the element which
gave it birth.
Equally remarkable are the appetites of the insect in its larva and in its perfect state.
Thus the larva, or, as it is usually called, the maggot, sports and feeds upon the putrid
mass; but the fly, which springs from its mantle, seeks thehoueyof our table : so vai-ious
are the forms and manners of insect life. The caterpillar, grub and maggot go through the
three stages, or undergo a complete metamorphosis ; passing through the three periods
which are known as the caterpillar, pupa, and imago or perfect stage. The last is the only
period which is given them to continue their kind and generations : in many it is transient
M the fleeting day, and seems designed only for fulfilling the law of increase ; which, when
fulfilled, the insect dies.
CHAPTER II.
SKETCH OF THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF INSECTS.
The parts of the insect which are employed in description are the antennfp, the segments,
the wings and nervures, the eyes, the parts forming the mouth, etc. ; and these it will be
necessary to describe somewhat at length. The three divisions of the body are marked by
deep iqcisions, by which the head, thorax and abdomen, or hindr-body as it is sometimes
called, are always distinct in the perfect insect ; but in the larva there are only two divi-
sions, the head and body. The middle, or thorax, supports the head and wings. The head is
armed with jaws or mandibles and palpi, and ornamented or surmounted by the antennae,
which, in some insects, are much larger than their bodies, and are made up of many joints
gradually tapering to a point.
The wings of beetles are composed of dissimilar pieces, lying, when at rest, one above
the other. The upper or outer wing is thick, and shaped to the parietes of the abdomen,
being convex above and concave below : it protects the true wing, which is delicate and
studiously folded, and is only elevated in flight, in order to give play to the true wings.
The upper wings are called elytra, to distinguish them from the reticulated wing ; they
are also denominated wing-covers or cases, and are often finely sculptured, punctured or
ornamented : to these the insect frequently owes its beauty ; upon these, too, the fine
colors are impressed, which are often of a splendent hue or lustre. In other orders of in-
sects the four wings are entirely reticulated, or composed of a fine network traversed
longitudinally and obliquely by nervures which branch in the same species in a certain
manner, which, from their constancy, have been employed by systematists to aid in clas-
sifying, and as characteristics of genera. The wings are still farther modified in the Le-
pidoptera ; the network is more compact and close, and is covered with fine scales but
slightly attached, which appear to the unassisted eye like meal of a pearly hue. Butterflies
and moths are provided with this peculiar wing, which, though extremely delicate and
always injured when slightly touched with the finger, yet always appears perfect when
first captured ; showing thereby their power and ability to perform the natural functions
for which they were designed, without sustaining the loss of this delicate substance. •
i DOCKIPTION OF PARTS.
Tito external ooreiing of inseets b quite hard : it is called integument, or crust, and
•uppliee the place of the internal skeleton, and is the part to which the muscles are at-
iMhed. It if somewhat horny, or corneous, but varies considerably in this respect in the
limmml qiedes : in certain beetles it is hard and inflexible ; while in others, it is soft and
onHe flexible. It resembles the true skin of animals in its divisibility into three layers, an
epidermis, a rete mucosum,and a leathery tunic called the corium or dermis, the true skin.
This oater integument is composed chemically of phosphate of lime and magnesia ; but,
iHut is interesting, it is found to contain a peculiar substance, termed chitine, which is
insoloble in potash. Phosphate of iron, albumen, and a peculiar coloring matter, are also
unong the substances composing this iutegumeiil.
The shape of the head is variable, but the spherical form predominates. The integument
forms a kind of box, with an aperture in front, through which the organs of the mouth
maybe thrust. The posterior part furnishes a place and attachments for the muscles which
move the head upon the thorax. The eyes are large, usually, and occupy the lateral parts
of the head. The external parts of the head have received dififerent names. The epicranium
is that portion which extends from the eyes backwards. In front of the epicranium, is the
fticehead. The clypeus is the margin in front above the mouth. Sometimes the whole region
in front of the eyes is called the face. The inferior parts of the box enclosing the head has
also its spaces, which have received distinct names, as gula, or throat, which lies imme-
diately behind the margin of the lower lip, and extends back to the prothorax. The cheeks
are situated upon the sides of the head, from the eyes downwards to the mouth. The an-
teante are situated between the angle of the mouth and the eyes : they have a subglobose
Joint at the base, upon which they move, and which is placed in a kind of socket ; this is
sometimes called a tm-vlus,
.The mouth, as may be supposed, is constructed so as to answer the ends designed, and
it is either suctorial or manducatory, masticating : if the food is fluid, it is suctorial ; if
solid, it has jaws for mastication. In the mandibulate or masticating, there is perfect free-
dom of motion ; in the suctorial or haustellate {hamtellata), the parts are more or less
soldered together, so as to form a tube for the transmission of fluids. The terms haustdlata
and mandibulata apply, therefore, to two great classes of insects, one of which subsists on
the juices of plants and animals, which they obtain by suction ; the others, the masticating,
subsist on solid substances. Animals destined to obtain food by modes so apparently distinct,
ftiniish many distinctive characters of importance. The labrum is the most anterior part
sssn from above ; it covers the mouth, and is united by a membranous hinge to the cly-
paos : it is employed in retaining the food in the mouth during mastication ; it is, there-
fcre, a true upper lip, but of a variable form. Mastication is performed by the mandibles,
wl)ich are two strong jaws that move laterally, and consist of wedge-shaped or triangular
pieces more or less elongated, and placed immediately below the labrum. These organs are
also called upper jaws : they move like the blades of scissors. Their inner edge is fre-
DESCRIPTICHN' OF PARTS. . 9
quently dentate or toothed, the teeth being arranged so as to shut within each other. Below
the upper jaw are the feeler jaws, or maxillse ; these also move horizontally : they are
smaller, and, instead of notches, their inner edges are furnished with bristles or hairs ; they
are articulated to the throat by a hinge (carde), which places them at right angles to the
stipe or stalk, )«hich last is pretty thick and strong at its upper part. Attached to this is
the feeler-bearer, so called because the maxillary palpus is inserted on its outer edge. The
terminal portion of the maxilla is the maxillary lobe, wliich is frequently toothed at its
extremity. The maxillary palpus is a filiform, jointed process, which always distinguishes
the maxilla from the mandibles. The proportion of joints is variable, and in number they
never exceed six. The terminal joint is quite variable in form in the different genera, and
hence becomes an important characteristic. The under lip is called a lulium; it antagonizes
the labrum : at its base is the mentum or chin. The anterior part bears the labial palpi :
the terminal portion is the ligula, and is often lobed. The labial palpi are jointed, but the
joints never exceed four. The tongue, in the Carabidte, is a lining membrane of the under
lip, which protrudes along its anterior angles, or in front : it is obscure among the Coleo-
pte^, but more distinct among the Orthoptera. The mouth designed for suction is not very
dissimilar to the one formed for mastication. The mandibles have undergone modifications
which are referred to three types, that have received the following appellations : prcmuscis,
proboscis, and haustellum. The tube is formed by the elongation of the maxilla and accessory
parts : so also it is formed by the mandibles.
The thorat is the section of the insect which lies between the head and abdomen : it
supports the legs. Three principal pieces enter into its composition : the anterior supports
the fore-legs, and is called the prothorax; the next, the mesothorax, which supports the
middle legs and fore-wings ; the last, the metatk&rax, which supports the hind-legs and
hind-wings. The inferior part of the thorax is covered by a plate, called the prostemvm by
BfUMEisTER. The scutellum is a triangular piece of integument interposed between the
elytra at their base : sometimes it is concealed by the elytra. Connected with the scutellum
is the frenum, a membrane designed to regulate the quantity of movement belonging to the
elytra : in the Fulgura it consists of cartilaginous elastic rings, which admit of tension and
relaxation. The mesothorax has another important division, called the scapula: : they assist
in forming the articulating socket of the elytra ; they pass down the sides of the second
thoracic segment. Tlie mesothorax has also its spiracle : on the under side of this segment
is placed the mesostemum ; it contains the sockets of the middle legs. The nietathorax is
the posterior segment of the thorax, which supports the hind-legs and the inferior wings :
it is well developed in the Coleoptera and Orthoptera. The best authorities regard it as
admitting of a division into seven pieces : the dorsal portion is the metanotum ; it is
quadrangular, and notched in front. The metathorax is separated from the abdomen by a
parietal wall called the melaphragma, and from the mesothorax by the mesophragma. The
lateral portions of the metathorax are provided with horny plates, termed by Kibby and
[ AGRictJLTaRAL Rkport — VoL. V.] 2
10 DESCRIPTION OF PARTS.
pleura and peripUura; the latter supports the halteres or poisers in dipterous in-
aeoto. Tlie thorax invariably supports six legs. The wings are sometimes wanting, when
ttie '»!««*«<* is said to he apterous : those with two wings are dipterous; and those with four,
tth^erous. The superior wings are provided witli an articulating socket, which is formed
in part by the organ called the scapula : they lie close upon the sternumj they constitute
the second principal portion of the raesothorax, lying one on each side in front. Another
distinct portion of the mesothorax is the mesosternum : it lies upon the under side, opposite
the mesonotum ; in its area the middle legs are articulated. The mesosternum is not equal-
ly developed in all orders of insects : it is most perfect in the Coleoptera and Orthoptera ;
the dorsal portion has received the n&me of metanotum, quadrangular in form, and emargi-
nate in front.
The parts supported by the thorax are the wings and legs ; and, as has been observed
already, the latter are invariably six in number, and never wanting. The wings are variable
in number, in form and in substance ; and upon the variability in form and substance, the
orders are composed. Thus those with four wings are termed tetraplerous ; those with two,
dipterous; and those with none, apterous. The anterior pair in Tetraptera is attached to the
mesothorax : this pair is also sometimes called the superior pair, while the pair attached
to the metathorax is called the posterior or inferior pair. The pair which is wanting in the
Diptera, is the posterior pair.
It has been said that the wings differ in form and substance. Nature, however, preserves
rigorously the symmetry of parts. In Coleoptera, the anterior wings differ from' the posterior
both in substance and form. The substance of the first is leathery, more or less rigid, and
horny : their form is various, but adapted to the dorsum or back of the insect ; while the
posterior are membranous, flexible and elastic, and capable of being folded beneath the
anterior wings. In another order of Tetraptera the wings are similar in form and substance,
and of equal size : these insects have received the name of JVeuroptera. Where, however,
in tctrapterous insects, the posterior wings dilfer in size, but preserve the form and sub-
stance of the anterior, the order is called Hymenoptera. Examples of Neuroptera are the
drftgon-flies ; of Hymenoptera, the common honey-bee, wasp, etc. In flight, the rigid an-
terior wing of the Coleoptera is of little use : it serves to protect the membranous wing
and abdomen when at rest. Hence it is that the flight of beetles is short, and sustained
evidently with much more labor than that of dragon-flies or honey-bees. The insects whose
wings are four, and covered with scales, are called from this last circumstance Lepidoptera.
It is proper here to remark, that while there is a great dissimilarity between the anterior
wing of a beetle and that of a dragon-fly, yet we are not to suppose that the difference is
effected by a sudden leap : there is really a gradation in substance. We have insects whose
anterior wings are intermediate in this respect, both in substance and form. Thus the com-
mon grasshopper has an anterior wing which is between leathery and membranous, and is
DESCRIPTION OF PARTS. H
elongated very frequently beyond the body. This is the characteristic of the order Ortho-
ptera of systematic writers ; and in this order, the wing grows with the body of the insect.
There is another modification of the anterior wing, which seems to arise from an arrest of
development, as the organ acquires scarcely half its usual length : this modification has
served to establish the order Hemiptera of authors.
A still more beautiful modification of the wing of the insect is found in butterflies and
moths. In these the membrane and network, constituting the frame and foundation-work
of the organ, are covered with a mealy substance, or what appears to the unassisted eye as
such. This substance, however, is a scale of a beautiful workmanship, of a variable form
and size in different insects, and in diierent parts of the wing of the same insect : they
are beautiful objects for the microscope. Rude handling immediately destroys the beauty
of the wing, by detaching these scales, and leaving the membrane beneath naked and
broken.
The wing, anatomically considered, is composed of two parts : the nervures, and mem-
brane. The former are likened pnto ribs, which start from the anterior angle, and branch
in various ways as they pass to the posterior margin. They give strength to the organ, and
serve an important purpose in supporting and staying the outstretched membrane. The
nervures are not, as might at first be supposed, solid ribs : they are traversed internally by
a spiral vessel and nerve. The membrane is double, although extremely delicate : this
delicacy, however, is no obstacle to the growth of appendages, such as hairs, etc., inasmuch
as it is frequently densely covered with them-. The wing, divided by the branching and
anastomosing of the nervures, forms a network more or less fine. The spaces enclosed by
the branches are called cells or areolets ; and being quite constant in form and place, they
are employed in the determination of groups. Three areas are particularly noticed, namely,
the costal, intermediate, and anal areas. The wing has a base, and anterior and posterior
margins : the first is the part attached to the sternum ; the two others define themselves.
The apex of the wing is the part opposite to the base.
Various views have been expressed by different authors on the analogical relations of the
wings, many of which are certainly very fanciful. M. Audouin takes a rational common ,
sense view of these relations, and regards the wings as organs sui generis, intended for the
exercise of special functions.
The legs. Each segment of the thorax supports a pair of legs. The joint which unites
them with the body is called the coxa or hip : it is held in its socket by a ligament. The
motions of the leg are controlled more or less by the form of the coxa. The thigh is the
largest portion of the leg : its form is various ; it is cylindrical or flattened, it is straight
or arched. If the insect leaps, the posterior thighs are thick and strong. The legs are also
more or less spinous.
The tibia is the next part of the leg, and forms an angle with the thigh. It is more
13 DESCRIPTION OF PARTS.
akBder than the thigh, and is connected with it by a joint similar to a knee-joint, culled
gtmgUmm* (articulation) : it is so formed that it may be closely applied to the thigh. Spines
•nd spurs are also found upon the tibia or shank : when the spines are short, they are
MUded as teeth. The spurs are articulate<l with the part, and possess some motion : they
ate commonly arranged in pairs at the extremity of each tibia.
The tibia terminates l)elow in the tarsus, or foot : this consists of a series of pieces, more
or less heart-shai)ed, and never exceeding Ave in number. The combined motion of these
pieces is considerable, though it is such as belongs to the ginglimus articulation : they are
never of equal length, and the first one is the longest of all. The terminal piece bears a
bifid claw, often <lcntate or serrate on the edges ; and a spmious claw is frequently found
between the branches. In addition to the forenamed parts, we often And cushions placed
upon the bottom of the foot, which serve as sucking cups, enabling tKe insect to support
itself in a pendant position. Hairs also clothe the sole.
The forelegs often exhibit a form more or less divergent from the others, and hence serve
an additional purpose in the economy of the insect : they are employed in prehension.
So it is sometimes the case that the hindlegs have a form specially adapted to a particular
purpose, such as the rolling of the ball in which the eggs are enclosed, etc.
The third part of the body of an insect, which calls for our attention, is the abdomen :
it has no appendage, and in this respect differs from the parts already noticed. Its external
structure is not peculiar ; for, like the other parts, it is composed of a scries of horny rings
or segments, which are closely connected together. The rings do not exceed nine in num-
ber ; if they appear to be fewer than nine, it may arise from the overlapping of adjacent
enes. A «ection of the abdomen exhibits a triangular outline. The abdomen itself is united
to the thorax, but not always in the same way : the area of junction is sometimes broad,
or equal to that of the first segment ; in other cases the union is by a short stem, or petiole,
consisting of a trumpet-shaped tube : the abdomen is sessile in the former case, and pe-
tiolated in the latter. The rings or segments are united to each other in two ways : by the
first, the inferior and middle parts are joined or soldered together, leaving the sides and
dorsal portions only free ; by the second way, there is no soldering of parts, but the rings
are supported by overlapping each other, and may slide into each other like the pieces of
a telescope. In the former mode, motion is restricted, while the greatest freedom exists in
tlie latter. The segments are lined by a membrane, but it is scarcely visible except in the
ease of a gravid female, when it is seen distended like a bag.
The abdomen, being comparatively IVee, is well fitted to sustain the function of respira-
tion. To this end, each segment or ring is furnished with an opening for the transmission
of air, which penetrates thence in appropriate vessels throughout the whole body. These
openings are surrounded by rings, and are usually denominated spiracles. As the abdomen
is devoted to digestion, and is also the cavity in which the generative organs are lodged, it
DESCRIPTION OF PARTS. 18
is necessary that it should be well supplied with air or oxygen : hence each segment has
a pair of spiracles, which are capable of inhaling a large amount of this essential element.
The external orifices are often protected by hairs, which shut ovet them, and thus serve to
exclude foreign matters, while the air permeates freely into the interior of the body.
Besides the digestive organs, and a portion of the respiratory apparatus, the abdomen
ontains the genital organs, the piercer and sting of females. The piercer is a flexible jointed
tube, and is used to puncture trees or other bodies for the pm-pose of depositing the eggs.
It varies in length and form, and is fitted to perform its office according to the instinct of
the animal to which it belongs.
I have now described, in as few words as possible, the most essential external parts of
insects ; those parts which are particularly employed in the description of genera and
species, as well as those used in general classification. From these parts the student will
be able to form a correct notion of the extent of this class of animals ; but there are yet
other portions, occupying the interior of the insect's body, which are important for us to
study, inasmuch as they will yield information in regard to the economy of this interesting
class which will be of essential service. I refer to the digestive, circulatory, and nervous
systems. If the external forms of insects are curious and interesting, the student will find
that the apparatus for carrying on the foregoing functions is still more so. There is espe-
cially one curious fact particularly worthy of notice in relation to the digestive apparatus :
it is this, that the secretory organs are reduced to the simplest form, that of tubes ; from
which we learn that nature requires no special form of instrument for the performance of
a given function.
All the essentials of a digestive apparatus, which belong to the higher classes of animals,
are found in the insect. Some interesting differences, it is true, exist ; still when it is con-
sidered that the food of insects does not really differ from that of other animals, we may
of course exjiect to find the digestive organs essentially the same in kind. As insects subsist
upon various kinds of food, some upon vegetables, others upon the elaborated juices of
animals or upon flesh, so we find similar variations in the form and proportion of the organs
as exist among the higher animals. The vegetable feeder has a larger and more capacious
digestive apparatus than the carnivorous insect, nature always adapting her means to the
end.
The function of digestion in insects, as in all other animals, is performed through the
instrumentality of an alimentary canal. OiU" first object will be to describe this apparatus.
The function itself involves the existence of two kinds of apparatus : the parts through
which the food must pass ; and the parts which supply the special fluids essential to effect
certain changes in the food before it can become aliment or nutrient matter. Beginning
with the description of the first kind of apparatus, namely, the organ or organs through
which the food passes during the process of digestion, we may regard this apparatus as a
J 4 DESCRIPTION OF PARTS.
oanal open at each extremity, with an enlargement or dilatation more or less in its central
portion ; whence it is diminished, and becomes tubular and folded repeatedly upon itself,
laenasing thereby in length until in some instances it is many times the length of the body.
Different portions of this canal have received dififerent appellations, as is highly proper,
from the fact that certain of its parts perform functions of a modified character, although
all contributing to one general result. In this division of parts, comparative anatomists
Iiave employed the same names that have long been in use in the anatomy of the higher
animals, as the following enumeration will show, to wit : the pharynx, oesophagus, crop,
gizzard, stomach or chylific ventricle, small intestines, caecum and rectum.
The pharynx is the anterior portion or beginning of the canal. The cavity of the mouth
opens into it, and it is an aperture more or less enlarged : it is, however, better developed
In those insects which masticate their food, the mandibulated class. Indeed it is regarded
as having no existence except in this class ; for in the suctorial insect, the next part, or
esophagus, is in direct continuity with the haustella or sucking tube, which is connected
with it by two distinct tubes.
The esophagus, commonly known as the gullet, is a tube connecting the pharynx with
the crop, or first enlargement of the intestinal canal. It passes directly through the thorax
and constricted part of the insect, terminating in the abdomen in the crop. It is variable
in length : it may form one-half the length of the canal, while in other instances it is less
than one-sixth of such length. It has a peculiarity which has already been alluded to : its
bifurcation anteriorly in the lepidoptera, each spiral sucking tube extending its branch to
it just behind the head.
The esophagus Is connected in the first place with the crop, an enlargement having a
close analogy in position and form with the crop of a bird. It is also called a stomach by
some writers on entomology. It is sometimes placed on a line with tlie esophagus, when it
appears as a simple enlargement of the tube ; in other instances it is placed on one side,
and then appears more like a sac connected with the esophagus by a short canal, and
serving as a kind of reservoir ; or, in other words, more analogous to the crop of birds*.
In certain beetles, as the Clclndela, the organ Is provided with a glandular apparatus, which
secretes an abundant and active juice to soften and otherwise change the food deposited in
it. In the hemlptera It Is remarkably modified In function : It loses its Importance as a
depository of food, and becomes a part of a pumping apparatus ; whence it has been called
a sucking stomach. The Insect In this case has the power of distending the sac, and thereby
• It b proper in this place to notice the fact, that while there are numerous variations in the tbrm and length of
Ac alimcntAry canal or insects, there are two modifications that should he particularly spoken of, namely : the
bot-fly has no opening at all answering to the mouth and pliarynx, and hence can take no nourishment ; and in the
krr« of the wasp and bee, the rectum is closed, and hence their economy docs not require the evacuation of ex-
Dtitions matter.
DESCRIPTION OF PARTS. 15
rarifying the air in its interior ; in consequence of which, fluids rise in it as in a pump.
We have in this case an instance of a modification of an organ of the simplest kind, by
which, however, the entire function is changed ; passing from a digestive function to a
transferring one, or one more immediately subservient to the mouth.
The gizzard is the next organ, and may be distinguished from the crop by its peculiar
apparatus for mastication : its internal surface is studded " with teeth or spines, or horny
ridges ; " the organ, therefore, is eminently fitted for performing a perfect comminution of
the matters received into it. It completes, in this respect, what has been performed but
imperfectly. It performs a function somewhat analogous to that of runiination in the
herbivora. All the insects which feed upon hard substances, those which might be regarded
as nearly indigestible, are provided with a strong muscular gizzard, furnished with a
masticating apparatus.
The stomach, or that part in which we first observe the food reduced to a pulpy mass,
and first exhibiting a chylous appearance, is bounded above by the gizzard, and below by
a constricted portion of the canal, which receives a bundle of vessels that give it an ana-
logy to the liver of vertebrated animals, and in fact it is strictly the hepatic organ of in-
sects. The stomach is of an oval shape, or an elongated oval : it has been denominated the
chylific ventricle by M. Leon Dufour. Its capacity is considerable : its surface is lined by
a mucous membrane, and it is sometimes studded over with little mucous cysts or bags,
which secrete a solvent fluid similar in composition and use to the gastric fluid of the
higher animals. The organ, in order to increase the extent of surface, is frequently con-
stricted, and also twisted upon itself, so as to form many circumvolutions, and hence it is
quite variable in shape in the dififerent orders of insects : its inner surface, however, is
always villous.
From the stomach outwards or downward, the canal becomes narrower, or passes along
with a diminished calibre ; but as there are still enlargements or dilatations in its course,
anatomists speak of a duodenum, ileum, csecum, colon and rectum. But this is regarded by
many as an unnecessary multiplication of names, inasmuch as it is extremely difficult to
recognize the parts which are thus designated. The beginning of this part of the canal,
however, is indicated by a constriction and the existence of a sphincter muscle, as well ae
by the junction below of the hepatic vessels. The tube is generally short, rarely exceeding
the length of the body : sometimes it is inflated into an ovoid sac rather abruptly.
In following out the distinction of parts in the intestinal^ canal, we may recognize the
existence of a colon, or what corresponds to the large intestines of the higher animals, by
the character of the alimentary ball ; for the food, after having passed the stomach and
through the narrowed part of the canal posterior to the stomach, loses its viscidity, and
becomes more or less dry and compacted into the form of an excrement, showing by its
condition that the nutrient matter has been extracted from it. Here is also a valve to guard
15 FUNCTION OF DIGESTION.
the passage of the canal, which it closes to prevent the backward movement of the digested
BUB. The segment recognized as the csecura is short, and in direct communication with
tte anterior tube ; but in some cases it seems as if joined laterally to it, and then it has the
u>pearanc« of a pouch. Fluids are supposed to be secreted by warty excrescences situated
upon the mucous face of this intestine, designed to aid in the digestive process.
The rectum is that part of the large intestines which terminates the alimentary canal
below : it is always short, and is furnished with a sphincter at its extremity. It is mus-
cular, has thicker walls than the c«ecum, and gives shape and form to the excrements.
The function of digestion requires, in addition to the formal tube through which the
puent matter must pass, a supply of certain fluids which shall possess a solvent power
upon the contained mass ; and more than one kind of fluid seems to be necessary. Though
these iliflFerent fluids agree in use and eflTect with analogous ones found in the higher ani-
mals, the organs which secrete them have a very different form : indeed, the diflerence is
8o great, that a student whose views of the function of digestion have been obtained solely
from the observation of the organs of a vertebrate animal would not at first recognize the
parts which perform similar functions in insects.
The secretory oi^ans, and those which are subservient to digestion, are always tubular
in insects : the gland or parenchyma present in quadrupeds being entirely absent in in-
sects, these organs are reduced to their simplest form. The kinds of tubes faking their
names according to the nature of the fluid secreted, are the salivary, biliary, and urinary.
The salivary apparatus is quite complicated : it consists of tubes, single and double, and
even triple, situated around the esc^hagus and mouth, and provided with bags that serve
as reservoirs. The tubes open into the mouth or esophagus by two or more excretory orifices.
The salivary apparatus is most perfect in the haustellata or sucking insects ; the tubes
ascending into the abovenamed cavities in a meandering course, whereby the extent of
secreting surface is much increased.
The operation of salivation is an important preliminary to digestion : mixed with the
food, the saliva serves to soften its consistence, while it also carries along with it much air
which appears to be necessary for some purpose in the economy. The bile is a still more
important fluid than the saliva : it is secreted in long capillary tubes, more or less flexuose
and folded upon themselves, which connect with the alimentary tube below the stomach,
or just behind the pylorus ; though they sometimes continue farther down, and enter near
the csecum. These tubes vary in number : there are usually two, especially in coleoptera,
hemiptera and diptera ; but in these orders they are not absolutely uniform, as in the
cerambycidse there are three, and four in some diptera, while in neuroptera there are six,
and in certain neuropterous groups as many as eight. Where the number of the tubes
varies, however, it operates as a compensation for their length : for example, if the simple
tubes are each five or six times the length of the body, their number is less ; but when
FUNCTION OF DIGESTION. 17
they are short, their number is proportionally increased. Although these hepatic tubes are
generally quite uniform in diameter, there are some deviations from the rule ; but it is
perhaps unnecessary to describe particularly the few modifications that are known to occur.
The function of these tubes, as has been intimated, is to secrete or prepare a fluid analogous
to bile. They may be recognized in the caterpillar, when the abdomen is opened, by their
position, and by their white vermiform appearance : they float apparently loosely in the
cavity of the abdomen.
Among the secretions mentioned is the urinary, which seems to be far less constant than
those already described. When the urinary organs a«e present, they terminate in the rec-
tum : they have been foimd in certain carnivorous coleoptera. The fluid which has been
called the urine in insects, is caustic and odorous : it is often discharged by the carabici,
on handling them, in jets, which, when falling upon the skin, occasion a transitory burning.
In connection with this secretion, may be noticed that peculiar to the bombardiers, which
is discharged in explosive jets, and is supposed to be intended as a- means of defence. The
name of the genus possessing the power of producing explosive jets of fluid, is Brachinus.
I am not aware of the fact, if it has been ascertained, that this fluid is similar in composi-
tion to that of the higher animals, or that it contains urea.
In concluding our remarks on digestion in insects, we may observe that the function is
performed in ways quite as numerous as in the higher orders of animals, though there is
no departure from the general principles which prevail in the vertebrate and molluscous
tj^es. There is always an apparatus for trituration, or mechanical separation of the food
into fine parts : it is thereby prepared for the action of the several fluids which concur in
the digestive process, and which exercise some peculiar chemical influence that serves to
separate the nutrient matter from the useless portion of the food. These fluids are more
or less acrid in their nature : thus the saliva injected into the wound made by a flea or a
fly, for example, by the tabanus, occasions inflammation and itching ; and this ii-ritation
is designed to favor the insect, inasmuch as it produces a flow of blood to the wounded
part. An effect of saliva is seen upon leaves attacked by the caterpillar, which very soon
suffer a loss of color ; and as the morsel swallowed passes along from one receptacle to
another, it is constantly undergoing changes : it is softened in the crop ; in the gizzard,
it becomes pulpy ; and in the true stomach the chyle is formed, and is at once recognized
by the globules it contains.
A controversy has been long maintained respecting the office of those tubes which have
been called hepatic or biliary. Some eminent physiologists have regarded them as urinary,
inasmuch as uric acid is sometimes found in them ; but as this is not always the case, a
compromise seems to have been made by regarding them as both biliary and urinary, and
giving them a corresponding denomination urino-biliary. The circumstance that the same
tubes which have since been found sometimes to contain urine were regarded as biliary
[Agricultural Report — Vol. v.] S.
1% CWCDLATOHV SYSTEM.
tabes by the older anatomists and physiologists, is accordant with known facts in the
economy of the lower animals, among which it is common for an organ to perform a double
function.
The food in the alimentary canal of insects is moved along by a peristaltic motion : the
canal, therefore, is supplied with a muscular apparatus. Indeed, from the plienomena
exhibited, we might infer that the apparatus has a construction and parts such as have
place in quadrupctls : thus the coats of the alimentary canal aie three, a mucous, a cellu-
lar, and a muscular coat ; the first being the internal one, the musculai- the outside, and
the cellular in the middle. The mucous coat is thin, often transparent, and difficult to
detect. The muscular coat is perfectly developed : its fibres are both longitudinal and
circular ; and where the constrictions peculiar to the tube exist, there it is more perfectly
developed, or in greater force. These muscles serve partly as sphincters, and also to keep
up a continual movement.
Circulation. Insects are furnished with a circulatory apparatus : it consists of a dorsal
vessel, which, as its name indicates, is a tube running beneath the dorsal face of the ex-
ternal covering. This is the central organ, and is equivalent to the heart in the higher
orders of animals ; and the circulation is continued from the dorsal vessel, in channels
excavated in the tissues. The structure of the dorsal vessel permits the blood to flow from
the posterior to the anterior part of the animal, by means of a series of valves opening
forwards. The blood is transmitted to the thorax and head, the wings and legs, and returns
through certain channels denominated veins, which open into the dorsal at different points
through the valves ; but the larger portion of the retm-ned fluid collects in the posterior
chamber, and passes the whole letigth of the vessel. The vessel has been, and still is, re-
garded by some physiologists as analogous to the heart : others, however, consider it as
more analogous to the aorta of quadrupeds.
It does not seem to be a matter of much importance whether we regard the so-called
dorsal vessel a heart, an aorta, or an organ compounded of both, the posterior segment
taking more especially the form and function of an aortic vessel. Its visible contractions,
as seen through the transparent covering of many insects, furnish ostensibly valid reasons
for regarding it a heart.
The fluids which circulate in the vascular system of insects are usually white, carrying
along distinct corpuscules having forms like those which are found in the higher and more
perfect animals. •
In connection with the foregoing facts, it should also be stated that the circulation in
Insects is carried on in vessels having close proximity with those of another kind, namely,
the air-vessels, or trachea. The two classes are easily distinguished from each other by the
structure of the latter ; for in order that air may traverse the insect system, it is necessary
CIRCULATORY AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS. 19
that its conducting vessels be maintained in a tubular form : this is effected by means of
a spiral elastic thread wound closely upon itself. By this means the vessels are prevented
from collapsing, the air entei-s freely at the sides of the insect, and permeates perfectly the
whole system. The air, then,. is constantly in contact with the thin membrane intervening
between the trachea and those vessels which transmit the blood to the different parts of
the insect's body and extremities. Recent observations prove, in regard to the relations of
blood and air, that the former moves through the space between the outer and inner
membranes, in which a spiral filament winds, so as to bathe the exterior of the air-tubes
themselves*.
It would therefore seem that there is in insects a most complex system of spiral vessels
or air-tubes, in connection and close relation with the vascular system, both being dis-
tributed with the greatest minuteness throughout the whole body. There is still another
provision for keeping up a supply of air especially in those insects whose flight is rapid,
and requires to be long sustained r it is found in the air-sacs that are distributed in dif-
ferent parts of the body ; they serve not only to retain a due supply of air, but also to
buoy up the body and render it lighter. The pulmonary system, by a combination of elastic
tubes and sacs, receives an extraordinary development, so as to compensate in the most
perfect manner for the deficiencies resulting from a less perfect form of circulation ; for
powerful muscular motion requires a rich supply of oxygen, rather than food, in order to
give energy and activity to the muscular system.
From these facts, it appears that insects occupy no mean place in the scale of being,
when they are ranked according to the development of their circulatory apparatus and
the accompanying tracheal system. This combination, so far as the power of muscular
motion is concerned in the estimate, serves to elevate the insect to a rank but little below
that of the vertebrate class.
Nervous system. The nervous system consists of a pair of chords extending through
the insect, upon the interior abdominal face,and connected at each segment by a ganglion.
Til us disposed along the ventral face of the body, the nervous system forms a symmetrical
whole. The ganglionic masses of the head, however, are more largely developed than those
of the trunk : this is necessary, from the condition of the eyes and the perfection of the
masticating apparatus. The cephalic centres are placed also above the esophagus. So the
nervous centres which supply the wings and legs are larger than those of the abdomen.
We see here again a provision hr the locomotive apparatus, by which a due supply of
nervous power or force is secured.
There are probably but few instances in the animal kingdom, that exhibit such miaute
* Sm CiiRPKSTKB, p. 382 of hU G!«Dcral and Comparitire Pbyitology.
M NERTOUs system; sense of touch.
saMlrfslom of matter as eertain portions of the nervous system do. Thus when it is stated
for the first time in our hearing, that the eye of the common house-fly is compounded of
no less than 4000 single eyes, it seems impossible that a nerve, originally microscopic, can
be subdividetl into threads or fibres siiQlciently fine to furnish a nerve to each simple eye ;
and when we are further informed that the eye of the dragon-fly has (24,000) six times
as many subdivisions as that of the house-fly, our faith is still more severely taxed ; but
to suppose that a filament is wanting in an eye, is to suppose that the eye is made In vain ;
for the eye depends upon its nervous filament, however slender that may be, for its power
of vision.
The sympathetic system of nerves in insects has been known from the days of Swam-
KBRDAM, who first dtscovcrcd it in the rhinoceros beetle. While this system is found more
or less perfect in all articulated animals, it is specially perfected in insects. The imperfec-
tion of the nervous apparatus consists in the absence of the cerebral masses, or of all that
portion concerned in the formation of ideas. Nothing appears in the nervous system of
the articulata, higher or above the ganglionic centres which connect together the double
ventral chord. The ganglia of this system which are more particularly devoted to the
purely animal functions, undergo a slight change during the passage from the larval state
to that of the perfect insect ; the change consisting chiefly in a concentration of nervous
matter upon those ganglia which are subservient to the function of locomotion. The sym-
pathetic system, however, undergoes no change : it is equally perfect in the larva as in
the mature animal, and reaches its full development in this early stage of existence, there-
by showing that it presides over the functions of vegetative life.
It is scarcely necessary to speak more particularly of the functions of the nervous
system. It may, however, be observed, that it is upon this system that sensation depends,
and the nervous fibrils are the channels through which the properties of external bodies
become known to the individual. If we may judge of causes by effects, we are warranted
in believing that impressions are received by insects from without, in the same manner as
is the case with the higher animals ; and that they possess all those special senses which
belong to the latter, and some of them in much greater perfection.
Touai. The sense of touch in insects, in consequence of the hard covering of their
liodies, must be confined to certain parts. Those who have watched their motions are fully
convinced that the palpi are the organs in which this sense is concentrated, or in which it
exists in its greatest perfection. These organs are constantly applied by the insect, after
the manner of feelers, to the external bodies with which it comes in proximity ; and they
are well adapted by their structure to fulfil such a purpose, being flexible, and furnished
with a soft and delicate integument
FUNCTIONS OF HEARING, TASTING, SMELLING, AND SEEING. 21
Hearing. The phenomena which indicate the existence of the sense of hearing are
perhaps more equivocal than those of touch. Still attentive observers have noticed that
insects seem to place themselves in an attitude of listening, when loud sounds are emitted
from any quarter in their vicinity : they erect their antennae, and remain motionless for
the time being ; and when the tlisturbance has ceased to excite them, they resume their
ordinary movements. From the position of the antennae, then, under the circumstances
alluded to, it is inferred that they are connected directly with the function of hearing.
Beneath them is a nerve connected with a soft membrane, which seems to be adapted to
this special end. The antennae in themselves extending outwardly, must become sensible
of the vibrations in the air, and transmit them to this delicate auditory apparatus lying
immediately beneath. Tlie organs are often long-branched, or plumose, so as to increase
the extent of surface. This view of the office of the antennae does not conflict with the one
often entertained, namely, that they may also be useful and employed as organs of touch.
Taste. The existence of this sense rests more upon analogy, than upon well determined
facts to support and prove its existence.
• Smell. Insects are attracted to odorous bodies from a distance : hence there can be no
doubt that they are possessed of the sense of smell in great perfection, although its precise
location is a matter of great uncertainty. Several different parts of the insect's body have
been conjecturally assumed as the seat of this sense ; and it has often been assigned to
parts that are variable, evanescent, or of occasional existence only. If analogical reasoning
were to be our guide in this ease, we should point to certain inward parts of the body that
are in direct relation with the external air. In the mammalia, though the organ of smell
ts located in the head, yet its distinguishing characteristic is its immediate communication
with the atmosphere, and tlie sense itself is exercised only when the air is inhaled. It is
not necessary to infer, that because in the higher animal it holds this intimate relation to
the head, that it must occupy the same place in the insect : it is more consistent to suppose
that its closest relation is with the respiratory organs. It is highly probable, therefore, that
the trachea and spiral vessels, which conduct the air inwards^, constitute the channels by
which this sense is furnished with the odorous particles on which the sensuous nerve is to
operate. Accordingly this view is looked upon with favor by Cuviee and many other dis-
tinguished physiologists.
Sight. Of all the senses, that of sight seems to be the most perfect in insects. The
organ is compound, or, in other words, consists of many eyes comparted together, each of
which is perfect in itself, being furnished with the proper humors and lenses essential to
the exercise of vision. In addition to the compound eye, which often occupies the largest
portion of the head, they are often furnished with simple eyes upon the forehead : theae
t9 FUNCTION OF VISION.
h»Te received the names of ocelli and stemmata, and are generally three in number, and
arranged in the form of a triangle ; but there may be but two, or only one. Their structure
qoallfies them for viewing such objects only as are close at hand.
The compound eye presents a reticulated appearance under the microscope : tlie surface
la convex or globular ; but the organ is immovable, except by the motion of the head.
The reticulated appearance is produced by the lines that mark the boundary of each eye
or lens : these are hexagonal, and their number is almost incredibly great in some species.
They vary in this respect from 50 in the ant, to 25,000 in a species of Mordella : the
butterfly has 17,000, and the dragonfly 12,544. Each eye is furnished with an apparatus
sufficiently perfect for the exercise of vision in its sphere : it has its lens for refraction,
Its choroid for the correction of aberration, and its retina for the reception of the images
of external objects. Each single eye, however, must embrace an extremely limited field of
vision, and there is no doubt that it requires the use of many of these eyes to see a single
object ; for only those rays of light that fall perpendicularly upon the eye can reach the
optic nerve.
The eyes of predaceous insects, such as the dragonfly, are large, prominent and globular :
hence they eiyoy, altogether, a large field of vision. In those insects, on the other hand,
which are confined in their range, or are parasitic, the field of view is diminished by a
reverse of circumstances.
The nerve of each eye terminates in a common nerve : this must be regarded as the
tens(»rium commune, the nervous plane upon which the image of an object is spread. Some-
times the eye is pedunculated, or placed upon a footstalk : sometimes it is semicircular,
In consequence of the implantation of the antennae, and indeed this implantation may be
such as to give the semblance of four eyes. In other instances the size of the eye is a sexual
mark.
We are too much in the habit of looking vaguely upon the insect tribes. While we
recognize the movements of the verlebrated class as resulting from distinct acts of the will,
and as controlled by internal feelings, we are little disposed to entertain the view that the
apparatus of a fly or a beetle indicates similar internal motives for action ; or, in other
words, we do not possess so lively a sense of the perfection of the being of the insect, as
of the being of the higher order. We see, however, that insects have eyes to see, cars to
hear, and organs of smell ; a highly developed nervous apparatus, and an active circula-
tion : in fine, the insect moves in a world of its own, which takes no part in the sphere
belonging to the mollusca or vertebrata. Its senses and organs of animal life, however, give
It a wide sphere of activity, and have prepared it for fulfilling important functions, and
furnished it with a capability to affect very materially the interests of man. Being widely
diffused, and their life overflowing with activity, always moving as if impelled forward by
important business or engaged in errands of the most momentous character, they seem to
FUNCTION OF MOTION. 23
make the most of their brief and uncertain existence. Witness the energy of the dung-
beetle in finishing the ball in which it has deposited its egg : it often dies in the act of
providing for the continuance of the life of its kind. To some these actions may seem les8
interesting, because instinctive ; but surely the faculty of instinct affords matter for deep
thought to the ordinary observer, and to the philosopher it must possess an interest next to
that of reason itself. Instinct lu-ges the individual forward to the fulfilment of its destiny,
but it makes no inquiry as to the cost.
Muscular motion. The insect enjoys a full development of the power of motion,
especially in itSj perfect state : the two kinds of muscle, striated and non-striated, are al-
ways present. Every part of the system is supplied with muscular fibres ; not only are the
legs and wings largely supplied with them, but also the abdomen and vai-ious parts of the
trunk, head, and thorax. The most interesting fact which ajipears in this connexion, is the
power of the insect to sustain a long and vigorous flight : thus the dragonfly darts for-
wards, backwards, or sideways, and is able to outstrip the swallow in its most rapid course ;
and this it can do for hours together. Taking into consideration the diminutive size of
insects, we readily see, that in proportionate locomotive power, they far excel the verte-
brate animal. We have already observed that their joints usually admit of but two kinds
of motion, forwards and backwards, or the ginglimus movement : when, however, this
motion is exerted in extension and flexion, as in the leaping of the grasshopper or flea, we
cannot fail to perceive that their powers in this respect, also as in flying, are far superior
to those possessed by any other class of animals.
Though the larval state of insects is generally sluggish, we are not without many
examples where there is a great degree of activity. We often see the catei-pillar hurrying
along as if it were in great haste, though the space it is able to traverse is quite limited.
We observe, in all these movements, an aim to preserve life : the life of self, however, is
subordinate to that of kind or progeny.
Propagation. Insects propagate their kinds from eggs laid by the female, subsequent
to the act of congress with the male : the sexes are therefore distinct. Their power of
multiplication is immense, especially in those insects which produce several broods in a
season. But there is a remarkable exception to the foregoing rule : the aphis increases by
a process of gemmation ; females being cast off at once for several generations, of which
each possesses the power of multiplying its kind in the same way. Carpenter likens it to
the gemmation of the polypi, " the individuals being budded off from internal stolons,
instead of being developed from ova provided by the female and fertilized by the male.**
It has long been known, that in the aphis, this method of propagation is repeated to the
seventh or ninth generation. At the end of the season, the perfect individuals, both male
M FUNCTION OF PROPAGATION.
i&d female in a winged state, are produced, by the congress of which ova are fertilized :
these are pjeserved thn>ugh the winter.
It would seem from this, that although in the articulated class budding is resorted to to
tamlUpIj the number of individuals, yet it is not adequate to continue the existence of the
apeeiee. Calculations have been made of the niunbers which an aphis may produce in a
tfftgle season, provided the individuals are not destroyed by accident. According then to
oaloolation, based upon observed facts, the whole brood in a season from a single aphis
will amount to the inconceivable number of 1,000,000,000,000,000,000! From such an
ability to increase, we should at first thought be disposed to expect a result approaching
the calculated nimibers ; but it is gratifying to observe, that where the powers of increase
Vtfe extended and multiplied as in the case of the aphis, the destructive powers are equally
taultiplied and active : there is therefore but little reason to fear an excessively injurious
multiplication in the midst of so many enemies. The aphis is extremely feeble : the touch
destroys it ; the winds, rains, and cold sweep off its numbers by hundreds of thousands.
Hie excessive multiplication of individuals is only a means of supplying an increased
number of consumers : hence instead of an approach to the enormous number indicated
by calculation, their actual numbei-s will fall infinitely short of it. The balance of nature
is always preserved ; and wherever danger seems to point, there checks are provided, which
put an eflfectual restraint upon inordinate increase. We may conceive of what is possible;
bnt the actual just suffices to keep up a suitable equilibrium : at most the threatening is
transient, and recurs only at wide intervals.
EXPLANATION OF ANATOMICAL PLATES. 25
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER II.
DESCRIPTION AND REPRESENTATION OF PARTS OF SUCH INSECTS AS ARE
REFERRED TO IN THE FOLLOWING TREATISE.
( Copied mo«Uy from th« Naturalirt'a Library.)
I. PARTS OF THE HEAD, MOTJTn, &,c.— PLATE A.
Fig. 1. Head, upper side : a, forehead ; h, vertex ; c, occiput ; dd, temples ; ee, eyes ; /, torulus, the
cavity for the insertion of the antennae ; g, clypeus ; A, labrum.
Fig. 2. Under side of the head : k, posterior orifice ; I, neck ; jk, mentum ; o, eyes ; pi mandibles ;
s, labial palpi.
Figs. 3, 4, 5. Forms of the labrum.
Fig. 5. Mandible of Hydrus piceus.
Fig. 7. Mandible of Gcerius.
Fig. 8. Mandible of Calosoma sycophanta.
Fig. 9. Maxilla of Necropkorus germanicus : a, maxillary palpus ; b, external lobe of the maxilla ;
c, internal lobe.
Fig. 10. Maxilla of Cicindela : a, external maxillary palpus ; h, internal ditto ; c, interior lobe, with
an articulated hook at the apex d.
Fig. 11. Form of the maxilla of Hydrus piceus : a, insertion or hinge ; b, dorsal piece ; c, squame-
palplfers of Strauss : bed form the stalk (stipes) ; e, external lobe ; /, internal ditto.
Fig. 12. Labium of Cychrus rostratus : a, mentum ; h, ligula ; c, labia! palpi.
Fig. 13. Labium of Carabus, inside : a, mentum ; b, lingua ; c, paraglossae.
Fig. 14. Thorax of Scolia flavifrons, showing in succession the prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax,
also the coxse : A, pronotura ; c, mesonotum ; F, metanotum ; hh, parapleura ; c, soutel-
lum ; dd, patagia.
Fig. 15, Side view of the thorax of Scolia flavifrons ; e, mesostemum ; B, prosternum ; o, meta-
stemum ; d, patagiura ; c. scutellum ; a, first spiracle ; b, second ditto.
Fig. 16. View of the same from beneath : bb, prosternum ; ee, mesostemum ; oo, metasternum.
Fig. 17. Thorax of Cicada fraxini : A, pronotum ; c, mesonotum ; pp, metanotum ; c, scutellum ;
dd, fronum.
Fig. 18. Ilindleg of Melolontha vulgaris : ab, coxa ; d, trochanter; Ct thigh ;. fr tibia; h, tarsus ;
i, claws.
Fig. 19. Pectinated claws.
[ Ageicultural Repoet — Vol. v.] 4
M EXPLANATION OF ANATOMICAL PLATES.
Fig. 20. CUws of Atihis : o, central filaments ; ss, membranous expansion of the terminal joint, ad-
vanced beneath the claws.
Fin. 25, 86 : hhowing the upper and under side of the domestic cricket (Acheta arachnoidea).
Fig. 27. Maxillary palpi (be) of the cricket ; b, galea.
Fig. 28. Lower lip of the cricket ; a, mcntam ; d, labium ; e, additional articulations, divided into
two, three, or more lobes ; cc, apparently 3-jointed palpi, yet the basal joint enveloped or
concealed in the lip.
Fig. 29. Mandibles of the grasshopper (Acrydium) : b, molar plate.
Fig. SO. Mandibles of the cricket.
Figs. 31, 32. Forms of antenna:.
Fig. 88. Serrated antennw.
Fig. 84. Lamelliform antennas.
Fig. 36. Pectinated antcnnao; bipectinated, if it produces two long teeth, instead of one ; and flabol-
late, when the branches are very long, and flattened like the rays of a fan.
Fig. 41. Setaceous antennae : filiform, when the antennae are of unequal thickness ; moniliform, as in
fig. 42 ; cnsiform, when tapering, and angulated at the sides ; subulate, when short, and
pointed at the lip ; fusiform, when narrowed at the two extremities and thickened in the
centre, as in fig. 43 ; clavate, when they gradually thicken at the top, as in 37 and 35 ;
geniculate, when bent as in 39 abc; capitate, when terminated in a knob or head, as 36 ,
plumose, when the lateral filaments go off" from a shaft, like those of a feather ; nodose,
when the joints arc thickened in various parts like knobs ; verticillate, when whorls of hairs
arc placed at equal distances upon the joints ; fasciculate, when the hairs are gathered in
bundles upon each joint ; scopiferous, when a single bundle is placed upon one joint ;
palmate, when the antenna) are short, broad, and divided by deep divisions ; auriculate,
when one of the basal joints is dilated into a shield or car partially covering the rest ;
fissile, when they are terminated by a cleft knob ; ramose, when several of the joints throw
out branches ; furcate, when there are two branches like a fork ; aristatc, when the antennae
arc terminated by a fine bristle, as in the order Musca ; dentate, when the joints are armed
with short spines ; cylindrical, when they are of equal diameter throughout ; prismatic,
when they resemble a prism, or are fonncd of three sides.
II. PARTS- OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS.— PLATE B.
Figs. 2, 3. a shows the esophagus, beginning in fig. 3 just behind the head, and terminating in an en-
largement which is the crop ; or, if the crop is absent, it terminates in the gizzard d. The
esophagus is a simple tube, except in the lepidoptcra.
Fig. 4 c represents the position and relation of what has been denominated a sucking stomach. The
gizzard is shown in position, fig. 2 c. The true stomach, or, as called by some entomologists,
the chylific ventricle, is seen in figs. 2 & 3 e2 .- in this organ the food becomes semifluid or
pulpy, and remains until chylification takes place. The intestine begins as represented in
fig. 3, where the lateral tubes are inserted : it preserves a course more or loss contorted, as
is seen at /; and in some instances it is enlarged or inflated, as at g. The caecum is seen
»t g fig. 2,
EXPLANATION OF ANATOMICAL PLATES. 27
Fig. 3 h cxhibita the tennination of the intestinal canal in the rectum.
Fig. 5 aa exhibits the salivary apparatus, having fleshy organs at the base of the head, and tubes that
pour saliva into the mouth during mastication.
Fig. 4 aa. General arrangement of the urinary organs, the secreting vessels disposed on the tops of
small tranches ; cd, the bladder ; h, deferential canal.
Fig. 1 represents an arrangement that exists among the bombardiers : a, accessory bladder ; c, principal
bladder.
Fig. 6 exhibits the biliary organs cc, fringed as in the cockchafer.
III. CIECULATOEY SYSTEM.— PLATE B.
Fig. 13 : aaa, dorsal vessel ; b, wings; cd, diminution in diameter towards the head.
Fig. 14 shows the interior walls of the dorsal vessel, circular fibres, arrangement of its walls, and the
* valves.
IV. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM— PLATE B
Fig. 12. Spiracles or stigmata.
Fig. 9. Another form of stigmata.
Fig. 16. Stigmata of Dytiscus margenalis^, edges of which are beset with hairs.
Fig. 15. Stigmata of the cockchafer, where there is a membrane drilled with holes.
Fig. 8. A circular membrane stretched over the valves, and ornamented with colors.
Fig. 17 shows the rows of stigmata along the sides.
Fig. 10 exhibits the system of the trachea or air-vessels : aa, stigmata ; bb, ventral spiracles ; cc,
trunks closed at their extremities ; ee, bladder-like bag, receiving the longitudinal trachea ;
fff, trachea for the wings ; gg & hh, bags for air ; k, trachea for the thorax ; II, trachea
for the head ; o, base of the tcgmina.
V. NERVOUS SYSTEM.— PLATES B & E.
Fig. 2 ( PI. B), ghilll, exhibits the principal ventral chord, with its ganglia.
Fig. 2 (PI. E). Nervous chord of the cockchafer : 1 1, lobes of the anterior cephalic ganglion; aa,
optic nerves ; hb, eyes ; 2, posterior cephalic ganglion ; 3, prothoracic ganglion ; 4, meso-
thoracic ganglion ; 5, mctathoracic ganglion ; 6, ganglion of the abdominal series ; dd,
mandibular nerves ; cc, antennae.
Fig. 1. Nervous system of the caterpillar of the Sphinx ligustri, a few days before it becomes a chry-
salis : 1, cerebral g.anglion ; 2, posterior ditto j 3, 4, 5, 6, thoracic ganglia ; 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, abdominal ganglia; ooo, system of transverse nerves, more distinct in fig. 3, in
which 3 4 5 represent the three thoracic ganglia ; aa, central nervous fillet ; bbbb, nerves
fumished»by the fillet ; eeee, nervous threads separating from the preceding nerves, and
which, by uniting when they reach the ganglion, constitute the central thread.
Fig. 3. Nervous system of Sphinx ligustri thirty days after its change, showing a greater condensation
of the nervous masses : the posterior thoracic ganglia are now united into one mass.
tt EXPLANATION OF ANATOMICAL PLATES.
VI. GENERATIVE APPARATUS — PLATE E.
Fig. 8. Generatlro organs of Athalia centifolia : aa, ovarial tubes ; cc, uterine cavities ; d, separate
OTiducta ; e, ejaculatory oviduct ; /, spcrmathcca ; g, poison gland ; h, its vessel ; 10, 11,
terminal ganglia.
Fig. 7. 6«n«rativo organs of Ranatra linearis : the letters correspond to the same parts as in fig. 8 ;
g, supposed swimming bladder, with part of the intestine.
Fig. 6. Male organs of Athalia centifolia : aa, smaller testes ; bb, ducts ; c, larger testis ; dd, vasa
defcrentia ; e, vesicula seminales ; h, ejaculatory duct ; i, exterior valves.
Fig. 9. Hydrus piceus : aa, testes ; bb, vasa defcrentia ; cc, principal seminal vessels ; eeee, various
accessory vessels ; /, ejaculatory duct ; g, copulative armature of the vagina.
Fig. 4. Testicles of Silpka obsaira, greatly magnified.
CHAPTER III.
REMARKS ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS.
The multiplication of species renders it necessary to resort to some kind of arrangement,
by which they may be gathered into groups under one or more common characteristics.
It matters not which of the kingdoms of nature we enter, if the individuals are dispersed
singly or unarranged into families or groups, no one can hope to possess himself of an idea
of their relations. Memory would be too much burthened in the attempt to comprehend
the relations, or retain the characteristics of the species which belong to a single district
of the globe. Hence the necessity for devising some scheme by which we may group to-
gether those which are alike, and to which we may apply a positive expression indicative
of that likeness.
There is perhaps nothing easier than to say on what general principle such a scheme
should be based ; for it is plain enough that resemblance must be the basis of all schemes,
and indeed ever has be^n since attempts at classification have been made. Classification is
founded on resemblance ; and yet there are so many points of resemblance, that it becomes
necessary to make a choice. It is evident that the resemblances in the mineral kingdom
are not those of the vegetable or animal, and those of the vegetable kingdom are yet in-
applicable to the animal. This, however, is not the difficulty : taking each kingdom by
itself, and selecting from among its individual members certain characters which belong
to the many, they fail us in attempting to make a general application of them ; they either
cease to exist, or else possess an importance so variable or inconsiderable that they become
uncertain as marks suitable to be employed in classification.
There are two kinds of resemblances in the natural world : there are morphological
and teleological resemblances. In the first we seek for external forms ; in the second, we
look for ends. The wings of a bird, of a bat, and of an insect, possess a teleological re-
semblance, but not a morphological one : the end, or final cause, is the same ; but the
form, arising from structure, is quite different. It can be scarcely possible that final causes
or teleological resemblances should be available in classification, although they may be
useful in many other respects ; and we may remark here that it is only by an attentive
study of morphology that a true basis for classification can be found, and all the schemes
that have been successfully applied belong to this kind. Availing ourselves of the principles
to ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS. ]
found in forms, we may proceed with a degree of certainty ; and when forms ai-e correctly ;
defined, we may escape most of the graver errors in the formation of groups.
I do not propose to enter into the details of the principles of classification in this place,
but shall proceed at once to the modes which have been proposed and followed by the
principal English entomologists.
The first classification is that of Stephens, in which the first grand division of the insect
kingdom is into two subclasses :
. FIRST SUBCLASS : MANDIBULATA. SECOND SUBCLASS : HAUSTELLATA. j
Older 1. Stkepsiptkra. Order 1. Hemipteba. \
2. Okthopteka. 2. Homoptera. \
8. Nedboptera. 3. Lepidopteba. . '■
4. Dermapteba. 4. Dipteea.
5. Tbichoptera. 5. Homaloptera. j
6. Hymenopteea. 6. Aphanipteba. !
7. Apteea. ]
■|
Insects are classed by Westwood in the following manner : ^
FIBST SUBCLASS : DACNOSTOMATA. SECOND SUBCLASS -. ANTHOSTOMATA. ']
( Month with jawi.) ( Mouth with a sucker.) '
Order 1. Hymenopteba. Order 1. Dipteea. •
? Osculant Order Strepsipteba. Osculant Order Homaloptera. i
Order 2. Coleopteba. I
Osculant Order Euplexopteba. Osculant Order Aphanipteba.
Orders. Obthopteea. Order 2. Hetebopteea (including the water- |
? Strepsipteba? bugs). I
Order 4. Neceoptera. Order 3. Homopteea. j
? • ■ i
Order 5. Tbichopteea ( Phryganea alone). Order 4. Lepidoptera. ;
CHAPTER IV.
ORDER I. COLEOPTERA.
The Coleoptera is the order which has usually been first described, and Westwood has
followed the conunon practice in this respect in his Genera of British Insects. This order
is thus characterized :
Anterior wings homy or leathety, concealing the posterior when at rest, placed parallel and
joined by a straight suture. Posterior or inferior wings membranous, longitudinally and transverse-
ly folded. Mouth furnished with transverse jaws. Pupa incomplete.
The insects of this order are denominated beetles : they constitute the most beautiful of
the class, and occupy the foremost rank among the tribes. They are grouped as follows by
Mr. M'Leay :
1. GEODEPHAGA : containing those beetles which have setaceous anteniwe, with the
outer processes of the maxills palpiform.
2. HYDRADEPHAGA.
In the first division the following families are included, being the old genus Cakabus
subdivided into
CiCINDELIDJE.
C/iRABlDJS,,
Harpalidje.
scahitidje.
Bkachinidjb.
Gyhinid^.
Dyticid.e.
GEODEPHAGA
HYDRADEPHAGA
The above is regarded as a normal group, and is followed by an aberrant one, character-
ized by clavate antennae, or such as become gradually thickened towards the apex, and the
external lobe of the maxilla losing its palpiform character. This constitutes the Rypophaga
of Stephens.
8fi
ORDER COLEOPTERA.
PHILHYDRIDA
NECROPHAGA
BRACHELYTRA
HETEROCERIDiEl
Pabnid^.
Helofhoridje.
HvDROrHILlD^.
SPH^RIDIlDiG?
SCAPHIDIID^.
SlLPHIDiE.
NiTIDULIDjE.
Engid^.
Deemestidje.
SxAPHYLINIDiE.
Stenidjj.
Omalidx.
PsELAPHIDjE.
Tacbyforidje.
Westwood, however, in his work on the British genera, adopts, in preference to the
foregoing, the tarsal system, and hence recognizes the following subdivision :
1. Pbntamera : tarsi with five joints j
2. Heteromera : the four anterior tarsi_5-jointed, and the two posterior 4-jointed ;
3. Pseudotetramera : tarsi 5-jointcd, the fourth exceedingly minute ;
4. Pseodotrimera : tarsi 4-jointed, the third jomt very diminutive and concealed.
Cicindelidae.
The femily of beetles, which are known under this name, are among the most beautifVil of
the insect tribes : their colors are brilliant, and their markings add to the beauty and
elegance of the colors by contrast. In size they occupy a middle ground : the largest
scarcely exceed an inch in length, and the smallest are at least one-third of an inch long.
Their habits are as interesting as their colors are beautiful : their watchfulness is untiring ;
and though their Hight is short, it is difficult to capture them. In tlie nature of their in-
stincts they agree with the carnivora among the vertebrate class of animals : they are
flesh-eaters ; but in order that they may capture and secure the living insect as their prey,
they are qualified to give chase either on the wing or on foot, and they make war upon all
insects that are not too strong for them. The cicindelidae hunt upon sandy and arid plains,
and seem to delight in the heating rays of the sun ; for in hot days they appear far more
numerous, flying and alighting upon the ground l^efore us in dry paths, and turning their
heads watchfully towards us when they rest for a moment.
FAMILY CICINDELIDiE. 33
As the cicindelse subsist solely upon other insects, or, in other words, are carnivorous,
they cannot be regarded as injurious to the farmer : they are rather beneficial than de-
trimental to his interests. Their markings, together with their predacious habits, have
given them the name of tiger beetles. It is evident, from the prominence and size of their
eyes, that they are well provided with one essential power to enable them to pursue suc-
cessfully the means of subsistence, namely, keenness of vision. So too their jaws or man-
dibles are powerful : their legs, however, are long and slender, and are adapted rather for
quick movements than for the performance of feats of strength.
The larvae of the cicindelse are no less predacious than the perfect animal. They are
represented by West wood and others as having a large head armed with powerful jaws,
and capable of burrowing in the earth to the depth of a foot. At the mouth of this burrow
they lie in wait for their prey, which they seize and drag to the bottom to devour at their
leisure. To aid in ascending and descending these burrows, they are provided with two
h'X)ks on the back : some observers, however, suppose these hooks may assist in holding
their prey, when bent in a suitable manner ; for, on entering the mouth of the burrow with
their prey, they suddenly slide to the bottom.
These insects, then, in all«their stages, are predacious ; and inasmuch as their numbers
are less than those of many allied families, and their instincts are such as require a higher
development of locomotive apparatus, they may well be regarded as occupying the highest
rank in the articulated class.
The CiciNDELiD,E are in general easily distinguished : their colors are usually green or
gray combined with a brassy or bronzed tint, with whitish spots for ornament in combina-
tion with brindle spots or angulated lines, which give them all a pleasing and indeed an
elegant appearance. From their powers of flight, the cicindelse have sometimes received
the name of Eupterinea.
The family CiciNOELiDiE has been divided by Mr. Harris into the following groups :
1. Labruin with three teeth ; thorax contracted behind.
2. Labrum 1-toothed ; thorax quadrangular, flattened above and dilated behind.
8. Labrum one toothed ; tliorax nearly cylindrical.
1. Labrum provided with three teeth; thorax contracted behind.
CICINDELA.
The genus Cicindela, as defined by Westwood, is described as follows : The males have
their anterior tarsi elongated and dilated. The elytra are oblong-ovate and depressed.
Th jrax subquadrate. Internal maxillary palpi with joints nearly equal in length ; the two
basal joints of the labial palpi shart, the third is elongate and ciliate, and the fourth
clavate and naked. Antenna arc inserted into the anterior margin of the eyes. The head
[ AuRicuLTUSAi. REroKT — Vol. v.] 5
34 ORDER COLEOPTERA.
is broader than the thorax, ami the forehead is excavated : the eyes are large and promi-
nent ; elytra flat ; wings two.
The larvii' of the ciciudelse have nearly the same habits as the perfect insect : they
ooustrurt their habitations in the ground, penetrating it to the depth t>f eighteen iiiclies,
which labor is performed by means of their maiidil)les and legs. The hooks iijwn their
baoks aid them efficiently in ascending and descending their burrows : by means of these
hooks or apjHjndages, they suspend themselves at the mouths of tlieir holes, and await for
their prey.
The larvseare long, cylindric, soft, whitish grubs, and Airnished with six feet. The head
and first joint of the body are described as metallic green abov(! and brown beneath. The
head is quite large, armed with two long, sliarp, and nearly vertical mandibles. Upon the
back there are fleshy tubercles clothed with hairs : each of these tubercles is armed with
a recurved horny spine. (See Plate xvii, figs. 9, 10, 11 : copied from Ratzbehg, Forst.
hutcten.)
CiciKDEXA V0LGARIS. ( Plate xvH, fig. 10.)
Labrum and base of the mandibles yellowish white. Elytra, marked with three ()l)lique
lines, yellowish white and angulated : these lines are in the Ibrm of lunules ; the
one past the middle is double.
Length of the male |J, of the female JJ of an inch.
Sat in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, I, 409; PI. xiii, fig. 1.
This species appears early in the spring, continuing until about the first of June : It
reappears in August, and continues two months, and perhaps longer if the weather is
favorable.
CiciNDELA GENERosA. ( Plate xvii, fig. 2.)
Color obscurely cup: *ous above. Elytra bright purplish or subviolaceous ; lateral margin
entire ; humeral and terminal lunule broad and white ; intermediate band bent at a
right angle, and occupying nearly the centre of the elytron : at its extremity it is
widened, and extends nearly to the suture.
Length varying but little from § of an inch.
Head is varied with cupreous and violet : the front is supplied with prostrate ashy hair.
Labrum white ; anterior edge furnished with three teeth. Antennae, or their anterior
margins, cupreous. Mandibles with about § of the anterior and lateral portions white,
the rest black.
Trunk cupreous, varied with violet ; sides hairy ; thorax quadrate, and somewhat nar-
rowed behind. Elytra bright subviolaceous, deeply punctured with green. Feet and
thighs bright green, above brassy. Abdomen greenish blue, hairy ; tail purplish.
FAMILY CICINDELID^. 35
This species, like the vulgaris, has two broods in the year ; the first appearing in May,
the second in August. It lives in sandy districts, frequenting the sea-beaches, and is one
of our largest species.
CiCINDELA KEPANDIS.
The markings of the repandis resemble those of the vulgaris : the cream or yellowish
white of the labrum extends to half of the mandibles, and the insert is smaller ; the
lunules are wider and more dilated, the middle one extending to near the suture behind.
ClCINDEXA PURPUREA.
Purple. Head, thorax and elytra bordered with green combined with steel-blue and bril-
liant green. Thorax margined with brilliant purple ; legs purple. Lunule upon the
elytra obsolete. There is a cream-colored dot upon the outer angle of the shoulder, an
obsolete lunule behind the middle, a spot upon the outer and posterior angle, and a
bar upon the margin inside of the green edge.
Length half of an inch.
Sat, Trans. Am. Phil. Society, New series, II, Sri; PI. xiii, fig. 8.-
CiCINDELA PATKUELA (Dj.).
Bottle-green above, steel-blue and green beneath. Outer angle of the elytra marked with
two ovoidal spots, nearly united by narrow and pointed elongations ; middle marked
transversely by an oblique bar, posterior by a large round dot, and margin by a line
inside of the purple edge. The lunules may be described as broken.
It is rather more than half an inch in length, and nearly a quarter of an inch wide.
Head is bright green with bluish, naked, and finely granulated ; labrum dingy white ;
teeth three, with six marginal punctures. Mandibles have a white spot at base : the
four basal joints of the antennae green ; terminal one rufous.'
Thorax convex, narrowed behind, granulated. Beneath bluish green ; legs green ; tro-
chanters purple.
It has a wide range, according to Groumj being found in North-Carolina, and in Ver-
mont as far north as Burlington.
CiCINDELA GUTTATA.
Brilliant steel-blue and green. Labrum light buff rather than cream-color. Outer edge or
surface of the mandible buff ; middle and outer angle of the elytra dotted : posterior
margin has a short transverse bar inside of the green edge.
Length rather less than half an inch, and i in width.
Sat ia Trans. Am. Phil. Society, New series, PI. xiii, fig. 4.
38 ORDKR COLEOPTERA,
CiciVD%d.A AUBii^URis {Wfiiie-lipped Cicindela).
Labrura white, obsoletely tridentate, rather proniiuent iu the middle. Elytra broadly
punctured, with three marginal spots and a broken discoidal band, all white.
KiBBT : figured on Plate I in Kicliardsou's N. A. Fauna.
Body underneath green, or golden green clouded with blue ; above, black with a purplish
tint. Labrum white, prominent, armed in the middle with three short teeth, the lateral
ones obtuse ; above, with an intermediate obtuse longitudinal ridge. Elytra, under a
powerful magnifier, covered with innumerable minute granules, and also with nu-
merous shallow impressions : a series of larger ones is parallel with the suture ; the
angular white discoidal band reaches neither the suture, nor the lateral margin.
There are also three marginal white dots, one humeral, another between it and the
band, and one between the latter and the apex.
Length of the body, 6 - 6^ inches.
KiRBY remarks, that though this species is common ia this country, it is not noticed by
Say, who perhaps mistook it for C. sylvatica (Linn.), "of which it may be regarded as the
Americail representative, and with which it agrees in its prominent upper lip and the
shallow impressions and markings of its elytra, as well as in its general color ; but it is
smaller, has a white instead of a black upper lip, with an obtuse longitudinal ridge and
not an acute one, terminating in three almost obtuse short teeth instead of a longer one,
and likewise by the want of the silky lustre prodiu'ed by granulations much more visible."
3. Lahrum vxUh one tooth; thorax nearly cylindrical, sometimes elongated.
ClCINDELA HianCOLLIS.
Insect purplish gray above and brilliant green beneath. Outer anterior angle of the elytra
marked with cream-colored spots : there is another just behind the middle lunule,
. followed by another near the inner margin ; posterior and outer margin marked by a
lunule. The lunules and spots less conspicuous than in the vulgaris or repandis.
Length rather less than half an inch ; female^ half an inch.
CiCINDELA ALBOHIRTA. ( Plate XVii, fig. 1.)
Insect, head and thorax brassy green j hairs erect and white ; sides brilliant and cupreous.
Elytra snbviolaceous. Lunules and margin white, with the intermediate recurved band.
OoDLD : CIctndelie of Massachusetts, In the Boston Journal of Natural History, Vol. i, p. 49; pi. iii, flg. 1.
* The head is cupreous varied with blue and green, and densely covered with long hoary
' liairs except behind the eyes j labrum white ; marginal punctures ten ; mandible
FAMILY CICINDELIDiE. 37
' long and dark green ; tips and teeth black, with a white spot at base ; palpi yel-
< lowish white ; terminal joints green. Trunk brilliant cupreous at the sides. Thorax
' quadrate, brassy green, hairy. Elytra densely punctured.'
GocLD, Trans. Bost. Nat. Hist. Society.
Abdomen greenish blue ; tail purple.
According to Gould, it is closely allied to the hirticollisy with which it has been con-
founded.
CiCINDELA PUNCT0LATA.
Color obscure cupreous. Elytra purplish green and blue ; beneath varied with blue and
purple. An angular cream-colored line runs along the outer and posterior margin of
the elytra ; the anterior and outer angle marked with cream-color.
According to Gould, it has but a single brood in a season, which appears about the
middle of July and remains till September.
Common in dry places, paths in fields, etc.
CiCINDELA DuoDEciMGUTTATA ( Dcjcan). ( Plate xvii, fig. 3.)
Insect bronze above. Elytra with a narrow interrupted lunule, with spots near the suture
replacing the termination of the lunule. Head pale and obscurely bronze ; front pu-
bescent with cinereous hairs ; labrum white ; mandibles dark green, with a white
spot at base ; palpi dark green. Trunk quadrate and rather short ; feet green ; thighs
cupreous. Beneath metallic greenish or blue ; sides of the thorax and breast cupreous.
It is a common species, and appears early.
GoDLD in Trans. Bost. Nat. Hist. Society, Fl. iii, fig. 8.
CiCINDELA HiEMORRHOiDALis ( Hcntz). ( Plate xvii, fig. 5.)
Hestz, Trans. Am. Phil. Society, New series, III, 254^ pi. ii, fig. 2.
HAKRti, New-England Farmer, VII, M.
C. hentzii, De^eah, Spec, des Colfeopteres, V. 1-
Color bluish black above, or obscurely cupreous. Small humeral lunule entire ; posterior
one subentire ; intermediate one sinuate and angular, white. Marginal dot white.
Abdomen ferruginous.
Length variable, not exceeding half an inch : one of the smallest of the species.
Head cupreous, with two lines between the eyes ; eyes large and prominent, brown, \Hth
fine striae arouad them ; basal joints of the antennae bronzed green, the others obscure
brown ; labrum dingy white, somewhat rounded before, with six marginal punctures
bearing hairs ; mandibles short, dark green ; second joint of labials whitish. Thorai
quadrate, as long as broad, obscure cupreous j marginal impressed lines greenish blue ;
ORDER COLEOPTERA.
hairy. Elytra bluish black or obscure cupreous ; humeral lunule nearly inler-
rupted in the middle, and dilated at the extremities ; intermediate band composed
of two imperfect semicircles, or two crescents united at their tips ; legs long, bluish
green ; trochanters purple. Head and thorax metallic blue beneath ; breast green ;
sides hairy. Godu>, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Boston, p. 62-3.
Discovered by Dr. T. W. Harris on the summit of Blue hill in Milton (Massachusetts),
occupying the naked rock and the patches of mosses growing thereon. Its name is derived
from the fact, that in flying, its abdomen appears like a drop of Wood suspended to its
tail.
APPENDIX TO CICINDELA.
CiciNDELA cAMPESTRis (Linn.). ( Plate xvii, fig. 6.)
Above dull green, sometimes richly resplendent with coppery and golden reflections.
Elytra very finely shagreened, green, with from three to six pale spots on each, dis-
posed one externally on the shoiilder, three on the outer edge of the elytra, one on the
tip and one in the disk. Beneath green, with rich coppery red hues ; legs bright copper
glossed with green, especially on the tarsi ; labrum whitish.
Stephens, p. 11, illustrations, etc.
This is a common European species, introduced here for the purpose of comparison with
ours.
Caratidsp.
The insects embraced in this natural family, or group, possess several characters in com-
mon, by which they are distinguished from the cicindelldse, and from those which are to
follow. The distinguishing characters, as given by systematic writers, are as follows :
* Anterior tibiae without emargination on the inner side. Head narrower than the thorax ;
' eyes rather prominent ; palpi with the terminal joints often compressed, large, and
' somewhat triangular in shape ; mandibles simple, moderately long and rather thick.'
This family is divided by Westwood into five sub-families, each embracing several allied
genera. With the intention of giving these sub-families a natural arrangement, Westwood
places first upon the list the Brachinides, which stand near the head of the Geodephaga ;
and ends with the Bemlidiides, the sub-aquatics, or the sub-family which links the Geo-
dephaga with the Hydrodephaba. The order, then, in which the several sub-families stand
to each other, is as follows :
FAMILY CARABID.E. 89
I. A7it.erior tibia notched on the inside.
1. Brachinides : Bombardiers. Elytra truncated behind. Tarsi of the males seldom dilated at
the base.
2. ScARiTiDEs : Burrowers. Elytra rounded at the extremity. Abdomen pedunculated.
3. Habi-alides : Blackdocks. Elytra rounded behind. Abdomen sessile.
II. Anterior tibia without a notch near the tip. •
4. Carabides : Dischargers.
5. Bembidiides : Subaquatics. This sub-family is distinguished from the four preceding by its
palpi being terminated by a minute conical joint, while the same organ in the former is
terminated by a joint equally large with the others.
The habits of these sub-families differ from each other in many respects. The most
important fact, however, which should be stated respecting the numerous species belonging
to this family, is that they are friendly to the farmer. Many of them live upon refuse mat-
ter : some devour those insects that are injurious to the farmer : hence they should not
be destroyed ; and not only so, but it seems even possible to employ some species of them
for the very purpose of extirpating injurious insects. To exhibit the mode in which this
may be accomplished, I copy the following communication from Prof. Haldeman, which
he had translated from the fifth volume of the Revue Zoologique. The facts and remarks
are quite important, and should be generally known, and therefore no apology is required
for introducing them in this place,
' " There is," says M. Boisgiraud, " a numerous family, composed of carnivorous species,
most of them robust and very voracious, which may be multiplied with impunity, and
without fear, in our gardens. They do not, indeed, feed upon plants, which they are called
to protect : on the contrary, they and their larvse make great havoc of the herbivorous
insects, and at the same time of the limaces and helices," or land-snails, with and without
shells ; which, in Europe, are destructive to vegetation, but cannot be considered in the
light of noxious animals in America. Nevertheless we are occasionally put in possession of
the means to destroy them, taken from English horticultural works ; just as we are told
how to protect ourselves from insects which are not found upon our side of the Atlantic.
This is principally owing to the fact that the same vulgar name is applied to distinct objects
in Europe and America.
' The insects alluded to are the carabidse. " Well, who would believe it," continues the
author, " the greater part of the cultivators crush these powerful auxiliaries with a kind
of avidity ; whilst the butterfly, which is to give birth to numerous caterpillars, which
afterwards devour their plants, is the object of their admiration, and frequently even of
their protection. A multitude of noxious insects, after having for several years committed
ravages upon our property, disappeared suddenly, without our being made acquainted with
40 ORDER COLEOPTERA.
the cause. In looking more closely into these matters, one might be assured, that in most
cases, an enemy of the insect which has disappeai'ed, has produced the happy result. I can
furnish some proofs in support of this opinion.
' " The thick foliage of a fine avenue of poplars was all at once attacked by an immense
quantity of the caterpillars of Bombyx dispar. I thought of giving them the Calosoma
tycophanta for company; as, like them, it passes its lil'e upon the trees, feeding upon the
caterpillars which it meets, and even deposits its eggs in their nest, that its voracious
progeny may procure nourishment more easily and in greater abundance. Well ! this insect
multiplied itself with a rapidity truly astonishing ; and the caterpillars disappeared, with-
out those who were witnesses to the destruction having the least idea of tlie causes which
produced it." The author then gives it as his opinion that the neighborhood of the city of
Toulouse is so little ravaged by the Mdolontha vulgaris, which is so destructive in other
parts of France, because the Carabus auratus is very common in the fields, meadoAvs and
gardens. It is known, he remarks, that the Carabus auratus seizes and devoiu"S the Melo-
lontha previous to the deposition of its eggs ; and that it is more fond of these, than of any
part of the insect.
' " One would be much deceived," he continues, " in believing that it is always easy to
make an advanttigeous use of this means of destruction, a profound study of the manners of
insects being often indispensable to arrive at the end proposed." Here is an example : " The
most robust of our carabi, the Procrustes coriaceus (Linneus), had served me admirably in
the centre of France to destroy the little insects which attack the plants in gardens : here
(in the south) this insect does not destroy the same species; and although very common, it
is unknown, or hardly everjf met with. The reason is, that in the centre, the west, and
probably the north of France, this procrustes is diurnal, requiring only cool and shady
places : with us (in the south, under a warmer climate) it is, on the contrary, essentially
nocturnal, and therefore destroys only such insects as are, like itself, nocturnal, or which
remain within its reach during the obscurity of night."
' " In transporting into my garden twenty of the Carabus auratus, I had thought to
destroy the collections of Forficula (no destructive species found in America) which had
chosen it for the theatre of their ravages." To his great astonishment, the carabi, which
will actually destroy the forficula, were either found starved to death, or left the place ;
and the latter continued their devastations ! The reason given is, that the forficula are
essentially nocturnal, and, during the day, keep themselves hidden in crevices into which
the carabi cannot follow them : these latter, too, are only active during the middle of the
day, and in the heat of the sun. But the resources of our persevering entomologist were
not yet exhausted ; his next expedient being to introduce a smaller carnivorous insect
common in France, the Sluphylinus ole»s, which, be remarks, " filled all the necessary
conditions for the destruction of the Jorficulay
FAMILY CARABID^. 4l
' " You see, theu, gentlemen," says M. Boisgiraud, in conclusion, " that it is indispen-
sable to study the manners and habits of destructive insects, that their instinct and address
may be successfully employed for the destruction of the species able to do us injury. Then
in place of barbarously crushing the useful species which have the misfortune to be not
always ornamented with the rich colors of the butterfly or the buprestis, we will endeavor
to protect them and propagate their race. We will find auxiliaries in them the more
valuable, as they increase with our adversaries, and as they alone are able to rival the
cunning of these ingenious enemies." '
Brachinides.
The sub-family Bhachinides may be known by the shortness of the wing-covers, which
are not sufficiently prolonged to cover the extremity of the abdomen. In addition to this
character, the head and thorax are narrower than the abdomen. The labium is often oval
or square, and is occasionally furnished with two small lateral linear lobes. The penulti-
mate joint of the tarsi is bilobed in many of the small species : the anterior tarsi of the
males are, very rarely, dilated at the base. Some species are destitute of wings ( West-
wood).
The most curious fact connected with the natural history of this sub-family is the
means by which they defend themselves against the attack of an enemy. When pursued,
they suddenly discharge frora behind a highly volatile and elastic fluid, possessing con-
siderable pungency : this sudden discharge, which is accompanied with an explosion,
both irritates and confuses the pursuer, so that the intended victim has opportunity to
escape. From this singular mode of defence, these insects have received the name of
bombardiers. The fluid discharged is caustic, and stain the skin yellowish brown. They
live under stones, logs or boards in fields. Several individuals are often found in the
spring together, as if their habits were of a social nature.
Genus BRACHINUS (Weber).
' Body oval, convex ; thorax narrow ; labrum transverse ; tarsi simple ; palpi filiform ;
' claws simple.' Westwood.
Brachinus perplexus (Dj.). (Plate xvii, fig. 7.)
Head, thorax, al)domen and legs light brick-red. Elytra bluish black, faintly grooved.
Braciiinus cephalotes (Dj.). (Plate xviii, fig. 4.)
Head, thorax, abdomen and legs light brick-red. Elytra blue-green, or with a reflexion
of green ; the metallic hues stronger than in the perplexus : body also proportionally
shorter, and more obtuse behind. Length about three-tenths of an inch.
[ AaRICDLTURAL REfORT VoL. V.] 6
^2 ORDER COLEOPTERA.
BnACHiOTs coNFORMis. (Plate xvui, fig. 5.)
Head thorax and legs brick-red. Elytra blue lustrous, or semi metallic. Abdomen dark
brown. Length one-fourth of an inch.^
BaACHiNus FUMANs. ( Plate xviH, fig. 6.)
Head, thorax, under and anterior part of the abdomen, and legs brick-red. Elylra pur-
plish. Sides of the abdomen brown. Length about half an inch.
Found imder stones, rails, etc. in June, July and August. Not uncommon in New-
England and New-York.
Genus CIMINDIS (Latreille). Tarus (Clairville).
«Body depressed; thorax cordate truncate; claws denticulated; tarsi simple; labial
' palpi of the males with the basal joint securiform' (Westwood).
CiMiNDis piLosus. (Plate xviii, fig. 13.)
Insect dark brown, pilose ; legs light brown. Head and thorax about two-thirds the length
of the abdomen, which is rounded, and neai-ly covered by the elytra.
Genus GALERITA (Fab.). Polystichus (Bar.).
' Body depressed ; head triangular ; thorax subcordate ; palpi long ; tarsi simple ; men-
< ium tooth triangular' (Westwood).
Galerita AMERICANA (L.). (Plate xvlii, fig. 12.)
Head elongate, small and black or brownish black ; thorax and legs bright red. Elytra
blue-black, submetallic with cupreous reflexions. Length from six- to seven-tenths
of an inch.
Genus LEBIA (Latr.).
' Body depressed, broad ; thorax transverse, lobed behind ; penultimate joints of the tarsi
' bilobed' (Westwood).
Lebia atriventris (Say). (Plate xviii, fig. 2.)
Head, thorax and legs brick-red ; elytra and abdomen glossy black. The lower and an-
terior part of the abdomen is of the same color as the thorax, and the upper surface
of the tarsi is black. Length one-fourth of an inch.
FAMILY CARABID^. 43
Lebia smaragdula (Dj.). (Plate xviii, fig. 3.)
Head, thorax and elytra brilliant metallic blue-green ; lower side glossy black. Length?
Lebia vihidis (Say). (Plate xviii, fig. 1.)
Brilliant green above, glossy black below ; legs black. Length from three- to four-tenths
of an inch.
L. smaragdula and viridis scarcely differ either in color or size.
Scaritides.
The most remarkable peculiarity in this sub-family is the wide space between the thorax
and abdomen, by which the latter appears pedunculated : the posterior angles of the
former are also so rounded, that its form is lunate. The antennae are short, moniliform,
and the first joint is the longest ; the head is large ; the tibiae of the anterior legs are
broad and dentated, having the appearance of being palmated. The mandibles are large
and powerful, and armed with broad teeth ; labrum short, entire or dentate, sometimes
trilobate ; mentum tridentate, with the middle tooth strong ; labial palpi two- and four-
jointed.
The scaritides are carnivorous, and in this respect bear a close resemblance to the allied
subfamilies : some living in the ground, upon other insects or their larvae ; and some
frequenting the seacoast, burrowing in the sand, and living upon the dead carcases of
shrimps. In this State, they burrow in the ground, or live under stones. A large species
is found in decaying logs in North-Carolina, some ten or fifteen being frequently found
together in one situation.
Genus SCARITES (Fab.). Tenebrio (Linn.).
* Oblong, subdepressed ; antennae elbowed ; mandibles with strong teeth internally ;
< external maxillary palpi and terminal joint of the labia nearly cylindric ; mentum
' trilobate. Antennae with the basal joint subconic ; thorax broad, lunate ; body
' depressed ; anterior tibiae strongly palmated, the rest simple' (Stephens).
ScARiTEs subterrakeus (Fab.). (Plate xviii, fig. 14.)
Color black ; thorax marked witli a fine central line. Thorax and head equal the abdomen
in length, the latter supported on a short peduncle. Length eight-tenths of an inch.
The insect, in consequence of its pedunculated abdomen, appears as if bisected. It is a
nocturnal feeder, and is found quite abundantly in Central New- York. Its singular form
renders it easy to be distinguished.
»
44 ORDER COLEOPTERA.
Genus CLIVINA (Latr.).
' Labrum quadrate, transverse ; mandibles short, denticulated from the base to the apex ;
' terminal joint of the labial palpi nearly cylindric ; basal joint of the antenna? stout,
' the second long ; body elongated, subdepressed ; thorax quadrate ; anterior tibise
< palmated externally and at the tip' (Stephens).
Clivika LiNEOLATA (Say). ( Plate xviii, fig. 11.)
Color light glossy brown ; thorax rounded behind and narrowed before, marked by three
distinct lines ; elytra .marked by distinctly punctate lines, of which there are about
five to each elytrum. Length two- to three- tenths of a line.
Found under stones.
Genus DYSCHIRIUS (Panzer).
Body elongated, subcylindric at the tip ; thorax globular or globose ; tibise rarely pal-
mated.
Dyschirius GLOBULosus (Say). (Plate xviii, fig. 15.)
Insect brown, glossy ; thorax globose, smooth ; elytra punctated. Length scaixely two-
tenths of a line.
Harpalides.
The elytra of this sub-family cover the abdomen ; the extremity is rounded : they are
also sessile, and not pedunculated. The anterior tibiae are deeply notched near their tips,
and, in the males, the basal joints are dilated. The mentum is emarginate, though it is
occasionally entire : the centre of the emargination has generally a spine. The antennae
are filiform ; labrum quadrate, rarely bilobate, but sometimes emarginate in front ; man-
dibles generally with one or more denticulations ; mentum deeply emarginate anteriorly,
the emargination simple or sometimes toothed ; body elongate.
These insects are not so* voracious as those of the succeeding family, the Carabides-
The predominant colors are black, while a few of them are adorned with brillitmt metal-
lic hues. Some are apterous, and run remarkably well. The larva, like the perfect Insect,
lives beneath stones, and feeds upon other insects or their larvae. They are cylindric and
elongate, but slightly flattened or depressed ; and they have twelve rings, which are more
or lees scaly : the last ring is armed with two small processes.
The sub-family contains many genera, which, though related to eacli other, are not
readily sepatable into groups. Stephens divides them into three groups, viz :
FAMILY CARABID^. 4^
A. Mentum emarginate, and without a tooth.
B. Mentum emarginate : emargination furnished with a bifid tooth.
C. 3Ientum emarginate, and furnished with a simple tooth.
Genus AGONUM. Carabus (Lin.).
• Anterior tarsi with elongated joints ; mentum tooth simple ; thorax rounded ' ( West-
wood).
Agonum octopunctatcm. (Plate xviii, fig. 8.)
Head, thorax and elytra brilliant green above, and traversed through the middle by a
bronze belt ; greenish bronze below. Elytra marked with four punctures each towards
their inner margins.
Agonum cupripenne. (Plate xviii, fig. 9.)
Body and thorax brilliant green ; elytra brilliant bronze or green, as the light favors the
reflexions. Elytra faintly lined, and punctured upon the marginal line.
Genus HARPALUS (Latk.).
' Palpi, external maxillary and labial with the terminal joint fusiform and truncate, and
' of equal length with the preceding, which is clavate ; labrum subquadrate, slightly
' emarginate ; mandibles short ; mentimi deeply notched, with an obtuse simple
* lobe in the centre ; antennae with two basal joints, naked ; thorax transverse, sub-
* quadrate. Anterior and intermediate tarsi of the males with three dilated joints'
(Stephens).
Harpalus pleuriticus (Raf.). (Plate xix, fig. 16.)
Chestnut -brown; sides, both of the elytra and thorax, nearly straight, obtuse behind.
Length half an incli. The thorax is smooth, and without punctures upon the angles,
and tlie male is darker than the female.
Harpalus BicoLOR. ( Plate xix, fig. 15.)
Color dark chestnut-brown. Sides rather curved, and posterior angles of the abdomen and
elytra rounded. Length six-tenths of an inch.
The thorax is marked by a central line, which extends to the posterior margin : pos-
teriorly it is indented by two impressions, and sculptured like the faunus.
Harpalus faunus (Say). (Plate xix, fig. 14.)
Color reddish brown, nearly uniform. The thorax is longer than in the pleuriticus, and
46 ORDER COLEOPTERA.
the bases of the elytra touch the sternum. The head is smaller than in the preceding
species. Length five-tenths of an inch.
The head is without punctures, except on the posterior and lateral angles, and the
thoracic line does not extend to either margin. Color beneath of a light fawn.
Harpalus erraticus. (Plate xix, fig. 13.)
CJolor light brown or rufous, narrow, elongate ; thorax wider in front than posteriorly ;
elytra slightly truncate, exposing the point of the abdomen. Length six-tenths of
an inch.
Tlie male is furnished with strong mandibles, and, in both sexes, the brown elytra are
darker than the glossy head and thorax.
Genus PANGUS (Zeigl.). Harpalus (Stephens).
' Palpi with the terminal joint subcylindric : thorax narrowed behind ; angles rounded ;
' antennse rather short' (Westwood).
Pangus caliginosus. (Plate X, fig. 7.)
Color black and rather dull, rather glossy beneath : the thorax has a broad transverse
elevation. Elytra marked by about eight impunctate lines ; outer border obscurely
punctate : legs furnished with rows of reddish spines and cilia. Length eight-tenths
of an "inch.
Pangus caliginosus is found sometimes upon the seedbearing tops of tall grass ; but it
is not apparent whether the vegetable, or an insect inhabitant, was the object of pursuit.
This insect is about an inch long, robust, broad, of a black color, with a large head and
quadrate prothorax which is wider than long ; the elytra with eight impressed striae.
Genus AMARA (Bn.).
« Oblong oval, broad, subdepressed ; head ovate ; thorax as broad as the elytra ; wings
' two ; mentum-tooth bifid ; last Joint of the palpi ovate ; labrum quadrate, slightly
' emarginate ; mandibles short, denticulated at base ; elytra somewhat emarginate at
' the tip. Anterior tarsi of the males with three dilated joints' (Stephens).
^Amara impuncticollis (Say). (Plate xix, fig. 11.)
Color black with a strong purplish hue, or a cupreous lustre nearly uniform in tint. Length
about four-tenths of an inch.
The genus Amara is said to have been observed in Europe eating the seeds of immature
grain ; but the damage that insects of carnivorous families are likely to do, are trifling in
comparison to the benefits they confer.
family carabid^. ' 47
Genus AGONODERUS (Dj.).
Head subquadrate ; thorax subquadrate, slightly narrowed behind, elongate : the thorax
equals in width the base of the elytra.
Agonodeeus pallifes. (Plate xix, fig. 5.)
Head black or very dark brown ; thorax, elytra and legs brown : middle of the thorax
darker. Inner margins of the elytra darker than the outer and posterior margins.
Genus ANISODACTYLUS (Dj.). Haepalus (Steph.).
' First tarsal joint of the male small, the fourth largest j mentum-tooth obsolete ; thorax
' subquadrate or trapezoid' (Westwood).
Anisodacttlus ageicollis. (Plate xix, fig. 9.)
Color dark brown or black ; thorax about as wide as the base of the elytra ; sides slightly
curved. Length five-tenths of an inch.
Anisodactylus eusticus. (Plate xix, fig. 10.)
Color brown ; the thorax rather wider than the base of the elytra. Length nearly half
an inch.
Anisodactylus baltimoeius.
Head and thorax dark brown ; elytra, legs and antennae much lighter, or light chestnut-
color. Length rather less than half an Inch.
Genus CHL(ENIUS (Bon.). Caeabus (Lm.).
* Palpi with the last joint ovate truncate ; mentum-tooth bifid : thorax, in the centre,
' truncate subcordate, broadest behind or subquadrate' (Westwood).
Chlcenics emarginatus. (Plate XX, fig. 6.)
Head black, with green submetallic hues ; thorax bronze, submetallic ; elytra blue-black,
brilliant : beneath black, punctate, sculptured, but confined mostly to the thorax and
anterior of the abdomen ; thorax and head above finely punctate ; legs, palpi and
feelers light reddish brown. Length half an inch.
48 ORDER COLEOPTERA.
Chixenius KEMORALis. ( Plate XX, fig. 5.)
Head and thorax metallic green ; elytra blue-black, rather brilliant ; legs, palpi and an-
teiuue brown. Length half an inch.
This species is rather broader than the foregoing.
Chuenius sEKicEos. ( Plate XX, fig. 7.)
Head, thorax and elytra brilliant green above, glossy black below, punctate ; legs, palpi
and antennae brown. Length from six- to seven-tenths of an inch.
Ghuenius TOMENTosus. ( Plate XX, fig. 2.)
Head black, dark bronze, punctate ; elytra dark, bronzed and faint greenish hue, tomen-
tose.
Chlcenius lithophilcs. (Plate XX, fig. 8.)
Head, thorax and elytra green, brilliant black beneath ; legs, palpi and antennce brown.
Length four-tenths of an inch.
Gents TRECHUS (Clairv.).
Mentum transverse, tridentate anteriorly ; central tooth shortest ; head ovate ; thorax
oordate truncate ; angles mostly rounded.
Teechus ciNCTUs. ( Plate xix, fig. 8.)
Small, shining brown ; head darker ; elytra rather lighter on the outer than the inner
margin. Length two-tenths of an inch.
Trechus conjunctus. (Plate xix, fig. 7.)
Small, shining brown ; head black or dark brown. Length rather more than two-tenths
of an inch.
Gencs CALATHUS (Bon). Cahabcs (Lin.).
Tarsal claws toothed ; palpi simple and rather long ; labial nearly filiform, the terminal
joint truncate ; labrum transverse, a little emarginate ; mandibles dentii*y]ated at the
base ; mentum Avith a bifid tooth in the centre of the notch ; elytra elliptic ; thorax
subquadrate or trapeziform ; head angular.
Calathus gregarius. (Plate xviii, fig. 16.)
Form ovate ; antennse long filiform : head, thorax and elytra of a glossy brown color ;
margin lighter ; legs brown. Length about four-tenths of an inch.
FAMILY CARABIO^. 49'
Genus ANCHOMENUS (Bon.). Carabus (Fab.).
' Mentum-tooth entire ; thorax cordate, posterior angles acute ; elytra oblong, subconvex ;.
' head as broad as the thorax ; third joint of the antennae twice as long as the second.
' Elytra rather sinuate at the apex. Anterior tarsi of the males with three dilated
'joints' (West. & Steph.*).
Anchomenus EXTENSicoLLis (Steph.). (Plate xviii, fig. 10.)
Head and thorax green, snbmetallic ; elytra purplish bronze, snbmetallic ; legs light
brown. Length about four-tenths of an inch.
DicoExus DiLATATus (Say). ( Plate xxi, fig. 13.)
Insect large ; thorax nearly as wide as the abdomen. Head black, smooth ; thorax purple,
indented before and behind. Elytra purple, strongly marked by eight plain lines :
one begins in the acute upper and outer angle, running rather obliquely, and joins the
fifth from the inner margin, the two enclosing one line : outer line next the margin
depressed, and Imperfectly punctured. Length about eight-tenths of an inch.
DictELUs ELONGATus (Say). (Plate xxi, fig. 9.)
Insect narrowed ; margin of the thorax and elytra nearly upon the same line, black ; head
and thorax smooth. Elytra marked with plain lines : line commencing at the outer
and anterior angle, rather oblique, and becoming more so at the posterior extremity,
where it coalesces with the other lines, and all together terminate in the posterior and
inner angle ; the dotted line of the margin obsolete. Length about seven-tenths of
an inch.
SriijEBODERus sTENOsTOMis (Dj.). ( Plate xxi, fig. 10.)
Insect dil.Lted behind, narrowed before ; head smooth, shining black ; thorax s^mooth,
brilliant steel-blue, punctured Ijehind. Elytra dark purplish upon their disks, bordered
by rich steel-blue, punctiu^d and. lined- ; lines interrupted posteriorly. Glossy black
and punctured laterally Ijeneath. Length from five- to six-tenths of an inch.
•Jfcr; SrsMiEira rainarksthat the AircnemsscsmsybeABth^nkilicd from CAf,iiTBTtis bythe elongate formof the
thorax, ami its not being iHinctiiti; throughout; aud from Piatinus, by its acute simple notcli in the centre of tjje-
mcntum.
[ AoBICDLTffBAL RePORT — VoL. V.] 7
^0 ORDER COLEOPTERA.
Carabides
Constitute the fourth sub- family of the Cababid^::. They are distinguished from the other
subfamilies by the absence of the notch, which, in the allied 8i)ecies, is situated near the
extremity of the anterior tibia : the only approach made to it, is by the presence of a
slight groove in the place of (he notch at the extremity of tlie tibia. The elytra are entire,
and cover the extremity of the abdomen : antennae setaceous ; labrum may be simple,
bilobate or trilobate; mandibles simple or merely one-toothed, rarely tridentate ; maxillse
ciliated internally, and furnished with a claw at the tip ; labial palpi four-jointed ; men-
turn large, broad, and generally produced in the centre ; anterior tarsi greatly dilated in
the males.
This subfamily contains many large showy insects : they are mostly apterous, and their
elytra are often elegantly marked with metallic spots, or set off with splendid metallic
hues.
The carabides run fkst, and are very carnivorous in their habits : hence they should be
preserved, as they are friendly to the farmer. Some of them discharge a powerful odor
when taken, which is exhaled from a fluid ejected from the abdomen, and remains a long
time.
The Genus Carabus, the typical one of the family, contains, according to Mr. West-
wood, notwithstanding the restrictions to which it has been subjected, nearly 200 species.
By far the greater number of these species are confined to northern climes.
Genus CYCHRUS (Fab.). Tenebrio (Lin.).
Head long and narrow ; palpi with the last joint large and spoonshaped ; labrum strongly
bilobate ; mandibles bidentate at the tip ; antennae setaceous ; mentum quadrate,
toothless ; thorax truncate ; wings none.
CrcHRXTB viDuus (Dj.). (Plate xxi, fig. f4.)
Insect large, dilated behind and narrowed before : head and thorax bluish purple, sculp-
tured on the borders. Elytra purple, marked by about fifteen strong dotted lines each,
which are somewhat interrupted behind and partially broken, giving them an ap-
proach to a zigzag form ; beneath, purplish, inclining to brown or cupreous. Length
from one to one and a quarter inches.
This insect may be known by its remarkable elongation of the head and thorax, and its
dilated elytra and abdomen, the former of which are reflected over the latter.
FAMILY CARABID^. 61
Genus CARABUS. \
Labrum bilobate ; mandibles furnished with a tooth in the middle ; mentum-tooth entire ;
thorax subcordate, emarginate behind ; palpi with the last joint securiform ; antennae '
linear, second joint shortest, third cylindric ; wings rudimentary or none. Anterior
tarsi of males dilated. * i
Carabus vinctds ( Weber) ; C. interrujitus {Bay). ( Plate xxi, fig. 11.)
Head and thorax smooth, blue-black. Elytra black, faintly bronzed, and marked with. ' ■
punctured lines : the three interrupted lines are sharply elevated, and the metallic i
■ points are reflected from these interruptions. Length eight- to nine-tenths of an inch.
Carabus serratus (Say). (Plate xxi, fig. 12.)
Color black, with blue and purplish hues which are reflected from the margins of the \
elytra and thorax : head and thorax plain and glossy black ; margins of the thorax '
elevated and punctured. Elytra thickly punctured in about twelve rows : if taken in
threes, there are three rows of ovoidal parallel impressions without punctures. Length ;
seven- to eight-tenths of an inch. j
Carabus limbatus (Say). (Plate xxi, fig. 16.)
Color black : head and thorax smooth and glossy black. Elytra purplish black, bordered .:
with blue and purplish hues, and marked by seventeen or eighteen punctured lines :
three of these lines are broken by stellate or cruciform markings. Length nine-tenths '
of an inch. ;
j
Genus C.ILOSOMA (Web.). Carabus (Lin.). \
Labrum bilobed ; thorax transverse, shorter than wide ; abdomen subquadrate, wider '
behind than before ; wings large ; palpi with the last joint ovate, truncate ; labium
short broad, the upper margin setose acuminated ; mentum sublinear, rounded late- ;
rally, unidentate in the middle. Antennae, second joint shortest ; third longest, com-
pressed.
Calosoma scrutato'R. ( Plate X, fig. 8.)
Head blue-black : thorax blue-black, surrounded with golden green. Elytra green with \
ptirplish reflexion and bordered with cupreous, marked with punctured lines : the \
ridges between are transversely marked with nimierous lines ; each elytrum is also 1
ornamented with three rows of distant green dots, which are not very conspicuous. 'i
The whole body beneath is green, with steel-blue reflections : legs steel-blue, and the ;
thighs are punctured with four or five rows of dots ; tarsi and tibiae dusky. Length ^
exceeds an inch : about \\ inches. J
52 ORDER OOLEOPTERA.
Calosoma calidum. (Plate xxi, fig. 15.)
Head ami thorax black, finely punctured. Elytra ornamented by three rows of metallic
spots placed upon thick lines, crossed by obscure punctures. Length nine-tenths of
an inch.
Both species of Gax,osoua are abundant in the United States ; both feed upon other iu-
teets, and are useful by diminishing the numl^er of insects injurious to the farmer. They
'are furnished with wings, are found upon trees, and feed upon the larvae of lepidopterous
insects : their larvae also have the habits of the perfect insect.
Gksus NOTIOPHILUS ( Dun.). Elaphrvs ( Fabr.).
Head as broad as the thorax; eyes lai-ge; thorax quadrate, flattened; labruni large,
rounded ; palpi robust.
NoTiopHTLirs poHRECTus. (Plate XX, fig. l:J.)
faiseet brown, with a uniform bronze hue. Length from two to three lines.
This insect is wider in front than posteriorly : the great size of the eyes luak^s the head
as prominent as the thorax.
Genus ELAPHRUS (Fabr.). CiciNDErA (Lin.).
» Antenna; short ; eyes very prominent ; thorax convex ; labrum slightly trilobed ; palpi
' slender' (Westwood).
Elaphrus buscaetus (Lin.). (Plate xx, fig. 1-)
Head, thorax and elytra bronze tinted with green, and singularly marked by dark round
spots encircled with green, which give the insect a tuberculate apjiearance ; beneath
green and metallic.
The insect's body is short, but it has the general appearance of a Cicindela.
Omophron labiatvm (Fab.). (Plate xx, figs. 11, 12.)
Head with a deeply notched patch of green at the base, and partially surrounding the
eyes : thorax black, with green metallic hues bordered with light brown. Elytra
variegated with black-green metallic hues, and bordered with light brown, traversed
with many punctate lines ; beneatli brown.
Var. tesseilatusj Say (fig 12). Obscurely landed; the elytra traversed on their inner
margins with black : the brown is more conspicuous, and occupies a larger portion
of the elytra.
Length about one-fourth of an inch.
FAMILY GARABiVJE. <J8
Bembidiid^s.
Tut matillary and labial pa,lpi in this subfamily are terminated by a very minute joihf .
The anteri()r tibi* are always notched on their insides, near thfeir tips. The insects are
small, and run with considerable speed : they are adorned with metallic colors. They
live under stones in damp jilaces, or in crevices in the ground ; and they are carnivorous,
feeding upon the larva of other insects, and -also upon dead animal matter.
Genus BEMBIDIUM ( Jlligeb). Cicindela (Lin.).
Thorax truncate cordate ; elytra tubercled ; eyes very prominent.
Bembidium sigillake. (Plate XX, fig. 3.)
Head, eyes, thorax and elytra above metallic gray, bronzed with a feint purplish in some
lights ; beneath, brilliant green : legs darker above. Length rather more than one-
fourth of an inch.
Sometimes very abondant on the leaves of water plants.
Belmbidium honestum. (Plate XX, fig- 4.)
Head and elytra gray bronze, duller than the preiceding ; thorax blue-black ; beneath,
black with a greenish hue. Length about a quarter of an inch.
Bembidicm inequale ( Say).
Eyes very large ; head, thorax and abdomen gray, metallic and bronze, uniform,
Bembidicm inornatum. ( Plate xx, fig. 9.)
Head, thorax and elytra brown. Length about one-tenth of an inch.
Bembididm THipiTNtTATDM. (Plate XX, fig. 10.)
Head, thorax and elytra brown ; metallic hues absent. Length one-tenth of an inch.
BE><BTDirM vARiEcATUM. ( Plate XX, fig. 14.)
Head, thorax and elytra metallic green above, when seen in some directions ; below',
black and brownish : legs brown. The elytra are variegated with paler patches of
brown, and they ajipcar of a glossy brown when seen by direct light. Length ii^ih
tenths of an inch.
54 ORDER COLEOPTERA.
HYDRADEPHAGA.
The insects Includwi in this section reside in water, and hence their legs are transformed
Into organs suitable for moving in this element. In addition to the transformation of the
legs into swimming organs, the body undergoes a change of form, becoming oval or boat-
•haped : in fine they are thoroughly fitted for the element in which they are to move,
being endowed with the means of pursuing their prey, <and furnished with all the con-
veniences which their congeners upon the land possess. Although they subsist in water,
yet they are not provided in their perfect state for obtaining a supply of air from the
element in which they move : they are air-consumers, and are obliged to rise occasionally
to the surface to obtain a supply of air for respiration.
The Hydradcphaga are predacious beetles ; and although it is not important to the
farmer to know them in an economical point of view, still some of the larger kinds prey
upon the ova of fish, and even upon their young; and in this respect, they are not entirely
destitute of interest to the owners of fish-ponds.. Regarded as animals which live by the
chase, they are truly more greedy and gluttonous than the predacious land beetles : they
are pre-eminently voracious and destructive. Their larvae, of course, are aquatic ; and
they too feed voraciously upon other aquatic insects. The perfect animal, though fitted for
the water, is not confined to it : it may take wing at evening, and enter dwellings, like
moths, being allured by the dazzling light of lamps near a window ..They obtain air by
resting upon the surface, and raising their elytra : this brings the air more immediately
into contact with the spiracles of the insect.
Stephens divides the Hvdeadephaga into two families, viz :
Anttnn* J ^o"8' setaceous : embracing the DYTiciDiE ;
( short, clavate : embracing the Gyrinid.s;.
1. The DyxiciDiE are furnished with rather long setaceous antennae ; their bodies are
oval, being rounded anteriorly and posteriorly ; their thorax is short and transverse, and
their legs are formed for swimming : the posterior ones, however, are especially adapted
to this end, I)y their great length, and by being furnished with two rows of dense cilia
arranged along the edges, with the view of increasing the width of the oar ; the tarsi are
also flat in the males, and the anterior ones are more dilated than in the females. The
mandibles of the larva are much bent, and are pierced for the purpose of extracting the
juices from the animals upon which they subsist. Their respiratory organs are situated
behind, and consist of two segments fringed with hairs and terminating in two conical
appendages, Ijetween which are two cylindric perforated tubes : these communicate with
the respiratory organs. The larva, as well as the imago, is obliged to rise to the surface to
obtain a supply of air.
FAMILY DYTICIDjE. 55
2. The Gyrinid^ are provided with short clavate antennae : body oval and convex, as
in the Dvticid^ but more glossy. The legs are unequal in this family : the anterior ones
are long, and the four posterior are short, compressed, and formed for swimming. The
larvse diflTer also from those of the Dyticidje, by having on each side of the fourth and
seven following segments a membranous conical appendage, which is flexible and bearded
at the sides : these appendages are subordinate to the respiratory organs, with which they
eommunicrfte by a small tube.
Dyticidse.
Halipides.
Jlntennse ten-jointed ; posterior coxje dilated into a large shield, covering the base of the
1^.
Genus HALIPLUS (Clairv.). Cnemidotus (HL).
Maxillary palpi with the last joint very minute and subulate.
Haliplus 12-punctatus. (Plate xx, fig. 15.)
Head, thorax and elytra buff-colored. Elytra with twelve black spots, some of which are
confluent ; inner margin and anal extremely black ; thorax with a lunate black or
brown spot on its anterior margin ; eyes black.
Haliplus immaculaticollis. (Plate xx, fig. 16.)
Insect buff-color : elytra with ten black spots, the central comparatively large, and com-
mon to both elytra ; thorax brown, immaculate.
Gekus DYTICUS. Dytiscus (Linn.)
^ Anterior male tarsi patellated ; claws didactyle ; maxillary palpi with the second and
third joints equal ' (Wkstwood).
Dyticus harrisii. ( Plate V, fig. 10.)
Color black softened into olive ; front or forehead hiteous ; lateral margins of the thorax
luteous : upon the latter it diminishes posteriorly, and extends to the under side of
the same ; beneath, the thorax and first pair of legs are luteous : posterior legs long,
and furnished with two dense rows of brown cilia. Length one inch.
This species is rather common in small ponds of water, where the bottom is clear and
sandy : a locality where it may always be found, is at the head springs which supply the
eity of Albany with water.
ORDER COLEOPTEBA.
Parnides.
This subfamil) Is composed of insects which frequent water : their tlbifo are nnarmed
and narrow, and tlieir legs are formed for walking. They liave an oval body, more or less
convex, and the posterior part of the thorax is as wide as the abdomen or base of the elytra.
The antennie are short ; mandibles robust and notched at the tip, with their inner surftice
ciliattKl. As they frequent the water, their entire surface, as in Paum s, is covered with
cilia to retain air ; or, as in Elmis, in part oiliateil, for the same object. This arrangement
gives them oxygea when immersed in water.
The two genera Parnus and Elmis are regarded as belonging to two subliimilies ; but
being closely related, it is sulhcient for our purpose to place them in juxtaposition.
Parni'8 fastigiatus. (Plate x.xiii, fig. 7.)
Body oval convex ; head retracted : color a drab brown ; thorax and elytra covei-ed with
a coat of fine appressed hair ; legs reddish on their outer sides.
Elmis ckenatisI ( Plate xxiii, fig. 9.)
Body convex, angulated, punctate, acute behind ; thorax and elytra marked with four
black dots, and a faint reddish stripe upon each ; legs reddish.
Silphldes.
The wide depressed or flat form of body is a reliable characteristic of a, part of this group.
They are always present in putrescent animal matter : wherever a carcase of an animal is
decaying, or even a bone not perfectly bleached, there we find numbers of the silphides.
The Necrophoeis, however, is much less depressed or flattened than the genus Silpha,
and seems at first sight to constitute a distinct group by itself. The latter are sometimes
called sexton beetles, from their habit of burying all the small dead animals which they
meet with. In this labor, they exhibit a great amount of industry and jierseverance, as well
as a high grade of instinct in seemingly devising means to accomplish an end.
The anatomical characters of these beetles, as given by Westwood and others, are :
Antennse thickened at the tips ; palpi filiform and slender ; labrum transverse and.
epnarginate ; maxillfebilobed, the inner armed with a hook ; mandibles strong and exsert,
especially in Necrophorus ; thorax orbicular or semicircular, forming a kind of s^hield for
the head ; tarsi five-jointed-, the fourth nearly e<2Ua]ling the others.
GxNus NECROPHORUS (Fab., Leach, Oliv.).
' Body oblong ; elytra truncate ; club of the antennae large,, round, fbur-jointcd, perfoliate ;
' maxillie unanned ' (Westwood).
FAMILY DYTICID^. 57
Necrophorus americanus (01,). ( Plate xxii, fig. 8.)
Head, thorax and elytra black, shining ; forehead marked with a cordate yellowish brown
spot ; thorax brown, except a black dentate Ijorder : elytra marked with four ir-
regular yellowish brown spots, the anterior prolonged upon the anterior margin ;
margin grooved, and of the same color as the spots : club of the antenna yellowish
brown, black beneath : anterior tarsi ciliate ; cilia yellowish brown.
This large conspicuous beetle presents certain variations of color and marking, which
indicate a difference either in sex or species. The yellowish brown spots described above
are much darker in some individuals, while the forehead mark is rounded behind, square
in front, and behind and between the eyes there is a rufous spot which does not exist in
all. The thorax is curiously indented upon its border. Length IJ inch.
Necrophorus tomentosos (Wb.). ( Plate x, fig. 2.)
Black : elytra crossed by two rufous bands, black beneath ; thurax and sides pilose ; club
of the antennae black. Length about three-fourths of an inch.
This species is quite hairy, especially upon the thoracic plate : hairs greenish.
Common in July in New-England and New- York.
Necrophorus pygmeus (Rich.). (Plate xxii, fig. 5.)
Black : elytra marked with four angulai* bright red spots. Length rather more than half
an ineh.
The Necrophaga perform the part of scavengei-s in destroying and burying carrion. JV.
tomentosus takes its trivial name from the yellow hair upon the prothorax. The family
Dermistidje is also destructive to animal matter : they deposit their eggs in it ; and when
they are hatched, they feed upon it ; but the dermestes attack and devour any animal
food, whether in a state of decay or not. It is supposed that the perfect animal, however,
prefers flowers to meat, tliough we always find it busy in the latter.
Genus SILPHA ( Linn.).
^ Broadly oval, slightly convex ; antennae gradually thickened, club four-jointed ; thorax
' often truncate anteriorly ' ( Westwood),
SiLPHA cAUDATA (Say). ( Plate xxii, figs. 3, 7 )
Black. Elytra subquadrate, papillated ; papillae in about four rows, placed between sharp
ridges ; inner and posterior angle slightly prolonged ; outer angle rounded : thorax
tomentose. Length half an inch.
SiLPHA iNEQUALis. (Plate xxii, fig. 6.)
Insect depressed, black : elytra finely punctured, and traversed by three or four sharp
slightly raised ridges. Length half an inch.
{ Agbicultubal Report — Vol. v.] 8
AS ORDER COLEOPTKRA.
SiLPHA NovEBORACENsis. ( Plate xxii, iig>9.)
Bodj depressed : elytra rufous ; outer margin of the thorax light and rather bright red,
black beneath.
SiLPHA AMERICANA. ( Plate XX, fig. 3.)
Depressed, black : thorax yellow, with a subquadxangular black spot in the centre ; elytra
knobby, black or brownish black tipped with yellowish ; outer angles truncate, or
rounded from the middle, and slightly notched at their inner and posterior angles,-
forming a notch when at rest ; they are marked by four rather irregular ridges.
Genus NECRODES ( Wilkin). Silpha ( Linn.).
' Body oblong ; elytra truncate ; club of the antennse gradually thickened ; maxilte
' without a claw' ( Westwood).
NeCRODES SURINAMENSIS. ( Plate XX, fig. 4.)
Depressed, black : thorax smooth and sliiuing ; elytra marked posteriorly with a short
rufous band, and traversed by three strongly marked sharp ridges, black beneath.
N'itidulidaer
This family has the habits in part of the silphidse, as some of them are found in putrid
animal matter, or feeding upon mushrooms ; others, however, frequent flowers. They are
oval, broad, and much depressed ; and they have filiform antennae, terminating in a short
club of two or three joints. The thorax is transvei-se and emarginate : in some, the elytra
are short, leaving the abdomen exposed. They are small insects.
Genu* NITIDULA.
' Body oval, subdepressed ; thorax margined ; tibia compressed ; fourth tarsal joint bi-
* lobed ; third joint of antenna longer than the fourth ' ( Westwood).
NiTiDULA bipustulata. . ( Plate xviii, fig. 1.)
Color of the body and thorax dull brown : central part of the elytra marked by a patch
of lighter brown ; margin light brown.. Length about two-tenths of an inch.
FAMILY ENGlDiE, 59
Engidse.
The insects of this family are allied to the Nitidulid^ and Dermestid^ : from the former,
they differ by their elongate form and simple tarsi ; and from the latter, by their highly
polished bodies, and more developed form of their mandibles (West wood).
The Emgidje subsist upon wood in a state of decay, or upon fungi, in some species of
which many individuals may be found. I procured a large number of individuals belonging
to this family, in the gelatinous sap which was slowly oozing from a wound in the trunk
of a yellow birch : they are also found under the bark of trees, and never feed upon living
or dead animal matters.
The anatomical characters, as given for the Engid^e proper, are : Antennae short, cla-
vate, ten- or eleven-jointed ; maxillary palpi equalling the lobes of the maxillse ; labium
advanced in front of the mentum ; labnun transverse j mandibles bifid at the tip ; tarsi
in some four-jointed, in others five.
Genus ENGIS (Late.).
* Body long ovate, subconvex ; tarsi five-jointed, the fourth joint short ; maxillse bilobed ;
* club of the antennae short, broad, flattened, three-jointed ' (West wood).
Engis fasciata. ( Plate xxiii, fig. 2.)
Thorax black : elytra brick-red, traversed by a broad black belt ; posterior extremity
black ; inner angles of the elytra black, terminating in a partial crossbar. The pro-
portion of l)lack and red upon the elytra is nearly equal.
These insects iiitiabit fungi, or decaying wood under the bark of trees : they are not,
however, specially injurious to trees.
Genus IPS ( Heubst).
The body is oblong and subdepressed ; tibia broad and serrated ; tarsi five-jointed ; lobe
of the maxilla broad.
Ips fasciatus. ( Plate xxiii, fig. 4.)
Body oblong, subdepressed ; thorax and head black ; elytra black, with two yellow an-
gular spots upon each ; legs short ; tibia broad, subserrated ; tarsi pilose. Length
two-tenths of an inch.
Ips sangdinolenta. ( Plate xxiii, fig. 3.)
Head and thorax black : elytra yellow, with a single round black spot near the middle ;
terminal extremity black ; outer and anterior angles black. Insect shining.
60 ORDER COLEOPTERA.
Ips QUADR18IGNATA. ( Plate xxui, fig. 6.)
Head and thorax black : elytra black, with two yellow spots on each elytrum, shining ;
the jjosterior spot is somewhat oval j upper and outer angles black.
Ips bipustulatus. ( Plate xxiii, fig. 8.)
Color brown, dull : elytra marked with two large yellow dots. Length about two and a
half lines.
Cacujides.
Genps CUCUJUS. Colydium ( Herbst).
Antennfe short, moniliibrm or clavate ; basal joint short.
CucDJOs CLAViPEs. ( Plate xxii, fig. 2.)
Depressed, flat or compressed : color uniform, inclining to brick-red ; abdomen below
dark, and nearly black upon the margins. Length about half an inch.
Dersiestes lardarius. ( Plate xxii, fig. 5.)
Body oval, subconvex, black, with a gray bar passing across the anterior part of the elytra,
in which are three dots on each el}"trum.
The genus Dermestes is named from derma^ a skin, with which the larvse make great
ravages, eating the surface so as to cause the hair to fall off. The Dermestes lardarius com-
mits its depredations in houses, usually in furs, meat, pork, bacon (whence it is sometimes
called bacon bug)y collections of insects, etc. when stored away without protection. It is
about one-fourtb of an inch long, nearly black ; the base of the elytra ash-color, with
three small black spots.
This species is active in attacking all animal collections of natural history : from this
depredator, they are best protected by arsenic. Articles of domestic consumption should
be preserved by preventative measures, such as enclosing hams in canvass and white-
washing them.
The Dermestes vulpinus is distinguished from the lardarius, by having the elytra entirely
black, and the under sides and under parts covered with white scales. It is very destruc-
tive to hides, in which it is imported. In France, it has been observed to perforate walls
built of stone soft enough to be broken by the nail. It is found in America, Europe and
Asia.
There are several other insects which are destructive to skins, and to anatomical and
nutural history collections : one of them is the Anthrenus museorum (Byrr. museorum,
Linn.). It is not a native of this country : it is, however, replaced by the A. destructor,
FAMILY STAPHYLINID^. 61
Melsh., which is a short oval insect about one-eighth of an inch in length, of a fuscous color,
and marked by several waved whitish fascia. The larva of another small and much nar-
rower insect, Dermophagus tarsale of Melsheimer, is also very destructive to entomological
collections.
Staphyliiiidae.
The characteristics of the insects belonging to this family are, their long, narrow, and
depressed fjrm ; the shortness of their elytra, and hence the great exposure of the ab-
dominal segments. Their true wings are closely folded beneath the curtailed elytra, al-
though they are large when expanded. Their heads too are remarkably large ; and when
set out by their projecting mandibles, it is no easy matter to persuade oneself that it is
safe to catch them. Tlieir antennae are not very conspicuous, but are sometimes enlarged
towards the extremity. Tlie thorax is strong, and as wide as the first segment of the ab-
domen. From the shortness of the wing-covers, the abdomen is equally hard above as
beneath, and is not confined by them : it therefore admits of free motion, and- is employed
as an instrument to assist in f )lding and unfolding the wings. When the insect is captured,
a curious organ protrudes from the extremity of the abdomen, consisting of two vesicles,
which are extruded at the will of the insect, and from whicli it is not uncommon to per-
ceive that a peculiar vapor escapes that is by no means pleasant.
Westwood regards this family equal in rank to the Cakaeidje, and susceptible of sub-
divisions of the same value : the name Brachyelytra has been generally employed in
denoting it.
Genus STAPHYLINUS (Linn.).
' liotly nearly gla1)rous ; antennae subflliform, with the fourth and tenth joints subequal ;
* thorax sul)quadrate ' (Westwood).
StAPHYLINUS VILLOSUS.
Head and thorax black and glossy : back, sides, and abdomen beneath villose, or covered
with a dense coat of hair ; abdomen banded with greenish buff. Length six-tenths
of an inch.
Stapiiylinus cyanipennis. ( Plate xxxi, fig. 6.)
Heafl and thorax black and glossy ; elytra steel-blue ; abdomen hairy and black.
Staphylinus chrysvrus. ( Plate xxxi, fig. 3.)
Above an olive brown, clothed with short yellow hair ; sides and extremity of the abdo-
men golden yellow ; thighs black, except at their lips, and a dorsal line.
CHAPl'KR V.
ORDER I. COLEOPTERA ( Continued).
PENTAMERA.
Distinguished entomologists have made two grand divisions of the penlanierous insects.
Some of the families of the first division have been noticed : the second is equally im-
portant with the first, and admits of subdivision into natural groups or families; but there
is some diversity of opinion where the lines boimding these families shall be drawn, and
also respecting the best terms for designating them.
A plain and comprehensive subdivision into groups has been made by Stephens : 1,
the Clavioornes, which are characterized by the antennae terminating in a solid ball, or
a perforated one ; 2, the Lamellicornes, with the antennae terminating in a leafy or
lamellated mass ; and, 3, the Serricornes, having the antennae ccnslructed so that their
whole length is toothed somewhat like a saw. The Clavicohnes are divided into two
families : the first contains those insects which resemble the Linnean Genus Byrbhus,
having straight claviform antennae, and called the Family Bybhhidje, Leach. The second
fkmily have also claviform antennae, but each with a distinct elbow or angle.
The BvRRHiDjE are small beetles with short oval convex bodies, and generally pilose or
hairy : the elytra cover the body, and the legs can be folded up ; when alarmed, it folds
them together under its body, and then remains motionless, appearing like a seed, until
the danger is past. In this family the antennae become gradually clavate, and the club is
not solid.
The second family of clavicornes takes its name from the Genus Hister : hence the
family name Histerid.«, Leach. In these, the antennae, instead of being straight, have a
sudden or short angle in them, or are said to be elbowed. They are small insects, hard and
shining or highly polished, and usually black : their forms are somewhat square, but still
possess considerable convexity ; their legs are more or less dentate, and the two hind ones
are set widely apart ; the elytra are short, and hence leave a portion of the abdomen
exposed. Their elbowed antennae, their polished surface and short elytra, clearly distin-
j;ni8h them from the byrrhida?.
GROUP LAMELUCORNES. 63'
The Lamellicornes received their name from the structure of their antennae ; the-
extremity being a laminated knob, composed of three or more leaflike laminae, which open
and shut somewhat like the leaves of a book. The first division of this group consists of
the ScAKABiDEs, the first section of which are named Coprophagi, from the kind of food on
which they subsist : they feed upon and live in ordure, or excrements of all kinds. The
ancients gave the name pillularia to certain species which have the cmious instinct of
rolling the excrement into balls with their hind feet, and in which they have deposited
their eggs ; when the ball has acquired a sufficient degree of solidity, it is pushed into a
hole previously prepared for its reception.
A foreign species, the Ateuchus sacer, was an object of religious veneration and worship
among the ancient Egyptians. With them it was symbolical of the world, the sun, and the
warrior : of the world, from the globular shape of its balls, and perhaps also from the
progeny they contained ; of the sun, from the angular projections from its head in the
form of rays : the six .legs have five tarsi each, and hence they represented the days of
the month. The idea of the courageous' warrior was imbibed from the supposition that the
species were all males. The Roman soldiers wore its image on their signets ; and it is said
that it is still a custom with the Egyptian women to eat them, to render themselves pro-
lific : as the sun is the source of all fertility, so the eating of this symbol would impart
to them the same desirable quality. When we reflect a moment upon the attention which
these curious insects pay lo their offspring, and the intense emotion they exhibit in rolling
their balls, a work which they prosecute until overcome by exhaustion, it is not at all
surprising that the ancients should have made them symbolical of the highest order of
qualities.
The Copris Carolina clusely resembles the sjinbolical beetle of the ancients, just referred
to. The (ienus Copris makes its abode beneath the fresh excrement of the cow ; and hence
its hills of dirt are common in pastures, by roadsides, and other places where the cow is
kept. This insect, however, never rolls a regular ball, but collects a quantity into an ir-
regularly shaped mass. The true pillularia belong to the Genus Geotkupes, and a tevf
other allied genera.
The larva of the Geotrupes resembles that of the Melolontiia, being of a dirty white
color, soft, and, when not engaged in feeding, it lies coiled in a semicircle : they have
six scaly fcet and a scaly head. Subsisting at first upon the magazine of food which the
mother has provided in the oflal in which they are enveloped, they afterwards penetrate
into the earth, and feed upon roots. It requires a year or two for their perfection : they
are then transformed into nymphs ; and another year passes, before they are ready to
become perfect insects.
The Lamellicornes consist of ten families, each presenting some peculiarity in the
antennfe, mandibles or maxillse, by due attention to which the student will be able to
determine the position an unknown insect may occupy. The first of these ten families is
S4 ORDER COLEOPTERA.
the LucANiDX, taking the family name as usual from one of the most imjwitant genera it
contains : in this instance it is the Lucanus dama, an elongated stout insect, and furnished
with strong and projecting mandibles, especially in the males. Their antennse are elbowed,
and the terminal knob is constructed alter the fashion of the teeth of a comb, or is pectinate :
they consist of only three terminal teeth, somewhat separated from ctich other, but near
enough to come within the definition o{ lamelliccrn beetles (See Plate xii, fig. 7, n, o).
The second division of the Lamellicornes embraces all those beetles whose antennee
terminate in leaves or lamellw, consisting usually of three pieces, which fold together or
lie in contact like the leaves of a book. This division received the name of Pdaloccra from
DuMKRiL : it contains many insects which belonged to the genus Scarabaus of Linneis.
The antcnnse diflFer from those of the insects of the Family Lucanidje, inasmuch as they
are not elbowed ; and the number of joints is variable, eight, nine or ten. In some groups,
the males are remarkable for their appendages ujjon the head or thorax, either in the form
of horns or protuberances. Some of the largest insects belong to this division.
The habits of the insects of this division are various : some, and probably the majority,
feed upon refuse matter, some upon excrement, some upon leaves, and others upon flowers.
Their larvse are conspicuous for their size : they are of a soft consistence, of a whitish
color, and furnished with strong mandibles. We find them in the vegetable mould, usually
coiled, or in decaying logs. They have fourteen rings, including the head, and the rings or
s^ments are transversely grooved.
From the diversity of character which exists in this great division, it has been subdivided
into ten families. The first is the Geotrupid.s; : their maxillary lobes are membranous, the
mandibles are porrected, and the eljrtra cover the abdomen (Plate xii, figs. 1, 2, 3, 5, 8).
Their antennae have ten or eleven joints ; and their bodies are globose, or thick and more
or less rounded and full. Their habits are peculiar : they feed upon excrement, though
some are said to feed upon roots.
The ScARABjEiDJE coustitutc the second family of this great division. They are furnished
with a shieldlike extension in front, the clypeus, which extends over the mouth ; and their
antenna; are eight- or nine-jointed, with the end terminating in a three-leaved club. The
middle legs are inserted more widely apart than the others : the posterior legs are far
behind ; the scutellum is not present ; and the elytra are shortened behind, leaving the
abdomen exposed. The claws are minute, and the anterior tibise are expanded and tri-
dentate externally, armed with a single spur. The insects feed upon excrement, and the
the greater proportion of the family reside in warm climates. They are many of them ball-
rollers ; and to aid them in this work, their hindlegs are long and inserted far behind,
which gives them a grotesque appearance when walking. They fly mostly by day. ( Plate
xii, figs. 5, 7.)
The third family of Macleav is called ApHomiDiE. They too are excrement-eaters : they
are oval and rounded at the posterior extremity. In this family we find the minute instead
GROUP LAMELLICORNES. 65
of the large beetles, and they belong to temperate climates : the legs are placed at equal
distances apart ; the scutellum is distinct ; the clypeus is entire, and the antenna} are
nine-jointed. The body is more elongated than in the former family.
The fourth family is small, or of a moderate extent : it is the Trogidje of Macleay.
The insects are of a medium size, ovate or gibbous, and the elytra are inflexed at their
sides. The scutellum is distinct, and the anterior tibije are imperfectly toothed. The head
Is deflexed ; thorax short, posteriorly situated, and the anterior angles are advanced ; the
elytra are rugose. (Plate xxiv, figs. 1 & 3,)
The fifth family is the Dynastid.e of Macleay. The insects of the family are gigantic,
•and the males are very strongly identified by prominences and horns upon their heads or
thoraces. The jaws are powerful, horny and prominent, and furnished with two teeth ; the
scutellum is distinct ; the antennae are ten-jointed, and the elytra are shortened behind,
leaving the abdomen exposed : the color is a rich chestnut-brown. The insects reside in
rich vegetable matter and in putrid oflfal, and the family belongs to tropical regions.
The RuTiLiDJE constitute the sixth family, which, for the most part, are brilliantly
colored. The males are destitute of horns, in which respect they differ from the preceding
family. The antenme are ten-jointed, club three-jointed : the mandibles are short, but
project more or less from beneath the coriaceous labrum ; they are also notched on the
outside near the tip. The elytra do not cover the abdomen.
The seventh family is allied to the preceding : it has received the name of Anoplo-
CNATHIDJE, and is composed, like the Dynastidje, of foreign species.
The eighth family, the Melolonthidje, constitute a well-known group, which contains
numerous indigenous species, with forms as delineated on Plate x, figs. 4-6, 9. They are
ovate thin beetles, sometimes scarcely thicker behind than before. The hibrum is divided
into two lobes transversely ; the mandibles are strong and horny, the internal mai-gin acute
at the aipex. The clypeus is separated by a transverse suture, which runs just before the
eyes : antennae 9-1 0-jointed, terminated by a knob composed of a variable number of
lamime (from 3 - 7), variable also in form. The anterior margin of the mentum is notched
or emarginate. Some of the species are large ; but the colors are not brilliant, the surla«e
being often pubesceat and dull. The common horn beetle, or the goldsmith beetle, which
fly about in the evening in the months of June and July, may well represent this family :
they feed upon flowers or leaves, and are sometimes injurious in this way.
Passing the Glaphyrid.?;, the ninth family, which are all foreign to us, we reach the
tenth and last family, the Cetonid.e, a group which holds about the same place in the
scale of importance as the MEtoLONXHiDiE, The antennae are ten-jointed : the labrum is
concealed beneath an emarginate clypeus ; the mandibles are comparatively slender, lan-
ceolate ; the mentum is pitcher-shaped, and conceals the labium ; the scutellum distinct :
the elytra do not cover all the abdomen. The insects feed upon flowers, and hence Ao
eoHSiderable mischief : their forms are delineated on Plate xii, figs. 1 - 6.
^Agricultural Report — Vol. v.] 9
ORDER COLEOPTERA.
CLAVICOKNES.
B} riliidse.
No species of this family have been found in this State.
Histeridse.
HisTER O0NFORMI8. ( Plate xxxi, fig. 8.)
Color black : thorax bluish black, smooth, polished ; elytra without punctures, striate ;
strise obsolete. Length one-tenth of an inch.
lAMELLICORNES.
Lucanidcie.
Genus LUCANUS ( Linn.).
< Depressed mandibles of the male very lai-ge ; female moderate : club of the antennte
' four-jointed, pectinated' (West wood).
LucANus DAMA ( Fab.). L. capriolus (Linn.). ( Plate xii, lig. 7.)
The insect is large, dark chestnut-brown, smooth and plain ; thighs lighter : mandibles
of the male long and powerful ; female less powerful than the male. Length about
IJ or 1| inch.
The male Lucanus may be recognized by its large and toothed mandibles, which stand
out so prominently in front. The female diflFers from the male in the smallnessof its head,
which is partially concealed beneath the labrum and the oblique trimcation of the lateral
margin of the thorax. There is a considerable variation in the size of the individuals. It
is not an imcommon species in New- York and New-England. The larvae inhabit the trunks
of decaying trees, or in wood.
Platyceras piceus. (Plate xii, figs. 10, 11.)
The Genus Platyceras belongs to this group. The mandibles are shorter than those of
the Lucanus, in both sexes : it is also a much smaller insect.
Color brown ; elytra distinctly punctate ; mandibles exsert, and each shows a strong
curved subcentral tooth : in the female, the mandibles are shorter and less con-
spicuous. Length from one-half to six-tenths of an inch.
Fig. 10, male ; 11, female, with mandibles, autennse and an elytrum.
, FAMILY GEOTRUPID^. 67
Geotrupidge.
Geotrupes . ( Piute xii, fig. 2.)
Color brilliant steel-blue ; beneath, clothed with yellowish brown hairs. Clypeus rough,
with a central pointed tubercle (the thin edge of the clypeus is turned up in front) ;
thorax smooth and shining upon its top, but coniluently punctured at the margins ;
elytra marked with numerous punctate ridges. Length five-tenths of an inch.
This species I have been unable to refer to its proper name. " The G. microphagus is
dark piceous above and beneath, and the legs are violaceous."
Geotrupes splendidus- (Plate xii, fig. 3.)
Splendent green ; purplish beneath. Thorax rather thickly punctured, and confluent on
the sides ; scutellum smooth, or with tAvo or more punctures ; elytra subtuberculated
near the outer basal angle, angle somewhat rounded, and their surfaces are marked
by rounded ridges punctate in the grooves : body beneath clothed with brown hairs.
Length six-tenths of an inch.
Genus COPROBIUS (Lath.).
Body ovoid ; thorax dilated in the middle ; scutellum none ; abdomen nearly square ;
clypeus bidenticulated.
COPROBIUS L.s;vis.
Medium size : color dull black, finely punctiu-ed ; elytral lines obsolete. The insect has a
submetallic hue in some lights, but is generally dull. There are about eight obscure
lines upon each elytrum : beneath, the body is naked, or destitute of hairs.
This insect is more common here than the Geotrupes. Common in June and July, when
they may be seen engaged in rolling a ball of dung containing their ova, and which they
finally bury.
Ateuchqs sacer is a much larger insect, belonging to an allied genus, and is the sacred
Scarabaus which entered so largely into the mythology of Egypt.
All these species fulfil an important place in the economy of creation ; a fact which is
more obvious in tropical regions than in the north.
M OROSai COLEOPTEBA.
Scarabaud;©.
Genus ONTHOPHAGUS ( Latr.). Copris (III.)-
H>4y broadly ovate, short, depressed : last joint of labial palpi evanescent j clypeus wider
than long, eniarginate ; scutellum none,
Onthophagus HECATE. ( Plate xxxl, fig. 4.)
Small : dark brown, covered with white hairs, which give it a hoary appearance. Shield
rather jwinted and turned up ; thorax terminated in a prominent plate, turned up at
the angles ; legs ciliated.
Onthophagus ovatus-
Rather small, ovoid, brown, smooth above ; hairs sparse upon the legs and beneath. Shield
toarked with two parallel sharp transverse ridges.
Genus PHANiEUS ( Mc).
Basal ailiculation of the labial palpi larger than the others, and dilated at its internal
edge : scutellum none, but its place is occupied by a small triangular extension ol
the thorax. Males furnished with tubercles or horns upon the clypeus, and prominence*
upon the thorax.
Phanjeus cAKNiFEX. ( Plate xii, JSg. 5.)
Rather short, wide : elytra shorter than the head and thorax ; shield with a single or
double prominence behind ; thorax rich purple green, and strongly sculptured ; elytra
rich purple-green, punctated and ridged j beneath green ; upper surface of the legs
purple..
The males are smaller than the females, and the clypeus is armed with a long and strong
horn pointing backwards ; in females, it is merely a tubercle, or may be two close together.
The thorax of the male presents a broad, flat, nearly semilunar punctate disk. Length
seven-tenths of an inch.
Occurs rarely in the vicinity of Albany : common in Maryland.
Genus APHODIUS ( III.). Copris (01.) ; Scarab^us ( Linn.).
Terminal articulation of the palpi cylindrical ; mandibles destitute of a corneous tooth or
lobe ; form of the body gibbous.
All the species of the genus Apiiodius live in the excrements of animals, where they
occur often in great numbers.. They are small insects, about one-fourth of an inch in lengthy
' FAMILY SCARABiEID^. 69
of a cylindrical form : some of the species are spotted, or variously colored. During the
days of autumn they take wing in great numbers, flying sluggishly through the air. In
Europe, Lethrus cephalotus is said to devour the tender shoots of plants, particularly of
vines ; but this seems to be an exception to the habits common to the family.
Aphodius bicolok (S.).
Quite small, brown or black-brown ; legs and beneath light fuscous : head and thorax
finely punctured ; edges of the elytral ridges finely notched ; clypeus widely emargi-
nate. Length one-fifth of an inch.
Aphodius strigatiis.
Small : head and thorax very finely punctured, black, smaller than the preceding, obtuse
at both extremities ; clypeus convex ; feet dark piceous ; posterior angles of the thorax
rounded.
Aphodius terminalis (S.).
Small, brown or blackish brown, shining : forelegs hairy; tips of the elytra and feet
rufous ; clypeus trituberculate and emarginate before ; thorax marked with subequal
punctures ; elytra marked with punctured striae.
Aphodius copronimus (M.).
Quite small, light brown, shining : thorax rather mottled with darker brown, very finely
punctured.
Aphodius femoralis (S.).
Blackish l>rown : edges of the thorax dilated and light brown ; elytra fujf ous and lighter
in front ; thighs light and translucent. Scarcely one-fifth of an inch in length.
Aphodius aterrimus (M.).
Small : thorax black ; elytra dark brown ; brown beneath.
Aphodius serval.
Brown : head finely punctured ; thorax dark brown ; elytra light brown and spotted^
three in front, banded in the middle.
Genus COPRIS (Geoff.). Scarabjeus (Linn.).
Body ovate, thick and convex ; knob of the antennae terminating in three leaves ; four
hindlegs dilated and truncated ; scutellum none ; articulations of the labial palpi
three : the first joint is cylindrical, and not dilated at the internal side.
70 ORDER COLEOPTERA.
CopRis cAROLiNus. ( Plate xii, fig. 8.)
Body tliick, obtuse behind : cljiieus round and entire before, but furnished with a single
notch in front of the eye, from which there is a depressed line running backwards,
and terminating at the base of the tuljercles, the middle of which is much the most
pronjincnt and pointed. The front of the thorax rises iulo a. strong serrated ridge, and
there are two lateral rounded depressions : the puncta are fine, and the posterior part
is smooth, and marked with a slight central furrow which does not reach the elytra.
Elytra strongly furrowed, and pimctate. The abdomen appears as if truncated. The
color is dark chestnut-brown : body beneath clothed with reddish brown liairs ; the
mai^in of the thorax is ciliate. The dilatations of the tibiae are similar to flattened
funnels : the tibi® of the forelegs are thick, and have four strong notches upon their
outer edges. Length one inch.
This beetle is common in Virginia and Maryland, but I have not observed it in New-
York, though Cetonia and Phanceus, which accompany it there, are not uncommon here.
This insect does not roll up a ball, but makes a collection or heap of soft and fresh
manure, in which the eggs are deposited. It penetrates quite deeply into the ground be-
neath the droppings in pastures and by the roadsides.
Trogidae.
This is a family embracing but a few genera : they are ovate and gibbose, with inflex
elytra. The head is deliexed, the thorax short and transverse, and the surface of the elytra
rough. The antenna? are nine- or ten-jointed, and the extremity is formed of three leaves
somewhat distant from each other : the labrum is coriaceous and exserted ; the labium is
concealed by th? mentum ; the mandibles are horny, and sometimes toothed .
This family is allied to the GEcxKUPiDiE. The most reliable information is that they feed
upon carrion, or decaying animal matter, being found in the carcases of dead animals :
they have also been found in rotten wood, and at the same time they are known to inhabit
sandy places under ground. Some of the family are apterous.
Genus TROX ( Fabr.). Scarab.eus ( Linn.)
Antennae ten-jointed ; body subovate, convex ; thorax rugous.
Trox porcatus. ( Plate xxiv, fig. ili.)
-Dull brown : clypeus rounded in front, and marked by a shallow transverse groove,
angulated in the middle, with small pointed tubercles on the line of flexure ; thorax
widely groove<l in the middle ; elytra traversed by a series of reticulated lines, forming
a species of network upon their surfaces and angles behind. Length half an inch.
FAMILY MELOLONTHID^. 71
Trox capillaris. ( Plate xxiv, fig. 1 .)
Brown, dull : elytra traversed by several rows of pointed or sharpened tubercles, standing
between the fine parallel lines. Length two-fifths of an inch.
Dynastidae.
This family embraces the most gigantic beetles known : the genera are also numerous.
The antennae are ten-jointed : the first is robust, conic and hairy ; the second, sub-
globose ; the next five are short, and the head is composed of three laminae in contact.
The clypeus is frequently horned, as well as the thorax : head subtrigonal ; e]ytia
truncate, leaving the end of the abdomen bare. The body is large and thick, the legs
strong ; tibiffi broad and dentate.
This singular family have some of the habits of the GKOTRUPiDiE : that of subsisting
upon and in the excrement of animals, and decaying refuse matter from the vegetable
kingdom.
MelolontMdae.
Genus SERICA ( Macleay). ScARABicus (Linn.).
* Form ovate. Antennae ten-jointed ; basal joint the largest ; the second the next, and the
' claws bifid : last joint of the palpi subacute ' ( Westwood).
Serica vespertina. ( Plate xxiv, fig. 9.)
Color light chestnut-brown, imiform : body small ; wider behind.
Triciiinds ( Trichius) viridans. ( Plate xxiv, fig. 5.)
Color of the head and thorax green : elytra obscurely striped ; margins marked with dark
spots ; disk ferruginous, truncate, exposing the abdomen, punctured and marked by
longitudinal lines ; abdomen hairy.
Trichii(us assimilis.
Color black, hairy and glossy. Elytra marked near their bases with a light brownish patch,,
from each outer angle of which proceed two white oblique lines that nearly reach the
margins ; and from the inner angles, two other white lines arise, which run parallel
with the suture, and do not quite reach the truncated extremity : there is also an-
obscure line parallel with the last, and about half as long, which may not be constant..
Posterior segment of tlie abdomen clothed with a dense coat of yellowish white liairs :;
abdomen below shining, and less hairy than the breast. Length rather more than,
one fourth of an inch.
Found in Western Massachusetts.
72 ORDER COLEOPTEUA.
Genus PHYLLOPIIAGA ( Haruis).
First joint of the antennse largest and clavatc ; the fifth aail sixth larger than the second,
third and fourth ; terminal leaves three or seven : maxillary palpi fonr-jointed, the
fourth long and ovate : clypeus divided by a transverse suture before the eyes :
thorax subquadrate : tibiae somewhat dilated ; claws equal, and armed with a nearly
central tooth.
Phyllophaga quercika. ( Plate x, fig. f>.)
Large : color chestnut brown, uniform ; beneath covered with brown hair^. Abdomen
naked ; labruni rounded before, and punctured ; elytra i)unctured, and Iheir tips
separated behind. Length about eight-tenths of an inch.
Phyllophaga drakii.
Large : color rather lighter brown than the preceding. Labrum traversed by a line
dividing it into two unequal parts : rings of the abdomen finely punctured.
This species is rather larger than the quercina : length about nine-tenlhs of an inch.
Phyllophaga hirticula,
Noticed by Dr. Harris, is of a bay brown color, with punctures larger and more distinct
than those upon the quercina, and, on each wing-cover, the hairs are arranged in three
lines. Length seven-tenths of an inch.
Appears in June and July.
Phyllophaga georgicana.
Surface covered with short grayish yellow hairs. Length seven-tenths of an inch.
It occurs in New- York.
Phyllophaga pilosicollis. ( Plate xxiii, fig- 7.)
Color pale reddish brown : hairs longest upon the thorax and base of the elytra. Anterior
edge of the head entire, rounded and deflected, puncture dilated and shallow ; la-
teral edge of the thorax dilated in the middle ; elytra pale, testaceous, densely and
equally punctured, and covered with short procumbent hairs. Length half an inch.
Say.
Phyllophaga variolosa (Knoch.). Melolontha variolosa (Hentz).
This species differs essentially from the foregoing in the form and structure of the
antennae, the knob consisting of seven curved elongate leaves. Its color is light brown,
with irregular depressions ujwn the elytra, which appear like accidental flexures or in-
dentations made by some external force : it is clothed with long yellow hairs upon the
breast. The clypeus is extended and reflexed, and the sutural line is before its middle.
FAMILY MELOLONTHIDiE. 33
The hairs, both upon the thorax, and elytra, are arranged in four ratlier interrupted lon-
gitudinal belts. Length eight- to nine-tenths of an Lnch.
This species I had not observed in the vicinity of Albany till this year, 1853 : many
individuals have been taken.
It may be remarked that most of the siiecies of this genus are much alike, although
generally smaller than that figured. The color varies from yellowish brown to chestnut,
according to the species. The breast is more or less hairy, and the elytra are in some cases
sparsely famished with erect hairs. In the larva state they feed upon the roots of grass,
and probably of grain, and thus they commit great havoc upon pastures, whilst the adult
insects live upon the foliage of various plants.
These beetles are well known in the country by the name of homhugs, and become
troublesome by flyiug into the open windows where a lamp is burning. Their pi'oper name
is May beetle, a designation implying the time of their appearance among us. They are
injurious both in their larva and perfect states : in the former, by their depredations upon
the roots of grass and other herbage ; and in the latter, by the destruction of the young
»nd tender leaves of fruit and other trees. They are supplied with strong jaws for cutting
the leaves of plants, for which they are admirably fitted ; and their feet are strong, and
fitted for digging in the soil after their transformations are efiected. They were formerly
included in the Genus Melolontha.
Maybugs have rarely been sufficiently numerous to inflict serious injury upon the
farmer : the Hon. Mr. Barlow, however, records an instance where they did much da-
mage in Madison county, in 1849 and 50 ; they ate the leaves of the cherry., elm, apple,
butternut, etc., showing that they are by no means restricted to our cultivated fruit trees.
The most effectual method of destroying them was to kindle fires at night in the immediate
neighborhood of the trees they were injuring : attracted by the light of the blaze, tbou-
sands were destroyed with little difliculty, or at a trifling cast. Shaking the trees to dis-
lodge them, was an effectual means of turning their attention to the light. They appeared
the last of May and first of June, and continued from eight to twelve days.
Another instance is related by Dr. Fitch in the Journal of the New- York State Agri-
cultural Society, where the Phyllophaga quercina appeared in great numbers and suddenly.
He states that on the farm of Milo Inqalsbe, an orchard, consisting of about seventy plum
together with many cherry trees, had their limbs stripped of leaves, buds, etc. while they
were in bloom : the bugs were hatched out in the course of two nights, and completely
destroyed all hopes of fruit for the season, even if the trees themselves survived defoliation.
Th'j duration of the individual life of this insect is short, a week or two being the term
durin:^ which it lives : there is, however, a succession of individuals of the species, so
that the period which they remain is more than a month. After the pairing of the sexes,
.[ ACRICULTURAL RepOET VoL. «.] 10
74 ORDER COI.EOPTERA.
the male soon dies, and the female perforates the soil to the depth of a foot, where she
deposits her eggs : they are then abandoned, and she returns to the surface to remain a
short time, when she also perishes. The eggs are said to hatch in about fourteen days. The
grubs are whitish, and provided with six legs situated near the head, and a pair of strong
jaws : tlieir heads are brown. These are the grubs that are frequeutl} ploughed u|) in old
fields, of a grayish white color, an inch or more in length and a quarter of an inch thick :
they lie flexed in the form of a circle. They live during the summer near the surface,
subsisting upon th'^ roots of plants, which they devour in large quantities : as winter
approaches, they descend below the reach of frost, where they Ijecome torpid. Three or
four seasons are spent in this way, till finally they form a ball of an oval shape, in which
they enclose themselves and undergo their transformation.
The ravages of this grub may be much diminished by allowing crows and jays to
frequent tlie grounds infested by them : indeed it is the most feasible way of getting rid
of them ; and although most farmers and gardeners carry on an exterminating war with
crows and blackbirds, yet these blackcoated vagabonds, as Wilson calls them, are by no
means such great rascals as they are represented : they have redeeming qualities, and the
destruction of grubs and wircworms are real benefits which tliey confer upon the farmer.
The beetles themselves are devoured by skunks.
The beetles of this genus have been very abundant at distant intervals : almost in-
credible accounts are given of their numbers, especially of the European speci* s.
Among the numerous remedies recommended for destroying the larva, ploughing, no
- doubt, would have the effect of thi-owing many of them within the reach of frost ; but if
d >ne too early, they would have time to bui-y themselves again. The larvse and jierfect
iasects are frequently seen when the ground is broken up in the spring ; and many are
then destroyed by crows and blackbirds, which follow the ploughman to gather whatever
may be exposed suitable for their sustenance : they are also destroyed by foxes, weasels,
owls, and, according to Dr. Harris, the skunk.
The following extracts are from Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, Vol. vi, p.
142 - 4 : the rook is a species of crow.
'A strong prejudice is felt by many persons against rooks, on account of their destroying
grain and potatoes ; and so far is this carried, that I know persons wlio offer a reward for
every rook that is killed on their land ; yet so mistaken do I deem them, as to consider
that no living creature is so serviceable to the farmer, except the live stock he keeps on
his farm, as the rook. In the neighborhood of my native place is a rookery in which it is
estimated there are ten thousand rooks ; that 1 lb. of food a week is a very moderate al-
l>wance for each bird ; and that nine-tcnihs of their food consist of worms, insects, and
thsir larvffi : for although they do considerable damage for a few weeks in seedtime and a
few w^-eks in harvest, particularly in backward seasons, yet a very large pi-oportion of
their food, even at these seasons, c )nsis*sof insects and worms, which (if we except a few
FAMILY MEIX)LONTHIDiE. 75
acorns in autumn) form at all other times the whole of their subsistence. Here, then, if my
data be correct, there is the enormous quantity of 480000 lbs. or 209 tons of worms, insects
and their larvae, destroyed by the birds of a single rookery ; and to every one who knows
how very destructive to vegetation are the larvse of the tribes of insects (as well as worms)
fed upon by rooks, some slight idea may Ije formed of the devastation which rooks are
the means of preventing. I have understood that in Suffolk, and in some of the southern
couQties, the iarvse [of insects allied to Lachnostema] are «o exceedingly abundant that
the crops [of grain] are almost destroyed by them, and that their ravages <lo not cease even
when they have attained to a winged state. Various plans have been proposed to put a
stop to their depredations ; but I have little doubt that their abundance is to be allribuled
to the scarcity of rooks, as I have somewhere seen an account that rooks in those counties
are not numerous.
'A tlight of grasshoppers visited Craven, and they were so numerous as to creale con-
siderable alarm among the farmers : they were, however, soon relieved from their anxiety ;
for the rocks flocked in from all quarters by thousands and tens of thousands, and devoured
them so greedily that they were destroyed in a short time.
' It was stated in a newspaper a year or two back, that there was such an enormous
quantity of caterpillars upon Skiddaw, that they devoured all the vegetation on the
mountain, and people were apprehensive that they would attiick the crops in the enclosed
lands ; but the rooks, having discovered them, in a very short time put a stop to their
ravages.
'An extensive experiment appears to have been made, the result of -which has been the
opinion that farmers do wrong in destroying rooks, jays, sparrows, and indeed birds in
general, on their farms, particularly where there are orchards. That birds do mischief
occasionally, there can b6 no doubt ; but the harm they do in autumn is amply com-
pensated by the good they do in spring, by the destructive havoc they make among the
insect tribes. The quantity of grubs destroyed by rooks, and of caterpillars and their grubs
by the various small birds, must be annually immense. Other tribes of birds, which feed
on the wing, as swallows <ind martins, destroy millions of winged insects. Even some,
usually supposed to be so mischievous in gardens, have actually been proved only to
destroy those buds which contain a destructive insect. Ornithologists have of late de-
termined these facts to be true ; and officers would do well to consider them, before they
waste the public money in paying rewards to idle boys and girls for the heads of dead
birds, which only encourages children and other idle persons in the mischievous employ-
ment of fowling. On some very large farms in Devonshire, the proprietors determined, a
few years ago, to try the result of offering a great reward for the heads of rooks ; but the
Issue proved destructive to the farms, for nearly the whole of the crops failed for three
succeeding years, and they have since been forced to import rooks and other birds to rc-stcck
their farms with.^
76 ORDER COLEOPTERA.
Areoda uanigeka. ( Plate X, fig. 4.)
Luge, golden 3 el low and immaculate : scutellum and thorax give a green reflexion,
brassy in certain lights. Elytra terminated by a rounded ridge, tenninatiiig in a pro-
minence Ix'hiiid, densely haired beneath.
It is one of the most common and beautiful beetles of this country. It takes its specific
name lanigera, wool-bearing, from the dense woolly coating with which its abdomen and
■fu\s beneath are supplied : it is also called tlie goldsmith beetle, from its beautiful color
mbove ; though this name is likewise applied to the Gymnetis nitida, Avhich is about the
sune size, and of a greenish color margined and varied with fulvous. It may be recognized
by wanting the triangular scutellum at the inner base of the elytra, this portion having
no apparent juncture with the prothorax.
The Areoda is about nine-tenths of an inch long, broad oval in shape, of a lemon-yellow
color above, burnished like gold on the top of the head and thorax : the underside of the
body is copper-colored, and thickly covered with whitish wool ; and the legs are brownish
yellow, or brassy, slmded with green.
' These fine beetles begin to appear in Massachusetts alx)ut the middle of May, and
oontinue generally till the twentieth of June. In the morning and evening twilight they
oome forth from their retreats, and fly about with a humming and rustling soiuid among
the branches of trees, the tender leaves of which they devour. Pear-trees are particularly
subject to their attacks ; but the elm, hickory, poplar, oak, and probably also other kinds
of trees are frequented and injured by them. During the middle of the day they remain
at rest upon the trees, clinging to the underside of the leaves ; and endeavor to conceal
themselves by drawing two or three leaves together, and holding them in this position
with their long unequal claws. In some seasons they occur in profusion, and then may be
obtained in great quantities by shaking the young trees on which they are lodged in the
daytime, as they do not attempt to fly when thus disturbed, but fall at once to the ground.
The larvse of these insects are not known : probably they live in the ground, upon the
toots of plants.' Harris's Report, p. 22 - 3.
This insect seems to be local in ils distribution, as it occurs plentifully in the public
squares of Philadelphia, whilst it is rare in the interior of Pennsylvania.
Pelidnota punctata. ( Plate X, fig. 6.)
Large, fuscous brown and uniform : head greenish behind, extending along the sides.
Sides of the insect marked with foixr black spots, one upon the thorax, and three
upon the elytra and standing in a line ; beneath, tlie color is green, glossy or sub-
metallic. The rings of the abdomen are marked each with a single row of punctures.
The P. punctata is a fine beetle, with elytra of a pale brown or tile-color, and marked
as described above : the thorax is darker than the elytra ; beneath, the body is brassy
green. They fly by day, and feed almost, exclusively on the leaves of the grape, and hence
FAMILY MELOLONTHID.^. 77
may prove injurious to the vine : still their numbers are rarely such as to render them a
formidable foe. The only mode of destroying them, which is recommended, is to pick them
off and crush them under the foot. The larvse are scarcely injurious, inasmuch as they
live in rotten wood, as stumps of trees, and such trunks as are decaying upon the ground :
they may be regarded rather as beneficial, by aiding the entire destruction of that which
only cumbers the groimd.
The perfect insect prevails during the months of July and August.
P. MAcuLATA, an allied species or variety, has the legs and extremity of the abdomen of
the same color as the upper parts. ' These beetles fly by day, but may also be seen at the
same time on the leaves of the grape, which are their only food : they sometimes prove
very injurious to the vine. The only method of destroying them, is to pick them off by
hand, and crush them under foot. The larvje live in rotten wood, such as the stumps and
roots of dead trees, and do not differ essentially from those of other scarabseans' ( Hakris,
p. 23). In the variety which Dr. Melsheimer has designated impunctata, the spots are
absent.
Genus CREMASTOCHEILUS( Knock).
Thorax quadrangular, anterior angles prolonged ; first joint of the antennae dilated :
mandibles terminating in a strong curved or scythe-like tooth, and furnished with
small spines in place of the internal lobe ; last articulation of the palpi long and
cylindrical : menjum a reversed heart in form ; upper angles rounded, without
emargination (Regne Animal).
Cremastocheilus hentzii. ( Plate xxvi, fig. 2.)
Color black ; form quadrate, sides parallel ; upper surface punctured : elytra ridged and
coarsely punctured. The whole surface is clothed with procumbent hairs ; beneath,
they are stiff, or somewht spinous. Length one-half of an inch.
OsMODERMA scABER. Gymnotus J. (Kirby); Trichius s. ( Palisot de Beauv.).
( Plate xii, fig. 9 ; and plate xxv, fig. 5.)
Color black, or vciy dark brown and brassy. Body ovate, flattened ; thorax round, dilated
transversely, purplish, strongly punctured, and marked by two rounded ridges before ;
elytra deflexed at the shoulders and behind ; surface sculptured, and rather rough
than punctured ; fcutellum very acute : beneath dark brown, smooth and glossy j
legs long, purplish ; tibia; trispinous upon their outer edges.
The female is larger than the male, and measures an inch in length ; the male, about
eight-tenths of an inch. The name Osmoderma, given by the French naturalists, is indica-
tive of the odor the insect imparts to the hands when handled. They fly by night, and are
common in New-England and New- York in the month of July.
78 ORDER COLEOPTERA. ^
Mr. Harris mentions another species, called the O. erenicola : its color is deep maho-
gany brown, smooth, polished ; the male has a deeper tint before the middle of the thorax.
Genus DICHELONYCUA ( Harris).
I>abruni transverse, lanceolate ; mandibles short, trigonal, incurved, acute and toothless ;
maxillie minute, linear, bidentate, teeth short ; first joint of the palpi minute, the
second longer than the third : antennas nine-jointed.
It is more quadrangular and elongated than the Genus Macrodactylus.
DiCHELONYCHA ELONGATA. ( Plate XXV, fig. 1.)
Oolor light brown : \)ody quadrate, or with parallel sides, and the head extremity equal-
ling the base ; elytra punctured, and marked with a greenish stripe. Length rather
more than one-fourth of an inch. ''
Genus EUCHLORA (Macleay). Anomala ( Mergcrle).
EucHLORA ccELF.Bs (Gr.). ( Plate xxiv, fig. 6.)
Yellowish brown ; back part of the head, and central part of the thorax, shaded with
darker brown ; elytra bordered with brown.
Var. atrata. Darker brown, nearly black (fig. 8).
Genus HOPLIA ( Illig.).
' Antennae ten-jointed ; claws simple, but unequal ' ( Westwood).
HopLiA TRiFAsciATA ( S.). ( Plate xxiv, fig. 4.)
Rufous : surface thickly covered with scale-like grains, with downy hairs ; beneath silvery,
or rather brassy. Elytra traversed transversely by three paler bars, confluent with
the darker : post-abdomen covered with brassy granules, similar to the abdomen ;
legs very long. Female darker than the male. Length one-fuurth of an inch.
Macrodactylus subspinosa (Latr.). Melolontha s. (Fab.). (PI. v, fig. 13.)
Color yellow or ashen or drab, and clothed with a short dense down. It is slender before,
but comparatively thick, full and obtuse behind, but tapers gently from the base of
the elytra to the extremity of the abdomen, the point of which is exposed : labruni
projecting over the mouth ; thorax protuberant laterally, becoming spinous ; elytra
covered closely with drab-colored hairs, nearly covering the extremity of the abdo-
men : beneath, the abdomen protuberant and greenish ; legs long, rufous, and but
sparsely hairy ; joints of the tarsi dark brown, and surrounded with small spines :
Xhls is more conspicuous upon the hindlegs.
FAMILY MELOLONTHIDiE. 79
The rosebug, or cherryhug, as it is called, is very destructive. Its generic name Macro-
dactylus, is derived from the length of the feet ; and its specific or trivial name subsfincsus,
from an incipient spine or swelling upon the sides of the prothorax. It is of a dull yellow
color, about three-eighths of an inch long, and appears in great abundance in the spring,
destroying roses and the blossoms of various plants, as well as the foliage of fruit trees,
including the apple, cherry, plum, and that of the grape.
Dr. Harris has the credit of being the first to give a satisfactory history of this insect,
as published in his Report.
I have been in the habit of destroying this insect, as well as the Ericscma mali, or the
appletree blight, by hand-crushing. When there is little or no grass beneath the trees, they
may be beaten down and crushed with the foot ; the best time being the morning, when
they are somewhat torpid. They may be collected upon sheets, or in vessels with a little
water to prevent their escape ; to be subsequently burned or scalded. Plants infested should
be visited once or twice a day, and every effort made, by destruction of the present brood,
to diminish that of the next season.
Genus CETONIA ( Fab.).
Antennffi short, the basal joint largest and robust, glabrous ; the head three-leaved, elon-
gated : palpi short", last joint cylindric tapering ; mandibles short ; clypeus quadrate,
entire in front ; thorax subtrigonal ; elytra sinuate at the outer margin near the base ;
scutellum elongate and acute ; sternum produced and rounded anteriorly.
Cetonia inda. Scarabteus tndu* (Lin.). ( Plate xii, fig. 6.)
Body ovate and rather depressed, pilose above and beneath. Clypeus deflexed and trun-
cate : thorax subtriangular, sinuate before, centre of the sinus subdentate, broadly
sinuate behind for the reception of the scutel ; scutel an isosceles triangle ; elytra
light brown with black spots scattered over their disks and sides, margins sinuate,
behind truncate, exposing the abdomen ; legs hairy and brown ; abdomen brown,
glossy.
The thorax is more densely clothed with hairs than the elytra ; the latter are sprinkled
with spots and dots which are nearly black, some angular, and others sinuate. Color of the
abdomen and legs nearly uniform : the thorax is also spotted beneath the hairs ; the
slnuated base is naked and fuscous. Length six- tenths of an inch.
This insect appears twice in the season ; first in March or April, and last in September :
the latter, as Dr. Harris supposes, is a newly hatched brood, as at no time during the
summer is an individual to lie found.
These insects appear upon various autumnal flowers, as the goldenrod, in search of
pollen and honey, and are fond of the sap and sweet juices of trees and plants. They are
■ft^ ORDER COLEOPTERA.
thai^ed, however, with frequenting orchards and feeding upon the ripening fruits : par-
ticularly do they select the best peaches, which, if they do not entirely devour, they
cnatly injure by biting them. The distinguished naturalist last above named mentions that
he has taken a dozen from a single peach.
When cold weflthor approaches, they are suj.posed to secure themselves in some shel-
tered place, and pass the winter. The March brood, as I have often observed, appear to
issue directly from the ground ; and at numerous places they may be seen in numbers,
flying low, and hovering over the ground like himiblebees, ujwn which they alight and
arc lost in the dead grass and leaves, or penetrate again into the earth.
The genera of this family are numerous, and are known as Jlcwer beetles. The European
"species Cetonia (Epic<mietis) hirta is said to destroy apricot blossoms in Malta; and another,
Cetonia cardui, visits beehives, and destroys the wax and honey {Revue Zoologique, vii, 9G).
Plates of lead, with small perforations for the bees, were put over the place of ingress ;
but the cetonise soon enlarged them : zinc was then substituted, and found to answer as
« protection.
Cetoxia fclcida ( Fab.). ( Plate xii, fig. 4.)
Body depressed, ovate. Head small, green above : thorax triangular and brilliant green,
margined with luteous ; its sides are also slightly dilated ; base slightly sinuous for
the reception of the scutel, which is an isosceles triangle aiftl green. Elytra luteous,
sometimes they show a greenish tint, truncate and deflexed behind : at the deflexure
they are prominent ; the prominence terminates an obscure ridge which runs from the
shoulders of the elytra ; the suture is also elevated, so as to form a central ridge.
Behind, the abdomen is marked with four triangular mouldy spots : spots similar to
these extend along the sides of the abdomen ; legs luteous, glossy ; sides of the breast
hairy ; tarsi and base of the cubits brown, nearly l)lack. Length six-tenths of an inch.
This insect, which is very common in Maryland, is not very numerous, as I have
observed, in New-England and New- York ; it is more common in the paths in groves than
♦Isewhere.
CHAPTER VI.
ORDER I. COLEOPTERA ( Continued).
PRIOCERATA.
The next subtribe of pentamerous beetles is named Pkiocerata by Mr. Westwood (Serr^
comes, Latr.). They comprise those families whose antennae are short, or only of a moderate
length, with an equal thickness throughout, and generally attenuated at the tip rather
than thickened : they are eleven-jointed, but their peculiar characteristic consists, in being
serrated upon their inside ; hence the name serricomes by Latreille : in the males, they
are sometimes pectinated. The insect has two short robust maxillary and labial palpi :
body elongate and narrow ;, elytra narrowed behind, covering the abdomen.
The Priocekata are divided into two sections, the Macrostemi and the ^prostemi, by
Westwood. The first comprises the old genera Buprestis and Elater, the consistence of
whose bodies is firm, and their forms elliptic and elongate, but narrowed behind : their
legs are short, and either partially or wholly retractile ; and their heads are short, and are
received into a cylindrical excavation in the prothorax, or in front up to their eyes. The
pectus advances beneath the mouth, and is also produced behind to a point.
Tliese beetles, for beauty and splendor of coloring, are among the finest of the class of
insects : they are rich in the metallic hues which ornament their bodies and elytra. They
fly swiftly, but walk slowly, from the shortness of their legs. They make their escape,
when in danger of being captured, by falling suddenly into the grass and weeds.
The BupRESTiD.E, or bupestriansyhave an oval form, being widest behind the thorax and
obtuse before, but narrower behind and frequently acute : their bodies are also wider than
deep, with a thorax wider behind than before. The head, according to the typical character
of the family, is sunk into the thorax up to the eyes : the antennae are short, and serrate
on the inside. The thorax is widest behind, and fits very closely to the base of the elytra.
The legs are set widely apart, and are short, and hence their stand is firm : the soles of
the fourth joints of the feet are furnished with spongy cushions, and the foot terminated
with two claws : the scutel is small. The insects are rarely seen, except in hot sunny days,
when they may be found on fences, limbs of trees, or sides of houses, basking in the sun :
they never fly in the night.
[ AOHICULTUEAL RePOBT — VoL. V.] 11
88 ORDER COLEOPTERA.
Althongh the buprestidje are among tlie most elegant and beautiful of the coleoptcra,
yet their larva? are one and all more or less injurious to fruit and forest trees. The eggs of
the female are deposited upon the trunks and limbs of trees, and, when hatched, the young
grubs penetrate slowly through the bark ; and as they are often many years in coming to
maturity, time and opportunity is given for extensive injury : it is here they undergo their
transformation.
The larvte of this natural family of insects have a very close resemblance to each other,
and hence a brief description of a single species will be sufficient to convey an idea of
their general characteristics. These larvae, then, are white or yellowish white, rather long,
narrow and somewhat flattened, and furnished each with a small brown head sunk into a
suddenly and abruptly widened out thorax, conveying at first view the impression that the
head is very large, whereas it is only two or three of the last rings that are thus suddenly
^widened out and enlarged : the upper jaws are supplied with three black teeth. There are
no 1^ or other apparatus for locomotion, except two tubercles placed on the under side
of the second from the thorax. When drawn out of its burrow, the larva progresses by a
kind of wriggling motion, frequently rolling over, though not so often as the more cylin-
drical larva of the boring coleoptera. They are found both beneath the bark and in the
wood : under the bark, they lie partly coiled, or in the form of a semicircle. The pupa
bears a very close resemblance to the perfect insect : it tS found very near the outer
surface of the bark, so that when the transformation is complete, the insect has only to
perforate a thin scale of bark to escape from its prison into open day.
The oaks, hickories and pines are the kinds of trees most usually infected with the
bupestrian larvae ; and, unfortunately, our knowledge of the ways and means by which
these larvae may be destroyed are few and uncertain : the knife and wire are the only
infallible means to remove them, when once they are in possession of the premises. Our
preventive means, however, in the case of fruit, are more effectual ; such as scraping and
washing the trunk and large limbs, at those seasons of the year when they are known to
deposit their eggs. This kind of care and attention is rarely bestowed except in the spring,
which, so far as the family of borers is concerned, is perfectly ineffectual, as their eggs are
laid in the months of June, July and August. The perfect insect, though it may feed on
leaves, is comparatively harmless. There is, however, no provision which is so important
to keep in check the ravages of these and all other insects, as the preservation and pro-
tection of birds. The woodpecker in particular deserves the protection of the farmer, in-
asmuch as it is eminently successful in detecting the presence of the larvae of the borers,
as well as very expert in dragging them from their burrows.
FAMILY BUPRESTID^. 83
Buprestidse.
Genus BUPRESTIS (Linn.).
Antennse subfiliform, serrated in both sexes ; basal joint elongate, subolavated ; terminal
one small. Palpi, maxillary subfiliform, the terminal joint slightly tumid ; labial,
minute, the labrum attenuated and slightly emarginated in front. Mandibles slightly
bifid at the apex : maxillse small, somewhat bilobed at the tip. Head deflexed, short,
retuse : thorax with the posterior margin closely applied to the base of the elytra ;
the latter elongated, trigonate, entire or serrated : legs slender ; tarsi with the pe-
nultimate joint bilobed ( Stephens).
A. Elytra dentate, and serrate at the apex.
BupRESTis (Chalcophora) virginica (Drury). (Plate v, fig. 5.)
Form oval : color dark brown and sometimes almost black, with brassy metallic reflec-
tions, more disMnct beneath. Surfaces, above and beneath punctured ; above, sculp-
tured in interrupted parallel lines. Top of the head deeply indented longitudinally ;
indentation linear, and extending to the front. Thorax marked by three distinct
eminences, one of which is central. Elytra margined, sculptured or interruptedly
ridged ; base coarsely plicated ; outer angle rounded and serrate ; inner angle ter-
minated by a very short spine : the under side is furnished with a short whitish down.
It is nearly an inch in length, and quite robust.
The larvae inhabit pine trees, to which they are very injurious. The perfect insect ap-
pears in June.
BupREsTis injLvo-GDTT ATA (Harris). 5. amencflMa ( Kirby).
Above black bronze; underneath metallic, glossy, punctured. Scutellum very small.
Thorax marked by waving transverse lines. Elytra granulated and ornamented with
six yellowish spots, but variable in number ; tops rounded : underside of the ab-
domen, near the extremity, thickly punctured. Length 3- to 4-tenths of an inch.
The forelegs in this species are without teeth. It is the B. drummondi of the fourth vo-
lume of the Fauna Boreali Americana.
Found upon trunks of the white pine in June.
BupREsTis (Anoplis) fasciata ( Fab.y. (Plate v, fig. 1.)
Flattened above. Color fine brilliant green, nearly of one uniform tint, punctured above
and beneath. Mandibles stout and black : eyes black, ovate : thorax has four slight
depressions : scutellum small and triangular. Elytra finely lined, and marked by
transverse yellow bands : the first is a mere oblong transverse spot, near the middle ;
84 ORDER COLEOPTERA.
the largest, is an undulating band extending nearly across the elytrum, and the last
is a spot near the apex : the spots are surrounded with a black glossy border. The
apex has a steel-blue reflexion, and is bidentate.
This is one of the finest beetles belonging to this family : it varies in length from four
to six-tenths of an inch. The bands are variable in number : they are found some with
three, others with two, which is the most common, and still another variety, has only one.
[ I have observed, in some of the plates, the color of the figure is too black, and the
green too indistinct.]
BuPREsTis . (Plate xxxi, fig. 11.)
Slightly depressed, widened posteriorly and punctured. Mandibles naiTow, black ; beneath
purplish green : eyes black : antennae green : head and thorax green, cupreous and
metallic. Elytra bordered with metallic purple ; disk green, forming a middle lon-
gitudinal band ; also marked with four elevated lines, truncate, jnd terminated at
the inner angle with a minute spine.
This Ijeautiful species was found at Albany : its elytra are finely bordered with purple ;
the sutural line is divided into two near the base, and is dotted between. It appears to be
rare, as it is the only one I have seen in any of our collections.
BupRESTis (Chrysobothris) dentipes (Germar). ( Plate v, fig. 2.)
Depressed or flattened, oblong oval, purplish copper-color above ; beneath copper-colored,
finely punctured. Surface covered in patches with a kind of shagreen. Thorax maiked
with two elevated lines : elytra rounded behind.
This species is still less convex than the divaricata : its metallic hues are less distinct,
it is destitute of denticles at the apex of the wing-covers, its eyes are much smaller, and
its mouth differently constructed. It inhabits the different species of oaks, and is not found
about our fruit orchards or gardens. It is the B. characteristica of Harris ( New-England
Farmer, Vol. viii, p. 2 ).
BupRESTis (Chrysobothris) femorata (Fab.). (Plate V, fig. 3.)
Rather depressed. Color black and bronzed above, glossy and metallic beneath : upper
side the abdomen is green, punctured above and underneath. Eyes gray. Head is
marked with an elevated line, and covered with short whitish hairs in fiont. Elytra
rounded ; the posterior edge subserrate, or scarcely serrated.
This species is smaller than the dentipes. It has a well marked tooth inside of the thigh
of the forelegs. The elytra are rather shorter than the abdomen, and have an approach to
three pair of impressed gray transverse spots. It varies in size ; not exceeding, however,
half an inch in length.
I took many individuals of this species in Canandaigua several years since, in June,
upon a black oak. The foregoing species appear to be widely distributed.
FAMILY BUPRESTID^. - 85
B. Margin tvithout serratures,
BupRESTis DivAnicATA (Say). Cherry tr ee Buprestis. ( Plate v, fig 4.)
Convex ; greenisli cupreous above, purplish and metallic beneath, confluently punctured
above and beneath. Elytra attenuate, divaricate or divergent at their tips : thorax
indented before the scutel ; scutel small and indented : elytra marked with lines and
with abbreviated elevations ; tips narrowed and prolonged beyond the abdomen, and
* truncate and submucronate on the inner side. Length seven-tenths of an inch.
According to Say^ it resembles the lurida of Fabricius in general appearancff.
Buprestis lurida ( Fab.).
Above dull brassy ; beneath brassy with purplish hues and bright, confluently punctured
above and beneath. Mandibles black :' eyes dark brown or black : thorax dilated
before its middle, coarsely sculptiu-ed, and impressed with grooves rather than lines.
Elytra coarsely sculptured, marked with wider abbreviated lines, and connected by
branching ridges ; behind they are slightly attenuate, projecting just beyond the
pointed abdomen, and terminated with two submucronate points.
This species diflers from the former, in being destitute of lines, having fewer confluent
punctures, coarseness of the markings, less attenuated tips of the elytra, and theii* ter-
mination in two short spines instead of one. The larva is described by Mr. Harris as
destructive to the pignut hickory : it is of a yellowish white ; long, narrow, depressed
in form, and abruptly widened at the anterior extremity : head brown, small, and deeply
sunk in the forepart of the first segment ; jaws three-toothed, black : no legs, nor sub-
stitutes except two small warts on the underside of the second segment of the thorax.
These grubs exist in the wood and beneath the bark, sometimes in great numbers : the
pupa resembles the perfect insect.
Agrilus ruficollis, a member of the Family Buprestid.^:, was described by Professor
Haldeman in the American Qaarterly Journal of Agriculture and Science, Vol. iv, p. 200,
fig. 1 , as follows : ' This little insect, so hurtful to the raspberry, is about three lines long ;
black, minutely punctured, thorax and front brassy ; front with a vertical impression :
a wide shallow impression across the thorax posteriorly, and another at the base of the
elytra. In this particular case, the knowledge of the appearance of the insect is not es-
sential, as far as the means of preventing its depredations are concerned, although it is
always interesting to know whence an injury proceeds.
' In its larva state, Agrilus ruficollis lives at the expense of the cultivated Rubus (rasp-
berry), in the heart of which the pupa may be found in the month of May, the imago
appearing in June. The larva bores between the wood and bark, injuring the plant, and
causing a wide unsightly excrescence : it next penetrates to the pith, which It traverses
for two or three feet, finally excavating a cavity in which it undergoes its transformations.'
86 * ORDER COLEOPTEllA.
Elatei'idse.
The most distinct characters of this family are found in the form and structure of the
posterior part of the thorax and sternum : the sides of tlie former are prolonged into a
tooth, and the latter is produced into a spine which fits into a groove of the abdomen.
This arrangement of parts enables the insect, when ujk)!! its back, to spring upwards and,
alight ui>oi^ts feet : this is the only mode by which it can recover *ts standing, when
accidentally upset ; and from this circumstance these insects are called spring beetles, or
snapbugs. Their antennae are short and filiform, and either serrate or pectinate ; the palpi
terminate with a triangular or reniform joint ; the mandibles are bifid at the apex : body
linear and depressed : thorax with the hinder and lateral angles produced into a point ;
the margin is also groovedTfor the reception of the short antennse. The sternum is produced
behind into a spiae, which fits into a groove in the base of the abdomen. The females are
ftirnished with a tripartite ovipositor.
In this famil)-, as in the preceding, the head is received into the thorax deeply, and the
legs and antennse are short and slender.
The larvse live upon the roots of vegetables, wood, etc., and are very injurious to corn
and herbaceous roots. They are known in New-York and New-England by the name of
mreworms, from their form and hardness : they resemble, however, a species of Iulus,
which belongs to the Class Mykiapoda, and should therefore not be confounded with it ;
a mistake which it is quite unnecessary to commit, as the myriapod has many feet, while
the wireworm has only six.
Although the elateridae, in their perfect state, are closely allied to the buprestidaj, yet
their larvae have feet, while the larvse of the latter family are destitute of them : so the
enlargement or dilatation near their heads is equally distinctive ; but there is one kind of
resemblance common to both, for they both live several years in the larval state, and hence
have abundance of time to do much injury. When a field becomes infested with wire-
worms, the indian corn and other cultivated crops are often entirely destroyed, and many
times require replanting. Tlie larva eats either through the kernel after it is swollen, or
else through the young shoot. I have seen two wireworms in the same swollen kernel.
They attack grass, and all the cereals ; and in consequence of their long continuance in
this state, the soil becomes infested with them.
Soils which are the most infested with these larvae are usually poor ; and one of the
most efifective modes that can be adopted in the cultivation of such land, is to enrich it.
Another mode which aids very materially in the extirpation of the wireworm, is to plough
late in the fall : it is supposed that by exposing the ground freely to the action of frost,
the larvse must perish from cold.
FAMILY ELATERID^. 87
Much has been said in the agrcultural journals about the use of substances supposed to
be noxious to this insect, still there is no proof that any such remedy has been effectual.
Salt is usually relied on, but experience does not sustain its use. So far as salt contributes
to the amount of fertilizing matter, it will prove useful : beyond that, it is useless.
In gardens where these lai'vse are common, Mr. Harris recommends the English mode
of extirpating them : this mode consists in baiting them with slices of potatoes or turnips,
which are scattered over the ground at night. Early in the morning the larvse are found
above ground feeding upon the bait, when they are collected and destroyed.
Genus ELATER.
This genus is characterized by the shortness of the antennse, which have a short robust
basal joint, the second and third joints small and subglobose, and with their margins
serrate upon their outer sides. Head small and retracted ; eyes small : thorax gene-
rally elongate, with the posterior angles produced : body only slightly convex, linear
elongate, sometimes subovate : legs short ; tarsi simple.
Elater (Alaus) oculatcs (Fab.). (Plate v, fig. 6.)
Form elongate, depressed. Color black, sprinkled with gray. Head small : thorax large,
quadrangular, and marked by two ovate black velvety spots situated rather in ad-
vance of the middle. Elytra are marked with slender lines ; posterior angles rounded.
The underside of the body, and of the legs, is covered with a gray mealy substance.
This singular beetle is found in midsummer upon walls and fences. It is one of our
largest beetles ; varying, however, from 1 J to 1 1 inches in length : the largest specimens
are nearly half an inch wide. It is glossy black, powdered with white specks. The head
has a deep wide impression ; the prothorax is an oblong parallelogram, and the eyelike
spots are surrounded by a white ring. It is widely distributed, as I have found it south and
north. It appears, therefore, at different times in different latitudes : in North-Carolina,
the last of May ; in Pennsylvania, in June ; and in New -York and New-England, in July
and August.
Mr. Haldeman has found the larva of this beetle in ash trees in an incipient decay : it
is of various sizes. Mr. Harris has found the larva in old apple trees : it is not, therefore,
confined to a single species of trees. In old trees infested with them, it is recommended
to remove and burn them.
The larvsR are of a yellowish white color, or reddish ; and, when fully grown, the largest
individuals measure two and a half inches in length. The head is rough, brown and broad ;
the mandibles are strong and curved : they have six legs, and the last segment of the body
is furnished with a prop foot ; and the sides are armed with hooks and short spines.
88 order coleoptera.
Elateb ( Pybophorus) koctilucus.
This species is noticed merely to state the fact that some of the spines are phosphore-
scent : they constitute the fire beetles of the West Indies, and feed upon the sugar cane.
They resemble the oculatus in form and size, but the eyelike spots give out a strong light ;
ao also it is emitted from the segments of the body.
Elater (Melanotus) communis (Schonherr).
Color light brown, hairy, subacute beliind : thorax furrowed in the middle : elytra, at
their bases, are marked with about five sulci. Length half an inch.
It is common during the spring and summer months.
Elater ( Melanotus) glandicolor. ( Plate v, fig. 9.)
Color brown : head small ; head, thorax, elytra and abdomen covered with white or ash
gray hairs. Elytra narrowed behind j anterior margin or base marked with 3 short sulci.
Elater ( Melanotus) cinereus.
Color brown ; haii-y. Thorax punctured, and marked by about ten obsolete cross lines :
they give the appearance of a reticulated structure. Length about half an inch, and
is found in April, May and June.
Elater (Ludius) appressifrons (Say).
Color chestnut-brown, but hoary from being clothed with short yellow close-pressed hairs ;
cylindrical, slender. Angles of the thorax prolonged : elytra finely punolfcred, and
also marked by slender lines. Length about half an inch.
According to Dr. Harris, the females are more robust and larger than the males, and
the brevicomis of Say is identical with this species. The elytra are marked by about ten
distinct lines each : the legs are lighter colored than the elytra, and clothed with hairs ;
and the prolonged outer angles of the thorax are excurved.
Elater (Agriotes) obesus (Say).
Color reddish brown : body somewhat dilated and short : scutel rounded and hairy. The
elytra are punctured, and clothed in much the same manner as the foregoing. Length
less than half an inch. The lines of the elytra are only about seven in number, and
the hairs upon the upper side are arranged in lines or stripes.
It is found in the spring among the roots of grass, and it is observed by Mr. Harris that
its grub resembles the wireworm of Europe.
Elater . ( Plate v, fig. 7.)
This species was found dead : it is much larger than the appressifrmis, and of a light
brown color. I believe now that though it may not be a common species, still, as it is
laded, it will probably be a matter of doubt to what species it really belongs, and there-
fore I omit further allusion to it.
FAMILY LAMPYRID^. 80
Lampyridse.
The glowworms and fireflies constitute a part of this interesting family of insects. Their
bodies are elongated and greatly depressed, and soft : the elongation affects the abdomen,
the thorax and head being very short, and the latter concealed in the former. The females
ue sometimes destitute of wings. Their colors are dull, though a considerable variety
exists, and the markings of the thorax are very peculiar, the ornamental colors consisting
of red and yellow combined with black. They are said to be voracious, and feeders upon
flesh, subsisting upon snails, etc. When alarmed, they fold up their antennae and feet, and
remain motionless : if disturbed, they fall into the grass or leaves. They are common on
fences and walls during the summer and spring. Some species fly into the windows at
night, being attracted by the light of the candle.
The family is characterized anatomically by the different authors as having filiform or
serrated antenna, with compressed joints ; the penultimate joint of the tarsi bilobed ; the
pai'ts of the mouth small : mandible small, acute and curved.
GeKus LAMPYRIS (Lin.).
' Head not rostrated, covered by thorax : females apterous : mandibles entire ' ( West-
wood).
Lampyris nigricans (Knoch). ( Plate xxi, fig. 3.)
' Brownish black : thorax with a rufous spot each side within the margin ' ( Say).
The margin of the thorax appears wetted, and the thorax is edged with brownish.
Lampyris scintillans. ( Plate xxi, fig. 5.)
Disk of the thorax rufous, with an angular brown spot in the centre ; border yellow :
elytra brown, bordered with yellow.
Lampyris angulata. ( Plate xxi, fig. 4.)
Color pale fuscous, the darker indistinctly defined. Thorax marked with an angular and
pointed patch of brown on its posterior part, and surrounded with rufous : sides of
the brown anterior part furnished with a pair of oval yellowish spots. Elytra brown,
bordered with yellow.
Lampyris laticornis. ( Plate xxi, fig. 2.)
Antennae conspicuous and compressed. Thorax ornamented with an oval central black
spot, pointed before, and bordered with rufous ; margin pale yellow : beneath, the
colors correspond to those above. Elytra plain dull black, black beneath. Length
one-fourth of an inch.
[AoaicuLTUEAL Repoet — Vol. v.] 12
•0 ORDER COLEOPTERA.
Lampyris corrusca. ( Plate xxi, fig. 1.)
Thorax with a black spot, roimded at the sides, and prolonged to the anterior extremity
of the thorax, bordered with rufous and yellowish ; margin with a black narrow
border. Elytra black or dark brown.
Lampyris versicolor. ( Plate xxi, fig. 6.)
Body long. Thorax lined with black in the centre and posteriorly, and with oval rufous
spots on each side ; margin yellow. Elytra dark brown, margined with yellow, and
with an acute band behind, running from the anterior and outer angle to the opposite
interior angle. Length rather more than one-fourth of an inch.
Genus DICTYOPTERA ( Lt.). Lycus (Stph.).
• Head short : females winged : mandibles entire ' ( Westwood).
DiCTYOPTERA TERMINALIS. ( Plate XXi, fig. 8.)
Thorax black in the middle, bordered with reddish yellow : antennte, legs and abdomen
black : elytra pale orange, terminated with blue-black, and longitudinally veined ;
inosculating transverse veinlets between and uniting them ; wings bordered with pale
orange, shaded at their extremity. Length ?
DiCTYOPTERA RETICULATA. ( Plate XXi, fig. 7.)
Thorax with a central black spot, bordered with orange : antennfe, legs and abdomen
black : elytra orange, with two large blue-black oval spots ; veins six, alteniately
thick and thin : wings black at their tips, and shaded blackish. Length?
Both species are furnished with conspicuous antennae.
Telephoridse.
Telephorus? . ( Plate xxvi, fig- 1-)
Body soft, elongate, linear : elytra covering the abdomen ; terminal joint of the labial
palpi securiform j eyes prominent. Color of the body, head, and middle of the thorax
black or dark brown ; middle of the elytra brown, edges rufous ; labrum and outer
margins of the thorax thin and rufous. Length half an inch.
Omalisus coccinatus ( Say).
Thorax indented : elytra orange, reticulated with longitudinal veins and a transverse
network of veinlets : antennae slightly rufous, and bordering upon brown or black.
FAMILY CLERID-S. 91
Cleridae.
Antenna: subclavate, the three or foiir last joints being thickened : the head is more or
less retractile ; and the anterior parts, head and thorax, appear elongated, while the
abdomen is short. The thorax and body are both subrotund j the last joint but one of the
tarsi, bifid.
The family is composed of small but beautiful insects : they live in wood, and some-
times in the dried remains of animals, in which respect they seem to resemble the der-
mestidse. Others frequent beehives, and feed upon the larvse of the bee.
N. Gen0s CLERUS ( Geoff.). Trichodes (Fab.).
' Tarsi with the basal joints scarcely visible ; labial palpi terminated by a large hatchet-
< shaped joint; terminal joint of the antennse acutely produced within' (Westwood).
Cleeus apiabius. ( Plate ii, fig. 8.)
Color steel-blue, pubescent : elytra vermilion, with three transverse bands of deep violet.
Genus THANASIMUS (Late.).
Antennae gradually clavate : maxillary palpi small ; labial palpi terminated by a hatchet-
shaped joint ; basal tarsi joint small.
Thanasimcs DUBIU8 (Latr.). (Plate viii, fig. 7.)
Color brown and fuscous, pubescent ; madibles a»d eyes black ; head, thorax and base of
the elytra fuscous. Neck surroimded with a collar : thorax emarginate before, deeply
grooved transversely behind, and exserted. Elytra fuscous and strongly punctured at
base, banded with rufous white and dark brown or black ; thighs fuscous ; tibia and
first joints of the tarsi dark brown.
One-third of the basal portion of the elytra is pubescent ; the remainder, or banded
portion, is clothed with close-pressed short hairs : on the undtilating whitish bands, the
hair is dirty white. Length one-fourth of an inch.
This species of Thandsimus is found upon the pine, both in the living and decayed state
of the tree.
The larva of one of the English species of Cleeus, C. apiarius, is found in beehives, and
is highly injurious to the community, as it feeds upon the grubs of the bees. It is an
European insect, and is not known in this country ; but as other members of the family
may have the same habits, it is important that they should be found out.
M ORDER COLEOPTEOA.
Ptiuidae.
Tirc family Pti.md^ is composed of a number of small insects, which are sufficiently
•buudaut at times to cause considerable damage : they are found in the woodwork of old
houses ; in furniture and books, dried plants, ship biscuit, wafers, grain, etc. The Genue
Akobium is one of these, and has acquired the name of deathwatch, from the noise it makee-
Gends PTINUS.
'Antennae long, slender and simple, inserted close together; eyes prominent; elytra
* separated ; body oblong ' ( West wood).
Ptinus FUB(Linn.).
This is a small oval insect of a reddish brown color, one-eighth of an inch in length,
with the head and prothorax small and the feet and antennae long and slender. The elytra
we covered with hairs, and have a longitudinal stria filled with punctures. It is very
destructive when numerous, and is common to Europe and America : in Europe, it de-
stroys stored wheat. Dr. Haldeman remarks that he has found it feeding upon the corn-
stalks used to line cases of insects in an entomological collection, in the month of Fe-
bruary. It seems to be a general feeder.
Lymexylonidae.
The destruction of ship-timber collected in dockyards, which so often happens, is fre-
quently efifected by the Lymexylon navale, a species of insect belonging to this family, and
found in Europe. The cause of the damage was investigated by Linneus, at the request of
the King of Sweden ; and when he discovered it, he recommended immersing the timber
in water during the period when the female insect would be engaged in depositing her
eiggs. Dr. Harris describes an American species, or one belonging to the allied genus
Hyleoetus.
•
CuPES CAPITATA.
Color black : head red or ferruginous, strongly ridged and transversely grooved, and
furnished with two prominent tubercles : thorax with three longitudinal ridges :
elytra strongly ridged, with two rows of punctures upon the back, and three between
the lateral ridges.
FAMILY BOSTRICHIDjB, M
Bostrichidoe.
This family is distinguished by the cylindrical form of the insect, and by the front of the
prothorax, whicli is obliquely truncate. In this climate these insects are small, but within
the tropics there are some large species. They all infest forest trees, burrowing either
beneath the bark or into the wood. The power they possess of penetrating hard substances
is quite remarkable : seasoned timber is easily cut by them, and the lead of the roofs of
houses scarcely presents an obstruction. At Turin, cartridges stored in barrels were eaten
through, and the leaden balls gnawed an eighth of an inch in depth. The Bostrichus ca-
pucinus, the species on wliich the genus was first established by Geoffroy, has been found
gnawing type metal, which is considerably harder than lead. Their bodies ate hard, and
generally black or of a dark rusty brown : the thorax is dilated before ; the antennae short,
and terminate in three large serrated joints. The" larvae are wood-eaters also, of a whitish
color, wrinkled above, and furnished with six legs.
Gentjs APATE. Bostrichus (Oliv.).
Elytra spinose and retuse posteriorly : antennae with the second joint elongate, cylindric ;
terminal joints forming a perfoliated club.
Apate basilaris.
Color black or dark brown : prothorax rough and punctured ; base of the elytra r^d,
punctured, and the posterior extremity obliquely truncate and furnished with three
teeth on each side. Length rather more than one-fourth of an inch.
This species is found as far south as Carolina. It perforates the shagbark hickory dia-
metrically through the trunk to the very heart, where it undergoes its transformations at
the bottom of its burrow (Harris on injurious insects).
In Italy, the branches of the Moms multicaulis are perforated by the ^pate sexdeniaia.
Many other species commit great havoc in forests, perforating the wood and burrowing
beneath the bark, by which the circulation of the sap is cut off.
Dr. Haldeman remarks in a manuscript note, that some strips of hickory which he had
employed to confine rose plants were destroyed in two years. The hickory is a tree that
suflfers much from the attacks of boring insects ; and hoop-poles made of hickory saplings
are frequently destroyed, or rendered useless in a few months. Barrel hoops, made of this
excellent material, are often attacked, so that much inconvenience, if not actual loss, may
be the result. The proper remedy seems to be the immersion of the poles in water, or
storing them in cellars, during the deposition of the eggs. The latter mode is sometimes
adopted, but the former would have the advantage of destroying young grubs already
deposited.
M ORDER COLEOPTERA.
From the great and increasing value of the forests in New- York and Pennsylvania, it
beoomes necessary to direct attention to these destroyers, that proper care may be taken to
prevent their increase. Although living trees are subject to attack, these insects have the
peculiarity of flocking to recently cut timber. On this account, infected trees should be
out down and the bark subsequently removed and burnt, and the wood cut up and applied
as fuel, turned into charcoal, or immersed in water. Some European authors contend that
healthy trees are not attacked by these insects ; and that when the attack has been com-
menced, it is an indication that the tree is in a state of incipient decline.
CHAPTER VII.
ORDER I. COLEOPTERA ( Continued).
HETEROMERA.
This division comprehends those insects in which the four anterior tarsi are five-jointed,
while the posterior pair are only four-jointed. They are mostly vegetable feeders, some
preferring leaves, others flowers, and others farinaceous matters. There is great diversity
in their color and habitat : some are beautifully ornamented, others dark and gloomy :
some prefer the light of day, and are found upon the wing sporting in the beams of the
sun ; others inhabit dark and gloomy places, retiring from day, and abiding in obscure
and unfrequented situations. In these respects, however, we find elsewhere similar ar-
rangements and diversities.
The Heteromera are subdivided by Westwood into two sections or tribes, the first of
which he calls Trachelia. The head in this tribe is considerably dilated behind the eyes,
and then narrowed again, so that the thorax does not equal the broadest part of the head.
The body of the insect is also of a soft consistence, and the elytra are flexible, and folded
or overlapped on their inner margin. The Cantharis is an example of this subdivision, as
to the character of the elytra and the softness of body and gay color of the insect.
The other great tribe or subdivision is the Atrachelia. In this tribe the thorax has the
width of the head, the posterior part of which is often concealed by the thorax. The habits
of the insects also serve to distinguish them from the first subdivision : they appear in
dull colors, rarely fly by day, and se«k concealment in darkness. Among the Atrachelia
we find the Genera Blaps and Tenebrio.
The Trachelia comprise the Notoxidae, Pyrochroidse, Lagriidse, Horiidse, Mordellidse,
Cantharidae, Salpingidse, (Edemeridae, and Melandryidae ; in all nine families.
The Atrachelia embrace only six families, namely, the Cistelidse, Helopidse, Tene-
brionidse, Diaperidae, Blapsidse and Pimeliidse.
9§ ORDER COLEOPTERA.
Pyroclii'oidac.
Body narrowed in front, and flattened; neck distinct; thorax suborbicular ; antennse
rather longer than the head and thorax, pectinated in the males.
Dendboides CANADENSIS (Lt.). ( Plate XXT, fig. 2.)
Eyes very large, nearly meeting above and below, terminating sharply beneath and rounded
above : thorax rufous and punctured : elytra chestnut brown, glossy, beautifully
punctured and long, and larger than the abdomen ; antennse distantly pectinated.
Genus PYROCHROA (Fab.). Canthakis (Lin.).
Antennse rather longer than the head and thorax, pectinated in the males : eyes distant.
PVBOCHBOA FLABELLATA. ( Plate XXV, fig. 4.)
Eyes in the males distant, but large : antennae; pectinated : head and thorax rufous : elytra
black or dark brown, finely punctured, and extending beyond the abdomen ; thighs
banded with rufous at both extremities ; antennse black, rufous at base ; last segment
of the abdomen brownish.
Cantharidae.
The cantkarides, or blistering flies used in medicine, are represented amongst us by the
allied genus Epicacta, having the same property of raising blisters. They are slender
8oft-bodied Insects, with slender legs, the prothorax narrowed before, and the head large.
■Riey are at times abundant upon potato vines, whence they have acquired the name of
potato fly 1 particularly the Epicauta vittata : it attacks the potato, convolvulus, and other
plants, from June to September. It may, with the other species, be collected with a muslin
bag having the mouth attached to a hoop ; thrown into water to prevent escape, and
subsequently scalded and dried for the use of the druggist.
Epicauta vittata. ( Plate V, fig. 14.)
Oolor black : third joint of the antennse longest : front of the head marked by two black
kidneyform spots : thorax furnished with a small labial tubercle, and marked with
three fuscous strips, the two lateral ones obscure ; the middle of the thorax promi-
nent. Elytra margined all around with fuscous border, and marked in the middle with
a stripe of the same color : thighs fuscous at the articulation ; lower extremities and
tibise and tarsi black. Length six-tenths of an inch.
FAMILY CANTHARID.3E, CISTEUDiB AND DIAPERIDi£. W
Genus CANTHAWS ( Geoff.). Lytta ( Fab.).
Body narrow ; wings two ; elytra elongate ; last joint of the maxillary palpi subovate.
CaKTHAKIS CIN£B£A.
Insect elongated, narrow, cinereous, and covered with short close-pressed hairs : antennae
dark brown.
The whole insect has a hoary appearance.
Canthakis atrata. ( Plate xxv, fig. 6.)
Insect jet black : legs, body and thorax shining : elytra rather dull.
Sometimes I have found great numbers of this insect devouring the flowers of the china
aster, in the months of August and September.
Genus MELOE (Linn.).
Wings none : elytra short, lapping within ; antennse various.
MeLOE ANGUSTICOLLIS.
Insect steel-blue : head and thorax punctured ; two ovoid spaces on each side of the
thorax, smooth. Elytra sculptured : the two last and part of the third ring of the
abdomen naked.
Cistelidae.
Genus CISTELA ( Tab.). Chrysomela (Linn.).
'Orate : thorax semicircular; mandibles bifid,; maxillary palpi subsecuriform ' (West-
wood).
CisTELA brevis ( Say).
Brown, widest near the middle : thorax terminated behind and laterally by a sharp angle :
elytra punctured and slightly ridged ; legs rather long, and paler than the body.
Diaperidae.
Genus BOLETOPHAGUS ( Fab.). Eledona (Lat.).
Obtuse, ovate, convex : thorax crenated ; antennse curved, clubbed and serrated.
J AoBiccLTUEAL Report — Vol. v.] 13
I9> ORDER COLEOPTERA.
BOLETOPHAGUS 00RNTJTU8. ( Plate V, fig. 12.)
Brown, scabrous : elytra furnished with three rows of tubercles. Male thorax furnished
with two curled horns leaning forward, yellow, villose on their under sides ; labrum
furnished with two pointed upright horns, or pointed tubercles : thorax of the female
furnished with two short notched tubercles ; margin of the thorax dilated, tuberculate
and serrate.
Helopidae.
The colors of this family of insects are rather lively : their elytra are free, and the wings
are usually simple. The larvse are found in wood or under the bark of trees : some, in the
perfect state, frequent umbelliferous flowers.
PiTHO AMERICANtTS ( KuOCh). ( Plate XXV, fig. 9.)
Brown, darker above, and slightly brassy or submetallic ; head and thorax darker than
the elytra.
Tenebrionidae, Blapsidae, and Pimeliidae.
Ahatomical characteristics. Tarsi and tarsal claws entire ; sides of the head parallel ;
•ntennse rather short, moniliform, and inserted beneath the widened margins of the head ;
mandibles short, triangular, tips bifid ; internal lobe of the maxilla often armed with a
corneous tooth ; eyes oblong, and only slightly elevated.
General habits. These families possess many similar habits : they avoid the light,
and live in damp places in cellars, basements, stables, etc., or upon the ground and under
stones in sandy places. The term tenebrio is derived from the latin, signifying darkness
( Westwood). The colors are all dark brown or black.
In the Tenebrionid^ the body is oblong ovate and depressed, or supplied with short
legs ; elytra Iree ;. thorax square, and the head as broad behind as the base of the elytra :
the palpi are enlarged at the tip ; mentum narrowed at the base.
In the Bi^psiDiE : Elytra soldered together ; wings obsolete ; legs of moderate length,
hence the body is less depressed than in the former family ; palpi three-jointed ; man-
dibles bifid ; internal lobe of the maxilla armed with a claw.
In the PiMELiiD^, the palpi filiform, and terminal joint rather dilated than hatchet-
•haped as in the two preceding families ; maxilla concealed in a large mentum, which is
afl wide behind as before.
FAMILY TENEBRIONIDJC. 99
Genus TENEBRIO.
Body narrow elongate ; thorax quadrate ; antennae filiform and eleven-jointed, basal joint
ovate, second small ; palpi unequal ; legs slender ; anterior tibiae curved, minutely
. spurred at the apex ; tarsi with entire joints heteromerous.
The Teneerio resides in mills, granaries, meal-tubs, etc., upon the contents of which it
subsists.
Tenebrio molitor, ( Plate xxxi, fig. 10.)
Color black or brown : thorax darker than the elytra ; beneath dark fuscous. Head thick-
ly punctured ; thorax impressed on each side of the median line ; elytra obscurely
streaked and punctured ; legs shining reddish.
Common in bakehouses, meal-tubs, etc.
Tenebrio obscurus.
Color black, or dark brown and dull ; beneath brown.
Tenebrio curvipes.
Color black or very dark brown ; lighter beneath. Tibiae much curved.
The mealworm is a hard smooth shining cylindrical larva about an inch long, which
lives upon flour, meal or bran, and is frequently very destructive to biscuits on shipboard.
It is said to pass two years in the larva state, when it appears as the Tenebrio molitor found
in Europe and America, and probably exported to other countries. In Europe, the larvae
are raised in quantities to feed nightingales and other cage-birds. It is usually abundant in
grain-mills and granaries.
Upis pennsylvanica (Dj.). (Plate xxv, fig. 8.)
Dark brown. Elytra finely punctured in nine equal lines.
CHAPTER VIII.
ORDER I. COLEOPTERA (Continued).
PSEUDOTETRAMERA. .
Bruchidse.
Genus BRUCHUS (Linn.)-
Antennae filiform, slightly and gradually thickened at the tips : elytra oblong quadrate.
Bruchus pisi. ( Plate ii, fig. 3.)
loaoct small and hairy, ovoid, gray : head black j thorax gray or mottled, with a central
posterior whitish spot j elj-tra gray or mottled, with small inconspicuous dots or spots
posteriorly ; posterior abdomen with two black oval spots, and two just beneath the
ends of the wings ; scales black.
The female peabug deposits its eggs in the tender peapod, when the pea is soft and im-
mature ; and when the larva is hatched, it feeds upon the matter with which it is sur-
rounded, until it has attained its full growth, when it bores a gallery to the surface, merely
leaving the surface skin untouched, ready to be pushed off by the head of the perfect
insect when ready to make its exit in AprU. An infinity of the young grubs are destroyed
in preparing green peas for the table ; but whether the epicure finds any difference in the
taste of pure and infected vegetables, we are not Informed.
Seed peas more than a year old do not retain the living insects, and should therefore be
preferred in planting new districts : if these cannot be had, the seed may be immersed
in scalding water for a short time ; a process which does not appear to destroy the ger-
minating power of legiiminous vegetables, if carefully performed. This is proved by the
fact that seeds of the locust tree will grow in a single season, if boiling water be poured
over them and allowed to stand until it has become cold.
GENUS CALANDRA. 101
Genus CALANDRA.
'Antennae geniculated and nine-jointed, inserted near the base of the rostrum : the club
is biarticulate ; rostrum elongate, rounded, slightly deflexed and bent ; thorax elon-
gate, narrowed ia front, depressed, the base and apex truncate ; elytra shorter than
the abdomen ; body subdepressed ; legs rather short ; tibiae armed with an acute
spur ; tarsi reflexed, the penultimate joint slightly bilobed ' ( Stephens).
Calandra ckanaria ( Clairv.). ( Plate ii, fig. 1.)
Color pale ferruginous : head finely punctate ; thorax strongly punctate j elytra deeply
striate and punctate ; legs ferruginous.
This insect is an European species, but has been introduced here in samples of wheat
received from France. Many bottles of sample wheat were entirely destroyed, although
perfectly closed so that nothing could get in from without. It is called the Com weevil.
I suppose this introduction of this insect, which was accompanied with another, the
Silvanus surinamensis, is only a single instance of its occurrence in this way. When it was
observed that the specimen grain was destroyed by these imported insects, Mr. J. E. Gavit
volunteered to describe and illustrate the insects for publication in the Transactions of the
Agricultural Society of this State. I am permitted to republish- this valuable account,
furnished by the gentleman referred to ; as too much publicity cannot be given to a matter
so interesting to the wheat-growers of this country.
Mr. Gavit, in his commimication to the Secretary of the Society, states, that < in the
specimens of wheat furnished me, I find two beetles : one the true corn weevil of Europe,
Calandra granaria (Clairville) ; the other, Silvanus surinamensis, the weevil most com-
monly found infesting the granaries of this State.
' The former of these received the name of Curculio granarius from LiNNa:us, but is now
called Calandra granaria. It is somewhat depi;essed, and varies in color from a deep pitch
to a chesnut tint. The head is semi-globose, produced anteriorly into a longish smooth
cylindrical snout, which is shortest and stoutest in the males : it is slightly curved, and
sparingly punctured with two lines extending almost from the base of the head to the
apex, forming two deep channels before the eyes, where the rostrum is dilated. Eyes black,
vertical, ovate, finely granulated and depressed. The antennae are nine-jointed : the basal
joint being long, stout and clavate, it forms an angle with the remainder ; the terminal
ones forming an oval, conical, little shining club, pubescent at the tip. Thorax twice as
broad as the head, oval, a little tnmcated : the surface is coarsely punctured with oval
points. Scutelliun minute and oval. Wing-covers exactly equal to the thorax and head,
being ovate-truncate, and not covering the apex of the abdomen : there are nine deep
punctured channels down each, producing short pale bristles ; and the two raised furrows
on each side of the suture have a line of long punctures. The six legs are punctured,
102 ORDER COLEOPTERA.
Strong and stout, especially the anterior and posterior pairs. The thighs are stout : they
all have a hook or claw at their extremities. The tarsi are reflexed and four-jointed, spongy
beneath, basal joint subclavate, second ovate, third broader and slightly bilobed, fourth
clavate and furnished with two minute claws. Length nearly two lines.
* This insect seems early to have attracted the attention of naturalists. Leuwenhoek
closely observed its economy, and his observations were published as far back as 1687 ;
but to Olivier, however, are we indebted for the most accurate and full account of its
habits published in the Encyclopedic Methodique. All subsequent writers appear to have
based their descriptions on his observations. No insect is more formidable to man than this
little pest, since it attacks the principal basis of his food ; and they are sometimes so nu-
merous in a heap of grain, that they destroy it altogether, leaving nothing but the chaff.
After the sexes have paired, the female makes a hole in the grain of wheat with her ro-
strum, and deposits an egg. These holes are not perpendicular to the surface of the grains,
but oblique, or even parallel, and are stopped with a species of gluten of the same color
as the corn. Olivier says there is but one to each grain : I, however, have repeatedly
found two, one in each lobe, and these larvae as plump and well conditioned as those who
had the good fortune of a kernel to themselves. From the egg is hatched in due time a
small footless grub (fig. t), which, during its growth, eats out the entire contents of the
grain, and, when lodged in the grain, is perfectly sheltered from all injuries from the air,
because its excrements serve to close the aperture ; so there is no use in stirring the grain,
as nothing can incommode it. It is very white ; has the form of an elongated soft worm,
and the body is composed of nine prominent roimded rings : it is nearly a line in length,
with a yellow rounded head provided with organs (fig. c) proper for gnawing the grain.
When the lar\'a has eaten all the flour, and is arrived at its full growth, it remains in the
envelope of the grain, where it is metamorphosed into a nymph (fig. a), of a clear white,
and transparent : the proboscis and antennae can readily be distinguished ; but it gives no
sign of life, except when disturbed, and then but a slight movement of the abdomen.
Eight or ten days after, the perfect insect eats its way out. In general, that which serves
as nutriment to insects in their larva state is unsuited to the perfect form. To this the
calandra is an exception ; for scarcely has it issued from its nymph state, than it proceeds
to pierce the envelope of the grain, to establish itself anew therein. I have frequently
watched the perfect insect feeding upon the farina of the grain, having pierced the skin
and buried the proboscis to the base. It is often found, however, lodged in the interior of
the grain (fig. c) ; and its black color does not announce its recent issuing from its state of
nymph, since it is of a straw color at the time when it has just left its sheath : neverthe-
less we must doubtless believe that it occasions much less injury in this state, than in that
of the larva.
' The Calandra has no sooner issued from its envelope of nymph, than, like the majority
•of insects, it Is in a state of pairing for the reproduction of its species, and this act ever
GENCS CALANDRA. . lOJ.
bears strict relation to a certain degree of heat : if it be under 50° Fahr., it is insufficient
to afford them force or vigor to desire copulation : if the weather be cold, they remain in
a lethargic state, and are incapable of injury ; if warm, they pair very frequently. The
deposition of eggs commences sooner or later, according to the season or climate : the
female deposits them in all months, when the temperature is up to a suitable degree,
ceasing to lay when the mornings grow cold.
' From the moment of pairing to the appearing of the perfect calandra, there is an in-
terval of forty or forty-five days. By this we may see that a year must produce many
generations, which multiply still more in very hot climates. According to a table for the
calculation of their increase, it results that the sum total of each generation added to-
gether is 6045, proceeding from a single pair during five months, from the end of April
until the middle of September, while the mercury continues above 65° Fahr. We are
therefore no longer astonished if enormous heaps of grain are destroyed by these insects.
The injured kernels may be known by a very simple process : if several handfuls of the
grain be thrown into water, those will swim upon the surface which have been robbed of
their farinaceous substance by the destroyer.
* It is not upon the surface of corn heaps, but some inches beneath, that we find these
insects ; and there, unless dislodged by shaking with a shovel or sieve, they will remain
so long as the weather continues warm, living, pairing, and depositing their eggs. When
the momi4|s begin to freshen, all, both young and old, retire to clefts of walls and the
flaws of wood and floors. They are sometimes found behind tapestry, chimnies, in fine
every place affording a warm retreat.
< It has been supposed seriously that these insects remain lethargic during the whole
winter, and return in spring to their abandoned grain-heaps, recommencing the deposition
of their eggs ; the cold incapacitating them for the exercise of the functions necessary for
the multiplication and preservation of their species. Based lipon the knowledge of this
fact, is the substitution of cold as a remedy. It has therefore been proposed to have a
ventilator, the eflfect of which would be to keep in a granary a degree of air sufficiently
cold to reduce these insects to the above lethargic state. A general and constant rule among
insects is, that those which have paired perish shortly after, and do not pass the winter
except in the egg or larva state. It is doubtless rare that even those which have not been
exhausted by fulfilling the intentions of nature, can survive the winter rigors. Mr. Gay-
lord, however, in his prize essay published in the Society's Transactions for the year 1843,
says, of some specimens of wheat that he had received from the Patent Office, in which he
found weevils, that "selecting some pure flint wheat kernels, all perfectly sound, we
enclosed a dozen of these weevils with the wheat in a large phial to prevent their escape.
The phial was wrapped in paper, and placed where it would not be disturbed except for
examination. Opening it occasionally for more than a year and a half, I found my weevils,
with the exception of one or two, all living, and appearing to enjoy themselves much on
104 OIU>EK COLEOPTERA.
the wheat, a large portion of the kernels of which they had hollowed out." This would
imply that they survive two seasoos at least, and those I have iu niy possession sustain this
aMomptioti.
« Many and various modes of exterminating this foe to man have been tried. We first
hear of fumigations witli herbs of strong and disagreeable odor j but this seems useless, as
it does not incommode the insect, while the grain receives a fetid and disgusting scent.
The fumes of sulphur are pronounced equally inefficient. All these fumigations are still
less adapted to the destruction of the larvae, as the smoke cannot penetrate among the
grain, and their perfectly closed envelope secures them from all such annoyance. Oliviee
recommends the following, as one of the most effectual and least expensive modes of
destroying them. At the return of spring, when the calandrae are observed to spread in
the heaps of winter-stored grain, it will be necessary to form small heaps of five and six
measures, and place them at a suitable distance from the large heap : this stir with a
shovel. The insects, who are singularly fond of tranquility, seek to escape, and, seeing
another heap of grain alongside, they take refuge therein. When all aie thus collected,
boiling water is brought and poured over them, stirring it from time to time with the shovel
to secure its penetration through the grain while hot. All these insects then die, being
burned or suffocated at the moment. The grain is then spread for the purpose of drying,
and afterwards sifted to separate the dead insects.
♦ It is necessary to perform. this operation eaily in the spring before the deposition of
eggs, the generation existing being only dangerous in giving birth to its successors. This
method may be performed on a large scale as well as a small one, without occasioning any
considerable expense.
« Other experiments have proved that a sudden heat of 75" Fahr. is sufficient to destroy
these insects, without burning them ; and a simple efficacious method is mentioned in the
Tennessee Agriculturist, quoted by Mr. Gaylord in his essay. " If a hogshead, with one
head removed, be inverted over a fire until thoroughly heated, and then immediately filled
with wheat and reheaded, all weevils in the grain will be killed, and the grain may be
kept in safety till wanted for use."
'A gentleman in Madeira has established a heated room, with hot water pipes, in which
he receives as many as eight hundred bags of grain at a time : these become heated through
at about 135° Fahr. ; and the wheat, when resifted, is perfectly cleaned, making quite as
good bread as before, the seed also losing nothing of its vitality by this process.*
' The French " lay upon the grain, fleeces of wool which have not been scoured : the
oily matter attracts the insects among the wool, when they soon die, from what cause is
not exactly known."!
* Tnowctloni of the Entomological Society of London, Vol. 1 . t London Lit. Gazette, July 1, 1826.
GENUS CALANDRA< 105
'One essential point in all storehouses for grain is, undoubtedly, frequent whitewashing
and thorough ventilation, as there appears to be much testimony corroborative of this great
preventive to the ravages of this minute destroyer.
' A correspondent of the London Mark-lane Express, in speaking of the corn weevil
says : " Some years ago, we found a house overrun with weevils : after numberless at-
tempts to destroy them, we were led to observe that they were almost entirely on the south
wall (our rainy side), and that they appeared to breed in incredible numbers in an un-
usually damp spot or corner. Taking the hint, we cased the wall on the outside with slate,
and made the house in every respect perfectly dry, and in a short time the weevils died
off and disappeared. Since adopting this precaution, we have not the least trouble, and
have only been reminded that such an insect exists when an accidental spot of damp has
appeared to generate them again. We think ourselves, therefore, entitled to say, that these
Insects require moisture ; and that if the grain and granary, as both ought always to be,
are dry and healthy, weevils will not long remain. This plan bears the merit of costing
less than nothing, because the injury that wheat sustains directly from damp is more than
equivalent to the expense of keeping premises dry, leaving its indirect influence in the
generation of weevils out of the question." '
SlLVANUS SURINAMENS18. ( Plate 11, fig. 3.)
The following is Mr. Gavit's account of this insect :
' The insect accompanying the Calandra, and usually found in granaries in this country,
is named Silvanus surinamensis, the com silvanus. This insect was named by Linn.eus,
being sent to him from Surinam by one of his pupils. Fabricius, from its infesting stores
and warehouses, called it ^nobium frumentarium, and subsequently Derwies^es sexdentatum,
from the spines on the side of the thorax. LiNN.a;us's name, however, has the right of
priority.
« S. surinamcnsis is only one line and a quarter long, and very narrow : it is flat, of a
rusty brown color, thickly and coarsely punctured, and sparingly clothed with short de-
pressed yellow hairs. The head is large and subtrigonate : the nose appears truncated,
but it is semicircular in front, and conceals the mouth, which is composed of an upper
and under lip, and two little horny jaws, maxillae and palpi. The antennse stout, straight
and pubescent, nearly as long as the head and thorax, and eleven-jointed ; the basal joint
stoutish, tlie terminal ones forming an elongated club (fig./). The eyes are black, small,
and coarsely granulated. The thorax is perfectly oval, and a little wider than the head at
the middle. There are three ridges down the back, forming two broad channels, and on
each margin are six teeth. Scutellum minute ; the wing-covers long, elliptical, and broader
than the thorax, with four slightly elevated lines down each : between them are double
rows of punctures, and a series of little shining yellow bristles : beneath are two ample
[Agricultueal Report — Vol. v.] 14
lOf ORDER COLEOPTERA.
wings. L^gs short ; thighs stont ; shanks clavate ; tarsi five-jointed, three fli-st joints short,
fourth exceedingly minute, fifth clavate and terminated by two small claws.
' The larva (fig. g) is a little depressed yellowish white worm : it is composed of a
tolerably large head, with two pointed jaws and two little horns, and of twelve transverse
segments ; the tail is somewhat conical, and it has six conical articulated legs.
' The pupa (fig. A) is of the same color ; the head is bent down ; the thorax is sub-
orbicular, with three ridges ; the elytra wrapped over the sides, and striated : abdomen
with distinct segments.
' Mr. Curtis, from whom the above description is derived, says that " this insect appears
to be naturalized in England and Scotland, lying under the bark of trees*." I have found
it in sugar, and in boxes containing dried figs in great numbers. It appears to be spread
all over the habitable globe, probably carried in vessels with grain and dried fruits.
' This is the insect, as I am informed by that excellent entomologist. Dr. Fitcii, that
infested the mill of Mr. Rich of Shoreham (Vermont), mentioned in the Cultivator of
December 1846, on which Mr. R. tried various experiments of fimiigation, but found
nothing so satisfactory as hot water, whitewashing, and general cleanliness. A correspon-
dent of the same journal, in noticing Mr. Rich's experiments, speaks of a remedy he never
found to fail : placing sassafras root among the grain infested by them. He is evidently
dealing with the rice weevil, Calandra oryzcR (Linn^us), an insect exceedingly like the
grain weevil in habits and appearances.'
Attelabidser
Brenthides.
Genus BRENTHUS (Fab.).
Thorax ovoiil ; body rounded or subcylindrical ; antennje inserted at the base of the snout,
just before the eyes. In the males the mandibles are strong and prominent : the fe-
male is provided with a gently curved snout, terminated with a much smaller pair.
Thorax and head as long as the body or abdominal portion.
BaENTHus sEPTENTRioNis (Hb.). ( Plate ii, fig. 4.)
Males with distinct mandibles : females provided with an elongated snout. Color brown,
polished. Head small ; eyes prominent ; elytra ridged and punctured in lines, and
marked with yellowish patches of lighter brown. Length seven-tenths of an inch.
The whole insect is highly polished. A few years ago, I found great numbers of them
Kpon a recently felled black oak in Canandaigua.
' I b«T« (ioce mot with them in the same situation.'
FAMILIES ATTELABID.* AND CURCULIONIDjE. 107
Attelabidc8.
Genus ATTELABUS (Lin.).
Broad : elytra subquadrate ; antennae eleven-jointed ; head not narrowed behind the eyes.
Attelabus pubescens (Say)^
Yellowish brown, pubescent : body short.
Attelabus similis ( Kirby).
Head and legs steel-blue : body cylindrical ; thorax conical, rufous ; elytra rufous, punc-
tured.
Attelabus anilis.
Small : head, thorax, abdomen, and extremity of the elytra steel-blue ; elytra with rufous
upon the shoulders.
Curculionida).
Phjllobides.
Genls PHYLLOBiUS ( ScHoN.). Cdrculio (Lin.).
Oblong-ovate, squamosa : tibia rounded ; rostrum short ; two and three joints of the
antennae elongate.
Phyllobius T.EN1ATUS ( Say).
Gray or hoary, acute behind, widest near the extremity : elytra punctured, with four
darker lines, and darker upon the top of the thorax.
Genus HYLOBIUS (Germ.). Curculio (Lin.).
Oblong -ovate, winged : rostrum much longer than the head ; second antennal joint elon-
gate.
HvLOBiufi PALES ( Hb.). ( Plate ii, fig. 6.)
Brown, covered with close-pressed hairs ; liairs gray, in imperfect oblique bands across
the elytra ; punctures of the elytra parallel ; antennae angulated ; rostrum furnished
with an antennal groove.
iOS ORDER COLEOPTERA.
Genus PISSODES ( Germ.).
Antennse situated a little in advance of the middle of the rostrum.
PiSSODES STHOBI.
Brown, with two hoary patches on the posterior extremity of the elytra and upon the
middle of the thighs ; somewhat hoary beneath.
The Rhykcophora, as they are termed, constitute a very extensive group of coleopterous
insects ; some of which, as already seen, have acquired the popular name of weevil. Many
species are destructive to grain and the seeds of leguminous plants. The larva of the large
Sphenophorus palmarum of the tropics lives in the trunk of palm trees ; and the palmetto
(Chamarops palmetto) of our Southern States is inhabited by an allied species, the Spheno-
phorus zimmermanni of Sch(enherr, which is the largest member of the family known to
Inhabit the United States.
Hylohius pedes is a common member of a genus which destroys pine trees, by burrowing
beneath and loosening the bark. In April and May, it may be seen in considerable num-
bers upon wooden fences : it is brown, marked irregularly with small whitish spots.
Towards the south, this species and Hylohius picivorus, which is larger and more robust,
destroy pine forests entirely, leaving the dead standing or fallen trees as monuments of-
the mischief which a small insect can commit when sufficiently multiplied.
The female of Pissodes nemorensis of Germar, according to Dr. Harris, pierces the
leading shoot of the white pine for the purpose of depositing its eggs ; and although a pine
tree may recover by sending up a lateral branch in the vertical direction, it will require
three or four years to pass through this process, and the growth in consequence be retarded.
This insect is named Pissodes strobi by Dr. Harris, on the strength of a name given to it
by a Mr. Peck in an agricultural journal ; which of course can have no weight, because
such publications are unknown or inaccessible to naturalists who are not farmers, and
seldom circulate beyond the boundaries of the district in which they are printed. It is too
much to expect an entomologist in London, Calcutta, Berlin, Paris, or the city of New-
York, to purchase an extensive series of expensive volumes to enable him to find descrip-
tions of half a dozen insects said to he contained in them, and which should have been
made known through some other channel.
Genus BALANINUS (Germ.). Curculio ( Lin.).
' Rostrum nearly as long as the body, which is subtriangular : anterior tlbiffi minutely
' hooked : antennn inserted behind the rostrum ' ( Stephens).
FAMILY CURCULIONID^. 109
Balaninxjs rectus (Say). (Plate ii, fig. 5.)
Color brown, mottled with lighter patches upon the thorax and elytra. Snout longer
somewhat than the body, and curved at the extremity, slender, elbowed : antennae
inserted below the middle, very slender. Rather less than | inch in length.
This nut weevil inhabits the chinquapin nut, and renders useless almost the whole crop :
the nuts, after being kept a week, are always wormy. It may be the nascicus of Say, but
seems to be smaller.
RHYNCH.ENUS (CoNOTRACHELus) NENUPHAR. Plum Weevil. ( Plate ii, fig. 7.)
Color brown, usually dark and somewhat variegated, and variable in individuals, rough
and warty : thorax uneven ; elytra interceptedly ridged, arranged transversely in
three rows, the most prominent in the middle ; abdomen thick, deep but short ; thighs
toothed.
It appears from the numerous accounts that have been published, that the mature insect
may appear as early as the last of March, and continue until the first of August ; remain-
ing, therefore, for a longer period than most of the injurious beetles.
The habits of this species are peculiar and interesting. It deposits its ova in most fruits,
as the plum, cherry, apple, quince, and even in the fruit of the hickory. It is also sus-
pected of inserting its eggs into the tender limbs of plum and cherry trees : it is not
known, however, whether those black excrescences are caused in this way, although it is
not improbable. I have found some three or four different grubs in these excrescences,
some of which belonged to a dipterous insect.
The plum weevil inserts in each fruit a single egg, having in the first place bitten a spot
upon its surface ; and although there may be scores of the insect upon the tree, it is very
rare to find more than one wound upon a plum or cherry. The grub produced from the
egg is small, and destitute of feet ; and when mature, it falls to the ground and imme-
diately buries itself in the soil : the next spring it appears in the perfect form at the usual
time, when the different kinds of stone fruit are setting.
Among the remedies which have been proposed for diminishing the numbers of the
plum weevil, there is none so promising as the practice of shaking them from the tree early
in the morning and late in the evening, collecting them upon sheets, and committing them
to the fire : the fallen fruit should also be subjected to the same treatment. When the tree
is suddenly jarred, the insect folds up its legs, falls to the ground, and simulates death. It
is easily captured, especially in the morning and evening, when it is stiff, and indisposed
to take flight or attempt to escape. Strong-scented odors seem also to be disagreeable to
this insect, as it is rarely found upon trees situated near the hogpen.
For a full history of this insect and the remedies proposed against it, see Harris's
Massachusetts Report on injurious insects, pp. 65 - 70.
110 ORDER COLEOPTERA.
Genus ITHYCERUS (Schu^nherr).
Ithtcerus novebobacensis (Schcenherr). ( Plate xxxiii, fig. 1 .)
CoRcoLio NovEBouACENsis (Forstcr) ;
RnvNcniTEs curctlionides (Hcrbst) ;
Pachyrhynchus sch<enhehri (Kirby).
According to Kirby, this species belongs to the Family PACHYRHYNCHiDiE : its charac-
ters, as given by this distinguished entomologist, are :
' I>abrura subemai^inate ; mandibles armed with two teeth at the apex ; labium nearly
square ; palpi coniail ; antennai short, inserted into a roundish lateral cavity near
the apex of the rostrum ; joints eleven, scape short, etc. Body oblong pear-shaped.
Rostrum nearly as wide as the head, subcylindrical, a little wider at the tip, ridged
between the eyes and antenna; : eyes round, prominent ; prothorax subcylindrical,
rather narrowest anteriorly ; antepectus not emarginate, nor lobcd. Cokoptera oblong,
depressed at the apex : thighs clubbed, unarmed; tibiae unarmed ; penultimate joint
of the tarsi bipartite. Its antenna? are straight, or only curved, not elliowed.
• Color gray, covered with a whitish jile ; ground black : knob of the antenna brown.
Rostrum rather thick, widened anteriorly, having three ridges between the eyes and
termination : two divergent, from an impressed angular line between the eyes ; and
the other proceeding directly from that line upon its middle, and wliich terminates
anteriorly in a short fork, or near the emargination of the labrum, though it is sepa-
rated from this fork by a slight interception, which is just beyond two hyphen-like
lines by its sides. Anterior part of the rostrum naked, and impressed with ccalescent
dots. Eyes brown. Thorax subcylindrical, marked with three rather obscure whitish
longitudinal bands : punctures coarse and coalcscent. Elytra have nine rows of
punctures, and at the base a part of a tenth roAV. The alternate spaces between the
dotted lines have small black quadrate spots : on the sutural space, or ridge, they
are smaller and more obscure than upon the others. These quadrate black spots are
placed upon the four whitish longitudinal stripes, which are quite obscure. Beneath
gray : legs gray. Length of the female, iive-eighths of an inch ; of the male, half
an inch.'
This CuRcuMo has thehiibitof many of the species of this family. It devours the tender
\f^ves and blossoms of fruit trees, and hns been known to do great injury to the apple
and pear. It sometimes attacks the base of a young shoot, and eats it to the pith : at other
times, it feeds upon the leaves of the cherry and plum. Its strong notched mandible fits it
admirably for work of this kind.
The only way to rid a tree infested with this insect, is to shake it suddenly in the
morning or evening while the insects are stiff and cold, and collect them upon sheets spread
beneath : the insects, and the fruit that fall, should be put into boiling water.
FAMILY CURCULIONIDiE. 11 J
This species has a wide range : it is found in Canada, Northern New- York, Wisconsin,
and Massachusetts.
The following remarks of Prof. Haldeman are highly appropriate in this place :
'Among rhyncophorous coleoptera, the Genus Balaninus is remarkable fcr having a
very long slender snout, frequently exceeding the body in length, and bearing a pair of
antennte as slender as a hair. Chesnuts are frequently found infested with a fleshy grub,
which feeds upon the interior, and fills the cavity with its castings in the shape of dust.
This is the larva of Balaninus nascicus (Say). It is densely clothed with short hair mottled
with ferruginous. An allied but smaller species is found in the larva state in the nut of
the Castanea pnmila, or chinquapin. These larva; are very difficult to raise to the perfect
state when the attempt is made, and it is probable that many perish from various con-
tingencies.
' Conotrackelus nenuphar (Rerbst), subsequently named Rhynchanus argula byFASRicius,
is very destructive to the fruit of the plum, which the larvse inhabit, and cause to fall
prematurely. This damage is so great in some sections, that not a single plum can be
raised to maturity. When the fruit falls, the grubs penetrate into the ground ; so that to
check their increase, it is advisable to collect and destroy these (as by boiling and feeding
them to hogs), including such upon the trees as present a dwarfed, imi)erfect, or gummy
appearance. Paving the ground around the trees is said to answer an excellent purpose,
and it is well known that plum trees lloiuish well when planted in pavements. This is a
small rough insect of a brown color, irregularly marked with white, black and yellow j
and the snout is held upon or near the breast. It is said by Dr. Harris to have been raised
from the black warty excrescences found upon the smaller branches of plum and cherry
trees. The Rev. D. Ziegler of York (Pennsylvania) has shown me specimens of the butter-
fly which destroys the peach-tree {Egeria eriliosa), raised from these excrescences, which
differ from those taken from about the root of the tree in being considerably smaller : the
two forms have not, however, been rigidly compared.
' The Genus Sitophilus includes a number of small insects called weevil, which are
destructive to stored grain, as wheat, rice and corn ; and under circumstances lavorable to
their increase, great quantities are destroyed or depreciated in value. The use of salt, and
kiln-drying, have bL>eu recommended as preventatives. The latter process may be per-
formed in an economical manner by erecting a stove with a vertical pipe fifteen or twenty
fjet in height : around this pipe, and about three inches from it ou every side, a second
one of wood is to be placed ; and wliilst the heat from the fire passes through the inner
one, the grain is to be passed through the cavity between the pipes, and at such a rate as
to prevent it from being injured by too high a temperature. Tlie moisture will be more
effectually driven off if the outer pipe is made with open joints, because otherwise it must
rise tlirough the whole column before it can escape, and much of it will condense and be
Hi ORDER COLEOPTERA.
carried down the pipe again. The corn weevil is named Sitophilus oryzte from having been
first discovered in rice, a vegetable which it seems to have accompanied to distant portions
of the globe. Infested grain may be detected by its loss of weight, which renders it easy
to separate and boil or grind as feed upon the farm. Mills and barns sometimes swarm with
these insects ; and in this case multitudes may be collected and destroyed by sweeping
them from the posts, walls and floors.
' Phyllobitts taniatus may be taken as an example of a leaf-inhabiting rhyncophorous
insect. Scikenherr, the great authority upon these insects, removes it into a new genus of
which it is the only representative. It is found upon the leaves of the ^nona triloba, or
papaw, and is perfectly harmless.'
Scolytidse.
The SooLYTiDi: are small obscure insects, inhabiting wood : they have a short rostrum ;
the head is globular, and is concealed in the thorax ; the body is oblong or cylindric :
their colors are dull. Among these destructive wood-eaters is the
Genus HYLURGUS ( Lat.).
Body cylindrical, obtuse before and behind : head concealed in the thorax ; antennse
terminated in a clubform mass, consisting of three or four joints : the tibiae are armed
with a tooth.
Hylurgds terebrans (01 i v.).
Pubescent : head rounded, and sunk in the thorax ; antennse short.
Genus TOMICUS (Lat.). Bostrichus (Erichs.).
Funiculus five-jointed ; club four-jointed, tunicate ; labium triangular.
Of this genus, several species have been described by Mr. Say and Dr. Harris. They
are small brownish beetles, with the elytra toothed at their apices, appearing as if a piece
was bitten out.
TOMICUS EXESUS.
Color dark chestnut brown, and somewhat hairy : thorax ovate, rough before; elytra
strongly punctured in rows ; apices excavated, the edges toothed on the outer side.
Length between one-fourth and one-fifth of an inch.
This small and obscure insect is found under the bark of the pitch pine tree, where it
excavates numerous zigzag and parallel roads. It greatly injures forests in this way ; cut-
ting off the circulation of the sap, which ultimately causes the bark to become loosened,
when the tree dies.
FAMILY SCOLYTIDiE. 113
TOMICUS PINI.
This species differs from the former in having only three or four teeth at the extremity
of the elytra, and in being a smaller insect. Its habits are much the same as those of the
exesus, in living beneath the bark of the white and pitch pine. The grubs of both species
accomplish more injury to forests than the perfect insect. I have taken the last species the
first of September. Autumn, or late in the summer, is the period when the perfect insect
goes abroad.
Miss Morris describes the T. liminaris in the Horticulturist, Vol. iv, p. 502. This dis-
tinguished entomologist suggests that this insect may be some way or other connected with
the yellows in the peach tree, as it is found under the bark. Its color is brown : thorax
punctured, and the elytra both punctured and furrowed, and beset with short hairs.
Length one-eighth to one-tenth of an inch.
ScoLYTus (ToMicus) PYRi ( Pcck). Pcar-bUght Beetle (Harris).
' Color brown : antennte and legs light ferruginous ; elytra punctured in rows, very
' sloping behind ; tibia flattened at the tarsal end, toothed, and terminated with a
< small hook' ( Harris).
This insect has been highly injurious to the pear tree in New-England, and especially
in the eastern part of Massachusetts. It was first described by Prof Peck. The larva first
eats its way inward into the wood, making its entrance just at the root of a bud : it reaches
the pith, and, by its irritation, appears somehow to poison that portion of the limb above
the bud where it first entered. We say poisoned ; because there seems to be something
more sudden and effectual in causing death, than a slight interruption in the circulation :
the limb or twig looks as if it had perished from gangrene.
The remedy proposed is to cut the limb and burn it, destroying the insect before it is
matured. A careful examination of the pear in June, in order to detect the first appearance
of the approach of the insect, is one of the first steps to be taken.
[ Agbicdltueal Refobt — Vol. v.] 15
CHAPTCR IX.
ORDER I. COLEOPTERA ( Continued).
LONGICORNES.
The Longioornes of Latreille ( Eucerata of Westwood) deserve a special notice, in
consequence of their habits, and the singular prolongation of their antennae, which is one
of the most obvious characters of the group. The antennse are filiform or setaceous, and
frequently considerably longer than the whole body. The eyes are peculiar, in consequence
of the position of the antennae, wliich often appear to have been implanted witliin them :
the eye is therefore said to be emarginate, though not strictly so ; and it has a reniform
shape, when considered independently of the base of the antenna. The body is elongated
and cylindrical. The elytra are broader than the thorax, which they more perfectly encase
by their sudden flexure at the shoulder, than is common in other groups. The head is
short, and driven into the thorax up or neai'ly to the eyes : their jaws are powerful. The
legs are long, and frequently the longest in front. The thorax is cylindrical, and in some
species the sides are armed with a short pointed tubercle. The three basal joints of the
tarsi are cushioned beneath : the fifth is long and slender ; the fourth, small.
The insects of this group come out from various kinds of wood in their perfect state,
having inhabited it from the first, or from the time of the deposition of the egg : they are
therefore usually found in the vicinity of wood and dock yards, or where timber is stored.
It may well be inferred from these facts that the larva is injurious to the tree it occupies ;
and the more so, as it is known to remain in this state for many years.
The larvae are provided with six scaly articulated legs ; but they are of little use as
organs for locomotion, by reason of their small size : their movements are rather effected
by means of the warts or fleshy tubercles situated along the sides of their bodies. Their
bodies are soft, and of a dirty white color. The head is only moderate in size, flat and wide.
In consequence of the long time the larvae are resident in various kinds of wood, there
is, through commercial intercourse, a tendency to distribute in all countries the beetles of
this large group. A piece of wood from South America is brought by a ship and thrown
out upon some island in the West Indies, or is transported to one of our southern ports,
Savannah, Charleston, or even New- York : the insects contained in the wood are liberated
FAMILY PRIONID^. 115
in a new and distant land ; and in this way, this or any other country may become stocked
.with new species of insects. In the long run, and with the ever extending intercouse be-
tween the different nations of the earth, it is no visionary imagination that the time will
come when these beetles will be found in every country where the climate is not decidedly
unfavorable to their propagation and existence.
This group of beetles is divided into three families : 1 , the Prionid.e, embracing the
largest of the group, and provided with very prominent jaws and very long bodies ; 2, the
Cerambycidje, containing beetles of moderate dimensions, ornamented with a variety of
colors ; and, 3, the Lepturidje, containing insects of a yet smaller size, with bodies dilated
before and narrowed behind, and with antennae of a moderate length.
Prionidse.
Peionus pennsylvanicus (Fab.). ( Plate xxxiv, fig. 10.)
Ceeambix tjnicolob (Drury) ;
C. BBUNNEus (Forster) ;
C. cvLiNDRicus (Linn.).
Insect chestnut brown ; head dark chestnut brown. Antennae stout, and two-thirds the
length of the insect : elytra lighter than the head, extending beyond the abdomen,
and nearly three times as long as the thorax and head together ; sides parallel ; ab-
domen, thighs, and tibise red chestnut.
The whole animal is some shade of chestnut brown, but the head and thorax are darker
than the elytra.
PaioNus LATicoLLis. ( Plate xxvi, fig. 5.)
Cerambix LATicoLLis (Drury) ;
Prionus BREVIC0KNI3 (Fab.).
Insect dark chestnut brown ; head and thorax nearly black. Antennae very stout, consisting
of twelve joints : tibiae armed internally with two short spines ; tarsi beneath yel-
lowish.
The insects of both species are light and dark chestnut brown ; almost black in the
latter species. Their jaws are stout, and project ; and their bodies are longer in proportion
to the anterior parts, the elytra extending a little beyond the abdomen. They belong to the
large tribe of capricom beetles, and form a family called Prionida, so termed from the
Structure of the antennae, which are jointed, and give the general appearance of a saw.
Some of the tropical species are very large.
118 ORDER COLEOPTERA.
Drury gives a long account of the grubs of this family : he states that they, together
with several other wood-eaters, constitute a delicate eating ; and that in the torrid zone,
a man may supply himself with animal food of this description, provided he has a knife
or other cutting tool strong enough to penetrate the decaying trees.
Ccrambycidge.
AtrrtirsjE slender, tapering and pointed, often elongated ; eyes kidney-shaped, the con-
cavity of which receives the base of the antennae ; thorax rounded and convex.
Stenooorus CINCT08. ( Plate xxvi, fig. 2.)
Gerambix balteatus (Degeer) ;
C. ciNCTus (Drury) ;
StENOCHORUS GARGANICUS (Fab.).
Color grayish hazle : surface covered with a short gray nap. Thorax armed in the middle
with a short spine : elytra ornamented with an oblique ochre-yellow bar near the
thorax. Extreme length IJ inch. Antenuse of the males more than twic« as long a«
the body : scutellum is triangular, and yellowish in color ; while the elytra are
margined, and tipped with two small spines.
This inhabits the hickory : its larvae form galleries in the trunk of the tree, which run
parallel to the grain of the wood.
CerambixI . ( Plate xxvi, fig. 9.)
Color black. Antennae ten-jointed ; basal joint oval and short, tuberculated, tubercles
minute ; last joint long, slender ; second joint nearly equal the last ; the remainder
nearly equal in length. Head with a prominence over each eye and a prolongation at
the base of each antenna, making upon the front a deep longitudinal groove. Thorax
appears to be transversely rugose, cylindi-ical, without tubercles or spines, but rather
thickened behind, dififering in that respect from the thorax of a Saperda, and slightly
constricted near the elytra. Elytra thickly punctured, but scarcely confluent. The
iower part of the tibiae and tarsi hairy, but confined to the forelegs ; the others being
only slightly hairy, if at all.
This insect would make a very good saperda, were it not for tlie extreme length of the
antennae and the form and character of the basal joint. I am not entirely satisfied with its
reference to the Genus Cerambix, still its characters do not materially disagree with those
given by Mr. Westwood. Length rather more than ^ of an inch.
FAMILY CERAMBYCID^. 117
Genus CLYTUS. Leptura (Linn.).
Thorax globose, unarmed ; antennae setaceous, and shorter than the body ; elytra entire at
the tip ; hindlegs clavate.
Clytus SPECIOSC8 (Say). Beautiful Clytus. (Plate xvi, fig. 10.)
Head yellow, with an obscure black circle between the antennae, enclosing a yellow dot :
collar encircled with a yellow band : base of the mandible yellow ; lip black ; eyes
black ; antennae black : scutellum marked with an oval spot. Thorax black, with
two yellow transverse lines on each side : beneath, there is a yellow spot before the
insertion of the forelegs. Elytra black : outer angles marked with three yellow elon-
gated spots, separated by obscure black lines. Upon the anterior part the letter W is
inscribed ; and the same above, with the inner lines reversed or inverted. Behind,
there is an oblique narrow band running backward from the lower margin : the ter-
minal third is yellow, with two dots of black. Beneath yellow, except at the insertion
of the legs : legs yellow ; tarsi of the forelegs dark brown or black, the others a
shade of brown.
Clyttjs nobilis. ( Plate viii, fig. 2.)
Black or dark brown : head black, clothed with yellow hairs ; eyes black ; thorax black
immaculate. Elytra marked with three yellow spots upon their basal third, and, below
the middle, with two transverse lines, and four dots near the apices. Legs black upon
their upper sides ; yellow beneath.
Clytus CAPREA (Say). Callidium caprea (Knoch). (Plate xvi, fig. 11.)
Color fuscous. Anterior edge of the thorax margined with yellow. Elytra marked by four
yellow bands ; tip yellow : front depressed or grooved between the antennae. Thorax
subcarinate : first and second bands unite so as to enclose a large spot ; the others
transverse and undulatory, and wider upon the suture.
Sav remarks that the bands are sometimes white.
Clytus picTus. C.feruosus (Tah.). (Plate xvi, fig. 9.)
Color black, ornamented profusely with yellow figures and yellow bands somewhat after
the pattern of the speciosus. The head is marked with three transverse yellow stripes.
On the elytra the first and second stripes are nearly straight, the third forms a W, the
fourth is angled, the fifth is broken by a longitudinal elevated line, and the sixth
consists of dots arranged in the form of an arch. Length variable, but about six-
tenths of an inch.
118 ORDER COLEOPTCRA.
Clyti'b UNDATU8. ( Plate vui, fig. 4.)
Head auteriorly hairy ; parts about the front part of the head rufous ; base and ajjcx of
the interrupted band, of yellow hairs : scutellum dark brown. Elytra marked with
yellow upon their margins ; the basal third is marked with an oblique line, succeeded
by two yellow wavy bands : posterior angles of the elytra rounded oflf so as to show
the last segment of the abdomen. Beneath, upon the breast, are three yellow spots,
and also at the top of the ventral segments of the abdomen. Length about eight lines.
Clytus campestris ( Oliv.).
This is a small species, from four- to six-tenths of an inch long. Its color is brown,
marked with two waved bands across the elytra and tips. The pronotum has four yellow
dots arranged in a square, and the under parts are marked with the same color.
The larva is injurious to fallen chestnut timber, damaging it for rails : they burrow
between the bark and wood, and also penetrate into the wood. The perfect insect appears
in May and June. It inhabits the Northern States, New- York and New-England, and ex-
tends as far south as Carolina (Haldemak, Am. Phil. Transactions, x, 40).
Clytus hamatus. ( Plate viii, fig. 7.)
Color brown : head banded with yellow ; scutel yellow. Elytra marked with two bars
and a dash ; a yellow dash near the base, two curved lines opening towards the
shoulders, the inner leg extending along the suture to the scutel, and a yellow trans-
verse curve opening downwards and situated below the middle : legs brown. Length
half an inch.
Clytus . ( Plate viii, fig. 6.)
Color brown. Head much concealed in the thorax, rather dilated, immaculate. Elytra
marked with three transverse curved bars at equal distances ; outer angle of the apex
pointed : legs long, brown. Length nearly half an inch.
Clytus "? ( Plate viii, fig. 3.)
Antennse shorter than the body, setaceous ; second joint the longest : thorax globose, un-
armed : elytra entire at the tip. Color black, somewhat yellowish gray from the
presence of a yellowish nap. Head black, impressed with a sutural line with a trans-
verse prominence or ridge at its base. Thorax marked with black oculate spots on the
top and centre ; sides grayish, with a rectangular spot : below it is black. Elytra
clothed with a short nap, marked by about three narrow grayish zigzag lines, and
dashes of the same about the shoulders : towards the apex they are slightly separated ;
and upon the apex, running up the suture, there is an obscure oblong gray spot. Be-
neath, black and glossy : legs black.
FAMILY CERAMBYCIDiE. 119
This species I found in many parts of this State in June, and supposed it common. Al-
though very peculiarly marked, I have been unable to satisfy myself as yet what name it
has received.
Clytus . (Plate viii, fig. 1.)
Color rufescent, covered with prostrate hair : head black ; thorax grayish, from the lighter
colored hair : elytra purplish brown, with three bands of lighter, the basal obscure,
the apicial ones confluent on the elytral suture. All the thighs dilated and robust.
This Clytus is obscurely marked ; and though it may be described, it differs much from
those in my possession, and from accessible descriptions. The bands spoken of are brought
out more distinctly in the figure than they appear in the specimens : the same remark
will apply to the round black spot upon the base of the elytra ; and, besides, I may add
that the side of the trunk is marked by a distinct luteous spot, and another smaller one
at the base of the middle legs.
Genus SAPERDA ( Fab.).
Head vertical, as broad as the thorax, slightly compressed at the sides or cylindrical,
destitute of lateral spines : antennae filiform, and terminating in an elongated joint.
The Genus Saperda contains several species known to be injurious to the interests of
husbandry. Most of them are rather sluggish in their mature state, manifest far less
activity than many other insects, and rarely attempt to escape when in danger of being
captured. Some of them frequent flowers, but I belive all deposit their eggs upon trees or
shrubs. When the eggs are hatched, the young larvae penetrate the bark and wood, and
injure very materially the growth of the tree in which they reside ; and as they are ge-
nerally two or more years in coming to maturity, their hurtful effects are proportionally
augmented. The larvae feed upon the wood as they penetrate it, and derive their nutriment
from the juices it contains. Their excrement appears like sawdust ; retaining in fact the ,
color of the wood, after it has sufficed to nourish them, and has passed through their
bodies. Their form is that which is common to the tribe, the rings near the head being
wider than those of the rest of the animal. The head is usually scaly, and is retractile in
part within the first ring : it is supplied necessarily with strong jaws, in order that the
insect may eat its way into the wood. Their food is constantly before them in their path ;
and it is a very curious fact, that though they may make their way into the wood, yet
they usually direct their course towards the outside when about to change from the larva
to the imago state. The larvae are without legs, soft, white or yellowish white, elongated,
and more or less flattened.
One of the most destructive of these species is the larva of the Saperda Candida. This
130 ORDER coij:optera.
species, like many other insects, seems to be much more abundant some years or periods
than utliers, and also more common in some districts tlian othei-s. In illustration of this
&ot, I may refer to the existence of this species in the neighljorhood of Troy in 1825.
This was first made known to the public by the late Judge Blel, in one of the numbers
of the Albany Cultivator. He says that ' he was sent for by Mr. Heartt of Troy, to
witness the devastation made in a fine young orchard by a grub hitherto unknown to the
farmers of the vicinity, and which to know and guard against was a great public interest.'
It appears from the letter that the orchard was injured to the extent of two thousand
dollars, according to the estimate of Mr. Heartt.
The larva of this species penetrates the young tree just above, or it may be just below,
the surface. In its progress, it cuts its way in a winding direction upward ; and as it is
three years in coming to maturity, it continues to mine onward, cuts off the circulation of
the sap, and deprives the tree of its necessary nutriment. One borer is sufiicient to stop
the growth of a young appletree ; and if several are mining at the same time, the trte is
inevitably destroyed. All the workings being near the root, the tree is after a while so
perfectly riddled with holes that it has no strength to stand. The circumstances that favor
these results, are, first, a poor soil, containing but little nutriment ; the second is the growth
of sprouts or suckers from the root, and of grass, which protects the base of the tree from
sunshine, and conceals from the view of the owner the work which is going on. Hence all
young trees should be kept free from these incumbrances at the root : this is one of the
preventives of a fatal result, and should not be neglected.
It is needless to dwell upon the injurious eifects of the appletree bcrer. I would take the
liberty to caution the owners of orchards of fruit trees not to trust to uncertain measures,
as the surrounding of the roots and base of the tree with tanbark or any other material
of the kind. A judicious use of the knife and a good stiff wire are the only certain means
of getting rid of these customers, when they have once got possession of the premises.
The perfect insect, according to Dr. Harris, comes forth in June : this, at any rate, is
the month during which I have found them. They come out at night : in the daytime they
are engaged in feeding upon the leaves of the tree, or remain quietly at rest, very rarely
flying during the day.
That carelessness and inattention to young and old orchards is the great cause of the
prevalence of this insect among us, is true ; and so long as so many neglect the means for
ridding their trees of this pest, so long it will continue to harass those who are on the
watch, and who intend and wish to raise good fruit. A remedy, consisting of a solution of
camphor in chloroform, may be tried, by inserting in the borings a plug of cotton wool
soaked in it : it is worthy of trial, and may save cutting away the sound wood of the tree.
Or perhaps camphor alone, or ammonia formed by rubbing together sal ammoniac and an
alkali, either lime or potash, reduced to powder, and introduced into a burrow where it is
dangerous to follow the larva, may be worth the experiment.
-FAMILY CERAMBYCID^. 121
The larvffi of the Saperda calcarata infest lombardy poplars. They are yellowish white,
and, when full grown or matui-e, are nearly two inches long : the body is thick, dilated
before, and consists of twelve segments separated from each other by deep transverse
furrows. In August and September, the beetle may be found on the dilferent species of
poplar : it flies by night. It is harmless in comparison to the appletree saperda ; but one
of our finest shade trees is the aspen, which is often destroyed by this borer. Their pre-
sence may be known by their castings, which lodge on some part of the tree.
The Saperda [Oberea) tripunctata seems to be equally destructive with the two former
to forest and shade trees. It is about the size of the Candida, but quite dilferent in its
markings, as will be seen by a reference to the description. It attacks the linden, and, by
burrowing beneath the bark, destroys the vitality of the tree, large flakes of which fall off
gradually and drop to the ground as their attachments are broken.
Saperda vestita. ( Plate xxvi, fig. 4.)
Color olive or light drab, nearly uniform : sm-face beneath the close-pressed nap, black.
Head and thorax immaculate. Elytra dotted, each dot giving origin to a small pencil
of black hairs : dot-punctures in lines at the base and along the sides, and marked
with four black dots a little above the middle of the elytra ; and sometimes there are
other dots, owing to the denuded nap upon little elevated points of the elytra. Length
seven-tenths of an inch.
This species attacks the linden : the larvae, by their burrows beneath the bark and
within the wood, effectually destroy the tree in a few years.
Saperda CANDIDA (Fab.). S. bivittata (^S&j). (Plate xvi, fig. 3.)
Color light brown, marked upon the upper side with two white stripes extending the whole
length of the insect : face, antennae, underside of the body and legs white. The white
is due to the clothing, which consists of a white close-pressed short nap : where rub-
bed off, the surface is black. The white stripes decussate from the forehead, leaving
the grey-brown stripe on the top of the thorax passing down the sutural line. Length
six- to seven-tenths of an inch.
Saperda (An.s:rea) calcarata. (Plate xvi, fig. 1.)
Color gray or ashen, and covered with a short dense close nap : surface covered with
raised points or dots : thorax marked with three pale ochreous stripes, which de-
cussate from the forehead. The elytra are also marked by partial stripes and bands of
the same color : apex terminating in a straight short spine ; beneath pale gray ochre-
ous. Beneath the nap, the surface is black. Length nine-tenths of an inch.
[ Agricultukal Repokt — Vol. v.] 16
122 ORDER COLEOFTERA.
Saprrda tridf.nta. ( Plate xxvi, fig. 6.)
Antenna slender, shorter than the body, second longest. Color rnsty brown, approaching
to an olive : sutural line passing through the head and thorax. Insect ornamented
with pale brick-red stripes : face margined, and eyes surrounded with the colored
stripe referred to. Stripes nearly unite between the antennfe : from thence fhey
diverge abruptly, and form lateral stripes upon the thorax ; thence they proceed to
the prominent or angular shoulders, run down upon the sides of the elytra, and meet
the outer angle of the apex, and then puss round on the inside a short distance upon
the sutural line. These stripes send off three diverging ones : the fir^t is arched ; the
second or middle is straight, but passes obliquely downwards near the suture ; the
last, or apical one is short, and arched. The sides of the thorax are marked by four
oval spots. The two spots on the top of the thorax are obscure ; but in some species
there seem to be four, though the two near the head may be produced by loss of the
drab-colored nap. Beneath hoary, the whitish nap covering a black ground. Extremity
of the abdomen truncate. Outer angle of the elytra rounded.
Saperda .
Color yellowish drab, uniform : head, thorax and elytra covered with a close-pressed
short nap. Thorax longitudinally marked with pale yellow stripes alternating with
deeper. Elytra punctured, and marked with about seven obscure yellowish spots on
each.
Saperda (Oberea) tripunctata. Raspberry Saperda. (Plate xvi, fig. 7.)
'Color black : breast and top of the thorax rusty yellow. There are usually two elevated
black dots on the middle of the thorax, and a third on the hinder edge. Antennae of
a moderate length, and scarcely taper. Wing-covers coarsely punctured : punctures
in rows on the top, but irregular on the sides and tips. Length from three-tenths to
half an inch' ( Harris). There is also a black spot on the sides of the thorax.
Dr. Harris observes that this insect completes its transformations near the end of July,
and lays its eggs early in August on the stems of the blackberry or raspberry. The grubs
burrow into the pith of the stem, and destroy it by the end of summer.
The grubs are cylindrical in the middle, and thickened at each end. The first three rings
are short, and each is provided beneath with imperfect legs in the form of minute pointed
warts : the rest of the rings are sm<x>th.
Gends MONOCIIAMUS.
Elytra somewhat parallel ; antennae glabrous ; anterior male tarsi hairy ; forelegs longest ;
thorax laterally spincd*.
* Kkbt, in his generic characters in the Fauna Boreali , says tliis genua hai eleven joints in the antenn». I beliere
Hhas only ten, and the last joint is the longpst, or equal to the second.
FAMILY CERAMBYCID-'E. iSt
MoNocHAMus TiTiLLATOR. / Plate xvi, fig. 5.)
Brownish, mottled with gray spots. Elytra tufted with patches of dark brown hairs : an-
tennae, in the male, twice as long as the body ; in the female, they equal it in length.
Length one inch and more.
The middle leg has a protuberance on the upper side. The mottlings are somewhat
variable, owing in part to the removal of the short close nap that covers the insect.
MoNOCHAMUS MACULOSUS.
Color blackish brown. Elytra mottled and furnished with small patches of raised spots
tufted with hair, rather coarsely punctured : apex, on the inner side, armed with a
spine ; outer angle rounded : protuberance of the tibia} one-third the length from the
tarsi. It is rather smaller than the til-Ulator.
The two foregoing species are rather common in Albany county ; indeed, common to
New-York and New-England.
MoNOCHAMUS SCUTELLATUS.
Color dark brown, darker upon the base of the elytra. Scutel white, hairy, strongly punc-
tured : punctures confluent at the base. Antennae and legs dark brown.
MoNOCHAMUS PULCHER.
Color lighter brown than the scutellatus. Thorax and elytra variegated with patches of
white nap.
Oncideres cingulatus (Serv.). (Plate xxii, fig. 1.)
Ash-gray, banded : head inclining to brown : thorax ash, together with the middle of the
elytra ; base and terminal extremity darker, and somewhat mottled. Length six-
tenths of an inch.
Dr. Haldeman remarks*, that ' this insect appears in Pennsylvania durjng the last two
weeks in August and first week in September. It feeds upon the bark of the walnut (Corya
alba). The ova are a line and a half long, and are deposited in excavations in the small
limbs. After the ova are deposited, the female gnaws a groove around the limb, which
consequently dies in a short time : this seems to be intended for the future progeny, as
the larva} are found feeding upbii the dead wood. When the insect is abundant, mucl)). i
damage may be done to the young growth of the hickory, when it is of the size suitable
for hoop-poles.' When the main stem is girdled by the insect, a lateral shoot appears, that
may be attacked the next year, to be in its turn amputated after undergoing the same
operation : in a few years, the tree presents a curious appearance.
* Joar. Acad. 'Hat. Sci. PbiUdelpbia; IUldshan, Am. Pliil. TraosactioiiR, x, 62.
H^ ORDER COLEOPTERA.
Lamta . ( Plate xxvi, fig. 9.)
Color gray, and banded. Thorax spined at the sides : face marked with an impressed line,
depifssod between the antennsB ; antennte ten-jointed, first joint narrowed at base,
second joint slightly longest, the upper half of each very black, the lower half gray.
Front of the thorax is marked by a black transverse line, in the rear of which there
are two small i>lack spots : posterior part of the thorax is punctured with black,
especially the transverse groove. Elytra thickly and coarsely punctured with black,
and traversed by four belts, the two front ones incomplete : they are zigzag in form,
and interrupted by gray spaces. Abdomen narrowed somewhat behind, and terminated
by a black ovipositor. Femora thickened, and clavate at the tibial end, gray : tibise
marked by black rings ; tarsi black. Post-pectus deeply emarginate and giay.
The foregoing is a rare species in this vicinity. Its ovipositor shows that its eggs are
deposited in wood, and hence it is an injurious insect to timber. Length, including the
ovipositor, seven-eighths of an inch.
Tetraopes TETROpiiTHALMA (Forster). M. tcmator {T&h.). (PI. v, fig. 11.)
Color brick-red. Thorax marked with four black dots arranged in the form of a square.
Elytra marked with four black dots ; two near the basal angles, and two placed
longitudinally upon the middle. Antennse black : body beneath and legs black.
This insect is common on the silkweed ( Asdepias syriaca ) in June and July, and is
extensively distributed, extending from Massachusetts to Carolina ( Haldeman's Mat.
Hist. Long. Am. Phil. Soc. x, 53). It is a harmless insect in its mature state.
Elaphidion tillosum ( Fab.). E. putator ( Peck). ( Plate xvi, fig. 8.)
Color brown, gray or hoary from patches and stripes of grayish down : thorax more
villose than the elytra. Antennte spinous : the second joint armed with a spine as
long, or nearly as long as the third joint ; the spine of the third joint, one-third as
long as the fourth joint ; on the fourth joint, the spine is shorter still. El}'tra punc-
tured, and apex spined. Beneath, the same color as above : legs villous; hindlegs
armed with a short spine.
Although about a dozen species of this genus have been discovered in the United States,
the habits of this one only are known. The larva feeds upon the wood of whiteoak or
blackoak,and more rarely of hickory and chesnut ; and on one occasion I reared a speci-
men, apparently of this species, from a larva taken from the dead trunk of a small sprufe
tree. The insect is half an inch or more in length, and may be distinguished by its chesnut
color, varied with yellowish spots of down ; the small spine upon some of the joints of the
antennse, and two upon the tip of each elytron ; and by the smooth raised medial line,
and tubercle, upon each side of the pronotum above.
FAMILY LEPTURID^. tj^
When the larva attains its full growth in the branch, which is about half an inch thick,
it cuts it off transversely from the inside, leaving the bark alone untouched ; and this
slender hold is severed by the storms of autumn, when the branch and larva fall together.
The larva does not leave its shelter until the next spring, when it appears as a perfect
insect in May and June.
Elaphidion'? . ( Plate viii, fig. 9.)
Head small : thorax somewhat flattened, dilated at the sides. Antennae ten-jointed : the
tenth longest ; the second, third, fourth and fifth spinous upon the inside. Thorax
marked by two sharp impressed lines : legs equal or subequal. Color of the body
luteous, from the close pressed hair or nap : thorax brownish, without tubercles or
armature : elytra luteous, mottled somewhat by darker spots, narrowed somewhat
behind, and terminated by two spines concealed in the hair. Beneath slightly
brownish, and clothed witli appressed hair, especially upon the breast.
I refer this insect to the Genus Elaphidion, though its generic character may not en-
tirely warrant it.
Lepturidse.
The insects under the name of Lepturid.s:, or Lepturians, constitute a third family of the
Capricorn beetles. The body is narrowed behind : eyes rounded, oval, and rather promi-
nent ; and the antenna are situated farther from them than in the other species, and are
implanted near the middle of the forehead : thorax widened behind : head connected
with the thorax by a narrow neck. Colors bright.
Genus DESMOCERUS (Dej.). Cerambyx (Forster) ; Stenocorus (Fab.).
Eyes lunated, surrounding the base of the antennae : head sloped before ; palpi terminated
by a large joint in the form of an elongated compressed cone : thorax subquadxate
or subcylindrical : antennae setaceous.
Desmocehus palliatls. ( Plate xvi, fig. 6.)
Color deep violet or prussian blue : nearly one half of the elytra orange yellow.
The larvae live in the stem of the white elder, and feed upon its pith. This year (1853)
this insect has been very numerous in the vicinity of Albany.
Gencs RHAGIUM (Fab.). Leptura ( Lin.).
' Body broad, depressed : thorax with spines on each side ; antennae short' (West wood).
126 ORDER COLEOPTERA.
Rhacidm lineatum ( Oliv.). .^v^-I -
Antenasc short. Thorax narrow, cylindrical before and behind : middle of the thorax is
furnished with a pointed wart on each side. Elytra wide at the shoulders, and taper-
ing, convex above, with punctures between the smooth elevated lines, and ornamented
with black and reddish ash colors, the former arranged in transverse bands. Under-
side variegated with dull red, gray and black.
The grubs of this beetle burrow under the bark of the pitch pine ; in conscr]uencc of
which, it is loosened, and falls off, when the tree dies. The grubs are often numerous :
when about to become pupa;, each one forms for itself an oval ring of woody fibres. The
beetle is matured before the close of winter, but remains till the spring opens (HAHsie,
Injurious Insects of Massachusetts, pp. 92 - 93).
I have found the larva imder the bark of the yellow pine and white pine, where it is
readily recognized by forming, at the period of its transformation, an oval cavity, the
border of which is made of woody fibres. The habits of the European Bhogium indagctcr
( Fabr.), are similar. This insect is usually about seven-tenths of an inch long, although
it is sometimes found no longer than four-tenths. Its color is gray, marked with black :
the surface is somewhat downy ; the antennae are short ; the elytra wide at the base, and
having several raised lines ; and the prothorax has a tubercle on each side. The perfect
Insect appears in May ( Haldeman, MS. Notes).
PoRPURicENus HUMEaALis (Fab.). (Plate xvi, fig. 4.)
Block. Elytra marked with a rightangled triangular scarlet spot situated upon the base of
^ the elytron, the hypothenuse passing by the side of the scutel. Thorax, neck sculp-
tured and rugose, and furnished with a lateral pointed tubercle and two elevated
roughened ridges or eminences on the median line. Length variable : female, six-
tenths of an inch ; male, less than half an inch.
This insect seems to be rare in the vicinity of Albany, as not more than three op four
specimens have been taken in the last three or four years.
Genus LEPTURA.
Antennse elongate, basal joint robust, second minute ; eyes narrowed above. Head ex-
serted : thorax convex, unarmed. Insect narrowed behind from the base of the elytra
to the extremity of the abdomen : legs elongate, slender.
LiPTtJHA viTTATA ( OHv.). ( Plate viii, fig. 13.)
Oolor black or very dark brown : head, thorax and legs black : elytra punctured black,
and marked with a rufous stripe extending from their base to two-thirds of their
length, and occupying the middle of the elytrum. Beneath, the insect is clothed with
•hort gray appressed hairs.
FAMILY LEPTURIDiE.
m
LepTURA RUBRICA.
Color black : head and thorax black, pubescent ; four first joints of the anteunfe black,
the remainder luteous at base. Elytra ferruginous, punctured ; apex of the outer
angle pointed, and longer than the inner, divaricate : legs black.
I refer this to fig. 10, pi. viii : the apex of the elytra in that figure is truncate.
Leptura malachiticvs.
Splendent green, with steel-blue reflections : punctures dilated deep, imparting a rough
appearance. Antennse and scutcl black : thighs rufous, and lower half of tarsi dark
brown or black : prolhorax with a lateral tubercle, occupying nearly a central posi-
tion.
This beautiful insect is quite rare in the vicinity of Albany, a single specimen only
having been observed.
Leptura octoponctata (Say).
Elytra marked with eight irregular-shaped spots or dots, smallest upon the apex.
Leptura . (Plate xxvi, fig. 11.)
Color black ( the light color is due to a close gray nap). Antennse ten-jointed : first some-
what turbinate, third shortest, second the next shortest ; the three first black or dark
brown, the remainder rufous. Pectus and thighs brown, and a stripe beneath the
shoulders. The posterior part of the thorax surrounded by a sharp ridge, which
extends down the sides : this ridge is bounded by grooves ; and before it, and near
the middle, are two elevations, scarcely tubercles : anteriorly it is surrounded by a
broad groove. Behind the antennse, there is a deep depression upon the median line
of the head. Length three quarters of an inch.
Leptura subpubescens. ( Plate viii, fig. 11.)
Color black, thinly covered with luteous hairs, punctured : head and neck roughened,
covered with hairs. Antennae black ; third joint shorter than the fourth. Elytra
punctured, rufous or dull brick-red, terminated by a black belt extending up the
outer margin, divergent < o wards the apex ; apex truncate. Point of abdomen exposed :
beneath black, submetallic.
Genus PACHYTA (Sery.).
« Body robust : thorax subconical, with an obsolete obtuse tubercle on each side ; elytra
short, nearly parallel ; humeral angles not very prominent' ( Westwoob).
128 ORDER COLEOPTERA.
Pachyta cordifera ( Oliv.). (Plate viii, fig. 12.)
' Front clothed with yellow hair ; frontal line impressed. Prothorax much widened and
biarcuate posteriorly, covered with yellow hair, and having the median line obsolete.
Elytra divaricate, and separately pointed at the tip : a minute black spot at the basal
angle, and another ( sometimes double ) between it and the large median macula.
Length nearly half an inch ' ( Haldeman, Longicomia, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. x, 59).
A variety, lunaris, also described in the same work, is black, tomentose : venter didl
rufous ; elytra yellow ; apex, and a semicircular macula behind the middle on the anterior
margin, black.
Grammoptera . ( Plate xxvi, fig. 3.)
Body- black : eyes black, and slightly emarginate on the inner side ; color of the upper
side luteous. Apex of the elytra black, and the spot toothed on the basal side. Length
half an inch.
«;^»i
CHAPTER X.
ORDER I. COLEOPTERA ( Continued).
PHYTOPIIAGA.
This division ( Eupoda of Latueille) embraces a group of insects whose bodies are short,
oval, thick, and hemispherical (for an example, see PI. xiv, 11). The thorax is sometimes
angular, uniting closely with the base of the elytra, and forming with them a circle or a
broad oval. The head is short, and concealed ; theautennse shorter than the body, filiform.
The insects are usually small, but their colors are lively and brilliant, though only a few
are metallic in this climate : the Eumolpus is one of the brightest. They are vegetable
feeders in the larva and perfect states, and some of them are highly injurious ; the Haltica
destroying the turnip crop, and the Crioceris the asparagus plant.
Crioceridae.
The body is oblong in this family, and the hindlegs are often thickened for leaping. The
head and thorax are narrower than the abdomen. The antennse are filiform, or only slightly
thickened at the tips : they are inserted before the eyes, which are prominent. Found
upon leaves and stems of trees.
Crioceris (or Lema) trilincata (Oliv.), is a yellow insect about one-fourth of an inch
long ; the elytra with three black lines, one along the middle of the back, and one on
each side. It belongs to an extensive division which contains many species that are de-
structive to garden vegetation, generally devouring the leaves, both in the larva and the
perfect state. The species here cited attacks the foliage of the potato, and Dr. Hakris
recommends brushing them into shallow vessels of salt and water, or vinegar.
Crioceris duodecimpunctata.
Color yellow : thorax and head brownish ; beneath, 3ellow. Elytra punctate in many
rows, and marked with six black spots : each side of the thorax has also a black
stripe. Tibial extremity of the femur black, as well as the tarsi Length rather less
than a quarter of an inch.
{Agricultural Report — Vol. v.] 17
130 ORDER COI.EOPTERA.
Cassididae,
Genus CASSIDA.
Body flattened and depressed : shield or elytra dilated on all sides, concealing the head
and body.
Cassida CLAVATA. Tortoist Bettlc. (Plate xiv, fig. 11.)
Head, body beneath, legs, and antennse latcous : eyes black : middle of the elytra, with
the four angles black or dark brown ; spaces between, together wilh the extended
clypeus luleous and translucent.
Odontota scutkllaris (Oliv.), Hispa scutellaris (Fab.). This insect has, in conjunc-
tion with Cectdomyia robinia (Hald.), become so abundant in Eastern Pennsylvania dmlng
the last few years, that the foliage of the locust trees is killed towards the end of August,,
as if by dry weather. It is nearly one-fourth of an inch long, of a tawny color, and marked
along the back with a black line.
Chiysomelidae.
6enu» EUMOLPUS.
< Head vertical : antennse as long as the body, thickened at the tips' ( Westwcod).
EuMOLFus aukatcs ( Fab.).
Head, thorax, body beneath, and legs brilliant blue-green : elytra golden green. The feet
and antennae incline more to black, yet exhibit the coloring described.
It inhabits in great abundance the Apocynum androscrmifoMvmy and is found in July and
August.
Gekus CHRYSOMELA.
Cukysomela philadf.lphiga. ( Plate xiv, fig. 12.)
Color of the body dark green, oblong, naked. Palpi, legs and antennse rufous : labium
hairy. Front and margins of the thorax and elytra cream-color : lines and spots of
the elytra, posterior segment of the thorax, and scutel green : inner margin of the
elytra traversed by two lines ; marginal line widened towards the scutel ; the proxi-
mate line widened also, and both slightly divergent. Lines punctured in rows sur-
rounding the entire thickened border. The shoulders of the elytra marked by two
FAMILY CHRYSOMELID^. 131
green spots which converge to each other, the outer the largest : parallel with the
marginal line there are three large spots ; the remainder are scattered and smaller.
The dots are distributed somewhat irregularly, but there is a tendency to arrangement
in rows, as at the base of the elytra and along the lines and larger spots.
The insect; from which the description is drawn is rather common, but it does not agree
with the description of the philadelphica by Kirby, who malies no allusion to the markings
upon the thorax. The dififerences I regard as sexual.
In a few plates, I observe that the ground color is too green ; it should be pale, or
cream-color.
Chrysomela decipicns.
Head, thorax, body and scutel dark green : elytra silvery white or white. Sutural line
thickened, and divergent near the scutel : the parallel and proximate lines wide,
divergent before, and narrowed towards the apex ; the second is shorter, and united
to it ; and the third is similar to two heavy dashes united at their points, but instead
of being straight, they form a curve divergent from the other lines : these lines are
dotted. The shoulders are marked by a heavy dash or oblong spot : two other spots
are situated between the shoulder spot and marginal line ; the upper roundish, and
the lower oblong. There are thirteen spots on each elytrum, besides those already
described, each of which is enclosed by a row of dots. Antennae, palpi and legs rufous.
This species differs from the preceding, in having the thorax entirely of a dark green,
and also in the distribution and form of the lines and markings upon the elytra.
Chrysomela scalaris. ( Plate xiv, flg. 10.)
Head, thorax, body and scutel dark green : elytra silvery white. Sutural line green, and
extending to the base : a coalescing line falls into it just below the scutel, and forms
with it an unequal stripe. There are two oblique dashes, which do not meet, on each
elytrum. The spot upon the shoulder is double, and prolonged in the form of a curve,
and there is another curved spot between the shoulder spots and sutural line. There
are three coalescing spots upon the posterior flexure of the elytra. The other spots are
arranged somewhat in two lines, parallel with the outer margin of the elytra ; and
there is a solitary dot near the middle, and upon the outer margin of the elytra. The
(lots are so arranged that they follow the boundaries of the spots. Antennse, palpi and
legs rust-brown.
In the specimen figured, a brownish color predominated instead of the silvery white :
it may be a distinct species from the scalaris, and is found in the autumn upon varioiifl
plants.
133 ORDER COLEOPTCRA.
CURVSOMELA TRIMACULATA. ( Plate xlv, fig. 16.)
Head, thorax, body, antennte and legs steel-blue. Elytra orange, marked with a broad
black band extending nearly across the base, and two large tiiangular black sjwts
near the apices : scutel and sutnral line black. The margins of the black spots are
undulating. The punctures of the elytra are arranged in lines. Length three-eighths
of an inch.
Found in great abundance in Western Massachusetts and New-York.
Chrysomela pulcher.
Head, thorax and legs purple : antennse, body and palpi brownish. Elytra luteous,maiked
by a wide black longitudinal stripe along the middle. Sutnral line double and punc;
tured : margins marked by two narrow black punctate lines, which coalesce just
below the middle.
Chrysomela .
Head, thorax, body and legs reddish brown. Elytra yellow, marked by a broad double
longitudinal brown J)and ; the inner separated from the outer by a curve, leaving
between them a line of yellow, acute at each end. Sutural line wide, and dilated at
the base. Scutel reddish brown : punctures arranged in lines parallel with the
markings. Length nearly one-fourth of an inch.
Inhabits and feeds upon the Solidago. It is not uncommon in Western Massachusetts,
but I have not succeeded in finding a description of it.
Chrysomela caaiuLiPENNis.
Color of the head, elytra and body beneath, dark blue ; thorax and legs dull orange ;
antennae and feet blackish. The females are often seen walking with difficulty, on
account of the great distension of the abdomen.
Chrysomela . (Plate xiv, fig. 1.)
Head, thorax, antennae and body steel-blue. Elytra luteous, minutely punctured : punc-
tures on the margins linear. There is a very obscure line of spots or dots along the
suture, scarcely visible without the aid of a glass : the tips of the elytra are also dark
brown. Autumn, and feeds upon the Solidtigo.
Chrysomela . ( Plate xiv, fig. 2.)
Head, boily and thorax reddish brown ; eyes black : elytra yellowish brown, and striped
with reddish brown or ferruginous. The punctured lines are also reddish, of which
there are about ten to each elytrum, running parallel to the margins. Length one-
fourth of an inch.
I am unable to determine whether it is a described species or not.
FAMILY GALERUCIDiE. 133
Chrysomela tremula. ( Plate xiv, figs. 5, 6 & 7 : larva and pupa.)
Head, thorax, body, antemise and legs blue : elytra brown, finely punctured.
Foreign : its larvse feed upon the leaves of the poplar.
Chrysomela banksii.
Immaculate, obtusely ovate : head very small ; antennae luteous ; ihorax with the lateral
edges thickened. Color dark brown, glossy, impunctate. Elytra of the same color as
the thorax, punctated : beneath, the same color as above ; soles of the tarsi cream-
colored. Length nearly one-fourth of an inch.
Chrysomela AMERiCAiiA.
Form ovate. Color brown, glossy : eyes black ; thorax and head impunctate. Elytra punc-
tate in four double rows, besides the sutural one : between the rows the surface is
flat, impunctured, and of a brassy bronze reflection ; the punctured lines are purplish.
Length one-eighth of an inch.
Galerucidae.
This family is exemplified by those very common striped beetles which infest and destroy
the cucumber plant. They are oblong, and are furnished with a small head and a narrow
thorax. Their antennae are about half as long as their bodies, of a uniform thickness, and
inserted near together and near the mouth. Their legs are of an equal size, though in some
the thighs are formed for leaping. They are small insects and vegetable feeders, and often
do considerable damage in gardens.
The family is divided by Westwood into two subfamilies : 1 . Galeeucides ; 2. Hal-
TICIDES.
Galcrucides.
Genus ADIMONIA (Schrank).
Antennse eleven-jointed, filiform throughout, and nearly equaling the body in length :
joints mostly cylindric ; the last acute, and pointed outwards ; the second the shortest,
obconic ; the third next in length, the two equaling the first or fourth ; the remainder
equaling the first or fourth : labrum entire : palpi indeterminate. Head small, exsert :
eyes prominent : body ovate, elongate ; legs rather long, equal or subequal ; poste-
rior thighs only moderately incrassate.
134 ORDER COLEOPTERA.
Adimonm . ( Plate xiv, fig. 4.)
Color yellowish green : head and its appendages black. A dejiression and two eminences
behind the antennse. The three first antenna; yellowish green ; on the outer side,
brown ; the remainder dark brown or black : pectus black : abdomen yellowish
green. Thorax greenish yellow predominating, innnaculate : two slight indentations
•on each side, with a slight lateral ridge or dilatation Elytra pale green, marked with
eleven black rather quadrangular spots : most of them have their angles rounded, so
as to approach an oval form ; the basal spot is common to both elytra. Legs black :
upper half of the thighs greenish. Length one-fourth of an inch.
It will be evident from the above generic and specific descriptions, that this insect is
neither a Cralemca, Lema or Haltica, and probably uot an Adivionia : it belongs, however,
to the vast family Galerucidje. It is rather common in September and October on the
asters and solidagos. Either the descriptions within my reach are faulty, or else it has not
been described.
Lema trivittata.
Rufous : thorax and head rulbus ; the former punctured transversely at its base, and
marked with two black dots. Elytra marked with longitudinal black stripes, the
middle sutural : punctures arranged in lines. Antennje black ; first joint rufous :
lower tibia and tarsi black. One variety more rufous, and marked with wider stripes
and larger dots upon the thorax : sometimes the dots are absent.
Resembles the striped cucumber-bug.
Galeruca vittata.
Color yellow : head black. Elytra marked with three black longitudinal stript s, including
the sutural one : abdomen black ; forelegs mostly of that color : knees and feet o
the other legs black.
This insect is troublesome to various vines, anH especially to young cucumber vines
when not of a vigorous growth. The best remedy is to secure a strong and rapid growth :
other remedies, which are more or less successful, are, washing the plant with offensive
liquors, or sprinkling them with strong-scented powders. Tobacco in its various forms,
whale-oil soap, etc. are all more or less useful.
Galeruca calmariensis ( Lin.). ( Plate xii, fig. 12.)
This is a European insect, which has been introduced in o this country alx)ut Baltimore.
It is destructive to the foliage of the elm. It is about one-fourth of an inch long, and is
described by Mr. Stephens as follows : ' Oblong-ovate ; i:bovc testaceous, deeply punc-
tured : crown, furrow on the thorax, scutellum, a dash in the elytra, 1 reast find ba^'c of
abdomen, black ; apex of the abdomen and base of the antennae testaceous.
FAMILY GALERUCIDiE. 135
(Edionychus thoracica.
Color of the elytra blue purplish, immaculate : thorax luteous, marked with eight black
dots ; outer margin luteous. The outer half of the tarsal joints and antenna? luteous ;
the rest purplish.
Halticidcs.
Genus HALTICA.
'Form oblong-ovate : thorax narrower than the elytra j posterior tarsi short' ("West-
wood).
This genus comprises many species, all of which are small, and whose posterior legs are
formed fur leaping. They feed upon the leaves of vegetables, more especially upon the
cruciform plants, as mustard, radish and turnip ; the latter of which often suffers exceed-
ingly, in consequence of the insects eating the young and succulent leaves, perforating
them like a sieve. Their colors are often brilliant.
Haltica chalybea.
Body oblong oval : thorax marked with a transverse furrow. Color steel-blue, but variable
and passing into greenish blue : underside green ; antennae and feet black. Length
from one-sixth to one-fifth of an inch.
David Thomas, of Cayuga county, has given in Sllliman's Journal an account of this
species of Haltica. This excellent observer noticed that his vine leaves were infested with
a small smooth chestnut-colored larva ; and on feeding them in a tumbler partly filled
with earth, they came to maturity and buried themselves, and in two weeks afterwards
came out the perfect insect, after having undergone their transformation. The larva feeds
upon the tender fi-uit buds while in a growing state, and hence destroys the fruit for the
season. The use of a solution of whale-oil soap would undoubtedly protect the vine, and
drive away the insects.
The cucumber is infested with another species of Haltica, whicli has received the name
of H. cucumeris from Dr. Harris. It is black, one-sixteenth of an inch long, with clay
yellow antennae and legs, except the hindmost, which is brown : the thorax is marked by
a deep transverse furrow ( Harris).
Another is the wavy striped beetle, Haltica striolata, and feeds upon the liorse-radish,
mustard and turnip ; in which respect it resembles the European species, whicli feeds
upon and destroys the turnip crop.
CHAPTER XI.
ORDER I. COLEOPTERA (Continued).
PSEUDOTRIMERA.
This division of coleopterous insects constitutes the Trimeba of Latkeille. Taking the
number of joints in the tarsi, the division would be represented by insects supi)lied with
only three tarsal joints : on close inspection, however, it is found that there is a small
joint in the lobes of the second. The form of the insect is oval, sometimes hemispherical :
the elytra cover the abdomen. They often feed upon the Jlphis, and thus perform a useful
service to gardeners and farmers. Their colors are often bright, and their thorax and elytra
marked in various places by dots and spots (See Plate xi, all the figures; and letters a,
6, c, d, larva and pupa state of the Coccinella).
Coccmcllida).
Coccinella borealis ( Lin.). ( Plate xi, lig 8.)
Color luteous : eyes black. Thorax marked witli four black dots, the largest behind upon
the central line, and pointed backwards. Elytra marked with seven black dots each, the
largest situated towards the apex, and two upon the sutural line. Beneath luteous : breast
black.
Coccinella incarnata. ( Plate xi, fig. 7.)
Flesh-colored above. Thorax marked with two large transverse black spots ; elytra with
seven black spots each, or eleven as they appear when closed, three being common to
each ( Rich. Faun. Bor.).
Coccinella quinquemacclata. ( Plate xi, fig. 5.)
Body black : thorax black ; anterior angles white : elytra tawny ; base banded, and
marked with four black spots, the middle spots quadrangular. Length about three
lines.
FAMILY COCCINELLIi)^. 137
COCCINELLA 20-MACULATA. ( Plat© xi, fig. 4.)
Color pale honey-yellow, marked with twenty black spots somewhat confluent on the
middle of the elytra. Insect quite small.
In some of the plates the green coloring is too deep. There is a variable state of the
ground color : sometimes it is entirely pale honey -yellow ; in other instances, there is a
grayish green tinge.
COCCINELLA NOVEMNOTATA. ( Plate xi, fig. 6.)
Color luteous and reddish, marked with nine black spots ; one common to each elytrum,
situated near the base. Thorax bLick, margined in front with pale honey-yellow : the
black portion extends in front towards the head : body blaclf. The color of the elytra
is somewhat variable, yellow and reddish predominating each in different individuals.
COCCINELLA IMMACULATA, ( Plate Xi, fig. 9.)
Color luteous : thorax black, margined with pale honey-yellow or whitisli : elytra im-
maculate : body black. The flank of the thorax is quadridentate.
This insect does not agree with Mr. Say's description in every particular, still it is not
so different as to preclude the idea that it is a variety.
COCCINELLA EIMACULATA. ( Plate xi, figS. 10, 11.)
Color ferruginous, verging into luteous. Thorax varied with black and white ; the white
dilated margins being marked with a black dot, the black arranged in the form of
two decussating wide lines. Head marked with a central black line, which divaricates
posteriorly, or sends off branches to the eyes. Elytra marked usually with a single
black dot : body black beneath.
COCCINELLA TRIOCULATA.
The black spot upon the elytra is larger than in the preceding species, and the dilated
Avhite margins of the thorax are immaculate : the color of the insect is paler. The abdo-
men is black, bordered with rufous.
COCCINELLA DU0DEX;iMN0TATA.
Body black : head black and quadridentate in front, margined with luteous : thorax
black, marked with two oblique rectangular spots, and margined with luteous. Spots
of the elytra twelve, and none of them sutural.
[ AomcuLTrHAL RiPORT — Vol. v.] 18
138 ORDER COLEOPTERA.
COCCINELLA ABBRrriATA.
Elytra ferruginous, marked with eight black dots situated between the middle and the
apices. Thorax black, with fuscous angular spots, and margined with fuscous.
COCCINELLA TBANSVERSOGCTTATA.
Elytra marked with four black dots arranged in a line across the middle.
CoOaNELLA BINOTATA.
Color black, with two brown-red spots in the centre of each elytrum. Margin of the thorax
white.
COCCINELLA DECIMMACULATA. ( Plate XJ, fig. 4.)
CJolor red, deep flesh-red and purple. Head and thorax marked with two black spots ;
elytra with ten, one common to both at or near the scutellum, and another below the
middle upon the suture : body and legs black. Length about two lines.
CHAPTER XII.
ORDER II. EUPLEXOPTERA (Westwood).
This order of insects (the Dermaptera of Leach) is extremely small as to numbers, but
the individual species are widely distributed. It bears a relationship to the orders Coleo-
PTERA and Orthoptera, having by dilferent naturalists been placed in each : it is, how-
ever, regarded as having a closer affinity with the latter than with the former, in conse-
quence of the peculiar structure and foldings of the wings. In the structure of the mouth,
and the transformation of the insect, it corresponds to the orthopter, but to the coleoptera
in the folding of the wings. The order is characterized thus by Westwood :
'Anterior wings leathery, very small and uniting in a straight suture, horizontal, partially
covering the wings. Posterior wings large with radiating nerves, and with numerous
transverse and longitudinal folds. Mouth with transversely movable jaws, the poste-
rior pair being galeated. Anus forcipated. Pupa semicomplete, active, resembling the
imago, but with rudimental wings.'
The type of this order of insects is the common earwig, an insect far more notorious in
other countries than in this. It will be readily recognized by its elongated form, its short
wings like the Staphylinus, and the forked armature of its abdomen, which forms an organ
of offence as well as defence. Its habits are somewhat peculiar : it is nocturnal, and goes
abroad for its food by night ; but with the appearance of light, it seeks to hide itself in
holes and crevices where it can escape observation. Tradition affirms that it creeps into
the ear, but it does not appear that there any facts to sustain the assertion.
The Porficula is a vegetable feeder, subsisting upon flowers, fruits, etc., and is regarded
as an injurious insect. Hence the English gardeners take advantage of its propensities,
by placing in proximity to the flowers and vegetables they wish to protect, crab's claws,
or narrow reeds closed at one end, into which the insect takes shelter, where it is readily
captured and destroyed.
CHAPTER XIII.
ORDER III. ORTHOPTERA (Olivier).
This order ( the Hemiptera of LiNNiEus) embraces those insects whose wings, when at
rest, are folded longitudinally upon the body, and present a straight ontline : for this
reason they have received the designation ortkoptera, which literally means straight-vnngcd.
In this name, then, we perceive one of the distinguishing characteristics of the order. In
^ dition, however, to this single chai-acter, we find their wings folded like a fan : they
ve also a pair corresponding to the elytra in beetles, which are of a leathery consistence,
Hud perform the same office, that of protecting the delicate wing beneath. Their wings
and wing-covers are deflected upon the sides of the body, forming an angle with the top,
and, besides these peculiarities, they overlap each other upon the back. By this arrange-
ment, the males are furnished with organs wherewith to produce different sounds, while
a particulai" modification of the organ enables each species to form its peculiar note.
Orthopterous insects are provided with jaws which move transversely, similar to beetles,
and hence the name mandibulafa applies to them.
Another and still more important characteristic is found in the kind of metamorphosis
they undergo. In this respect, they differ greatly from beetles and the butterflies : their
metamorphoses or transformations are incomplete ; their young, in the early stages of life,
resemble the pai-ents in miniature, their wings being the most imperfect parts ; they eat
and move about like the adult, and, like the young in other classes, they grow until they
reach the perfect state. From these comparisons, we see why they should be separated from
the beetles, and placed by themselves in an order expressive of the characteristics that
belong to them.
The order has been divided into four sections, formed from differences of habit due to
the peculiar construction of the organs of locomotion. The sections have received their
names from the modes in which these organs are used : the first embraces the runners,
Orthoptcra cursoria ; the second, the graspeks, Orthoptera raptoria ; the third, the
WALKERS, Orthoptera amhulatoria ; and the fourth, the jumpers, Orthoptera saltatoria.
In the section comprising the runners, we find the cockroaches ; in that of the graspers,
the mantis, whose forelegs are used as arms and hands ; in that of the walkers, the
walkingstiek? ; and in the section of jumpei-p, the grasshoppers and locusts.
FAMILY BLATTID^. 141
The arrangement seems to be clear and satisfactory, and yet it will be seen, as in most
other arrangements, that the lines of demarkation are imperfectly drawti ; for in the section
containing the cockroaches and earwigs, the insect possesses the power of flight : still it
is probably sufficient for all practical piu-poses.
Some of the species of orthopterous insects are extremely proliiic : thus cockroaches
become innumerable, and locusts appear in clouds that darken the sky ; and, even in our
own more favored countrj', who has not seen the red-legged grasshopper multiply to such
an extent as to devour all the herbage of hundreds of acres !
Blatticla?.
This family (Cursoria, the runners) is represented by the well-known and troublesome
cockroach. The body is oval, liattened : wings coriaceous, with their inner margins over-
lapping each other. The thorax is large, often concealing the head : antennae long, simple
and setaceous, being formed of from fifty to one hundred and fifjy joints ; mandibles
short, stro!%, and toothed at the tip ; upper lip entire ; labium bifid ; eyes kidney-shaped ;
legs long, formed for running ; tarsi five-jointed ; abdomen furnished with two articulated
processes. The males are smaller than the females.
We have 'several species of cockroach, which either inhabit fields or woody places. The
common domestic one {Blatta orientalis) is an imported kind, and is very troublesome in
basements, cellars, etc. ; while the former, or indigenous species, never comes into our
dwellings.
The methods that have been proposed for destroying the domestic cockroach are nume-
rous : they consist in the use of substances which are generally poisonous, and therefore
should be used with due precaution. Arsenic, red lead, or other mineral poisons may be
mixed with mashed potatoes or meal, and set upon the shelves, floors, etc. frequented by
the insects ; and as they are fond of almost every kind of vegetable mixture, they greedily
devour the mess, and are speedily poisoned.
These insects penetrate the most hidden parts of a building, even into the brick work
of walls, where their young are frequently produced. They sometimes disappear from the
premises without any known cause : at other times, their numbers greatly diminish in a
short period of time.
Blatta nivea. ( Plate xlvi, fig. 7.)
' Head and antennae yellow ; thorax and abdomen pale green ; wings and wing-covers
white and transparent ; legs and underside of the abdomen pale yellowish green '
(Drury, Vol. ii, p. 39, f. 1).
143 ORDER ORTHOPTERA.
Mantidse.
This family, which succeeds the cursores or runners in the natural arrangement, consists
of insects technically called raptores or graspers. The larger and more remarkable species,
of which the Mantis is one, are not found in New- York or New-England, but smaller kinds
•re occasionally met with. Plate vii, fig. 4, exliibits the structure of an insect similar to the
mantis, which takes its prey by grasping or seizing it with its forelegs. Its habits, too, are
much like those of the mantis : it remains motionless upon a twig or limb of a bush, in a
sitting posture with its front parts elevated, until a desirable object Comes within its reach.
The family are all carnivorous, and hence aid in diminishing the number of vegetable
feeders.
Pliasmidae.
The insects of this family {Jlmhulatoria, the walkers) are distinguished by the undeveloped
state of the wings, or by their total absence. One or two of these remarkable animals are
found in New-England and New- York : they are commonly called vmlkingsticks, and the
' most common species is the
Spectrum femoratcm (Say). ( Plate vii, figs. 1,2.)
Apterous : intermediate thighs dilated, and furnished with a spine near the tip ; posterior
also spinous.
The color of the male is greenish with a mixture of brown, especially on the forelegs
and the tibia and tarsi of the others : abdomen equalling the body, and furnished with
nine segments, terminated with two curved appendages, female brownish, thick, with the
trunk and abdomen nearly twice their size in the male : legs greenish, but less so than in
the male ; the thighs less dilated.
This species is rather common, in the months of August and September, in the vicinity
of Albany and in Western Massachusetts.
Saltatores.
This section (Saltatoria, the jumpers) is represented by the common cricket, and embraces
those insects whose tarsi are three-jointed, antennae setaceous, head large, with a convex
crown, and inserted deeply into the thorax ; with ovate eyes, and two or three ocelli. The
thorax is truncated in front ; elytra horizontal ; body elongate ; wings folded longitudinal-
ly ; abdomen cylindric ; legs stout and short ; tai-si without foot-cushions between the
claws.
FAMILY ACHETID.E. 143
Achetidae.
ACHETA ABBREVIATA.
Color black : elytra turgid, brownish posteriorly ; abdominal appendages elongated and
pilose ; posterior tarsi armed with a double row of spines.
Crickets are nocturnal in their habits, and hence seek their food and their mates in the
evening. If numerous, they become injurious in gardens ; feeding upon the different kinds
of fruit, melons, tomatoes, potatoes, beets, etc. : when in fields, they eat the tender grass.
They are not, however, confined to a vegetable diet, but they kill and devour such insects
as they can overpower. The insect lays its eggs in autumn : they hatch in the spring, and
the young are three years in coming to maturity.
To diminish the number of crickets in gardens, arsenic may be resorted to.
The mole cricket, Grillotalpa brevipennis, differs from the common cricket in the dilated
form of the tibia, the lower side of which is strongly notched to fit them for burrowing.
These notches have a distant resemblance to fingers, and they give to the organ the power
of a hand. From the construction of the forelegs, then, and the use to which they are
applied, the species has received the name of mole cricket. They are fawn-colored, and
covered with short velvety down : they reside in soft moist soil, and throw up ridges of
loose earth ; they feed upon roots, and, if numerous, might do considerable damage : they
are, liowever, rarely seen, and the effect of their feeding is scarcely perceptible. Length
about one-fourth of an inch.
No one, who takes much notice of the habits of insects, but must have observed the
extreme timidity of the cricket. This is especially true of the field crickets : when they
issue from their dwellings, it is with extreme caution ; and when the slightest approach
of danger is visible, they seek at once their asylum, and do not again appear abroad until
all their suspicions are allayed.
It is well known that the black cricket flies well ; but it has been observed by natura-
lists upon whom we may place confidence, that field crickets never use their wings. This
I believe is mainly true ; but yet frequently when they are pursued, they spread their
wings, and make a more extended leap by their use. Their wings are not defective in
construction, but seem to be well organized and fitted for flying. The males, it is said,
carry on a destructive warfare upon each other during the breeding season.
In some crickets the wings are imdeveloped : some species prefer damp and even wet
places ; others, dry and stony.
Crickets have been destroyed in great numbers by placing in their way vials half-filled
with beer, into which they crowd and are drowned.
144 ORDER ORTHOPTEKA.
Gryllidae.
This family (the Grasshoppers) is characterized by the possession of four jointed tarsi, long
setaceous antennae, a large vertical head and convex forehead, vertical prominent eyes, a
thorax flat above, and its sides suddenly dellexed and rounded behind : body more or less
compressed ; the breast furnished with two oval foliated plates ; elytra coriaceous, de-
scending the sides j abdomen compressed slightly, and furnished in the male with two
processes, and in the female with an ovipositor. The legs are long behind, with thickened
thighs and spines.
Platyphyllum coNCAvuM ( Harris). Katydid. ( Plate ix, fig. 1.)
Color of the body pale brown ; elytra and wings, grass-green. Antennae long, setaceous,
yellowish, dilated at the base ; eyes prominent, hemispherical ; head greenish,
brownish on the top, front ridged, terminating between the antennae in a triangular
apex : thorax greenish, rough, its integument saddle-shaped. In males the musical
apparatus occupies a triangular space, covered with a dense parchment-like membrane.
Elytra narrowed before, dilated behind and laterally widest near the extremity of the
- abdomen, and longer than the wings : nervures consist of one principal trunk, sending
off numerous branches below at right angles to it. Wings narrower and shorter than
the wing-covers ; branches of the nervures two. Legs green : tibiae quadrate ; each
corner serrate or short spinous. Body of the male over one inch long. The female is
furnished with a curved ovipositor (see the figure) about one fourth of an inch long,
and both sexes with two projections between the forelegs. The wing-covers, in their
natural position, form a convex covering extending in the female far enough to cover
the ovipositor.
The katydid is in its state of perfection in September : the female, about this time,
deposits her eggs in a row upon the twigs of the tree she inhabits. Dr. Harris describes
the musical instrument as consisting of a pair of taborets : they are formed of the mem-
brane already spoken of, which is situated at the base of the wing-covers. This parchment-
like membrane is stretched upon a strong, half oval frame, fitted into the space at the base
of the thorax. Their notes are eD4tted during the evening and night, and sometimes in
dark lowering weather in the afterpart of the day. It is not common, neither is it easy to
discover the retreats of this singular insect : the color of their wing-covers favors their
concealment among the foliage of the trees.
The katydid feeds upon leaves ; but it would not comport with the truth, to charge it
with doing much damage to the fanner.
FAMILY LOCUSTIDJK. 145
Phylloptera oblongifolia.
This species differs from the preceding in having the wing-covers narrower, flat and not
concave, the true wings extending beyond them, and they are deflected down the sides
abruptly. The most distinctive characteristic is the absence of the projecting integuments
between the forelegs.
Phaneroptera angusti folia ( Harris). ( Plate ix, fig. 1.)
Color brownish green : wings and wing-covers green, the former narrow, their upper and
lower edges Ijeing nearly parallel, forming an organ equal in width except at and
towards the base, shorter than the wings and rounded behind. Abdomen terminated
in the male by a short projection, which curves upward. The wings do not conceal
the body. Length of the body, three-fourths of an inch ; the whole length, about
the same as the katydid.
The habits of the three foregoing species are much the same, each kind coming to per-
fection in September ; but the sounds they emit are different.
f
Locustidae.
The name locust is applied usually in this country to our harvest-fly, which is commonly
called the seventeen-year locust. The term locust, however, is here improperly applied, in-
asmuch as the insects which have been known from time immemorial as locusts belong to
a different order from the harvest-flies. The rule of priority should be regarded in this
instance ; and, besides, the name harvest-fly is sufiiciently appropriate. The true locusts,
on the other hand, have been called grasshoppers ; a term which, by better usage, belongs
to the green insects of which the katydid is an example. The true locusts possess the
following characters : their antennse are shorter, and usually filiform ; the elytra longer
than the body, though, in forms removed from the typical, they become abbreviated and
distorted. The ovipositor of females is not exserted.
Genus LOCUSTA.
Antennse filiform, inserted into a slight depression between the eyes : head large ; eyes
ovate ; thorax furnished with a central sharp ridge ; elytra longer than the abdomen :
four anterior legs subequal, short ; posterior long, and formed for leaping ; tibiae all
furnished with a double row of spines.
LoccrsTA CAROLINA, ( Plate ix, fig. 9.)
Color brown, variegated with darker spots : wings black, margined with yellow ; apex
spotted with brown or blackish. Length an inch and a half j breadth, or expansion
of wings, nearly three inches. Common by roadsides.
( AsuicirLTUUAL REroET — Vol. v.] 19
146 ORDER ORTHOPTERA.
Locust A oorallina.
Color lii^Iit brown, sometimes dark. The wing-covers are marked towards tlicir tips with
a triangular yellowish spot, and two or three others on the same line more or less
obscure. Anterior border of the wings brown and variegated : the base is vermilion,
and widely bordered with brown or dusky and nebulous ; the inner portion of the
border darker than the outer, and the apex is still darker or more dusky.
Appears early in the spring : is rather smaller than the preceding, and more active.
LOCUSTA SULPHUREA.
Color brown, rather uniform in this respect, the wing-covers rather lighter at the apex ;
h&ae of the wings sulphur-yellow, varying in brightness in different individuals ;
mai^in broadly bordered with dusky, which extends in a sharp triangular patch upon
the three ncrvures towai-ds the base ; wing translucent, darker at the apex : abdomen
yellowish.
This is subeqnal to the corallina, appears rather later in the season, and frequents dry
places.
LocusTA NKBULOSA? (Harris). ( Plate ix, fig. 7.)
Color brown : thorax ridged, or furnished with a keel-like elevation, and divided in the
middle by a transverse fissure ; wings transparent, with a duskiness of the anterior
margin ; thighs banded transversely with yellowish and brown ; tibiee brown.
This species, though very common in Western Massachusetts, is described in part from
the figure, the original specimen being lost. So far as I can determine under the circum-
stances, it is the nebulosa of Harris, and yet he does not speak of the banded markings of
the thighs : in other respects, it agrees with his description of that species.
Gfnus ACRYDIUM.
Tliis genus diflers from Loccsta, in having a spine beneath, between the forelegs : the
ridge upon the top of the thorax is wanting or obsolete ; and the antennae are generally
longer, in consequence of the joints being more elongated, consisting of 24 or 25 joints.
ACEYDIUM FEMORRUBRUM. ( Plate ix, fig. 4.)
Color olive-bro\vn above, yellowish green beneath : autenuje pale yellow or olive, darker
at the tips ; face green or yellowish green ; thorax marked with two yellowish lines
extending between and along two outer angles, olive-brown upon the top ; also an-
other triangular area extending backward from each eye, the base resting upon it.
Wing-covers olive-brown, lighter upon the angles. Lower end of the femur sui-rounded
by a black belt, and the upper end of the tibia marked in the same way. Yellow
predominates upon the thighs beneath and inside ; top brown and reddish brown ;
tibia? and tarsi bright red, terminated by four spines : beneath yellowish.
FAMILY LOCUSTID^. 147
ACRYDIUM FLAVOVITTATUM.
This common species is larger than the former, and is marked with a yellowish stripe
on each side from the forehead to the tips of the wing-covers. Length 1| - 2 inches.
Very common in haying time, and often found in barns among the newly gathered hay.
Genus TETRIX.
This genus differs from Locusta and Acrydium, by the long and sharp triangular outline
when seen from above, or rather the double triangular form of the body of the insect, the
base or widest part being between the middle legs, from which it tapers each way ; the
head being smaller than in the former genera. The insect is small, with small wing-covers ;
but the wings are large in proportion to the size of the body, and scollopped on the edge.
The females have four boring appendages, which are notched on their edges.
Dr. Harris divides the genus into two groups : first group, antennae 13- or 14 jointed;
second group, 22-jointed, with additional characters not necessary to be noted here.
For a very full account of these three genera, see Harris's Treatise on Insects, 2d ed.
CIIAJPTliJR XI\%
ORDER IV. APHANIPTERA(Kirby)
SUCTOKIA ( Degeee). APTERA ( Lamarck).
To avoid incongruities in classification, all that family of insects known as fleas, have
been separated from their associates, and made an order under the name above given :
the oi-der therefore consists of the single family of the Pulicid^, of which the common
flea, Pulex irntansj is the leading type. The body of this insect is covered with a firm
integument, somewhat shining, and more or less covered with bristles arranged in rows.
Its mouth is suctorial, and is composed of a complete apparatus both for inflicting wounds,
and for sucking the blood or juices into the stomach.
The Pdlicid^ are all small insects, yet their anatomy is well known, as made out in a
very elaborate manner by Cuetis, Westwood, and M. Duces. The mouth is composed of
seven pieces : it has two round eyes situated upon the sides of the head, and antennae
placed behind them in a small cavity which is usually closed with a lid or scale. The
thorax has three segments : the abdomen is large ; the wings are represented by small
scales ; the legs are long, but muscular, and hence are capable of performing wonderful
feats in leaping.
The flea appears to have a choice among the animals it selects for its prey : the pig and
dog seem to enjoy a preference ; and for its favorite haunts it selects filthy straw, shavings,
litter of most kinds, and dry sandy spots. In these places, under favorable conditions, fleas
increase enormously ; and the surface of sand where hogs have been littered during the
winter is often black with them, especially in southern countries.
The chigre, or jigger, Pulex penetrans, of the West Indies, belongs to this family : indeed
the species of Pulex are quite numerous ; thus the dog, bat, hedgehog, mole, mouse, and
cat have each their peculiar species. So even birds are infested with parasites belonging to
this genus.
It is in warm climates that the pests of this family most particularly abound, and their
torments are most felt and dreaded, rendering a residence there extremely uncomfortable.
In our own country, cleanliness is the antidote to fleas. The dooryard is frequently the
nursery for them, especially where chips and decaying wood are allowed to accumulate,
mixed with straw, the refuse of the kitchen, and the blood of domestic animals that have
been killed for food.
An infusion of tobacco is an effectual remedy for domestic animals against fleas, and
the heaps of filth in which they are engendered should be removed and burnt.
CHAPTER XV.
ORDER V. HOMOPTERA.
OMOPTEKA ( Leach). HEMIPTERA ( Lateeille).
The insects of this order are provided with a suctorial mouth, resembling in this respect
the Heteropteka, but with the mouth placed nearer the sternum. Notwithstanding this
resemblance, the two orders are quite distinct, and the lines of demarkation well defined.
The wings of the Homoptera, in the first place, are entirely membranous, and do not
overlap when at rest ; the antennae are short and setiform, and the tarsi number three
joints. The metamorposis is of that kind called semicomplete, and the pupa is therefore
active.
In this order are found insects of very remarkable forms : it is true, such a remark is
often made respecting other orders, yet probably no insect shows more grotesqueness of
outline than the leafhopper. Some subdivisions of the order contain insects which singly
are perfectly insignificant ; yet as they increase to an enormous extent during a single
season, they become, from numbers alone, a formidable foe to the interests of the farmer.
The Homoptera are divided into three families : 1 . The harvest- flies, called in sy-
stematic arrangement Cicadida, or cicadians ; 2. The plant-lice, Jlphididce ; and, 3. The
BAKK-LicE, Coccida.
Cicadidae.
ANTENN.E short, awl-shapcd, and terminated with a bristleform point : eyelets three ;
wings and wing-covers inclined at the sides of the body, transparent and reticulated ;
feet three-jointed ; integument of the body hard and firm. Females furnished with
an ovipositor lodged in a furrow beneath the abdomen. Insects walk and fly.
The harvest-flies are so called from the circumstance that they make their appearance
about the time of harvest. They possess some remarkable characters which have served to
give certain species a great notoriety, particularly the seventeen-year locust, which makes
its visits only at intervals of seventeen years, and then in great numbers : hence its
systematic name. Cicada septendecim.
150 ORDER HOMOPTERA.
Cicada septemdecim.
The males are distinguished from the females by the possession of an apparatus for the
production of a rather sharp and rattling sound, which may be heard imto the distance of
a mile. The females are destitute of this apparatus, and may be known from the males by
the ovipositor before alluded to. The musical or sounding organs are situated on the sides
of the insect, just behind the wings. They consist of plaited convex membranes, of a
texture somewhat like thin parchment, and lodged in small cavities in the sides : these
membranes emit their peculiar sound by means of muscles attached to their insides, which
serve alternately to increase and diminish their tension with a rapidity almost inconcei-
vable, while other accessory members assist in augmenting the loudness of the tone thus
produced by the vibrating membranes.
The Cicada septendecim is black or dusky : anterior margin of the wing-covers, and
larger veins or nervures orange red ; eyes, rings of the body, and legs of the same color.
Expansion of wings from 2^ - 3J inches. The figure near the tip of the wing-cover re-
sembles the letter W.
The most interesting fact connected with the history of the seventeen-year locust, is the
mode in which the species deposits eggs and makes provision for its future progeny. The
insect, in this climate, issues from the ground about the middle of June. As soon as the
wings of the perfect insect are in a condition for flying, it selects a tree for the scene of its
future oi^erations. The sexes pair, and, soon after, the female prepares to deposit her eggs.
She selects the extremity of a limb for this purpose, and applies the ovipositor, which is
fitted both for perforating the branch, and for sawing it in such a way as to separate and
detach the fibres, which are afterwards made to serve as a surrounding protection to the
eggs. The eggs are deposited along a line in which some ten or fifteen perforations are
made, some of which receive two eggs apiece. Soon after her labor is accomplished, the
insect dies of exhaustion. The limb or twig, which has received its burthen, speedily
perishes, and, being nearly severed from its supporting branch, falls to the ground, bearing
with it the eggs ; or, if the twig be not detached, the eggs are hatched in place, and the
young fall or precipitate themselves to the ground. Whether hatched above or upon the
ground, they soon penetrate the earth, descending among the deeper roots, where they
attach themselves ; and there they remain, extracting the juices of the roots by means of
the sucker with which they are provided.
Miss Margaretta H.Morris has the credit of having first observed the fact that the
larvae of the cicadidse were injurious to fruit trees, by wounding the roots with their
suckers, and drawing therefrom their sustenance. It would seem that in consequence of
these wounds, and the drainage of sap by the numerous individuals thus attached, the
root becomes unhealthy, and incompetent to supply the tree with its requisite amount of
nutriment. Under some circumstances, therefore, where a fruit-tree becomes sickly without
an apparent cause, a search about the roots may disclose the fact observed by Miss Morris ;
FAMILY CICADID.E. iSi
but Ihe long-settled districts of the State, those which were reclaimed from the forest fifty
years ago, will not be so much subject to attacks of the kind. Observation at the time of
the appearance of these insects will tend to throw some light upon the question, whether,
for instance, a certain tree was known to have been infested by them.
The Cicada lays between.fom- and five hundred eggs ; and hence the provision for the
continuance of the species, it would seem, is ample : in consequence, however, of the
accidents to which it is subjected in its larva and pupa state, its increase is by no means
great, and in the older sections of New-York and New-England it certainly does not hold
its own in numbers.
Tlie larva does not necessarily descend deep into the earth : never beyond the reach of
the roots of the trees on which it feeds ; and in some places where I have seen it issue
from the earth, it could not have penetrated directly more than six inches, in consequence
of the underlying rock. It is hardly necessary to repeat the old notion respecting them,
that they continue to descend for eight and a half years, and then begin their return to the
surface ; yet it is well established that they appear only at intervals of seventeen years,
making some allowance for the irregular appearance of a few which may precede or
succeed the main brood a year or two earlier or later than the rule allows. For a similar
reason, probably, the cicada does not appear the same year in different parts of the coun-
try*.
Mr. Harris has given, in his treatise on insects injurious to vegetation, a long list of the
times when and places where the seventeen-year locust has made its visits, together with
an interesting history of the economy and habits of this singular animal. The insect, ac-
cording to the author referred to, does not select any particular species of tree in preference
npon which to deposit its eggs : most, if not all kinds of trees except the pine and fir,
have been found with their limbs pierced by it.
The eggs, according to the observations of Miss Morris, are hatched in forty-two days :
others say in less time ; but however this may be, prior to the time of hatching, most of
the wounded branches which have received eggs are detached, and have fallen to the
ground : at least this was the case when they appeared in the vicinity of Troy about the
year 1830. The twigs perish much sooner when wounded by this insect, than if a wound
of etjual magnitude were inflicted upon them with a knife : indeed, in a very few hours
after receiving a deposit of eggs, the twig is perfectly dead.
The extent of injury inflicted by the th«se locusts upon forest and fruit trees does not
seem to be very serious : it amounts to only a foreshortening of the limbs ; and if the
tree is injured at all, it speedily recovers. The injury is far less than that which often
follows when the wound is made in the axis of growth. No remedy seems to be required,
• Harbi!' : Insects injurious vegetation, p. 183. The ieptendecim appeared in Madison county (New- York)
in 18J5.
152 ORDER HOMOPTERA.
unless when a fruit-tree becomes infested, in which case all the dead branches may be
removed and burned.
Cicada cANicuLARis. Dogday Harvestfly. (Plate ix, fig. 3.)
Body black : the head beneath, breast and sides mealy ; top of the head and thorax
ornamented with olive-green lines connected together so as to form characters, one of
which upon the thorax resembles the letter W. Legs, front of the principal veins of
the wing-covers and wings edged with green. The body of this species is thicker and
proportionally shorter than the septendedm : abdomen of the male tapers raindly.
Appears late in July, and continues into September.
According to the observations of Mr. Harkis, this species is very regular in the time
of its appearance : for many years in succession, it has been heard for the first time at
Cambridge on the twenty-lil'th day of July, between the hours of ten in the forenoon and
two in the afternoon. It is therefore an annual visitor, in which respect it differs widely
from the preceding species, while its other habits are much the same. It deposits its eggs
in the extremities of the branches of various trees. It is not particularly injurious to fruit
trees, nor indeed to any other species of vegetation ; besides, it never has appeared in
sufficient numbers to excite any apprehension of injury.
Cicada NovEBORACENsis. ' (Plate ix, fig. 2.)
Body black : veins of wing-covers and wings, thorax and abdominal rings edged or or-
namented with orange.
This species is smaller than either of the preceding ; but it appeai-s annually, and has
the same habits as to the mode of depositing its eggs. It is never in sufficient numbers to
inflict serious iiyury to forest or fruit trees.
Tree-hoppers, Leaf-hoppers, etc.
Form triangular, but variable in the diflerent genera : eyelets two ; musical instruments
none ; locomotion by leaps aided by wings.
These grotesque insects inhabit the trunks, limbs and leaves of trees : they are small ;
colors green, gray, with spots or cloudiness of the wings ; faces often vertical or nearly
so, with the thorax and anterior parts thick, whence they taper rapidly to the extreme
points of the wings ; legs furnished with spines. The species are very numerous, each tree
and shrub being inhabited by its own peculiar kind.
As this group of insects have habits much the same as the cicadians, and obtain their
nutriment by sucking the juices of plants, it is supposed that in some cases they may be
detrimental to vegetation : they cannot, however, injure the farmer very materially,
though as a class they are quite numerous.
FAMILY MEMBRACIDJE. 153
The following species are among the most interesting, and deserve attention as much,
if not more, from their peculiar forms and habits, as from their infliction of injury upon
the products of the farm*.
Membracidae.
Genus ENTILIA (Germar). ( Plate xiii.)
Back more or less notched or sinuate : thorax foliaceous.
Entilia sinuata ( Fab.). ( Plate xiii, fig. 11.)
Back deeply sinuate-notched, or slightly angulated. Color brown : wings variegated with
a patch of grayish white, broad upon the lower margin, and becoming narrow upon
the superior.
Entilia emarginata. ( Plate xiii, fig. 13.)
Back deeply notched or sinuate. Color brown : proportionately shorter than the sinuata.
Entilia concava (Say). ( Plate xiii, fig. 10.)
Back simply sinuate, more depressed than in either of the preceding species. Color brown :
wings obscurely banded with gray posteriorly.
The preceding species differ but little in size : they are about a quarter of an inch in
length, and inhabit the Canada thistle and other herbs and trees, but are not known to
injure any of tlie cultivated plants.
Genus SMILIA (Germar). ( Plate iii.)
Back rounded ; the front sometimes overhanging the head, and higher than the back.
Smilia auriculata ( Fitch). ( Plate iii, fig. 23.)
Back rounded, high and arched anteriorly : color green ; front projecting along the
median line.
Smilia guttata. ( Plate iii, figs. 21, 22.)
Back slightly arched, nearly straight, fuliginous : oblique anterior band narrow and
obscure ; posterior is a large greenish spot, extending nearly to the inferior margin
of the wing-covers : a still more obscure grayish marking posteriorly,
* For specimens and names of the^ following genera and species, I am indebted to onr distinguished entomologist,
Dr. Asa Fitch, of Washington county.
[ Agricultural Report — Vol. v.] 20
1S4 ORDER HOMOPTERA.
Smilia T1RIDI8. ( Plate iii, fig. 25.)
Arch of the back sloping towards the head ; the projection over the face wanting ; face
rounded. Color of the sides green, dusky along the back : wings ornamented with a
transverse gray patch near their extremities.
Smilia vittata. ( Plate iii, figs. 27, 28.)
Back only slightly arched ; middle rather concave. Color brownish, ornamented with a
greenish band which extends diagonally from the front to the lower margin of the
wing-covers ; also two transverse green spots, one on the middle, the other upon the
posterior part of the wing-covers.
Genxts CYRTOSIA ( Fitch). ( Plate xiii.)
Humeral angles rounded, not salient : dorsum compressed, foliaceous, forming a regularly
arched keel highest near its middle, and at most with a slight concavity posteriorly ;
apical cellule triangular, its end rounded (Fitch).
Cyrtosia arcuata. ( Plate xiii, fig. 14.)
Body regularly arched, highest about the centre of the back. Color light yellowish, mar-
bled with fuscous : a shade of fuscous passes transversely across the sides, back of
the middle.
Cyrtosia fcliginosa. (Plate xiii, fig. 15.)
Back regularly arched. Color dark fuscous or brown, variegated with lighter anterior to
the middle.
Genus TELAMONA. ( Plate iii.)
Body or back surmounted by an angular foliaceous protuberance or crest.
Telamona AMPELOPsiDis (Har.). Woodbine Telanwna. ( Plate iii, fig. 17.)
Crest or protuberance rather concave in fi-ont, sloping moderately on its dorsum, and
forming with the steep posterior slope an obtuse angle. Color light fuscous, traversed
by a darker clouded line from the concavity of the crest to the middle of the inferior
margin. Inhabits the woodbine.
Telamona FAGi ( Fitch). ( Plate iii, fig. 19.)
Dorsal crest notched posteriorly. Color dark fuscous : sides of the head light j wing
posteriorly light, terminated with a darker shade.
Telamona unicolor. ( Plate iii, figs. 5, 5.)
Dorsal crest rounded. Color yellow, or only slightly tinged with fuscous.
FAMILY MEMBRACID^. ' 155
Telamona coHYLi. ( Plate iii, fig. 11.)
Crest straight upon the superior edge, which inclines slightly backwards ; posteriorly it
is concave. Color dirty yellow : margins of the crest fuscous. There is a semicircular
spot on the sides beneath : apex of the wing-covers also marked with fuscous.
Telamona ceat^gi. ( Plate iii, figs. 3, 4.)
Dorsal crest narrow at base, high and slightly concave behind and convex before, placed
in advance upon the thorax. Color of the crest black or very dark brown, which is
prolonged upon the sides to the inferior margin of the wing-covers ; wing-covers
tipped also with black : sides anteriorly light, and with a light band between the two
dark bands. Inhabits the different species of thornapple.
Telamona ohnata. (Plate iii, figs. 15, 16.)
Crest wide, rounded anteriorly, sharply angulated behind : color fuscous. The pattern of
the ornamental markings resembles those of T, cratagi, only they are lighter and the
proportions somewhat different.
Telamona acclivata. (Plate iii, figs. 9, 10.)
Dorsal crest twice as wide at the base as at the simimil, the posterior half rising only half
as high as the anterior half.
Telamona reclivata.
Anterior edge of the crest forming a straight line with the head ; superior line nearly
straight ; posterior margin large, concave. Color fuscous, lighter before than behind.
Telamona querci. ( Plate iii, figs. 7, 8.)
Dorsal crest wide at the base, bounded by a large concavity before and behind, convex or
rounded above, and about half as wide at the summit as at the base.
Telamona tdrriculata. ( Plate iii, figs. 1, 2.)
Thorax surmounted by a high narrow crest, rising somewhat in advance of the face j
posteriorly the concavity is large, and continuous with the entire back.
Genus CERESA (Amy & Serv.). ( Plate iii.)
Ceresa diceros ( Say). ( Plate iii, figs. 33, 34.)
Brown : sides of the wing-covers ornamented with two dark and pointed patches of brown.
Ceresa bubalcs (Fab.).
Wing-covers and thorax greenish : sides mottled with fuscous.
156 ORDER HOMOPTERA.
Genus THELIA (Amy & Serv.). ( Plate iii.)
Dorsal protuberance horn-like, advancing in front, rising high obliquely upwards and
forwards.
Thelia BiMAcuLATA (Fab.). ( Plate iii, figs. 31, 32.)
Color dark fuscous along the back and sides : inferior part of the sides marked with an
elongate patch of yellowish (male).
Thelia LUTiPEs. ( Plate iii, fig. 18.)
Crest advanced beyond the front : posterior margin forms a straight line with the back.
Thelia binotata. ( Plate iii, fig. 17.)
Crest arched anteriorly, narrow, concave behind. Color light brown : back lighter, and
marked by two brownish spots.
Gakcara cinekeum. ( Plate xiii, fig. 3.)
Color brown, punctured : towards the front it is traversed by a pretty broad belt of
lighter, in form and shape like an arrowhead, with its point towards the head, and
resting upon the median ridge ; posteriorly it is traversed by a narrow belt, which
runs directly across the back. Length two-tenths of an inch.
Gargaba MAcuLiFKONTis. ( Plate xiii, fig. 1 .)
Color light brown and lightly mottled : front marked by an oblong dark brown spot,
situated nearly between the eyes ; posteriorly it is traversed by two faint or lighter
bands directly across the back.
Gargaka majus. ( Plate xiii, fig. 6.)
Color blackish, punctured. Apex of the wing-covers black or blackish brown, extending
farther upon the sides than upon the ridge, nearly meeting another transverse broad
band of the same color, and leaving an oval or roundish lighter space between them :
the dark anterior band does not cross the sharp ridge of the back, but leaves a con-
tinuation of the same color as the anterior and middle parts. Thighs dark brown.
Length one-fourth of an inch, and sometimes rather exceeding that measure.
This species has the regular rounded outline somewhat broken by the sudden falling off
of the ridge posteriorly.
Gargara querci. ( Plate xiii, fig. 8.)
Color brown, and dark brown upon the middle of the sides : middle of the back marked
by a long oval yellow patch. Near the apex of the hemelytra there is a small roundish
I>atch of yellow : legs yellow. Length two lines.
FAMILY MEMBRACIDiE. 157
Gakgara discoidalis.
Color brown, and traversed by two light bands ; the front band pointing forward, its edges
undulating, with a much darker space behind it, and crossing the back. The posterior
band crosses the back directly, and is also bordered behind by a darker belt : legs
brown. Length rather more than two-tenths of an inch.
It resembles the cinererim, but is more elevated at the centre of the back, and the dis-
tribution of the colors is rather diflerent.
Gargara pubescens. ( Plate xiii, fig. 3.)
Color dark browTi : sides marked by a light punctured band enclosing a half-oval black
space, or very dark brown ; posteriorly it is traversed by a Ijght band directly across
it. Wings terminated by a dusky patch, before which there is a large patch of white.
This species is rather depressed, and flat upon the top of its back. Length two-tenths
of an inch.
Gargara inermis. ( Plate xiii, fig. 7.)
Back rounded. Color yellow bordering upon green, punctured : punctures and color dis-
tributed very uniformly over the individual.
Gargara pectoralis. ( Plate xiii, fig. 12.)
Color greenish yellow, dotted with green : there is a patch of yellowish and greenish
white above the eyes. The wings are traversed transversely by narrow belts of light
green and white, when they are uncovered by the hemelytra : legs obscurely banded
with brown. Length nearly two-tenths of an inch.
Gargara nigricephala.
Elevated in front. Color very dark olive brown, banded transversely in front, directly
behind the eyes : sides banded transversely, which bands meet in the front band
behind the eyes ; head black ; legs yellowish. Length two-tenths of an inch.
The general reader will be able, from the figures which are given of a few of the genera
and species belonging to this subdivision of the Homoptera (or HEMiPTERA),to distinguish
them from other insects. It is true they are small in number, or at least less numerous than
the plant-lice, aphida : still their forms and habits, as well as consistence, will always
serve as diagnostic marks. So far as their food is concerned, as well as their mode of
obtaining it, they resemble plant-lice : they wound the plant by puncturing it with their
beaks, and suck the juices. When they are few in number, they do but little mischief : on
the contrary, where they are niunerous, the wounds they inflict, and the diversion of sap
they occasion, have quite an injurious eflfect upon the health and perfection of the plant.
Among the plants most liable to be injured by them, the vine probably suffers the most;
for it abounds in sap, and hence offers support to large colonies of these insects.
169 ORDER HOMOPTERA.
In the eighth volume of the Encyclopsedia Americana, Dr. Harris has described the
leafhopper, Tettigonia vitis. It is about the tenth of an inch long, and arrives at maturity
in the month of August : it is of a pale straw-color, and inhabits both the native and
foreign grape vines, and, in some seasons, is so numerous as to affect seriously the vines
and fruit. They adhere to the underside of the leaves, and hence the remedy proposed,
which consists in fumigation with tobacco, will be more effectual than il" they inhabited
the upper side. For the purpose of fumigation, the vine or its trellis should be covered
with a tent, and the process may be persisted in until the insect is thoroughly routed or
destroyed.
Rosebushes sometimes become infested with a kind of leafhopper, the Tettigonia rosa^
which may be treated in the same way.
As the insects of this family hop briskly, they cannot be dislodged from the vines by
shaking, nor is it practicable to catch them : it hence becomes necessary to destroy them
by fumigation, or by the application to the leaves and vines of some substance destructive
to the insects, but which will not injure the plant. Whale-oil soap in solution is another
remedy whose application has been followed with success.
As these insects take refuge among the fallen leaves and underlying grass, where they
survive the winter, the leaves and grass should be carefully removed and burned, either
after the weather has become cold in the autumn, or in the spring before vegetation has
put forth. All these methods should be resorted to, where vines suffer from too great an
abundance of these insects.
ApMdiclae.
The aphidians ( plant-lice) are a group of insects with soft bodies of an oval form, and
furnished posteriorly with two tufts or pores. The females are generally wingless, though
not always. The upper pair, answering to the wing-covers in the Hemiptera proper, are
larger, and are used for the pui-pose of flight, or to assist in leaping.
The leaping plant-lice belong to the Genus Psylla : the young are covered with a
cottony substance, and are found upon the alder and some other plants in the spring.
The genus to which the name Aphis has been given, from which the name of the family
is derived, and which signifies to exhaust, is one of the most remarkable in the class of
insects : feeble and entirely unprotected, the insect is crushed by a touch, or swept away
by a breath. It is, however, provided with the means of increase to an immense extent ;
and, hence. In consequence of this extraordinary power, in virtue of its numbers alone it
is competent to inflict the most serious injury upon the plants it inhabits. Most plants are
infested with them ; and each particular kind of plant, shrub and tree, supports its own
peculiar species, though it does not seem to be proved that the juices of many plants may
FAMILY APHIDID^. ld§
not furnish wholesome nutriment to several dififerent species of insects. Indeed the same
plant may bear two or more kinds of lice, and they may occupy the root, leaf, stem, or
bud.
I have alluded to the greatness of the number of aphides. Considerable attention has
been paid to this part of their natural history. Reaumijr has probably investigated the
mode and rate in which they increase, better than any other naturalist : he ascertained
that a single individual may be the progenitor of six thousand millions of individuals
during the life of five generations. The eggs are laid in the autumn upon the buds of the
plant, and are hatched in the spring : this takes place when the leaf is just expanding
and tender, to which the delicate aphis is attached by its sucker, and from which it sucks
the juice. They grow rapidly, and speedily come to maturity. The most remarkable fact
connected with this first brood, which is hatched from the egg, is, that the individuals,
however numerous, are all wingless females, which present this anomaly, that they are
competent, without intercourse with the male, to beget another generation of females, and
this another, and so on to the seventh generation. After these generations have succeeded
each other, another generation, consisting of males and females, is produced in the au-
tumn : pairing takes place, and the eggs are laid upon the buds as has been stated, and
in due time are hatched ; and thus the broods are produced in the successive seasons after
the same fashion. The generations all perish in the autumn, and the subsequent continua-
tion of the race is committed to the egg. The males have wings.
A young leaf that curls, or looks unhealthy, is probably infested with aphides : they
will often be found clustered together, engaged in sucking the jviices of the leaf; and as
they are voracious feeders, nature has provided them with the means of ejecting their food
in an uncommon way. This is done through the two posterior tubes : the ejected matter
appears first in the form of a pellucid fluid, which is sweet, and has received the name of
honeydew. Ants, being fond of sweet fluids, are in the habit of frequenting plants infested
with aphides, which they treat in a very gentle and tender manner, feeding merely upon
the fluid without inflicting the slightest injury upon the insects that draw it from the
plant. Another insect, however, the lacevnng, unceremoniously thrusts its curved beak
into the sides of the aphis, and sucks the insect dry, leaving nothing but an empty skin.
The presence of ants upon a plant indicates also the presence of aphides.
The aphis, as already stated, infests most plants : the rose, the asters, apple, peach,
pear, cabbage, etc. etc. are only a few among many upon which we may find it to an in-
jurious extent. Besides it is not unfrequently the case that they exist beneath the soil and
upon the roots, where they cluster together in vast numbers, and extract the ascending
nutriment : these are usually white.
The peach-tree is known to suffer extremely from the aphis, which, when numerous,
aflects it in a way that prevents its bearing fruit. My own trees suffered for three succes-
160 ORDER HOMOPTERA.
live seasons from this insect : the young leaves of the first product curled, thickened,
became red or brown, and most of them perished. The trees aftenvards put forth a new
crop of leaves, and all survived, though the fruit was destroyed in the blossom. ( For a
delineation of the peachtree aphis, see Plate xxix, fig. 7.)
It is evident from the foregoing remarks, that plant-lice are injurious, both tlirough the
wounds they inflict uix)n the parts of the plant they inhabit, and from the fluids or nu-
triment they abstract from the circulation. As a family, their habits are the same, but
some species or kinds appear to be more injurious than others ; and it seems difficult to
account for all the effects they produce, unless they possess a poisonous principle. In
support of this observation, I may state that the pear is infested with a kind that kills the
tree when young. Of this fact, I was informed by Dr. Ovid Plumb of Salisbury (Connecti-
cut) : the limbs or twigs which he showed me were brown and dry in patches. Afterwards
Mr. Haebis of Cambridge investigated the matter, the results of wliich he has commimi-
cated in his work on insects injurious to vegetation. Dr. Plumb, who was the first to notice
these minute parasites of the pear-tree, entered with much zeal and spirit into the in-
vestigation of their eifects, and of the remedies to destroy them.
The genus to which this insect belongs is Psylla, one of the jumping plant-lice, but
destitute of the cotton-like covering. From the observations of Dr. Plumb, it appears to
give birth to two or more broods during the year, being found upon the pear from May
to October. They first appeared upon imported trees. My own trees, which were obtained
fix>m Rochester, and were also imported, had many limbs that appeared rusty and dry ;
and though these limbs were lost, the trees survived. The appearances of the limbs were
similar to those of the branches preserved by Dr. Plumb ; but I was unable to find the
aphis, although I sought for it diligently.
This insect is described as of a dull orange color, and one-tenth of an inch long when
perfect : the thorax is brownish orange. The female is more pointed behind than the male.
According to Mr. Harris, it may prove to be the Psylla pyn of Europe. It may be well
to remark, that when the branches of a pear-tree become dark and dry in patches, it is
advisable to search for this insect. The remedies recommended are, first, rubbing off the
lice with a brush. Mr. Harris advises the application of strong soapsuds with sulphur,
by means of a brush, before the buds expand : so also the use of whale-oil soap*.
The insects of the Genus Thrips, likewise belonging to the Family ApHiniDiE, are also
injurious. Their wings, instead of lying obliquely upon their backs as in the Genus Aphis,
lie flat, and are fringed. They are supposed to poison plants by their puncture, producing
thereby curls and a thickening of the tissues of the leaf. They may be treated with soap
and water, or whale-oil soap dissolved in water : a strong decoction of tansy may serve.
* Harris on Insects injurious to vegetation, p. 202.
FAMILY APHIDID^. 161
A species of Thrips infests the If ernel of wheat while in its milk state ; and it is quite
doubtful whether this one can be destroyed by the application of fine slaked lime, as has
been recommended : still, w^hen the dew is on the plant, a free sjn'inkling may be tried,
which, if not successful in the way designed, will at least benefit the soil.
The disease called appletree blight is due to another genus of aphides, the Eriosoma.
It is a woolly insect, destitute of wings, but is wafted from tree to tree by the buoyancy of
its woolly envelope. The eggs, only visible under a microscope, are enveloped in a cotton-
like substance found in crotches of the tree and chinks of the bark ; and if there are
suckers standing around the tree, it may be found on them also. The full-grown insect is
one-tenth of an inch long, emits a sticky juice from its extremity, and is covered with
flakes of down : when this is removed, the color of the antennae, head, sucker, and spines
is blackish ; abdomen honey-yellow ( Harris). It feeds upon the sap of the alburnum of
the apple-tree ; and the wounds it inflicts give origin to warts, excrescences, and inequali-
ties upon the bark : the final result of its attack is the death of the tree.
It appears from the accounts which have been published of the ravages of this aphis in
England and in this country, that the only hope of arresting the evil lies in beginning at
once, or as soon as the insect makes its appearance. After it has extended itself far and
wide upon the large trees of an orchard, it becomes exceedingly diflicult to arrest its
progress, and this probably only happens in cases when the weather becomes unfavorable
to the life and propagation oi the insect. The rational way to go to work, will be to scrape
thoroughly all the trunks and larger limbs, and then to scrub the surface with strong
soapsuds, or whitewash them. When the trunk beneath the soil and the roots are infested,
extend the treatment to these parts also. Mr. Harris recommends a solution of potash,
and to protect all the wounded parts by grafting wax, and also the removal of all refuse
from and about the tree that may contain the eggs or the living animals : cut off, like-
wise, and burn all the smaller limbs. It seems that all strongly scented solutions, such as
tobacco water, ammonia, etc. are more or less effectual remedies against the depredations
of the various kinds of aphides.
Another interesting and important fact in natural history is that plant-lice have nume-
rous foes, that prey upon and destroy them in great numbers : among these foes we may
rank the numerous species of Coccinella, or ladybirds (See Plate xi, where several of the
most common kinds are figured). A person unacquainted with these small and beautiful
insects, on seeing them upon an infected plant, might mistake their characters and office,
and attribute to their presence the sickly state of the plant. He could not well commit a
greater mistake ; and to convince himself of this, he would only need to watch the move-
ments of the little beetle for a short time, when he would find that its errand was one of
kindness to him and his plant, for he would soon observe it feeding upon the plant-lice :
these constitute its food, both in the larva and mature states, so that its services in re-
[ AeBicuLTURAi. Eepobt — Vol. v.] 21
161 . ORDER HOMOPTERA.
moving the plant-lice are by no means inconsiderable. He might, indeed, advantageously
stock his house-plants with the coccinelki, for the purpose of keeping them clear of lice.
I have already adverteil to the lacewing : in its larva state, it is probably one of the
most sanguinary enemies of plant-lice. Where these abound, the eggs of the lacewing may
be seen each supported on the end of a slender thread .The larva or grub is provided with
a large pair of ciuved pointed hollow jaws, with which he seizes the aphis, and sucks all
the fluid contents of its body, leaving nothing but a collapsed skin.
Mr. KiRBv states the fact, which is also now well known to many, that a fly belonging
to the Genus Sykphus is equally effective in exterminating the aphis ; their larvse or
maggots having completely exterminated a colony which had a week before infested his
currant-bushes.
Coccidae.
The bark-lice form a third division of singular insects, from which, judging from the
appearance of a few individuals among them, we should never expect serious injury to
trees or plants. They vary in form : sometimes they are kidney-shaped scabs, beneath
which, at some period or other, may be found a brood of minute lice : others are oval,
quite large and globular, of a dark gray color, and are fixed to the surface of the bark, or
have lost the power of locomotion ; these are females. •
As an illustration of the character of the Coccida, I may state that the matter of the
cochineal of commerce, brought to us from Mexico, is an insect of this family.
These insects are usually known under the name of bark-lice, of which the kind that
inhabits the branches of the appletree is probably the most common. They difier in struc-
ture from the aphides, their feet consisting of a single joint terminating in a claw. The
male is quite small in comparison with the female, and, like that of the aphis, is provided
with wings, which are two in number, and lie flat upon the body as in the Genus Thrips.
The female, after she has become fixed to the limb or bark of the tree, having lost the
power of locomotion, brings forth beneath her a brood of young, which, when able to run
about, escape from the dry skin of the parent, and fix themselves by their beaks to the
bark, where they grow and become mature upon the sap of the tree.
A maple at my door in Hudson-street, Albany, is infested with thousands of individuals
of a species of Coccus, about the twentieth of an inch in length, and covered with the
woolly matter peculiar to the family, which imparts to the limbs a snowy appearance. On
the first of September, the back of the leaf supports some twenty individual females of a
green color, beneath which are the young.
Trees suffer from the minute punctures of bark-lice ; the apple-tree particularly, which
is infested with a kind that resembles a dry scale, having the color of the cuticle of the
bark on which it rests. The remedies for these depredators are the same as have been re
FAMILY COCCID^. 163
commended against aphides, particularly the brush, soap and water, and scraping the bark
with a suitable instrument. Several sorts of birds, such as wrens, chickadees, creepers, etc.
feed upon the larger coccidce.
A large brown coccus, the tenth of an inch in length, inhabiting the chestnut and black-
oak, gives origin to one kind of honeydew. These trees, in Warren county ( New York),
were teeming with a species of coccus in 18-38 ; and from their bodies drops of a sweet
fluid were cast, which, on falling to the ground, were formed into minute threads. These
appeared in sunlight like the threads issuing from the gossamer spider. The leaves and
grass were covered with this substance. The insect had an oval form, about the size of half
a marrowfat pea, with a brown, wrinkled, naked skin ; that is, it was destitute of a woolly
or cottony covering.
The currant-bush at present suffers from the attacks of an aphis, which has been in-
creasing in numbers for three or four years past. The insect occupies, as usual, the under
surface of the leaves. The female is uniformly green, and provided with antennse longer
than the body, and three rows of bristles along the back : body ovatq, thicker behind,
with the honey-tubes near or along the outer row of bristles. It produces a thickening and
reddening of the leaf, and the crisped condition that comes from punctured wounds of the
parenchyma. This valuable plant should receive a timely attention, before the insect has
increased much in numbers ; and as a remedy, whale-oil soap is undoubtedly the best.
The snowball ( Viburnum) has been infested for years with a peculiar aphis, which
effectually destroys the beauty of the shrub. In some cases the leaves are all crisped and
rolled, and the consequence is the total loss of the beautiful and ornamental flowers pe-
culiar to this species of Viburnum. The insect makes its appearance with the expansion of
the first leaves, and continues through the season. The usual applications which have been
recommended, should be employed upon this plant.
The black cherry, also, is infested with an aphis in July. The community consists of
males and females. Males : antennse black and equal to the body in length, pointed
forward ; head and thorax black or greenish black ; abdomen green ; wings twice the
length of the body ; thighs and tarsi black. Females green ; antennse two-thirds the
length of the body, turned over the back or pointed backwards ; tarsi black ; wings ru-
dimentary. This aphis lives upon the uppermost leaves of the young virginian cherrytree,
where the females produce their usual efiiects, the curling, thickening, reddening, and
finally the death of the leaves.
For fruit trees, it appears to me that the best remedies against insects are those of a
preventative character. Trees that are kept in a thrifty growing condition by the applica-
tion of manures, ard the use of means to keep the bark clean and smooth, rarely suffer
from lice. Among both plants and animals, the feeble are generally those which suffer
from parasites. It is not, I believe, because the tree has become weakened in the first place
by them, but, on the contrary, the plant (and so also with the animal) first suffers for the
1€4 ORDER HOMOPTERA.
want of proper nutriment, or by other neglect. It is true that a vigorous plant or animal
may become infested with parasites ; but these cases are exceptions, and not the rule. We
have therefore every motive to induce us to protect and nourish our plants and animals,
both for the greater profit they will render us, and as a security against disease and the
attacks of parasitic animals.
Atmospheric Blighti
There is a disease among cultivated herbaceous plants, the origin of which is not deter-
mined. The plant, as the June pea, for example, begins to dry and whiten below : this
dryness extends upwards, and sometimes so rapidly that the crop of pease is lost ; but
whether this be the case or not, the crop will be greatly diminished, and the early death
of the whole plant is the consequence. The disease may be said to be a premature decay
and death of the plant : it is equivalent to a blight, or to the potato disease. The question
that arises respecting it, is. Is it due to an insect, or to atmospheric causes 1 The answer
to this question is neither definitely negative nor positive. No insects have yet been de-
tected upon the pea ; and yet its root, which has not perhaps been sufficiently examined,
may disclose some insect that brings on this decay. As to the atmosphere, physiologists
may well differ : we ascribe to changes of the weather, those diseases and injuries that
cannot be referred to the attacks of insects. Remedies have not been proposed ; but it is
suggested that a change of seed may divert the calamity, or perhaps soaking the seeds in
muriate of ammonia or a weak solution of copperas, and then rolling them in plaster.
The lychnidea becomes sometimes affected with a white mouldiness, which makes its
appearance upon the leaves early in July, and destroys the beauty of the plant, beginning
upon the lowermost part of the leaf, and extending upwards until the whole is coated with
a fibrous matted mucor. It does not appear to be of animal origin : under a single lens, I
have not been able to discover any thing that looks like the work of an insect. The ques-
tion is. Whether this fungus is the consequence of a too feeble vital action ; or, to speak
more cautiously, whether what we call vital actions are enfeebled by any causes other than
those which may be attributed to wounds by insects ? The parenchyma of the leaf is not
destroyed, but the surface is covered with a white fibrous fungus, analogous to the coverng
of the gooseberry when affected with mildew.
In undertaking to assign a cause for effects of the foregoing kind, it should not be for-
gotten that a minute puncture may result in the production of a 'fungous growth : the
juice exuding from a wound, whether poisoned or not, undergoes a change that fits it for
the growth of fungi, which may be in some instances small and invisible, while in others
they extend over large surfaces, and, as in.the lychnidea and gooseberry, occupy in time
the whole leaf, or the whole surface of the fruit ; so that a puncture, to us invisible, and
which may be made by an insect, can yet be detected in its consequences. The greater
ATMOSPHERIC BLIGHT. 165
effect may be the fungous growth ; the lesser, the exudation of sap from the puncture, so
that in these cases the effect might be mistaken for the cause. The effect of remedies may-
aid us materially in arriving at a correct determination of the cause.
There is still another affection of the leaf, which results in the injury if not the death
of the plant. The elm, maple, chestnut, and several other trees are affected in the way
about to be described. Their leaves dry at the apex or on the edge, become brown, and
curl up. This affection may appear upon a small part of the leaf only, or it may cover the
whole surface of a part or all of the leaves upon a branch : if only a few leaves are dis-
eased, the branch will live ; if all, it dies simultaneously with the leaves ; and in some
instances the disease affects so many limbs, that the life of the tree is imminently threa-
tened. An elm standing before my door in Hudson-street has lost a part of its branches
every year for many years in succession. Another thrifty elm was extensively affected, and
most of its large branches died in the course of two weeks. The disease is the same in both
cases, and, I think, in all the instances which begin by the drying of the apex or margin
of the leaf, whatever may be the species of the tree. In no case could I find an insect to
which the effects could be attributed, but the affection seems to prevail most under the
influence of certain peculiar states of the weather ; and I have also observed, that when
the potato rot has been prevalent in its worst form, the trees have been most severely
affected with this disease.
This disease constitutes a form of blight, which, on a close examination of the leaves
and limb, proves itself to be independent of the cause that sometimes produces the pear
blight, and which Dr. Harris ascribes to the Scolytus pyri ( Peck). The external ap-
pearances in the two cases are identical, and yet the causes of the blight are different :
in the one case, it may originate in the wounds of the insect alluded to ; but in the other,
there can be no doubt that it is produced by atmospheric changes resulting from heat and
moisture combined. Some of our elms are affected every season ; and when the cause
operates intensely, several kinds of trees suffer in the same way : sometimes an entire
limb wilts and blackens in the course of two or three days ; and then again the disease is
confined to a few leaves, which fall off, and the limb lives ; while in yet others the edges
of the leaves dry and blacken, or one half of a leaf, the other half remaining unaffected.
I am of opinion that we should not attribute to insects a disease that runs the course above
described ; and as it occurs only in certain states of the atmosphere, it is more agreeable
to analogy to assign the cause to which I have referred it.
iiimia IHSC4
CHAPTER XVI.
ORDER VI. HETEROPTERA.
This order embraces those insects whose forewings or wing-covers are coriaceous at the
base and membranous at the apex : the body is depressed ; antennse elongated and filiform ;
and the mouth, which is placed on the inferior part of the head, is promuscidate. Meta-
morphosis semicomplete, with an active pupa state.
It is the Hemiptera of most American and English authors ; but Heteroptera is the
designation preferred by Westwood, for reasons which make it appear to be the more
appropriate name of the two.
The order is divided into two sections : 1 . Hydeocorisa, the residents of water ; 2.
AuRocoRisA, those which breathe air.
We have three families at least under the first section, the Notonectid.e, Nepid.*:, and
Galgulid^
The Genus Notonectus is not uncommon in the springs that furnish the city of Albany
with water, and which rise in a high sandy plain some four miles west of the city.
Notonectus .
Body much depressed ; mouth promuscidate, short, and composed of two joints ; antennse
lost in the specimen ; eyes ovate : the forelegs advanced, and the tarsi armed with a
single two-jointed claw ; the middle and posterior three-jointed ; the third minute,
and the last armed with two claws. Color brown or olive brown ; beneath lighter
than above, uniform, and without ornaments or spots. Thorax in the form of a segment
of a triangle ; middle impressed with a longitudinal line, crossed by a transverse
groove J margin of the thorax ciliate. Scutellum large ; base rather greater than the
height : the posterior pair of legs obscurely barred with brown ; forelegs raptorial,
and without bars. Length an inch and a quarter. Swims rapidly upon its back, and
is carnivorous.
The damage which the Kotmectus occasions, consists in the destruction of young fish,
or fry : in this respect it is as voracious as the Dyticus.
FAMILY HYDROMETRID^. 167
Genus GALGULUS.
Body short, dilated ; antennae short, terminated with a round knob, and placed in a cavity
beneath the eyes ; eyes subpedicellate ; mouth promuscidate ; head triangular ; arm
or humerus dilated ; tarsi single-jointed, armed with two claws : on the hindlegs, the
tarsi are two-jointed, and armed with a double claw.
Galgulus oculatus.
Color brown or dark brown : head vertical, appears truncated before ; eyes somewhat
kidney-form, elevated, with their front and sides formed for vision. Head and thorax
rough or warty ; posterior edge of the thorax thickened, and edge luteous, emarginate.
Scutellum large, traversed by a ridge, and impressed with a line upon its middle ;
sides tuberculated : the whole appears rough. Wing-covers rough, with two or three
rows of small tubercles running parallel with the sides. Forelegs placed in front,
raptorial, and with a large dilated humerus : thighs of the middle legs somewhat
dilated ; hindlegs long and slender, the two last pair are banded. Length rather less
than a quarter of an inch.
Resembles a small toad, and inhabits muddy places, where it may be seen running, and
sometimes leaping. I have found it in great numbers in the latter part of May, running
and hopping upon the mud beside streams of water.
Hy drome tridae.
The habits of the Hydrometridje are peculiar. Though they have wings, they scarcely
ever use them. They do not live in water, nor upon the land. In the spring, summer and
autumn, almost every running stream, and pool connected with it, will furnish many
individuals of this family, which, from their mode of progression over the surface of the
water, have been called skippers. Their legs are long and angulated, and their bodies are
raised considerably above the surface over which they glide. The antennae are long and
slender, and the surface of their bodies is protected from the wetting action of water as
perfectly as if varnished : a skipper, immersed in water, comes out as dry as if it had
been protected by an india-rubber coat. The surface of the insect, examined under the
simple lens, is bright and glossy or lustrous, from the presence of a close nap, which is
doubtless the means whereby the water is repelled.
The antennae are four-jointed ; the first longest, and in the Gereis they are placed
directly before the eyes. The forelegs are very much advanced, and seem to belong to the
head, but are still attached to the breast ; the tarsi are two-jointed.
The appearance of the Gerris is not very much unlike that of Reduvius, and the forelegs
might be used for grasping. Gerris marginatus is the most common species. Dr. Haeris
168 ORDER HETEROPTERA.
enumerates only three species. The insect lives upon other small animals, which it can
capture, and never upon the juices of plants : it is not known how it provides for its
security during winter. It moves upon the water by a kind of rowing motion, but without
immersing its feet.
Reduviidae.
One of the obvious characters of this family is the constriction behind the head, which
makes it appear to be prolonged or extended behind into a narrow neck. The eyes are each
accompanisd by a single ocellus. The antennae are sometimes prolonged and slender ; in
other cases, short. The thorax is often armed with a lateral spine. The legs are long, and
the forelegs rather stouter and raptorial : tarsi three, and sometimes quite minute.
Redxivius . ( Plate vii, fig. 3.)
Basal joint very short ; second joint longer than the head and neck, two-thirds as long as
the whole organ ; fourth longest, slender : proboscis as long as the head and neck,
stout : tarsi three-jointed ; joints minute. Body elongated, narrow : thorax armed
with two lateral spines, and in front transversely ridged : wings large : legs long
and hairy.
Reduvius . ( Plate xxix, fig. 8.)
Color brown. Body elongated, oval or dilated behind : humerus dilated and banded, and
forelegs raptorial : eyes prominent : thorax faintly striped longltxidinally : abdomen
ovate ; its edges spotted with red, brown and white, the brown oblong spots occupying
the greater part of the margin : legs brown.
This species is rather common upon low bushes during the month of September, in the
vicinity of Albany.
Hammatocerus purcis. ( Plate xxx, fig. 6.)
CiMEX PURCIS (Drnry). Reditvius myathemerus (Illiger).
Head, eyes, thorax, abdomen, and legs black : antennse setaceous, with numerous joints :
scutellum large, triangular, black ; corium white, terminal membrane black : wings
white and transparent : edges of the abdomen marked with scarlet spots : rostrum
black and short : thighs of the hindlegs scarlet ( Drury, Vol. iii, pi. xlv, f. 4).
This is not an uncommon species : it is frequently met with in autumn upon plants
growing in shady places.
FAMILIES hYGJElVJE AND CIMICIDjE, 169
Lygseidse.
Antenna are four-jointed, inserted directly on a line drawn from the eyes to the base of
the rostrum. The body is narrow. The membranous portion of the hemelytra is furnished
with about five nervm-es : tarsi three-jointed.
The species are small in size, and resemble the Coreuxe inform : some are marked with
bright coloi-s.
To this family belongs the chinch-bug, which figured so largely in 'Wiscx)nsin in 1845,
and was described in the Prairie Farmer. According to Dr. Hahkis, it is the
Lygjeus leucopterus ( Say). Whitewinged Lygeus.
This insect I have not seen. Its wing-covers are white, marked with an oval black spot
on a central line. The body is black and downy ; the beak, legs, antennse at the base, and
hinder edge of the thorax reddish yellow. Length three-twentieths of an inch.
The young and immature are bright red, but change to brown and then to black, and
always marked with a white band across the back ( Harris),
It appears that the wheat and cornfields of the West have suffered severely from this
insect.
Cimicidse.
The next family has received the name Cimicidje, and contains the bedbug, an insect too
well known to require any very minute description for its identification.
CiMEX lectularius ( Linnseus).
Body depressed or flat : antennje four-jointed ; thorax sublunate ; abdomen circular ;
wings rudimentary, scale-like ; tarsi three-jointed.
The history of this bug is not uninteresting, and it is not yet decided what country is
entitled to the honor of having first given it birth. The English entomologists say that it
was unknown in London, or in England, until after the great fire of 1666 ; and it is as-
serted by some that it was about this time introduced into England from America, in the
fir timber imported to rebuild the city. This is partly sustained by the fact that it is still
unknown in some of the remoter parts of the kingdom. It is further proved that Shake-
speare was unacquainted with it, as no mention is made of it in his writings. Whether this
fact is decisive of the question, I leave it for others to say ; only I would observe that it
seems to me that none of its habits are calculated to awaken poetical associations. On Ihe
other hand, according to the statement of Westwood, it appears to have been known as
early as 1503.
[ AoRICOLTUtAL EkPOKT — VoL. V.] 22
170 ORDER HETEROPTERA.
Tko cheapest, cleanliest, and best way to get rid of the bedbng, is to employ a saturated
solution of salt in water. The free use of salt will drive them from the bedstead to the
covering, and to chinks in the wall or floor j whither the solution must follow them, or
the remedy will fail, as often happens with others that have been recommended, and for
the same reason.
If all is true that is affirmed of this bug, we cannot deny that its instincts are of a high
order. If, for instance, it is unable to mount the bedposts, it climbs the walls and gains the
ceiling, and, when it has reached a position immediately above the sleeping individual,
drops down upon him. This devising of means to accomplish an end, shows the insect to
possess a high instinctive power. It is also a curious fact, and one worthy of note, that the
bedbug is only found in a domesticated, never in a wild state.
The favorite food of this insect is blood, but it is not confined to this diet : hence it
subsists, and continues to perfoi-m the common functions of life when deprived of blood.
Any albuminous matters either in a wet or dry state, juices of wood, etc. etc. suffice it
when its favorite source of food is inaccessible. It is, however, said, upon high authority,
that mahogany, walnut, oak, and cedar are fatal to these bugs ; and that when enclosed
in a box made of either of these woods, they speedily perish.
Their powers of increase are considerable : a female lays at four different periods during
the year, and produces about fifty young bugs at each litter ; so that at this rate, if she is
fortunate in escaping the persecution of the housekeeper, she will rear two hundred a
year. The young attain their full growth in eleven weeks. It requires, therefore, consider-
able diligence and activity to get ahead of this little foe to quiet and comfortable repose.
Fumigation with sulphur is an effectual remedy against bugs when they infest the en-
tries, woodwork, or crevices of old houses, or when intolerably numerous in the cabins of
vessels.
Coreidse.
The CoREiDiE resemble very closely the REDtviiDj; ; but it requires only a slight compari-
sciu of the families, to be satisfied that they are essentially different. The species of the first
named family are characterized by the last joint of the an tennse, which is either thicker or
longer than the others. The joints are still four in number, and are inserted near a line
running from the eye to the base of the rostrum. The rostrum is three-jointed, and the
middle joint is the longest : in some of our species, it extends to the base of the hindlegs.
There is an ocellus near each round eye. The hemelytra terminate as usual in a membrane
more or less diaphanous, and in this family they show numerous longitudinal nerves. The
margins of the abdomen are not concealed or covered by these organs, and hence they may
often be seen slightly projecting in the form of a sharp edge. The taisi are three-jointed.
FAMILIES COREID^ AND SCUTELLERIDiE. 171
We have many species belonging to this family. Probably no one, who has ever jDcen
engaged in gathering our small fruits, but has observed these narrow or rather elongated
bugs, some of them ornamented very elaborately with bright colors, as for instance the
red and yellow that border their elytra and superior surface.
Genus COREUS.
« Antennae four-jointed : second and third longest ; the fourth rather enlarged or thickened,
and shorter than the second or third. Sides of the thorax not dilated' ( WEsxwoon).
CoREus TRisTis. Sqtioshhug. ( Plate vii, fig. 1.)
Color dark brown, rusty brown, yellowish beneath : head marked with a red line ex-
tending to the front of the thorax ; two others, parallel with the former, pass by the
side of the eyes. Thorax roughened with elevated black points, concealing the red
ground beneath : lateral edges also reddish ; posterior angles rounded, and base
broadly grooved transversely. Membranous part of the hemelytra black, and showing
numerous longitudinal nervures. Beneath rusty ochre-yellow, and each segment of
the abdomen marked with a row of black points near the outer edge, and a parallel
row of small black spots, the latter rather obscure.
The squashbug is a common insect in gardens and fields, and is found not only on squash
leaves, but upon those of the pumpkin also. It is injurious by inflicting numerous punc-
tures upon the leaves, which cause them to wither and dry, and, if the plant is feeble, will
destroy it. The first remedy for the effects of minute wounds of this kind, is to cultivate
highly, so as to impart to the plant suflBcient health and vigor to resist injuries by a rapid
growth. If this does not answer, it will be necessary to find the insects and destroy them
under foot, before their eggs are deposited for the new brood. The eggs are laid about the
last of June, by the insects that have survived the winter. During the summer, it will
frequently happen that the young appear at different times, and they may be found col-
lected together in little groups.
Scutelleridae.
This family is perhaps better known through some of its species than others. The dis-
agreeable smelling bugs that frequent berry bushes and strawberry vines belong here.
They are depressed and of an oval form, and are furnished with a very large scutellum.
The rostrum is composed of four joints, instead of three ; and the antenna sometimes has
five joints, but not always. Two ocelli are always present, and the tarsus is three-jointed.
Of this family, the Genus Pentatoma is one of the most common, and feeds upon the
juices of plants ( Plate vii, fig. 2 ). Sometimes it has only to pass over a fruit, to impart to
it its offensive odor.
CHAPTER XVII.
ORDER VII. DIPTERA (Aristotle).
ANTLIATA ( Fabricius). HALTERIPTERA (Claihville),
The obvious characteristic of this order is the possession of two wings only, and a pair of
small knobbed appendages just behind them, which are called halteres or poisers, as in the
common fly. The wings are membranous and placed upon the mesothorax, and, when at
rest, remain expanded as in the Hymenoptera ; that is, they are never folded upon them-
selves. The tarsi are five-jointed. The mouth has a fleshy proboscis, which is merely a
modified labium. This proboscis encloses several lancet-like organs, capable of penetrating
flesh or the softer parts of vegetables : the mouth is therefore suctorial. In a few genera,
as the CEsTRus, the mouth is closed. The thorax is compact, and the prothorax is reduced
to a collar. The wings, which represent the fore pair in other four-winged insects, are
membranous, naked, or rather clothed with scales. The disc is divided into a moderate
number of areolets, by the inosculation or junction of the nervures or veins.
This order of insects is clearly separated from each of the other orders : where some
species belonging to the Order Neuroptera are deprived of a pair of wings, they may still
be distinguished by the absence of halteres or balancers. The jaws of the diptera are never
formed for biting or nipping : so the neuration of the wings of the diptera are quite dif-
ferent from that in the other orders.
The size of the individuals composing this order may be called small ; but what is
lacking in this respect is more than made up in numbers, and this whether we take into
consideration the number of species, or the vast number of individuals that sometimes
swarm together.
Some of the diptera have domesticated themselves in our dwellings, to the great an-
noyance of all good housekeepers ; and notwithstanding the brush and the broom is freely
used to drive them away, they seem to entertain no fears of the consequences of returning
to their old quarters. Arsenic fly-powder, and all the various traps that the ingenuity of
man has yet devised, have not thinned the ranks of the housefly. Wherever man goes, the
fly follows in his steps, and makes a free use of his dwelling whenever the weather with-
out becomes uncomfortable. • • "»"»"
FAMILY TIPULIDiE, 173
It is scarcely necessary to say that many of the diptera, though small in size, are great
annoyances to man and animals : the oestridcB are perpetual torments to our domestic ani-
mals ; and musquitoes, in the warmer regions especially, are so troublesome as to require
special means of protection from their stings.
The transformations in this order are incomplete. The larvse are white and fleshy, cy
lindrlc, and without feet : they are usually called maggots.
Tipulidae.
Genus CECIDOMYIA.
It is a very curious fact in natural history, that the most serious injuries the crops of the
husbandman receive are inflicted by insects the most minute and insignificant in size : the
very weakest among the tribes of animals are the greatest destroyers of the products of
man's industry. The whirlwind or the hailstorm, it is true, sometimes sweeps over his fields
of wheat and com, or a flood of water may pass over them, and leave desolation in its
track ; but these terrific visitants are harmless in comparison to the tiny fly that sports
and dances over his grain-fields. With all our wisdom, we have not yet devised a weapon
to extirpate this foe, nor a defence to secure us from its ravages : our most successful
efibrts have been but failures ; and were it not for the aid of the elements, or the secret
influence of an unseen but benignant hand, the foe would maintain the field in the face of
him who has subjected to his will the proud warhorse and the colossal elephant.
Cecidomyia is the generic name of these destroyers : they are flies, each with two Avings,
antennae, poisers, etc. Several species have been described, one of the most prominent of
which is the C. destructor of Say, the hessian fly. The genus is characterized by the joints
of the antennse being variable from fourteen to seventeen : the form of the joints in the
female also differ from their form in the male ; the former being oval, and the latter glo-
bular, but both are furnished with hairs issuing from the joints in the form of a whorl
(See Plate iv, fig. 1). Wings three-nerved, ciliate or fringed : joints of the tarsus short.
Cecidomyia DESTRUCTOR. Hessian-fly. ( Plate iv.)
This species is black, except that the abdomen is only tawny, though each ring is more or
less black : legs pale red or brownish, with black feet. Length of the body one-tenth
of an inch : the expansion of wing rather exceeds the length of the fly. See fig. 1 c,
which represents the natural size of the Cecidomyia destructor.
The hessian-fly has occasioned as much controversy as any species in the insect kingdom.
I published in the American Journal of Science in 1846 - 47 an article furnished by Dr.
Fitch, which contains all the important facts in its history. I deem it, therefore, unneces-
sary here to go over all of the ground occupied by that paper.
174 ORDER DIPTERA.
As regards its origin, it appears from the numerous accounts published at dilTercnt times
daring the last half century, that the hessian-fly is not indigenous to this country, but was
imported in straw from Europe by the Hessians in the employ of the English government
about the year 1776. The facts which go to sustain this view of the liuestiou ai*, that an
insect had appeared in Germany, and committed ravages upon the wheat ciop prior to its
appearance in this country ; and that the liabits and characters of this german insect agree
with those of the one named in this article. It is farther shown by the history of its pro-
gress in this country, that it was first observed upon the western extremity of Long Island,
and on Staten Island, in the immediate neighborhood of the grounds occupied by this
branch of the English army ; and that from this centre it spread in all directions, travel-
ling slowly over the cultivated parts of the country, and destroying the wheat crop in its
course. Its march, and the consequent destruction of the wheat crop, was marked by an
increase in its numbers, and in the amount of its injury for an uncertain number of years,
when it gradually disappeared from the country it had occupied and wasted. Alter long
intervals of freedom from th« ravages of tliis fly, it gradually returns and renews its at-
tacks upon the wheat crop, running about the same course in its second as in its first
visitation. It has very recently passed over parts of Maryland and Virginia. I observed it
in the former State in 1849. I think we may infer from its history and progress, that in all
parts of the United States where wheat is cultivated as a staple product, it will continue
its injurious career hereafter as in times past.
The species of fly which has received the name Cecidomyia destructor from the distin-
guished entomologist Say, possesses the following specific characters : Female, head black,
flattened, globular ; antennae about half the length of the body, and composed of sixteen
oval joints furnished with a whorl of minute hairs, the two basal joints close and globular,
terminal joint the longest ; palpi three-jointed, hairy ; thorax black, oval, broadest behind
the wing-sockets ; scutel black ; poisers only dusky ; abdomen black above ; sutures
tawny fulvous, elongate ovate, scarcely equalling the thorax in width ; ovipositor rose-red ;
wings dusky, fulvous at their base ; legs equal, pallid brown ; tarsi black, equalling the
1^8 in length. Male : antennae three-fourths the length of the body ; joints globular,
and furnished with hairs as those of the female ; filaments separating the joints, about as
long as the joints : abdomen brownish black, cylindric, seven-jointed and slightly tapering,
the extremity armed with two robust processes having incurved hooks at their tips.
It appears from Dr. Fitch's statement, that in the spring the perfect insect remains but'
about a week, during which time it deposits its eggs for the summer brood. The first brood
appears about the first of May in Northern New-York, and of course is hatched from eggs
that were laid the preceding autumn ; the insect having subsisted upon the juices of the
herbage, or lain in a dormant state from that time. Early in May, then, the fly deposits
its eggs, in the same field, upon the more succulent leaves, near their insertion with the
stem of the plant, which it may readily reach after being hatched. After a time the worm
FAMILT TIPULID^. 175
Is found attached to the stem, near or upon the first and second joints. Dr. Fitch remarks
that the second brood is less injurious than the first, in consequence of the more advanced
state of the grain and the firmer consistence of the stalk. The worm, by its irritation,
diverts the current of flowing sap to itself, and produces an enlargement of the stem at
the place where it is attached. The culm is weakened by the change of structure that has
taken place in consequence of the numerous worms usually congregated near its base.
By the first of June, the worm has changed into its flaccid state ; and about the last of
July, or early in August, the mature Insect, the fly, appears for the second time. This last
brood of flies is now ready for the young wheat that may be sowed, upon the leaves of
which they deposit their eggs, and there finish their transformations so as to appear in
New-York the last of April.
Thus careful obseiTation has proved thai but two broods appear during the year, though
it has been maintained by some observers that there are three. This latter opinion seems
to have arisen from the fact that an entire brood does not appear at once, or on the same
day, but the fly may and does continue to come forth for as many as ten or twelve days
after the first of the brood are hatched.
The most important question which stands connected with the hessian-fly, is, By what
means shall the farmer protect himself from its ravages 1 Now we have very slight grounds
for expex^ting, or even for hoping that a remedy will ever be found that shall meet our
wishes in this resjiect. The evil is rather to be warded off by a judicious use of means that
are related to the habits of the fly, and to the habitudes of the wheat plant itself. "When
a district, however, is extensively affected, the true course undoubtedly is to cease cul-
tivating wheat, and perhaps barley also, until the fly has disappeared.
Recurring to the habits of the insect, the most significant are the time of its appearance,
and the time it continues in its perfect state, during which it is engaged in laying its eggs,
an operation, the exact time of which it is essential for us to know in this case ; and it is
a law of nature in the insect class, that when swarms are produced, they come forth at
regular periods of time. The habits alluded to are well known in the case of the hessian-
fly. As to the time when the insect apiiears, it is established by observation that about the
first of May, or at time in the spring when the earliest trees and plants are flowering, this
fly is maturing, and comes forth near the time specified ; and the first brood is hatched
from eggs laid in autumn. These two facts unite to suggest the same precautionary measure
to be taken for the eradication of the fly from both the winter and the spring crop, name-
ly, to delay sowing the grain until the fly has disappeared, or to that period when the
plant will come up too late for the deposit of eggs upon it. Experience has proved the
efficacy of late sowing in both kinds of wheat.
Another remedy is connected with the place where the eggs are deposited, and where
the transformations are undergone. It seems established that the real hessian-fly deposits
its t^gs upon the young leaf, near the stem, and near the base of the stem. The consequence
176 ORDER DIPTERA.
is, that in reaping or harvesting the grain, the straw is cut above the place where the larvse
or e^p are usually found ; and it would be well, in all cases where the fly is found, to
cut the straw higher than customary. Now if the stubble is turned under for the next crop,
a large proi^rtion of the eggs will mature, and the succeeding wheat-plants will form a
habitation for the forthcoming August brood ; but if the stubble is first burned, the eggs
will be destroyed, or but few will escape. The objection to this summary remedy is, that
it also destroys those little insects that prey upon the hessian-fly. I deem this a very light
objection, for the fire will destroy hundreds of eggs where the enemy of the fly would
devour one. Burning off the stubble, then, must be ranked among the best palliative means
for saving the wheat-crop.
There are also two remedies having relation to the habitudes of the wheat itself, and to
its varieties. It appears to be established by observation that some varieties are less subject
to injury than others, or indeed that some are nearly fly-proof : this is one of the earliest
facts on record, and all experience hitherto has fully sustained it ; the straw of these
varieties being too siliceous to allow of a ready lodgment and home for the larva of the
fly. The other remedy here alluded to, rests on the practicability to push forward and
mature the plant sufficiently to give it strength to resist efifectually the injuries the stem
receives from the maggot in its flaccid state. High cultivation should be called to our aid
here, and it undoubtedly will prove a very efiicient safeguard : its efl'ects are twofold, as
exhibited in an augmentation of the power of the plant to resist injury, and in the produc-
tion of a better crop ; so that the remedy is not entirely lost, even if it does not succeed
in the way we wish.
Objections have been made to the first two remedies above proposed : for instance, by
late sowing, the grain is liable to be winter-killed ; but would not this risk be greatly
diminished, or even obviated entirely, by drilling in the grain 1 The burning of the stubble
is objected to, because it destroys the parasites of the fly ; but this, as I have said before,
is scarcely an objection ; while for the utility of the remedy, we have the testimony of
Harris, Herrick and Hanaus, the latter of whom originally proposed it, and the two
former are entitled to the highest consideration as observers and men of science.
Of the numerous applications to the grain crop, for the purpose of killing the insect
directly, I have no faith. Rolling the seed in plaster ; steeping it in various salts ; sowing
lime, etc. over the field of young wheat, are beneficial remedies in an indirect way : they
give vigor and strength to the plant, and hence are useful as palliatives.
Cecidomyia tritici. Wheat- fly.
This species is very distinct from the hessian-fly : its habits sufficiently show this dif-
ference ; and the remedies which are in some degree palliative in the case of the hessian-
fly, are valueless against the Cecidomyia tritici. Among its peculiarities, some of the most
remarkable are that it deposits its eggs in the wheat-head, and undergoes its metamorphoses
FAMILY TIPULID^. J 77
in the soil ; and that the mature animal is engaged longer in the work of depositing its
eggs, than is the hessian-fly. These distinctions must govern our attempts to guard against
the attacks of these insects.
The wheat-fly possesses the following characteristics : Body orange ; wings transparent
rounded at the tip, ciliate,or fringed with minute hairs. Female, the antennse are beaded ;
joints twelve, whorled with hairs ; eyes black : length about one-tenth of an inch. Males,
the antennte with twenty-four joints, globular, and whorled with hair as in the female :
size somewhat variable, but less than the female. Its general appearance is that of an
orange-colored gnat.
The first account of this insect was given by Mr. Jewett, in the nineteenth volume of
the New-England Farmer, 1820. According to Judge Bue£, it was observed here in 1828.
Its first appearance in this country was in the eastern part of the United States : several
of the Eastern States, and the Canadian provinces, have been visited by it. The cultivation
of wheat was suspended for many years, in consequence of its injurious attacks.
The time of the appearance of this fly varies according to the situation of the country
being in some places early in June, and in others as late as August ; indeed, according to
Mr. Harris's Report, as late as the 20th of August. The first half of July, however, is the
period when the largest number of eggs is deposited ; a period which, in New-England,
would find the spring and winter grains in the best state for receiving their eggs. The
insects are active in the morning and evening, and appear in swarms ; but during the day,
when the sky is cloudless, they conceal themselves among the grain and grass. After about
eight days, the eggs that have been deposited in the heads of the grain are hatched. The
maggots are orange-yellow, and, according to the observations of Mrs. Gage of New-
Hampshire, they attain their growth in about twelve or fourteen days : they are then
about an eighth of an inch in length, but their size is not uniform. Their number is also
variable, as many as forty being sometimes found on a single plant, and at other times two
or three only. They seem to be influenced by exposure ; for in hilly places, where the
grain is exposed to the wind, they are much less numerous than in sheltered spots.
The injury that wheat sustains from the presence of this fly depends upon its state of
forwardness. As the worm is improvided with boring instruments, it is principally during
the soft state of the grain that it has the power to do the most hurt. If the egg is deposited
80 as to be hatched when the plant is in blossom, it is then capable of inflicting the greatest
amount of injury ; for at this time it is supposed to subsist on the pollen, and may there-
fore prevent the fertilization of many kernels in the same head ; and then also it obtains
the milky fluid that begins to be formed at this period, and is now accessible througli the
softness of the skin or epidermis of the grain. But if the time of deposition of the egg is
such that it becomes hatched after the plant has flowered, and the kernel has acquired
some considerable hardness, the worm is incapable of absorbing nutriment, and perishes
for want of food.
[Agricultural Report — Vol. v.] 23
178 ORDER DIPTERA.
The worms acquire their full size and perfection, cast their skins, and descend to the
ground early in August, or perhaps as late as the middle of the month. Tliey bury them-
selves in the soil at the depth of about an inch, where they remain through the winter.
There is therefore but one brood in a season. The worm is speedily changed into a pupa,
in which state it remains until ready to issue from the ground in June or July of the next
year, in the imago state, or the perfect fly.
The means that have been proposed to destroy this kind of wheat-fly are numerous : if
any of them are to be effectual, it is evident they should be resorted to over the whole
district infested by the insect.
Among the remedies which seem to have been at least partially successful, is that of the
abandonment of the cultivation of winter wheat for the substitution of the spring variety,
and late sowing. The remedy operates on the principle of starvation, and would probably
be completely successful, were it not that grasses and other grains, as oats, rye and barley,
offer suitable recipients for the eggs of the insect, and furnish nutriment for its progeny.
It is recommended to smoke them out. To carry on this plan of warfare, the flies must
be attacked in the evening, when they rise from their lurking places in the depths of the
grain. Brimstone, mingled with other combustible matter, should be burned in a position
to give them the full benefit of the smoke and vapor when they rise upon the wing, and
hover over the grain.
Another recommendation is to sow fine quicklime over the field when the heads of the
grain are moist : this may be repeated several times.
It is recommended by Dr. Fitch to first catch, and then kill them. The method of doing
this is sufficiently simple and easy, and deserves a trial. Take a long rope, attached to a
wide open tight bag ; and let two men, one at each end of the rope, pass through the field,
dragging the open wide-mouthed net over the heads of wheat. Go over the whole field in
this way, and millions of the fly will be caught if the net or bag is properly managed. ^
Deep ploughing is also a remedy that deserves trial, and indeed has been tried and
followed with success. This, of course, is to be resorted to after harvest : the object^^is to
bury the insects so deep that they will be unable to find their way out of the ground the
next season.
The Cecidomyia which has appeared in this country is now regarded as identical with
the C. tritici of Europe, which has been known in England and Scotland for two-thirds of
a century, and was described at an early period. In this country, especially in the vicinity
of Albany and in the county of Berkshire in Massachusetts, it has been disappearing gra-
dually for the last ten years, and the wheat crop has again become a profitable one ; and
the probability is, that with our present knowledge of its habits, and of the means for its
extirpation or for avoiding its worst injuries, we may hereafter escape its depredations.
FAMILY TIPUUDJE. 179
Cecidomyia robinia ( Haldeman). ( Plate iv, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6.)
Color of the fly orange red ; antennas and wings dusky ; thorax marked by three dark
lines : two dusky spots on the sides of the body. Length three-twentieths of an inch.
The larva is a maggot of a whitish color, faintly tinged with orange, rather deeper
towards the head : pupa or chrysalis naked, or destitute of a cocoon.
This species inhabits the locust-tree, and was first described by Prof. Haldeman*. The
leaf becomes thickened on its edge, and rolled over ; and thus a cavity is formed, which
contains two or three larvae of this species.
Cecidomyia salicis ( Fitch). Willmo Cecidomyia-f,
Color of the fly black above, paler beneath and downy ; wings smoky ; legs gray. Length
of the body, one-fifth of an inch ; expansion of wing, three-tenths.
Inhabits a reddish gall upon the low willow bushes of wet places : it is of an oval form,
three-fourths of an inch long, and is terminated by a conical beak. Within a silken lined
cavity, early in the spring, there will be found a single orange-colored maggot one-fifth of
an inch long. Soon it changes to a pupa, but without moulting ; and in a very few days it
passes from its prison, after casting the pupa skin, and takes the winged form. Its size,
together with the rapidity of its changes, renders the species an interesting object of study.
Its damage to the basket willow is but slight.
Cecidomyia culmicola ( Morris).
The C*. culmicola is a provisional species, whose habits have been investigated by Miss
Margaretta H. Morris, by whom also it was discovered. Its habits are quite diflerent
from those of either of the foregoing species. The fly lays its eggs upon the grain, in or
over the germ, where they remain unhatched until the grain germinates ; but when the
plant is three or four inches high, the worm may be seen, by the aid of a glass, feeding
above the top of the joint in the centre of the culm, imtil it is ready to become a perfect
insect. It is said that the pupa resembles that of the C. destructor.
As the fly deposits its eggs early in June, it is difiicult to understand why they should
remain unhatched so long, or until the future germination of the same ripened grain after
it is sown, and then to feed upon the culm ; for it is the usual habit of flies to deposit their
eggs near or upon the magazine of food on which the larvse are to subsist.
It is an interesting fact that most, if not all of the species of Cecidomyia are preyed upon
by some one or other of the family of Ichneumonides while in the larva or pupa state.
These parasites deposit their eggs within the body of their victim, where they are hatched
in due time, and the larvae subsist upon and destroy the body before its change into the
• American Joarnal of Agriculture and Science, Vol. vi, p. 193. f Mem, Vol. 1, p. 283.
180 ORDER DIPTERA.
iinago state. In this way the increase of several species of destructive flies is kept in check,
and their excessive multiplication prevented. No doubt, also, unfavorable seasons operate
as a still greater means for preserving a balance between excessive multiplication and
entire extirpation.
Dr. Eights, of Albany, has furnished me with the following communication respecting
the plalygaster, a minute ichneumon fly. His remarks, and the facts stated, illustrate in a
striking manner one of the most important features in the insect world, the checks which
are interposed to the excessive multiplication of the injurious kinds.
Pi^TYG ASTER TiPVL-JE. ( Kirby). JVheat-midge Parasite.
This insect, though exceedingly small in size, has claims to our consideration, which
should justly entitle it to an exalted station in the rank of public benefactors ; for it has
had assigned to it the peculiar and important duty of keeping in proper subjection that
unrivalled pest of our fields, the wheat midge [Cecidomyia tritici).
The female fly of this parasite bears some considerable resemblance to the winged ant,
and may fre(|uently be seen in our neighborhood during the months of July, August and
September, in the greatest profusion, when our pernicious devastator is most numerous ;
flying about the grasses, or running over the grains of wheat in search of the midge larva,
for the purpose of depositing in each a single egg, and by this means preventing an im-
mense number of them from developing themselves into a perfect slate ; although when
seen thus abundantly, they have often been unjiistly accused of being themselves the
authors of the mischief.
This insect expands to only one line and a half in breadth. The ^
female is of a shining pitch black color, with long, ten-jointed,
flail-shaped antennae or horns, slightly clubbed at the ends. The
head is round or globose, with the eyes conspicuously placed on
the sides. The trunk is oval, and bears a scutel terminated by a
strong rusty spine. The body or abdomen is obovate, small, and
narrowed at the base, with a long curved oviduct, concealed, when
unemployed, in the abdomen. It has four transparent wings without nervures, the superior
pair very large ; and the legs are strong, and of a bright ochreous color, with the thighs
and shanks clubbed : the feet are long, slender, and five-jointed.
We regret that some means have not yet been discovered to multiply this interesting
little insect, and thus eflectually preserve our wheatfields from the leaiful depredations
of the midge. James Eights.
FAMILY MUSCID^. 181
Muscidae.
The character of the mouth and its organs restricts and defines this natural family : it is
formed by a distinct proboscis, which is thick and membranous, retractile, and terminated
by lateral lobes ; and it encloses two setiform organs and a pair of palpi. The antennse
have but three joints, the third of which is the largest, and is prolonged into a seta or
long slender bristle, sometimes articulated with its base. The nervures of the wings are
few, and extend to the margin.
^ The true flies feed upon both vegetable and animal substances. The common housefly is
typical of the family, and its habits in some respects are very well known. They are all
small : their larvae are white, soft, and without feet, and are usually called maggots.
Meigen, it is said, has described 1700 European species ; from which we may infer that it
is a large family.
Sarcophaga georgina.
Color grayish, hairy ; eyes copper-colored ; face silvery white ; thorax striped with gray
and black ; abdomen lustrous, and checked with white and black ; legs black. It is
common during most of the summer. Length about half an inch.
MuscA vomitoriaI
Body thick, steel-blue, especially the abdomen, hairy and mixed with bristles : antennae
pilose ; thorax bluish black ; legs black. Length about half an inch.
Genus LEPTIDA.
Leptis . ( Plate xxix, fig. 1.)
Eyes brownish : antennae four-jointed, small, porrect, approximate, standing a little below
the crown, the last setiform pubescent ; thorax semiglobose, striped, hairy ; wings
diverging ; anal areolet open ; abdomen with seven rings, tapering, and marked with
clay-colored rings, somewhat silvery. Metallic points are scattered upon the sides of
the thorax.
Leptis? . ( Plate xxix, fig. 4.)
The eyes are brown, and larger than in the foregoing species : rings of the abdomen
seven : top of the thorax less prominent.
Leptis . (Plate xxix, fig. 10.)
Color brown : thorax bordered with an ochreous line ; abdomen tapering and pointed, the
three last rings being attenuate, and all of them bordered with yellowish.
182 ORDER DIPTERA.
Neither of the foregoing species are figured or described in Say's American Entomology,
but there is very little doubt that they belong to the Genus Leptida. The flies are found
in thickets in the summer : they feed on other small insects, and their larvse live in offal
or on decaying wood.
Tabaiiidae.
Tabanps pldmbeus ( Linnaeus). Gad-fly. Horsefly.
Tabancs plumbeus ( Drury). T. ruficornis ( Fabricias). T. limbatus ( Pal. de Beauvois).
* Head ash-colored ; eyes black ; antennae reddish brown ; ocellus one ; thorax greenish,
' with a white spot at the base of each wing ; abdomen dai-k brown, each segment of
' wliich on the underside is margined with gray ; wings transparent, anterior edges
< brown and opake ; legs dark brown, the middle ones being armed with two spines
<■ at the tip of each tibia : the ungues have two small brown scales under them.
' Breast hairy ; back colored, but white on the sides ' ( Westwood, Illustrations of
Drury, Vol. 1, p. 97).
This species appears in New- York In July, and is most common in woody places, but is
often in open pastures, and frequents roadsides, alighting on horses and cattle. In New-
York and New-England they are too few in number to occasion much trouble, though
their probosces are armed with lancets sufficiently long and sharp to wound cattle severe-
ly. Were they as numerous as the smaller kinds of flies, our pastures could not be occupied
during the months of July and August.
Tab ANUS americancs ( Drury).
Tabanus ateatus ( Fabricius). T. nigee ( Pal. de Beauvois).
Head, antennse, sheath of the proboscis, extremity of the abdomen, breast and legs black j
thorax brownish black ; wings dark brownish, scarcely opake ; anterior part of the
abdomen dark plumbeous ; spines of the middle legs two ; breast hairy.
The lighter part of the abdomen appears as if covered with a whitish bloom. The eyes
are very large, and meet at their lower edges, but are separated above by a narrow yel-
lowish space : their color is black and bronzed. Length seven-eighths of an inch, or
nearly one inch ; expansion of wings, nearly two inches.
This species is rather smaller than the plumbeus, with wings less robust and strong : it
appears at the same time, and attacks cattle and horses in the same savage way. Both are
found as far south as Maryland.
FAMILIES XYLOPHAGID^ AND SYRPHIDiE. 183
Tabanus
Sooty black. In some lights, the abdomen above is glaucous ; beneath, it has a shade of
greenish blue : eyes faintly bronzed. Face obsolete, in consequence of the great ex-
tension of the eyes, which meet on the top, divaricating only just above the base of
the antennae, leaving a small triangular area through which the median line passes,
and which is also traversed transversely by two grooves : this area is occupied by six
or eight little glossy eminences. Legs and breast covered with a jet black pubescence.
The form of the eye is remarkable ; the top of the head being capped, as it were, with
the organ, which projects directly in front. The insect dilfers entirely from the two pre-
ceding species, and has not probably received a specific name.
Xylophagidae.
Midas filatus. ( Plate xxviii, fig. 11.)
MuscA cLAVATtrs ( DruTy).
Black : second abdominal segment yellow upon the superior parts ; wings copper-brown
and submetallic, scarcely transparent. Length l\ inch ; expansion of wings, 2|.
This species, so far as my observations extend, is a rare insect in New- York. It is easily
distinguished by the yellow segment of the abdomen referred to, which extends only to
the sides, the inferior part preserving the black color of the remainder of the organs. Its
larva is a white maggot, and exists in decaying stumps and logs. It is usually found in the
forests in its perfect state in midsummer, and is one of the largest dipterous insects of
New- York.
SyrpMdae.
MiLEsiA viEGiNiENsis. ( Plate xxviii, fig. 3.)
McscA viRGiNiENsis ( Drury). Milesia ornata ( Fabricius).
Eyes black ; front of the head cream-color ; antennae like short hairs ; thorax yellow,
with two black rings ; abdomen black, ornamented with yellow rings, every alternate
one of which is interrupted in the middle : it is marked with a yellow dot at the
base, and terminated with yellow. Legs yellow ; wings dusky. Underside, breast black,
with yellow spots : ocelli distinct.
It is rather more than three-fourths of an inch long ; expansion of wings, 1|.
CHAPTER XVIII.
ORDER VIII. NEUROPTERA.
The wings, in this order of insects, are made up of a fine network, membranous, and
usually naked and without down or scales : they are subequal or equal. Sometimes the
lower wings are broader than the upper ; but, if narrower, they are longer. The mouth is
fitted in some fomilies for mastication, particularly in the libellulidse, which are furnished
with transversely movable jaws. The abdomen is usually long, but is destitute of a sting.
The antennse are not uniform in the difiPerent families : in some they are long ; in othtrs,
short. They have two or three simple eyes. The trunk is formed of three segments closely
united : the abdomen is sessile. The larva has six feet. The metamorphosis is not always
complete.
The order contains several well-known families, as the dragonflies, mayflies, white ants,
and the ant-lion flies. In all these families, as well as in those not yet mentioned, the wings
are formed of a fine network of nervures, so arranged in the minute details of structure
as to constitute a great niunber of areolets of much beauty.
lu this order there is one family, the termitides, which are extremely interesting in their
economy and habits, as well as an instance of a remarkable development of the faculty of
instinct : they are social, and live in large communities ; while most of the other families
are solitary, and do not construct habitations for the common convenience and defence.
Libellulidae.
Libellulida: is the family name of the dragonflies : they are insects which become familiar
to every body, and are frequently called damingneedlcs or deviPs-needlcs. Their heads and
eyes, especially the latter, are always large : their bodies are long ; the thorax is thick
and strong, and the abdomen long and rather slender, though not always so, and is ter-
minated by two inarticulated appendages. The antenna are short. They have three ocelli :
two lateral ones, and one seated in the median line. The mouth is well formed, and the
mandibles are strong and horny. They have four wings, which, when at rest, are extended
horizontally or carried over the abdomen.
FAMILIES LIBELLULID^ AND MYRMELEONID^. 185
The libellulae are widely extended in their distribution : they are voracious in their
habits, of strong muscular powers, and able to remain long upon the wing. Their larvae
are quite as voracious as the perfect insect. The female deposits her eggs on the water,
while upon the wing. They may be regarded as seiviceable to man, especially in their
perfect state, by feeding upon insects that are annoying, as musqmtoes and the like.
The family has bf en subdivided into three genera by Fabricius : 1 . Lieellula proper,
with wings horizontal when at rest, eyes large and approximate, and having also the three
ocelli ; the middle division of the lip is the smallest, and the abdomen is ensiform. The
second genus is ^shna, having two ocelli situated on a transverse keel-formed elevation ;
the intermediate lobe of the labium larger than the lateral, and armed with a strong tooth
and a spinous appendage ; abdomen narrow and elongated. The third genus is Agrion :
it carries its wings perpendicularly when at rest ; the middle lobe cf the labium divided
in two ; the antennae with foiu* articulations : there is no vesicle upon the forehead ; the
ocelli are equal, and the abdomen filiform.
LiBELLULA PTJLCHELLA. ( Plate XV, fig. 5.)
Color black. Abdomen sometimes wholly black both above and below, and sometimes
light slate above and black below, or partly slate color : individuals seem to vary in
this respect without regard to sex. Wings marked by three black or dark brown spots
or bars : the basal is confined to the costa, and does not extend to the posterior edge ;
the external covers the apical area, and sweeps around so as to form a circular curving
edge towards the base.
Fig. 4 is closely allied in its habits and appearance to the pulchella, and its abdomen
presents in different individuals the same varieties of color.
Fig.y. Larva of the Libellula.
MyrmeleoDidae.
( Plate xxxiii, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7.)
A FAMILY of insects familiarly known under the name of ant-lions, while in the larva
state. The insect has always arrested the attention of the curious, from its peculiar habits,
the singular form of its larva, and the ingenuity it displays in making traps or pitfalls
to catch the prey that must serve for its wistenance. In its perfect state, it resembles a
Libellula ; but when it is in its larval form, we would by no means suspect that it
belongs to, or is the embryo of one of the most beautiful of the insect tribes. There is
always, however, a wide difiference between insects in these two states.
In the family of the Libellulid.e, the larva is aquatic, and is provided with the ne-
cessary form of mouth and mandible to seize and devour other insects : it is in fact a
voracious animal, and carries on its depredations in the water j while in the Myrmeleo-
[ Agkiculturai. Report — Vol. v.] 24
186 ORDEK NEUROPTERA.
■iDJEo the larro) are terrestrial, and the parent insects select for their habitations the places
farthest removed from water, the driest sand being the only material suited to their habits
and mode of life, or adapted to their essential wants.
The ant-lion, which is the common name of tlie insect about to be described, is a spider-
looking animal, having a thick, short, and ftill abdomen, and narrow and elongated front,
which is terminated by two long or exsert mandibles, strongly toothed upon their inside
edges, and also perforated, so that the insect may suck the juices from its victims ( See
Plate xxxiii, fig. 2 : larva). The mandibles have three teeth each, and a row of stifl'
bristles below them, probably used partly for supporting their prey, when engaged in the
act of suction. The mandibles are curved, and as sharp as a needle ; and in this respect are
well adapted to the office they are designed to fulfil, the piercing or transfixing the ant,
which seems to constitute their favorite food. The three teeth are slender, and but slightly
thickened at the point of junction with the jaw. The body is clothed with a few bristle-
like hairs, but in other respects it may be said to be naked. But what is quite peculiar and
interesting in the construction and habits of our species of ant-lion, is the position and
structure of its legs : they only permit it to move with its abdomen in front, or, in other
words, it is obliged to walk backwards.
To obtain a supply of food, the larva forms a conical depression in dry sand under a
shelving rock, where the surface will remain undisturbed ; the depression being over half
an inch in depth. At the bottom, the owner places itself concealed in the sand, with only
its mandibles standing a little above the apex of the depression. Now as sheltered places of
this kind, which the ant-lion selects, are also excellent highways for all small animals to
travel, and especially suited to the habits of the ant, if the ant is not cautious in his pas-
sage through these dry and shelving grounds, it will probably fall into some one of these
sand-traps : this happening, there is little chanc* of its escaping from the jaws of the lion,
which are always open and ready to seize the unfortunate traveller. If, however, the ant
does at first escape the clutches of the lion, and attempts to clamber up the side of the
pit, it is sure to be overwhelmed with a shower of sand cast up by its cunning foe, and
most certainly precipitated again to the bottom.
Notwitstanding this lion is furnished with strong mandibles, they are not for the purpose
of chewing or biting its food, but are so constructed as to hold its prey securely, and to
extract its fluids by suction. "When this is finished, the lion tosses the empty skin from its
pitfall, by means of its long mandibles and iBe free and extended motion of the head in
its thorax.
Like other larvae, the larva of the ant-lion changes its skin. When about to undergo its
transformation, it glues together a portion of sand by mixing it with a kind of mucilagi-
nous and fibrous or silky secretion, which it forms into a perfectly round ball having a
sufficient consistency to l)ear handling freely. At the time of the final change, which
occurs about twenty days after the ball is rolled, the pupa pierces a round hole in the side
FAMILY EPHEMERID^. 187
of its globular envelope, and comes forth, casting off its pupa skin, which is left partly
adhering to the orifice as represented in fig. 4.
The myrmelion is a four-winged insect, at first view resembling a libellula ; but it will
be perceived that its antennae are peculiar, and quite diflferent from those of that family :
they are larger at the extremity than at the base, generally curved, and sometimes appear
like a hook. The eyes are wide apart, and do not touch upon the upper and posterior parts.
The wings are extremely delicate, like the finest gauze ; and the abdomen is rather slen-
der, and tapers each way. The color of the insect is brown. The wings are transparent, and
all the nervures are spotted with brown and white. The rings of the abdomen are brownish,
but much the darkest on their posterior half : the abdomen is also clothed with short
hairs. The wings are attached to the thorax at a distance apart, and the thorax is divided
into two parts, the first supporting the forewingg, the last the hindwings : the first has
rounded eminences, separated by oblique fissures ; the last has properly only two, which
are separated by oblique ridges, that begin at the sides and nearly meet in the middle.
The abdomen has five rings. The feet are black. Length of the larva, about ^ an inch :
length of the perfect insect, 1^ inch ; expanse of wing, 2^ inches.
The species above described and figured were furnished me by Mr. J. Gebhard, Curator
of the State Museimi, and were procured under the limestone ledges at Schoharie. I have
also found the larva of the ant-lion beneath the limestone ledges near Burlington ( Ver-
mont) : almost every suitable place furnished specimens of the insect.
I am unable to determine whether this American species has been described or not.
Ephemeridae.
Mayfly is the common name for the insects of this family. If not characterized by the
shortness of their lives, it is a well-known feature in their economy : they live but three
or four hoiurs in their perfect state ; hence the modifications of their mouth are quite dif-
ferent from those of the libellulidse, which have a much more prolonged existence, and
are therefore provided with ample means for taking sustenance. Their antennae are minute
and three-jointed, and their four wings are of an unequal size. The mouth is nearly obso-
lete or wanting, and the extremity of the body is furnished with articulated setae. Their
bodies are rather long, slender, and soft ; the eyes rather large, and there are also three
ocelli placed in a triangle between the eyes. In some species the clypeus shuts over the
mouth.
The name of this family is derived from the greek ephemeras, diurnal, in allusion to the
shortness of their lives. The only function they perform is to couple and deposit their eggs
in the water. Their larvse live in the water, and their existence in this state is prolonged
for two or three years. They take refuge under stones, or in the earth or mud. They feed
upon the slimy mud that contains decomposing particles of organic matter, and which
suffices for their nourishment.
CHAPTER XIX.
ORDER IX. TRICHOPTERA ( Kirby).
The English have given the name caddiceflies to the insects of this order. The consistence
of the body of the perfect insect is considerable, and besides they are thickly clothed with
hair. Their eyes are rather prominent and large, and they are provided with three ocelli.
Their antennae are variable in length, being sometimes much longer than the body ; at
others, shorter. They have four membranous wings ; the front ones are fibrous, and the
nerves are branching : the posterior wings are the largest, and folded when at rest. The
mouth is imperfect and unfitted for mastication, the mandibles being only rudimental.
The maxillary palpi are long, and almost setaceous. The larva has six legs : it resides in
a case in water, which it forms of little fragments of shells, or of sand or sawdust. The
mature insect is often employed as a fish-bait.
Phryganea semifasciata (Say). (Plate xxxii, figs. 9 k 10.)
Color brownish or ferruginous. Wings ferruginous, marked with irregular black lines and
a distinct point near the inner and basal angle : inferior wings light ferruginous or
yellowish ; the hindwings have a dilated mark near the inner margin.
CHAPTER XX.
ORDER X. HYMENOPTERA (Linn^us).
This order resembles the Neuroptera in the number, texture, and organization of the
wings ; but they have a fewer number of nervures, and are less delicate in their construc-
tion : the forewings, too, are larger than the hind ones, and their foldings are horizontally
disposed upon the back. The mouth is provided with horny jaws, and the maxillse are
metamorphosed into a sheath for the membranous tongue. The eyes are large. The thorax
is composed of three consolidated segments, and the abdomen is attached to it by a pedicle
or thread, provided with a sting in the females, or terminated with a multivalved saw or
ovipositor. The tarsi are five-jointed. The larva is without feet, except in one group j and
the pupa is inactive and incomplete.
This order probably furnishes the most remarkable families for the development of
social qualities and instinctive powers ; and if instinctive endowments have claims for
consideration, the hymenoptera should rank first and foremost among the insect tribes.
Some of these remarkable qualities appear in the bee, the ichneumon, the wasp, and the
gallfly.
This is the most populous of all the orders in the insect world, unless we except the
CoLEOPTERA ; its estimated numbers embracing one-fourth of the insect population.
Mr. Westwood adopts the following divisions for this order :
Section I. Terebra^jtia ( Latreille) : the abdomen of the female being furnished with an
ovipositor, which combines the characters of a saw and a perforator or borer for
depositing its eggs.
Section II. Aculeata (Latreille), embraces those whose abdomens in the females are
provided with a sting connected with a poison reservoir. The antennae of the males
have thirteen, and those of the females twelve joints.
190 ORDER HYMENOPTERA.
The first section has two subsections, the second containing two divisions :
Subsection I. PHVTiPHAaA : Abdomen sessile : larrte feeding upon vegetable matter. This containB
the fiuuiliea Tenthredimda and Urocerida,
Subsection II. Entomophaoa : Abdomen attached by a portion of its transverse diameter : larvre
with slightly developed trophi, and for the most part feed para.sitically upon other living insects.
Division 1. Spiculifera : Abdomen with an elongated plurivalve oviduct : larvas for the
most part feeding upon other living insects. This division contains, as at present constituted,
the Cynipida, Etaniidm, Idineumomdce, Chalcidida and Proctotrupidee.
Division 2. Tubulifeea : Extremity of the abdomen tubular, retractile, and furnished with
a minute sting : larvae feeding upon the larvas of other hynienopterous insects, or upon
dead insects deposited by the parent with her eggs for the support of the young when
hatched. The Chrysidida.
The second section has two subsections :
Subsection I. Pe.«dones { Latreille) : The basal joint of the tarsi cylindrical : larvae feeding upon
stored insects, or animal fluids provided by neuters. Families Crabronida, Larrida, Bembecida,
Sphegida, Scoliida, MutillidcB, Formicidce, Vespidce.
Subsection II. Mellifera ( Latreille) : Basal joint of the posterior tarsi dilated for pollen-bearers :
larvae feed upon honey or pollen-paste deposited by the neuters. Families AndreiiidtB, Apida.
Tenthredinidae.
This family comprehends those hj-menoptera usually called sawflies. The antennse are more
variable as to the number of joints, than in most of the insects of other families. The
families of the order are formed from considerations that relate to the number and form
of the joints of the antennse, and the number and form of the cells of the wings.
The insects of this family are less active than the wasps or ichneumon-flies : they fly
sluggishly, and do not appear anxious to escape when about to be captured. The wings
fold horizontally upon the body when at rest. The female is provided with an instrument
resembling a saw, or rather a double saw, which is lodged in a fissure beneath the abdo-
men, and covered by two narrow pieces that perform the office of a scabbard. The two
blades of the saw are placed side by side, and so skilfully articulated that when withdrawn
from the scabbard they move up and down. This saw, however, has different forms in
different sawflies : it has, moreover, one advantage over the carpenter's saw, which only
cuts in one direction, and therefore is liable to pinch if it is not well set, especially when
employed in sawing green wood ; but the saw of the fly has teeth upon the sides, so that
it can move easily by cutting a free groove. It might perhaps be called a rasp or file, as its
teeth have the form of the teeth of these instruments. "When in use, the saw moves in a
FAMILIES TENTHREDINIDiE AND UROCERIDiE. 191
grooved piece that serves as a back to lieep the instrument sufficiently supported : the
edge, upon which the teeth are cut, is circular. The use of this singular instrument is tp
prepare a place for the insect's eggs : slits are made in the stems and leaves of plants, into
which the eggs are dropped. Some of the species, after depositing their eggs, girdle the
branch, which consequently dies, when it forms a suitable kind of food for the young. In
other instances, protuberances are formed which become highly charged with sap, in
consequence of which the quantity of food is greatly increased.
CiMBEX ULMi (Peck), AMEEicANA (Lcach). (Plate xxvi, fig. 11.)
The generic characters of Cimbex are :
Body obscurely villose : first joint of the abdomen strongly emarginate above : joints of
the antennae before the club, five ; club two-jointed, and soldered together.
The insect I have figured is the Cimbex of authors ; but the antennse are properly only
three-jointed before the club, leaving out of the number the basal support, which is fixed.
The first joint is the longest, and is equal to the second and third together. If the support
is a joint, then the antennse are only four-jointed.
Description (female). Head black, shining ; antennae luteous; thorax black, margined
in front by a circular brownish ridge similar to a collar : abdomen bluish black with
brownish, marked upon the sides by four ovate yellowish white spots, and anteriorly
there is a whitish space between the rings similar to a belt. The substance or mem-
brane resembles fine parchment or paper. Wings smoke-brown, semitransparent and
shining ; thighs blue-black ; tibiae pale brown, and armed with blunt spurs ; tarsi
yellowish or pale yellow. Length | of an inch : expanse of wing, 1| inch.
The body of this tmthiedo or sawfly is thick and large. According to Dr. Haekis, Prof.
Peck had called this insect C. ulmi, because it inhabits the elm.
The male is more slender, and the spots are wanting on the abdomen : length about one
inch ; breadth, two inches. The larvae feed upon the leaves of the elm.
The foregoing species is one of the largest of the family of the TENTHEEDiNiD.ai:. It does
not appear to be very common in the vicinity of Albany, inasmuch as but few are found
in our collections.
Uroccridae.
WOOD-WASPS : HOKNTAILS.
The head of these insects is large, convex before and flat behind : antennae filiform ; wings
long, and overlap each other upon the back ; body long and cylindrical ; rings of the
abdomen close and compact. Females are provided with an ovipositor in the form of a
slender horn projecting from the extremity of the abdomen, or from beneath it, the sheath
of which is attached to the inferior side of the abdomen by a hinge. In the male the horn
is short compared with that of the female, and is either conical or triangular.
192 ORDER HYMENOPTERA.
The sexes differ considerably both in markings and size. The borer of the female consists
of five pieces : the two outside pieces are grooved for the reception and support of the
inner pieces, forming a hollow tube when closed together ; the inner pieces are needles,
with which the trunks of trees are pierced for the purpose of depositing the eggs. Their
young are grub-like larvse which are wood-eaters, and destroy forest trees by extensive
burrowing in the green solid matter. Pines, elms, maples, buttonwood and fruit trees are
all subject to attacks of the uroceridsB.
Urockrus albicornis ( Fabricius). ( Plate xxxii, fig. 3.)
Female : Color deep blue-black : stemmata three, situated behind the antennae in a
triangular form ; head confluently punctured ; antennee rather long, white, the base
and extremity dark brown or black. Behind the eyes there are two oval cream-colored
spots. Thorax pubescent, punctured, and deeply impressed with a fissure running in a
circular manner from the base of one forewing to the other, and also extending down
the base of the wings, leaving an elevation with its point directed backwards.
Abdomen cylindrical, smooth, shining, marked by a lateral oval white spot, and
terminated by a lanceform appendage. Legs black, with white joints. Length one
inch : ovipositor, nearly three-fourths of an inch; expanse of wing, nearly 2 inches.
This insect resembles the female sirex, but may be distinguished at once by its white
markings.
Tremex coLOTriBA. (Plate xxxii, figs. 1, 2.)
Tremex ( Jurine). Sirex ( Linnaeus, Drury). S. cinctus { Drury). S. pennstlvanicus (Degeer).
Pigeon Tremex ( Harris).
Head and thorax yellowish brown, thick : antennae of the length of the thorax, and made
up of sixteen joints : abdomen bluish black, cylindric, ornamented by six rings, the
last interrupted at the median line of the body ; extremity yellow : ovipositor short
and stout : wings opake brown and clouded : legs and feet yellowish ; tibia armed
with a spur.
This insect is common in Albany county. In company with the Pimpla lunator, multi-
tudes resorted to a half-grown maple tree in the back yard of the Old State Hall for the
purpose of depositing their eggs. So completely was this tree riddled with holes when the
insects escaped after transformation, that it died in a few years, when it was found to be
perfectly mined through and through.
I have taken this species also in Maryland, so that it appears to be widely distributed.
The ovipositor is nearly half an inch in length ; the body, an inch and a half; the male
less, but it frequently happens that the female is small also : expansion of wings, two and
a quarter inches. Their wants are not confined to the maple tree : they bore or pierce the
elm and buttonwood, which are thus killed in process of time. When a tree is resorted to
for the deposition of their eggs, it furnishes the larvae during every season of the year.
FAMILY ICHNEUMONIi)^. 193
Iclineumoiiidae.
The characters of this family, as given by Westwood, are : The abdomen is attached to
the hinder extremity of the thorax, and between the base of the coxa. The anterior pair
of wings exhibit perfect cells upon their disc. The ovipositor is straight, and often exserted.
Antennae setaceous or filiform, not elbowed, and composed of more than sixteen joints,
except in a few minute adsciti. The pupa is enclosed in a cocoon. The head is small and
free : eyes lateral ; mandibles slender and bidentate ; maxillary palpi five- or six-jointed,
pendulous : wings moderate in length and size : legs formed for running. When the
ovipositor is retracted, the abdomen terminates in a point.
The larvae are parasitic upon other insects.
Plate I. illustrates some of the characters of the family.
The antennae are in constant vibratory motion. The insects themselves are exceedingly
active, and exhibit a remarkable degree of instinct in depositing their eggs where their
progeny will be provided for. They are very important in the economy of nature, especial-
ly in keeping in check other species which would be highly injurious to man. They are
particularly useful in reducing the numbers of the lepidoptera, scarcely a species of which
are exempt from the attacks of ichneumon-flies. These deposit their eggs in the back of
the larva, through a puncture so minute as not to interrupt its growth and perfection :
the larva winds itself up as usual ; but in its pupa state, the eggs of the ichneumon hatch,
and the progeny feed upon it : it is consequently destroyed ; and instead of the butterfly,
there comes forth a brood of ichneumons. Before this subject was understood , the singular
fact here stated was accounted for on the supposition that certain animals were susceptible
of transformation into others.
The ichneumons have been divided into Ichneumones genuini and adsciti : the forewings
of the former have two, of the latter, one recurrent nerve.
Ichneumon tiREViciNcroR? (Plate xxvii, fig. 10.)
Color black. Antennae with joints twenty and more : yellowish white annulus beginning
at about the ninth joint, and ending at the seventeenth from the base. "Wings light
smoky brown, Scutel pale yellow : a sharp well defined ridge extends from each
anterior angle of the scutel, to the middle of the ridge surrounding the base of the
wing. Knees and tibia of the anterior feet rufous.
This individual diifers from the brevicinctor described by Say, in the beginning of the
pale annulus, which, in his account, commences at the seventeenth joint, and extends only
to the twenty-first. The cellules of the wing agree with his figure, and also the opake
costal spots.
[AoEICULTlTaAL RiPORT — VoL. V.] 25
ORDER HYMENOPTERA.
Ichneumon . ( Plate xxvil, fig. 7.)
Color black. Scutel yellowish, with a sharp ridge extending from the anterior angle to the
base of the wing. Second and third abtlominal rings orange, with the posterior part of
the second black upon the top : beneath, the orange color covers the entire rings.
Face and legs orange ; the face pale. Antennae entirely black. Wings transparent, and
only slightly smoky.
Ichneumon . ( Plate xxvii, fig. 9.)
Color black. Wings smoky brown. Antennae with a white annulus beginning about the
sixth ring from the base.
PiMPLA LUNATOR. (Plate i, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.)
Antennae brown, darker at base. Eyes black. Head brown, encircled with a ring of two
yellow bands, and one of a pale brown : front yellow, with a brown band extending
Irom one eye to the other. Thorax brown, marked upon the top by a trident, or a
longitudinal band terminating before in three divaricating lines. Laterally there are
two broad brown bands parallel with the first : between the wings, the middle band
divides and forms a circle, the inside of which is yellow. Abdomen compressed, sabre-
form and narrowed before. The seven rings of the abdomen are marked by semilunate
bands at their posterior margin, and succeeded by a black ring : the lateral parts of
the rings form an acute arch in the female, which enables her to flex the abdomen as
represented in fig. 4. Abdomen greatly dilated at its extremity in the female, and
terminated by a greatly elongated ovipositor. Wings transparent, and marked by a
brown patch. In the male, the abdomen is slender. Legs yellow and light brown.
The female is sometimes 1 ^ inch long, with an ovipositor some three inches long.
Fig. 4 : Female in the act of introducing its ovipositor into the trunk of a maple tree.
Figs. 1 & 6 : Males.
Fig. 5 : Female at rest.
The yellow bands represented as lunate, are probably too sharply arched to admit strictly
of the appellation.
This insect formerly frequented a half-grown maple in the yard of the State House in
this city. I supposed at first that the pimpla was attracted to this tree, in consequence of
the sirer having also made it the place for depositing its eggs. The larvse of both insects
were found in great numbers in difiierent stages of growth ; but it did not appear that the
larvse of the former fed upon those of the latter, for they were both in many instances full
grown and separate. In some cases the pimpla passed her ovipositor very near to a larva
of the sirex ; but it could not be ascertained, after a very careful examination, that the
object of the first was to pierce the larvai which infested the tree, alter the manner of
ichneumon-flies. Still the habits of the family favor the view that the larvae of the pimpla
FAMILIES SPHEGID^ AND VESPIDiE. X95
feed upon the larvae of the sirex. The tree was perfectly riddled with holes and burrows,
and was undoubtedly selected on account of its sheltered position. As happens with some
other species, the females sometimes perished from inability to withdraw their ovipositor ;
and this does not seem at all strange, for they frequently succeeded in introducing it into
the wood to the depth of three inchesj slender as it is.
Spliegidae.
%
The eollar is dilated laterally, and extends to the base of the wings. The legs are long
the posterior being more than twice as long as the head and thorax. The antennae are fili-
form or subsetaceous, long, and composed of elongated joints. The body is long, and the
abdomen is attached by a long peduncle. Mandibles elongate, curved, narrow, and notched
on the outside at the base : eyes entire : legs fossorial.
These insects appear like wasps, except in their pedunculated abdomen : they are
exceedingly active, restless, and difficult to capture.
Sphex pennsylvanica. ( Plate xxvi, fig. 9.)
Color steel-blue and purplish : margins of the wings fading into brownish, scarcely
observable. Head transverse, short : eyes prominent ; hindwings dilated behind.
Abdomen greenish steel-blue, oval, acute, and attached to the thorax by a slender
thread. Antennae brownish : thorax and head pubescent : tarsi black.
Vespidae.
Vespa fraterna. ( Plate xxvi, fig. 6.)
Color brown. Surface without puncture and smooth. Antennae paler on the under side.
Wings smoke-brown, translucent. First ring of the abdomen marked with a yellow
ring. Legs brown, except the joints, and a short stripe of lustrous upon the upper
side of the femora : tarsi luteous.
The wasp and hornet exhibit skill and patience in preparing their habitations : they
are natural paper-makers, and fabricate an article that is impervious to water.
The wasps form their habitation beneath stones, fixing it to the inferior surface. They
feed their young upon vegetable juices, and the softer parts of other insects which they
capture. They are fond of the juices of our domestic fruits, and seem to have a preference
for the expressed juice of the apple, as they are observed to abound about cider-mills and
in apple-yards.
196 ORDER HYMENOPTERA.
Evaniidael
Pelexinus poLiTURATOR. P. poHcerotor (Taht.). (Plate xxvi, fig. 7.)
AnteniKe black, long and filiform, marked with two yellow bands at the extremities :
ocelli distinct. Head, eyes, thorax, abdomen, and legs black. Palpi lour, slender, two
long and two short. Legs slender, but the hind-tibiae are tliick and strong. Abdomen
elongated, consisting of six joints j the elongated rings long oval. Wings pellucid and
brown.
This singular insect is not uncommon in New-England and New-York in antnmn. By
the roadsides, in September and October, it is seen flying slowly, as if borne down by its
long abdomen. When caught, it attempts to sting, and is capable of inflicting a slight
wound.
Ophion macrurum ( Fabr.) ; Ichneumon ( Drury). ( Plate xxvii, fig. 5.)
Head small, dark orange : eyes large, black, oblong ; ocelli shining black. Antennse
nearly the length of the insect, brown orange and thread-like. Color <jf all the other
parts of the insect brown orange, except the wings, which are transparent. Ihoiax
short. Abdomen arched, three times as long as the thorax, and attached to it by 8
very narrow or thread-like base, widening in depth, but compressed laterally : ex-
tremity obliquely truncate. Legs slender ; hind ones the longest : tips of the fore-
tibite single, the others double-spined. Length of body one inch.
This is one of the most remarkable of our ichneumon-flies, and appears during the
latter part of summer and early in autumn, when it is observed busily hovering over
places where there are thickets of brambles, solidagos, asters, etc. in search of caterpillars
or other suitable objects for the deposition of its eggs. It is common in Massachusetts and
New-York.
Ophion mundus. ( Plate xxvii, fig. 4.)
Color black : antennffi, tibiae and tarsi yellow : antennal nasns, anterior orbits, and front
greenish yellow ; the antennae are black or brownish black at base. Thorax clothed
with hairs. Abdomen compressed : basal joint cylindrical ; second joint as long and
rather longer than the first. Forelegs fulvous yellow, except a brown stripe on the
under side : tibiae of the hindlegs fulvous yellow, except the tips, which are brown ;
feet all yellow, except the middle, which is brownish above. Length one inch.
Ophion glabratus. ( Plate xxvii, fig. 3.)
Antennae shorter than the body. Color dull honey-yellow : head and orbits yellow ; wings
hyaline, transparent, with an oval longitudinal glabrous spot on the large cubital
cell just beyond its middle ; eyes dusky or brownish. Metathorax with a transverse
ridge near the articulation of the abdomen. Length four-fifths of an inch.
FAMILY SCOLIIDiE. 197
Ophion purgatts? (Plate xxvii, fig. 6.)
Antennae nearly as long as the body. Color honey-yellow, somewhat brownish : orbits
yellow ; wings hyaline, with two opake dots in the first cubital cellule.
This insect, though not longer than the foregoing, is rather thicker and stouter. Length
about four-fifths of an inch.
Xylocarpa virginica. (Plate xxvii, fig. 1.)
Body thick, pubescent and hirsute ; thorax globular ; abdomen ovate ; eyes brown ; an-
tennae short, slightly thickened at the extremities. Thorax and adjacent part of the
abdomen clothed with yellow hair : two-thirds of the posterior part of the abdomen
black. Wings hyaline, yellowish, tipped with a dull ochre-yello.w. Beneath the body
and legs hairy, black inclining to brown.
This insect attacks the dry woodwork of porticos, ceilings, etc. and completely burrows
the inside, leaving a mere shell to support the framework. It always makes its entrance on
the lower side of the railing, whence its operations are not readily detected.
Cdxioxis ANNULARIS. ( Plate xxvii, fig. 2.)
Color black : face yellow : antennae black : thorax black ; margins lighter, and the disc
black : abdomen black ; rings annulated with yellowish white, pointed. Beneath the
body and legs, black.
Scoliidse.
ScoLiA FOssiLANA. (Plate xxvi, fig. 10.)
ScoLiA FOSSILANA ( Fabricius). Sphex pltjmipes (Dniry).
Head pale yellow in front, black on the top and hairy : antennae black, shorter than the
thorax : neck hairy, lemon-colored : thorax black, and covered with yellow hairs :
wings dark brown, translucent : abdomen lemon-colored above, crossed by three
black lines, dark beneath : breast and arms black : legs hairy and black ; hinder
ones furnished with two remarkable long spines at the tips of the tibiae : tarsi fur-
nished with strong pale yellow hairs.
ScOLIA OCTOMACULATA.
Thorax black : scutel marked with a yellow line. Back of the abdomen dusky rufous, and
marked with eight yellow spots, four on each side of the median line : the middle
spots are oval, the first and last linear. The head is black ; the anterior margin of
the clypeus and base of the antennae, dull rufous : thorax black, and feet rufous.
The scolia are fond of dry sandy places, and feed on the honey of flowers.
CHAPTER XXI.
ORDER XI. LEPIDOPTERA ( Linnjeus).
GLOSSATA ( FABRicirs).
The insects that flit before us in our daily walks, and are known under the common name
of btitter/lies, are representatives of this order, to which also belong the numerous winged
visitants around our lamps during the summer evenings. Those which are observed flying
in the daytime, never enter our windows by night ; and neither are the moths, so common
at night, ever seen sporting by day, or flying abroad by the light of the sun.
Our first inquiry is, In what respect do the Insects of this order differ from those already
described ? They have four membranous wings, clothed with minute scales : their bodies
are soft and covered with hair, and their mouth consists of a tubular filamentous organ
designed for sucking the juices of flowers, and which, when not in use, is rolled into a
compact coil ; and, lastly, their metamorphosis is complete. We cannot fail to see how
widely they dififer from the Coleoptera or Orthoptera ; although could all the species of
the difierent orders be spread out before us at once, we should find. that they are all con-
nected by intermediate links.
The lepidoptera exist in three states : the caterpillar, the pupa, and the imago or perfect
state, in the last of which the insect propagates its kind. In the first or caterpillar state it
grows, or increases in size ; and it is during this state that it is necessitated to change or
cast off its outer integument, in order that this process may be perfected. It changes its
skin four times, and it frequently happens also that its colors and markings undergo a
succession of changes. Each insect is invariably furnished with sixteen feet. The mandibles
and maxillae do not differ materially from those of the insects of other orders. The true
legs are borne by the first three segments of the body : the other legs are called false, or
sometimes prop-legs.
As it is in this state that the insect grows, it becomes necessary that it should take a
large quantity of food, which it mostly derives from the vegetable kingdom, feeding upon
roots and leaves, and sometimes upon wood. When the larva has acquired its proper size,
it ceases to eat, and proceeds to form for itself some kind of ckse, impervious to water, and
»
FAMILY PAPILIONIDiE. 199
in this it undergoes a change. It is then inactive and defenceless, and appears dead ; and
as if aware that it is about to assume a condition in which it cannot protect itself, it seeks
a secret place where it may be secure from the attacks of foes. The transformations of the
lepidoptera are of the most complete kind : in some other orders, the pupa is active ;
here it is inactive.
The Lepidoptera are divided into three great sections. The first section contains the
Butterflies proper, Papiliones : their antennae are thread-like, and bear a knob. The
second contains the Sphinges, or Hawkmoths : their antennae are thick in the middle, and
often hooked at the tip. The third contains those familiarly called Moths : their antennae
are neither knobbed at the end nor thickened in the middle, but somewhat naked, tapering
or bristleform, or else feathered on each side. The order has also been otherwise divided
into two sections : the Diurnal lepidoptera, which fly by day ; and the JVocturnal, or those
which fly only during the night.
Papilionidae.
The distinguishing characters of this interesting family are taken from the feet, all of
which are perfect, formed for walking, and furnished with simple or bifid claws. The
antennae, which have a distinct club, have no appendage as a hook at its extremity. The
hinder wings have a slice cut out of the inner margin, for the accommodation of the body,
or else are grooved to receive it. '
The larvae of this family are naked, and the pupa is supported by threads of silk passed ^
around the middle of the body : they are both angulated and smooth in the different genera.
The butterflies of this family are among the largest and most splendid of American
insects : examples are the Papilio asterias, philcnor and tumus. The family is advanta-
geously subdivided into Papilionides and Pierides. In the former, the anal angle of the < j
posterior wing is concave or folded, and the middle longitudinal nervure of the forewing j
emits four branches, while no other species have more than three ; and the palpi are short.
From their size and lieauty, Lisnjeus gave them the name Equites. ;
The subfamily Pierides have a gutter in the inner margin of the hindwings, for the '
reception of the abdomen. The caterpillars are finely pubescent, and taper towards the j
extremities. The pupte or chrysalides are angular, slightly compressed, and terminate in a >
point at each extremity : they are supported by a thread of silk passed around the pupa- j
case. Some of the common butterflies belonging to this subfamily, the white and yellow i
ones that flit about our walks, are less beautiful than those of the first subfamily, but still
deserve our admiration. i
200 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA.
The genera of the family have the following characters :
In Papilio, the antennm are long, but the clnb is not flattened : posterior wings angulated.
In GoNiAFTERix, the wings angulated ; antennaa short.
In CoLiAS : club of the antenna not compressed ; posterior wings rounded, and covered with scales.
In PiERis, the club of the antenna b compressed : wings naked.
In PoNTiA, the club is compressed : forewings trigonate, and both covered with scales.
The CoLiAs is the genus that contains our common sulphur-yellow butterfly bordered
with black : the Goniapterix and Portia are white, and our Pieris is orange with a
black border.
Papiliones.
PAPILIONES ("Westwood). EQUITES & HELICONII (Linn^us).
Papilio asterias ( Cramer). P. troilus ( Drury, Abbott & Smith). Butterflies.
Antennae long. Head black, marked with four yellow dots ; eyes blue : body black,
marked with four rows of yellow. Wings black : beneath there is a reflection of olive
green ; nervures strong. Forewings marked by two rows of yellow spots, about eight
in each row : inner row, the spots are large and triangular, with apices directed to-
wards the insertion of the wing ; outer row, smaller and nearly round. Outer edge of
the wing spotted with pale yellow : near the anterior margin, there is a single spot
of yellow within the rows. Posterior wings tailed : upper side marked by a con-
tinuation of the yellow spots, the inner row being rounded and the outer lunate ;
between which rows, there is a row of large blue spots placed betwixt the nervures.
There is an eyelet upon the inner margin, the ring of which is orange with a black
centre : the hindwings are margined like the forewings. Beneath, the yellow spots are
converted into orange, except those of the outer row upon the forewings, and some of
the orange spots are margined with yellow : the blue spots have become lunate, and
softened into-olive-green. Expansion of wing, three to four inches.
The caterpillar is found in the month of June, • feeding upon umbelliferous plants, as
the parsley and carrot. When perfect, it is smooth, and of an apple-green color ; each
segment or ring being marked by transverse alternating bands of black and yellow spots.
When first hatched, it is black, and banded across the middle : it undergoes a succession
of changes during its moulting. It has a peculiar mode of defending itself from the attack
of flies ; as when touched, it protrudes from the first segment of the body a pair of orange-
colored horns, which exhale a disagreeable odor. The pupa is of an ochre-yellow or pale
green.
FAMILY PAPILIONID^. 201
Papilio PHiLEKoa ( Fabricius). P. astikocs ( Drury).
Head, thorax and abdomen black ; the breast marked with two rows of yellowish dots :
antenns and eyes brown or brownish black. Upper side : Forewings black with a
green lustre ; apical area brownish ; outer margin marked wiih five si^ots,and edge
trimmed with black and white : hindwiugs polished green, silky, darker at the base ;
posterior margin marked with five white lunules ; anal angle excavated and edged
with white ; tail rounded, its angles trimmed with black and white, the crenae being
white. Under side : Forewings black ; apical area olive ; margin marked with five
yellowish spots ; edge black and yellowish white : hindwings highly polished, green
End lustrous, with the outer and inner margins marked with large fusccus sj ols sur-
rounded with a velvety black ring, with a single spot of yellowish white on the outer
side ; edge trimmed with black and yellowish white ; tail dilated. Legs and feet black,
Papilio turntjs (Linnaeus). P. alcidamas (Cramer). ( Plate xxxviii, fig. 3.)
Aatennfe black : body black above, marked with a yellow stripe beginning at the neck,
and passing over the insertion of the wings and along the sides of the abdomen : sides
of the breast striped with yellow ; palpi yellow. Upper side ; Wings yellow, marked
by five subcostal bands : the first is a marginal one, extending from the shoulder to
a yellow lunule at the anal angle ; the second extends as far, but grows thinner and
terminates in a point, and the other three are abbreviated and confintd to the fore-
wing : costal edge black. The outer marginal band is wide, black, and common to
both pair of wings, and is ornamented with six lunules, larger and mere perfect in nie
hind- than in the forewings, the first and last fulvous. Hindwings scollcpped and
tailed : tail rather long and narrow ; anal angle lulvous, edged with white, and
ornamented with three lunules, yellow, black and blue, and a ferruginous one below.
The hindwing edges are trimmed with yellow ; the forewings with white. L'eneath,
the yellow is pale ; the subcostal bands are less black and velvety, and bordered wilh
greenish. Outer margin, the edge is black : there is a dusky yellow band, succeeded
by a broader and more dusky one, showing greenish yellow, and bounded on the
inside with a strong black line of scollops. Hindwings, the edge is yellow, succeeded
by black and yellow lunules : the black line within is bordered with blue. Expanse
of wing four inches. Length from the head to the extremity of the tail, 2| inches.
This is one of our common butterflies, and resembles the Machaon of Europe, but i(s
markings and form are more like those of the Podalirius. Its larvae axe not known as
injurious to the cultivated vegetables.
[ AoaicnLTUBAL Eepoet ■ — Vol. v.] 26
202 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA.
Heliconiidae.
Genus DANAUS.
The generic characters of the Danaus, as drawn up by Mr. Say, are as follows :
'Anterior feet spurious in both sexes : antennae terminated by a club ; palpi distant, sub-
' cylindric, short : inferior wings rounded, not forming a groove for the reception of
* the abdomen : nails of the tarsi simple.'
Danavs plexippus. (Plate xxxviii, fig. 1.)
Head and body black, marked with two rows of white dots : sides also marked with many
white dots : five posterior rings of the abdomen edged with white, with two rows of
dots beneath. Wings entire, fulvous red varying in depth in diflerent individuals :
nervures and costse black ; lateral and posterior margins trimmed with a black
border, and two rows of white spots with a black and white edge : apical area black,
and marked with elongate and subquadrate spots of the ground-color of the wings,
with smaller spots of white extending along the costa. Beneath, paler : hind- paler
than the forewings ; in other respects, the markings are not dissimilar to those of the
upper surface. Eyes and legs steel-blue : tarsi velvet-black. Expanse of wing, four
and a quarter inches.
Common, and widely distributed. The larvse are harmless, feeding on useless plants, as
the asclepias, etc. : they are annulated with white ; the pupa is green, and dotted with
golden spots.
LiMENiTis Dissippus. (Plate xlvii, figs. 1, 2.)
Ground-color of the wings precisely the same as in the Banaus plexippus. In the apical
area, a somewhat triangular spot of black extends from the apex to the outer angle,
within which there are four oblong spots of the color of the wing, and a small one at
the junction with the marginal border : this black spot is marked with three white
spots, and sometimes four in the row ; the lower one is a mere dot. Between these
white spots and the apex, there is an elongate white lunule, or an elongate pointed
spot. Beneath the costa, there is sometimes a white spot towards the base of the wing.
The hind wing is marked by a narrow black belt, extending from near the middle of
the costa, across the wing to the anal angle. Beneath, paler : upon the forewing
there are two subcostal bluish white spots, and a dash of white on the costa near the
black triangular spot. In the apical area, the fulvous spots are five in number, and
more distinct than those above. Hindwings, the black belt is bordered on its basal side
with three or more bluish white spots placed between the nervures. The border in
both pair of wings is trimmed with black, upon which the inner row of spots forms
FAMILY HEUCONHDjE. 203
a distinct lunule, succeeded on the outside by interrupted curved blue lines : edge
trimmed with black and white.
Head and body black : the back of the head is marked with four white spots, the first
pair placed at the base of the antennse. Antennae black, tipped with rufous : palpi
black, striped with white on the outside. Eyes blue, with a white spot posteriorly.
Each side of the thorax is marked with three large white spots : coxse white ; the
ventral portion of five rings, white, and an abbreviated lateral white line. Legs black :
tarsi of the forelegs striped with white in front. Expanse of wing varies from two
and a half to three inches.
This species is found accompanying the D. plexippus in the vicinity of Albany, and is
usually regarded as a mere variety of the same ; but the many differences in the markings,
taken in connection with the constancy in size of the numerous individuals I have exa-
mined, leave no doubt of its distinct character.
LiMENiTis URSULA. ( Plate xxxiii, figs. 1 & 2.)
Color black above, black and brownish beneath : antennae black ; knob rather slender :
eyes brown : head black. Behind the antennae there are two white triangular spots,
and a white line beneath and outside of each eye. Thorax and abdomen black above :
sides of the former marked with three white spots ; on the latter, the edges of the
rings of the venter white, and sides marked with a wide white stripe. Outside palpi
white : upperside of the imperfect forefeet white. Forewings subfalcate ; outer margin
slightly sinuate ; nervures of the wings with four branches : posterior wings slightly
angulated, without tail, subtrigonal. Upper side, velvety black : forewings marked
with submarginal bluish and rather obsolete lunules ; apical area marked with two
white triangular spots ; edge trimmed with white and black : hindwings marked
with two rows of pale blue quadrangular spots, the third upon the inner row from
the anal angle being a lunate spot. Outside of these there are two rows of sublunate
spots, the outer white, the inner blue ; the former are placed upon the edge. Beneath,
the apical area is brownish, and marked with white spots, which become obsolete as
they extend towards the outer angle. Base of the wing bluish in some lights, and
marked with two brown and four blue subcostal spots : the blue spots are small, and
stand two and two ; the margin is trimmed with two rows of lunules, and the edge
with white and black. Behind the disk is brownish, similar to the apical area, and
the base is marked with a cluster of rufous and blue spots. The margin inside has
five rufous spots surrounded with hlack, and two rows of lunules parallel with the
edge, which is trimmed with white ; nd black.
This species is found as far south as Georgia, yet does not appear to be common any
where : it feeds on the gooseberry leaf and wild cherry, and is figured in A'bbott and
Smith's Lepidoptera.
204 OROEB LEPIOOPTERA.
Pier ides.
PIERIDES (Westwood). DANAI ( Linnjecs).
CoLiAs PHiLODicE (Godart). Clcudcd-sulfhur Buttajty. ( Plate xxxv, figs. 1, 2, 4 & 9.)
Papilio pal^noI (Linnwus). Colias europome (Swainson).
Male : Antennce ferrnginons ; knob blackish above, ferruginous lenealh, tiprcd with
ferruginous or rosy color : palpi yellow, clothed with king hairs, greenish at fcafe :
eyes brown. Head blackish above ; tips of the hairs often reddish. Trunk and abdo-
men blacki.h above, or rather greenish ; beniath, jelhjw. Wings yellow, broadly
bordered with black. Anterior wings above marked with a central diamond shaped
black spot, which is matched by a faint yellowish spot upon the posterior wing :
beneath yellow, with a greenish tinge, especially beneath the black border of the
forewings. Posterior wings of a deeper tinfof sulphur-yellow than the anterior, and
marked with two brownish spots each : the tirst is near the middle of the wing, and
coalesces with a smaller spot towards the anterior margin, and both are ornamented
in the centre with a spangle of silver ; the other, a reddish oblong brown spot, is
placed directly midway upon the anterior margin of the wing, pointing to the coa-
lescing central spots. Wings ciliate : cilise rosy red.
Female : The colors of the wings are much like those of the male. The border is rather
paler, and shows six spots of the ground-color of the wings, placed two and two :
four of the spots are nearer the apical angle. The posterior wings show obsoletely the
marks placed beneath : the black border is fainter and narrower than in the male.
Baneath, the anterior wings scarcely differ from those of the male ; the posterior are
paler, and, if any thing, show a faint rosy tint, with three or four small dots. Ex-
panse of wing, about two inches.
The females differ as to depth of coloring : some are nearly as yellow as the male ; in
others, the yellow is pale and whitish. The caterpillar is described as pubescent, green,
with yellow lines and black dots.
Fig. 1, male ; 9, upper side female ; 2, lower side female ; 4, lower side male.
PoNTiA OLEBACEA ( Harris). Potherb Pontia.
Knob of the antennae flattened, black, and tipped wilh ferruginous ; setaceous part, white
beneath ; above black, with the lower margin of the rings white. Head white, with a
black spot upon the back of it. Thorax and body black, wilh the ends of many hairs
and scales white : the sides of the abdomen are striped with white. Anterior wings
FAMILY HEUCONIID^. 205
white, and tips and base dusky, which color extends outward along the nervures.
Posterior wings white above, slightly yellowish green beneath.
Dr. H.-vRRis has given a minute description of the eggs and caterpillar of this species,
from which it appears that the female lays its yellowish eggs upon the leaves of cabbages,
radishes or turnips, about the first of June ; that they are hatched in about a week, and
that the caterpillar attains its full size in three weeks : it measures an inch and a half in
length, is of a pale green color, and feeds indiscriminately upon any part of the leaf,
perforating it in many places. The pupa state lasts about eleven days.
This butterfly, as may be supposed from its habits above described, is injurious to
garden plants. There is no other way to save cabbages, etc. when attacked by the cater-
pillar, than to crush it under foot. It is common, but less so than the Colics. Neither inflict
very extensive injury upon the farmer ; and if the birds could have their own way so far
as to inhabit the trees about the garden without molestation, they would always keep these
minor evils in check : the indviduals of any species of insect would never increase to an
extent such as to call the husbandman or gardtner from his other duties.
The Pontia oleracea has a resemblance to species of the Genus Apterix : in all these,
however, the antennae are shorter, not flattened, but clavate, and the wings are angulated ;
and finally the individuals are all larger than the P. oleracea.
PiERis nicippeI ( Plate xxxv, fig. 7.)
Head and body black above, but crossed at the back of the head and thorax with yel-
lowish ; beneath, yellow and orange along the sides. Antennae rather short : knob
yellowish. Wings yellow or orange : border wide, black, and edged with orange about
the middle : below the anterior edge there is a short black line ; the anterior border
rather greenish. Beneath yellow, with a few splashes of red particularly on the hind-
wings. Forewings, the outer border is yellow, while the basal part is a deeper yellow :
the outer edge of the forewing is dotted with brown ; and the fore-edge of the hind-
wing shows many sharp dark lines, but frequently obscure.
Though this species does not agree in every particular cf coloring with the nidjje, it is
not 83 far removed as to admit much doubt of its being the same. It has a wide range,
being found in Pennsylvania and Virginia as well as in New-York ; but here it is far from
being common.
Some of the figures have been colored of a deeper orange than the specimens ordinarily
exhibit : indeed some individuals scarcely partake of this color at all, bearing mostly
upon yellow. ''
Fig. 7, upper side ; 6, lower side.
so ORDER LEPIDOPTERA.
Nymplialidae.
The distinguishing characteristics of this family are found in the forelegs, the antenna,
the posterior groove of the hind wings, and the peculiar manner in which the pupa is sus-
pended. The anterior legs are defective, being short and unfitted for walking : the antennae
have a distinct club, it maybe compressed or somewhat prolonged below, but never hooked
at the tip : the two hiud pair of legs are furnished with bifid claws, the hinder tibia with a
single pair of spurs ; and the posterior wings receive and protect the abdomen in a groove.
The larvse bear spines or else tubercles, and are cylindric : the pupa is angulated, and
suspended by the tail.
This family embraces the beautiful species that have received the common names of red
and white admirals, painted-ladies, fritterlaries, etc. Their flight is strong, and more than
makes up for the imperfection of their feet.
The genera may be known by the following characters :
The Vanessa have angulated wings ; antennae rather abruptly clavate ; eyes pubescent.
The CrNTHiiB haye rather rounded wings, or only subangulated : in other respects, they closely re-
semble the vanessse.
In the LiMENiTES, the wings are more or less rounded ; the antennas are straight ; the club gradually
thickens : eyes pubescent.
In the HiPPARCHiJE, the club of the antennae gradually thickens, and is more or less curved.
The Akqynnes have the antennae rather abruptly clavate, and club short ; eyes naked ; wings broad,
and the head large.
Nymphalides.
Vanessa ANTiorA. Willow Butterfly. ( Plate vi, figs. 5, 6, 7.)
Papilio antiopa ( Linnaeus, Donovan).
Above the medium size. Wings angulated : upper sides deep purplish brown ; surface
appearing like velvet, bordered with a broad wavy belt of black, in which there are
angular violet-blue spots : outer margins cream-colored, sprinkled w ith dots arranged
somewhat in lines ; the salient angles ot the border more distinctly marked. The
anterior margin of the primary wings has cream-colored spots beyond the middle,
towards the outer edge : the underside of the wings darker brown, terminating in
the scollopped mottled gray border, in which there is a row of darker angular spots.
The secondary wings are prolonged slightly into tails.
The caterpillar is black, with a series of spots along the back, and each joint armed with
spines. It consumes the leaves of the poplar, willow, etc., but iiyures more especially the
FAMILY NYMPHALID.«. 207
elm, from the branches of which it often hangs in clusters ; and when once stripped of
its foliage by the larvae of this species, which are more numerous some years than others,
the tree rarely recovers.
The pupa is suspended by its tail from the underside of a stone or rail, and is pointed
and armed with a double row of spines upon its ventral surface.
The antiope or vnllow butterfly survives the winter : it seeks a warm secluded place, and
hence in the spring it appears early. The young butterfly comes forth from the chrysalis
state in July ; and in August a second brood of caterpillars appear, which pass through
their changes before winter.
In consideration of the extensive injury these caterpillars inflict upon some of our best
kinds of shade trees, it is very desirable that they should be destroyed, by shaking them
from the limbs on which they congregate, and crushing them under the foot It is only by
taking this advantage of its larval state, that the increase of the species can be effectually
checked.
VwtssA iNTERROGATioNis. SejTiicolon Butterfly (^Hatris). (Plate xxxv, fig. 5.)
Head and body brown, hairy. Anterior wings angulated and reddish or dark reddish
orange, with their borders broadly shaded with black and obscurely marked with
reddish spots, of which the longest is situated at the superior and outer angle, and
dotted or marked within with black : middle spotted with seven angular black spots.
Posterior wings all black except their bases, but the black is not sufl5cient to conceal
rows of reddish spots : posterior and lateral margin edged with a black line, within
which there is a reddish white line extending and spreading over the short tails.
Underside of both pairs of wings the color is rust-red or marbled : the border of the
hindwing is also ornamented with faint bluish green lunate spots. The centre has the
pale silvery comma. Expansion of wing, 2^ - 2| inches.
The caterpillar is spinous, brownish and variegated with yellow and brown, and lives
upon the hop.
There seems to be some variety in the markings of this butterfly, though the general
pattern is much the same.
Vanessa progne ( Fabricius). Progne Butterfly.
Antennae brown : knob dark brown, tipped with lighter ; outside spotted with black and
white ; beneath light brown. Head with a black spot at the base of the* palpi. Body
brown, light beneath and black above. Wings angulated, brown, and spotted with
black. Anterior wings : Outer margin black, marked near the centre with five
round spots placed in # right angle : above and near the margin there is an oblong
208 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA.
larger spot than either of the five ; beyond, a dusky patch with the apex black.
Posterior wings, mostly dusky black, but brownish towards the base : tails and
margins powdered with reddish white : beneath grayish, mottled reddish or crrrge,
and with obscure spots of lighter and darker color partaking more or less of brown.
Hindwings marked with a silvery « opening outwards.
This species furnishes considerable variation in the markings, as well as in expansion
of wings. It is a common species, generally smaller than the red admiral and ccmma lut-
terjly.
Dr. Harris regards this species and V. argcntea, described by the late Rev. W. Kieby
in the Fawia Boreali AmericaneR, as the same.
Vanessa cx)mma ( Harris).
Dr. Harris has recently described an American comma butterfly, which had been
regarded as identical with the European : although closely resembling the latter, the
hinder wings are not so deeply indented, which feature may serve to distinguish the two.
For description, see Harris's Injurious Insects, 2d edition, p. 241.
Vanessa polychloros 1 Ccmma Butterfly.
Anterior wings, dusky orange, darker at base, marked with four large subquadrate Fpots
upon the disk, of which three are in a line, and the other is placed below the middle
spot of the three : costal margin with three large abbreviated fascire, the middle one
the largest, the apical one smallest and whiter : outer margin dusky, and marked
with an irregular pale line. Posterior wings have a large black or dark brown
costal spot : outer margin marked with crescents, which are not sufliciently distinct
to warrant insertion in this description, owing to injury : a slender pale line is visible
running parallel with the edge. Beneath the wings are clouded, the basal portion much
the darkest ; the higher portion, or broad band is striated transversely by numerous
darker interrupted lines. In the middle of the posterior wing there is a silvery curved
line.
The individual above described differs about as much from the English polychlcros, as
our Vanessa atalanta or Cynthiu cardui from theirs. The most important point not made
out, relates to the bluish lunules upon the outer margin ; but on applying our polychlcros
to the English figure, I find it fits in length and breadth, and also the angulated and scol-
lopped edges. There is a close correspondence in the patterns above and beneath, and the
general resemblance is so near that it will not be safe to treat our species as distinct from
the English.
FAMILY NYMPHALID^. 209
Vanessa uaxic^l Tortoise-shell Butterfly. ( Plate xlvi, figs. 8, 9, 10.)
Papilio urticjb (Linnaeus).
Upper sides of both pair of wings bright red-orange, dark at the base, and covered with
long olive-brown hairs. Costal margin of the forewings marked with three large black
subquadrate spots : between these spots, pale orange, with a whitish iigure towards the
apex, but within the border. Under the three black spots mentioned, there are three
quadrangular spots upon the disk : the one nearest the base, rectangular and largest,
and bordered on the outer edge with yellowish ; above which are the two smaller
spots. Exterior margin of both pair of wings black, and ornamented all around with
blue lunules : beneath, the basal half of the hind-pair is nearly black ; outside of
which there is a belt of brown marked transversely by darker lines, and then the
blackish border ornamented with obscure or black lunules. On the forewings tliere is
a large pale orange patch, corresponding to the reddish orange markings above.
Antennje : rings marked with white and brown ; knob brown, terminated with pale
orange ; palpi gray, from an intermixture of white and brown hairs. Expanse of
wing, 1 1 - 3 inches-
I am unable to say whether this is a common species in this State, or not : it has been
taken in the vicinity of Albany this season (1853), and I believe frequently. It resembles
Say's V. furccllata, obtained in the Northwest Territory ; but in the latter there are two
subquadrate yellow and reddish spots near the costa upon the black ground, and the broad
belt is orange, bearing upon the costa a large black spot.
Vanessa atalanta ( Fabricius, Curtis, Stephens). Papilio atalanta (Stephens).
Base of the anterior wings rich brown ; of the apical half, brownish black with a tinge of
blue, in which there is a series of white spots arranged in a curved line, the two
largest spots separated by the two smallest. Between the broad orange fasciae and the
series of white spots, there is a large white spot upon the costa. The orange fascia
crosses the wing, but does not quit the posterior angle : the scoUopped edges are
trimmed with white. Posterior wing, two-thirds of the basal part rich velvety brown,
ornamented with a broad border similar in color to the fascia of the forewing, and
dotted through its middle with black, besides the two confluent blue spots of the
anal angle. Beneath, the forewings are black ; and between the middle orange hand
and base, there are red and blue lines : apex ashy brown. The hindwings are brown,
black and grayish, traversed transversely by black narrow interrupted wavy bands :
beneath the orange belt the color is ashen, marked with black angular lines. On the
costal margin there is an ashen patch, with a darker middle.
[AoRICULTUEAL RePOET — VoL. V.] 27
210 ORDER LEFIDOPTERA.
Ctntia cardui. Vanessa cardui (Godart). (Plate xlvi, figs. 1, 2.)
Anterior wing : Disk reddish orange, extending near the base ; apical part nearly black,
marked with quadrangular spots, the two smallest placed just to the right of the other
two : the large costal sjwt within the four spots spoken of, is divided into three parts
by the nervures : margin and edges trimmed with white brown, and an interrupted
line which reaches the costa between the white spots and apex. Postkrior wings
reddish orange, their inner margin covered with long brown hair : upon the disk of
orange there are four regular round black spots, an imperfectly formed bar within,
with two rows of black spots without, placed with long diameters at right angles to
each other j the edge is trimmed with white. The hindwing is orange, spotted all over
with black spots : the costal margin, which is connected under the forewings, is
white. Beneath, the coloring is brighter on the forewings, but the pattern is much
the same as above. The hindwings are ornamented with four distinct eyes, the two
smallest in the middle : the centre is black ; then a partial ray of blue, then of black,
then a distinct one of buff margined with black. Towards the outer angle there is
often a fifth much smaller eye, arranged on a line with the others. The whole of the
portion within the eyes, and the nerves, are all white, with numerous large and small
white and light brown angulated spots and bars.
Cynthia huntera ( Kirby).
Papilio cabdui virginiensis ( Drary). P. iole (Cramer). Vanessa huntera (Dale, Stephens)'.
Edges of the wings rounded, or onlysubangulated. Disk of both pair of wings orange red,
brown at base, and darker at the apex ; disk broken by black irregular transverse
bars connected by delicate lines : apical part marked with four silvery white spots ;
the two smallest are outside of the larger, and the costal one is divided by the black
nervure into two parts. There is also a large subquadrangular spot resting on the
costa : outer margin trimmed with parallel scollops of white, brown and orange. On
the posterior wing the ornaments consist of two black circles with blue centres, be-
tween which are two black spots. The margin does not differ much from that of the
forewing, except that the scollops take the form of lunate spots : upon the anal angle,
these spots have blue discs. Beneath, there is much greater complexity as well as
beauty of coloring. The principal and characteristic ornaments are the eyes on the
apical angle of the forewings, and two large eyes surrounded with black upon the
hindwings : the disk is a patch of white composed of mealy scollopped lines. The
margin below resembles that above.
The caterpillar is said by Drury to be green, with black rings around the body, and
feeds on balsam or lady's-jewels.
-FAMILY NYMPHALID^. 211
LiMENiTis ARTHEMis. JVymphalis arthemis ( Drury). ( Plate xliii, figs. 2 - 9.)
Wings black, marked by a broad white band common to both pair, reaching very nearly
to the margins : apical portion marked with three white spots, to which a fourth is
sometimes added. Beneath, the basal portion is black, perhaps greenish, and orna-
mented with a cluster of brown spots and bluish green bars situated near the base :
at the apex there are three white spots. Posterior wings beneath are marked with six
or seven brown spots outside of the white band : margin trimmed with white, black
and blue. The last-mentioned spots are in two parallel lines, and bear the form some-
what of lunules.
The anterior pair of feet are white before : abdomen black, and the venter has a yellow
stripe on the specimen before me.
This species seems to have a wide range ; being found as far north as Lake Winnepec,
and south into Virginia.
Arcynnis aphrodite.
Stipe of the antennae long, buff-brown ; knob black. Head and body buff, with black upon
the thorax and upper side of the abdomen. Color of the wings bright buff-yellow or
fulvous : forewings spotted and banded with black, and both pair darker at base as
well as hairy. In front there are six or seven black subcostal bands : the four from
the base are connected with a zigzag band which extends across the wing ; or they
may be regarded as a connected series of lunules, having in front of their concavities
a row of six round black spots, beyond which is a regular row of seven lunules
smaller than the former : margin trimmed and edged with two black lines, which
are dilated where they cross a nervure. Hindwings marked with distant rows of lu-
nules, between which there is a row of roundish spots : they are trimmed and edged
like the forewings. Beneath paler, and the subcostal bands are more distinct : there
is a double row of lunules, with three spots between. At the apex, the black spots
and lunules of the upper sides are replaced by silvery ones. Hindwings, ba.=e deeper
colored than the wide margins, and ornamented with three parallel rows of bright
silvery spots, and several more which cluster at the base : among the rowsj there are
small silvery spots scattered about without order : margin trimmed with a plain
brown band edged with black. The silvery spots are surrounded with a black ring
wholly or in part ; and there is a straight line also on the forewings, between the
third and fourth subcostal bands. Expanse of wing, 2| inches.
This species si very common in the western part of Massachusetts and Eastern New-
York.
212 . ORDER LEProOPTERA.
Abgtnnis idealia.
Antenna; brown, tipped with rufous. Forewings a buflf brown : costa and margin black,
marked by five subcostal bands, besides the straight band which forms a delta with
the fourth : apex black, marked with four white elongated subcostal spots : disk
marked by a row of five round spots, besides which there are two lunules in reversed
position with respect to each other, and two rather quadrangular spots ; the outer
margin is trimmed with black, bearing a row of eight or nine white spots. Hindwings
dark or very dark brown, but lighter at the base, and marked with two rows of large
white spots. Beneath, the forewings present much the same pattern, except that the
white border spots are more distinctly in the form of short arrowheads bordered with
black. Hindwings very uniformly dark brown, and spotted with large white spots :
there are three parallel rows, and the basal cluster might be called a fourth ; the
shoulders have also a white stripe running along the edge of the wing. Expanse of
wing, four inches.
This species is far less common in the vicinity of Albany than the aphrodite.
Melitjea PttETON. ( Plate xliii, figs. 4, 7.)
Stipe of the autennai ringed with black and white : knob, base fulvous, middle black,
tip gray : palpi, eyes and feet rufous. Head black, with a ring of white around the
eyes, and a row of white spots passing around the head just behind the antennse.
Thorax and upper side of the abdomen black, with a few white dots along the top,
and two rows along the sides. Beneath the abdomen is marked wilh a rufous red
series of largish spots on each side, and the venter with a row of yellowish white
spots. Upper side : Wings black : outer margins ornamented with four rows of
spots ; the outer row rufous, resting on the nervures, and divided ; the three inner,
yellowish white ; the innermost row short : beyond the rows there are two or three
dashes of red, parallel with the costa. Hind- marked like the forewings, except the
short row of spots is wanting. Beneath, the surface of both pairs is marked with
four rows of yellow spots between two of brown, except the inner brown row of the
forewing is replaced by two large brown subcostal spots : on the hindwings, there is
a cluster of brown and yellow spots at the base. It should be noted that the yellow
spots of the outer row are all lunules opening outwards. Expanse of wing, 2 inches.
This season (1853) this butterfly is quite common, while in former years it was scarce.
Melitjea phabos. ( Plate xliii, figs. 5 & 6.)
Head, body and wings black, marked with numerous red and yellow spots. Hindwings
marked with six orange-colored spots extending across the wing, the concavities
turned towards the base of the wing. Outside of these spots, there is a row of six
FAMILY NYMPHALID^. 213
ocellate spots with black centres : these ocelli stand between the nervures. Near the
base there is a lunule, with a round spot in its concavity. Underside reddish clay-
colored, mottled and clouded. Forewing the red is deeper, and the outer angle or
apex has a dark triangular space dotted with red : outer margin clouded with red-
dish of different hues. Spread of wing, about one and a half inches.
This beautiful species is less common here than the preceding.
Hipparchiides.
HIPPARCHIIDES ( Westwood). SATYRIDES ( Boisduval).
The palpi of this subfamily are three-jointed and elongated, and their antennse thickened
very gradually at the tips. The insects are not robust, but rather feeble in flight. Their
colors, though frequently beautiful, belong rather to the neutral tints : they are brown
and yellow, with ocelli for ornaments. The larvae feed upon the grasses during the night
season : their bodies are widest in the middle : some of them undergo their transforma-
tions in the earth, and others suspend themselves by their tails.
HippARCHiA ALOPE. ( Plate xxxiii, figs. 5, 6.)
Brown ; paler beneath. Antennae slender and arcuate : knob a mere dilatation of the
upper end ; stipe annulated with white. Upper side : Forewings marked with a
broad luteous band, or rather oblong spot placed upon the outer half of the wing,
and ornamented with two eyelets with a black iris and bluish pupil. Hind wings more
distinctly crenate than the forewings, and marked towards the posterior margin with
a. single small eyelet with a black iris and blue pupil. Beneath, the eyelets are
rather more distinct than above. Wings barred transversely by darker lines : posterior
are marked by six small eyelets arranged in two lines, three in each ; the largest in
the middle, and each surrounded with a perfect brown ring outside of the black iris.
The margins of the wings are traversed by black and brown lines running parallel
with the edge, which is densely ciliate. Legs ashen. Common.
Hipparchia nephele. Clouded Hipparchia. ( Plate xxxiii, figs. 3, 4.)
Color brown above and beneath, but paler beneath. Antennae annulated with white ; knob
slender. Upper side is marked with an obsolete but broad submarginal band, in
which there are two eyelets With a clouded white or bluish white pupil, and a black
iris with a very indistinct brown ring. The posterior wings are crenate, and marked
with a minute or obsolete black spot. Under side, the belt of the anterior wings is
much more distinct, the eyelets bright, and the outer ring of brown plain : margin
of the wing traversed with two or three lines parallel to the edge. Outer half of the
hlndwing paler, and marked with six small eyelets, which form three rows, the largest
214 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA.
eyelet being in the middle : the anal angles divaricate, leaving a wide triangular
space.
This species was first described, I believe, by the Rev. Mr. Kirby in the Fauna Boreali
Americana.
Lycsenidae.
LYCiENID^ ( Leach). POLYOMIVIATID^ ( Swainson).
The insects of this family are small and weak, but finely and delicately colored and
marked. The forelegs are fitted for walking, and the last joint of the palpi is small and
naked. The caterpillar has a small head nearly concealed under the first ring, and secures
itself, when about to undei^o transformation, by the hindfeet and a loop about the body.
The chrysalis is flat on the underside ; its ends are round : the imago six-footed. Social,
and often collected into groups upon sweet-scented flowers.
Thecla acis. ( Plate xliii, figs. 2, 3.)
PoLYOMMATUS ( Latreillc & Godart). Papilio acis ( Drury). P. ixion ( Fabricius).
Superior wings immaculate and dark brown above, paler beneath : posterior, blcaudate ;
the two inner the longest, and immediately above are two red spots, and two more
upon the anal angle. Under side, the wings are lead-colored, crossed by a narrow
white and black line running parallel to the external edges ; the ix)sterior are crossed
by an indented irregular line : the four long reddish spots stand above four black
ones.
Thecla humuli ( Harris).
Anterior or primary wings dusky brown on their upper sides, tinted with bluish gray j
and, in the males, they are also marked with an oval spot on the front edge. The
posterior wings are slenderly tailed, but, unlike those of the acis, they are tipped wilh
white ; and the margin posteriorly is also marked by a row of pale blue spots, among
which is a crescent of orange marked in the centre with a black dot. It is a little
larger also than the acis ; expanding about an inch and a tenth, while the acis is only
about an inch.
In its caterpillar state, the T. humuli feeds upon the heads of the hop, as is implied by
its specific name : its color is green, and its skin is downy. Described by Harris in his
work on insects injurious to vegetation, p. 235, 2d edition.
FAMILY HESPERIIDiE. 215
Hesperiidae.
SKIPPERS.
Head large, with large and prominent eyes : bodies short and thick ; feelers short, hairy,
and ends square or angular. Antennse short and distant from each other, ending in a
knob prolonged and bent into a hook, and pointed. Legs six, and the four hindshanks
furnished with two pairs of spurs.
Larva : Head large : body tapering from a <;ylindric middle, spineless, and generally
naked. Solitary, concealed within a rolled leaf; their transformations taking place
in envelopes of leaves and fragments of straws bound together by a few silken threads.
Chrysalids taper from one end, and are rounded : they make imperfect cocoons, which
are formed of rolled leaves and threads.
EuDAMus TiTiTEUs. Tityrus Skipper. ( Plate xxxviii, figs. 4, 5.)
Antennce brown : eyes brown, with a white spot beneath. Upper side : Head, body and
wings brown, lighter at base. The middle is crossed with a wide yellow band, nar-
rowing towards the posterior angle : between it and the apex there are two yellow
dots or spots. Hindwings tailed, rounded upon their anal angle : beneath they are
marked by a large oval and central white spot ; the edges trimmed with yellow or
yellowish brown. Expanse of wings, 2-2^ inches. The larva is pale green, and
striped transversely with darker green and dotted : head and neck red and tubercu-
lated(fig. e); fig./, pupa.
The tityrus inhabits the locust-tree, making its habitation of the leaves drawn and kept
together by threads of silk, which serve also for its transformation : it feeds on the leaves,
and sometimes nearly strips the tree of foliage.
This season (1853), which has furnished many other rare insects, this skipper has not
been common.
Pamphila phylceus.
Upper side : Thorax and abdomen yellowish olive. Superior wings tawny yellow, mar-
gined with a black toothed border : three dark brown spots traverse the wing, the
outer comer one coalescing with the border. Inferior wings yellow, subangulated :
margin with a dark brown border, sharply indented : anal angle truncate. Beneath,
the wings are paler, marked with brown somewhat triangular and lined spots : one
elongated spot near the shoulders. Expansion of wing, 1 ^ inches. The caterpillar
feeds upon the panic and buflfalo grasses.
This is a very common butterfly in Western Massachusetts, in August, in meadows.
216 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA.
Chrysophancs phleas. Copper Butterfly. ( Plate xlvl, fig. 4.)
Color copper-red above. Forewings margined with black : area of the disc marked with
six or seven oblong black spots. Hindwings, disc and base dusky black : posterior
margin red, trimmed with about six black spots, and lurnished with short tails. Be-
neath : Forewings, the disc is orange or cupreous orange, spotted with black, and
margined with ash. Hindwings, base and disc ash, spotted or dotted with black, and
bordered with faint copper-red.
Common at midsummer in the vicinity of Albany and Western Massachusetts.
Hesperia PECKius (Kirby). Peck's Hesperia. ( Plate xxxii, fig. 8.)
Color brown, paler beqeath. Both pair of wings widely bordered with brown : area of the
discs bright yellow, with a band of brown extending outwards from the base, ciliate ;
cilise fuscous. Beneath, the area of the discs is occupied with yellow patches, ir-
regular in form ; that upon the liindwing is usually double. The body is clothed with
long yellowish brown hairs, especially upon the breast.
There is considerable diversity in the form or shape of the yellow patches on the discs :
in some, the whole area of the disc of the forewings is yellow. It is very probable, how-
ever, that this may prove a species distinct from the peckius. The latter is common in fields
in Western Massachusetts and Eastern New-York, in July.
^SpMngidae.
HAWKMOTHS.
This family of Lepidoptera has received the special attention of naturalists from Linn.s:us
down to the present time. They fly with great strength and vigor, with a bird-like motion
of their wings ; and are capable of sustaining their flight for a long time, and of poising
themselves in the air like the hummingbird while sucking the nectar of flowers. The
tongue is coiled compactly when not in use, and frequently exceeds the body in length.
The antenniB are prismatic, presenting in a cross section the segment of a circle on one
side, while others are formed by two curved lines meeting in such a way as to make an
edge on the opposite side : it often terminates in a feather-like tuft. The labial palpi are
broad and compressed ; but the labrum and mandibles are rudimentary, as they are not
required for taking food.
The larvse are naked, cylindrical, and supplied with sixteen feet, and ordinarily a horn
Is placed on the eleventh segment of the body : they are commonly ornamented with
oblique stripes on the sides. They usually descend into the earth when their transformation
FAMILY SPHINGID^. 217
is about to take place. Tlie pupa too will be found naked, and sometimes an appendage
exists in the form of a bent hook, like the handle of a pitcher : this is a distinct case,
and contains the tongue. Where this organ is short, the appendage is absent. The wings
are generally covered with scales ; but in some cases they are transparent, as in the Sesia,
from the absence of scales.
Many of the larvae, when not engaged in feeding, fix themselves by the hindlegs, and,
elevating their bodies at a considerable angle, remain stiffly fixed in that position for
hours : in color and position, they then resemble a broken twig of the bush upon which
they have been feeding ( See Plate xxxvi, fig. a).
The hummingbird moths, or sphinges, fly in the early morning, or in the dusk of the
evening, when they visit the garden or the wild flowers of hedges, flitting rapidly from
one blossom to another, and poising themselves with the utmost ease by the rapid motion
of their wings, which are long and pointed, but of unequal expanse, the forewing being
the longest. Their bodies are thick and robust, and frequently pointed behind ; or else
they terminate in a fan-like tail, as in the Sesi^:.
There is a diversity in habit in this family, as in all others : while some fly swift, others
are slow and sluggish in their flight ; and while some prefer th>e twilight of the morning
or evening, others take the wing only during the day. The Smerinthus has a slow heavy
flight, and flies only in the night ; and it is doubtful whether it takes food in flie imago
state, as its tongue is too short to be useful for that purpose. When at rest, the wings are
horizontal or a little inclined ; and the posterior have an apparatus consisting of a setiform
process at its base, which passes through a hook to the anterior, for the purpose of re-
gulating the extent of their motion.
This family contains but few genera, which may be indicated by observing the following
characters :
1. Smerinthus : Wings more or less angnlated ; flight heavy : tongue very short : antennsa in the
males biciliate beneath.
2. Sphinx : Tongue long : wings entire, acute : labial palpi robust : antennae not clavate.
8. Deilephila : Antennae clavate.
4. Sesia : Wings partially clear and transparent : abdomen terminates in a short flat brush.
5. Philampilus : Wings subfalcate ; inner margin sinuous.
6. CnffiKOCAMPA : Antennae short, arcuated, terminating in a long slender hook : margbs of the
wings sinuate ; hind-angle angulated.
7. Cekatocampa : Antennae in the males with distinct joints, doubly bipectinated : wings entire.
Larva with horns upon the shoulders.
[AOEICULTUEAL RepOKT — VoL. V.] ?$
218 ORDER I^PIDOPTERA.
SpinNX BRONTES (Drury). (Plate xl, fig. I.)
Antennte white within and brown on the outside, and tapering to a hooked bristleform
point. Upper side, fuscous and clouded, but traversed transversely by two or three
sets of black crinkled lines, the outer one forked at the outer angle of the anterior
wing, having the shape of the letter U : disc of the wing dirty yellow, and marked
with a white spot. Posterior wings, outer half brown ; base gray : the brown part is
traversed obliquely by a curved gray line. Head and neck dark brown ; thorax and
abdomen gray : the rings marked on each side of the median line by narrow black
bars. Under side : Breast white ; abdomen white, marked by four reddish spots
placed along the middle ; posterior wings dark gray brown, but gray upon the corners
and abdominal edges ; cilise white and brown ( Drury, Plate xxix, fig. 4).
Sphinx octomaculatcs. ( Plate xxxviii, fig. 2.)
Color black. Forewings marked with two oblong yellow spots ; hindwings with white
spots : thorax has also yellow spots. Rings on the upper side of the abdomen white ;
extremity black.
This insect makes its appearance very early, and feeds upon the tender leaves of the
rape-vine : its larva goes into the ground, where its transformations are completed.
«
Sphinx carolinus. (Plate xlii, fig. 10.)
Color gray, grayish brown. Forewings marked with narrow zigzag bands, and with white
spots, one at the base, and a small central one : hindwings banded. Abdomen marked
with two rows of orange-yellow spots, five in each row. Expanse of wing from three
to four inches.
Sphinx convolvuli. Potato Hawkmoth.
This species has eight transverse bands upon the abdomen : the ground-color is red-
dish. Its posterior wings are marked with oblique black bands. The larva feeds upon the
sweet-potato vine.
Sphinx chionanthi. Fringetree Moth.
This moth has three yellowish round spots on each side of the abdomen. The larva is
greenish yellow, and is marked obliquely with black and yellow on the sides.
Sphinx vitis. Vine Hawkmoth.
Wings margined with red, and marked with yellow stripes : two interrupted stripes on
the back, and several transverse on the abdomen.
FAMILY SPHINGIDiE, 219
Sphinx ? ( Plate xlv, fig. 9.)
Torewings subfalcate, and sinuate upon the anal margin. Color of body and wings buif of
various shades. Antennae strongly and doubly pectinated, Forewings banded ; inner
margin marked with a quadrate brown spot. Beneath banded ; middle of the hind-
wing marked transversely with a light ferruginous band.
This species I obtained at Williamstown ( Massachusetts). It is closely allied to the
Philampelus in the form of the forewing : the abdomen, however, is terminated by a short
brush as represented in the figure. I have been unable to refer it to a described species.
Sphinx cinerea.
Wings greatly elongated and narrow. Color gray, and the forewings dashed with black
lines : there is a black spot at the base. Hind wings gray, and banded with black ; the
bands are broad, transverse, and towards the outer margin. Margin of the abdomen
marked with alternate bands of black and white : abdomen more pointed than in the
b-maculatus. Back gray, without spots, but marked with a longitudinal line along the
middle.
Sphinx quinquemaculatus.
Forewings gray : area of the disc darker than the margin. Hindwings gray, and marked
with four black zigzag lines, the outer broadest ; the next is a zigzag line : the basal
is scarcely more than a spot. Abdomen broad at the base, upcn Avhich there are black
and white bands : margins ornamented with four or five yellow spots, alternating
with black bands and square spots. Expanse of wing, 3-3^ inches.
The pupa-case is brown, and furnished with a long curved handle which encloses the
tongue. This is the common potato-moth, the larva of which descends into the earth to
transform, where it forms a rounded smooth chamber with its sides. The larva is green,
and marked with oblique whitish stripes upon the body ; it is also furnished with a horn
placed posteriorly.
Philampelus satellitia, ( Plate xlv, fig. 5.)
Color above light, and marked with spots of dark olive. Head light olive, with two spots
of light olive on the front of the thorax ; below which is a large angular spot of dark
olive, which extends to the base of the forewing, and forms an abbreviated band.
Back of the thorax there is a transverse band, which connects itself with a dark hairy
olive spot upon the base of the hindwings. The basal half of the margin of the fore-
wings light olive, clouded, and extending itself to near the posterior margin, where
it meets a dai-ker submarginal band, the latter extending to the apex, and banded
220 ORDER LEPIDOPTEHA.
inwardly by wavy lines of olive and flesh-color : outer half olive, but marked with
transverse abbreviated lines of darker. Apical area has a patch of flesh-color, but
branched so as to include a costal spot of olive : posterior margin olive, and the olive
marked with wavy bands. Hindwings marked with a row of submarginal olive spots.
The conspicuous dark olive spot near the body has been noticed : there are also al-
ternating abbreviated transverse lines of olive and flesh-color near the inner margin.
Beneath butf or fuscous, traversed by narrow bands or lines : posterior margin darker.
Expanse of wing about four inches.
This is not an uncommon species in New-York and Western Massachusetts. The larvse
feed upn the grapevine, and hence Dr. Harris has given the generic name Philampelus,
♦ I love the vine.' They also feed upon the Jimpelopsis.
The larva may be known by the recurved slender horn of the back when immature,
but which is lost at the last moulting, leaving a smooth eyelike spot. Color pale green :
sides marked with oval cream-colored spots. The head is retractile, which makes the insect
appear shortened and blunt before.
When mature, the insects are three inches in length : they are great feeders, and, when
in numbers, injure vines in proporticm to the leaves consumed.
Philampelus (Harris). Sphinx pampinafrixl (Plate xliv, fig. 2.)
Color olive. Head olive, from which proceeds divaricating bands along the angles of the
thorax, lighter between the forks. Antennae light bufl'. Forewings banded : at the
base olive, marked with a costal spot of flesh-color : middle band broad and flesh-
color, with a dot of olive : external band olive, wide, subbanded or marked with a
stripe of flesh ; edge brownish. Hindwings flesh-colored, with an olive spot or im-
perfect band upon the anal angle. Beneath, buff" : basal part of the forewings
slightly ferruginous ; the apical area buff; margin light olive. Hindwings, base light
buff"; outer half darker bufl", marked with a wavy line parallel to the edge ; edge
lighter. Body beneath buff : thorax colored like the base of the hindwings, and the
abdomen like the outer half, without spots.
Supposed to be a female. The general appearance is much like the satellitia, but smaller.
Obtained in the early part of August, but does not appear to be common. Its larva not
observed. Expanse of wing, 2J inches.
Genus SMERINTHUS.
Wings angulated, entire. Antennae biciliated in the males.
FAMILY SPHINGID^. . 221
Smerinthus astylus. ( Plate xl, fig. 4.)
Smerinthus ( Latreille). Sphinx astylus ( Drury).
Head, thorax and abdomen rusty gray-brown. Wings cinnamon-brown : anterior, orna-
mented upon their outer margin by three curved yellowish stripes, situated betAveen
brown stripes ; margin brown : posterior wings reddish or cinnamon at the bases, and
marked centrally by a round black spot, the centre of which is yellow. This spot is
placed upon an oblique yellowish belt running from the base to the lower and outer
angle of the wing. Under side : Breast, abdomen and wings cinnamon-brown, and
marked as upon the upper side ; legs black : black spots absent. Expanse of wing,
2^ inches.
GENtJs SESIA.
In this genus of the sphinges, the antennae are gradually thickened towards their ends,
and terminate in a minute feathered style.
Sesia pelascus (Cramer). (Plate xxxii, fig. 9.)
Color brown, with all the wings transparent in the middle, terminated with a plain brown
border. Antennae brown, if viewed from their tips towards their base ; steel-blue or
blue-black, if viewed from their base towards their tips : breast and underside of
the palpi cream-white : legs and tarsi brownish. Above, the thorax is clothed with
olive-colored hairs. Base of the hindwings purplish brown : two first segments or
rings of the abdomen light purple-brown ; third and fourth, deep purple-brown ;
fifth and sixth, purplish upon the top, lighter upon the sides terminating in tufts,
purplish brown in the middle and black outside : the fifth and sixth segments have
one side or patch of yellowish hairs. Beneath, abdomen brown.
Sesia fuciformisI (Abbot & Smith). (Plate xxxii, fig. 10.)
Wings with large transparent discs, trimmed upon the margins with dusky brown or
nearly black, with apical area rusty red. Antennae black above, brown below. Thorax
and breast with the palpi clothed with pale yellow hairs, and marked by a black
stripe running from the insertion of the forelegs through the eyes. Four first segments
of the abdomen black, with steel-blue reflections where the scales are thin ; sixth
and seventh clothed laterally with a patch of yellowish hairs : the terminal tufts are
mostly black, with brownisli yellow hairs upon the middle. Expands two inches.
Less common here than the foregoing.
322 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA.
Aegeridae.
( See Plate XX vi, figs. 1, 3.)
The peculiarilies of the insects of this family are, the translucency of their wings, elon-
gate form of body, and the absence or rather deficiency of scaly covering when compared
with the SpHiNGiDJE. They bear some resemblance to the Hymenoptera : their antenn»
are simple, and often terminated by a small pencil of hairs. The insects are interesting,
from the fact that they are highly injurious to trees, especially fruit trees. They are fleshy
grubs of a cylindrical shape ( fig. 4), with brown heads and strong jaws ; but unlike many
of the larvie of this order of insects, they have no caudal horn. They have the ordinary
true six legs, eight ventral feet, and two feet at the extremity of the abdomen.
The different species feed upon dlfiFerent kinds of trees ; some upon the currant, moun-
tain ash, etc. The most destructive one is the .Mgeria exitiosa of Say, which preys upon
the peach-tree. The egg is deposited upon the bark near the root, and, when hatched, the
young penetrates to the wood, when it either continues its course into the wood, or burrows
between the wood and bark : usually, however, it proceeds into the soft wood, sometimes
just below the surface of the soil, at other times above. In either case, such is the extent
of the injury inflicted, if allowed to maintain possession, that the tree is killed. Probably
the peach-trees in this country have suffered more from the ^geria, than from all other
insects put together.
Mgeria exitiosa. (Plate xxvi, figs. 1 - 5.)
Fig. 5, female ; 1, male ; 4, larva ; 2 & 3, cocoon and pupa.
Color steel-blue. Wings of the male transparent, and bordered behind with steel-blue :
palpi, feelers, edges of the collar, and shoulders yellow ; smaller than the female.
Female, steel-blue : wings steel blue ; hindwings transparent : middle of the abdo-
men marked with an orange-colored ring or belt. Expanse of wing, 1^ inch.
Mr. Harris remarks that the segeria does not confine its attacks to the peach-tree, but
may be found also on the cherry, its larvae being developed in the black knotty branches
of the tree. It does not always locate itself at the base of the trunk of the peach-tree, but
frequently bores into the limbs, in which case much less injury is done to the whole tree.
The infested tree may be discovered by the presence of the dust and cuttings which the
larvse throw out around the roots ; but it is often necessary to remove the surface soil, in
order to detect their presence.
The mode that is most successfully pursued for extirpating these insects, is to cut them
out with the knife, avoiding the sound parts of the tree as much as possible. A wire thrust
Into the burrows may destroy the larvae, without cutting the tree.
FAMILY iEGERID^. 223
The cocoon is constructed partly out of the castings of the larvae, which, by means of
gum and silk, is formed into a common oval shell surrounding the pupa : these may be
destroyed at once.
To protect a tree, Dr. Harris long ago recommended the use of sheathing paper, secured
by strings and matting to the neck of the tree after removing the earth. This paper should
be cut in strips eight or nine inches wide, and fixed below the soil by means of mortar and
fresh loam. The application requires renewal every spring ; but whatever means may be
adopted, careful examination during the months of June and July should not be neglected.
Wounds that may be made in the removal of living bark and wood, should be covered
with grafting Avax, or something to protect the surface from water.
The currant-bush is injured by the ^geria tiptilifcrmis, which is not a native of this
country, but is of European origin. The eggs are laid near the buds, and, when hatched,
the larvae penetrate the bark and wood, and even into the pith : the stems become brittle ;
but, before this, they show marks of disease by yielding an inferior fruit.
Dr. Harris describes another insect allied to the ^geria, the Trochilium denudatum
( Harris) : the color is brown ; the edges of the collar and of the abdominal rings, the
shins, the feet, and the underside of the antennae are yellowish ; the forewings opake, and
the hindwings transparent. It attacks the ash : this tree, especially the english mountain
ash, when planted for ornamental purposes, seems to be quite as liable to the attacks of
these borers, as the peach ; and hence it requires the same attention and treatment.
GuiuoopiB PBOLus. ( Plate xl, fig. 3.)
GLA0COPI8 ( Tabricius). Sphinx pholits (Drury).
Antennae black, and thickest in the middle. Upper side black : basal half of the wings
orange. Beneath the color is paler, but after the same pattern.
The larva feeds on lichens growing upon stones, and hence is more common in bleak
stony places.
i
CHAPTER XXII.
ORDER XI. LEPIDOPTERA ( Continued ).
BOMBYCIDES.
PHAL^N^ ( LiNN^us). MOTHS.
The antenna of moths, as has already been observed, tapers from the base to the apex : it
may be simple, or plumed like a feather ; but the organ differs much according to sex,
the pectinated antenna being more strongly marked in the males, who are also provided
with a sucking tube which takes the place of a tongue, and is rolled up very compactly,
being sometimes very long, in other cases very short. The palpi grow from the upper lip,
curve upwards, and cover the face, the tongue being coiled up between them.
The larvae of the moths differ much among themselves. The number of legs is usually
sixteen, but some have only ten, and some are obscure and incomplete. They differ too as
to their clothing, some being very hairy, others nearly or quite destitute of hairs ; some
are smooth, others warty or spinous : some go into the earth to transform, others remain
above ground.
In treating this division of the Lepidoptera, I shall follow very nearly the arrangement
of Dr. Harris. By Linn^us, the moths or spinners were divided into eight groups, viz :
1, Attaci ; 2, Bombyccs ; 3, JVoctua ; 4, Geometrce ; 5, Tortrices ; 6, Pyralides ; 7, Tinea ;
8, Alucitae.
Lithosiidae.
The moths of this family have slender bodies, are never very large, and their wings when
at rest lie flat upon their bodies. The antenns are bristleform and rather long, and but
slightly feathered in some of the genera ; in others, in the males, there is a double row of
short hairs on the under side. The tongue is distinct, but only moderately long. The back
Is not woolly, and the thorax is not crested. The wings are often beautifully spotted or
FAMILIES LITH0S1ID.E AND ARCTIID^. 225
Speckled upon a white or yellow ground. The larvae dwell in stony places, and many of
them feed upon the lichens that grow on the stones : some feed upon grass,
Deiopeia BELLA. Beautiful Deiopeia. ( Plate xlvi, fig. 5.)
Color of the forewings yellow, traversed by five or six white bands : bands dotted in row
with black. Posterior wings scarlet, though pale, and bordered irregularly with dusky
black or dark brown. Body white : thorax spotted with black. Expanse of wing,
nearly 2 inches, or 1| inch.
It is found in Albany county in midsummer. ,
Arctiidae.
The feelers and tongue mostly short and thick. Antennae doubly feathered : feathering
narrow on the inner or upper side, and less distinct in females. Wings inclined : thorax
thick. Both the caterpillars and moths hairy or downy, especially the thorax and head of
the moths. They are more or less white, and ornamented with black or dark-colored spots
upon a white or buff-colored ground. They are nocturnal, or fly only by night.
The caterpillars move rapidly, and are covered with hairs that spread out in tufts from
warts. They make, in clefts of rocks and sheltered places, rough cocoons of the hair of
their own bodies, interwoven with some fibres of silk. The chrysalis is smooth, and its
joints movable.
Spilosoma acrjea. Saltmarsh Caterpillar. ( Plate xll, figs. 2 - 5.)
Spilosoma (Stephens). Phal^na (Bombyx) acrea (Dniry). Bombyx acria ( Fabricius).
Arctia psecderminea ( Peck).
Male, upper side : Head and thorax white on the upper side'; lower side yellow buff,
embracing the wings, abdomen and thorax. Forewings cream-colored, marked and
margined with many black spots : hindwlngs buff, and marked with six somewhat
angular spots ; the lower side is deeper colored. Antennae and eyes black.
Male, Imoer side, buff-colored. Forewings margined with five or six elongate black spots,
the posterior margin dotted with black : the other black spots upon the disc show
through the wing, and appear to belong to the upper side. Hindwings marked with
seven or eight spots somewhat lunate in form ; one of which is quite prominently so,
near the middle and outer margin of the wing, but stands in reverse position to one
upon the margin. Abdomen of a buff upon the upper and inferior sides ; the sides
being marked with a white line, which also extends to the tip of the abdomen : upper
side ornamented with a row of black spots, and two rows that stand upon the margin
of the white lateral line, and another line upon the lower and central part or face of
the abdomen. . .
[ AeRICtJLTUEAL Repoet — VoL. V.] 29
226 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA.
Female : Head, thorax, wings, and lower abdomen white or faint cream-color : upper
part of the abdomen, and lower part of the thorax except extremity, buff. Wing*
spotted with black : hindwings prominently marked with a black lunate spot neai
the centre. Abdomen marked with black spots as in the male.
The caterpillars appear in the salt marshes in the vicinity of Boston, according to Mr.
Harris, towards the end of June, and grow rapidly till the first of August, when they
attain their size, which is about 1 1 inch long, and clothed with hairs. They then retreat to
the uplands, in order to undergo their transformation : for this end, they seek a sheltered
place, and construct of silk and the hairs of their bodies a coarse cocoon, and soon change
to a chrysalid ; in which state, in the latitude of Boston, they continue until the next year,
when they are transformed into moths. The caterpillar is clothed with long tufts of hairs,
which grow from warts, either brown or black, or of various shades of brown : the skin
is yellow, though shaded at the sides with black ; the back is also marked with a blackish
line*.
■ This insect not only inhabits the coast or saltmarshes, but is found abundantly inland
in Berkshire county, and in Albany and vicinity. It is destructive of the grass of salt-
meadows ; and when it retreats from them to undergo its transformation, it devours the
more valuable vegetables, as corn, beans, and garden plants. The remedy proposed by Mr.
Harris is to mow the marshes eai-ly, while the caterpillar is immature : it is thereby
destroyed.
Spilosoma arge. ( Plate xli, fig. 3.)
Antennse doubly pectinated : teeth short on the upper side. Color at the base whitish, or
cream-colored ; extremities dark brown.
Moth : Upper side cream-colored, somewhat variable in its shades. Collar marked by two
black lines ; upper side of the thorax by three black lines, widely separated. Anterior
wings cream-colored, and marked with many triangular spots : the inner margin has a
wide line running parallel with it ; the other spots are small acute triangles : margin
beneath pale fuscous. Posterior wings marked mostly on the posterior margin by four
black spots, sometimes only dusky. Posterior margins of both pair ciliated ; and just
within this border there is a fuscous or reddish line. Inferior surface dusky cream-
colored, and marked like the superior, except that the anterior margin of the anterior
wings is bordered with fuscous. Neck covered with vermilion red hairs j throat black.
The cream-colored abdomen is ornamented with five rows of black spots ; two upon
the sides, and one upon the centre of the back. Femora red anteriorly : joints and
tibiae black in front ; tarsi black. Expansion of wing, nearly two inches, but variable.
* IlA.KUf : lowcU iojurioas tg vegetation, p. 269, 2d •dition. S«e alM 7 vol. Mass. Agr. Bep. & Jour. 1828.
FAMILY ARCTIIDjE. 227
Thie flight and habits of this moth are much the same as those of the 5". acreea, which it
also resembles in figure, but is smaller. The caterpillar is brown, with five pale longitudi-
nal lines, and covered with long hairs growing from fulvous tubercles : it feeds upon
plantain, leaves of indian corn, peas, etc., and is frequently quite injurious.
The moth appears in the vicinity of Albany, and in Western Massachusetts, in June ;
perhaps earlier. While they are said to be occasionally injurious to corn in the Southern
States, the insect is too rare here to give rise to much apprehension.
EucHjETEs EGLE. (Plate xli, fig. 11.)
Phal^na EGLE ( Drury). Spilosoma egle ( Westvrood), Euch.«;tes* ( Harris).
Antennse slightly pectinated- Head, thorax, underside of the body, and legs gray. Wings
thin, bluish gray, paler on the front edge, immature. Neck cream-colored : top of the
abdomen indian yellow, and marked with three rows of black spots, one on the top
and two on the sides, each row consisting of about seven spots. Under side : Tongue
spiral, a little longer than the head : abdomen pale yellow : wings gray ; margins
entire.
Caterpillar : Head, body and legs black, and marked with a light-colored line on each
side, hairy ; hairs grow in short tufts from warts. The first and second rings support
four long pencils or tufts, which bend over the head.
The caterpillars feed upon the milkweed (Asdcpias syriaca), and may be regarded as
harmless : they are social, and, when feeding, their heads are turned to the edge of the
lea£.
Callimorpha virguncula ( Kirby). ( Plate xlvii, fig. 5.)
Color black. Head and tliorax striped with black and orange. Forewings, ramifications of
the nervures orange : hindwings orange marked with black, roundisli. Abdomen
orange above, marked along the middle with triangular black spots : beneath paler.
Lateral portions of the abdominal rings marked by a double row of angular spots
placed close together : venter pale orange. Expansion of wing, 1^ inch.
This is a common species in the vicinity of Albany : found in meadows in August.
Figured in Richardson's Fauna Borcali Americiina.
Callimorpha parthenice, ( Plate xlvii, fig. 6.)
Body beneath black. Head and thorax pale orange, marked with five oblong spots, two
before and three behind. Forewings black and orange : the orange follows mostly the
nerves, but transverse bands are sent off so as to form many triangular spots. Hind-
wings red, marl:ed with large black patches surrounded by narrow luteous rings ;
beneath paler and more dusky. Beneath, the rings of the abdomen are black, and the
* EodUAiASj mcaoug fint flouting mnwe ; a nauo applicable to Caterpillars.
328 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA.
extremity pale and pointed. On the top there is a row of triangular spots, the apices
of wliich iwint towards the thorax. Expanse of wing, 2^ - 2 J inches.
The markings of the forewings are quite similar to those of the virguncula found in the
vicinity of Albany.
Callimokpha EPiMiaiis. Phalana epimenis ( Drury). ( Plate xliii, fig. 10.)
Upper side, black. "Anterior wings ornamented with a single large yellow spot just out-
side the middle of the wings. Posterior wing ornamented with a large single red spot,
whose outer margin is nearly parallel with the posterior margin of the wing. Under
SIDE, black, and similar to the upper, except two additional straw-colored spots be-
tween the lai^e ones and shoulders." JJrury, Yol. iii, p. 40 j pi. 29, f. 3.
Callimokpha phylhra ( Latreille). ( Plate xliii, fig. 8.)
Phal^na phyllira & BOMBYX ( Drury), HYPEacAMPA (Stephens).
Upper side : Anterior wings black. Cilite cream-colored. The margin next to the body
marked with cream-color : the outer half is marked with a B. The posterior wings
are scarlet, marked with four angular spots, and margined with black. The under
side is like the upper, but with fainter colors.
The caterpillar is marked with small diamond-shaped yellow spots upon its back and
sides, emitting fascicles of hairs : it feels on corn, peas and wheat, and breeds most of the
summer.
Spilosoma NAis (Stephens). Phalcma ( Drury). ( Plate xli, fig. 9.)
Antennae black and pectinated. Head and body light yellowish brown. The thorax has
three black longitudinal marks, and several spots upon the abdomen. Anterior wings
black, marked with broad ochre-yellow lines : ciliae light yellowish brown. Posterior
wings light yellowish or ochre-brown, marked with a faint black spot on each, and
having a broad irregular border of a dusky black running along the external edges,
but very narrow in the middle : wings entire. Under side marked like the upper, but
paler. ( Westwood : Illustrations of Druhy, Vol. i, pp. 15, 16.)
Spilosoma cunea ( Drury). ( Plate xlvii, fig. 7.)
"Antennae pectinated, black : no tongue : head white ; back and abdomen ash-color.
Anterior wings white : spots numerous, of many forms, and of a sooty black : exter-
nal margin marked with five spots ; those nearest the tips, triangular. Posterior wings
white, with dark spot near the external edge, and faintly marked near the external
angle. Expansion of wing, one inch and five lines." Drury.
This moth has not fallen under my notice either in the vicinity of Albany, or in Western
Massachusetts.
FAMILY ARCTIID^. 229
Arctia ISABELLA ( HoTris). Isabella Tiger-moth.
Antennse filiform, tawny yellow. Thorax tawny and brownish. Abdomen tawny, deeper
color beneath, and marked with three rows of black spots, about six or seven in each
row running upon the back and middle of the sides. Forewings tawny, and marked
with a few black scattering spots. Hindwings nearly transparent, slightly tawny, and
marked with six tawny spots. Legs black or dark brown.
I have found this moth in Williamstown, though it does not seem to be very common,
as only a few individuals are taken by the different collectors here. The caterpillar, how-
ever, is common, and is frequently seen travelling aeross our paths in autumn, always
moving as if in great haste. It is brown, and thickly clothed with hairs of a uniform
length, stiff and short : the hairs are black on the first four and two last rings. On being
taken up or touched, it rolls itself up. It feeds upon sundry kinds of herbs, but it is not
to be ranked among the decidedly injurious insects.
Arctia virginica. White Miller, or Virginia Ermine-moth.
Color white. Forewings marked with a black point, and two black dots on the hindwings.
Abdomen marked with three rows of black dots, one on the top of the head, the two
others upon the sides, between which there is a yellow stripe. Thighs of the forelegs
ochre-yellow.
Arctia (var. of virginica).
The wings of this moth are entirely white, except that the hindwings have two black
dots upon the underside, and one at the base of the forewings. The abdomen is ochreous,
with the three rows of black dots, and a broad belt of ochre-yellow between.
The .Arctia figured on Plate xlv, fig. 4, may also be a variety of the virginica, but its
abdomen is white.
Arctia virgo. American Tiger-moth. ( Plate xli, figs. 3 & 4.)
Wings deflexed : color pink-red, with two central triangular black spots ; spots above
and below, angular, oblong : near the posterior margin, a thick black mark extending
nearly its whole length ; outer margin bordered with a fine black line. There are
twelve black angular spots in each wing, the smallest upon the upper and outer angle.
Secondaries yellow and red : in the male, the black dots large, and arranged some-
what in the form of a triangle. The spots near the anterior margin have quite a small
one between them. The female has about nine black spots on the posterior and middle
half of the wing.
Gaterpillab brown, with four yellow or yellowish white and green stripes, interrupted
with paler brown, upon each bulging ring, and ornamented with a double row of
round dots ; below which, upon the sides, there springs a heavy brush of brown hairs
arranged in a thick pencil.
230 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA.
This insect feeds upon corn and a variety of other plants, as the plantain, peas, etc.
when the corn is young, its feeding is injurious to the plant.
Liparidae.
Antennje doubly pectinate, short, and bent. In the males, the teeth are longer than those
of the females, which are also narrow. Feelers hairy, like those of the arctiidce, but
longer. Tongue short and invisible. Females : Body thick, and furnished with only
rudiments of wings. Males : Body slender ; wings broad.
These singular moths are hairy like the arciians ; but the female, being wingless, is
always found upon or near the cocoon from which she has escaped, and hovering around
her is the male or mate. When at rest, the forelegs are extended considerably forward ;
while the wings, sloping but little, are folded together over the back.
Some of the females of this family are provided with wings, though only imperfectly,
as they fly but sluggishly. The males are diurnal, and fly during the day in search of the
females.
The caterpillars are also peculiar, being half naked ; and the covering of the remaining
portion consists of long tufts of hairs growing from the sides of the body, and from warts,
of which there are some six or eight. Some have four or five thick tufts of hair upon the
back, cut short and even ; and from the extremities, or from the first ring, two beautiful
tufts of long hair project forward in the form of feelers.
These caterpillars are called tussocks, from the tufts upon their backs. They resort to
trees and vines of dififerent kinds, and feed upon their leaves. Their cocoons are oval, thin,
and made of silk interwoven with the hair of their bodies. They are more or less injurious
to vegetation : indeed some of them inflict fatal injuries upon fruit-trees.
Obotia LE0OOSTIGMA. Polc EmperoT Moth. ( Plate xxxvii, figs. 1 & d, 6, c : female.)
Antennae of the males brown upon two-thirds of the posterior part, whitish upon their
anterior margin. The markings are two transverse waved lines and one white towards
the base, with four thick dashes towards the outer angle : there is also a white an-
gular spot upon the middle of the posterior margin. Secondaries brown and black
upon the nervures, and margined with a lighter shade of brown.
Female wingless, or with only rudiments of wings : color ash or brownish ash : abdomen
large.
Caterpillar cream-colored, longitudinally banded with brown, and black upon the back.
Head reid, with two large jointed plgncil-shapfed tufts of hairs upon the posterior p^t
FAMILY SATURNUDJE. 231
of the head, and one of equal length upon the posterior extremity. It is also orna-
mented with four equal cut brushes of hair upon its back, situated upon the anterior
half of the body, and is fringed along its abdomen and extremities with long hairs.
This caterpillar is common here in the spring, and feeds upon the leaves of the oak and
the horse-chestnut.
Saturniadae.
BOMBYCID^E (Stephens).
The caterpillars of this family are naked, cylindrical, and, as Mr. Harris describes them,
have hunched backs. They are furnished with warts, which are often bristled, and may
be either simple or compound in form. They construct a cocoon of silk, which is placed
within a single leaf, or else within several drawn together so as to form a partial protection
against the outside ; or sometimes they are fastened longitudinally to a twig by gummy
matter. They are unlike the pupa-cases of the Papiliones, which are angular, spinous, and
suspended by a short thread with the head downwards.
The antennae of the moths are strongly and doubly pectinated, especially in the males,
and their bodies are thickly covered with a dense mat of hairs or wool. The tongue is
rarely visible. The wings, when the moth is at rest, are extended horizontally so as to
exhibit both pair : they are also destitute of hooks. The wings are commonly ornamented
by one or more conspicuous eyelike spots.
The insects shun the broad daylight : their eggs are large and numerous : their cocoons
are composed of a strong silk, which might possibly be converted to use ; and they offer
this advantage, that they feed on the leaves of the common forest-trees, and hence there
would be no danger of the loss of silkworms from an accidental scarcity of food, occa-
sioned by untimely frosts, etc.
The Saturniadje may not be regarded as specially injurious to the farmer, or to forest
or fruit-trees : at least the injury they produce is small, compared with that inflicted by
cankerworms, leaf-rollers, etc. which are far less conspicuous in themselves.
The males of this family, according to Mr. Stephens, fly well, and go abroad in the after
part of the day. The females fly sluggishly, probably from the weight of the abdomen.
The wings are gray or drab, usually of a neutral tint ; and the ornaments consist of ocel-
late spots, some of which exhibit the brightest of colors.
Saturnia maia. Com Emperor Moth. ( Plate xxxix, figs. 2, 3, & c, d, e.)
Wings black, with a broad band of pale yellow traversing the middle, translucent and
thin. Forewings marked by a yellow lunar spot near the margin of the inner black part
of th« bas« of th« wings : lunar spot also upon the middle of the yellow of the pos-
232 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA.
terior wings ; the wide black border margined interiorly with dark gray. Antennas
brown, pectinated in both sexts. Front of the thorax yellow, hairy ; hairs of a rust-
color posteriorly. Abdomen black, marked with three reddish rings, and the male
has the last ring of the same color.
The male and female have a very close resemblance : the male, however, is a little
smaller, and has two tufts of reddish hair upon the lateral parts of the thorax ; while the
females are marked with forked reddish lines upon the anterior wings, which terminate
in the yellow stripe across the thorax. Pupa-case black.
The caterpillars of this species are of two kinds, or rather are marked after two different
patterns. The head and feet are red, and each ring is ornamented with three pair of red-
dish compound spines. These spines sting sharply ; and though not at all common, they
have been found in an oak and hickory grove three miles south of the city of Albany,
together with the larva or cocoon of the insect. The figures were copied from Abbott &
Smithes Insects of Georgia.
Fig. 2, female ; 3, male ; c and d, varieties of caterpillar ; e, pupa.
Saturnia 10. Com Emperor Moth.
Antennae pectinate : head and thorax purplish brown : abdomen ochre-yellow.
Upper side, male : Color Indian yellow. The anterior wings are marked with two oblique
wavy lines towards the hinder margin, a zigzag line near the same, and several spots
arranged so as to form the letters A H, all of a purplish red color. Posterior wings
hairy and purplish, red at the base : on the posterior margin there is also a curved
band of the same color ; and within this band is a curved black line, and on the
middle of the wing a black spot with a bluish centre, upon which there is a silver-
white line or dash pointing to the inner and posterior angle.
Female : Anterior wings purplish brown or cream-color when faded , and marked in the
middle with a brownish spot. Thorax and legs purple brown. Abdomen same as male.
Greatest expanse of wing about three and a half inches.
The caterpillar measures two and a half inches when fully grown : its color is pea-
green, marked on the sides by a brown stripe edged with white, the stripe beginning at
the fourth ring. The surface is covered with stinging prickles, standing and spreading in
clusters and terminating in black.
The moth is hatched in July from the pupa, in which state it has remained through the
winter.
These caterpillars feed upon the leaves of the elm, poplar, dogwood and sassafras, and
also upon clover and Indian corn. During a part of their lives tliey are social, and, when
they move, they march in regular files.
FAMILY SATURNIAD^. 233
Attacus LUNA. Cheen Emperor Moth. (Plate xxiv, fig. 1.)
AcTiAS ( Leach). Phaljena luna ( Linnseus.)
Head small, white, encircled with a faint brown and narrow ring. Antennoe brown, pecti-
nated. Thorax pale yellow and woolly, ornamented with a stripe in front continuous
with that upon the front margin of the wings. Wings pea-green, marked with eyelike
spots near the middle : outer margin bordered with purple brown. Posterior wings
prolonged into long narrow tails bending outwards. Body covered with a white wool-
ly substance, and rather close-pressed : legs purple brown. Expansion of wing about
five inches.
The caterpillar is fully grown about the first of August. It is of a bluish green color
[wrongly colored in the figure], striped with yellow on the sides, and transversely also
between the rings : rings marked by about six small reddish or purple warts. Length,
when in motion, nearly three inches ; but when at rest, only about two inches.
In feeding, it prefers the leaf of the hickory, though it may be kept upon the leaves of
several of our forest-trees. In North-Carolina it feeds upon the leaves of the liquidambar
or sweet gum, as also upon the persimmon.
N. B. In some of the figures I have observed that the body and abdomen are colored a
light brown, the thorax and neck being yellowish white or cream-color in the animal.
HydeocampaI nivalis ( Harris). Delta-moth.
Upper side : Antennae filiform and brown. Wings pearly white, ciliated, and cilia brown.
Under side white pearly immaculate. Expanse of wing 1| inch.
Dryocampa imperialis ( Harris). ( Plate xl, fig. 7.)
Phal^ena imperialis (Drury) ; P. imperatoria (Abbott & Smith, Imects of Georgia) ; Cerato-
CAMPA (Harris, Catalogue of Insects of Massachusetts) ; Cerocampa, Kirby & Spcnce) ;
Lasiocampa (Latreille, Schrank.) ; Bombyx (Fabricius) ; Odonestis (Germar, Stephens);
BoMBYX DIDYMA ( Pal. de Beauv. Ins. Lep. pi. 20).
Male, upper side : Antennse broad in the middle, pectinated, filiform, naked, and curved
at the extremities ; in the females, filiform, naked. Color reddish and yellow. Thorax
yellow, clouded by five browTiish spots, the anterior one placed upon the median
line. Abdomen yellow, each ring of which is marked with broad heartibrm bands.
Wings yellow, sprinkled with brown purplish linear dots ; the outer edge broadly
margined with brown, which connects itself from its middle by a curved band with
the basal curved band : the connecting band curves and extends to the anterior
margin below the middle, and borders it to the base : the basal band extends along
the posterior margin beyond its middle, where it expands and encloses a yellow dot-
[ Agricultural Report — Vol. v.] 30
234 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA.
ted patch. The posterior wing is marked by a round spot with a j'ellow centre, below
which there is a distinct transverse brown baud : the base is also mai-ked with four
roundish spots, or which appear to have become confluent.
Infcbior subface yellow, sprinkled with elongate dots as above. Upper wings marked
with two round spots, the smaller above the other : anterior margin bordered with
brown half its length ; outer margined with a broad reddish band, and scollopped
upon its interior margin. The posterior wings arc marked with a single central spot,
bordered with purplish brown.
The male expands nearly five inches, and the female six inches.
The species is said to breed twice in the j'ear : its caterpillar feeds upon the buttonwood
(Plalanus occidentalis, Linnjeus), oak, and sweetgum. The caterpillar is greenish, tawny
green or orange green : body spinous, hairy, and the second and third segments armed
with two pair of short rugose horns.
Almost every season, I have seen a few specimens of the Dryocampa : it is, however,
a rare insect in the vicinity of Albany, or in the western part of Massachusetts.
Mr. Harris has removed the Ibregoing species from the Genus Ceratocampa, where he
had placed it in his Catalogue of the Insects of Massachusetts ; and refers it, though with
some hesitation, to the Genus Drvocampa*.
Lasiocampaclae.
The caterpillars of this family are hatched from eggs glued into a gummy substance
insoluble in water : the substance entirely surrounds a small limb, forming thus a thick
protuberance, in which are contained some three or four hundred eggs. These eggs are
hatched as early as April or the beginning of May, or with the development of the leaves.
They immediately spin from their mouths a tent like a spider's web, into which they retire
at midday and evening, and where they remain until the sun has warmed the air the next
morning.
The caterpillars are sparingly hairy, and free from warts : they are social in their habits,
and congregate by hundreds in their impervious tents. They travel with considerable speed.
The moths are woolly, and their wings are without hooks ; but the anterior edge of the
hindwings is turned up, and laps upon the forewings ; and when at rest, they are inclined
and cover the back of the insect like a steep roof. The under wings project beyond the
upper, when closed upon the body. The moth flies only by night.
The lasiocampians are among the most injurious insects the farmer has to contend with :
they are, however, easily managed, and only require attention and industry when they first
* Habsxi : Injurious Insects of Massacliusetti, p. 309, 2d edition.
'WW
FAMILY LASlDCAMPADiE. 235
appear in April or May. Their habits enable us to take advantage of them, and destroy
vs'hole broods at once : numbers of them retire in a body to their tents at stated times of
the day, when both houses and inhabitants may be destroyed by one sweep with a pole
properly armed.
Clisiocampa AMERICANA (Harris). American Tent Caterpillar. (Plate xlv, fig. 1.)
( Plate xlvii, fig. 6 : eggs.)
Color rust-brown or reddish brown, variegated with gray especially on the middle and
base of the forewings. Anterior wings crossed obliquely by two dingy white parallel
lines : margin ciliate and whitish. Hindwings without lines or spots : a portion of
the costal margin whitish. Beneath darker.
The caterpillar has a black head, and its back is marked by a whitish line. On each
side of this white line there is a broad longitudinal stripe, formed by a yellowish ground
marked by crinkled lines coalescing below, so as to make a row of spots upon each ring
of the body, in the middle of which is a small blue spot : below is a narrow wavy yellow
line ; and lower still, the sides are variegated with black and yellow lines. Underside of
tbe hody dusky. The eleventh ring bears a small blackish hairy wart, and the body is
sparingly clothed with hairs.
The caterpillars come to maturity and begin to leave the trees by the middle of June ;
or, in other words, they then break up their encampment, and each seeks some suitable
crevice in which to make its cocoon.
This is one of the most injurious caterpillars known to infest gardens and orchards. As
the eggs are deposited upon the trees, they are enabled, as soon as hatched, to begin their
depredations npon the young and tender leaves. We cannot, as in some other instances,
prevent the ascent of the young caterpillars up the trees, for they are already there ; but
we may, after the fall of the leaves, search for the eggs, which are deposited in quite
conspicuous rings around the twigs, and remove them by hand, whereby an entire brood
will be totally extirpated ; and if a general attention be given at this period, an orchard
need never suifer from the operations of this insect.
The damage that trees occasionally suffer by neglect is very great ; for the tree, when
deprived of its leaves, Avill die, or else must put forth a new crop, an alternative that
seems always to produce a state of great exhaustion, and from which the tree scarcely ever
entirely recovers. From this cause, when a tree has been neglected for several seasons, and
consequently has become stocked with these devourers, it barely sustains itself, and soon
shows marks of old age and premature decay : many limbs actually die the first season,
and the whole tree wears the appearance of poverty and distress.
The direct means to be instituted for ridding an orchard of these destructive visitors,
must be such as can act upon the whole brood while sheltered in their tents. These means
IMT*'
8M ORDER LEPIDOFTERA.
are rarious. Some farmers blow and burn off the tents, and all their inhabitants, with a
small charge of gunpowder : others twist off the tents with a forked stick, or a pole with
m stifl" brush fastened to its end, and trample the dislodged insects nnder foot ; others still
employ a swab charged with whale-oil soap, a very little of which article will kill many
of the insects, and compel others to disperse. Whichever of these means is resorted to, it
must be put in requisition either late in the day, or at noon, or early in the morning before
the insects go out to feed. It is also advisable to begin early in the season, with the first
appearance of the caterpillars : their tents are then small, and a whole community may
be destroyed with the greatest ease.
To eradicate completely the tent caterpillar, it will be necessary to give attention to the
•wild cherrytrees that are scattered over the farm and by the sides of fences : the cherry,
it will be seen, is a favorite tree with this insect, and scarcely passes a season with entire
freedom from it.
It will be observed, that if the foregoing remarks are true, the farmer has no need of
receipts to heal the ravages of these insects ; for, to ensure freedom from their attacks, he
has only to examine his trees after the fall of the leaves in autumn, for the rings of eggs
on the small branches, which may be removed by the hand or a knife ; or if this has been
neglected, then search for the tents of the young caterpillars when the buds begin to open
in the spring.
As the caterpillar grows, the tent is enlarged by the construction of an additional web
over and around the first, enclosing thereby a space large enough to meet the demands
arising from increased size ; and so it continues to add successively new webs over the
old, which have become filthy, and unfit and unhealthy as dwelling-places, though a few
of the weak and more indolent remain still within them.
Attactjs POLYPHEMUS; {Plate xliv, fig* 1.)
Color dull ochre-yellow, somewhat clouded with black. Wings ornamented with an eyelike
spot : adjoining their margins there are two parallel belts, the outer one reddish and
the inner black. Outer angle of the superior wings marked with a black spot, divided
by a reddish white line. Eyelike spots round outer narrow border black ; inner ochre
yellow, surrounding a white centre. Posterior wings are ornamented with a similar
eyelike spot, but surrounded by a large bluish black spot extending upward towards
the base of the wings : inner posterior angle truncate. Thorax traversed in front by
a nai-row grayish belt, and connecting itself with a similar border on the front edg«
of the wing. The wings expand to six inches.
The caterpillar inhabits the oak and elm, and may be found in August and September.
The absence of yellow stripes on the sides and transverse bands on the back, and the
presence of a mark of the shape of the letter V, will serve to distinguish these caterpillars
from those of the luna moth.
FAMILY LASIOCAMPAD^. 237
Attacus cecropia. ( Plate xliv, fig. 4.)
Color dusky brown, reddish brown. The pattern of both pairs of wings is nearly alike.
The base is reddish, bordered with white. The broad middle is dusky brown, in the
centre of which are limate spots, centrally white, but bordered with light brown.
The middle of the wings is traversed by a narrow reddish white band, beyond which
there is another broad dusky brown band ; in the outer and upper corner of which,
there is a black velvety eyelike spot, marked by a narrow lunate line placed upon
the inner edge : this outer border is bounded by a distinct black waving line, beyond
which is a white border edged with brownish. The posterior wings, however, instead
of the black waving line, have a row of black spots amounting to twelve or more,
placed by a dusky brown waving belt : margin dusky white. Expaasion of wing,
six inches.
This moth appears early in the summer, in sheltered warm places : it is out as early as
the middle of May.
The caterpillar is of a fine light green color. The second and third rings bear two red
globular warts, around which are numerous bristles : the seven succeeding rings bear oval
yellow warts ; and upon the eleventh ring, there is only one large wart. The sides are
ornamented with two rows of elongated blue warls, and the five first rings have an ad-
ditional row below.
The young is yellow, and marked with rows of small warts upon its back. It fastens its
cocoon longitudinally to the side of a twig : the cocoon is usually three inches long, tapers
from the middle, and is constructed of double walls of silk separated by loose fibres of the
same, and has a resemblance to brown paper.
The caterpi^r is found upon several of our fruit-trees and shrubs, but I have never
been able to discover that its injuries were very serious. It is not very common : some
seasons, however, furnish more than others-
Attactjs PROMETHEUS. (Plate vi, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.)
Male, upper side : Color deep smoky brown ; the shoulders and basal parts deeper than
the borders, succeeded by a central band of lighter color : this is terminated towards
the border by a wavy line, beyond which is the clay-colored border, ornamented on
the anterior wings by a wavy line, and on the posterior by black oblong spots between
the line and middle band. Outer angle of the superior wings is ornamented also by
a black eyelike ?pot, upon which there is a lunate line or crescent.
Female, color brown, deepest upon the basal parts, which are marked by a curved whitish
line. Each wing bears spots, sharply lunate on the anterior wings, and bordered by
black : besides which, the anterior wings are marked by an eyelike spot at their
angles, within a bluish white crescent. The moth expands about four inches.
238 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA.
The eegs are deposited on the twigs of trees in clusters, and are hatched in July. By the
first of September, or as late as the middle, the caterpillar acquires its full size, when it
measures about two and a quarter inches : it is naked, of a green color, and marked by
six or eight small dark warts, and is furnished with a pair of simple coral-red spines for
the second and third rings. There is a short spine upon the last ring but one, and the last
is furnished with about six short black bristles.
The lilac seems to be the favorite shrub to which the prometheus attaches its cocoon,
which is about an inch long, and gray like paper : it is attached longitudinally to a leaf,
that serves to protect and conceal it.
This moth is one of the most common in and about Albany, some lilacs furnishing as
many as a dozen cocoons. The caterpillar, though not perhaps entirely harmless, yet in
this respect scarcely deserves attention. The large moths, appearing late in the season,
after the leaves are fully grown, do not seem as injurious as they might be if they arrived
when the leaves were expanding and tender ; and trees do not sulfer so much from the
loss of foliage in the early autumn, as in the spring.
Ceratocampa kegalis ( Harris). Regal Walnut-moth.
"AntenniE short, and, in the males, pectinated on both sides ; in the females, thread-like.
Wings without hooks : forewings olive-colored, ornamented with several yellow spots,
and veined with broad red lines."
This insect I have not yet seen : it is fully described by Mr. Harbis, and, according to
his description, it is one of the finest and largest of our moths, having an expanse of wing
equal to six inches. The larvae are spinous, but harmless ; that is, they do not sting when
handled. When fully grown, it is four or five inches long and three-fourths of an inch in
diameter, and of a green color banded with pale blue transversely*. It feeds on the walnut.
The moth is said to appear in June, and is more rare than the Dryocampa imperialis.
From the old family of Bombycidje or Satumians, Dr. Harris has separated the Cerato-
campa and Dryocampa^aud a few others, and has constituted a new family under the name
of Ceratocampadje, after the name of the chief genus contained in it : the name signifies
homed caterpillars. On the second, and sometimes also on the third ring, these horns are
stifiTer, more rigid and curved, agreeing more perfectly with their definition as horns.
All the species here referred to feed upon the leaves of forest-trees : they go into the
ground where they undergo their transformations, and this without making cocoons. The
chrysalides are notched or toothed, with the design of assisting their ascent from the
ground at the time just prior to their final and last change.
• Harris : Iiyurious Insects of Massachusetts, p. 307 - 8, 2d edition.
FAMILY LASIOCAMPAD^. 239
Dryocampa pellucida. (Plate xxxvi, fig. 1-3.)
a. Pupa : c. Larva (Abbott & Smith).
Male, upfer side and forewings : Color of the costal margin and base brown, reddish and
purplish ; in the angle of this marginal and basal part there is a white spot : central
part clear ; posterior margin reddish or purplish. Posterior wings buff, similar to the
antennae, head, thorax and abdomen.
Female, buff with a white central spot ; outer margin paler. Beneath buff and uniform.
I have a specimen of the male, the color of which is purplish buif without any variation
of tint, but preserves the pellucid wing with its white central spot. The wing is abraded,
but still has a close agreement with Mr. Harris's description of the pellucida, which
certainly does not agree with Abbott & Smith's figure.
Dryocampa vircinieksis. ( Plate xl, fig. 5.)
PhaljENA vikginiensis ( Drury). P. pellucida (Abbott & Smith).
Upper side : Antennae, basal half doubly pectinated. Wings pellucid, brown. One half of
the anterior wings darker upon the upper part, in the middle of which there is a
single white dot : lower margin of the posterior wings lighter brown than the basal
parts.
Under side, the legs, sides, thorax and abdomen are dark orange. Wings divided into two
unequal parts by a bar : above the bar, the color is reddish yellow ; below, the same
as the upper side.
' I have taken a single pair of this species in Albany county, and it is of rare occurrence
in this State, -although during the present season (1853) it has been somewhat more nu-
merous, so that specimens have been obtained and placed in several collections.
The larva is described as being naked, striped, rigid, and supplied with acute tubercles :
the second ring has two threadlike horns. It subsists on the leaves of forest-trees : the
moths were found in a young forest of oaks and hickory.
The spring of 1853 has been unfavorable to the growth and perfection of this caterpillar :
at an early day they were quite numerous, but the subsequent cold weather seems to have
killed many in their tents. I have numerous balls consisting of dead dried caterpillars
inside of their habitations, which appear to have all perished from excess of cold when
about half-grown.
^•.
Clisiocampa sylvatica (Harris). Tent Caterpillar of the Forest.
Hea!d blue. First ring marked with two yellow spots and four black dots : the next eleven
rings are marked upon their tops by a row of white spots, and also two small elevated
S40 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA.
black hairy dots, except that on the eleventh ring there is only one large dot. Sides
of the back marked by a reddish stripe, which is bordered by slender black lines :
they have also a yellow stripe between two black lines. Belly blue-black. Haukis.
This caterpillar inhabits oaks and walnuts : less common on the cherry and apple. It
attains its full size in June, and is then two inches long. It is also social in its habits, and
constructs tents like the C. americana.
The moth appears early in September, and is of a light drab, brownish or yellowish
color. The anterior wings are marked by two oblique, brown, straight, and parallel lines.
The greatest expansion of wing is a little less than two inches.
The trees upon which the caterpillars of these moths feed are injuied in the manner
represented in the foregoing sketch ; and though few persons aie so patriotic as to give
their services to the public for the purpose of destroying noxious insects, much private
benefit would accrue from the extermination of these forest caterpillars. To this end, our
special friends the birds come in aid, and rid us of thousands of them : the cuckoo, cat-
bird, robin, jay, and many others feed upon them, and thus diminish their numbers very
materially. The murderous gim should therefore never be pointed at birds who make it
their business to serve us so efifectually, especially as we seem little disposed to do any
thing this way for ourselves ; and even were the disposition not lacking on our part, the
birds are certainly better adapted to do the work, and, no doubt, if spared by the fowler,
would be competent, from their consequent increase of numbers, to hold the increase of
insects so much in check as to save us from serious danger from that source. Indeed any
man has a perfect right to prevent the destruction of birds, on the same ground that he
has a right to protect himself from personal harm.
The direct means for destroying the forest tent caterpillar are the same as required in
the case of the C. americana, namely, destruction of the webs and their cj^ntents at the
proper time, that is, when the inhabitants are at home.
Clisiocampa NETSTOKiA. ( Plate xxxvii, fig. 2 - 4, and a, g, pupa and larva.)
Primaries of the male pale sulpTiur-yellow, marked with two distinct dark brown bands :
the outer margin banded with brown, interrupted with two oblong sulphur-yellow
spots near the outer angle. Secondaries dull brown, with a deeper marginal stripe
parallel to the posterior margin, and marked with deeper brown also on the nervures
running from the base to the posterior margin. Female yellow, inclining to orange on
the primaries, with the same distribution of brown and brown stripes as in the male.
Caterpillar green, with a row of oblong white spots on the back, enclosed in rectangular
markings of yellow, which are formed by two yellow parallel stripes upon the sides
of the Ijack, connected regularly with serrated cross bands : enclosed rectangles
shaded with black. Head brown. Body furnished laterally with greenish and yellow
FAMILIES HEPIALID^ AND NOTODONTIDJS. 241
hairs, and brushes on each side of the head ; when mature, two inches long. The tail
is terminated by an oval spot surrounded by yellow enclosing green and white, the
white in the form of a stripe.
Cocoon bluish, oval, tapering, with eight rings, and dotted along the sides ; less than one
inch in length.
This insect feeds upon oak leaves, and does considerable damage to the white oak by
nearly defoliating it. The caterpillar appears as early as the first of May. It is regarded by
Abbott and Smith as identical with the European insect of the same name. (See Abbott
and Smith's History of the Insects of Georgia, pa. 117, pi. 59 ; and the figures I have
given are those of Abbott and Smith, from which it will appear, on reference to plate xlv,
that they differ from those of our common orchard moth named by Dr. Harris Clisiocampa
americana.)
Hepialidae.
The antennae of the insects of tliis family become gradually attenuated at the tip : they
are short and filiform, but never feathered at the tip ; but those of the males are some-
times doubly pectinated at the base. The tongue is either very short or obsolete. The
abdomen is elongated, and provided with an ovipositor. The thorax is never crested. The
wings are narrow, but complicated and strengthened by numerous nervures. The larvae
have sixteen feet : they are white or reddish, soft and naked, only slightly downy, and
furnished with brown heads : they feed upon wood, and construct their cocoons of bits of
the wood upon which they have been feeding. The chrysalids are ridged transversely, and
notched.
This family does not appear to contain many species in this country. Dr. Harris has
described the Hepiolus argenteomaculatus belonging to the same genus as tlie European
hopvine hepiolus, and figured the same in the Lake Superior Expedition conducted by
Prof. Agassiz, plate vii, fig. 7.
Notodontidae.
The wings of the moths of this family are folded, and slope like the roof of a house over
their backs : they are held by bristles and hooks. The antennae are ratlier long, usually
doubly pectinated in the males, and become narrow and short towards the tip. The feelers
and tongue are small and short : the body is long.
The larvffi are provided with toothlike prominences upon their hunched backs : they
are usually naked, or only downy. The posterior appendages used for feet are sometimes
[AoRicuLTuaAi, Report — Vol. v.] 31
243 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA.
modified so as to exhibit a forked shape, upon Tivliich the soles of the feet only are seen.
The cocoons are formed of silk intermixed with fragments of wood and bark. The chry-
salids are not notched upon the back. The larvffi feed upon leaves.
Pycjera albifhons. ( Plate xxxvii, fig. 3 - 5.)
Wings deflexed : primaries clouded ; anterior margin marked with an elongated spot of
cream-color terminating in the outer angle and dotted slightly with brown, trans-
versely banded with white, black or dark brown : secondaries brown, margined with
a lighter shade. Thorax of the male banded with two distinct black lines joined by
two short parallel connecting lines, between which there is a square yellow or cream-
colored or light buflf spot. The thorax of the female is ornamented with three cross-
bars : antennae setaceous, with a terminal enlargement. Antenna of the male ?
Caterpillar striped upon its back with yellow and brown ; underside lake, and furnished
with three pair of legs and four pair of proplegs : it is half an inch long. It spins a
thin white web between the leaves late in autumn, and appears early in the spring in
perfect state, feeding upon the leaves of the white and other oak trees. They are
gregarious when young. The cocoon is | inch long, and has eight or nine segments.
The larvae of this species feed at times upon the leaves of the oak, and sometimes nearly
defoliate a tree when they are numerous. An instance has fallen under my observation, in
which a tree of this kind was well nigh deprived of leaves by these insects for two or
three years in succession.
EuDRVAs GRATA. Woodnymph. ( Plate xlvii, fig. 8.)
Forewings pearly white ; l:)asal half trimmed with purplish brown : outer margin widely
bordered with purplish brown, the inner edge of which is banded with olive, which
extends and widens upon the posterior border, forming near the middle a large patch :
exteriorly, upon the border and near the edge, it is ornamented with a delicate bluish
line. Hindwings a yellow buff, bordered behind with purplish brown, which does not
reach the outer angle, but extends along the inner edge : it is trimmed with silver-
gray cilia;. Beneath, the forewings are pale buff, marked upon the basal half with
brown, but confined to the costa, which terminates in two roundish spots. Hindwings
paler yellow buff, and marked in the middle with a single brown spot. Abdomen buff
brown, silky ; tlie rings are banded with lighter, and terminated with a zone of the
lighter bufi".
This beautiful moth is rare here. T have taken it only in Berkshire ( Massachusetts),
but it exists in collections in Washington and Albany counties in this State.
FAMILIES NONAGR1AD.E AND AGROTID^. 243
Nonagriadae.
TiiK body of tlie moths of this family is long ; the thorax is smooth ; the coloi-s are yel-
lowish or clay-colored, and the forewings are fiiintly streaked or banded. The larva are
naked, long and slender, and taper at each end : they li^'e within (he stems of reeds, and
feed upon the pith and upon the inside of roots, and hence are destructive. "When about
to transform, they gnaw through the stem to the cuticle, which is left entire, but is easily
broken through afterwards by the nymph. They are known by the common name of
tpindleworms. Some attack corn, to which they do great injury ; otbei-s, the stems of garden
flowers, such as the dahlia, etc.
The Gortyrda zea of Harris belongs to this family, and is described by him as having
its forewings of a rusty red, and mottled with gray almost in bands : there is also an
irregular tawny spot near the tip, and on the veins a few black dots. Expanse of wing,
an inch and a half.
Another Gortynia attacks the roots of columbine, and has been named by Dr. Harris
leucosligma. The forewings are tawny yellow, sprinkled with purple brown dots. (See
Harris, Insects injurious to vegetation, p. 341, 2d edition.)
Agrotidae,
The larvae of this family are subterranean, and come forth from the soil to feed in the
night, and return to tlieir burrows before morning : they are called cutworms, and are
exceedingly troublesome in cornfields. The moths are usually brown, and sometimes fly
by day, and feed upon the honey of wild plants : their wings are nearly horizontal when
at rest, and the forewings completely conceal the hind ones when closed. The thorax is
not crested. The antennae of the males are sometimes pectinated at the Ijase, but taper to
slender filaments. The forelegs are spiny.
Tlie larvae are smooth, cylindrical, dirty white, and rather thick bodies, naked or fur-
nished with only a few scattering hairs : their rings are dotted. They change to chrysalids
in the ground.
The attacks of these larvae extend to many of our most useful cultivated plants, corn,
cabbages, wheat, buckwheat, grasses, together with cultivated flowers. In the maize-fields,
however, about the middle of July, they seem all at once to cease their injurious work to
the com plants.
It appears from Dr. Harris's researches that we have many different species of thia
family, all of which have the similar habit of feeding upon young and tender plants, and
of cutting off their stems just above the soil.
244 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA.
Agrotib . (Plate xlv, fig. 11.)
Ck>lor dusky brown. Forewings dusky or blackish, especially along the costal edge : one
half of the subcostal base is blackish ; and, beyond the middle, this dusky subcostal
band extends to\rards the inner mai^in, forming a partial transverse band : apical
and marginal area light brown and silky, of the same color as the area of the disc.
Hindwings white with a pinkish hue in certain lights, silky and eiliate : beneath,
quite pale, and without markings. Body dusky, and as dark as the forewings : the
venter is slightly ferruginous, and terminates in a short brush. Expanse of wing,
two inches.
This is one of the common species of ^grotis in Western Massachusetts and Eastern
New- York.
Agrotis . ( Plate xlv, fig. 2.)
Color mottled gray : thorax and head brown. Forewings gray at the base : in the middle,
resting upon the inner margin, is a large quadrangular spot of a cinnamon-brown,
beyond which is a broad transverse grayish green band ; margin brown : costal mar-
gin mottled with gray and brown, with an intermixture of short slender transverse
lines. Hindwings smoky, especially upon the posterior and inner margin : costa
pearly and yellowish white, beneath smoky and pearly. Hindwing beneath marked
■with a central black dot. Expanse of wing, two inches.
A common species in Western Massachusetts.
Agrotis? . (Plate xlv, fig. 10.)
Color of the thorax black, from which a longitudinal band extends upon the forewing,
reaching its middle ; the extreme end, however, is separated from it by a small space
of gray. Costa black in front : outer margin banded transversely by two dusky white
bands, between which are broader bands of dusky brown. Hindwings pearly white.
Abdomen whitish, or of the color of the hindwings.
Noctuidae.
The antennae of the insects of this large family are mostly simple : the bodies are thick,
stout and strong ; their wings are of a moderate length, and strengthed by their nervures,
and their tongues are long. The wings, when not in use, are deflexed upon their sides, and
the body is clothed with scales rather than wool or hair. The majority of the larvse of
the different genera are naked, and have sixteen feet, though in some the second ventral
pair, in others the first ventral pair, are wanting : they undergo transformation under
/ground, and form cocoons of silk in which particles of sand are often glued. The moth
FAMILY NOCTUID^. 245
flies by night, and conceals itself during the day : its thorax is crested. The larvae are
solitary. The colors of the perfect insect ai-e not bright, but often have a silky lustre.
NocTCA sQUAMULAEis. (Plate xlii, fig. 1.)
Antennfs filiform, brown. Superior surface, basal portion chocolate, outer portion slate-
colored; the junction of the two colors deepest. The anterior wings are traversed by
two scollopped lines ; the inner running entirely across, the outer only across the
inferior half. Posterior wings traversed by a chocolate band, apparently between two
black parallel bands ; the slate on the posterior half shaded into chocolate, or paler :
margin slate, and slightly dentated. Expansion one inch and nine lines.
NocTUA DND0LAEIS. Phalcma undularis ( Drury). ( Plate xlii, fig. 4.)
Antenna filiform, brown, slightly toothed. Insect very dark brown, bordering upon black.
Wings slightly dentated, and obscurely marked by five or six narrow transverse bands
of black, imparting a very black hue to the whole animal : both pair of wings marked
and colored alike. Inferior surface lighter, exhibiting the same kind of markings.
NocTUA MAEGARiTATA ( DruTy). ( Plate xlii, fig. 9.)
Upper side : Antennae setaceous, brown. Thorax and abdomen silvery white. Anterior
wings silvery white at the shoulders, the remainder being of a shining red-brown ;
edges fringed with white : there is also a large silvery marginal spot on the outer
half of the anterior wing. Posterior wings silvery white at the base, and extending
over one half of the wing ; the remainder brownish, but margin silvery.
Under side : Breast, legs and abdomen white. Anterior wings silver gray, but fringed
with yellow. Posterior wings colored as on the upper side, without markings. Drury,
Vol. iii, pi. 21, fig. 6.
PBALiENA QtJERCARiA. American Oak-beauty. ( Plate xxxvi, figs. 2 & 4, b - k.)
(Abbott & Smith, pa. 205, pi. 103.)
Antennae of the male pectinated : wings brown. Male : Primaries banded parallel to
the outer edges ; marginal black, succeeded by a waved cream-colored band, which
is bordered with black : towards the base there is a parallel shorter band shaded
with brown. There are two black central spots encircled with light brown, extending
towards the posterior margin, and also dashes of black lines from the base outwards.
Secondaries banded with black upon the margin and central part, with a lunate black
246 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA.
line towards the base ; broad radiating dashes of brown upon the nervurcs from Iho
base backwards, and reaching the posterior margin : posterior edge slightly scolloped.
Female : Primaries mottled and dotted with cream-color, centrally banded with brown
and cream-color, which has a cream-colored oblong spot towards the upper margin ;
below, it has waved black coalescing spots : upon the margin, two large brown spots
with cream-colored spots. The secondaries exhibit a similar pattern ; the brown is
placed upon the base and posterior margin, with cream and black angular spots
Avithin. Body brown, with a row of spots down the abdomen : the posterior third of
the abdomen has the sides cream-colored, and spotted with buff or brown.
Caterpillar a looper, brown ringed with black at each joint, the last with yellow, and
striped on the side with white. It is two inches long, and has the habit of fixing itself
in an oblique position. Feeds upon the black oak : it spins its cocoon on the ground
in May or June.
Cocoon brown, and about one inch in length.
NocTUA (Acontia) ncndina. ( Plate xlii, fig. 7.)
Antennpe filiform, reddish brown : tongue coiled spirally : head and thorax ash-color.
Anterior wings greenish, faintly marked with brownish, and with a darker angular
mark placed towards the outer angle. Posterior wings silvery wlute, marked with
faint discoidal spots, and bordered with a light brown.
Beneath, the anterior wings are silvery white, indistinctly bordered with brown, with two
dark spots just opposite the single dark spot on the upper side. Posterior wings sil-
very white : oblong brown spots appear as on the upper side.
Erebus edusa ( Latreille). Phalcetia ( Drury). ( Plate xlii, fig. 3.)
Upper side : Antennaj filiform, sandy brown, deeper color towards the margin. Anterior
wings ornamented with two large bluish white spots upon the outer margin, and
several crooked spots on or near the basal part. Posterior wings marked with one
large oval spot on the posterior half, and margined with brown dots : edges crenate.
Under side brown ; but the anterior wings are marked with two whitish spots placed
upon the external edges, one near the tip, the other at the lower angle : they are also
crossed by a whitish bar one-fourth of an inch from the body, and a small white spot
appears next the shoulders. Posterior wings brown, marked by a whitish oblong spot
placed along the external edges : cilia brown. Underside, paler beneath, and marked
with obscure dark spot"?.
FAMILY NOCTUIDiE. 247
Catocala . ( Plate xliv, fig. 3.)
Color grayish brown. Head marked witli a white spot between the eyes. Thorax black,
marked by three transverse reddish bands. Abdomen dusky, with a reddish hue.
Forewings brown, marked with pale cinnamon bands. Hindwings black, marked with
two carmine zigzag bands, and a submarginal one more or less interrupted : edge
dressed with carmine.
Catocala epione. (Plate xlii, fig. 8.)
Thorax and abdomen sooty ash-color. Wings crenate ; the anterior ones dark chocolate,
marked with an undulating dark ferruginous line running from the anterior to the
posterior edge : another line of the same color crosses the wing near its articulation ;
a broad dark patch occupying one-third of the wing's surface, showing within two
oval lighter spots. The whole appearance of the wing is nebulous, exhibiting broad
belts and dark and ferruginous lines arranged transversely. Posterior wing dark or
black, lighter along the abdominal border : cilia white.
Inferior side, the anterior wings are dark ashy at the base, and become black towards
the outer edges, but the tips are soot-colored : external margin ornamented with
seven whitish spots, above which there is a white line running from the anterior to
the posterior margin, and narrowing as it goes. There is a large oblong whitish spot
between the line and shoulders. Posterior wings, upon their abdominal margin, ash-
color, deepening to black : a faint white streak runs a short distance down the wing
from the anterior margin. Spread of the wings 2 inches 6 lines.
Catocala affinis. Painted Catocalla. ( Plate xlii, fig. 5.)
PuAL^NA ( Linnaeus). Catocala (Schrank).
Antennffi filiform, obscurely serrate upon the inferior side : tongiie coiled, of a moderate
length : feelers thick, hairy and pointed. Anterior wings ashy gray, marked by a
wide line or narrow belt of a chocolate color, running from near the base of the
anterior margin towards the outer posterior angle, when it becomes a zigzag line
terminating in the anterior margin towards the outer angle : outer margin marked
by obscure short lines of a chocolate-color. Posterior wings orange, marked ])y black
or dusky belts parallel with each other ; the outer belt parallel with the posterior
margin, leaving an orange patch upon the outer angle, and dots posteriorly : a black
line runs parallel with the inner margin, terminating at its base. Inferior side marked
by alternating belts of orange and fuscous ; margin and base lighter colored : the
colors are all dull and faded below. Head and thorax dusky. Abdomen dusky above
and light below. Expanse of wing 1| inches.
248 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA.
There seems to be considerable variation in the size and colors of this painted moth,
possibly due in part to sex. In the figure of Druuy, the anterior wings are daric, with
yellow marginal dots. A Catocala found in Western Massachusetts has the dark anterior
\rings and dotted margin ; while the moth is larger, the red belts of the hindwings are
brighter, and the posterior margin is almost ciliate and yellowish gray. But another, near-
ly as large, is pale and ashen, and the inferior wings have yellow instead of vermilion red.
Another still is small, about 1^ inch in expansion, with yellow also ; but has the angular
spot, and other markings similar in fashion to Druky's figure.
There seem to be gradations both in size and depth of coloring, which are not sufficient
to distinguish species, but may establish varieties ; but as I have before me only six in-
dividuals, I may be mistaken in my estimate of the importance of their diflerences.
Gcometridae.
SPANWORMS, LOOPERS, &c.
The insects of this family move over the ground, or along the branches of trees, in distinct
steps, as if measuring their progress, by alternately flexing and extending tlieir bodies from
point to point. The manoeuvre is performed by first extending the anterior extremity of the
body as far ahead as it will reach, and then bringing forward the posterior extremity by
elevating the middle portion of the body, so that the extremes are brought into contact,
and the whole takes the form of a loop ; and thus by successive steps they measure their
route according to the length of their bodies. Their legs, which are usually ten on each
worm, are employed rather in fixing the body at its successive points of rest, than in in-
dependent movements of the feet. They necessarily move slow ; and as they occupy bushes
and trees in feeding, and must seek the ground to undergo transformation, they are pro-
vided with the apparatus and means of spinning a thread, by which they are enabled to
let themselves quickly down to the ground ; and in cases of alarm they frequently do this,
remaining suspended until the danger is past, when they return to tlieir feeding by aid of
mouth and feet, seizing the thread above with the jaws, and then drawing up the body by
doubling it as before described. They are destitute of hairs.
When the spanworm goes to rest, it fixes itself by the posterior feet, and lifts its body
up and sustains it stiffly in an angular and motionless posture, thereby counterfeiting the
appearance of a short broken dead twig of the branch on which it reposes, with the instinct
of eluding if possible the searching eyes and devouring beaks of hungry birds.
To the Family GEOMETRioiE belong some of the most destructive moths, particularly
the cankerworms. Those which are injurious to fruit-trees have usually thin angulated
wings ; but they are wanting in the female, or merely rudimentary, and hence are very
unequal in this respect : this fact gave origin to the name aMisrjj^cna:, < unequal-wings.'
FAMILY GEOMETRID^. 249
Geometra transversata. (Plate xlii, fig. 2.)
Antennae filiform, orange brown. Wings angulated, dashed with short darker lines, and
shaded with about three dark parallel stripes. Anterior and posterior wings marked
with a waving continuous line, beginning at the acute outer angle of the former, and
terminating a little below the middle of the latter : they are also bordered with a
narrow belt of a similar color. Underside of the wings similar in color and markings,
except in the brown waving line. Expansion of wing, two inches. ( Westwogd's
Illustrations of Drury, plate viii, fig. 2.)
Geometra serrata. (Plate xl, fig. 6.)
Antennae setaceous or filiform. Head reddish buff-color. Thorax, abdomen and wings
yellowish bufi". Both pair of wings scollopped, and broadly bordered with brownish
or deeper buff : also the same color is found at the base of the forewings, but paler ;
and a transverse hand upon the posterior, with dashes of the same over the yellow
part. The border of the forewings is forked near the outer angle, and the anterior
edge is ornamented with brown and white oblong spots. ( Westwood, Illustrations of
Drury, plate xx, fig. 4.)
Geometra catenaria ( Drury). Chain-dotted Geometer. ( Plate xli, fig. 10.)
Phal^na catenaria. Bupalus catenarius ( Leach).
Antennae in the male doubly pectinated, slender. Head orange. Thorax, abdomen and
wings white : the former is marked with three orange- colored spots, and each ring
of the abdomen with dots or black transverse lines ; the wings are also marked by
two parallel denticulated lines running across them. The wings are rounded behind,
and margined with a black dotted line having some resemblance to a chain. ( See
Westwood, Illustrations of Drury, plate viii, fig. 3.)
Geometra 1 . ( Plate xlv, fig. 3.)
Wings subangulated, subcrenate on the outer margin.
This moth I am disposed to refer to the Genus Geometra, relying upon the form of the
wings and the pattern of their ornamental marking. The color is cinnamon-brown, and the
white transverse band near the middle is bordered by a deeper brown on the basal side.
The costa is darker, being connected with the transverse band already referred to. Hind-
wing lighter colored at the base than the outer half.
I have been unable to obtain the larva, and htnce it cannot be determined whether it
has the progression peculiar to the geometridae. There is some doubt as to the genus to
which it should be referred.
[ Aokicultubal Report — Vol. v.] 32
250 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA.
Tortricidae.
LEAF-ROLLERS.
The insects of this family mostly have the habit of rolling up the young leaves of trees,
either one or more in a single roll, and confining them with sillien threads. 1 hey are small,
seldom in the larval state exceeding an inch in length. The moth is nocturnal, small,
usually gray and obscurely banded, rarely ornamented with bright colors. The larva; have
sixteen legs each, and their bodies are naked, or only clothed with a few hairs in tufts :
they spin a thread of silk from the mouth, with which, when disturbed, they let themselves
partly down to the ground, where they remain suspended until the danger is past. The
moth, though small, is broader across the forepart than in those of other families. They
inflict serious injuries upon trees, by feeding on the buds and blossoms.
LoxoTJENiA rosaceahaI Rosc Lcaf-rolUr. (Plate vi, figs. 8-11.)
Color light brown, grayish brown, light cinnamon-brown. Forewings traversed b^ two or
three narrow brown bands : when the wings are closed, the bands form a quadrangu-
lar figure on the back ; these bands are variable, as well as the colors of the moth.
Hindwings yellowish white or grayish yellow. Expanse of wing about one inch.
The larva is green, naked : head brownish, smooth, glossy : rings of the integument
sheathing the head, yellowish white : six true legs, eight middle and two prop-legs.
At the extremity of the abdomen, two or three small greenish warts, which give
origin to a few hairs. Feeds upon plum, rose, and other leaves and flowers. Largest,
three quarters of an inch long ; sometimes one inch, but usually a little less : the
figure is smaller than common.
The pupa is brown, enclosed in the rolled leaves, and suspended by the tail.
This is a very troublesome insect. In my garden, the larvae every year destroy most of
the plums on a fine tree, besides checking the regular growth of the young limbs, which,
when the buds are destroyed, never grow more than an inch or two in the spring ; and the
effects of the insects are also seen in the knotty condition of the young shoots. The eggs
are laid in patches upon the bark in the month of June or July, where they remain until
the tree begins to put forth its leaves, when the larvse make their appearance, and almost
every twig has been for some years infested with them.
The best way to deal with this species of Tortrix, is to rub the bark of the trunk and
limbs of the tree with a knife or some other proper instrument, by which means the eggs
will be destroyed ; and then wash the bark thoroughly with an alkaline solution, or with
, whale-oil soap : or if the trunk and limbs are whitewashed in the autumn or spring, just
FAMILY TORTRICID^. 251
as the eggs are about to ha<ch, it will mostly destroy the eggs ; and if any escape, the use
of a syringe with soap and water, will probably finish the work.
This leafroUer attacks the rose, and several other plants belonging to the different
orders : it is not, therefore, particular as to its food ; but it etfectually puts a stop to the
expanding blossoms, whenever it makes its habitation in the leaves that surround the bud.
I have referred tliis insect to the species rosaceana, althougli it does not agree in every
respect with the descriptions within my reach. It is variable in its markings and size, in
both the larval and perfect states. It does not spin a cocoon, unless one is constituted by
the few threads of silk it employs to bind up the rolled leaves with, in which its trans-
formation takes place.
Caepocapsa pomonella. ( Plate xlvii, fig. 4.)
This insect is a native of Europe : it was brought to this country with the apple, and
has become naturalized. The moth is gray, but lustrous like satin, and is delicately streaked
and dotted. The posterior border of the forewing is marked with a reddish brown spot,
wliich is surrounded by a golden mark in the form of a horseshoe. The hindwings are
brownish inclining to yellow, and surrounded by a fringe : they are sparkling and bril-
liant. The thorax and abdomen are yellow and brownish gray.
The moth appears in the evening, having been secreted in a secure place during the
day. It may then be seen busy about branches of apple and pear-trees, selecting the fruit
for a depository of its eggs : in a few days, if the weather be warm, they are hatched. It
requires three or four weeks to come to perfection, when it is reddish or flesh-color, with
a brown head and collar. Before it changes to a pupa, it leaves the fruit, and seeks a secure
place in the cracks of the bark, where it spins its cocoon.
According to Kollar and other authorities, two broods are produced in a single season.
The first pupa changes to a perfect insect in a short time, and, by the last of August, much
fruit will be injured. If the weather and season be favorable, numerous insects of this
kind will come to perfection, and thequantity of fruit injured will be in proportion to the
number of insects hatched from the eggs of the first brood.
The means to be adopted for diminishing the numbers of this moth, are mostly of the
palliative kind. It is evident that all infected fruit should be immediately gathered and
destroyed. The tree should be shaken, that all diseased fruit may fall as soon as possible,
and before the larva leaves it to change into the pupa state. The defective fruit may be
picked, removed and scalded, and fed to swine. It is obvious that the nearest approach to
the extirpation of this injurious insect will happen when cultivators of apples and pears
shall unite their efforts in the use of the remedies proposed.
353 ORDER LEPIOOPTERA.
Ypononicutidae.
A FAMILY of the Lepidoptera, made up of very small moths, whose labial palpi are long
and slender, and still but slightly developed : it is allied to the TonmiciDiE and Tineidje;
but from the former it diflers in the length of the palpi, and from the latter in their non-
development.
The body of the insect is slender, and somewhat elongated and depressed. The antennse
are very long and simple in both sexes. Wings also long, or a long oval and acute : they
are entire, but often ciliate or fringed. The colors are white or slate, marked by a few
bands of black : some, however, are ornamented with brilliant metallic colors.
The larvae are often highly injurious to fruit-trees, especially those living in communi-
ties, which inhabit a common tent after the manner of the American tent caterpillars.
They have sixteen feet, and form cocoons in the midst of their webs.
Plate xlvii, fig. 7, represents the typical form of the family : it is the Jidda dcgeerella,
from Westwood, The species have not always the long antennae of this one.
Tineiclae.
This family contains some of the smallest of the LEPiDorxEKA. Their wings are narrow, in
which respect they differ from the Tortricid^ ; and their palpi are well developed. The
head is often densely clothed with scales in front : the antennae are only moderately long ;
the spiral tongue is short ; and the wings are entire, but convoluted when at rest.
The larvse are very destructive to woollens and household furniture, carpets, clothing,
furs, etc.; and when once they have taken possession of a house, it is difficult to dislodge
them. They are usually of a dirty white, sometimes of a brown color, with long hairs from
the posterior extremity ; but sometimes also naked, or furnished with a few hairs scattered
over the body. They form cocoons, which they frequently carry about Avith them ; and
their depredations consist in gnawing holes through the woollens, and other goods, when
they get possession of them ; so that when unfolded and held up to the light, the articles
are often found to be perfectly riddled. They undergo transformation in the little cases or
cocoons they have formed, and which may often be found in great numbers adhering to
spots where they were fixed by the larvse when about to undergo transformation.
One of the most effectual modes of preserving woollens, furs, etc. from the depredations
of the moth, is to expose them to sunlight, and subject them to frequent examinations.
When such articles are kept in dark closets, and left undisturbed during the months of
June and July, they will suffer more or less from moths. Tobacco leaves, camphor, tur-
pentine, are poisonous to the moth, and may be employed as protectives against it.
FAMILY TQ{£tD^. 253
Tinea ceeella ( Fabricius). Honeycomb Moth.
This moth is notorious for its depredations in the beehive : its larva feeds upon the
honeycomb, or beeswax.
KoLLAB, in his treatise on injurious insects, describes this moth in detail ; and from the
matter he has furnished, I have derived the following facts :
The color of the male is yellowish ; the antennae, head and baclc clay-yellow ; the
abdomen yellowish brown, and feet yellowish gray with lighter spots. Upon the back and
behind the scutellura there is a biaclcish brown tuft of hair, the point of which is white.
The upper wings are broad, short and obtuse, of a dusty ash-gray, banded from the base
to the middle, and dotted with brown : the fringes are brownish white and jagged. The
hind wings are light ash-gray, marked by a yellowish spot on their inner boundary.
The female is larger tlian the male : her color is of a dark rusty brown on the head
and back ; the forewings are darker, obtuse and straight, while the hindwings are much
lighter. Length of the male, six lines : expanse of wing, one inch.
The caterpillar is cylindrical and spindle-shaped, and, when fully grown, is nearly an
inch long : it is of a dirty white color, and has sixteen feet of a cream-color.
Following its singular instincts, the larva, immediately after it is hatched, forms its web
of silk, which becomes for it a covered way and protecting screen, wherewith it boldly
enters the hive if hatched without, and establishes its home in the midst of enemies.
"When the bees are at work, however, it does not appear abroad ; but when they are at
rest during the night, it feeds voraciously upon the wax. It increases rapidly, and comes
to its full size in about three weeks : it then makes its web stronger, and is transformed
to a pupa. If it is late in the season, it remains till spring before it changes to an imago.
The effect of these intruders is first to diminish the wax of the bee-cells, which occasions
the loss of the honey ; and when this takes place extensively from the presence of nu-
merous larvse, the bees cease working.
There are two generations of moths in a season, according to Kollar ; the first appearing
early in the spring, and the second in July. The female lays her eggs in the cracks of the
lower part of the hive, in the night, and the larvje feed at first upon the young comb ; but
they afterwards ascend to the upper part of the hive, where the older kind is deposited.
Many inventions have been proposed and resorted to, to secure the bees from these
intruders : none, it is said, succeed perfectly ; and so far from requiring no attention, it
is maintained by Kollar that the only sure method of cleansing beehives from this moth
is to look after and destroy them, both larvse and pupae. The moth is fond of sweets, and
may therefore be attracted to dishes of sweetened water and vinegar in the night, and by
that means may be drowned : some other kinds of obnoxious moths may be destroyed in
the same manner.
254 ORDES LEPIDOPTEBA.
Rhimosia pometella. ChtBtockclus pomctdlus (Stephens).
A moth has been described by Drs. Harris and Fitch, belonging to the family Tineidje,
which has done considerable damage to the apple orchards in the vallies of the Hudson
and Housatonic during the spring of 1853. Dr. Harris has called it Rhinosia pometella,
and furnishes the following description :
« Forewings ash-gray, sprinkled with blackish dots, three of which are larger than the rest,
' and placed triangularly near the middle : a dusky transverse band near the tips,
' and a curved row of seven black dots at the origin of the terminal fringe. Hind-
* wings dusky, with a leaden lustre, black veins, and very long black fringes. Eody
' and legs beneath yellowish white, with the lustre of satin. Expansion of wing, five
' eighths of an inch' ( Journal of the N. Y. S. A. Society, September). The markings,
however, according to Dr. Fitch, are somewhat variable.
The larva is cylindrical, has a pale greenish color, sixteen feet, and a dusky stripe on
the back : above this is a narrower whitish stripe, which runs along the middle of the
back. The head is yellowish and polished. Length about half an inch. Its marks and colors
are variable.
This larva has inflicted considerable injury upon orchards during the past season (1853).
It eats not only the leaves, but also the apples. Like the tortrix^ it sometimes rolls up a
leaf for a habitation ; and when the tree is shaken, many let themselves down by threads
of silk.
Whale-oil soap, dissolved in water and thrown freely upon the trees, is found to be an
effectual remedy against this insect.
BuTALis CEREALELLA. Angoumois Graifimotk.
Color pale cinnamon-brown ; lustre silky : hindwings ashy or dusky lead-color : feelers
blackish near the tip ; second joint blackish on the outside : body pale brownish gray.
The head is smooth : antennae threadlike, jointed : feelers long and curved upwards,
with the terminal joint naked and acute ; basal joint hairy and short : tongue about
half an inch long, and spirally coiled. Forewings rather long and narrow, pointed at
the end, and fringed : surface sprinkled with blackish dots, especially near the tips.
Hindwings blackish with a leaden lustre, narrow, and obliquely contracted to a point
at the tips : fringe blackish, widest on the inner margin. Forelegs blackish ; hind
ones fringed on the inner side with long hairs.
The caterpillar, when fully grown, is whitish with a brown head : legs six, with ten
wart-like proplegs. Chrysalis is obtuse at both ends : rings of the body smooth : wing-
cases extending nearly to the hinder extremity. The skin of the chrysalis remains in the
kernel of grain upon which the larva has fed. The insect hatches from June till August.
FAMILY TINEIDiE, 255
The community is greatly indebted to Mr. Harris, for his discoveries in relation to the
Angoumois grainmoth. He had expressed his conviction, in the first edition of his treatise
on insects injurious to the farmer and to vegetation, that a certain grainmoth would prove
to be the true European angoumois grainmoth, and it seems that this prediction is fully
sustained by farther discoveries of our indefatigable and distinguished entomologist.
This insect, in its perfect state, is known to lay from sixty to ninety eggs in clusters of
twenty or more upon each grain : these hatch in about five or six days into threadlike
worms, which disperse themselves about the grain-bin. After selecting a kernel by fixing
upon its tender part, the worm burrows into it, and there remains feeding until it arrives
at maturity : it then spins a web, dividing its cavity longitudinally into two unequal parts
by a silky partition, where it undergoes its transformation, the larger cavity serving the
purf>ose of a cocoon.
It appears that infected wheat, when sown, may germinate, but the plumule will be
weak and small : the insect, however, still remains in the grain, feeding upon the starchy
matter, till it is ready to undergo its changes. These take place while the grain is still in
the field, and the mature insects may be found flying about the fields in the night, and are
ready in due time to deposit their eggs in the growing grain.
It appears that the angoumois moth not only attacks wheat, but also Indian corn. Mr.
BicHARD Owen, of New-Harmony, first called the attention of the public to this fact in a
communication to the Cultivator in 1846. In Indian corn it attains a rather larger size than
in wheat, the wings expanding to about six-tenths of an inch.
The method that has been found most effectual in destroying this grain- worm, consists
in exposing the grain to a temperature of 167° Fahr. for twelve hours ; or if the heat is
only lOi or 5°, it is sufficient to destroy the worms, provided it be continued for forty-
eight hours. Fumigation is another remedy which has been successfully employed. Expo-
sure to cold destroys both the larva and its eggs : if the grain, for example, in New-York
and New-England, is housed when it will be exposed to a cold at zero, the insect will be
destroyed.
In addition to the foregoing, it is recommended to thresh the grain at an early day ;
inasmuch as by that operation the insect is destroyed to a great extent, after which the
grain may be preserved in bulk. Grain, however, should not be exposed in open casks
when it is liable to become infested : the insect may be excluded by keeping the grain in
closed boxes or hogsheads after threshing. Corn in the husk, too, is less exposed to de-
predation than when husked, especially when it remains standing in the field.
256 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA.
Tinea cranella. European Grainmoth.
Forewings marbled with white or gray, light brown and dark brown spots, and one square
dark spot near the middle of the outer edge. Hindwings blackish. Head tufted.
Length three- to four-tenths of an inch. Harris.
Motlis appear In May, June and August : they breed twice a year.
The caterpillar of this grainworm, instead of burrowing in the grain like that of the
angoumois grainworm, feeds upon the external surface only, and spins a web in which it
entangles several grains for that purpose. When the period for transformation arrives, it
leaves this web, and seeks a crevice in which to spin its cocoon. Altogether they occupy
about six weeks in feeding on the grain, which they soil and otherwise injure by covering
it with their webs and excrements.
Such are the characters of the European grainmoth. It appears from the observations of
our distinguished entomologist. Dr. A. Fitch of Salem, that he observed many years ago
that grain in some of the mills in his neighborhood was affected much in the way described
above, only the caterpillar formed its cocoon within its web.
Although the habits of the foregoing grain insects differ somewhat, the remedies that
have been successful in destroying one are equally efficacious against the other, to wit :
fumigation with carbonic acid ; exposure in close vessels to heat of 130 to 140° Fahr.
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
Barbakxts annulattjs, Plate vii, fig. 3 (Pitch's Catalogue).
Antennae, mandibles, legs, thorax, rudimentary wings, green ; eyes prominent, black ; posterior part of
the head, and all the upper parts reddish ; sides greenish : legs long. Inhabits bushes in meadows
and borders of woods in September.
Cantharis atrata, refer to PI. iv.
Calimorpha parthenice, refer to fig. 3.
Cremastocheilus hentzii, refer to PL xxiv, fig. 2.
Cerambix, refer to PL xxxiv, fig. 9.
Lamia, PL xxvi, refer to PL xxxiv, fig. 8.
Leptura, PL xxvi, refer to PL xxxiv, fig. 11.
Prionus laticollis, refer to PL xxxiv.
Stenocorus cinctcs, refer to PI. xxxiv.
Saperda TRIDENTATA, refer to PL xxxiv, fig. 6.
RuAoiuM LiNEATUM, refer to PL x, fig. 1.
Leptura MALACHiTiCA, refer to PL xxxi, fig. 7.
Saperda vestita, refer to PL xxxiv, fig. 4.
Saperda , page 122, refer to PL xxxiv, fig. 7.
Refer Thbcla acis to figs. 1 & 3.
Page 232, for PL xxiv, refer to PL xxxix, fig. 1.
Phrtqanea fasciata, refer to PL xxxii, figs. 7 & 9.
Correct Grammoptera, p. 128, and read Telephobus, PL xxxiv, fig. 3.
Telephorus, refer to PL xxxiv, fig. 3.
PoDABRUS MODE8TU8, instead of Telephorus, PL xxxiv, fig. 1.
Meqacepiiai.a virgi.nica (Fab.), PL xvii, fig. 15.
Clytds N0TATU8 ? p. 118, PL viii, fig. 3.
Lyo^us tubcicus, PL xxx, fig. 9, tar. a (Fitch's Catalogue).
Phvtocoris lineolaris, PL xxx, fig. 7.
Phytocoris coccinecs, PL XXX, fig. 2 (Fitch's Catalogue).
[ Agrici;ltueal Report — Vol. v.] 32 *
256* ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
PhYTOCOBIS BELLUS, PL XXX, fig. 1.
Pentatoma cabnifex, pi. XXX, fig. 3.
Pe.ntatoma PENNSYLVANiCA, Pl. XXX, fig. 4 ; young (undetermined), fig. 8.
Page 1G8, for IIedcvius, read Sinea stimulatrix, PI. xxLx, fig. 8 (Fitch's Catalogue).
Lapbira terqissa, PI. xxviii, fig. 6.
Lapuira thoracica, pi. xxviii, fig. 5.
Lapuira sericea, pi. xxviii, fig. 8.
Lapuir.4 (undescribed), PI. xxix, fig. 3.
SyBPIIUS PHILADELPHIOUS, PI. xxviii, fig. 1.
SyrphusI pi. xxix, fig. 6.
Ctenophora trimacclata, pi. xxix, fig. 5 (Fitch's Catalogue).
For Grillub, substitute Orchellimum gracile (Harris), PI. ix, fig. 1 (female).
Color green shaded with brown, especially on the back and wings ; wing-covers and legs green, faintly
tinged with brown ; ovipositor brown, and cimctar-shaped : | inch in length. This grasshopper is
common in meadows in August.
Leptis obnata ? PI. xxix, fig. 1.
Leptis quadrata! PI. xxix, fig. 4.
Leptis (undescribed], PI. xxix, fig. 10.
Page 195, for Vespa fraterna (PI. xxvi, fig. 6), read Polistes annularis.
Vespa, pi. xxvi, fig. 8.
Plate X, fig. 5, appears to be closely allied to the Genus Sinodendron? (Fab.). Antennas 10-
jointed, shorter than the thorax ; second short : club 3-jointcd. It agrees better with the Genus
SisoDENDRO.v, than with either of the genera of the LrcANiD-^. Referred in the description of the
plate, erroneously, to the Genus Scarites. The specimen from which the drawing was made is lost ;
but the insect is very common, especially south, in decaying wood and trees.
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 257*
Arctia AMERICANA. Great American Tiger-moth.
Male. Back of the antennae white, tipped with brown ; pectina brown. Head and thorax
brown, covered with long hairs : front, at the base of the hairs, ornamented with a
white band, surmounted with a crest of hairs trimmed with crimson, and which
extends around the thoracic part. Forewings buif-brown : base of the wings marked
with wliite branching spots, which resemble somewhat a cross : wing beyond the
middle also marked with a white irregular cross something like an X, extending
entirely across the wing, except to that portion which is directed towards the apex :
anterior margin has two white spots, a large and a small, between the two crosses :
inner margin has an oblong patch of brown parallel with its edge. Hindwings orange,
marked with three found blue-black spots ; between them is a lunule : on the under
side, the margin has two brown patches. Abdomen orange, mai-ked in the middle with
four transverse lines ; beneath brown, except at the extremity. Thighs crimson ; legs
brown.
In the female the markings resemble the male, but the white is more conspicuous.
Expanse of wing of the female, 2 J inches.
Captured near Albany.
This moth closely resembles the English Caja., or Great Tiger-moth. It is rare in New-
York, or rather but ie^i have been taken to my knowledge. Dr. Harris received a speci-
men from Trenton-falls, of which he has given a description in his Treatise on Insects,
p. -267, 1832. It is easily distinguished from all our moths by its peculiar markings.
■S^Sy ,'^*M!»'r>:iHM«vi-,a»f«i i*/so: i
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Page
ACHETA ABBREVIATA 143
Acontia 246
AcnYDIUM FEMORRUBRUM . 146
ACRYDltTM FLAVOVITTATCM, 147
Actias 233
^GERIA EXITIOSA 222
jEgERIA TIPULIFOKMIS .... 223
Adimonia 134
Agowiderits pallipes .... 47
Agoncm cupripenne .... 45
Agoncji octopu.nctatcm . 45
Ageilcs ruficollis 85
Agrotis 244
Amara impuncticollis . . 46
American Oak-beauty 245
American Tent-caterpillar . 235
Anierican Tigermoth 229
Anchome.nus extensicollis, 49
Angoamois Grainmoth .... 254
Anisodactylhs aoricollis, 47
ANlSODACXyHTS BALT1M0REC3,47
Anisopactylus RCSTicns . 47
Ant-lions 185
Apate basilasis 93
Aphidians 158
ApHODins ATERRIMUS .... 69
ArHODics BicoLOR 69
ApHODICS COPRONIMUS, . . . 69
ApHODIfS FEMORALIS .... 69
Aphodics servai, 69
APHODlns STRIOATUS .... 69
Aphodics tebminalis .... 69
Appletree Blight 161
Aptera 148
Areoda lasigera 76
AkCTIA ISABELLA 229
[ Aobiccltukal Report —
P«ge
Arctia vikginica 229
Arctia VIRGO 229
Argynnis aphrodite .... 211
ArgY.VNIS IDEALIA 212
Attacus cEcRoptA 237
Attaccs lcna 234
Attacus polyphemos .... 236
Attacus pkometheus .... 237
AtTELABCS ANILIS 107
Attelabcs pcbescejss . . . 107
Attelabus similis 107
Balamncs rectus 109
Bark -lice 149
Beautiful Deiopeia 229
Bembidium honestum .... 53
Bembidium inequale .... 53
Bembidium inornatum ... 53
Bembidium sigillare .... 53
Bembidium TRIPC^cTATUJl, 53
ehbidium vabib6atum . . 53
Blatta nivea 141
Boletophagus cornutus . 92
Brachinus cephalotes. . . 41
BbACHINUS C0NF0BMI3. ... 42
Brachinus fumans 42
Brachinus pebplexus ... 41
Bkenthus septentrionis . 106
Bruchus pisi 100
BuPRESTIS AMERICANA... 83
Buprestis dentipes 84
Bupr.ESTis divaricata ... 85
Buprestis fasciata 83
Buprestis femorata .... 84
Buprestis fulvo-guttata, 83
Buprestis lubida 86
Buprestis virginica .... 83
Vol. v.] 88
Pag*
Butalis cerealella 254
Claddice-flies 188
Calandba granaria 101
Calathus gregarius .... 48
Callimobpha epimenis . . . 228
Callimoepha parthenice, 227
Callimorpha phyllira . . 228
Callimoepha virguncula, 237
Calosoma calidum 52
Calosoma scrutator .... 51
Cantharis atrata 97
Cantharis cinerea 97
Cabaeus limbatus 51
Carabus serratus 51
Carabus vinculus 51
Caepocapsa pomonella . . 251
Cassida clavata 130
Catocala affinis 247
Catocala epione 247
Cecidomyia culmicola . . . 179
Cecidomyia destructor.. 173
Cecidomyia robinia 179
Cecidomvia salicis 179
Cecidomyia tritici 176
Cerambix 110
Cebatocampa begalis . . . 238
Ceresa bubalus 155
Ceresa diceros 155
Cetonia fulgida 89
Cetonia inda 79
Chigres 148
CHLoeNIUS emarginatus . . 47
Chlcenius lithophilus . . 48
Chl(enics nemobalis .... 48
Chlcenius sebiceus 48
Chlcenius tomentosus ... 48
26B
P»ge
ChKVSOMELA AMEKICANA.. 133
ChRYSOMELA BANKSII 133
curvsomela ccerulipekms, 132
Chrvsomela decipie.ns . . . 131
Ghbvsonela puii.adelphica,130
Chrvsomela pulcher.... 132
Chrvsomela scalaris . , . 131
Chrvsomela tremula . . . 133
Chrvsomela trimaculata, 132
Chrvsopuanes phleas . . . 216
Cicada canicdlaris 152
Cicada noveboracensis . . 152
Cicada septendecim 150
cicimdela albilabhis. ... 36
cicindela campestris .... 38
CiCINDELA DD0DEC1MGUTTATA,37
CiCINDELA GENEHOSA 34
CiCINDELA GUTTATA 35
CiCINDELA HiEMORRHOIDALIS, 37
CiCINDELA HIRTICOLLIS . ... 36
CiCINDELA PATRUELA .... 35
CiCINDELA PtTNCTULATA ... 37
CiCINDELA PURPUREA .... 35
CiCINDELA KEPANDIS 35
CiCINDELA VULGARIS 34
CiMBEX AMERICANA 191
CiMBEX ULMI 191
CiMEX LECTDLAEIUS 169
CiMEX PURCIS 168
CiMlNDIS 'PILOSUS 42
CiSTELA BREVIS 97
ClERDS APIARIUS 91
ClISIOCAMPA AMERICANA . . 235
Clisiocampa nedstria . . . 240
Clisiocampa sylvatica... 239
• Clivina lineolata 44
Clytus campestbis 118
Clytus caprua 117
Clytus hamatus 118
Clytus noeilis 117
Clytus pictus 117
Clytus speciosus 117
Clytus undatus 118
COCCINELLA ABBREVIATA . 138
Coccinella bimaculata . . 137
INDEX.
Ptgt
Coccinella bobealis .... 136
Coccinella decimmaculata,138
Coccinella 12-notata . . . 137
Coccinella immaculata.. 137
Coccinella incabnata... 136
Coccinella novemnotata, 137
Coccinella 5-maculata . . 136
Cocc. transversoguttata, 138
Coccinella trioculata . . 137
Coccinella 20-maculata. 136
Ccelioxis annularis 197
colias philodice 204
copris carolinus 70
coprobius lxvis 67
coreus tristis 171
Corn Emperor-moth 231
Cremastocheilus hentzii, 77
Cremastocheilus scaber . 77
CbIOCERIS 12-rUNCTATA . . 129
CUCUJUS CLAVATUS 60
CUPES CAPITATA 92
CyCHRUS VIDUUS 50
Cynthia cardui 210
Cynthia huntera 210
Cybtosia arcuata 154
cvrtosia fuuginosa .... 154
Danaus plexippus ...... 202
DeIOPEIA BELLA 225
Delta-moth 233
Dendroides canadensis . . 96
Dermestes labdabius . . i 60
Desmocerus palliatus... 125
Dichelonvcha elongata . 78
DicffiLus dilatatus 49
DicffiLus elongatus 49
Dictvoptera reticulata . 90
Dictvoptera teemixalis . 90
Dryocampa imperialis . . . 233
Drvocampa pellucida . . . 239
Dkvocampa virginiensis . 239
dvschirius globulosus .. 44
Dvticus harrisii 55
Elaphidion putator 124
Elaphidion villosum. . . . 124
Elaphrus buscarius .... 52
Page
Elater appressifrons ... 88
Elater cinereus 88
Elater communis 88
Elater noctilucus 88
Elater obescs 88
Elater oculatus 87
Engis fasciatus 59
Entilia concava 153
Entilia emarginata .... 153
Entilia sincata 153
Ephenicrides 187
Epicauta vittata 96
Erebus edusa 246
Eriosoma nivalis ... 79, 161
EuCHiTES egle 227
EUCHLORA CffiLEBS 78
Eudamus tityrds 215
Eudrvas grata 242
EuMOLPUS AtTRATUS 130
FORFICULA 139
Fleas 148
GaLERITA AMERICANA .... 42
Galekuca calmariensis. . 134
Galeruca vittata 134
Galerucides 133
Galgulus oculatus 167
Gargaba cineeeum 156
Gargara discoidalis .... 159
Gargara inermis 157
Gargara maculifrontis . 156
Gargara majus 156
Gargara nigeicephala . . 157
Gargara pectokalis .... 157
Gargara pubescens 157
Gakgaea queeci 156
Geometra catenaria .... 249
Geometra serrata 249
Geometra transversata, 249
Geotrupes splendens ... 67
Gerris maeginatus 167
Glaucopis pholus 235
Goetynia leucostigma . . . 243
gortynia zea 243
Grammoptera 128
Grillotalpa brevipennis, 143
Page
Halica chalybea 135
HaLIPLUS 12-PDNCTATU3 . . 55
Haliplus immaculaticollis, 55
Hammatocebus purcis . . . 168
Harpalus bicolor 45
Harpalus erraticus .... 46
Harpalus faunus 45
Harvest-flies 149
Hawk -moths 216
Hepiolus 241
Hesferia peckius 216
Hessian-fly 173
Hipparchia alope 213
HlPPARCHIA nephele .... 213
Hister con'formis 66
Honeycomb-moth 253
HoPlia trifasciata 78
HorntaiL 191
Hylobius pales 107
Hylubgus terebrans . . . 112
Ichneumon bbevicinctor. 193
Ips bifustulatus 60
Ips fasciatus 59
Ips qdadrisignata 60
Ips sangcinolenta 69
ItHYCERUS NOV£BORACENSI3,110
Ladybirds 161
Lamia 124
Lampykis angulata 89
Lampyris corbusca 90
Lampybis laticornis . — 89
LaMFYBIS N1GBICAN3 89
Lampybis scintillans ... 89
Lampyris versicolor. .. . 90
Lasiocampiuns 234
Leaf-hoppers 152
Leaf-rollers 250
Lebia atbiventris .. . . .. 42
Lebia smaragdula 43
Lebia viridis 43
Lema tkivittata 134
Leptura malachiticus. .. 127
Leptura octopunctata . . 127
Leptura bubrica 127
INDEX.
Page
Leptura subpubescens. . . 127
Leptura vittata 126
Libellula pulchella . . . 185
LlMENITIS ARTHEMIS 211
LiMENITIS DISSIPPUS 202
LlMENITIS URSULA 203
Leptis 181
LoCUSTA CAROLINA 145
Locusta corallina .... 146
LocusTA nebulosa 146
Locl'sta sulphurea 140
LOXOT^NIA bosaceana... 250
lucanus dama 56
Lyg^us leucopterus. . . . 169
MaCRODACTYLUS SUBSPINOSA, 78
Maggots 173
Mayflies 187
MeLITJJA PUiETON 212
Melit^ea pharos 212
Meloe angusticollis .... 97
Midas filatus 183
Milesia vibginiensis .... 183
Monochamus macdlosus . 123
MoNOCHAMUS pulcher . . . 123
Monochamus scutellatus, 123
Monochamus titillatob . 128
Moths 224
MuscA vomitoria 181
Myrmelion 185
NecRODES SURINAMENSIS . . 58
Necrophorus americanus, 57
Necrophobus pygmecs ... 57
Necbophorus tomentosus, 07
nitidula bipu3tulata ... 58
NocTUA margaritata. . . . 245
NocTUA ndndina 246
NoCTUA SqUAMULARIS .... 245
NoCTUA UNDULABIS 245
Notiophilus pobrectus . . 52
Notonectus 166
NyMPHALIS ARTHEMIS.,.. 211
Odontata scutellaris . . 130
CEdionychds thobacica . . 135
Omalisus coccinatus .... 90
259
Page
Omopheon laeiatum 52
— tar. tessellatus, 52
Onclderes cingulatus . . . 123
OnTHOPHAGUS HECATE.... 68
Onthophagus ovatus.... 68
Ophion glabra tus 196
Ophion macrurum 196
Ophion mundus 196
Ophion purgatus 197
Orgyia leucostigma .... 230
Pachyta cordifera 128-
Pale Emperor-moth 230'
Pamphila philceus 215
Pangds caliginosus 46
Papilio astehias 200
Papilio philexor 201
Papilio turnus 204
Papilio urtic^e 209
Parnus crenatus 56
Parnus fastigiatus 56
Pelecinus politcrator . . 196
PeLECINUS POLICERATOR . . 196
Pelidnota maculata .... 77
Pelidnota punctata .... 77
PhAL^NA LUNA 233
PhaljEna quebcaria .... 245
PnALiENA undularis ... 245
Phan^us caenifex 68
Phaneboptera angustifolia, 145
Phelampelis satellitia . 219
Phbvganea semifasciata, 188
PhYLLOBICS TiENIATUS . . . 107
Phyllophaga drakii .... 72
Phyllophaga georgiana . 72
Phyllophaga hirticula.. 72
Phyllophaga pilosicollis, 72
Phyllophaga quercina . . 72
Phyllophaga variolosa . 72
PlERlS NICIPPE 205
Pigeon Tremex 192
PiMPLA LUNATOR 194
PlSSODES STROBl 108
PiTHO AMERICANA 98
Plant-lice 144
360
Page
PlATVCEKAS PICEDS 66
Platygastes tipul.«.... 180
PlATVPHVLLCM AS(il!STIFOLHTM,
145
PLATrrHYLLUM CONCAVCM, 144
PlATV. oblong IFOLIUM . . . 145
PONTIA OLERACEA 204
Potato Hawkmoth 218
Potherb Pontia 204
Prionus laticollis 115
Pbionus pexnsylvanica . . 115
Progne Butterfly 207
Ptinus FnR 92
Poles penetrans 148
puhpubicencs humebalis, 126
Pyo^ba albifkons 242
Pyrocuboa flabellata.. 96
Rkdovius 168
Bhagium lineatum 126
Rhinosia pometella 254
RHYNCHiENUS NENIJPHAIt.. 109
Rose Leafroller 250
Saltators 142
Saltmarsh Caterpillar 225
Sapebda calcabata 121
SaPEBDA CANDIDA 121
Sapebda tbidentata 122
Sapebda tbipunctata . . . 122
Sapebda vestita 121
Sarcophaga georgina . . . 181
SaRCOPHAGA VOMITOBIA . . 181
Satcbnia 10 232
Satdrnia xaia 231
scabites subterbaneus . . 43
scolia fossilana 197
scolia octojlaculata.. .. 197
scolytcs pyri 113
Semicolon Butterfly 207
Sebica assimilis 71
Sebica vespeetina 71
Sebica viridans 71
SeSU FDCIF0BMI8 221
Sesia felasgcs 221
Silpha amerionv 58
INDEX.
P«je
Silpha caudata 57
Silpha ineqcalis 57
Silpha novebobacensis . . 58
SiLVANns subinamensis . . 105
Skippers 107, 215
Smerinthus ASTYLrs .... 221
Smilia aubiculata 153
Smilia guttata 153
Smilia viridis 154
Smilia vittata 154
Spanwonus 248
Spectrum femoratum. . . . 142
SpHiRODERUS STENOSTOMUS, 49
Sphex pennsylvanica . . . 195
SpHEX PLUMIPES 197
Sphinx brontes 218
Sphinx caholinus 218
Sphinx chionanthi 218
Sphinx cinebea 219
Sphinx convolvulus .... 218
Sphinx octomaculatus . . 218
Sphinx pampinatrix 220
Sphinx quinquemaculatus,219
Spilosoma acb^a 225
Spilosoma arge 236
Spilosoma cunea 228
Spilosoma egle 227
Spilosoma nais 228
Staphylinus chrysurus . . 61
Staphylinus cyanipennis, 61
Staphylinus villosts ... 61
Stenocobus cinctus 116
Tabanus americanus .... 182
Tabanus atbatus 182
Telamona acclivata .... 155
Telamona ampelopsides . 154
Telamona cobyli 155
Telamona cbat«gi 156
Telamona fagi 154
Telamona ornata 155
Telamona querci 165
Telamona reclivata .... 155
Telamona turriculata . . 155
Telamona unicolor 154
P>s«
Telephorvs 90
Tenebrio curvipes 99
Tenebrio molitob 99
Tenebrio obscurus 99
Tent Caterpillar 229
Tenthredo 191
Tetbaopes tetbophthalma, 121
Tetrix 147
Tbttigonia bos^ 158
Tettigonia vitis 158
Thanasimcs dubius 91
Thecla acis 214
Thecla humuli 214
TuELIA bimaculata 156
Thelia binotata 156
Thelia lutipes 156
TnRips 161
Tinea granella 256
ToMicus EXKsrs 112
ToMicus liminaris 112
ToMictrs piNi 112
Trechus cinctus 48
Tbechus conjunctus .... 48
Treehoppers 152
Tremex columba 192
Tbox capillaris 71
Trox poroatus 70
UpIS PENNSYLVANICtIS .... 99
Urocerus albicobnis .... 192
Vanessa antiope 206
Vanessa atalanta.. 208,209
Vanessa comma 208
Vanessa interrogationis, 207
Vanessa polychloros . . . 208
Vanessa progne 207
Vanessa urticjE 209
Vespa fraterna 195
Wheat-fly 176
Wheat-niidge 180
AVliite Miller 229
Willow ButtciiBy 206
Wood-nymph 292
Wood-waspa 191
XyLOCABPA VIBGIIflCA .... 197
ENGLISH INDEX.
Admirals, page 206.
Angoumois grainmoth, 254.
AntUon, 185 - 187-
Aphanipterous insects, 148.
Aphides, 158 - 162.
AphLs-eaters, 136, 159.
Appletree blight, 79, 101.
Applotree borers, 87, 120.
.\ppletree insects, 162, 251.
Appletree worms, 110.
Ashtree borers, 87, 222, 223.
Asparagus insect, 123.
Aspentree borers, 121.
Aster-bogs, 134.
Atmospheric blight, 164, 165.
Baconbug, 60.
Balancers, 172.
Babiamine butterfly, 210.
Barklice, 149, 162, 163.
Barkworms, 85, 98, 118, 119.
Beanmoths, 226.
Bedbugs, 169, 170.
Beechtree insect, 154.
Bee-eating beetles, 80, 91.
Beeswax-moth, 25.S.
Berrybugs, 19L
Birds destroy insects, 74, 82, 103,
240.
Blackberry worm, 122.
Blackchcrry insects, 163.
Blackclocks, 39, 44 - 49.
Blight, 164.
[ AOHICULTURAL RbpORT —
Blistering-flies, 90, 97.
Bombardiers, 39, 41 - 43.
Bookworms, 92.
Buckwhcatworms, 243.
Burrowers, 39, 43, 44.
Butterflies, 199 - 216.
Buttonwood caterpilLir, 2.34.
Cabbage butterflies, 205.
Cabbage-worms, 243.
Caddiceflies, 188.
Canada-thistle insect, 153.
Candle-owls, 89.
Carpet-eating insects, 252.
Carrion-beetles, 57, 58, 70.
Carrot-butterflies, 100.
Ceiling-bugs, 197.
Cellarbugs, 98.
Cherrybugs, 73, 79.
Cherrytree worms, 110, 222.
Chcsnut-rail worm, 118.
Chesnut weevil. 111.
Chigre, 148.
China-aster insect, 97.
Chinchbugs, 169.
Clouded butterfly, 213.
Cockroaches, 141.
Coleopterous insects, 31 - 138.
Columbine- worm, 243.
Comma butterfly, 208.
Copper butterfly, 216.
Comeating worms, 86.
Com emperor-moth, 231, 232.
Vol. v.] 34
Com weevils, 101 - 106, 111.
Crickets, 143.
Cucumber-bugs, 134, 135.
Currantbush insects, 163, 222,
223.
Cutworms, 243-
Dahlia-worm, 243.
Death watch, 92.
De%'irs-darningneedle, 184.
Dipterous insects, 172 - 183.
Dischargers, 39, 50 - 52.
Dogday harvestfly, 152.
Dogsbane insect, 130.
Dogwood-moths, 252.
Dragonflies, 184.
Dung-beetles, 63 - 71.
Earwigs, 139.
Eatable grubs, 116.
Elder-pith worm, 125.
Elmtree blight, 165.
Elmtree bugs, 134.
Elmtree caterpillars, 232, 236.
Emperor-moths, 220 - 233.
Euplexopterous insects, 139.
Fire-beetles, 88.
Fireflies, 89.
Fishcating bugs, 166.
Fleas, 148.
Flies, 181.
Flower-beetles, 03, 80, 119, 139-
Forest tent-caterpillar, 239.
Fringetree moth, 218.
S68
INDEX.
Frittcrlaries, 206.
Fruit-bcctlos, 73, 110, 139.
Fruitbugii, 171.
Fruit-tree moths, 230, 252.
Fur-beetles, CO.
Fure:iting insects, 252.
Gadflies, 182.
Garden crickets, 142.
Gigantic beetles, 71.
Glowornis, 89.
Goldonrod insect, 79, 132, 134.
Gooseberry butterfly, 203.
Grainmoths, 254, 256.
Grain-weevils, 101 - 106, 111.
G rainworm.'*, 92, 99.
Grapevine beetles, 76, 77.
Grapevine insects, 157, 158, 220.
Gra?ping beetles, 140.
Grasshoppers, 144.
Grassnioths, 226, 227.
Graasworms, 73, 86, 88, 243.
Harmless insects, 59, 112, 124,
144, 152, 1.53, 201,202,
227, 229, 231, 237.
Harvehtflics, 149, 152.
Hawkmoths, 216 - 223.
Hay insect, 147.
Hazletrcc insect, 155.
Hessianflies, 173 - 176.
Hcteropterous insects, 166-171.
Hickory borers, 82, 93, 116, 123.
Hickorytrec caterpillar, 239, 240.
Homopterons insects, 149 - 165.
Honeycomb-moth, 253.
Honeydew, 159, 163.
Hooppole insects, 93, 123.
Hop butterfly, 214.
Horn-beetles, 65.
Honibugs, 73.
Horntails, 191.
Horsechesnut-motlis, 231.
Horseflies, 182.
Hor8eradL'-h-))ug.s, 135.
Humiuingbird-moths, 217.
Hymcnoptcroas ins. 189 - 197.
Ichneumon-flies, 193, 104.
Insects serviceable to the farmer
and gardener, 33 -41, 43,
46,50,52,53,57,67,136,
161, 162, 193, 196.
Jigger, 148.
Jumping beetles, 1 .0.
Katydids, 144, 145.
Lacewing, 159.
Ladybirds, 136 - 138, 161.
Leadeatcrs, 93.
Leafcating caterpillars, 231, 232,
233, 234, 238, 239,241,242.
Leafhoppers, 152.
Leafrollers, 250.
Lepidoptcrous insects, 198-256.
Licben-wonns, 223, 225.
Lilac-moth, 238.
Linden tree borer, 121.
Locusts, 145, 146.
Locust-tree insect, 130, 179,217.
Loopers, 248.
Lychnis blight, 164.
Maggots, 173, 181.
Maize-bugs, 169.
Maize-moths, 226 - 228, 232,
243.
Maize-worms, 80.
Mapletree insects, 162,192,194.
May-beetles, 73.
Mayflies, 187.
Mealworms, 99.
Measuring worms, 248, 249.
Milkweed-moths, 227.
Millers, 229.
Molecriekets, 14S.
Mountainash insects, 222, 223.
Mulberry beetles, 93.
Mustard-bugs, 135.
Ncnroptcrons insects, 184-187.
Nutwcevil, 109.
Oak-beauty, 245.
Oaktree beetles, 82. 84, 106.
124.
Oaktree caterpillars, 234, 236,
240 - 242.
Oaktree insects, 231, 245.
Orchard caterpillars, 235, 239,
254.
Orchard-worms, 120.
Orthopterous insects, 140 - 147.
Parasitic in.sect8, 53, 179, 180,
193, 196.
Parsley butterfly, 200.
Peabugs, 100, 228.
Pcachbug, 79, 80, 111.
Peachtree insects, 160, 222.
Peachtrec yellows, 113.
Pear-blight, 113, 165.
Pcartree beetles, 76, 110, 113.
Peartree insects, 160, 251.
Pignut-tree borer, 85.
Pinetree beetles, 82, 83, 91, 108,
111, 112, 113. 126.
PlantUce, 149, 158 - 162.
Plumtrce beetles, 73.
Plumtree silkwonu, 250.
Plum-weevils, 109, 111.
Poplartree borer, 121, 133.
Poplartree moths, 232.
Potato-blight, 164.
Potato-flics, 96, 129.
Potato hawkmoth, 218.
Potato-moth, 219.
Praying beetle, 142.
Piadish-bugs, 135.
Raspberry borer, 122.
Raspberry insect, 85.
Rice-weevil, 106, 112.
Rooks destroy caterpillars, 74.
Rooteating worms, 86.
Rosebug, 79.
Rose leafhopper, 158.
Rose leafroUer, 250.
Rottenwood beetles, 59.
Running beetles, 140 - 142.
iSacrcd beetles, 03, 67.
Saltmarsh caterpillar, 225.
Sassafras-moths, 232.
Sawbeetles, 115.
Sawflies, 190.
■Scavenger beetles, 57.
Semicolon butterfly, 207.
Seventeen-year locust, 150.
Sexton-beetles, 56 - 58.
Silkweed insect, 124.
Skin-destro3ring beetles, CO.
Skippers, 167, 215.
Snaileaters, 89.
Snapbugs, 86.
Snowball insect, 1G3.
Social ants, 184.
Social butterflies, 214.
Social caterpillars, 232,234,240.
Spanworms, 248.
Sphinges, 218 - 221.
Spindleworms, 243.
Spring-beetles, 86.
Sqnashbugs, 171.
Squirting beetles, 41 - 43.
INDEX.
Stag-beetle, 66.
Stinking beetles, 50 - 52, 61.
Strawberry-bugs, 171.
Tent-caterpillars, 235.
Thomapple insect, 155.
Tiger-beetles, 33 - 38.
Tigermoths, 229.
Timber insects, 92-94,114, 124.
Tortoiseshell butterfly, 209.
Treehoppers, 152.
Trichopterous insects, 188.
Tumipeaters, 129, 135.
Tussocks, 230. .
Walking beetles, 140, 142.
WalkingsticLs, 142.
Walnuttree girdlers, 123.
Walnuttree moths, 238, 240.
Wa.sps, 195.
Water-beetles, 54 - 56.
Waterskippers, 167.
Weevils, 101 - 106, 108.
263
■RTieatbug, 92.
Wheatflies, 176 - 178.
Wheat insects, 101 - 106, 108,
111, 161, 169, 228.
Wheatmidge, 180.
Wheatstalk insect, 179.
Wheatworms, 243.
Whiteants, 184.
Wildcherry butterfly, 203.
Wildcherry caterpillars, 236.
Willow butterflies, 206.
Willow insects, 179.
Wireworms, 86, 88.
Woodbine insect, 154.
Woodeating beetles, 66, 93, 112.
Woodeating caterpillars, 241.
Woodwa.sps, 191.
Woodworms, 98, 114, 119, 124,
192, 241.
Woolleneating insects, 252.
liNDEX OF ANGLICISED iNAMES.
Page
AcHETA, or Cricket :
Domestic Achate 143
Achet« abbreriata.
AcBYDiCM, or Little-locust :
ReJlcggcd Acridy 146
Acrydium femornibDim. i
Tellowstriped Acridy 147
Acrj'dium flavovittatum.
Adbla, or Invisible-worm :
Dcgeer's Adele 252
Adela degeercUa.
Adimonia, or Timid-beetle, 134
^GEBiA, or Poplar-mot k :
Mischievous Egery 222
^geria cxitiosa.
Skippershaped Egery 223
Ageria tipuliformig.
Agonoderus, 01 Angular beetle:
Palefootcd Agonodcre .... 47
Agonoderus pallipcs.
Agonum, or Rounded beetle :
Copperwinged Agone 45
Agouum cupripenne.
Eightpointed Agone 45
Agonum octopunctatura.
Agrilds, or Raspberry beetle :
Redbreasted Agrile 85
Agrilus ruficoUis.
Ageotis, or Cutworm
244
Amara, or Black-beelle :
Black Amare 46
Amara impuncticollis.
Page
Anchomenus, or Ditch-beetle :
Broadbreastcd Anchomcne . 49
Ancliomenus extuiisicollis.
Amsodactylus, or Uneven-
legged beetle :
Baltimore Anisodactyl .... 47
Ani.iodactylus baltiniorius.
Field Anisodactyl 47
Anisodactylus rusticus.
Narrownecked Anisodactyl, 47
Anisodactylus agricollis.
Anobium, or Deathwatch . 92
Ai'AT^, or Woodeater :
Royal Apate 93
Apate basilaris.
Aphis, or Platitlouse .... 158
Aphodius, or Footless beetle :
Bicolored Aphody 69
Aphodius bicolor.
Blackish Aphody 69
Aphodius aterrinius.
Excrcmentitious Aphody . . 69
Aphodius copronimus.
Femoral Aphody 69
Aphodius fenioralis.
Servile Aphody 69
Aphodius scrval.
Strigate Aphody 69
Aphodius strigatus.
Terminal Aphody 69
Aphodius terminalis.
AncTiA, or Diana' s-tir gin :
Isabella Arcty 229
Arctia isabclla.
I'age
Maiden Arcty 228
Arctia virgo.
Virginian Arcty 229
Arctia virginica.
Areoda, or Goldsmilh-bectle :
Woolly Areode 76
Areoda lanigora.
Argynnis, or Argynmis
butterfly :
Ideal Argynne 212
Argynnis idealia.
Venus's Argynne 211
Argynnis aphrodite.
Ateuchus, or Egyptian beetle :
Sacred Ateuchy 68
Ateuchus sacer.
Attacus, or Baldheaded-moth :
Cecrops Attace 237
Attacus cecropia.
Diana Attace 233
Attacus luna.
Polyphemus Attace 236
Attacus polyphemus.
Prometheus Attace 287
Attacus promctheus.
Attelabus, or Feeble locust :
Anile Attelabe 107
Attelabtis anilis.
Downy Attelabe 107
Attelabus pubescens.
Similar Attelabe 107
Attelabus similis.
Balaninus, or Nut-weevil :
Slender Balaninc 109
Balaninus rectus.
Page
Snouted Balanine ......>. Ill
Balaniuus nascicus.
Bembidium, or Topskaped
beetle :
Handsome Bembidy 53
Bembidium honestum.
Homely Bembidy - 53
Bembidium inornatum.
Sealshaped Bembidy 53
Bembidium sigillare.
Threcpointcd Bembidy .... 53
B.-rabidium tripunetatum. ^
Uneven Bembidy 53
Bembidium inequale.
Variegated Bembidy 53
Beuibiiium variegatum.
Blatta, or Cockroach :
Douiestio Blatter 141 ,
Blatta uricDtalis.
Pale Blatter 141
Blatta nivea.
BoLETOPHAGUS, or Mushroom-
eater :
Homed Boletopbagcr 98
Bolctopliagus cornutus.
BoMBYX, or Silkworm, 225, 233
BaACHiNus, or Shortwing :
Earheaded Brachine 41
Brachinus cephalotcs.
Groovewinged Brachine ... 41
Brachinus pcrplexus.
Smoking Brachinas 42
Brachinus fumans.
Wellshaped Brachine 42
Brachinus conformia.
Brenthus, or Longs-iuntt :
Northern Brent 106
Brenthus septentrionis.
Bruchus, or Peaborer :
Pea-eating Bruchy 100
Bruchus pisi.
BuPRESTis, or Burncow :
Banded Buprestis 83
Buprcstis fascint.i.
Brownspottcd Buprcstis ... 88
Buprcstis fulvoguttata.
Dentipede Buprestis 84
Buprcstis dcutipes.
Divaricate Buprestis 85
Buprcstis diraricata.
[Agricultural Keport —
INDEX.
Page
Femorate Buprestis 84
Buprestis femorata.
Lurid Buprestis 85
Buprestis luridus.
Virgin Buprestis 83
Buprestis virginica.
BuTALis, or Angoumois moth :
Graineating Butaly 254
Butalis cerealella.
Calandra, or Corneater :
Granary Calandre 101
Calandra grauaria.
Calathus, or Basket-beetle :
Social Calathy 38
Calathus grogarius.
Cali.imorpha, or Covicly moth ;
Leaf Callimorph 228
Callimorpha phjilira.
Maiden Callimorph 227
Callimorpha virguncula.
Monthly Callimorph 228
Callimorpha cpimenis.
Virgin Callimorph 227
Callimorpha parthenicc.
Calosoma, or Handsomebodij :
Lively Calosorae 52
Calosoma calida.
Searching Calosome 51
Calosoma scrutator.
Canthabis, or Blislerfly :
Ashy Cantharis 97
Cantharis cinereua.
Blackish Cantharis 97
Cantharis atrata.
Carabus, or Leapbeetle :
Chained Caraby 51
Carabus vinctus.
Fringed Caraby 51
Carabus limbatus.
Punctured Caraby 51
Carabus serratus.
Carpocapsa, or Fniitworm ;
Orchard Carpocapse 251
Carpocapsa pomoncUa.
Cassida, or Tortoise-beetle :
Clubbed Cassid 130
Cassida clavata.
Shielded Cassid 130
Cassida scutcllata.
Vol. v.] 35
265
Page
Catocala, or Brownmoth :
Sooty Catocale 247
Catocala cpione.
Versicolored Catocale. .... 247
Catocala aifiuis.
Cecidomyia, or Hessianfly :
Destroying Cecidomy 178
Cecidomyia destructor.
Locusttree Cecidomy 179
Cecidomyia robiuia.
Wheat Cecidomy . . 176
Cecidomyia tritici.
Wheatstalk Cecidomy . . . , 179
Cecidomyia culmicola.
Willow Cecidomy , 179
Cecidomyia salicis.
Cerambyx, or Hornbug . . 116
Ceratocampa, or Hornmoth :
Regal Ceratocamp 238
Ceratocampa rcgalis.
Ceresa, or Fatalfiy :
Buffalo Cerese 155
Ceresa bubalus.
Twospotted Cerese 155
Ceresa diceros.
Cetonia, or Rose-beetle :
Clothed Cetony 79
Cetonia inda.
Shining Cetony 80
Cetonia fulgida.
Chlcenius, or Grassgreen
beetle :
Emarginate Chleny 47
Chlcenius cmarginatus.
Grove Chleny 48
Chlcenius nemoralis.
Silky Chleny 48
Chlcenius soriccus.
Stone Chleny 48
Chlcenius lithophilus.
Woolly Chleny 48
Chlcenius tomentosus.
Chrysomela, or Goldenbug :
American Chrysomel 133
Chrysomela americana.
Banks's Chrysomel 133
Chrysomela banksli.
Beautiful Chrysomel 132
Chrysomela pulcher.
Bluewinged Chrysomel. ... 132
Chrysomela ca>ruliponnis.
266
Page
Deceiving Chrysoinel 131
Chryjiomola decipi^no.
Ladilerlike Ohrjsoniel .... 131
Clirysonicla Solaris.
Philadelphia Chrysomcl ... 130
Chrysomela philadelphicii.
Thrcespottcd Chrysoniel . . 132
Chrysomela triin.iouUta.
CHRYsornA.Nus, or Galdenlfght :
Shorttailcd Chrysophane . . 210
Cliry-sophanus plileas.
Cicada, ot Harrestfly :
Dogday Cicade 152
Cicada canicularis.
Sew- York Cicade 152
Cicada noveboracensis.
Soventeen-ycar Cicade .... 150
Cicada scptcndocim.
CiciNDELA, or Glowworm ;
called also Tiger-beetle,
and Sattdhaper :
13roadluiicd Cicindel 35
Cicindcla repandis.
Common Cicindel 34
Cicindela vulgaris.
Coiisin Cicindel 35
Ciciudtla patruela.
Dotted Cicindel 35
Ciciiidcla guttata.
12-dott«d Cicindel 37
Cicindfla duodecimguttata.
Emeroidal Cicindel 37
Cicindcla lia;morrhoidals.
Field Cicindel ......... 38
Cicindcla campestris.
Gentle Cicindel 34
Cicindcla generosa.
Punctulate Cicindel 37
Cicindcla punctulata.
Purple Cicindel 35
Cicindcla purpurea.
lloughncckcd Cicindel .... 36
Cicindcla liirticolUs.
Whitchaired Cicindel 36
Cicindcla albohirta.
Whitelipped Cicindel 36
Cicindcla albilabris.
CiMBEX, or Sawjly :
Hlnitrcc Cimbice 191
Cimbcx ulrai.
CiMEx, or Domestic bug :
llcdstcad Cimicc 109
Cini'^'X lectularius.
INDEX.
Pme
CiMiNDis, or Littlcbug :
Hairy Cimindis 42
Cimiiidis pllosus.
CisTELA, or Caskel-beetle :
Short Cistel 97
Cistcla brcvis.
Cleri's, or Bnhire beetle ;
Bee-eating Clery 91
Clcrus npiarius.
Clisiocampa, or TeiUmoth :
American Cli.siocamp 235
Clisiocampa anicricana.
Forest ClLsiocamp 239
Clisiocampa sylvatica.
Whiteoak Clisiocanip 240
Clisiocampa ncustria.
Clivina, or Soothsaying beetle:
Liuetl Clivine 44
Clivioa lincolata.
Clytus, or Noisy beetle :
Beautiful Clyte 117
Clytus spcciosus.
Chcsnut-rail Clyte 118
Clytus campestris.
Gazelle Clyte 117
Clytus caprea.
Hooked Clyte 118
Clytus hamatus.
Noble Clyte 117
Clytns nobilis.
Painted Clyte 117
Clytus pictus.
Waved Clyte 118
Clytus undatus.
CocciNELLA, or Ladybird :
Abbreviate Coccinelle .... 138
Coccinella abbreviata.
Crossbarred Coccinelle .... 138
Coccinella transversoguttata.
Fivcspotted Coccinelle . 136
Coccinella quinquomaculata.
Flcshcolorcd Coccinelle ... 136
Coccinella incarnafa.
Ninespotted Coccinelle. ... 136
Coccinella novcmnotata.
Northern Coccinelle 136
Coccinella borealis.
Spotless Coccinelle 137
Coccinella immaculata.
Tcnspotted Coccinelle 138
Coccinella dccinim.-xculata.
P«j«
Tbrccspotted Coccinelle ... 1 37
Coccinella trioculata.
Twclvcspotted Coccinelle . . 137
("occinella duo<lecinmotata.
Twcntyspott*^ Coccinelle. . 137
Coccinella vigintomaculata.
Twodotted Coccinelle 138
Coccinella binotata.
Twospotted Coccinelle .... 137
Coccinella bimaculata.
Coccus, or Barhlouse .... 162
CcELioxis, or Ceiling-wa'p :
Ringed Ccliox 197
Ccelioxis annularis.
CoLiAS, or Bastard butterjly :
Loyal Colia.s 204
Colirts philodicc.
CopRis, or Excrement'beetle :
Caroline Copris 70
Copris carolinus.
CoPROBius, or Dung-beetle :
DuUcolorcd Coproby 67
Coprobius l;evis.
CoREUS, or Sqvaskbug :
Sombre Corey 171
Coreus tristis.
Chemastocheilus, or Haiiglip:
Hcntz's Crema.stochile .... 77
CremastocheiUis hcntzii.
Crioceris, or Ramshorn :
l2-pointcd Criocere 129
Crioceris duodecinipunctata.
Cucujus, or Mixed-beetle :
Clubfootcd Cucujy 60
Cucujus clavipes.
CcpEs, or Epiaire :
Redheaded Cupes 92
Cnj)es capitata.
CuRCULio, or Bean-beetle :
New- York Curculy 110
Curculio noveboracensis.
Cyciirus, or Longheaded beetle:
Tapering Cyehre 50
Cychrus viduus.
Cynthia, or Cynthian buttery:
Hunter's Cinthy 210
Cynthia hniitera.
Page
Thistle Cinthy 210
Cynthia cardui.
Cyrtosia, or Basketjly :
Arched Cyrtosy 154
Cyrtosia arcuata.
Soot-colored Cyrtosy 154
Cyrtosia fuliginosa.
Daxaus, or Danaid-beetle :
Webfooted Danay 202
Dauaus plexippus.
Deiopeia, or Jurm' s-nymph :
Belle Diopey 225
Deiopeia bella.
Dendboides, or Branching
beetle :
Canadian Dendroid 96
Deiidroides canadensis.
Dekmestes, or Skineating
beetle :
Baconcating Demiester ... GO
Dermestcs lardariiis.
Furdestroying Demiester . . 60
Dermestcs vulpinus.
Desmocercs, or Closehorn
beetle :
Cloaked Desraocerc 125
Dcsmocerus palliatns.
DicHELONYCHA, OT Clotetifoot :
Elongate Dichelonychc . ... 78
Dichelonycha clongata.
DicsLcs, or Carted beetle :
Broad Dicele 49
Dicoelus dilatatus.
Long Dicele 49
Dicceliu eloDgatus.
DicTYcpTERA, or Netxcing :
Beticulate Dictioptcr 90
Dictyoptera reticuliifa.
Terminal Dictiopter 90
Dictyoptera tcrminalis.
Dhyocampa, or Woodmoth :
Imperial Dryocamp 233
Dryocanipa imperialis.
Pellucid Dryocaiup 239
Dryocanipa poUticida.
Virginian Dryocamp 239
Dryocimpa virginiensis.
INDEX.
Page
Dyschibius, or Clumsyfinger :
Globeform Dysehiry 43
Dyscliirius globulosus.
DxTicus, or Diving beetle :
Harris's Dy tice 55
Dyticus liarrisii.
Elaphidiom, or Fawn-beetle :
Shaggy Elaphidion 124
Elaphidion rillosum.
Elaphrus, or Nimblebug :
Brushy Elaphre 52
Elaphrus ruscarius.
Elateb, or Springing beetle :
Ashcolored Elater 88
Elatcr cinereus.
Common Elater 88
Elater communis.
Flatfronted Elater 88
Elatcr appressifrons.
Nightshining Elater 88
Elater noctilucus.
Speckled Elatcr 87
Elatcr oculatus.
Swelled Elater 88
Elater obesus.
Walnutcolored Elater 88
Elatcr glandicolor.
Elmis, or Worm-beetle :
Notched Elmis 56
Elmis crcnatis.
Engis, or Narrow-beetle :
Swathed Engis 59
Engis fasciatns.
Entilu, or Thistlejly :
Concave Entily 153
Entilia concava.
Emarginatc Entily 153
Entilia emarginata.
Sinuate Entily 153
Entilia sinuata.
Epicauta, or Blistering beetle :
Striped Epicaut 06
Epicauta vittata.
Erebus, or Darkworm :
Sweet Erchy 246
Erebus cdnsa.
Ephemera, or Mayfly .... 187
Eriosoha, or Woolfly .... 161
267
Page
EucH^siTES, or Finehaired
moth :
Bright Euchate 227
Euchstes a;gle.
Euchloba, or Brown-beetle :
Bachelor Euchlore 78
Euchlora ccelebs.
EuDAMUs, or Happy butterfly :
Tityrus Eudame 215
Eudamus tityrus.
EuDRYAs, or Woodnymph :
Gracious Eudryad , 242
Eudryas grata.
EuMoLPUs, or Melodious beetle :
Golden Euraolpy 130
Euraolpus auratus.
FoRFicuLA, or Pinching beetle,
139
Galerita, or Larkbug :
American Galerite 41
Galerita americana.
Galeruca, or Cap-beetle :
Calmarian Galeruce 1 34
Galeruca calraariensis.
Striped Galeruce 134
Galeruca vittata.
Galgulcs, <«r Toadbug :
Large-eyed Galgule 167
Galgulus oculatus.
Gargara, or Drovefly :
Blackheaded Gargare 157
Gargara nigricephala.
Cinereous Gargare 156
Gargara cincrea
Discoid Gargare 157
Gargara discoidalis.
Downy Gargare 157
Gargara puliescens.
Great Gargare 156
Gargara majns.
Frontspottcd Gargare .... 156
Gargara maculifrontis.
Oak Gargare 156
Gargara querci.
Pectoral Gargare 157
Gargara pcctoralis.
Smooth Gargare 157
Gargara inermis.
268
Qeohstra, or Measuring-
worm :
Chainiuarked Ocouietcr . . . 249
Geometra catcnaria.
Grossbarred Geometer .... 249
Gcomvtra transvcrsata.
ScoUoppcd Geometer 249
Geometra scrrata.
Geotkdpes, or Burrowing-
beelle :
Splendent Gcotmpc 67
G«otrui>es splcndcns.
Gerris, or Skipper :
Marginatc Gerris 167
Gerris marginatus.
Glaucopis, or Owlmoth :
Stony Glaucopc 223
GHucopis pholus.
C^ORTV^•IA, or Spindleworm :
Maizcating Gortiny 243
Gortynia zea.
Wbitewinged Gortiny .... 243
Gortynia leucostigma.
Grammoptera, or Letterwing,
128
Grillotalpa, or Mohericket :
Shortwinged Grillotalp. ... 143
Grillotalpa brcvipcnnis.
Haliplus, or Sea-beetle :
Brownbreastcd Haliple. ... 55
Haliplus immaculaticoUis.
12-pointed Haliple 55
Haliplus duodccimpuDctatus.
Haltica, or Leaper :
Cucumber Haltice 135
Haltica cucumcris.
Steelcolored Haltice 135
Haltica chalybca.
Wavystriped Haltice 135
Haltica striolata.
Hamatocerus, or Crookhom :
Shady Hamatocerc 168
Hamatocerus purcis.
Harpalus, or Dog-beetle :
Bicolored Harpaly 45
Harpalus bicolor.
Fawneolored Harpaly .... 45
Harpalus fannns.
INDEX.
Pace
Straitsided Harpaly 45
Uar|>alus pleuriticus.
Wandering Harpaly 40
Harpalus crraticus.
Hepiolus, or Fecermoth :
Silvorspott«d Hepiole 241
Hepiolus argeiitcomaculatus.
Hesperia, Hesperian butterfly:
Peck's Hespery 216
Hospcria pcckius.
Hipparchia, or Hipparchiati
butterfly :
Cloudy Hipparchy 213
Hipparchia ncphelc.
Smooth Hipparchy 213
Hipparchia alope.
Histes , or Player-beetle :
Polished Hister 66
Histcr conformis.
HopLiA, or Mailed beetle :
Threebanded Hoply 78
Hoplia trifasciata.
Hylobius, or Wood-beetle :
Struggling Hyloby. ...... 107
Hylobius pales.
Hydrocampa, or Watermotk :
Snowy Hydrocarap 233
Hydrocampa nivalis.
Hylurgus, or Woodeater :
Boring Hylurge 112
Hylurgus terebrans.
Ichneumon, or Hunter-ioasp :
Shortbanded Ichneumon . . 193
Ichneumon brevicinctor.
Ips, or Vine-beetle :
Foursigned Ips 60
Ips quadrisignata.
Shining Ips 59
Ips sanguinolcnta.
Swathed Ips 59
Ips fasciata.
Twospotted Ips 60
Ips bipustulata.
Ithvcerus, or Straightkom :
New-York Ithycerc 110
Ithyccrns novcboraccnsis.
Lamia, or Sorceress 124
Potfc
Leptis, or Slcnderfly .... 181
Lampyris, or Gloworm :
Angulatc Lampyre 89
Lampyris aiigulata.
Blackening Lampjre 89
Lampyris nigricans.
Flathomed Lampyre 89
Lampyris laticornis.
Lightening Lampyre 90
Lampyris corrusca.
Sparkling Lampyre 89
Lampyris sciiitillans.
Versicolored La'i'pyre .... 90
Lampyris versicolor.
Lebia, or Ketllebug :
Blackbellied Leby 42
Lcbia atriventris.
Emerald Leby 43
Lcbia smaragdula.
Green Leby 43
Lebia viridis.
Lema, or Bleareye :
Threestriped Leme 134
Lema trivittata.
Leptura, or Thtntail :
Downy Lepture 127
Leptura subpubescens.
Eightpointed Lepture 127
Leptura octopuuctata.
Greenish Lepture 127
Leptura malacliitica.
Reddish Lepture 127
Leptura rubrica.
Striped Lepture 1 26
Leptura vittata.
LiBELLULA, or Dragonfly :
Handsome Liliellule 185
Libellula pukhella.
LiMENiTis, or Border-butterfly :
Artemis Limenite 211
Limcnitis artcmis.
StripefootcJ Liinenit« 202
Limenitis dis.sippus.
Wildcherry Limenite 203
Limcnitis ursula.
LocusTA, or Locust :
Caroline Locust 145
Locusta Carolina.
Cloudy Locust 140
Locusta hebulosa.
INDEX.
Page
Coralline Locust 146
Locusta corallina.
Sulphureous Locust 146
Locusta sulphurea.
LoxoTiENiA, or Twisting-worm:
Rose Loxoteny 250
Loxotaenia rosaceana.
LucANus, or Hornbeetle :
Deer Lucan 66
Lucanus dama.
Lyg^us, or Blaclcfly :
Whitewinged Lygey 169
Lygaeus leucopterus.
Macrodactylus, or Longfoot :
Spinebreasted Macrodactyl, 78
Macrodactylus subspinosa.
Mentis, or Praying beetle, 142
Malitjea, or Maltese biUterfly :
Lighthouse Melitey 212
Melitaaa pharos.
Phaeton Melitey 212
Melitfea phxton.
Meloe, or Spanishfly :
Narrowehested Meloe ... 97
Meloc angnsticollis.
Midas, or Turrtipfly ;
Threadlike Midas 183
Midas fllatns.
MiLEsiA, or Social-Jly :
Virginian Milesy 183
Milcsia virginiensis.
MoNocHAMiJs, or Lone-beetle :
Beautiful Monochame 123
MoDocfaamog pulcher.
Shielded Monochame 123
Monocbamos gcutellatns.
Spotted Monochame 123
Konochamug maculosns.
Tickling Monochanje 123
Monochamus titilUtor.
MuscA, or Fleshfly:
Carrion Muse 181
Masca vomitoria.
Page
Myhmeleon, or Antlion . . 185
Necrodes, or Sexton-beetle :
Surinam Necrode 58
Necrodes surinameiiais.
[ Agricultubai, Report — Vol. v.]
Neckophorus, or Undertaker
American Necrophore 67
Nccrophorus americanus.
Hairy Necrophore 57
Necrophorus tomentosus.
Pigmy Necrophore 57
Necrophorus pygmaeus.
NiTiDULA, or Bright-beetle :
Doublespot Nitidule 58
Nitidula bipustulata.
NocTUA, or Owlmoth :
Market Noctuy 246
Noctua nundina.
Pearly Noctuy 245
Noctua margaritata.
Scaly Noctuy 245
Noctua squamularis.
Wavy Noctuy 245
Noctua undalaris.
NoTiopHiLns, or Notion-beetle :
Bigeyed Notiophile 52
Notiophilus porrectns.
Notonectus, or Backswimmer,
166
Odontata, or Toothed beetle :
Shieldform Odontate 130
Odontata Scutellaria.
CEdionychus, or Swelldaw :
Breasted Edionyche 135
(Edionychus thoracica.
Omalisus, or Evenweb :
Reddish Omalise 90
Omalisns coccinatns.
Omophron, or Union-beetle :
Lipped Homophron 52
Omophron labiatam.
Tessellatc Homophron .... 52
Omophron tessellatus.
Oncideres, or Clawneck :
Girdling Oncidere 123
Oncidcrcs cingulatns.
Onthophagtjs, or Diingeater :
Eggshaped Onthophager . . 68
Outhophagus ovatoa.
Hecate Onthophager 68
Onthophagus hecate.
Ofhion, or Snakewasp :
Clean Ophion 197
Ophion pargatna.
Page
Longtailed Ophion 196
Ophion macrnrum.
Neat Ophion 196
Ophion mundus.
Smooth Ophion 196
Ophion glabratus.
Orgyia, or Fathoming-7t,otk :
Whitebanded Orgey 230
Orgyia leucostigma.
OsMODERMA, or ScentsJitu :
Rough Osmoderm 77
Osmoderma scaber.
Pachyta, or Thickbody .
Heartshaped Pachyte 128
Pachyta cordifera.
Pamphila, or Lovely hutterjly :
Meadow Pamphile 215
Pamphila phyloeus.
Pangus, or Planter-beet/e :
Black Pangy 4(5
Pangus caliginosns.
Papilio, or Butterfly :
Conjugal Papilion 201
Papilio philenor.
Stardotted Papilion 200
Papilio asterias.
Tumus Papilion 201
Papilio tumns.
Parnus, or Grasshopper-beetle :
Sharppointed Parny 66
Parnus fastigiatus.
Toothed Parny 56
Parnus crenatus.
Pelecinus, or Hatchet-ieasp :
Polishing Pelecine 196
Pelecinus politurator.
Pelidnota, or Leadcolored
beetle :
Maculate Pelidnote 77
Pelidnota maculata.
Punctate Pelidnote 76
Pelidnota punctata.
PHAL.ffiNA, or Caterpillar, 225,
227, 228
Blackoak Phalene 245
Phalffina qncrcaria.
PHAN.5;ns, or Torch-beetle :
Butchering Phaney 68
Phanaeus camifex.
36
270
Page
Phankropteka, or Lightwing :
Narrowwinged Phaneropter, 145
Phaneroptcra angostifolia.
Philampelus, or Vineloter :
Satellite Philampely 219
I'hilamixjlus satellitia.
Vineleaf Philampely 219
Philampelus pampiuatrix.
Phkygasea, or Caddicefly :
Bandwinged Phrygane .... 188
Phryganca seiuifasciata.
Phyllobius, or Leaf beetle :
Tapelike Phylloby 107
Phyllobius Ueuiatas.
Phyllophaga, or Leafeater :
Drake's Phyllophagcr 72
Phyllophaga drakii.
Greorgian Phyllophager. ... 72
Phyllophaga georgicana.
Hairychested Phyllophager, 72
Phyllophaga pilosicoUis.
Oak Phyllophager 72
Phyllophaga quercina.
Pitted Phyllophager 72
Phyllophaga variolosa.
Punctured Phyllophager . . 71
Phyllophaga hirticula.
PiERis, or Muse-butterfly :
Snowfooted Pieris 205
Pieris nicippe.
Pimpla, or Longstinger :
Lunate Pimpla 194
Pimpla lunator.
PissoDEs, or Pitckpine beetle :
Pine-eating PLssode 108
Pissodes strobi.
PiTHO, or Pythoness :
American Pythoness 98
Pitho americanus.
Platyceras, or Flathorn :
Pitchcolored Platycere. . . 66
Platyceras piceus.
Platyoastkb, op Broadbelly :
Wheatfly Platygaster 180
Platygaster tipulje.
Platyphyllum, or Flatwing :
Concave Platyphyl 144
PHtyphyllum concavum.
INDEX.
Page
Narrowwinged Platyphyl . . 145
Platyphyllum angustifolium.
Oblongwingcd Platyphyl . . l45
Platyphyllum oblougifolium.
PoNTiA, or Seanymph :
Garden Ponty 204
Pontia oluracea.
Prionus, or Sawbeetle :
Broadbreasted Priony .... 115
Prionus laticoUis.
Pennsylvanian Priony .... 115
Prionus pennsylvanicus.
Ptinus, or Devourer :
Robber Ptiny 92
Ptinus fur.
PuLEx, or Flea :
Boring Pulice 148
Pulex penetrans.
Tormenting Pulice 148
Pulex irritans.
PuRPCRiCENUs, or Purplebug :
Shouldered Purpuricene .. . 126
Purpuricenus humeralis.
PYGiSRA, or Whitehead :
Whitefaced Pygere 242
Pygtera albifrons.
Pyrochroa, or Flamebug :
Fan.shaped Pyrochre 96
Pyrochroa flabellata.
EEDDvius.or Looseneck . . . 169
Rhagium, or Berry-beetle :
Lbed Rhagy 126
Rhagium lineatum.
Rhinosia, or Flatnosed moth :
Apple Rbinosy 254
Rhinosia pometella.
Rhynch^^nus, or Bigsnout :
Plumeating Rhynchene ... 109
Rhynchienus nenuphar.
Saperda, or Fishlike beetle :
Clothed Saperdy 121
Saperda vestita.
Hough Saperdy 121
Saperda calcarata.
Tridentate Saperdy 122
Saperda tridentata.
Tripunctate Saperdy 122
Saperda tripunctata.
Page
White Saperdy 121
Saperda Candida.
Sarcophaga, or Flesheater :
Rural Sarcophager 181
Sarcophaga georgina.
Satcrnia, or Satumian moth :
lo Satumy 232
Saturnia io.
Maia Satumy 231
Saturnia maia.
ScARABjEUs, or Tumbleturd, 68
Scarites, or Stone-beetle :
Underground Scarite 43
Scarites subterraneus.
ScoLiA, or Bentarmed wasp :
Eightspotted Scoly 197
Scolia octomaculata.
Sandy Scoly 197
Scolia fossilana.
ScoLYTtrs, or
Peartree Scoly te 113
Scolytus pyri.
Serica, or Silken-beetle :
Evening Serice 71
Serica vespertina.
Sesia, or Brushfinger :
FuciformSesv 221
Sesia fusiformis.
Grecian Sesy 221
Sesia pelasgus.
SiLPHA, or Carrion-beetle :
American Silph. . , . , 58
Silpha americana.
New- York Silph 58
Silpha noveboracensis.
Tailed Silph 57
Silpha caudata.
Unequal Silph 57
Silpha inequalis.
SiLVANUs, or Weevil :
Surinamian Silvane 105
Silvanus surinaracnsis.
SiREX, or Woodteasp 192
Smerinthus, or Cordwing :
Tongueless Smerinth 221
Smerinthus astylus.
Smilia, or Shoeknife :
Auriculate Sniily 153
Smilia auriculata.
Page
Green SniHy 154
Smilia viridis.
, Spotted Smily 153
Smilia guttata.
Striped Smily 154
Smilia vittata.
Spectrum, or Ghostfly :
Longlegged Spectre 142
Spectrum femoratum.
Sph^eoderus, or Ball-beetle :
Narrowmouthed Spherodere, 49
Sphseroderus stenostomus.
Sphex, or Spider-wasp :
Pennsylvanian Sphex 105
Sphex pennsylvanica.
Sphinx, or Hawkmoth :
Ashy Sphinx 219
Sphinx cinerea.
Caroline Sphinx 218
Sphinx caroUaus.
Cyclopian Sphinx 218
Sphinx brontes.
Eightspotted Sphinx 218
Sphinx octomaculatns.
Fivespotted Sphinx 219
Sphinx quinqnomaculatns.
Frineetree Sphinx 218
Sphinx chionanthi.
Potato Sphinx 218
Sphinx convolvuli.
Vine Sphinx 218
Sphinx vitis.
Spilosoma, or Spolbody :
Saltmarsh Spilosome 225
Spilosoma acnea.
Waternymph Spiloeome ... 228
Spilosoma nais.
Wedgemarked Spilosome . . 228
Spilosoma cunea.
White Spilosome 226
Spilosoma arge.
Staphyli.ncs, or Carrotshaped
beetle :
Bluewinged Staphyline. ... 61
Staphylinus cyannipennis.
Hairy Staphyline 61
Staphylinns rillosns.
Yellowtailed Staphyline ... 61
Staphylinus cbrysomg.
INDEX.
Page
Stenocortjs, or Narroioeye :
Cinctured Stenocore 116
Stenocorus cinctus.
Tabanus, or Gadfly :
American Tabany 182
Tabanns americanus.
Leadcolored Tabany 182
Tabanus plumbeus.
Telamona, or Crestfly :
Beech Telamon 154
Telamona fagi.
Hazle Telamon 155
Telamona coryli.
Level Telamon. 155
Telamona reclirata.
Oak Telamon 155
Telamona querci.
Onecolored Telamon 154
Telamona unicolor.
Ornate Telamon 155
Telamona ornata.
Thomapple Telamon 155
Telamona crataegi.
Turreted Telamon 155
Telamona turriculata.
Uphill Telamon 155
Telamona acclivata.
Woodbine Telamon ...... 154
Telamona ampelopsidis.
Telephorus, or Netcarrier, 90
Tenebrio, or Nightwalker :
Crooklegged Tenebrion. ... 99
Tenebrio curvipes.
Dusky Tenebrion 99
Tenebrio obscurus.
Mealeating Tenebrion 99
Tenebrio molitor.
Tenthredo, or Sato-wasp, 191
Tetraope3, or Four spot-beetle :
Foureyed Tetraope 124
Tetraopes tetrophthalma.
Tetkix, or Pheasant-locust, 147
Tettigonia, or Little-cricket :
Grapevine Tettigony 158
Tettigonia vitis.
Rosebash Tettigony 158
Tettigonia rosse.
271
Page
Thanasimus, or Death-beetle :
Doubtful Thanasime 91
Thanasimus dubius.
Thecla, or Blue-butterfly :
Hopeating Thecle 214
Thecla humuli.
Puny Thecle 214
Thecla acis.
Thelia, or Nipplefly :
Twodotted Thely 156
Thelia binotata.
Twospotted Thely 156
Thelia bimaculata.
Yellowfooted Thely 156
Thelia lutipes.
Thrips, or Stingleaf. 160
Tinea, or Bookmotk :
Grainskinning Tiney 256
Tinea granella.
Honeycomb Tiney 253
Tinea cerella.
ToMicus, or Woodaitter :
Gnawing Tomice 112
Tomicus exesus.
Peartree Tomice 113
Tomicus pyru
Pinetree Tomice 113
Tomicus pini.
ToRTRix, or Twister 250
Trechfs, or Rough-beetle :
Conjoined Trechy 48
Trechus conjunctus.
Girded Trechy 48
Trechus cinctus.
Tremex, or Boring wasp :
Pigeon Tremex 192
Tremex columba.
Trichinus, or Hairbeetle :
Assimilate Triehine 71
Trichinns assimilans.
Greenish Triehine 71
Trichinus viridans.
Trochilium, or Wheelmoth :
Naked Trochily 223
Trochilium denudatnm.
Trox, or Cheioing beetle :
Capillary Trox 71
Trox capillaris.
iff
p«g«
Swinish Trox 70
Troz porcatQs.
Upis, or Slender mealieorm :
PeDnsylrauiaQ Upia 99
Upis pennsylTanioo.
TlBOCBEtrs, or Homtail ;
Whitehorned Urooore 192
Urooerus olbioornii.
INDEX.
Page
Vanessa, or SunTiy butterfly :
Antiope Vaness 206
Vanessa antiopa.
Atalanta Vaneas 209
Vanessa atalanta.
Comma Vaness 208
Vanessa comma.
Manycolored Vaness 208
Vanessa polychloros.
Nettle Vanesa 209
Vanessa urticse.
P«ge
Progne Vaness 207
Vanessa progne.
Semicolon Vaness 207
Vanessa interrogationis.
Vespa, or Wasp :
Social Wasp 195
Vespa iVaterna.
Xylocopa, or Carpenter'Wasp :
Virginian Xylocope 197
Xylocopa virginica.
PI. A,
SJtaiMUXXiM %-I)#l.
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PLATE 1.
Viii.^. PiMPLA LUNATOE (male).
•2. Female perforating the trunk of a tree.
'A. Female at rest.
4. Male at rest.
fi. Antenna: magnified.
I). Tarsi magnified,
c, '/. Ijarvse, natural size.
M I
^^
f^^I'IMPLA, ia^*va£^ (male) 3-S,I'IMf£J,lun-aA^i£emfi^r
y r.i,>a«««^
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PLATE 2.
Pig. 1. OaLANDBA OBANARIA.
2, 2 o, 2 6, 2 c SYLVANnrs subinamensis.
3, 3 «, 3 &, 3 c. Bkuchus pisi.
4, 4 a. Bbenthus septkntkionalib (mak and female).
5, b a, b b. Balanincs rectus.
6, 6 a, 6 b. HvLOBins tales.
7, 7 a, 7 b. CONOTBAOHELUB NENUPHAR.
8, CI.ERUS apiabit;s.
PI .2
*
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\ 4 ,1
^.
^
8- Chruj apiarui3
Kicn*HPea^'* *ilMii>
PLATE 3.
Fig. 1. Tklkmona turriculata.
2. Telemona cratjbqi.
3. Telemona unicolor,
4. Telemona querci.
5. Telemona acclivata.
6. Telemona cortli.
7. Telemona reclivata.
8. Telemona ornata.
9. Telemona ampelopsidis.
10. Telemona fagi.
11. Smilia guttata.
12. Smilia AURicnLATA.
13. Smilia viriois.
14. Smilia vittata.
15. Thelia bimaculata.
16. Ceresa diceros.
17. Ceresa bdbalus.
PI a
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7
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HI ^ fojfi
orrtata /^ auruulaia
f'ui 17 •■frr.'tu tiuhaJu.s
fig 13 Struiia rtruUs
J4 vUfn ta
J.S I'hfiUJ bU'iarfilalii
/■5 Ceresa fiirero.--
HirnOHpHa-i^AIbiry
1
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PLATE 4.
Fign. 1 & 2. Cecidomyia dustruotor (male and female).
a. Segments of the abdomen.
b, c. Antenna; magnified.
d, e. The same, natural size.
/. Profile view of the head, palpi, and origin of the antennae.
g. Dorsal view of the worm.
h. Of the flaxseed state.
J. Ventral view of the same.
j. Lateral ditto.
k. Dorsal view of the dormant larva. "
I. Ventral view of the pupa. ,
A, B. Wheatstalks infested with the insect.
OT. Wheatstalk broken away, showing the young worms.
3, 4. CEciDOMyiA ROBiNiA (pupa enlarged ). 5. Mouth.
6. Larva. 7. Wing.
PI 4
, ,^,
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♦
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i
> ' '<i/i! / (3 4 Ceudorma, votirUiu tpufia. '
lf€m/iUl [3 Head- an^l mouth.
6 iurva
Twmg
IK:
m.
SWY'
PLATE 5.
Fig. 1. BuPKKSTIS FA8CIATA.
o. Antennae magnified.
//. Tarsi magnified.
i. BrrBESTis pentipes.
3. BiPRESTIS FEMORATA.
4. BUPRESTIS DIVARICATA.
^. BiPRESTIS VIROINICnS.
(;. Alaus oculatus.
7. Elatkr ?
s. buprestis.
9. Elaxeb glandicoi-ok.
10. Dyticus HARRISn.
k. Anterior tarsus, showing the i-ucking disks.
11. Tetraopes tetrophthalma.
12. BOLETOPHAGDS C0RNUTU8 (malc).
13. Macbodactylcs subspinosa (roselug)
m. Antennae.
I. Tarsus magnified.
14. Epicadta vittata.
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PLATE 6.
• Figs. 1 & 2. Attacus PROMETHEUS (male and female).
3. Larva.
4. Cocoons.
5. Vanessa antiopea.
6. Larva.
7. Pupa.
8, 9, 10. L0XOT.BNIA rosaceana (the leafroUer), in the perfect, pupa and
larval states,
11. Eggs deposited upon bark.
PI 6
,*^B'
PLATE 7.
Fig. 1. COKKI'S TKISTIH. a. Proboscis.
•2. Pkntamona .
;I. REDi-vurs? b. Proboscis, c. Tarsi.
4, .5. Spectrum pkmoratvm (male and female).
e. Caudal appendages of the male.
/. Ditto of the female.
I'l 7
IkCmmonn Jr D«l
Ricli''H fease
I
n
PLATE K
Fig. 1. Clytus coLONua?
'1. Clyttjs nobilis.
3. Clytcs ?
4. Clytus undatus.
5. Clytus .
6. Clytus ?
7. Clytus hamatus.
8. Thanasimus pubius.
9. Blaphidion ?
10. Leftuea eubrica.
11. Leptcra subpubksoenp.
12. PaCHYTA CORDIFERA.
13. LePTURA V ITT ATA.
PIO
r
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\
\
pi
■ I
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Rli^h'H r'l-a.!
PLATE 9.
Fig. 1. Gbtllcs ? (female).
2. plianeboptera angnstifolium.
3. Cicada septendecim.
4. acrydium femoeeubeum.
5. Cicada CANicciiARis.
6. Cicada noveboeacensis.
7. locusta nebulosa?
8. Platyphtllum concavum.
9. Locusta cabolina.
PI 9
Hich'' H Peaso.
PLATE 10.
Fig. 1. Rhaoium lineatum.
2. Necrophorus to.mentosus.
3. Tenebrio molitor.
4. AREODA LANIGERA.
5. Scarites .
6. Pelidnota pitnotata.
7. Panqus caliginosus.
8. Calosoma scrutator.
9. PHYLLOPHAaA QtTERCINA.
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PUTE 11.
Fig. 1. COCCINELLA lO-MACCLATA.
a. Antennae magnified.
h. Tarsus magnified,
c, A. Larva and pupa.
2. CocciNELLA •
3. CocciNELLA 12-NOTATA.
4. CocciNELLA 20-MACIILATA.
&. CocciNELLA 6-BIGNATA.
6. CocciNELLA 9-NOTATA.
7. CocciNELLA INOABNATA.
8. CocciNELLA BOBEALIS.
9. CocciNELLA IMMACULATA.
10. CocciNELLA BIMACtJLATA.
11. CocciNELLA BINOCULATA.
PI 11
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PLATE 12.
Fig. 1. Gbotkupes •
2. GeOTRUPES MIOEOPHAGUe.
3. GeOTKUPES SPLENDEN8.
4. Oetonia pulgida.
5. phanibtts oaenifex.
6. Cetonia inda.
7. Luc ANUS dama (male).
8. COPEIS CAEOLINA.
9. OSMODERMA (GtNODTTS) SCABEB.
10. Platycbeas piceus (male).
•II __ — (female).
12. Galeruoa calmaeiensis.
/
y
PI 12
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%
V
rf^^
^,
^^pa^-
^\
V
■P
i^
\
j^.J ^
M.
N^
^
m
tXmrr.ur.z Irl-I
Rich'*RPea3e.
3 .Tl
.1 'tl
'■-■$^:^'-i--'
%..
*,v
PLATE 13.
Fig. 1. Smilia .
2. Smilia .
3. Garoara pubesoens.
4. GaRGARA DI8COIDALI8,
5. GaRGARA NIGRICEPHAI.A.
6. Garoara majcs.
7. Garoara pallidifrontis.
8. Garoara qckkci.
9. Garoara inermis.
10. EnTILIA C0NC.4VA.
11. Entilia sinuata.
12. Garoara pectoralis,
13. Entilia emaroinata.
14. Cyrtosia arcuata.
15. Ctrtosia fuliginosa.
16. Ctrtosia intermedia.
17. Enchophyllttm binotata.
18. Enchophyllum latipes.
PI 13
'«
k"
%
■r'
N /
;^^
^ (
■ r t^
v
M
Rloh'H PeasB
mm AOMo*^
PLATE 14.
Fig. 1. Cheysomela immacclata?
2. Chbtsomela .
8. Chrysomela •
4. Galeruca .
5. Chrysomela teemtila.
6. 7, 8, 9. Larva and pupa.
10. Chrysomela scalaris.
11. Cassida clavata.
12. Chrysomela Philadelphia.
13. Chrysomela .
14. Chrysomela cffiRULiPENNis.
15. Eumolpus atjratus.
16. Chrysomela trimacflaris.
PI 14.
/
K .
5s?
V^
pach'H Pn«?e
"^^^I':
PLATE 15.
Fig. 1. LiBELLTJLA?
2. LiBELLULA ?
8. ^SHNA ■
4, LlBELLULA, varJ PXTLCHBliLA.
5. LiBM-LCliA PULCHBLLA. /. Larv*.
PL 15.
C fcmnidti* ir D«l
M A'i
vPi .J .jj.y
[Wl
, .01
rn rr
PLATE 16.
Fig. 1. Sapkrda oalcaeata.
2. monochamus .
3. Sapkrda candh)A.
4. purpukicenus humeralis.
5. monochamus titillator.
6. Desmocerhs palliatus.
7. Sapeeda thipunctata.
8.. ElaPHIDION PUTATOB (VILLOSUM).
9. ClTTUS P1CTU8.
10. ClTTUB 8PECI0SU8.
11. Clytus oapbba.
PI 16
T
n
V^
^^■< 1 Pease ic
PLATE 17.
Fig. 1. ClCINDELA ALBOHIRTA.
2. ClOINDELA GENEKOSA.
3. CiCINDELA 12-GtJTrATA.
i. CiCINDELA PATRUELA.
5. CiCINDELA HjEMORRHOIDALIS.
6. CiCINDELA CAMPESTRI8.
7. CiCINDELA ULTTATA. ■
8. Mouth and appendages of C. campeslrii.
9. 10, 11. Larva and pupa of ditto (European).
12. CiCINDELA iULQARIS.
13. CiCINDELA ALBILABRIS.
14. CiCINDELA .
15. CiCINDELA ? (Maryland).
PI. 17
^
^M^'
H-^W*
^^A&>.
\
\
Elmmon* Jr I"
Rich''H.Peas8
PLATE 18.
Fig. 1. LkBIA VIBIDIS.
2. Lebia ateivirexs.
3. Lebia smaraqdiji-a.
4. BrACHINUS CEPHAL0TK8.
O. BbAOHINDS CONFORMIS.
6. Brachinus fumans.
7. BnAniiNis rERi'i-Kxrs.
5. Agoncm octofcnctata.
9. AgONUM CtJPBIPENNE.
10. Anchomexcs extensicoi-lis.
IL Olivina lineolata.
12. GaLERITA AMERICANA,
la. CiMINDIS PILOSA.
14. SCARITES 8UBTERRANEUS.
15. Dyschirius globclosus.
16. Oalathus gregarius.
V* c
fi
^ h
r-mmans Jun'Del
\
^
y
PUTE 19.
Fig. 1. PCECILLCS CHALCITEB.
2. PCECILLPS LUCUBLANDA.
3. FeRONIA 8TYGICA.
4. Fbronia adoxa.
5. AGONIDERUS PALLIPES.
6. Anisodactylus baltimokiis.
7. Tbechcs conjunctcs.
8. Trechus cinctus.
9. Anisodactylus aqricolms.
10. Amsodactylcs rcsticus.
11. Amaba impunoticollis.
12. Adelosia muta.
13. Harpalus erraticus.
14. Harpalus facnus.
15. Harpalus bicolor.
16. Habpalub pleuriticcs.
%■'
V ;' /
PLATE m
Fig. 1. Elaphrus ruscarius.
2. ChL(ENIUS TOMENTOSrS.
3. BembidhjM sioili-abk.
4. Bkmbidum honestcm.
5. Chl(enius nemoealis.
6. ChL(ENIU8 EMABGINATU8.
7. ChLCENIUS SERICEU8.
8. ChLOINIUS LITHOPHILUS.
9. Bembidium isoenatum.
10. Bembidium tbipunctatum.
11. Omopheon labeatum.
J2. — var. TESSEI.LATU8.
13. notiophilits poreecths.
• 14. Bembidium variegatum.
15. Haliplus 12-punctatus.
16. Haliplus immaculaticollis.
m'
:> I,
I
(7
f/'
4 ' < 1
iV'l ^
4- I
%.
liiirA ^
\
n
</ \ o-
^i-'
\ 1
1
->
r
%
U'
^
/r
V
/♦ /
r
\ .. I I'f
i^
PLATE 21.
Fig. 1. Lampyris corrusca.
2. Lampyris latioornis.
3. Lampyris nigricans.
4. Lampyris cngui.ata.
5. Lampyris scintillaris.
6. Lampyris versicolor.
7. DiCTYOPTERA RETlCfLATA.
8. DiCTYOPTERA TERMINALIS.
9. DlCCELCS DILATATUS.
10. SPIl.a:KODERUS stenostomus.
11. Carabus vinctus.
12. Carabtts servatus.
13. DlCOiLCS elongatus.
14. Cychrtts viduus.
15. CaLObOMA calidum.
16. Cababcs wmbatus.
[
a.
PUTE m.
Fig. 1. OnCIDEEUS CINGULATU8.
2. CUCUJTJS OLAVIPES.
3. SiLPHA AMERICANA.
4. Necrodes surinamensis.
5. Necrophagus pyomeus.
6. Silpha inbqualis.
7. Silpha oaudata.
8. Necrophagus americanus,
9. Silpha noveboracensis.
PI. 22.
J
./
"Rtc'h*I.Pei>.«e.LitYl.
K K:nn,,il.ii I.-l
'«?
I
.^^
.A*.
PLATE 23.
Fig. 1. NlTlDHLA BIPUSTULATA.
2. EnOIS FA8CIATA.
3. Ips SANOUINOLENTA.
4. Ips fasciata.
5. DeRMESTES J/AEDARIUS.
6. Ips qvadbisionata.
7. Pabnits pastigiatus.
8. Ips bipustulattjs.
9. ElMIS CRENATI8.
^
/^
^
f
;5>
<&
\
X
/ \
-Pi. 23.
V^-w-r"
V
*,>
/
7^i \
y^
^
V !«,/
^
'7 ./
Kmmona, Jr D-1
Tiitti of KicW H rease, Alb,i!L-;A' n'.
H
•'".T r yfll
y
PLATE il
Fig. 1. TrOX 0APILLAR18.
2. CrBMA8T0CHF,II-CS hkmtzu.
3. TrOX P0RCATU3.
4. HOPLIA TRIFASOIATA.
5. TrICHINUS VIBIDAN8. '
6. EUCUI.ORA COiLEBS.
7. RlUSOTROGUS GEOROIANICA.
8. EnCHI.ORA ATRATUS.
9. Skrica vkspkrtina.
ri24>.
^
J \
I
^
.\
/ \
■', ftiui-ioTn.Jr Hoi.
/ V
Tath.Qf K.H.rca^..;,Alljiiirsr.NT
PLATE 25.
Fig. 1. DiCHELONYCHA ELONOATA.
2. Dendroides canadensis.
g. Platyceras piceus.
4. Cantharis ateata.
5. osmodeema scabkr.
6. Pyrochroa flabellata,
7. PiTHO AMERICANUS.
8. Upib PBNNSYLVANICUS.
9. EHisoTEoatrs pilosicollis.
PL 25
-^
J \
y
#
\
\.'MLr.
N
/
E E-mmoiif Jr.Bel.
Lith. of ■Bic'h*K.Pe(i.ae Albari-^,
PLATE m.
Fig. 1. ^OEKiA EXiTiosA (male).
2. Pupa of the same.
3. Cocoon.
4. Larva.
5. iEoEKiA EXiTiosA (female).
6. Vespa fkatekna.
7. PeLECINTJS POLITimATOR.
8. Undescribed ?
9. Sphex pennsylvanica.
10. scolia fossilana.
11. CiMBEX UUII.
PI £6,
«- J.
¥
k
/"v
ZIsoMtLii.Ji 1>«L
lich of'Rwh* H ?«»«• AJb.ny.
>.
PUTE 27.
Fig. L
•
XtLOCARPA VIRQINIOA.
2.
CffiLIOXIS ANNULARIS.
8.
OPHION GLABRAT0S.
4.
OpHION MrNDTJS.
5.
Ophion macrtjrum.
6.
Ophion puroattts.
7.
ICHNJSUMON .
8.
PiMPLA .
9.
Ichneumon.
10.
Ichneumon brevicinctor.
11.
Undescribed.
12.
Undescribed.
n.zx.
K ■ .riOi..«,.Jr UCl
I,hK cf 3l-U*^HJt ufl« AJbitn;,
V
p
PUTE 28.
«
Fig. 1. StEPHUS PHILADELPHICU8.
2. Undescribed ?
3. MiLESIA VIRGINIENSIS.
4. Undescribed 1
5. Laphira thoracica.
6. Laphira tergissa.
7. MuscA (Caliphora) vomitoria.
8. Laphira? sericea.
9. Sarcophaga georgina.
10. Tabanus plumbeps.
11. Midas filatits.
12. TaBASCS AMERICANOS.
PL S8
i
K r.mmiTn*. Jr Pel
Uii>i oF Rich'* U Pease. AP.auy
/
PLATE '29.
Fig. 1.
Leptis ornata?
2.
Tabanits lineola?
8.
Laphika (undeacribed ? ).
4.
Lkptis quadrata.
5.
Ctenophora trimaculata (female)
6.
Syrphtjs .
7.
Aphis of the Peach leaf.
8.
SiNEA STIMTJLATRIX.
9.
CHRTSiDiDiE (family).
10.
Leptis .
11. PBOCTOTRUPiD.ffi (family).
n.s.3.
y
\ ;•", /
f
f..Ei«iiMjTi*..Ir Del
Lithaf Rich* H.Peas«. Alt. ajvy.
PLATE 30.
Fig. 1. Phytocoris BELLtrS.
2. PUYTOCOBIS COCOINKPS.
3. PeNTATOMA CARNIFEX.
4. ACANTHECOMA SPINOSA (joung).
5. Pentatoma pennstlvanica (young)v
6. HAMMATOCEKtrS PCECI8.
7. PhTTOCORIB LINEOLATUS.
8. Pentatoma (young).
9. Ltg^us tubOious, var. a.
A
X
PI. 30.
"\.
/^
N
Z Xmnioivs Jr jfel .
LitK of Sioh'^ EPease^'il'ban?
PLATE 31.
Fig. 1. Canthakib ateata (bis).
2. Elatkk (Athotjs) ? .
3. Staph YLINU8 cheysdrus.
4. OWTHOPHAaUS HECATE.
5. CrOIiOUS AMERICANA.
6. Staphtlinus cyannipennis.
7. Leptuba malachitica.
8. HiSTEE CONFORMIS.
9. Feronia .
10. Tenebeio molitoe.
11- BuPRESTis (Anctlocheira) striata.
12. COPRXS .
p^
PI SI,
X
'0
s,y-
ff
k^
\
%
J
\
r,,. ,;,.,„.■,,
m
PLATE m,
Fig. 1.
Trkmex columba (female).
2.
Tremex (male).
3.
Urocerus albicoenis.
4.
MrRMELEON (antlion).
5.
Larva of the antlion, upperside.
6.
Larva of the antlion, underside.
b. Pupa case of the same.
a. Sand-funnel, or trap.
7.
Phryganea semifasoiata.
8,
HeSPERIA PECKItlS.
9.
SeSIA PELA8GU8.
9 a.
Phryganea semifasoiata.
10.
SeSIA PUCIFOEMIS.
Pl.i 2
^-
l^'yVT^.
^^y
/Mj-:
■•Ms
■^J-K
K Kt!inuitirt,.lr, dr.',
1,1th (if HiPh' H >'i'afl-'.A]t>iiiiv
PLATE m.
Fig. 1. LlMENITlS tTKSULA.
2, Underside of the same.
3, 5, 6. HlPPARCHIA NEPHELE.
4, 7. HlPPARCHIA ALOPE.
8. Ithtcerus noveboracensis.
\'\.T,r,
^
i
V^
F. KiTunono,Jr flf»l
l.fLh orHirli'^Hr'-aM.'.Mbany
PUTE 34.
Pig. 1. PODABRUS MODESTtrS.
2. Stenocoktjs cinctus.
3. Telephortis .
4. Saperda vestita.
5. Prionus latioollis.
6. Saperda tridenta.
7. Saperda .
8. monochamtjs pusillus.
9. C ER AMBix (undescribed ? ) .
10. Prionus pennsylvanicus.
11. Leptuba .
%
v^%
u
Kmmon n JuuT llnl
En^av'ea&PriiitpaJiy .TI IVavit.
PLATE 35.
Fig. 1. COLIAS PHILODICB.
2. Ditto, lower side (female).
8. Yankssa intebroqationis.
4. CoLiAS PHILODIOE (male).
5. Vanessa interroqationis.
6. PlERis NioiPPE (under side).
7. PiERis NICIPPE (upper side).
8. Caterpillar of Vanessa interroqationis.
9. Colias philodice (upper side, female).
P1,S5.
/¥^
•y^sfs^^
F, Emmoaa Jr IJe
I.itix.of KicKfH. Pease. Al"ban.j.
PLATE 36.
Sig. 1. Drtocampa PELLiTCiDA (female).
2. Phal^na queeoabia (female).
3. Deyocampa PELLtroiDA (male).
4. Phal^na queroaeia (male).
a. Pupa of Drtocampa.
b. Pupa of PHALiENA.
c. Caterpillar of Dryooampa.
d. Caterpillar of Phal^na.
PI. 36.
£.£iimu)n« ,Jr.D el.
Lilii. of BioIlH Pease AlloarLy-.
PLATE 37.
Fig. 1. PiiALiBNA (Orqyia) ledcostigma (male).
a, b. Pupa.
c. Female.
/. Caterpillar.
2. Phal^na NEU8TRIA (female).
3. Phaljena (Pycsea) albifrons (male).
4. Phal^na neustria (male).
d. Pupa.
g. Caterpillar.
J. PEAL.a:NA ALBIFRONS.
e. Pupa.
h. Caterpillar.
I
pj.r/.
^^^
Jj KmrnozLa. Jr. ID el
Lithof Uicli^H.PeaseAl'bATty.
PUTE 38.
Fig. 1. Danatjs plexippitb.
c. Caterpillar.
d. Pupa.
2. Sphinx octomaculatus.
a. Caterjiillar.
b. Pupa.
3. Papilio tukntjs.
4. Endomis tittrxts.
e. Caterpillar.
/• Pupa.
PI. 38.
3 .'EinDi cm a . Jr.D el
Lifh of BioT\'- H.Pe as e . Alb any.
PLATE 39.
Fig. 1. Attacpb lcna.
a. Pupa.
h. Caterpillar.
2. Satuenia maia (male and^female).
c, d. Caterpillar,
e. Pupa.
11.39.
E.EininoB.».3r.B el.
Lith.of RioK*- H. Pease. Alb aiLjr.
. PLATE 40.
Fig. 1. Sphinx brontes.
2. Geometra aroentata.
S. GlAUCOPIS PH0LU8.
4. Smertnthus ASTTI.rS.
5. DrYOCAMPA VIRGINIENSIS (vel PELLUCIDA ? ).
H. Geometra serrata.
7. DrTOCAMPA IMPERIALI8.
PI *0.
E.Ein.ttioi\.«, IrDel-
LitK.of B.roK'f H. Pea.se, Arta-rvy.
*
PLATE 41.
Fig. 1 . Phai.^na dione.
2. Spilosoma acrma (male).
3. Spilosoma arge.
4. PHALaiNA DIONE {vcl AuCTIA VIRGo).
5. Spilosoma ack«a (female).
6. Caterpillar of Phal^ena dione.
7. Spilosoma chnea.
8. Pupa of PHALiENA DIONE.
9. Spilosoma nais.
10. BUPALUS CATENARltoS.
11. Spilosoma egle.
do. EUCU.ETES EOLE.
PI. «
'^A
^^^tlL
Xv
•. c
-'^ -W
E.E«vTt\on.a, Jr.Del
irth..oe H.ioTx^^H.Pea.se.AltarLj.
PLATE 42.
Fig. 1. NOCTUA SQtJAMULARIS.
2. GeOMETRA TRANSVEE8ALIS.
3. Erebus edusa.
4. NoCTtTA UNDULAR18.
5. OaTOCALA AFPINIS.
6. NoCTUA LUNATA.
7. NoCTUA (ACONTIA) NtTNDUJA.
8. Catocala epione.
9. noctua (acontia) maroaeitata.
10. Sphinx Carolina.
Pl.t2.
E Emftion*. Jr. Del.
Litlv.of "Riolt^H Pease. Alls a-ny.
¥
PLATE 43.
Fig. 1, 8. TUECLA ACI8.
2. limknitis aetuemis.
4, 7. Mehtjba photon.
5, 6. Melit^a pharos.
8. Phal^na phtllira.
9. limenitis arthehis.
10. CALLIUORPBA EPIMENI8.
Fl ■tS.
\ •* e
X.Enunons Jr.Iel.
Ltth of H.io'h.'-Hrease.Al'baivy.
i I aiAj?
I
kdkOQTi
m
i^'^'yj''^,.,-^.,-
PLATE 44.
Fig. 1. ATTACUS POLYPHEMUS.
2. Sphinx (Philampilus ? ) pampinateix.
3. Catocala amasia.
4. Attaous oecropia.
FI. 4<4'.
E Emoiop». Jr Del
Lith of Rich^ H.Feaat AlbAnv.
u
"nrirosO .V,
PLATE 45.
Fig. 1. Clisiocampa amebicana.
2. Ageotis .
3. Geometka .
4. Akctia virginica.
5. Philampeltjs satellitia.
6. 7, 8. Undescribed?
9, BoMBYX? (undescribed).
10. Agbotis .
11. Agrotis .
\
P] * 5.
- Kmmon«.Ji- Del.
LithotRicrfH Peise, Albany
.inflfff
.aAXJH^
PLATE 46.
Fig.
,1,2
1. Ctkthia oaedui.
a. Pupa.
h. Caterpillar.
3, 8.
Vanessa urtio;e?
a. Pupa.
b. Caterpillar.
4.
Chrysophanus phleas,
5.
DeIOPEIA BELLA.
6.
Undescribed?
7.
Blatta nivba.
PI. 4-6.
EEmmon*, Jr del.
ah of Rich'' H Pease. Albany
PLATE 47.
Fig. 1, 2. LiMENlTIS DISSIPPUS.
3. Callimokpha parthenice.
4. Carpocapsa pomonella.
5. Callimorpha virquncula.
6. Eggs of the American tent-caterpillar (Clisiocampa americana)
7. Adela deqeerella.
8. EtTDRTAS grata.
Pi.^l.
\
E Emmona.Jr del
Lith of Rich''HPeaae.Alban
OH
105
N7N3
V.17
Natviral history of New York
flioMed
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