Cale Na saad debe phe
PRLS Gite eat Re . ‘
eo i Nate sa tae me sak
4 We i POnee Nate d Oats ws, ay x) a
XN, &: , sf ae Ads Vent) it ane) ' Ve, nis *
ow HEA
PANTY ot zh
ye on ake $8
idee
>
*
a wg Of
Ptr Ua
a te hae
SOS
x Byiah)
fi
AGS
# Mf
x
ie
Be
ew
. 1,0 ¢ fa)
Ratan
he
i
re
i
rd ph
LV CG
ae
Vay y
NATU Reale Ss 1:
MONTHLY JOURNAL OF
NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.
EDITED BY
PHOS: SHEPPARD. MeSc,.F:G:S., F-RiGiS. b.S.A.(Scor,).
CURATOR OF THE MUNICIPAL Museums, HULL.
AuTHOR oF ‘GEOLOGICAL RAMBLES IN East YORKSHIRE’; ‘THE EVOLUTION
or KINGSTON UPON HULL’; ‘Lost Towns OF THE YORKSHIRE CoAST,’ ETC., ETC.
Eprror oF Mortimer’s ‘ Forry YEARS’ RESEARCHES,’
AND
THOMAS WILLIAM:WOODHEAD, Ph.D., M.Sc., F.L.S.
LECTURER IN Brotocy, TECHNICAL COLLEGE, HUDDERSFIELD ;
WITH THE ASSISTANCE AS REFEREES IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF
(PAGhEB ERI BARGER] ERS: ES: GEORGE T. PORRITT, F-L.S., F.E-S.
Pror. PERCYyF. KENDALL, M.Sc., F.G.S. JOHN W. TAYLOR, M.Sé# -
io NE SON. Nise: M-B/O:U: RILEY LORGUNE. EeZs.;
*
Saas
LONDON:
A. Brown & Sons, LtTp., 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.C,
AND AT HULL AND YORK.
PRINTED AT BROWNS’ SAVILE PRESS,
-SAVILE STREET AND GEORGE STREET, HULL, ©
rah?
Bake: A MONTHLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF “#
NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. —
Be gN Sat EDITED BY
Tae T. SHEPPARD, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.S.A.S¢
:* é THE Museums, Hutr;
f AND
T. W. WOODHEAD, Ph.D., F.L.S.,
TECHNICAL CoLLEGE, HupDERSFIELD,
Ri ert bei, WITH THE ASSISTANCE AS REFEREES IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF
J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S. P.L.S., GEO. T. PORRITT, F.L.S.. F.f.s
Prof. P. PF. KENDALL, M.Sc., F.G.S., JOHN W. TAYLOR,
T. H. NELSON, M.B.O.U., RILEY FORTUNE, F.Z.S.
Contents :—
*
Pe +: ‘
a Notes and Comments :—Mr-. Riley Fortune, F.Z.S.; The Plumage Bill; Vapourer Mothon ©
‘ Heather ; The Paull Museum, Holderness ; The Story of a ‘New’ ‘Bird ; A Yorkshire j
‘Record ; ‘A Halifax Dealer; A Halifax Record ; A Little- Bune Sold; Further tae 2.
_ gatign ; 7% Memory ; Value of Records ... 1-5
é re ‘Bryobia ‘pratensis Garman, at Grantham, Lincs. ‘(Uihisteatedyc! F. Gentes M. R. CS. 6
i _ The Thin teldta eats bed of Rae berey Penoing ied asa H. Hamshaw Thomas, — eee
M.A. F.G.S ojos Ae aE Le
f
Yorkshire Naturalists ae Leeds. w. i tay Even a Madea ei os
eerie Contribution to Science—T. Sheppard, F. G. S. we ane eee ate a ERG i “ue a
_ New and Rare Yorkshire Spiders—J. W. Heslop Hartson BiS0: oS A eek OX Dia tate
28-30, a
be 81-32, uf ee
Rercia Notes :—Hen Harriers near pone. White Blackbird at Barnsley Heron Killing - . Nae
a Kestrel; West Yorkshire Mosses and Hepatics : «0, 16,25 fees
_ Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union Report for 1914... Tete AERIS i. ih ye.) 483-52
_ Reviews and, Hook Notices mo Fi gS tea es eae RE,
% Cheetnera News ... ne oe aa ae is med Fi “4 “4: i. yc ee 6 YM
PMS ER EONS A roe oo itt xe tp the AG stl aes) aes pe MN ge
LONDON: en
eo. A Brown & Sons, LIMITED, 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, E. OA
¢
ial ‘ f And at Hutt and York. . ’
ROAM Printers a and Publishers to the YN. U.
t
Prepaid | Subscription 6/6 per annum, niet free.
+2825
UPA A See
An entirely New Work bringing the Ueieieae ae
of the County quite up-to-date.
THE VEGETATION OF YORKSHIRE
Its History and Associations on the lines of Botanical Survey.
based on the Geologic and Phyto-paleologic remains: being an
examination into the sources, the presence or passing of the
es : Floristic Constituents—their When, How and Where ; being also
a Supplement to previous ‘‘ Floras”’ of York, and a list of the
Localities and Species, newly classified, “‘ New” to the County or
some of its river-basins since 1888.
By F. ARNOLD LEES
WLR.C.S.Eng., L.R.C.P.Lond.
Demy 8vo, on white unsized paper, about 500 pages,
to be subscribed at 12/6 net (16/- net strictly after publication)
. LONDON
_ A. BROWN & SONS, Ltp., 5, Farringdon Avenue, E.C.
And at HULL and YorRK. f
BOOKS WANTED.
The Naturalist (? stylographed). York. 1823.
& The British Naturalist. Vol. IV. 1894.
The Field Naturalist and Scientific Record. Set.
Py uThe Journal of the Keighley Naturalists’ Society. Set.
_ Huddersfield Arch. and Topog. Society. 4 Reports. (1865-1869).
_ Reports, Malton Naturalists’ Society. Set.’
The Naturalists’ Journal. Vols. I.-III. (1892-4).
_ Transactions and Monthly Circular, Huddersfield Naturalists Society. Set.
First Report, Goole Scientific Society.
Cleveland Lit. & Phil. Society's Transactions. Science Section or others.
The Naturalists’ Record. Set.
The Natural History Teacher (Huddersfield). Vols. I.-II.
The Economic Naturalist (Huddersfield). Vol. I.
The Naturalists’ Guide (Huddersfield). Set.
The Naturalists’ Almanac (Huddersfield). 1876.
The Naturalists’ Gazette. Set.
Wesley Naturalist. Set.
_ Proc. Yorkshire Naturalists’ Club (York). 1867-70. (Set).
Keeping’ s Handbook to Natural History Collections (York).
“Ripon Spurs," by Keslington.
Apply :—Editor, The Museum, Hull.
Nt Cin MoM
ho Oe ware
Se é
fm} ~ —
THE NATURALIST
For 1915.
———_—_— J ——
NOTES AND COMMENTS.
MR RILEY FORTUNE, E.Z:S:
This year the selection of the President of the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union rested in the first place with the Zoologists
on the Executive Committee of the Union, and on their recom-
mendation the election of Mr. Riley Fortune to that office
was unanimous. Mr. Riley Fortune is not chosen as a ‘ figure-
head.’ He is one of the Union’s workers and is rarely absent
on field excursions or at indoor meetings. He has held various
offices in the committees under the vertebrate section, and has
een president of that section. For some years he has done
valuable work as Hon. Secretary of the Wild Birds’ and Eggs’
Protection Committee. He is Chairman of the Yorkshire
Mammals, etc., Committee, and for some years has rendered
good service to the Union as Divisional Secretary for the
North West Division. He has been a great help to this
journal as referee for vertebrate zoology, and his interesting
notes are familiar to our readers. His excellent achievements
with the camera are well-known, and have enriched the pages
of this and other scientific journals. ‘The Birds of York-
shire,’ published by the Union a few years ago, contained a
very large number of his photographs, which he freely placed
at the service of the editors. We can only repeat a toast
that we saw on a menu the other day (for even naturalists
dine), “May Fortune always smile on us.’
tHE PLUMAGE. BILL.
It will be remembered that Yorkshire has always taken a
prominent part in connection with the passing of Parlia-
mentary Acts and other measures for the preservation of
bird life. In connection with the present Plumage Bill, which
was unfortunately shelved in consequence of the war, at a stage
in its career when it had every prospect of being passed into
law, one of the Secretaries of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union
communicated with each Member of Parliament for York-
shire asking for his support. This was done at the suggestion
of the members of the Vertebrate Section of the Union. A
number did not reply to the letter at all, others would carefully
consider it, and the following gentlemen definitely promised to |
support the Bill :—Sir George Scott. Robertson, Sir Luke White,
1915 Jan. 1.
2 Notes and Comments.
the Rt. Hon. T. R. Ferens, and Messrs. G. Beckett, J. S.
Butcher, IT. E. Harvey, A. Marshall, A. S) Rowminee™ 2:
Sherwell, J. H. Whitley, and E. Wood.
VAPOURER MOTH ON HEATHER.
Mr. S. Margerison contributes to a recent number of * Wild
Life,’ a short illustrated article on insect plagues. He refers
to the recent invasion of a Yorkshire grouse moor by a swarm
of caterpillars of the Vapourer Moth. A large patch of the
moor was ‘absolutely stripped of every leaf of ling and bil-
berry, and every blade of grass.’ Such a plague was quite
new to the keepers, and there are no recorded observations of
an attack upon moorland plants by this species; yet ‘the
crowd of quickly moving caterpillars was like an advancing
army, numbering tens of thousands, and young ones were all
the time emerging from the eggs, which had been deposited on
silky cocoons fixed to the wiry stems of the vegetation.’ Mr.
Margerison points out that the Vapourer belongs to the same
family as the Nun Moth, which has wrought such havoc in
German and Russian forests. In two years alone these moths
stripped the leaves of 6,375 acres in the Rothebude Forest,
“their droppings covering the ground to a depth of five to
eight centimetres, whilst the sound of their falling was hke that
of heavy rain.’ Large sums of money were spent in vain
attempts at extirpation.
THE PAULL MUSEUM, HOLDERNESS.
We take the following from The Museums Journal :—
‘The following characteristic announcement appears in the
report of the Hull Museums Committee with reference to the
well-known museum at Paull, an out-of-the-way village in
Holderness. We understand that the former owner had it
valued at something like £3,000, and apparently the Hull
Museum has secured what was worth securing for about £3 :—
‘“T have to report that on account of the death of Mr. J. D.
Battersby, an ex-Hull Town Councillor, his well-known
museum at Paull was put up for auction on the roth and 11th
October. As the committee is aware, there was an enormous
accumulation of material of various sorts, among which,
however, were some objects which certainly ought to be in
the Hull Museums. Fortunately, or unfortunately, partly
on account of bad weather, and partly on account of the
inaccessibility of the village, the attendance was small, and we
were able to get practically everything that was of value to us
at absurdly low prices; the price of Is. and Is. 3d. per lot
being not uncommon. We missed a few interesting items,
which were secured by Councillor Harrison, but I have since
visited his warehouse and he has given us the objects we wanted
from his lots.
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 3
To give a complete list of the specimens we secured would
be much too lengthy, but among them are: a fine massive
prehistoric stone hammer from Ottringham ; harpoon gun from
a Hull whaler ; antique pistol made by Carter, Hull ; antique
brass powder pistol, by Brunton, Doncaster ; a fine goblet
of turquoise blue glass, made at the Hull Glass Works ; two
carved oak pew ends (15th century) from Holy Trinity Church
Hull ; large model of a fishing smack ; a massive lantern from
the old Hebbles’ light, Paull; a fine Georgian mahogany
bedstead, with carved top; various ecclesiastical antiquities,
and several interesting models, as also a large osteological
collection. The remarkable feature of the collection, however,
was the number of interesting ‘‘ bygones ’’ which Mr. Battersby
had secured. Practically the whole of these came to us.
The total cost to the Corporation for a collection consisting of
nearly 200 specimens is about £3 3s.”’’
THE STORY OF A ‘NEW’ BIRD.
On May 13th last, two Black-headed Buntings were exhib-
ited at a meeting of the British Ornithologists’ Club, and were
referred to in the Club’s Bulletin No. CXCVIII., pp. 133-4.
One had been caught at Halifax, Yorkshire, in December,
1gt0, and kept alive in an aviary at Hove until May, 1912,
when it was killed by a Corn Bunting. The other had been
shot at Battle (Sussex) in April, 1912. We referred to the
matter in The Naturalist at the time, and regretted that
our Yorkshire specimen should have been mixed up with
a Sussex bird, because rightly or wrongly, northern (and
some southern) ornithologists have received with suspicion
so many of the new bird records from the south. Our con-
temporary, British Birds, also referred to the record, but
without comment.*
A YORKSHIRE RECORD.
The Yorkshire bird had been supplied by a Mr. Hamilton,
herbalist, etc., of Halifax. As it was the first county record,
Yorkshire ornithologists were anxious to verify it, and asked
the Secretary of the Halifax Scientific Society to investigate.
He called upon Mr. Hamilton, but that gentleman’s mind
seemed to be a blank; he knew nothing whatever about it !
Later, the Curator of the Museum at Hull wrote to Mr. Hamilton
enclosing a catalogue of the birds in the Hull collection, and
asking to be informed of any species in Halifax which were
not at Hull. Particular mention was made of a Black-headed
Bunting, which he had seen from the papers had been supplied
to a collector in Sussex.
= july, ror4s. ip. 55:
2915 Jan. 1.
4 Notes and Comments.
A HALIFAX DEALER.
Mr. Hamilton nibbled. He wrote, ‘I could not say how
long I might be getting one in the flesh, having now four on
order, but I have very great facilities for offering rare and
ordinary specimens and send to the Elite of Society and such.
At the present time I can only supply two Black-headed
skins for {1 and eggs 1/- each. I always send to first P.O.
or return cash.’ Enclosed with his letter was a long list of
skins recently supplied ‘some in the flesh, also eggs, and can
still supply another lot of each.’
A HALIFAX RECORD.
In reply to a question as to the authenticity of the Halifax
specimen, (which he had forgotten about when he was called
upon), Mr. Hamilton replied, ‘The Black-headed Bunting was
sent alive and not shot, and certainly not like those I also
offer imported.’ However, on October rst, the Curator of
the Museum at Hull wrote saying he was not wanting anything
but Yorkshire birds, so the correspondence ended.
A LITTLE-BUNTING.
{However, on October 11th, Mr. Hamilton sent a card :—
‘I have for disposal something few possess, viz., Live Little
Bunting caught near Ripon, srand condition on ‘seed, lowest
price 15/-, now or never. I give you first chance.’ He was
requested to send the bird on, with an account. But Mr.
Hamilton was too old a bird to be caught. He wanted cash
with order as he had bowght the bird from a friend, and could
obtain much more by advertising. Further correspondence
made it evident that the bird would not be sent before the
money was received, as Mr. Hamilton later stated, ‘I have
to pay beforehand.’ It was also apparent that for the moment
he was short of money, though he volunteered the statement
that he had a cheque of £50 to draw in three weeks.
SOLD.
Anyway on October 2oth, 15/- was sent for the ‘ Little
Bunting,’ which arrived on the 27th, quite chirpy, and has
been alive and well ever since in an ordinary canary’s cage.
Later, a receipt was sent for 15/- for the Little Bunting. The
bird was shown at a meeting of the Vertebrate section of the
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Daion at Leeds, on November 2tst,
and, as might have been expected, proves to be no Little
Bunting at all! *
* Our Bradford friends are of the opinion that it is the Alario Finch
(Alario alario, L., the ‘ Berg Canarie’ of South Africa ; and if caught wild,
is probably new to Europe ! We have compared this with the illustration
and description in Butler’s ‘ Foreign Finches in Captivity,’ and it is certainly
this species.
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 5
FURTHER INVESTIGATION.
However, it was suggested that the Secretary of the York-
shire Wild Birds’ and Eggs Protection Committee should write
to Mr. Hamilton, asking for the name and address of the
person who caught the bird at Ripon, in order that proceedings
might be taken against him! In reply, Mr. Hamilton men-
tions his severe illness (pneumonia, three broken ribs, etc.),
refers to the Kaiser and the Creator, and then states that as
‘already said to a caller, he had no knowledge of a Black-
Headed Bunting, neither have I supphed a Little Bunting
from Ripon’ ! !
A MEMORY.
Here, then, we have at last had an opportunity of investi-
gating a case of a new record, seen ‘in the flesh’; a specimen
supplied by a dealer who is probably not too well endowed
with this world’s goods, and who knows that a ‘ new record ’
for a part of this country is likely to bring him more profit
than is a foreign bird, sold as such. From the correspondence
before us he has obviously a very bad memory (possibly
through no fault of his own). As we heard he had been con-
sulting bird lists at the local public hbrary it was evident he
was anxious to know what was ‘rare’ and what was not.
VALUE OF RECORDS.
But is it fair to the science of ornithology to base new
records on the evidence of a dealer with such a bad memory ?
And if one has been proved to have had a bad memory, surely
it is possible others have also. We do not for a moment suggest
that a dealer might be unscrupulous in his search for custom
and gain. Some might make such a suggestion; we don’t.
We merely say it is unfortunate that in this one case we have
been able to investigate, the dealer has had so bad a memory
that he states in one letter the very opposite to what he wrote
in another only a few days before !
-O:;
Hen Harriers near Doncaster.— During the present autumn
three examples of the Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus L.) have
been shot in the neighbourhood of Doncaster. One, an adult
female or ‘ Ringtail’ was obtained on the Brodsworth estate
in October. Two others, both also females, have been shot
on or near Hatfield Chase. J have not seen these so cannot say
whether they are adult or young. I hear from the keeper at
Hatfield that he has seen these birds, which he called Kites,
off and on for at least a year. If this be so it is just possible
that they have bred on the moor, but so far as I know no
‘Blue Hawk’ has been seen.—H. H. CORBETT.
1915 Jan. 1. .
6
BRYOBIA PRATENSIS, GARMAN, AT GRANTHAM,
LINCOLNSHIRE.
C. F. GEORGE, M.R.C.S.,
Kirton-in-Lindsey.
THIS mite, when seen alive, is a very beautiful object for the
microscope ; it may also be well seen if recently killed or after
only a short time in preservative solution. It does not make
so striking an appearance, however, when mounted in balsam,
in consequence of the transparency produced by that medium,
which renders the scale-like projections difficult to make out.
N. Banks in his ‘ Treatise of the Acarina,’ gives some very
good figures of the mite. He says it is the only species of the
genus Bryobia in America, and it is the only one I have yet
Bryobia pratensis. x 48.
met with, although it is many years since I first found it. He
also says it is very abundant in many localities, and is known
as the Clover mite ; in the West, it is injurious to fruit trees ;
in the East it more commonly affects clover, and annual plants.
Koch figures and describes four species, which are evidently
very beautiful mites, but pratensis is not one of them.
It appears to have been very plentiful this year at Gran-
tham, in Lincolnshire, where it was found by a lady, who sent
me some leaves of ivy covered with them, she describes them
as being there in thousands. Mr. Soar’s figure gives a good
idea of the creature, its special points are the four projecting
scale-like processes in front, and on the body of the mite; one
of which, much enlarged, is also shewn. They are opaque
white and are beautifully seen in the living mite. The wrinkles
on the body are also remarkable. Banks places it in his
family Yetranychid@, commonly known as red spiders.
Naturalist,
7
THE THINNFELDIA LEAF-BED OF ROSEBERRY
TOPPING.
H. HAMSHAW THOMAS, M.A., F.G.S.,
Fellow of Downing College, Cambridge,
THE locality of Roseberry Topping is well-known to all York-
shire geologists, and many will have studied personally the
fine exposure of Lower Estuarine deposits laid bare by the slip
on the north-west side. On one of my early visits to this
exposure, I discovered fragments of a thin bed which seemed
to be composed very largely of fragments and leaflets of the
fronds which are known under the generic name of Thinnfeldia.
At that time the fall of material from the face above was
going on almost continuously, and it was scarcely safe to
venture far in quest of more of these specimens, but in the
following year, when the ground was becoming settled, I
obtained further examples which demonstrated the abundance
of these leaves at a certain level in the dark-coloured lower beds
lying above the Lias. In the spring of 1913 I set out to try
to trace the plant beds from Roseberry Toppirg across to the
main escarpment, known, I believe, as Little Roseberry, and
here encountered in a scrape on the hill side, the main portion
of the Thinnfeldia leaf-bed, which is undoubtedly one of the
most remarkable fossil-plant deposits in Europe. I subse-
eemtly excavated this bed, and have made large exposures
at two places about a hundred yards apart, an from here
the specimens exhibited* were obtained.
We have in these exposures a thickness of 8 to 10 feet of
black or dark chocolate shales containing throughout an abund-
ance of leaves which are almost all of the same species. In
many places the leaves are so numerous that in a thickness of
several inches the bulk of the bed is composed of leaves with
comparatively little sediment round them. I have not yet
succeeded in determining any definite periodicity in the succes-
sive layers, but there are some indications that the leaves were
not deposited uniformly. The beds at Little Roseberry seem
to rest directly upon the gray shales of the Upper Lias, and
seem quite conformable with them so far as can be made out.
There is no indication of anything comparable to the ferru-
ginous dogger of Whitby. The massive sandstone which forms
such a conspicuous feature in the neighbourhcod, is many feet
above at this point.
At Roseberry Topping I noted the following sequence at
the top of the Lias on the east side of the slip :—
Black Shales with sandy partings
Thinnfeldia and other forms at their base | See
* These have been kindly presented to the Museum at Hull.—Ep.
1915 Jan. 1.
8 Thinnfeldia Leaf-Bed of Roseberry Topping.
Grey clay ; ” ™ ie 6 inches.
Black coaly clay : 4 inches.
Grey yellow clay passing into Upper Liassic shales.
This gradual passage of the Liassic into the Lower Estuarine
is of some interest, more especially when we remember that
Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis is typically a Liassic plant. I do
not think it is possible to say definitely, as the result of exami-
nation of the strata, whether the beds which we are discussing
should be reckoned as of Liassic or Lower Estuarine Age.
The leaves are compound pinnate structures of various
sizes (see fig.), sometimes reaching about a foot in length, but
it is seldom that complete leaves are seen or can be extracted
owing to their constant overlapping. It may, perhaps, be
more correct to speak of them as fronds consisting of a central
stalk or rachis some 2-4 millimetres wide, bearing ovoid or
lanceolate pinna on either side. The shape of the pinna or
leaflets is somewhat varied, depending to some extent on their
distance from the apex or the base of the frond, and it varies
also in different fronds, but in all cases the apex is bluntly
rounded, the base is decurrent on the lower side and truncated
on the upper side. Im some cases the pinnae are so close
together as to overlap one another, but in other specimens they
may be 3-4 millimetres apart ; towards the base of the frond
they appear to be inserted on the upper side of the rachis
somewhat as in the fronds of some Cycads and Bennettitaleans.
At the lower end, the rachis may extend for 6 centimetres or
more below the lowest pinnae, it shows longitudinal ridges,
and some transverse wrinkling in the centre. In the centre
of each pinnae is a strong midrib which is almost always very
conspicuous ; the secondary veins are, however, very indis-
tinct, and though they frequently appear plain when the
specimens are first collected, they are later almost indistinguish-
able. There were, however, fine veins given off at an acute
angle to the midrib, and forking once or twice on their way to
the margin.
At the apex of the frond, the pinnae decrease somewhat
irregularly in size and they become confluent, the tip being
occupied by a terminal leaflet. Near the apex the distinction
between pinnae or leaflets and stalk seems to be lost.
Pinnae are frequently irregularly lobed or possess small
notches on their margins. The very great variation in shape
suggests that several species of Thinnfeldia based almost
entirely on small differences in outline ought to be dropped, for
Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis certainly shows very different forms.*
* A very good review of the state of knowledge of the genus has just
been published by Antevs. K. Svenska. Vet. Akad. Hand.,Bd. 51, No.
6, 1914.
Naturalist,
Thinnfeldia Leaf-Bed of Roseberry Topping. 9g
For the present I wish more especially to draw attention to
the beautiful manner in which these leaves are preserved. As
will be seen from specimens which have been mounted on paper,
the tissue of the original leaf is still fairly strong, and the
individual leaves can be readily separated from the matrix and
handled almost as easily as dried herbarium specimens. In
this respect they differ from almost all other fossil plants,
which occur either as impressions on a matrix, or as a coaly
layer irremovably attached to the stone, or in exceptional
cases impregnated with calcium carbonate or some other
Vy y
—
Photo of Leaves of Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis detached from rock. Natural size.
mineral substance. But here we have the plant itself, which
has undergone comparatively little mineralisation, holding
together by the strength of its own original tissues, a true
example from the ‘ Herbarium Diluvianum.’
We may best speak of this kind of preservation as mummi-
fication, for neither decay of the tissues nor replacement has
gone on, only the gradual alteration of the less resistent sub-
stances composing the original leaf. The chief reason why the
Thinnfeldia leaves have retained their form so perfectly is that
they possessed, when alive, a very thick and leathery cuticle, or
outer layer to the epidermal cells, and the substance composing
1915 Jan, }.
IO Thinnfeldia Leaf-Bed of Roseberry Topping.
the cuticle resists all decay and alteration almost indefinitely.
The cellulose substance composing the middle of the leaves turns
gradually, after the lapse of a long period of time, into a dark,
brittle, carbonaceous substance, formed by slow oxidisation ;
this substance when further changed, becomes like coal.*
In most of our fossil plants from the fine grained mud-
stones of the Yorkshire Jurassic, a change of the same kind
has gone on; their present condition seems to depend on
the original proportion of cuticle to softer tissue, and on the
changes in the leaf just before or immediately after preservation.
It would seem as though any of the Gymnosperms with their
thick cuticles might become mummified, and in fact we get
some interesting specimens of Ptilophyllum (sometimes called
Williamsonia) fronds from Cloughton Wyke. In these examples
the soft tissues must have shrivelled before being buried, for
little but cuticle is left. On the othet hand the same type of
leaf from Gristhorpe does not appear mummified, because the
cuticle is too delicate to hold together the brittle carbonaceous
matter which represents the original bulky mesophyll. In
the Roseberry Thinnfeldias the cuticle is very thick in com-
parison with the bulk of the inner carbonaceous matter.
Mummified plants of this type are very infrequent outside
Yorkshire. Specimens of the same species as those before us,
have been found in a somewhat mummified condition in the
Lias near Lyme Regis, and in Sutherland. Some coniferous
remains have been discovered in the cretaceous deposits of
Greenland, and a few come from the Rhaetic beds of Southern
Sweden. Mummified plants are very rare in the Carboniferous
rocks, but good examples have been found in species of Sphenop-
teris found in the oil-shales of Scotland, and some specimens
of exceptional interest have recently been described by Miss
Wills (Geol. Mag., 1914), from the Midlands and North Wales.
A few specimens have come down to us from more recent times,
and I have seen some from the Tertiary beds near Bourne-
mouth.
The Roseberry examples however, stand out above all
others because of the vast numbers of leaves which are to be
found there, and we are justified, I believe, in saying that the
bed is unique.
The leaves under consideration must be referred to the
species Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis which was founded by
Ettingshausen on specimens from the Lias of Steierdorf in
* An interesting example of this natural oxidation recently came to
my notice. I received a sample of wheat from an ancient Egyptian
granary between 5,000 and 6,000 years old. Each grain retained perfectly
its shape and external markings, but had become converted into a dense
black brittle substance, with a relatively high percentage of carbon, and
reminding one very much of some of the seeds found at Gristhorpe.
Naturalist,
Thinnfeldia Leaf-Bed of Roseberry Topping. II
Hungary. Though Dr. Gothan has questioned this deter-
mination on the ground of the stomatal structure, it is
supported by the shape of the fronds and pinnae, and by
the nervation. The species also occurs on the continent, in
the Rhaetic of Franconia (Bayreuth), and in France ;— while
it may perhaps be identical with some forms occurring in
India and South America. In England the type first became
known from specimens found in the Lias at Lyme Regis, but
more recently it has been described from the Kimeridgian beds
of Sutherlandshire by Prof. Seward. Hitherto the genus has
not been definitely recorded from any of the other plant beds
in Yorkshire and is certainly entirely absent from all the coast
localities. I have seen a single specimen in the collection of
Mr. Sewell, of Whitby, which was badly preserved but was
probably referable to the genus, it came from one of the inland
localities in the neighbourhood of Goathland. While we are
probably correct in saying that Thinnfeldia is more typical
of the Lias than of the Middle Jurassic, we must remember that
the Sutherland specimens are of Kimeridge age and that
somewhat similar fronds have been described from the Wealden
beds under other generic names, such as Dichopteris.
We may now turn for a moment to discuss the nature and
affinities of these leaves.
As in the case of so many other fossil plants, the leaves of
Thinnfeldia have always been found in an isolated condition
and never connected with any reproductive structures. Under
these conditions we have only two things on which to base our
conclusions and both of them are somewhat untrustworthy.
The first is the form and nervation of the leaf, the second the
epidermal structure. Early observers basing their conclusions
on the first named character thought, that Thinnfeldia was a
fern, for the outlines, and the nervation were quite fern-
like. Against this view there are two objections (@) that
no leaf bearing sporangia has ever been found, and in the
millions of leaves at Roseberry some at least should be present.
and (b) that the texture of the leaf, and the cuticle must have
been very different from that seen in the ferns of to-day.
This brings us to the study of the cuticle, and for this
microscope preparations of the epidermal structures must
be made. This is effected by placing part of a pinna in a
watch glass or a small porcelain dish, covering it with small
crystals of potassium chlorate, and adding a few cubic centi-
metres of strong nitricacid. The dish is covered up and allowed
to stand for a day or two until the leaf fragment has assumed
a brown colour; the fragment is then removed, washed in
water and placed in a very dilute solution of ammonia, when the
brown material soon dissolves away, leaving a clear semi-
transparent and very fragile membrane. This consists of the
1915 Jan. 1.
a2 Thinnfeldia Leaf-Bed of Roseberry Topping.
cuticles of the upper and lower sides of the leaf, and after
washing these cuticles should be separated and mounted up
on a glass microscope-slide in glycerine or canada balsam in
the usual way.
On examination under the microscope we shall see clearly
the polygonal outlines of the epidermal cells which were
separated by thick straight walls and had a somewhat irregular.
outline. The cuticle of the upper side is very little thicker
than that of the lower side, and is uniform in structure, possess-
ing no stomatal openings. On the lower cuticle however, we
may observe small groups of six or seven cells slightly raised
above the general level of the surface, and with a gap or small
cavity between them. These are the subsidiary cells which
surrounded a pit at the bottom of which lay the guard cells
of the stomata. The guard cells themselves were but lightly
cuticularised, but the slit or stomatal opening between them,
can frequently be made out. The stomata were not flush with
the surface of the leaf, as seen in modern ferns and in most
of the plants around us, but sunken in small pits as seen
in the pines, cycads, and in many plants living in localities
which are physically or physiologically dry.
When compared with the cuticles of other plants, ancient
and modern, we may notice a somewhat similar structure in
some of the Carboniferous Pteridosperms, in the Nuilssoniales-
section of the Jurassic cycad-like fronds, in some recent cycads,
and some conifers, both of Cretaceous and recent age. The
circle of affinities is thus narrowed to the pteridosperms, cycads,
or conifers, among the plants with which we are now familiar.
Some time ago Prof. Seward suggested that these leaves
might have belonged to the pteridosperms, a class of plants
intermediate between the ferns and cycads. The general
form and insertion of the pinnae favours to some extent the
cycad view, while a comparison between Thinnfeldia and the
curious New Zealand conifer Phyllocladus has been made by
some, including Mr. Antevs, a Swedish paleobotanist, who
has just published an excellent revision of the genus. The
question cannot yet be settled, but let us see whether addi-
tional evidence can be obtained from the study of the remains -
in the Roseberry bed, for here we have a much larger and more
complete supply of material than has ever previously been
obtained. The first point which is noticeble is the vast number
of Thinnfeldia leaves which go to form this bed, and secondly
that throughout a thickness of several feet practically no other
leaves are seen; we do meet with an occasional Nilssonia
but they are few and far between. We may conclude from this
that the Thinnfeldia plants formed an almost pure association
somewhere in the immediate neighbourhood, and that they
produced a great number of leaves. Now the cycadean plants
Naturalist,
Thinnfeldia Leaf-Bed of Roseberry Topping. 13
which we know, are almost all slow growing plants with few
leaves, and these persist for several years, and I find i im-
possible to concieve of a leaf-bed like ours being formed from
cycadean plants of any known type.
It is also possible that the Thinnfeldia plants were decidu-
ous, for there are few branches or stems to be found in our bed,
and trees with persistent leaves more readily lose twigs and
branches during storms.
But the principal conclusion which I draw from inspection
of the bed, is that the plants on which these leaves grew were
probably trees, on no other hypothesis can we explain the
accumulation of such vast numbers of leaves, at what must
have been a very rapid rate. Had the supply been ‘small
and the rate of deposition slow, a certain amount of decay
must have gone on in the leaves before preservation, but this
was not the case. These considerations may perhaps favour
the coniferous view.
Beyond this I cannot go at the present time, but I may
mention that I have recently made two discoveries which may
further elucidate matters when they have been fully studied.
After prolonged search for reproductive organs I have found a
small number of seed-like bodies about 5 millimetres in dia-
meter, which may have been the seeds of Thinnfeldia. Also
I have found some portions of charcoal-like wood, which may
provide some additional evidence. Although I cannot now
announce any startling discoveries, I trust that it has been
worth drawing attention to this leaf-bed, and the specimens
obtained from it.
——: 0 :——
Mechanical Properties of Wood. By S. J. Reeord. London: Chap-
man and Hall, to14, pp. 6 +165, 7s. 6d. net. In the introductory chapters
of this work the author deals with commendable clearness with the mechan-
ical principals involved in timber testing. He keeps always in mind the
fact that those interested in wood have rarely a knowledge of higher
mathematics, and shows how successfully a clear idea of the main facts
can be obtained by the use of simple and intelligible language. The
numerous factors affecting the strength of timber are considered briefly
but in an interesting manner, and on the obscure question of the effect of
habitat on the quality of timber he says that some woods, e.g., long leaf
pine, appear uninfluenced by habitat, while others, like the short leaf
pine and loblolly show marked differences according to habitat, also that
certain woods, e.g., hickory, from limestone soils are superior to those from
sandy soils. The general conclusion, however, is that all locallies have their
heavy and light timber, so they all share in strong and weak, hard and soft
materials, and the difference in quality of material is ev idently far more a
matter of individual variation than of soil and climate. The concluding
section deals with testing and testing machines and is illustrated by numer-
ous photographs and clear and helpful diagrams and sections. There is
a long bibliography chiefly of American papers. A fault common to
American works is the almost exclusive use of popular plant names ;
if to these the scientific names were added the value of the works would
be enhanced for a wider circle of readers.
1915 Jan. 1.
14
YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT LEEDS.
THE members of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union have
evidently taken well to heart the new British motto, © Business
as Usual,’ for the attendance at the fifty-third Annual Meeting,
which was held at the Leeds University on Saturday, the 5th
December last, was magnificent indeed, in fact, constituting
arecord. It was an honour to the Union to be invited to hold
their gathering at the Leeds University, the splendid facilities
available tending much towards making the meeting so great
a SUCCESS, fan nok enhanced by the efforts of the Committee
from the inviting local Societies, ably carried out by Prof. W.
Garstang, McA. ).Sc., and Mr. ©. i -Grant Me se:
In the morning a number of members were guided by Mr.
Albert Gilligan, B. Sc., F.G.S., up the Meanwood Valley as far
as Adel. Mr. Gilligan ably explained the various geological
features of the valley, fully set out by him in the circular,
to which he has paid special attention. The botanists also
found much of interest, but unfortunately the weather con-
ditions were a serious drawback, five distinct types of weather
being experienced, of which wind and hail were the dominant !
The Sectional meetings were of brief duration, inasmuch as
most sections had already held their meeting prior to the gather-
ing, for the election of their officers and other business. The
members of the Permanent General Committee, with delegates
from affiliated Societies, of whom thirty-one sent representatives
out of the thirty-nine affiliated to the Union, numbering con-
siderably over one hundred, assembled in the new Education
Lecture Theatre, when the Annual Report for 1914, and
Excursion Programme for 1915, wereadopted. The acceptance
by Mr. Riley Fortune, F.Z.S., of Harrogate, as President for
1915, was most heartily received.
The applause was great when the Treasurer of the Union
(Mr. Edwin Hawkesworth) announced that the balance of the
debt which had so long been an incubus upon the progressive
work of the Union had been entirely wiped out, and that the
substantial balance of £40 6s. in actual cash was now in hand,
and that in addition the Hey legacy of £20 was also intact.
The Lecture Theatre was crowded at the evening meeting.
The retiring President, Mr. Thomas Sheppard, F.G.S., F.S.A.
(Scot.), occupied the chair, and was supported by Dr. Michael
E. Sadler, the Vice-Chancellor of the University, the President-
elect, Mr. Riley Fortune, and Messrs..G. T. Porritt, Prof,
Percy F. Kendall, W. Denison Roebuck, Charles Crossland,
John W. Taylor, and Harold Wager, all past Presidents of
the Union, the Treasurer and Secretaries.
After an epitome of the Annual Report had been given,
and eleven new members had been elected, Mr. Sheppard
Naturalist,
Yorkshire Naturalists at Leeds. 15
delivered his presidential address on © Yorkshire’s Contribution
to Science,’ from the chair.
After expressing thanks to the members of the Union for
the honour accorded to him in adding his name to the illustrious
list of Presidents of the Union since 1877, Mr. Sheppard very
humourously referred to many incidents in his career as a
scientific worker, and the developement of his passion for
collecting ; the evolution of the collector as depicted by him
being most wittily expressed.
There is probably no more capable member of the Union
than Mr. Sheppard in the preparation of bibliography, his
efforts in preparing for publication in The Naturalist for the
past twenty-three years, the bibliography with respect to the
xeology and Paleontology of the North of England, being
excellent evidence in that respect. His researches therefore
into Yorkshire’s contribution to Science, which had entailed
the perusal of a great mass of literature dealing with the
contributions of eminent Yorkshiremen who had made their
mark in the scientific world, as well as reference to the history
and publications of the many Philosophical, Literary, and
Natural History Societies of the County, emphasised the thor-
oughness of his work. Mr. Sheppard truly remarked that so
great and glorious was the history of Yorkshire’s contribution
to science that it would be impossible for him that evening to
give more than a brief outline of the extent of the work of
past Yorkshire scientists, and of some of the more important
Societies. The whole address was a masterly compilation,
and proved deeply interesting and instructive. Very cordial
indeed were the thanks to Mr. Sheppard for his address, and
for the great interest he had taken in the work of the Union
throughout the year, which was ably moved by Prof. Kendall,
seconded by Mr. Harold Wager.
Mr. Sheppard’s address will appear at length in the pages
of The Naturalist.
At the close of the meeting a Conversazione under the
auspices of the inviting Societies, the Leeds Naturalists’ Club
and Scientific Association, the Leeds Geological Association,
the Leeds Co-operative Field Naturalists’ Club, and the Leeds
Conchological Club was held in the Biological Department of
the University. Here was placed on view an excellent array
of exhibits as follows :—By Mr. H. T: Todd, on behalf of the
City of Leeds Training College, a collection of local shells and
insects made by Mr. E. B. Smith, formerly a member of the
Leeds Naturalists’ Club, and a collection of Bees and other in-
sects made by the late Mr. John Stubbins, for many years a
member of the Union; by Mr. A. Gilligan, pebbles from the
Millstone Grit, with microscopic sections, specimens of
grit from the Meanwood borehole with sections, fossils from
1915 Jan. 1.
16 Yorkshire Naturalists at Leeds.
the same borehole, laminated clay from Woodlesford, Cephal-
opod from Ambergris, and Deer horn picks and pick marks in
chalk ; by Messrs. A. Burnet and J. H. Everett, fossils from
the Robin Hood Quarries, details of which are given in the
last volume of the Transactions of the Leeds Geological
Association ; Miss M. Lebour, Nests of earwigs with parents
and eggs; by Professor. W. Garstang, resting attitude of
insects; by Dr. E. O. Croft, cases of lepidoptera ; by Mr, J.
W. Taylor, drawer of Helices with explanatory labels, and a
framed sheet of drawings of shells; by Mr. G. B. Stanger,
local insects; by Mr. C. Ardill, local lepidoptera collected
between May and October, 1914; by Messrs. A. E. Bradley,
A. Hodgson and J. C. Hesselgrave, bees and wasps, Thiefly
local; by Mr. A. E. Bradley, plants from the neighbourhood
of Leeds, including recent additions to the Yorkshire flora ;
by Mr. T. Cockerline, local plants ; and by the Leeds Natural-
ists’ Club, record books and index cases showing the work of
this Society in the field.
A capital lecture was delivered by Mr. Harold Wager,
F.R.S., F.L.S., on ‘ The Perception of Light by Plants.’ The
main factors of his address were well emphasised and illus-
trated by numerous lantern slides showing his experiments
with the epidermal cells of the leaf of the Spiderwort (commonly
known as the ‘ Mother of Thousands’). Mr. C. A. Cheetham
also showed a large number of his charming coloured lantern
slides of wild flowers in their natural haunts.
Light refreshment was provided by the inviting Societies.
The hearty thanks of those present was voiced by Mr. Riley
Fortune, seconded by Mr. G. T. Porritt, to the authorities of
the Leeds University for the use of rooms at the University,
to the inviting Societies for their hospitality and help, and
also to Prof. Garstang, Mr. A. Gilligan, and Mr. C. H. Grant
for their services in connection with the local arrangements,
the response of Dr. Sadler bringing to a close a most successful
annual gathering of the Union.—W.E.L.W.
0:
White Blackbird at Barnsley.—A White Blackbird in
splendid plumage was shot near Barnsley last week, and is
now being mounted for the Barnsley Naturalists’ Society’s
Museum.—W. BARRACLOUGH.
Heron Killing a Kestrel.—My friend, Mr. Bryan Lang-
mead, writes to tell me of an encounter of which he was an
eye-witness, in the following words :—‘I saw a Kestrel in the
airand a Heron by a stream, when suddenly the Kestrel gavea
a swoop upon the Heron which curled up its neck, and ran its
beak right through the Kestrel, killing it instantly. I had
a look at the Hawk afterwards, and all its ribs were broken
by the bill of the Heron.’—-W. W. Mason.
Naturalist,
17
YORKSHIRE’S CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE.
(Presidential Address to the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, delivered
at the Unwersity, Leeds, 5th December, 1914.).
By T. SHEPPARD, F.G.S.
THE various Presidents of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, in
whose steps I have the honour to follow, have, since 1877, dealt
with a great variety of subjects in their addresses. Occasionally
these have assumed the form of a general discussion on current
scientific events ; more rarely have they been suspiciously like
a ‘popular’ lecture, but as a rule the President for the year
has selected some topic which he has made a special study.
The address of my immediate predecessor, Mr. Harold Wager,
may be taken as an example, and I know of no better way in
which your President can give you of his best, than by reviewing
some subject that he has made peculiarly his own.
In endeavouring to follow this admirable lead, however, I am
at once in a quandary. Lack of years and lack of experience
have prevented me ‘specialising’ in any particular direction,
even had ability and inclination directed. Instead, I have
preferred the plan of trying to learn something of everything
rather than everything of something, though in these days, both
these tasks are impossible.
The best way, perhaps, to become thoroughly familiar with
an object is to possess it, and the desire to possess is likely to
develop into a collecting mania, which I am afraid may some
day seriously “get hold’ of me. But I find on enquiry that
nearly all my friends interested in natural science, even those
who have reached the top of the tree (if I may so refer to a naturalist
without any hint as to his ancestry), began their careers by
collecting. Those who have preferred to try to know everything
of something have naturally confined their attentions to one
particular branch of collecting, and for the most part are not
very harmful. In my own unfortunate case, however, the vain
attempt to know something of everything has, perhaps, resulted
in a species of collecting objects of such different descriptions and
from such a variety of sources, that my efforts have possibly been
misunderstood. At any rate, I distinctly remember being
greeted by a Professor at this very University, and a predecessor
of mine in this chair (I will mention no names) with, ‘ Well,
Sheppard, and how’s thieving ?’
I mention this because I want to impress upon you the fact
that Iam obviously in the early stages of a scientific training. I
have not yet been able to follow any special line of research,
and therefore, my address must necessarily fall far short of
the standard to which you are accustomed. Iam still, in a small
1915 Jan. 1. B
18 Sheppard / Yorkshire’s Contribution to Science,
way, trying to emulate the old-fashioned but delightful ‘ all-
round’ type of naturalist, of whom many of you will recollect
excellent examples on the earlier excursions of the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union. But even with this ideal I have found it
necessary to take such unnatural history pastimes as golf, etc.,
lest I develop into an ‘all-round’ naturalist in a more literal
sense.
Probably by now it will have dawned upon you that this
somewhat elaborate preamble is merely an apology for the short-
comings of my address, and for the glorious traditions of the
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union I deeply grieve that upon this, the
first occasion that a University has honoured us by allowing us
to hold a general meeting within its walls, you have so poor a
figure-head. (I trust I am not misunderstood in this term, I
collect ‘figure-heads,’ so know something about them. A
figure-head is usually a wooden effigy, more or less grotesque,
placed on the front of a ship. It has absolutely no say or control
over the ship’s course, but should anything go wrong with the
steering gear, it is the first to get bruised or damaged).
But from some slight acquaintance with the rules of the
Union, I can assure you that the President is not self-elected—
the figure head is chosen by the builders or by the crew. If it
fails to add dignity to the craft the fault is not his, and doubtless
the Union feels something like Touchstone when introducing
Audrey to the Duke, ‘A poor .. . ill-favoured thing, sir, but mine
own.
Once upon a time I used to write various notes and criticisms
for a paper called The Naturalist, and the then editor, Mr. Denison
Roebuck, prevailed upon me to prepare the annual bibliographies
of geology and paleontology for the north of England, which have
appeared fairly regularly ever since, with, I can only hope, some
little benefit to the geologists, whatever the botanists, zoologists
and the good old ‘ general body’ of readers may have thought.
I was recently horrified to find that I have prepared these
since 1893, over twenty years ago.
Though these lists may not appear to be very imposing, only
the true bibliomaniac knows what their compilation means. I
will candidly admit that at the time I did not know, or the prob-
ability is that they would never have appeared. But for their
preparation it is necessary, not only to record every and any
independent volume, but an examination must be made of the
various and numerous publications, reports, transactions,
proceedings and monographs of the enormous number of geological,
archeological, philosophical, microscopical, zoological, entomo-
logical, conchological, ornithological, botanical and other scientific,
natural history, antiquarian or literary societies occurring in the
area dealt with by the bibliography. And, on account of the
failure of several societies to restrict themselves to the districts
_ Naturalist,
Sheppard: Yorkshive’s Contribution to Science. 19
in which their publications appear, it is necessary to refer to a
legion of literary productions appearing in other parts of the
country, and even abroad. But this is not all. Important
papers of local interest frequently appear in the reports
of our leading Metropolitan societies—the Linnean, Entomo-
logical, Geological, Paleontographical, Antiquarian and even
Astronomical: the Royal Society, the Royal Microscopical,
Royal Geographical and others, as well as the British Association.
Having formed a fairly good basis by an examination of all
these as they appear, as wellas of the lists of scientific publications,
additions to the libraries, etc., which some of these societies
issue, it is necessary to see the various scientific quarterlies ; the
monthly journals such as the Zoologist, Entomologist, Entomo-
dogist’s Monthly Magazine, Entomologist’ s Record, The Selborne
Magazine, Knowledge, British Birds, Wild Life, The Geological
Magazne, The Antiquary, The Geographical Journal; The Annals
and Magazine of Natural History; Nature; The Mineralogical
Magazine, and, may Tadd, The Naturalist, and even stray notes
on our area now and then appear in magazines specially devoted
to others, such as the Ivish Naturalist, The Scottish Naturalist,
The Lancashire and Cheshire Naturalist, and so on.
Our Museums, too, which, quite properly, are yearly increasing
in numbers and importance, are adding enormously to the
flood of scientific publications. I recently saw that one of the
most modern of our Yorkshire public museums had issued its
“Publication, No. 120.’
I have by no means exhausted the lists if likely sources for
information in the compilation of bibliographies for the use of
workers, but enough has been said to show that their preparation
is likely to keep the compiler out of mischief. I am not now
‘quite certain why I first commenced this kind of work; I can
only hope it has kept me busy!
In our publication, The Naturalist, it has now and then been
necessary to refer to the nature of the Journals or Proceedings sent
for notice. At times, it is quite possible, the authors or editors
or publishers have not been too hilarious over the review or the
criticism offered. But in very many cases it seems to be for-
gotten that the essentials of a local publication should be that they
should contain original notes bearing upon the district covered by
that publication. -Lectures on Protective Colouration, Astronomy,
The Human Skull, Petroleum, Japan, Quartz, Climbing Plants,
Corkscrews, and Peacocks (to quote some from recent publica-
tions) are’all very well in their way, and are desirable and even
essential ; but it rarely happens that anything really original, 7...
a definite contribution to science, will be made, under these heads,
to a local natural history society. Therefore, such reports
usually merely gratify the vanity of the readers of the papers,
which should be discouraged. A single record of a single shell, or
2915 Jan. 1.
20 Sheppard: Yorkshire's Contribution to Science.
beetle, or bird, in a situation hitherto unknown, though such
record only occupies a couple of lines, is of far more scientific
value than a whole volume of abstracts of talky-talky addresses.
such as are prepared wholesale wherever the Young Men’s and
Young Women’s Mutual Improvement and Literary and Debating
Societies connected with the pseudo-religious institutes which
abound in our towns and villages do congregate.
I believe the title of this address is ‘ Yorkshire’s Contribution
to Science.’ To deal with the subject as a whole would occupy
several addresses—in fact several volumes. The title might be
taken in so very many different ways. For instance it would be
quite permissible to refer to the excellent work of the Leeds
University, for its ‘ contribution to science’ is more far-reaching
than any of us imagine.
Wherever there is a gathering of scientific men in any numbers,
you will find that the Yorkshireman takes a similar position to
that of the Scot in the commercial world. He is there.
A hundred years before Linnaeus, Dr. Martin Lister, a York-
shireman, was largely instrumental in preparing the alphabet, as
it were, of our present study of natural science. Most of his work
was done in Yorkshire. As pointed out by Mr. Denison Roebuck
in his address to you in 1903 :— His “ Historia Animalium
Angliz”’ contained the first systematic accounts of the spiders,
the beetles, the molluscs and the fossils of England, and he was
also the first man to suggest the construction of geological maps.’
and it must be remembered that this was in the days of Charles IT.
The British Association, which has probably done more for
the advancement of science than any other society in the whole
world, and has recently held its annual meeting in Australia,
was founded at York, by Yorkshiremen. Were the county’s
record of scientific attainments limited to that one fact alone, it
could have no cause to complain. And it was John Philips, a mere
museum curator, who was the pilot (not the figure-head) when
that good ship was first launched.
It would be interesting to refer to the great work of William
Smith, Sedgwick, Buckland, Strickland and a host of others ; yet I
must refrain. The Yorkshire roll of honour in the scientific world
is an extraordinary long one, but I will mention only the names of
the Presidents of our Union since it was reorganised in 1877 (all
of whom were connected with Yorkshire either by birth or by
their work), and it will be seen that a great proportion of them
are of world-wide renown :—Rev. W. Fowler, Dr. Clifton
Sorby, Professor W. C. Williamson, J. Gilbert Baker, Lord
Walsingham, Rev. W. H. Dallinger, Sir Ralph Payne Gallwey,
W. H. Hudleston, H. E. Dresser, Dr. Walsham How, Professor
A. H. Green, C. P. Hobkirk, Henry Seebohm, R. H. Tiddeman,
Dr. Robert Braithwaite, John Cordeaux, Professor W. Boyd
Dawkins, Sir Michael Foster, W. West, G. T. Porritt, Professor
Naturalist,
Sheppard: Yorkshire’s Contribution to Science. 21
P. F. Kendall, W. Denison Roebuck, A. H. Pawson, G. W.
Lamplugh, W. Eagle Clarke, C. Crossland, Dr. Wheelton Hind,
W.H. St. Quintin, Prof. A. C. Seward, Alfred Harker, J. W.
Taylor and Harold Wager.
_ Many of those mentioned are certainly the greatest authorities
in their respective studies. To refer to all their work would be
an enormous undertaking. I may however be pardoned if I
single out one to whose help and encouragement I owe much ; I
refer to the late Dr. Clifton Sorby. He was, unquestionably, a
giant in the scientific world, and the full importance of his
attainments will never be fully realized. Had Yorkshire done
little else than produce a Dr. Sorby, it would have good cause to
be proud of its contribution to science.
I can speak with perhaps greater pride of the work of York-
shire’s scientific worthies, as Iam not prejudiced ; for, though I
have spent all the time I can remember in the county, Iam not a
native ; a brief visit to the neighbouring county of Lincoln at a
rather critical period of my little career, causing me to be, in the
eyes of the law, a native of that shire.
Yorkshire’s contribution to science. In connection with the
bibliographical work already referred to, the collecting mania
somehow seemed to take a hold on me and I began, by begging,
buying, borrowing, or by other ways, to accumulate sets of vari-
ous scientific publications ; those referring to Yorkshire alone,
which I have obtained, occupy an enormous quantity of book
shelving.
While, I regret to say, I have not yet been able to secure
complete sets of all the scientific publications issued in the county ;
I have, through the help of friends, carefully examined practically
everything that I have been able to trace. As, in many cases,
it is apparent that only one set is known (even of our own journal,
The Naturalist, there appears to be only one really complete
set in existence !), it seems desirable to place on record, before it
is too late, particulars of the work of our Yorkshire societies
and their publications, with some indications of the contents, so
that future workers will be able to know what has previously
been done, and thus get a good foundation for their researches.
I should like to lay particular stress on the necessity for stud-
ents to become familiar with the records of their predecessors in
the same field, as over and over again it is found that alleged
“new records’ have been known years previously by earlier
naturalists. Not long ago a friend of mine sent me a lengthy
account of an early and important record, which had obviously
been transcribed at great pains and printed at some cost; and
he was quite unaware that every word had been issued a century
previously in the publication of our oldest London Society !
Quite apart from the quantity of publications now being
issued, there is an enormous number of magazines and journals
1915 Jan. 1.
22 Sheppard: Yorkshire's Contribution to Science.
which have had their little day and ceased to be. To these, also,
as will be seen later, Yorkshire has contributed a very fair share.
Of those of more general interest, I may mention two, Viz.,
Science Gossib—of which thirty-seven volumes appeared between
_ 1865 and 1902; and Natural Science, a magnificent publication,
which was ‘eliminated’ at the close of its fifteenth volume, in
1899. Comparing these with some of the so-called scientific pub-
lications now appearing, it can hardly be said that the law of
the survival of the fittest always applies to scientific serials.
In examining some of these old journals it must be admitted
that so far as typography, illustrations, paper. and general
“get up’ are concerned, the modern publication does not always
show to advantage in comparison with its predecessors of nearly
a century ago. In those days the illustrations were frequently
made by means of copper plates, and were works of art. The
printer took a pride in the arrangement and spacing of his type,
and the paper was often hand-made and lasting. The maps and
diagrams were beautifully prepared and carefully and artistically
coloured—frequently by hand. To-day, the apparent feverish
haste of production, the careless composition, and process block
frequently made from untidy sketches or poor photographs, are
not pleasant. Nowadays a photograph is prepared in a few
minutes, a block is made in a few hours, and printed on paper
which, with care, may last a few months.
An examination of the material published by the county and
town societies, would seem to indicate that the centre of scientific
activity has shifted from time to time. York once took a good
lead ; Huddersfield at one time was a long way ahead ; Halifax
had its day; Leeds, a while ago, produced the most ; while, at
the present day, judging from the quantity of different societies’
journals there published, the ‘centre’ is most eccentric of all,
being at Hull, in a corner of the county.
The commencement of the systematic publication of scientific
literature in the county may be said to have occurred early last
century, when Philosophical and Literary Societies were formed
in the large towns. These societies discussed—really discussed—
papers read at their meetings, and issued annual reports, the
earlier numbers of which, more especially, contained much valuable
scientific information. The chief pride of these societies, however,
was in the museums they founded. To-day, I regret to say,
most of the societies have developed or devolved into popular
lime-light lecture concerns, and are usually neither Literary nor
Philosophical.
County societies then followed, such as the Yorkshire Geo-
logical. and Polytechnic Society, the Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union and the Yorkshire Archeological Society. Later, came
the Field Clubs, which to some extent are carrying out the former
work of the Philosophical Societies. Each Field Club has
Naturalist,
Sheppard: Yorkshire’s Contribution to Science. 2B
its ups and downs—for a few years it flourishes, which usually
means it begins publishing; then the cost of the production
becomes difficult to meet after a few years, and so the publication
ceases ; sometimes the society ceases also.
From a somewhat intimate acquaintance with the meetings
of our natural history, geological and antiquarian societies, as
well as with their publications, I have been led to seriously
consider whether the time has not arrived when some change
should take place in the nature of those meetingsand publications.
A century ago our philosophical societies led the way. Their
meetings were well attended, papers were read, discussed and
printed. They were of such a character that a good proportion
of the hearers could understand them and appreciate their import.
As time went on the subjects became more and more special in
their scope, though, from a strictly scientific point of view, prob-
ably more important. The papers appealed to fewer and fewer ;
discussions became a thing of the past, and the membership grew
less. To keep up an interest, the ‘ popular’ lecture made its
appearance, with the great aid of the lantern, and more recently
with the cinematograph, and so ‘popular’ have these become
that their titles only are mentioned in the Society’s Reports ; and
at the meetings themselves there is a frantic rush for the door
immediately the lecture is over. In fact, at some societies in the
county at which I have lectured in recent years, even the vote of
thanks is dispensed with in order to prevent the annoyance made
by hurrying feet during the few brief moments that are occupied
by the passing of the vote.
To carry on the work originally performed by these philo-
sophical societies, county societies and field naturalists’ clubs
came into being. As already pointed out, their meetings
and discussions were quite as interesting and quite as
valuable as were those of their predecessors. But they, in
turn, except in cases where great care is exercised, are as-
cending or descending in the same way, and interest in them
is being lost. I am familiar with quite a number of important
societies in Yorkshire to-day, geological, antiquarian, and natural
history, which are exhibiting traces of this senile decay. These
meetings lack the enthusiasm of former days; the papers read are
too technical ; their publications appear less regularly, and when
they do, are certainly ‘thinner’ and contain a large percentage of
papers which can only appeal to a very small section of the
members.*
* An experiment in this direction was recently tried by the Geological
Section of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and proved thoroughly suc-
cessful, as was reported in The Naturalist for December, pages 390-2. A
meeting was held at Hull, which occupied the afternoon and evening of
Saturday, November 7th. Over a dozen short papers were read and dis-
cussed, each one given in simple language, and was readily understood by
the large audience from various parts of Yorkshire and Lancashire.
1915 Jan. 1.
24 Sheppard: Yorkshire's Contribution to Science,
I do not profess to be particularly patriarchal, but I can
remember the time when I awaited the reports of these societies
with pleasurable anticipation, and read them through from cover to
cover. Andso did many others. Iwill be bold enough to say that
to-day, in the case of practically every publication of any im-
portance issued by the societies referred to, not a single individual
outside a lunatic asylum, could read them through. Yet they
are all necessary, all exceedingly valuable, all certainiy con-
tributions to science. But the increasingly specialised nature of
the memoirs appeals to a decreasingly small number of members.
These societies are nearly all reaching a critical stage in their
history, and without actually calling in the aid of stage oratory
or the moving marvels of the camera, everything must be done
to keep up an interest in che work, by ‘ beginning again,’ as it
were. We must descend from the rarified atmosphere of the
heights, and mix with those in the valleys and on the plains,
where life is much more normal and much more healthy.
I am very anxious to take advantage of the position in which
I am now placed, and to do my very best to drive these facts
home. Yorkshire’s contribution to science, of which I am now
only able to deal with a very small section, is a glorious one.
That of no other county can approach it. We must see to it
that there is no falling back.
The recent revival in ‘ Nature Study,’ which, quite properly,
is now officially recognised by the Board of Education, and has
been taken up in a most encouraging way by both teachers and
scholars at most of our schools, has not, as yet, made the slightest
difference to the work of our natural history societies. There is
no increase in their membership directly due to this cause (few
can boast an increased membership nowadays), nor to the number
of published contributions to science. True, the book market has
been flooded with ‘ popular’ books on various aspects of natural
history, to most of which the adjective ‘so-called’ should be
added; and the recent attempts to produce popular natural
science magazines have been both ‘extensive and peculiar.’
But as a result of all this, the actual additions to the ranks of
the field naturalist are practically nil.
During the past twelve years we have lectured to several
thousands of Hull’s scholars at the city museums; they are
accompanied by their teachers, they come in single classes, and
after the lecture spend the rest of the morning in examining the
specimens. Scores of lectures have been delivered on natural
history, geological or antiquarian subjects, and they have been
given in simple language, easily understood by the children.
Unquestionably the result is that the scholars are better acquainted
with the things that happen in every-day life, they have a broader
outlook, and we hope the result will be that in future years there
will be a greater number of geologists, or field naturalists, or
Naturalist,
Sheppard: Yorkshire’s Contribution to Science. 25
antiquaries in the city. Personally, I doubt it ; and I am not
going to admit that the lectures are not interesting or easily under-
stood by the youngest. It almost makes one believe that the
true naturalist is born, not made.
It must not be considered that in the following notes there
appears anything like a history of the various Yorkshire scientific
societies. I have rather dealt with the matter that has been
published, and which is therefore to some extent accessible.
Perhaps it is fortunate that I have not given myself sufficient
time in the preparation of this address for such a history, desirable
as it is. I may possibly revert to it, somewhere, on a future
occasion. Material for such a work is accumulating in great
quantity, but with regard to the earlier societies, and especially
those which have left no definite record behind, the work is exceed-
ingly difficult and laborious, and necessitates searching through
piles of old newspapers and reports of meetings and advertisements
in numerous different magazines.
In dealing with such a subject as pre-historic man, it is perhaps
a little difficult to say where the science of geology ends and
archeology begins, and as no naturalist worthy of the name
can leave homo out of his classification, and has necessarily
found that the proper study of mankind is man, so it is impossible
to leave out of our purview the various journals and magazines
in which archeological matters are considered. This is perhaps
as well, as quite apart from the papers on the early inhabitants
of our islands ; the churchwardens’ accounts, etc., and the topo-
graphical items, frequently contain matters of interest to the
naturalist or geologist. These are therefore being included.
In addition to the publications actually issued in the County,
I propose to deal with such others as have an important bearing
on our work.
(To be continued.)
—:0:——
West Yorkshire Mosses and Hepatics.—During a few
rambles in West Yorkshire with my friend, Mr. Ll. J. Cocks,
the pleasure was afforded us of meeting with the following rare
mosses and hepatics in new localities, viz. :—Seligeria acutifolia
var. longiseta, Fissidens rufulus, Bryum concinnatum, Bryum
mildeanum, Mnium orthorrhynchum, Amblystegium confer-
voides and Amblystegium sprucet, Pedinophyllum interruptum,
Scapama bartlingi. For the two Bryums I find no record
for West Yorkshire.—R. BARNEs, Harrogate.
7 O:;
A past president of the Yorkshire Naturalists Union, Mr. G. W.
Lamplugh, has been elected on the Council of the Royal Society.
1915 Jan. 1.
26
NEW AND RARE YORKSHIRE SPIDERS.
J. W. HESLOP HARRISON. B.Sc.
Middlesbrough.
SINCE my last paper dealing with the Arachnid Fauna of
Cleveland appeared, two very remarkable species have been
discovered in this area and, in taking this opportunity of
recording them, I append notes on other spiders, important
either as being new to the North Riding, or as affording new
localities for rarer species.
Corniculania karpinskit Camb.—This is an Arctic and
Alpine species, first described from abroad by the Rev.
O. P. Cambridge as Evigone karpinsku,* although it is
very probable that the species described as Evigone pavi-
tans from Cheviot is the same spider, in which case, as
the Rev. J. E. Hull informs me, the name karpinski will
sink to pavitans, the latter having a slight priority. Granting
that C. pavitans and C. karpinskit are synonyms, then the
first British record would be that of the solitary type female
takenin 1872. Ifthe two spiders are to be regarded as different
then the -first Bricish record was made by the Rev. O. P.
Cambridge in recording Mr. W. Evans’ Leadhill, Lanarkshire.
capture in 1900, the second being made in the same note and
referring to captures made by Dr. Jackson in 1900, in Cumber-
land. My captures, therefore, in this neighbourhood, provide
the third British and the first Yorkshire specimens.
Strange to say, however, my specimens came from the
marshes at the mouth of the Tees just within the breakwater,
at a point which has quite unexpectedly yielded other Arctic
forms, e.g., the beetle Miscodera arctica Payk. This, of course,
affords scope for the suggestion that the proximity of the
port of Middlesbrough is responsible for the occurrence of
the spider here. All I can say is that a passage from Middles-
brough to its Cumberland locality could be more easily made
than to the present one. Asa matter of fact, such a journey,
for a spider, is a physical impossibility. Further, I have now
taken all the species of Cornicularia, except C. kochit, both on
the sea coast and on the hills, and, 1n the case of that spider,
I have taken it on the coast, whilst my uncle has captured it
in the hills in Northumberland. In connection with this, it is.
scarcely necessary to refer to the well-known distribution of
certain plants, e.g., Plantago maritima, found both on the sea
coast and in mountainous districts.
Cnephalocotes ambiguus Camb. This species was des-
cribed+ from a single male taken by Mr. W. Evans, in Arran
* Proc. Zool. Soc., 1873, page 447.
+ In the Proc. Dorset N.H. and A. F. C., vol. XXVI., page 67.
Naturalist,
New and rare Yorkshire Spiders. 27
(not in Bute as therein described). The specimen remained
unique until the Rev. J. E. Hull and I took a large number of
examples on the flats on the south-east side of Findhorn Bay,
in Morayshire, in August, 1910. No other specimens have
been turned up until I captured several of both sexes at a height
of nearly 1,000 feet on Easby Moor, on Whit-Monday, 1914.
Just as in recording Cornicularia karpinski I had to note a
peculiarity in distribution, so I have in the present case ;
in this instance the positions are reversed, for here we have a
case of a spider considered peculiar to salt marshes turning
up on the hills! Not that when one analyses the conditions
under which the spiders live are any great differences observ-
able ; when we got Cnep. ambiguus at Findhorn, it occurred
in wet spots at the roots of such plants as Aster tripolium,
Triglochin maritimum, Armeria maritima, amongst low growing
mosses and liverworts, whilst on the moors I got it in mosses
and liverworts growing amongst Drosera rotundifolia and
various Junci, also in wet spots. The Rev. J. E. Hull identified
this species.
Erigone promiscua Camb.—1 9 Eston Moor.
Mengia warburtoni Camb.—1 92 Eston Moor.
Ceratinella scabrosa Camb.—Several, Eston Moor.
Bathyphantes pullatus Camb.—Both sexes, both on Eston
and Great Ayton Moors. I have now taken all the species
of the genus Bathyphantes on Eston Moor.
Leptyphantes tenebricola Wid.—Eston Moor.
Agyneta decora Camb.—Great Ayton Moor.
Agyneta cauta Camb.—Great Ayton Moor.
Pirata hygrophilus Thor.—Goathland.
crn.
The Genitalia of the British Geometridae. By F. N. Pierce, F.E.S.
Liverpool, 1914. After five years since the publication of the first volume
on the Genitalia of the British Lepidoptera, which dealt with the Noctue,
we hail with pleasure the appearance of the second volume, which deals
with the Geometridz. The volume on the Noctue was so fully noticed
in this journal (The Naturalist, June, 1909, pages 239-240), that there
need be little said concerning this companion volume. It is in every
respect equal to the first, both in the descriptions and plates, and practi-
cally all we said about the first volume can be applied to this. The author
has, we think, erred in basing his classification of the species entirely on
the differences in the genitalia, for its absurdity is apparent when it
involves, as is here does, the placing of our very familiar Boayrmia re-
pandata and B. gemmavia in different genera (Alcis and Selidosema respec-
tively). These two species are so much alike that for some time one of
our best southern lepidopterists insisted that a northern melanic form of
vepandata really belonged to gemmaria. The larve and habits of the
two species, too, are almost entirely similar throughout. Yet Mr. Pierce
actually places another species (4. glabvavia), which is widely different
both as larva and imago from either, between them. The book altogether,
is a grand addition to our literature on the lepidoptera, and we hope that
the third volume, which is to deal with the Tortricidae, may make its
appearance long before five more years have passed—G.T.P.
1915 Jan. 1.
iS)
ive)
Sn Memoriam,
WILLIAM CASH, F.G.S. (1843-1914).
As this somewhat eventful year is drawing to a close,
Yorkshire naturalists will learn with regret of still another
serious gap in their ranks. On December 16th our’‘old friend
William Cash passed away. He was returning from a short
walk, when he fell down and died instantly.
William Cash, F.G.S.
Quite apart from his scientific attainments, which will long
outlive him, William Cash had a charming personality which
at once endeared him to all with whom he came in contact.
He was ever on the alert to perform a service for the comfort
of others.
Professionally he was an accountant. In former years he
was connected with one of the Halifax banks.
Naturalist,
In Memoriam: William Cash, F.G.S. 29
Though his earliest papers referred to the mollusca (so
long ago as 1877 he wrote on the Carboniferous Cephalopoda)
he soon became deeply interested in the fossil plants which
occur in such a remarkable state of preservation in the ‘ Hard
Bed’ of Halifax. His researches among these—largely with
the aid of the microscope—are of world-wide reputation, and
in 1892 a French palobotanist dedicated a work on ‘ Lepido-
dendron selaginoides’ to Mr. Cash.
Most of his scientific work has been in elucidating the
structure of Coal Measure plants, in connection with which he
worked with Williamson, Hick and others, appreciative obituary
notices of whom it was his lot to write. In The Naturalist
for 1906 he gave valuable instruction on “ What and How to
Observe, Collect and Record,’ in the way of coal fossils. His
first contribution to our journal was made in 1881, his last in
1912. His most important papers on coal plants appeared in
the Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, which
he at one time edited ; he had also filled the office of Treasurer
to that Society.
In view of his work in the county, the Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union recently elected him an honorary life member ; he had
previously occupied official positions on its committees.
He was one of the founders of the Halifax Scientific Society,
and had been its President. He was also President of the
Halifax Geological Field Club, and was at one time Treasurer
to the Habiax Literary and Philosophical Society. He was
formerly a Governor of the Halifax Museum, and latterly was
its honorary curator. He also took a prominent part in the
promotion of a Public Library for Halifax, and between 1883
and 1892 was a member of the School Board, being Chairman
in 1889. He wasan honorary member of the Bradford Natural
History Society, and of the Halifax Scientific Society, and a life
member, and one time President of the Conchological Society.
He was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society in 1873.
In recent years he has done good service by giving popular
lectures, in connection with which he paid frequent visits
to various parts of the county.
His fine collection of micro-preparations of the coal plants—
about 700 in all—known as the “ Cash Collection,’ has been for
some time in the University Museum, Manchester. He has
also supplied specimens to the national collection at South
Kensington. At the time of his death he was assisting Prof.
Kendall in some researches in connection with Yorkshire Coal
Measures.
In 1giI it gave pleasure to many of his friends to learn that
he had received a Civil List Pension ; and he also was awarded
a grant from the Murdoch Trust of Scotland.
Mr. Cash leaves a son, who is in America, and a daughter,
1915 Jan. 1.
30
who
In Memoriam: William Cash, F.G.S.
for many years has been his constant companion. Readers
of The Naturalist will tender them their sincere sympathy.
Ab
The following is a list of his papers and monographs :-—
18
18
1879.
1881.
1882.
1889.
1890.
1893.
1895.
1896.
1897.
I9gol.
1900.
1908.
OIL.
1gI2.
77:
78.
Notes on Carboniferous Cephalopoda. Y.
*4 Contribution to the Flora of the Lower Coal Measures: of
the Parish of Halifax, Yorkshire. Y.
*On Fossil Fungi from the Lower Coal Measures of Halifax. Y.
*Notes on Traquaria. Y.
*A Contribution to the Flora of the Lower Coal Measures of the
Parish of Halifax. Y.
Yorkshire Mollusca, etc. (Letter). N.
On the Halifax Hard Seam. B.A.
*On a Fossil Stem from the Halifax Coal Measures. B.A.
Yorkshire Fossil Mollusca. Y.
The Young Stage of some Carboniferous Cephalopoda (title
onlliya) ee
Preliminary Report of the Committee on the Flora of ‘ Halifax
Hard Bed, Lower Coal Measures.’ B.A.
. *Contributions to the Fossil Flora of Halifax. Y.
Report of the Committee for Investigating the Fossil Plants of
Halifax. B.A.
On the Fossil Fructifications of the Yorkshire Coal Measures, I.,
Calamostachys. Y.
Paleontology (Lepidodendron). IW.N.
Paleontology (Calomostachys). W.WN.
. tReport on the Carboniferous Flora of Halifax and its Neighbour-
hood: B.A.
*The Structure and Affinities of Lepidodendron. Y.
+On Lepidophlois and Lepidodendron. Y.
Obituary, James W. Davis. Y.
In Memoriam, Professor William Crawford Williamson (with
List of Memoirs). Y.
In Memoriam, Thomas Hick (with List of Memoirs). Y.
In Memoriam, William Crawford Williamson. JN.
Some Recent Scientific Discoveries (Presidential Address to the
Halifax Scientific Society). A. N.
The Flora of the Halifax Hard Bed. L.A.
In Memoriam, Walter Percy Sladen, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S. (with
List of Memoirs). Y.
The Fossil Plants of the Yorkshire Coal Measures. Part I.—What
and How to Observe, Collect and Record. WN.
In Memoriam, Robert Law, F.G.S.° N.
(Land and Freshwater Shells at Ingleton). N.
‘The Lost Towns of the Yorkshire Coast’ (review of). JN,
Mollusca (at Tanfield). WN.
Trientalis europea, L., at Bradshaw, Yorkshire. N.
Dispersal of Fresh-water Shells. N.
a
Y. Proceedings Yorkshire Geological Society.
B.A, Reports of the British Association.
L.A. ‘ Transactions Leeds Geological Association.’
H.N. ‘ Halifax Naturalist.’ W.N. ‘ Wesley Naturalist.’
N. The Naturalist. * Jointly with Thos. Hick.
+ Jointly with W. C. Williamson. ft Jointly with James Lomax.
Naturalist,
COAL MEASURE PLANT RECORDS.*
MARY A. JOHNSTONE, 'B.Sc., F.L.S.
Some time ago I collected a few plant fossils from a quarry
belonging to the Bradford Brick Company and I have been
asked to add the list to the existing Yorkshire records. Most
of the specimens were found in clay nodules, embedded in the
shales below the Better Bed Coal; some were on the flaky
layers of shale itself. Mr. Kidston was kind enough to
identify them, and the list is as follows :—
Calamites varians Sherul. var. insignis Weiss.
Calamites suckowt Bgt. sp.
Calamites ramosus Artis.
Sphenopteris obtusiloba Brogt.
Sphenophyllum myriophyllum Crépin.
Mariopteris muricata Schl. sp.
Urnalopteris tenella Bgt. sp.
Lepidodendron obovatum.
Zetlleria delicatula Sherub. Sp.
Zetlleria trichomanoides Kidston M.S.
(Third locality for this).
Calamites (Calamitina) varians, was so beautifully pre-
served and presented features of so much interest, that I
thought it worth a full description ; this may be found in the
Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical
Society, Vol. 56, No. 17.
The fossil is, in my opinion, the cast of piece of decorti-
cated stem, the surface markings reproducing details of the
exterior of the woody cylinder. There are present one com-
plete and two incomplete groups of internodes of unequal
length showing evidence of periodicity in their arrangement.
The surface texture is longitudinally furrowed, the ridges
representing the secondary xylem and the furrows the second-
ary medullary rays. The nodal lines are marked out as
ridges, along the top of which lies a chain of contiguous leaf-
bases. The details of some of these can be made out, and corre-
spond with regions to be found in microscopical preparations.
The branch scars are arranged in whorls. as is typical of
the sub-genus Calamitina; they are very closely crowded
together, as in the case of the leaves ; the various markings
within the scars can be identified by reference to petrified
‘specimens.
The significance of the variation in the length of the inter-
nodes is one of the interesting questions connected with these
calamites.
* Given at the meeting of the Geological Section of the Yorkshire
Naturalists Union, at Hull.
1915 Jan. 1,
32 Johnstone: Coal Measure Plant Records.
The periodic recurrence of short and long internodes seems.
to be restricted to the Calamitina, with their ringed arrange-
ment of small branches. I have found no examples, figured
or in specimens, among the Eucalamites or the Stylo-calamites.
Williamson (1), Stur (2), Kidston (3), and Horwood (4),
have figured and described this grouping of internodes.
Williamson says it may have some specific meaning ; Stur-and
Kidston do not discuss it ; Horwood considers that the short
internodes furnish support to the whorls of branches.
Before trying to clear up the functional point, it is necessary
to decide which is the upper region of the fossil. The evid-
ence is of two kinds. In the first place, there is a line of what
are pretty certainly leaf-scars subtending each branch node,
whilst certain details in the branch scars themselves can be
identified with parts proved in structural specimens to be the
upper portions of the branches. Secondly, there is complete
similarity with other branching stems, about which there is no
doubt as to the interpretation. In many of Stur’s figures the
relative positions of leaves and branches are plainly evident,
and the branches bearing the whorls of leaf-scars are still in
connection with an older axis. Inall cases the internode below
the branches is relatively long.
It seems clear that in some species of Calamites, a recurrent
cycle of internodes was correlated with the occurrence of whorls.
of branches, and that immediately above the branch node
there appeared one or more stunted internodes. This can
hardly be regarded an arrangement to furnish special support
for the branches, as Mr. Horwood suggests. It is more pro-
bable that it was a condition of growth determined by the
presence of the numerous branches ; the diversion of a large
amount of food material outwards to these secondary members.
might lead to an imperfect supply being furnished to the main
axis just above them.
REFERENCES.
(1) Williamson, W. C. (1871). ‘On the Organisation of the Fossil
Plants of the Coal Measures.’ Phil. Trans., vol., 161, page 495, plate 27,
fig., 30.
(2) Stur, D. (1887). ‘Die Carbon-flora der Schatzlarer Schichten,
Abt II., Die Calamarien.’ Abhand K. K. Geol. Reichsaust, Wein,
Bal, Xi, Abt 2.
(3) Kidston, R. (1889). ‘ Fossil Plants in Ravenhead Collection.’
Trans. Roy. Soc., Edin., vol. 35, No. 10, plate I, fig. 1.
Kidston, R. (1908). ‘Les Vegetaux houillers du Hainault Belge.’
Mem. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belg., T. 1V., plate XIII., fig. 1.
(4) Horwood, A. R. (1910), ‘On Calamites Schiitzei, Stu... Journ.
Linn. Soc., vol. 39, page 279.
sO
A paper on ‘ The Equipment of a Yorkshire Quarry ’ (Craven district),
by R. Parker, appears in ‘ The Quarry ’ for December.
_N aturalist
>
JD
A YEAR’S SCIENTIFIC WORK IN YORKSHIRE:
BEING
Bie YORKSn ke NATURALISTS UNTON’S
BIE Yet HikD ANNUAL. REPORT;
For 1914.
(Presented at Leeds, 5th December, 1974).
THE Firty-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING was held at York on
Saturday, December 13th, I913.
The Presidential Address was delivered by Mr. Harold Wager,
F.R.S., F.L.S., Leeds, on ‘‘ The Movements of Micro-Organisms
in response to External Forces.’’ In a masterly manner, Mr.
Wager described his investigations of one of the flagellate infusoria,
Euglena viridis. Additional interest was added by an excellent
series of lantern slides. This address was published in The
Naturalist pp. 171-178 and 207-214.
The best thanks of the Union are due to the Yorkshire Philo-
sophical Society for the hospitality extended to the Union, and
for placing at their disposal the magnificent Lecture Theatre.
attached to the Museum, in which the meetings were held.
Six FIELD MEETINGS had been arranged, but five only were
carried through, the one to Doncaster fixed for the 1gth September
being abandoned ; Doncaster being one of the centres for military
purposes, and suitable accommodation could not be obtained.
Excellent reports of the Excursions have appeared in the pages
of The Naturalist, accompanied by illustrations. The Excursions
were as follows :
Yorks., Mid. W.—Knaresborough (Easter Week-end),
11th to 13th April.
S.E.—Filey (Whit. Week-end), May 3oth to
(Une TESE:
53 N.W.—Askrigg, Saturday to Monday, 27th to
29th June. ;
t N.E.—Sleights (for Eskdale), (August Bank
Holiday Week-end), 1st to 3rd August.
N.E.—Mycological Meeting. Sandsend for Mul-
grave Woods, 3rd to 8th October.
In addition, the Marine Biology Committee held its Annual
Meeting at Whitby from 18th to 22nd September, and successful
gatherings have also been held by other sections during the
autumn and winter months.
The usual Excursion Programmes, full of useful information
on the districts visited, have been printed and distributed prior
to the Field Meetings.
1915 Jan. 1.
34 Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Annual Report, 1914.
Permission to visit estates has readily been granted by various
Landowners, while on the occasion of the visit of the Union to
Glaisdale’ on August Ist., Glaisdale friends kindly provided
afternoon tea. The best thanks of the Union are due to the
Railway Companies who have again afforded the usual cheap
travelling facilities.
THE EXCURSIONS FOR 1915 will be as tollows :—
Yorks. Mid.W.—Sawley, near Ripon, Saturday, April 24th.
N.W.—Settle (Whit. Week-end), May 22nd to 24th.
S.E.—Bishop Wood, near Selby, Saturday. June
roth.
S.W.—Hebden Bridge, Saturday, July 17th.
N.E.—Saltburn (August Bank Holiday Week-end),
August 7th to gth.
N.E. — Mycological Meeting, Scarborough, Sisaeear
ber 24th to 20th.
N.E.—Marine Biology Committe Meeting, Scar-
borough.
December 4—Annual Meeting at Keighley.
OpituARy.—The Union has to regret the loss of many prom-
inent Yorkshire Naturalists. On the 14th May one of the Ex-
Presidents, Mr. William West, F.L.S., passed from among us
in his sixty-sixth year.
He was the most kindly and unassuming of men; a hard
worker, a conscientious student, and one whose love of nature
was beyond all description. Most painstaking and persevering
in his work, he has left many important memoirs which will ever
remain monuments to his memory. Yet he was one of the type
of men of whom it can truly be said that his greatest achievement
was in the encouragement he gave to others.
a) “In Memoriam’ notice appeared in The Naturalist,
pp. 227-230 and 257-260. Obituary notices have likewise appeared
in ne pages of the same magazine relative to Major G. B. Barrett-
Hamilton, Mr. Frederick Brittain, J.P. and Mr. Uriah Bairstow
(the last two were members of the General Committee of the
Union).
DIVISIONAL SECRETARIES AND LocaL TREASURERS.—The
duties devolving upon these gentlemen have been willingly and
ably performed, and the thanks of the Union are tendered to
them for their assistance. The Executive have, with much regret,
accepted the resignation of Mr. W. Robinson, Sedbergh, as
Divisional Secretary for N.W. Yorks., and desire to place on record
an appreciation of the many valuable services rendered by him
to the Union in that capacity.
GENERAL COMMITTEE.—The following have been elected as
members of the General Permanent Committee of the Union :—
Naturalist,
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Annual Report, 1914. 35
Mr. Rosse Butterfield, (Keighley), Dr. E. O. Croft, (Leeds), Dr.
W. J. Fordham (Bubwith), Mr. Greevz Fysher (Leeds), Mr. John
Holmes (Crosshills), Mr. W. H. Burrell (Leeds), and Mr. F. H.
Edmondson (Keighley).
SECTIONAL COMMITTEES.—The General Permanent Committee
has accepted the recommendations of the Executive as to the
reconstitution of the Sectional Committees. A new Section,
Section A, General Biology, has been added, under which the
Marine Biology Committee and Micro-Biology Committee have
been placed. The Committee of Suggestions for Research, having
accomplished its work, has been dissolved.
VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY SECTION.
West Rip1nG REportT.—Mr. Riley Fortune writes :— Summer
migrants arrived in many instances somewhat earlier than their
average time. This was especially noticeable in the case of
Swifts. The average date of arrival in the West Riding is May
6th., near Harrogate they arrived on April 28th., a date unpreced-
ented. On May 2nd. and 3rd., | saw some fniereds of these
birds in the Wharfe valley near Otley. The first Hooded Crow
was seen at Harrogate on October 5th., much the earliest record
I have.
Nesting commenced early and continued late. In the Harro-
gate district a pair of Starlings and several Dippers were feeding
young in the last week of March. A Sparrow was seen carrying
nesting materials on October 17th.
Game birds appear to have done very well, particularly
Partridges, the absence of heavy thunderstorms during the
hatching period being especially favourable to them.
Many species continue to decrease in numbers, this is partic-
ularly the case with Whinchats, Redstarts and Grasshopper
Warblers. Corncrakes have not been nearly so abundant as
last year and Spotted Flycatchers have shown a great falling
off in numbers.
The almost sensational “‘setback’’ to the annual increase
of our local starlings has not been accentuated.
A Bittern was unfortunately shot in ignorance of its identity
in January, after its second appearance at a pond in a private
garden, where gold fish were preserved.
Mr.’ Alfred Kaye reports a pair of Dotterel on their old
resting ground at Lindley, near Huddersfield, on May 13th: the
last record being for May 21st, 1906.
Mr. Booth has investigated the doubtful addition to the
Yorkshire aviafauna, in the shape of a Black-headed Bunting,
(Emberiza melanocephala), vide the “ Bull. B.O. Club.” No.
CXCVIII, and The Naturalist 1914, pp. 201-2, and it has proved
to be much more doubtful, after investigation.
»”)
1915 Jan. i.
36 = Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Annual Report, 1914.
The discovery of a regulary nesting place of the Short-eared
Owlin the West Riding is worthy of note,though it is not advisable
to specify the particular locality !_ Four pairs nested this year.
East Ripinc Report.—Mr. E. W. Wade writes :—The
Common Mouse and Short Tailed Field Vole have appeared in
unusual numbers on the Wolds and in Holderness, and the
corresponding increase in the numbers of breeding Barn Owls has
been remarkable. The birds in many cases were sitting by mid
April and had hatched young on Ist. May. The writer saw or
heard of 11 pairs breeding where ordinarily the number would be
three or four. and old haunts untenanted for years, were again
occupied. The Brown Owl was more fertile than usual, but the
Long-eared only normal.
Migrants on the average were a few days earlier than in 1913.
All (species except waders, and such warblers as require an abund-
ance of moisture, e.g., the Sedge Warbler), have responded to the
stimulating effect of abundant sunshine and have done well.
Several clutches of six amongst the Rooks and Carrion Crows were
observed, and Jackdaws had full clutches by 21st April—at least
a week earlier than usual. Two clutches of Willow-Warblers of
eight eggs each were observed on 10th May. The Hedge Accentor
was laying in March and the Greenfinch before the end of April,
whilst a Brown Linnet was seen as late as 8th August with three
eggs.
The Swallows and House Martins at last appear to be recovering
lost ground and have done better than for many years.
The Starling has not yet recovered from the effect of last
year’s epidemic of gapes.
The Corncrake has been more conspicuous by its absence
than ever, and the writer has knowledge of but six pairs in the
district from Howden to Bempton.
The Whinchat lingers on in slightly greater numbers than
last year.
Partridges have at last had a splendid season, following an
almost continuous run of misfortune for seven years. Wild
Pheasants also have done well.
The Stone Curlew in the protected area maintains its numbers,
but further increase appears unlikely because outside this area
the eggs get destroyed in the process of tilling the soil. The
watching at Spurn has been more efficient than for some years
past; the system of marking the eggs has been adopted with
good results. The increase in the numbers of Ringed Plover is
again satisfactory. (see The Naturalist for November).
The system of keeping the Mere at Hornsea absolutely undis-
turbed, as adopted when J. Taylor was appointed watcher, is at last
bearing its fruit. A notable increase in the numbers of breeding
Pochards and Tufted Ducks has taken place. At least one pair
Naturalist,
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Annual Report, 1914. 37
of Shovellers reared nine young. Three pair of Great Crested Grebe
nested and broods of three and four young were seen. On the
other hand the Bearded Tit appears to be vanishing, as Taylor
has not seen the bird since May, when he noticed one pair only.
Mr. V. G. F. Zimmermann again records the nesting of the
Pochard at Skipwith Common.
An unusual migration of Waxwings took place in the winter
owing no doubt to the exceptionally hard weather in Scandinavia.
In the East Riding about a dozen specimens were procured from
late November to January.
From 8th to 31st January, great numbers of Woodcock
appeared in the district from Scarbro’ to Spurn and record bags
were made. Mr. N. F. Ticehurst attributes this to stress of
weather on some part of the Continent having forced the birds
to shift their quarters. Goldcrests appeared in numbers in
Holderness at the same time.
A Whooper Swan was shot near Leven in the winter.
On 4th April a flock of Bramblings was observed in Branting-
ham nae
Mr. Boyes reports that the Pink-footed Goose arrived in
the W olds on 27th August instead of the usual date, 19th
September.
Mr. W. Hewett saw two Hooded Crows near Bempton on June
23rd, and records an Albino Sparrow captured alive near Beverley
on July oth.
THE NortH Ripinc.—Mr. T.-H. Nelson, J.P., writes :—There
is little of interest to record for the past season, beyond the
most extraordinary and unprecedented destruction of sea-birds
in the cyclone of 2nd July, of which an illustrated article appeared
in The Naturalist for August.*
A catastrophe similar to that at the Teesmouth occurred on
4th July on Mr. E. B. Emerson’s estate at Swainby in Cleveland,
when the grouse on Live Moor were practically wiped out by a
fall of ice, although the main moor, only half a mile distant
across Scugdale, was not affected by the storm.
For the present season all shooting on the coast is prohibited
by the military authorities.
WILD BrirDs AND EGGS PROTECTION COMMITTEE.—The amount
received in subscriptions for 1914 is £17 9s. 6d., which together
with the balance in hand, makes a total tund of £41 13s. 10d.
The expenditure amounts to £29 os. gd., leaving a balance in
hand of {12 13s. 1d.
The birds at Spurn have had a successful nesting season,
the watcher, G. Hall, has been the best man we have had on this
ground. He has furnished a detailed list of the numbers of
nests seen with the results from them.
* For ‘Sandsend’ under the photograph there appearing, read ‘Teesmouth.’
1915 Jan. 1.
38 Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Annual Report, 1914.
When the men commenced climbing at Bempton it was
discovered that for some reason or other the Falcons had deserted
their eggs, two in number. One of the eggs proved on investi-
gation to be addled, the other contained a young bird near the
point of hatching. The eggs, somewhat weathered, were handed
to the Hull Museum. For some seasons rumours have been
prevalent that these birds are disturbed by collectors before the
climbers appear on the scene to give them their protection.
The result this year certainly justifies a suspicion that this is the
case. It may perhaps be advisible, if funds permit, to place
a special watcher on the spot from the beginning of April until
the climbing commences.
Although no direct prosecutions have been instituted by the
Committee, they have upon a few occasions been able to influence
the police to take action against offenders.
PAYMENTS FOR IQT4.
{i Asieecals
Wages, Hornsea .. we she af Oe <2, OL RIO:
& Spurn te a5 oe xe Pi. 2 TOs eo:
Watchers’ Travelling Expenses a Ty AGES
Donation re Bempton Peregrines TL OP xO:
¥ ve Stone Curlews ie =e i EHO-1O
+ ve Spurn ; St ae TT) OREO
Secretary's Expenses and Sundries 0 10 0
Posters for Spurn.. O76 76
29 0 9
balance tnahand..... < ms ep a 5 ral» L Onion
£45 17 10
RECEIPTS FOR IQI4.
ff Sea de
The Right Hon. C. G. Milnes Gaskell .. Sieben,
W. H. St. Quintin, Esq. oe Foo
T. Waddington, Esq. 2: 2G
J. Atkinson, Esq... L gle Mo:
H, B. Booth Esq. I. -liee so
Iie ike o, bishop... § apgip down:
Leonard Gaunt, Esq. Le OA
Oxley Grabham, Esq. 1 eae Wad
G. ate Porrtt, ssa: Ts EO
E..W. Wade, Esq. ans O20 1G:
Johnson Wilkinson, Esq. Qo ron 36
Elland Naturalists’ Society = 0 10 0
York Field Naturalists’ Society 010 6
Digby Legard, Esq. 0.405
Naturalist,
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Annual Report. 1914. 39
pre Sted
W. H. Parkin, Esq. a as te e TO MiGs oO)
SH. stuith,: Esq. “F ot £ x 3 OF Pen
FE. Wilfred Taylor, Esq. . i. He * DO. See
1 ie ia aaa
Balance brought forward from 1913 .. vis aehza) Saad,
445 17 10
MAMMALS, REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS AND FISHES COMMITTEE.—
Mr. A. Whitaker writes :—Attention is drawn to the apparent
scarcity of bats in the neighbourhood of Selby throughout the
summer, by Mr. Musham. Elsewhere this does not seem to have
been noticed, and in the Barnsley district they have been rather
more plentiful than for several years past, and both Leisler’s
and Natterer’s Bats have occurred among other more common
species.
Mr. R. Fortune writes that the season for fresh water fish has
been an exceptionally bad one owing to the lowness of the rivers.
The most notable captures for 1914 were, Trout, 25% inches long,
15 inches girth, weight 7 lbs. 5 oz., at Malton in May. Dace,
13+ 0z., at Pool in July. Flounder. 17 0z., at Newton-on-Ouse
in July. Chub, 5 lbs. r oz., Forge Valley, and 5 lb. 2.0z.. at
Yedingham, both in March. Grayling, 1 Ib. 134 0z., 2 Ib. 8 oz.,
3 lb. 40z.,at Ganton in March. Roach, 21b.1 0z., at Yedingham
in) Hebruary. Barbel, two, 7 Ibs. each, at Brafferton, and a
Sturgeon, 9 feet long, weighing 230 Ibs., near Goole on May 13th.
Salmon fishing, owing to the absence of floods, has, generally
speaking, been a failure.
Mr. Grabham, however, informs me that the netsmen took
some particularly fine fish from the Ouse below York, but that
the Smelt netting there in April was a complete failure.
Mr. Clarke records the capture of a species of fish of which he
is aware of no previous records for our county, viz., the Electric
Ray, about thirty inches long (Torpedo molbiliana), which was
taken from the Salmon nets at Filey on the 29th of June.
Other interesting captures include the Lesser Forked-beard
(FR. tvifurcus) and the Pearlside (S. pennantt). Mr. Clarke also
draws attention to the unusual abundance of Porbeagle Sharks
and Picked Dogfish.
CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION.
West Ripinc.—Mr.. Greevz Fysher, writes:—The excep-
tionally dry weather of the past season has been very unfavourable
to the observation and collection of terrestrial mollusca, and
cases have been observed where even fresh water species have
1915 Jan. 1.
40 Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Annual Report, 1914.
been practically exterminated by the drying up of the ponds or
ditches they recently inhabited. Good work has been done at
the meetings in comparison of exhibits and study of life history,
structure, distribution, etc., based on Mr. Taylor’s admirable
papers. The district has been so exhaustively worked that little
scope is left for the discovery of novelties, but records are kept well
up to date which on the whole speak mainly of the disappearance
of many of the rarer forms in certain areas, owing to the growth
of the human population which destroys many habitats to
make room for man, his industry and his dwellings.
East Ripinc.—Mr. J. F. Musham writes :—Attention has
been drawn to the very late appearance in this district of Helix
aspersa, L., the bulk of them being still in hibernation during the
latter part of May.
Interesting spots for various species near Selby have been
entirely wiped out during the last 12 months through building
operations.
MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE.—The Rev. F. H. Woods,
B.D., writes :—Excellent research work has been done by members
at Filey at Whitsuntide, and at Whitby from September 18th
to 22nd. A full account of the latter meeting will be found in
the November issue of The Naturalist. It has been decided to
hold the Annual Meeting for I915 at Scarborough with the
special object of investigating the North Shore.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION.
LEPIDOPTERA.—Mr. B. Morley writes :—The following notes
apply more particularly to the S.W. Division. The early spring
moths were decidedly scarce and sallow bloom only attracted
common kinds. Spring larve were plentiful, 7. fimbria, B.
vepandata, A. agathina and N. xanthographa especially so. In
spite of this, few species have been abundant in the perfect
stage, with the exception of MW. hastata, O. suspecta, P. gamma,
C. soladigints and H. elutata.
“Sugar ’”’ although no great attraction during the whole
season has never been quite a failure until the late autumn.
The three common white butterflies have appeared again in
normal numbers, showing that they have quite recovered from
the ill effects of wet seasons a few years ago.
Vanessa atalanta has again been abundant in late autumn
and some JV. cardut have been noted so fresh as to indicate local
origin. V. atalanta, cardut, 10, and urtice, have all been seen
in one field at Skelmanthorpe. The capture of a fine S. con-
volvult at Cumberworth in August, constitutes a new record for
the Skelmanthorpe district.
Naturalist,
2 =
ee
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Annual Report, 1914. 41
Attention must be especially drawn to the serious losses
suffered by farmers through the attacks of Plutella macultpennts
on the turnip crops. Many acres have been practically ruined by
this pest. After the young plants were singled they began to
assume a grey appearance in the foliage, and the roots developed
“finger and toe.”’ Swallows were noticed paying much attention
to the little moths as they fluttered about late in the afternoons.
Melanism has not been a pronounced feature of the season.
Dry years seem to arrest its progress.
A. grossulariata var. varleyata has again occurred in the
Barnsley neighbourhood.
COLEOPTERA COMMITTEE.—Dr. W. J. Fordham writes :—Two
of the members have been unable as yet to furnish lists of their
captures owing to their specimens still being in the hands of
specialists. The greater part of the collecting was done in
the spring, when beetles were fairly abundant. Nine species
have been added to the Yorkshire List during the year, viz.—
Acupalpus exiguus Dj. (type), Anacena bipustulata Steph., Ocyusa
incrassata Muls., Philonthus splendidulus Gyr., Cryptophagus
pallidus, Stm., Bagous limosus Gyll., Sitones waterhoust Walt.,
Trypodendron quercus Eich. and Xyleborus dryographus Ratz.
In addition to the above there are eleven species to add which
were taken in previous years, but not recorded, some of them
having only recently been determined. They are Laemostenus
complanatus Dj., Cercyon depressus Steph., Tachyusa umbratica
Er., Homalota triangulum Kr., Haploderus coelatus Gr., Silpha
stnuata F., Cryptophagus saginatus L., Catops sericatus Chand,
Aphodius granartus L., Cyphon nitidulus Th. and Galerucella
pusilla Weise.
Mr. E. G. Bayford has published an interesting note on a
specimen of Monochammus savior ., from West Yorkshire.
A full list will appear later.
HYMENOPTERA, DIPTERA AND HEMIPTERA COMMITTEE.—Mr.
Rosse Butterfield writes :—An important lst of Ichneumonide
from Yorkshire and Lincolnshire by Professor J. W. Carr, of
Nottingham, appeared in the March number of The Naturalist.
Among the 24 Yorkshire species there enumerated several are
additions to the County list. Mr. W. Denison Roebuck states
that the Ichneumonid Phycadeuon rusticell@e has occurred in
numbers in his room 259 Hyde Park Road, Leeds, during May
and June, parasitic on the Moth Tinea biselliella. It is new to
our Yorkshire List. Interesting observations on the occurrence
or habits of bees and wasps have been made by Mr. H. Walsh at
Halifax, and Mr. J. F. Musham, at Selby.
Andrena labialis Kirb. and A. thoracica Fab., were captured
at Keighley by the writer. These have not hitherto been
1915 Jan. 1. C2
42 Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Annual Report. 1914.
recorded for the county. The members of this genus, together
with their inquilines, are now fairly well represented.
Judging by the experience of correspondents the season does
not appear to have proved favourable for Aculeates.
Two saw-flies and two ichneumons from near Keighley are
new additions, while several species have been found in fresh
localities.
A few additions have been made to Diptera, Chrysotoxum
aycuatum L., being the most noteworthy. The season has not
been unfavourable for the Syrphidz generally.
The new species have been identified or confirmed by the
Committee’s referees to whom grateful thanks are due.
NEUROPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA.—Mr. G. T. Porritt writes :—
The only items of interest relating to the Neuroptera of Yorkshire
during the present season are the captures of Taentopteryx
trifasciata on the river at Knaresborough on April 11th and
13th, and of Nemoura inconspicua at Filey on June Ist, both
common, and both new to the county. On August 8th I took
H emerobius nervosus in the old Black Fir wood at Farnley Tyas,
Huddersfield, previously only recorded from the York district in
our county.
In Orthoptera, Dr. H. H. Corbett sent me, on January 24th,
a specimen of Phyllodromia germanica which he said was then
swarming In a house at Doncaster.
ARACHNIDA.—Mr. W. Falconer writes :—The results of the
season’s work, though not so extensive as usual, are no less
interesting and important than in previous years. Three species
of spiders have been added to the county list : two—rare in
Britain—by Mr. J. W. H. Harrison, Cnephalocotes ambiguus
Camb. (communicated by the Rev. J. E. Hull), and Ceratinella
scabrosa Camb., both sexes, in Cleveland; and one, which is,
however, much commoner further south, by the Rev. R. A.
Taylor, Xvysticus pint Hahn., an adult9, near Scarborough ;
while Porrhomma egerta Sim. 9, Raincliff Woods (R.A.T.), a rare
spider, is new to the North Riding; and Lessertia dentichelis
Sim (Corypheus simplex F.O.P.Cb.), Wrenthorpe (Mr. Johnstone),
and Av@oncus humilis Bl. (W.F.), usually a common and widely
distributed form, Thorner and Mirfield, are new to the West
Riding.
‘The false-scorpion, Chernes nodosus Schr., has again been
met with in Bradford on the cover of a book (Mr. A. Haigh-
Lumby).
More attention has been given to mites, especially Oribatids,
by Messrs. Harrison, Winter and myself, and several additions
made to the list given in The Naturalist last March. These
have been mainly identified by Dr. George and Rev. J. E. Hull,
the latter also communicating the names of mites obtained
Naturalist,
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Annual Report, 1914. 43
from material sent to him from Hawes by Mr. Jas. Smith,
Borrowby, Thirsk.
The rare earth-mite, Ottonia ramosa George, has been met
with on Cupwith Hill, Slaithwaite, and a form, O. ignota, new
to science, from Holme Moss, was described and figured by Dr.
George in The Naturalist for October, in which journal also
during the year have appeared two papers with full data dealing
with the Arachnida of Yorkshire (vide March and August issues).
BOTANICAL SECTION.
Mr. J. F. Robinson writes :—As early as Easter this year
those interested in the Phanerogamic flora of Yorkshire had a
good time at the well-attended Field Meetings at Knaresborough,
where many of the early spring flowers were noted. The promise
of spring in the cases of such as Blackthorn and Bullace has been
well filled in fruitage this autumn. The meetings at Filey at
Whitsuntide enabled the enthusiastic group of phanerogamists
who met there to make very interesting and exhaustive investi-
gations into the flora of Primrose Valley, now almost entirely
denuded of Primula acaulis Linn., the Flat Cliff and the shore.
The reports published in The Naturalist for July and August
are evidence. Associated in a slight degree with the Filey
Meeting may be mentioned the re-discovery near Hull of the
rather uncommon sedge, Carex axillaris Good.
At Askrigg also, the botanists had a fine opportunity of doing
good work among the more or less sub-montane forms of phanero-
gams. A month or two of very dry weather usually clears off
completely such early flowering forms like Thalaspi occitanum, and
failure to see this plant is scarcely to be wondered at. The same
thing has been noticed in the case of Draba Thaliana, Teesdalia
nudicaulis, etc. It is pleasing, however, to note that Primula
farinosa and Habenaria albida are still frequent and were seen
near Askrigg. A full report of the Eskdale excursions appeared
in the October issue of The Naturalist.
Mr. C. A. Cheetham adds :—This summer has again been a
dry one, but has not given the same results as last year.
The Hawthorn, Hazel and Mountain Ash are full of fruit
whereas last year they were barren, and the Ash is now without
the plenty of last year. This is not merely a local feature for in
Donegal the same things were noted.
This year Habenaria viridis was sought unsuccessfully in a
meadow which last year had it in quantity—the same remark
may be made on Eptipactts palustris, though in a less marked
degree ; these things are well-known to field workers, but the
reasons are left unexplained just as the plant associations of the
ecologist were known but never recorded and causes enquired
into until the new study brought our laboratories into touch
1915 Jan. 1.
44 Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Annual Report, 1914.
with the plants in their homes. If we can get statistics and
records ready for future enquirers we shall have accomplished
some good work.
BOTANICAL SURVEY COMMITTEE.—Dr. T. W. Woodhead
writes :—Considerable attention has again been paid to the
vegetation features of the districts visited during the excursions
of the Union. Of especial interest was the vegetation of the dry
valleys of the Wolds noted during the Filey excursion at’ Whit-
suntide. It is hoped that a detailed study of these valleys will
be made, as they promised several features of interest. The
most important work done during the year is the study of the
ecology and life history of Molinia cerulea by the Rev. T. A.
Jefferies. The distribution of this species and its associates
have been carefully worked out on the Slaithwaite Moors near
Huddersfield, and it is hoped that the results, which are of much
value will shortly be published. Incidental to this investigation
was the discovery of great numbers of galls on the stems of
Molinia caused by the gall-midge, Oligotrophus ventricolus, an
insect new to Yorkshire; described in The Naturalist for
November.
BRYOLOGICAL COMMITTEE—Mr. Wm. Ingham, B.A., writes :—
At the meeting of the Bryological Committee at Plumpton Rocks
the moss, Orthodontium gracile was found in abundance on
vertical rocks, also Cynodontium Bruntoni, and the rare Hepatic,
Sphenolobus exsecteformis.
At the Y.N.U. Meeting at Knaresborough were found
Plagithecium latebricola and Barbula tophacea var. acuttfolia.
At the Meeting at Askrigg, Hypnum chrysophyllum var.
erectum was found on Addlebrough, Hypnum vernicosum in
abundance by Semmerwater, Seligeria pusilla and the hepatic,
Cololejyeunea calcavea in Whitfield Gill.
At the Meeting at Middleton-in-Teesdale, in May, 1910,
the second Brit. habitat for Hypnum fluitans var. Robertsieé
was found, the moss being examined and determined in 1914.
Mr. J. J. Marshall has done further good work in the bryo-
logically neglected county of Lincolnshire. He has added the
following to V.C. 54, Dicranum undulatum, Pleuridium subu-
latum, Tortula muralis var. rupestris, Bryum atropurpureum
var. gracilentum, Thuidium Philibertt, Eurhynchium speciosum,
and the rare Hepatic, Ptilidiwm pulcherrimum. ,
MyYcoLoGicAL COMMITTEE.—Mr. C. Crossland writes :—The
report of the twenty-fifth Annual Meeting and Foray of the
Mycological Section will be found, with all particulars, in The
Naturalist for January, pp. 12-16.
The seventh supplementary list of recently discovered
Yorkshire Fungi since the publication of the ‘ Yorkshire Fungus
Flora’ appears in The Naturalist for May, pp. 145-150.
Naturalist,
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Annual Report, 1914. 45
A summary of the work done by the Committee in the Lythe,
Mulgrave and Sandsend district, 1894, I900, 1908, Ig10, IgII,
1912 and 1913 appeared in the February issue, pp. 60-65. The
results are tabulated on page 64, and show that 1,245 species
have been noted in that small area alone.
A report of the unofficial foray held by the Committee last
June in same district, appears in the August issue, and shows a
further addition of 22 species, of which, it will be seen, I2 are new
to Yorkshire, 2 being additions to the British Flora.
Investigations were continued at the annual foray, held
October 3rd to 8th, in the same woods, when 37 still further
additions were made, 8 being new to Yorkshire, one of which is
new to Britain. Fuller particulars will appear in a detailed
report of the foray.
Mr. Roe, Scarborough, reported good work done at the
Filey excursion, including a new Yorkshire species (The Naturalist
August, p. 25).
Miss C. A. Cooper represented the Committee at the Knares-
borough Excursion (See The Naturalist, June, p. 181).
At the Sleights Excursion Miss Cooper and Mr. A. E. Peck
had charge of the Mycology. The results were most successful,
there being several additions to the county flora (For Report see
The Naturalist, pp. 319-322).
Among the good things found about Scarborough by Mr.
Peck was a fine specimen of Jnocybe rhodiola, having only one
previous record for the British Isles. He has also met with the
somewhat rare Spathularia clavata.
GEOLOGICAL SECTION.
Messrs. J. Holmes and C. Bradshaw report :—The Section was
officially represented at all the excursions and the attendance
was on the whole satisfactory, opportunities for practical work
being possible on each occasion.
KNARESBOROUGH.—In the gorge of the river Nidd between
the town and Grimbalds’ Crag sections of Magnesian Limestone
unconformable to Millstone Grit were examined. At Plumpton
Rocks, pebbles in the grits and false bedding structure were
noted, while the drift which overlies the Permian strata of the
Nidd Valley afforded a subject for discussion.
FitEy.—The coast sections between Filey Brig and Cayton
Bay were carefully explored, and characteristic fossils from the
Calcareous Grit and Gristhorpe plant-bed were obtained. On the
hard rock underlying the Boulder Clay of Carr Naze, glacial
striz were seen, and instances of ‘terminal curvatu:e’ detected.
Shap granite and Brockram were among the travelled rocks
collected. An inland excursion to the Wolds, south of the Vale
1915 Jan. 1.
46 Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Annual Report, 1914.
of Pickering, proved very successful. Near Flixton the party
stayed some time to work at a section showing the Black Marls.
which divide the Middle from the Lower Chalk. Afterwards a
ramble of four miles or so along a winding chalk valley was greatly
enjoyed, especially so by many of those who for the time first
made their acquaintance with typical Wold country.
AskricG.—In Whitfield Gill and neighbouring ravines,
geologists saw the sections which eighty years ago Phillips
adopted as a standard of reference for the Yoredales of the
Carboniferous system, while between Bainbridge and the top of
Addleborough, a complete sequence from the ‘ Great Scar’ to the
‘Underset ’ Limestone could be studied. Splendid views were
obtained from Addleborough and Stake Fell. Semmerwater,
which adds so much to the scenic charm of the district, was
probably formed by a lateral moraine of the Wensleydale glacier
damming up the outlet of the tributary valley.
SLEIGHTS FOR ESKDALE.—Lias Alum shales were inspected,
but as the main attraction of this excursion was glacial geology,.
the picturesque valley of the Esk in the neighbourhood of Glaisdale
Egton and Little Beck was explored with that object in view.
Jurassic FLORA ComMMiITTEE.—Mr. J. J. Burton writes :—
During the year now ending the work has been chiefly amongst
the Thinnfeldia and Nilssonta beds at Roseberry Topping, and
in the main escarpment to the East. A number of fresh localities
have been tried but no new forms have been observed. There
is a rather promising bed on the Eston escarpment which will
in the near future be more carefully worked. Such evidence as
has been obtained seems to indicate that the plants grew in
colonies and that there was a predominance of particular species
in each locality. An immense quantity of material has been
accumulated and is now at Cambridge undergoing identification..
and classification, and until this work has been accomplished
it is proposed to devote more time to the discovery of new deposits
than to collecting.
GLACIAL COMMITTEE.—Mr. J. J. Burton, F.G.S., writes :—
“The great landslip on Roseberry Topping has brought down
many blocks of sandstone with well marked glacial strie. The
altitude from which they have been brought down is uncertain.
I observed them in the moving mass of debris of about 750-770
feet. Most of them have again been covered up. One remains
in situ having merely had the cover of surface soil removed.
Mr. G. Sheppard, F.G.S., in The Naturalist for July, describes.
and illustrates a fault which he recently observed in the Glacial
Beds at Dimlington on the Holderness Coast. In his opinion
the evidence shows that the dislocation took place when the
whole mass was frozen.
Naturalist,
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Annual Report, 1914. 47
Mr. C. T. Trechmann, B.Sc., F.G.S., read a paper on May
21st, 1914, before the Geological Society of London, entitled
‘The Scandinavian Drift of the Durham Coast and the General
Glaciology of South East Durham.” This paper is of: great
interest to Yorkshire Glacialists. For particulars see The
Naturalist, July, 1914, page 204.
At the Whitsuntide Meeting of the Yorkshire Naturalists
Union held at Filey, there was an interesting discussion as to the
position of the buried channel which drained the Vale of Pickering
in pre-glacial times. For particulars see The Naturalist for
July, page 223.
Coast EROSION COMMITTEE.—In last year‘s report, Mr. J. T.
Sewell, J.P., of Whitby, had some interesting notes on the
erosion of the Coast line between Whitby and Sandsend.
Mr. Sewell subsequently published a short paper entitled,
“Coast Erosion at Whitby,’ in The Naturalist for April. This
paper is illustrated, and contains much additional information.
Micro-BOTANY AND MIcRO-ZOOLOGY COMMITTEE.—Mr. J.
W. H. Johnson, B.Sc., F.L.S., writes :—The Section deeply regrets
to record the death of its Chairman ; his reputation as a pioneer
in algology is world-wide, and the loss sustained by the whole
botanical world is indeed great, but it is especially keenly felt
by this Section.
At the recent visit of the Union to Sleights, the rare alga
Vaucheria synandra was identified from the Ruswarp cars, which
also contains many marine diatoms. Near the road-side at
Sleights Spirogyra calospora Cleve was obtained, both these are
I believe, new Yorkshire alga records.
During the last few years considerable attention has been
given to the microscopic life in our rivers and streams, especially
the fungi and alge, Asa result; the following list of additions
to our local flora has been made, in many cases the organism is
apparently new to Britain. In the process of identification
by subculture, higher forms have often occurred and these have
been included.
*Zooglea ramigera Itzshn.—River Wharfe at Ilkley; River
Calder at Cooper Bridge and Balne Beck, Wakefield ; Kirkham-
merton; besides the type the following varieties have been
noticed, compacta, carnea and ura.
Spherotilus natans Kiitz.—Common in most rivers and
streams and also in warm effluents from trade premises of W.
Yorkshire.
Cladothrix dichotoma Cohn.—River Calder, Wakefield, Coxley
Beck, Balne Beck, Blackburn Brook, Kirkhammerton and
1915 Jan. 1.
48 Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Annual Report, 1914.
Bishop Monkton ; River Wharfe in plankton between Otley and
Pool.
! Gallionella ferruginea Ehr.—Strensall Common.
Chlamydothrix ochracea (Mig) Kiitz.—Of frequent occurrence
in waters as an ochrey filamentous deposit.
*Clonothrix fusca Roze.—Balne Beck, Wakefield. (C. gracillima
W. & G. S. West, has already in the Alga-Flora of Yorks., p. 148).
*Thiothrtx nivea (Vauch) Win.—Calder and Hebble ‘Canal at
Horbury ; Cooper Bridge; River Aire at Leeds; Balne Beck,
Wakefield.
Beggiatoa alba (Vauch) Trev.—Frequent in polluted waters,
also in sulphur waters, e.g., drinking trough near bridge at
Knaresbrough.
* Beggtatoa leptomitiformis (Menegh) Trev.—In borehole water
Bradford ; Balne Beck. Wakefield.
*Chromattum okenw (Ehr.) Perty.—A purple, sulphur bac-
terium, Baildon; Cooper Bridge. Abundant in Grimston Park,
Tadcaster.
§ Hillhousia nurabilis G. S. West, and v. palustris G. S. West.
—The type has only recently been described and is entirely new
to science ; the variety was obtained from a pond near Thornhill
and is the only record.
Fusarium aurantiacum Sacc.—Warley, near Halifax.
Sporotrichum lanatum Wallr.—Greetland, near Halifax, Nat.,
LO dps arae:
*Mucor circinelloides Van Tiegh.—Frequently develops in
subcultures of aquatic fungi.
*Acremonium spicatum Bon.—Developed on culture plates.
Nat., I9gI1, p. 166.
Dematium pullulans de B.—Developed on culture plates.
*Aspergillus fumigatus Fres.—Developed on culture plates.
Aspergillus niger Van Tiegh.—Readily develops in cultures
infected from dark patches in dates and figs. Nat.. 1909, p. 221.
Aspergillus griseus Lk.—Identified by C. Crossland on culture
plate. Naturalist, 1909, p. 221.
*Sachsta suaveolens Lind.—On culture plates.
~ Monilia variabilis Lind.
Leptomitus lacteus Ag.—R. Don, at Ickles Bridge ; River Nidd
at Knaresbrough.
Thamndium elegans Lk.—On culture plates.
Saprolegnia sp. ?—Attacked fish in Lake, Thornes House,
Wakefield.
Oospora lactis Sacc.—Very frequent, first noticed in River
Aire at Apperley Bridge, March 1908.
t Oscillatoria formosa Bory.—Balne Beck, Wakefield.
Naturalist
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Unton: Annual Report. 1914. 49
Euglena deses Ehr.—Of frequent occurrence, Frizinghall ;
Balby near Doncaster.
tAmphiprora paludosa W.Sm.—See Naturalist, pp. 353-360,
IQII.
: Nitzschia paradoxa (Gmel.) Grun.—Balne Beck, Wakefield.
\|Spzvogyra calospora Cleeve.—Roadside, near Sleights.
{ Richteriella botryoides (Schm.) Lemm. and var. fenestrata
Schdr.—Otley, very plentiful.
|| Vaucherta synandra.—Ruswarp Carrs, Whitby.
Mr. H. Moore supplhes the following list of rotifers, etc., from
Treeton and Maltby Common :—
Anurea aculeata Saculus viridis.
3 cochlearts. Synchaeta pectinata.
Asplanchna priodonta. sf tremula.
Brachionus pala.
Bp rubens. Arcella vulgaris.
Conochilus volvox. Coleps hirtus.
Dinocharis pocillum. Synura uvella.
Notholea acuminata. Uroglena volvox in great
Nommata aurita. Volvox globator profusion.
Mr. M. H. Stiles adds Wheatley Brick Ponds, nr. Doncaster,
as a new locality for Volvox.
THE AFFILIATED SOCIETIES.—The number of these Societies
is now thirty-nine, having a total membership of 3,370.
Two Societies became affiliated during the year and two have
ceased to exist.
THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE UNiIon.—At the end of 1913 the
membership numbered 376. Twenty-three members have been
elected. Resignations and deaths have been 22, leaving a total
membership of 377.
The following are the newly elected members :—
Miss Catherine E. Andrews, 19 Lee View, Hebden Bridge.
Mr. Harry Bendorf, 19 Brundretts Road, Chorlton-cum-
Hardy, Manchester.
Mr. J. C. Boden, The Grove, Ilkley.
Mr. Wm. Holmes Burrell, F.L.S., 1 Strattan Street, Leeds.
Mr. W. A. Durnford, M.B.O.U., Elsecar, Barnsley.
Mr. Harold A. Dale, School House, Askrigg.
Mr. Walter Greaves, 1 Chapel Avenue, Hebden Bridge.
* New to Britain. + Only previous record for British Isles—Lough Beg,
Ireland. { West Riding additions only. § New variety. || New to Yorks.
! Previously recorded for Scotland only.
1915 Jan. 1.
50 Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Annual Report, 1914.
Major J. Greenwood, zr Bartram’s Park, Haverstock Hill,
London, N.W.
Mr. J. H. Gough, Ph.C., 4 Woodland Grove, Newton Road
Leeds.
Mr. Ward Jackson, 11 South View Terrace, Silsden, Keighley.
Mr. Geoffrey Laughton, 30 Louis Street, Chapeltown Road,
Beeds:
Miss Ivy Massee, Gateacre, Sandycombe Road, Kew Gardens,
Surrey.
Mr. C. W. Mason, 78 Beverley Road, Hull.
Miss Margery Mellish, Stonebridge Lower House, Wortley,
Leeds.
Mr. George Mitchell, ‘‘ Upwood,” Bingley.
Mr. M. C. Morris, 18 Mount Parade, York.
Rev. W. Pearson, Spofforth Vicarage, near Harrogate.
Mr. J. H. Skelton, Stow Park, Lincoln.
Mr. Herbert J. Sharp, ‘ Kenilworth,’ Avenue Road, Doncaster.
Mr. [‘rederick White, Registrar, Cemetery House, Keighley.
Mi. iHerbert J. W illiamson, 6 Oakburn Road, Ilkley.
Mr. C. J. Walker, Pyenot Hall, Cleckheaton.
Rev. W. K. W yley, The Vicarage, Aysgarth.
Keighley Naturalists’ Society.
W hitby and District Field Naturalists’ Club.
TRANSACTIONS.—Part 35 (New Miscellaneous Series, No. 3),
has just been issued to members. We are indebted to our past
Presidents, Mr. W. D. Roebuck and Mr. J. W. Taylor, for generous
donations towards the cost of their addresses ; and Mr. Thomas
Sheppard for the List of Members to March, 1912.
Soppitt MEMORIAL LiprARy.—Dr. T. W. Woodhead reports :—
We are indebted to Mr. Percy H. Grimshaw, of the Edinburgh
Natural History Museum, for a donation to the library of 25 of
his papers on Insects. These include, ‘ Diptera of Orkney and
Shetland,’ ‘Forth District’ (3), ‘ Perthshire,’ ‘ Inverness-shire,’
‘St. Kilda,’ ‘ West of Scotland,’ ‘ Flannan Islands,’ ‘ Fair Isle,’
‘Clare Island}” Lincolnshire,’ ~ British (Hydroids (3), . Imscer
Fauna of Isle of May,’ ‘Grouse Moors,’ ‘ Heather Beetle,’ and
two papers dealing with type specimens of’ Lepidoptera and
Coleoptera in the British Museum. Mr. Chas. Crossland has
presented copies of his ‘ Halifax Bibliography and Fungi in
Yorkshire.’
BritTIsH Associ1aTiIon.—Mr. T. Sheppard reports that he
attended the Conference of Delegates from the Corresponding
Societies of the British Association, held in Havre in conjunction
Naturalist,
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Unton: Annual Report, 1914. 51
with L‘Association Frangaise pour L’Avancement des Sciences,
from July 27th to August 2nd. A notice of the meeting has
already appeared in The Naturalist for September, and in the
October number of the same journal Mr. John Hopkinson’s paper
-on the ‘ Publications of Local Scientific Societies, which was
there read, and discussed is given almost 7m extenso.
‘THE NATURALIST.’—During the past year The Naturalist
has well maintained its reputation as a high-class scientific
journal. Many articles by members of the Union have appeared
in which important results of original investigations have been
recorded. These have covered a wide range of subjects and will
be found of inestimable benefit to members of the Union, as well
as to others who may be interested in pursuing studies in the
various branches of natural history which have thus been dealt
with. As the official organ of the Union, this chronicle of the
proceedings and investigations during the excursions to different
portions of the County will prove of permanent value, and will
be referred to in the future as a basis on which additional work
willbe built. The skilful discrimination with which excerpts from
other Scientific publications have been introduced adds much to
the interest and value of the journal.
THE PRESIDENCY.—The Presidency for 1915 has been offered
to and accepted by Mr. Riley Fortune, F.Z.S., Harrogate.
The Union wishes to place on record its great indebtedness to
the retiring President, Mr. Thomas Sheppard, F.G.S., F.S.A.
(Scot.), for his sterling services in connection with the Union
during the year, and also for his attendance at the excursions
and sectional gatherings, which have been greatly appreciated.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT.—The following is the Hon. Treasurer’s
(Mr. Edwin Hawkesworth), Statement of Receipts and Pay-
MENES, =
It is very satisfactory to have to report that this year’s
income has been sufficient not only to pay all expenses, but to
clear off the remainder of the deficit, and have a cash balance in
hand. It is many years since the Union was in such a sound
financial position.
1915 Jan. 1.
5
INCOME AND EXPENDITURE STATEMENT,
12 months to November 24, 1914.
INCOME.
Jes ak
Members’ Annual
Subscriptions, arrears 819 0
se 1914 97. 6 O
ae Sh TSy We tea li6s 1)
Levies from Associated
Societies, arrears 3.4 4
4 1914 1s tte 7/
Sales of Publications—
West’s ‘ Alga Flora’ ORG ye 2
Baker’s ‘North Yorkshire’ 0 11 3
Porritt’s ‘ pePidor ORES
Circulars, “2. aan AN
Banksimterestascmmascth cay acre
Naturalist ’— fess Gs
Subscriptions, arrears 615 0
an 1914 82 6 6
+ 1015 L100)
90 11 6
Recognitionfee .. .. 5 0 0
Discount 216 8
107
18
0
14 17 11
ee oo
BALANCE SHEET,
LIABILITIES.
Sond.
Amounts due from Union—
‘ Naturalist’. Be “Sa
Annual Report, 1914 2.
Subscriptions received in adv ance.
Life Members’ Accouat
* Hey ’ Legacy Account
Balance, being excess of Assets over
Li abilities, Noy. 24th, 1914
Audited and found correct,
Noy. 27th, 1914.
Legs
58 10
G 20
ays
53 «8
20 O
40 6
£181 4
WALTER GARSTANG,
ALBERT GILLIGAN.
EXPENDITURE.
Expenses ot Meetings 35
Printing and Stationery (General A Ie Cc):
Postages, etc. (Hon. Secretaries’ A/c)
Clerkage,
Printing and Stationery (Hon,
Treasurer’s fees |
Postages etc..
Wreath (Mr. Wm. West).. oa 6e
Cost of Publications :—
Annual Report, 1913 .. £6 1 6
1914 (est.) 6 0 O
” ”
D2 eG;
Less —Provision in A/cs
for 1913 eG peasy Peye 6 0 0
GP ela eG
Transactions Sag coed Lie aie)
* Naturalist ’
Subscribers’ Copies..£96 5 9
Life Members’ Copies 610 0
Exchanges soe eae
SUNGHESeeereeas ts hos 70:
Editor’s Postages, ete. 815 2
Extra pages .. eS)
Balance, being excess of Income over
Expenditure during 1914
oe oe
November 24, 1914.
ASSETS.
eS ESSACls
Cash at Bank b 159 8 3
Cash in Hon. Secretary’s
hands. : 412 6
Cashin Hon. Treasurer’s
hands.. bist ete &}
169 14 0
Less : Cash due to Hon.
ECUTOLe ish wate menac) LT mee met
Subscriptions in Arrears.. 22 12 10
Less : Amount written
off as unrealisable ..
LODO SO
Yorkshire’ Naturalists Union: Annual Report, 1914.
i sy ae
Cia a
18 2 6
i} ik
10 0 0
018 9
21 4
Mei
Teer eG
117 16 12
48 4 4
£22415 7
| a
168 11 9
12 12 10
Jibei loeed be 9 7/
E. HAWKESWORTH,
~Hon. Treasurer.
Naturalist
Ka “ < 7 <s v
4 ey Ms y .
‘THE NATURALIST’ for 1914.
Edited by T. SHEPPARD, F.G.S. and T. W. WOODHEAD, Ph.D., F.L.S.
Tastefully bound in Cloth Boards. Price 7/- net.
Contains 408 pages of excellent reading matter; 26 full-page, high-
class plates ; and numerous illustrations throughout the text.
j
Tue volume inchides many valuable and attractive articles by some
of the most prominent naturalists and leading scientific men in the
country, and forms a handsome, well-illustrated, and most acceptable
: present to all interested in out-door life.
WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Be: NATURALISTS,
36, STRAND, LONDON, W.c.
_ (Five Doors from Charing Cross),
Keep in stock every description of
: APPARATUS, CABINETS, BOOKS, AND SPECIMENS
i for Collectors of
BIRDS’ EGGS, BUTTERFLIES, MOTHS, ETC.
Catalogue (96 pages) sent post free on application.
A- Book of special interest to Naturalists.
Yorkshire Moors and Dales
; A Description of the North Yorkshire Moors
; together with Essays and Tales,
By “ALFRED: P. WILSON.
248 pages, size 82 by 6} inches, and 12 full-page plates on Art Paper, tastefully
Bt bound in cloth boards, lettered in gold, with gilt top, 1O/G net.
"4
__ The district covered by the North Yorkshire Moors is one of the most interesting
;
A
"
.
ice of Yorkshire, and this book ably portrays the charms of a visit to the
neighbourhood. There is no other place in England so rich in antiquities, and
_ most of these are herein described.
Part I. serves as a guide to the visitor, and brings to his notice the objects of
_ interest throughout the district.
‘s
- Part II, forms a series of Essays, and, besides other subjects, deals with the
following :— i .
_ -The Dalesfolk. Old Customs. Local History.
: Moorland Roads. Wild Nature. Dialect, etc., etc.
‘g Part III. consists of a number of stories which further describe the character-
istics of the dalesfolk.
Lonpon: A. BROWN & SONS, Ltp., 5 FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.C.
AND AT HULL AND YORK.
6
will find a of interest ins
YORKSHIRE
py PEN AND cree
EDITED BY
T. SHEPPARD, F.G,S., E.S:A(Scor,),
216 pages, crown folio, with upwards of 250 illustrations, and
strongly stitched in artistic pictorial cover.
1/- net, or post free 1/3 net. ee
This entirely new publication is the latest book issued which
deals with Yorkshire. Members of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union —
know that the County has‘ an abundance of Archeological, —
Architectural and Natural History features, and as the book ise
edited by the Ex-President of their Union, no i Salls recommenda-—
tion is necessary.
A GRAPHIC ACCOUNT OF COAST EROSION. | a
‘THE LOST TOWNS
OF THE YORKSHIRE COAST
And other Chapters bearing upon the
Geography of the District.
By THOMAS SHEPPARD, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.S.A. (Scot. i
352 pages Demy 8vo, with over roo illustrations. Cloth Boards, 3
afl ; 7/6 net. hs
A new Volume which contains much valuable information
in reference to the various towns and villages which have dis- —
’ appeared by the encroaches of the sea. It is profusely illustrated :
by plans, engravings, etc., including many which are published |
for the first time; and chapters have been added on Geology, —
Antiquities, Natural History, and pine subjects relative to ae
scientific aspect of the district. Sedat
Printed at BROwns’ SaviLE PREss, 40, George Street, Hull, and published My r
\ A. BRown & Sons, Limited, at 5 Farringdon Avenue, i in ‘the ease: of Panaber
January Ist, 1915. ae
A MONTHLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF
NATURAL aoe FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.
EDITED BY
T. SHEPPARD, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.S.A.Scot.,
THE Museums, Hutt;
AND
T. W. WOODHEAD, Ph.D., F.L.S.,
TECHNICAL CoLLEGE, HUDDERSFIELD,
WITH THE ASSISTANCE AS REFEREES IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF
J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S. F.L.S., GEO. T. PORRITT, F.L.S., P.
Prof. P. F. KENDALL, M.Sc., F.G.S., JOHN W. TAYLOR,
T. H. NELSON, M.B.O.U., RILEY FORTUNE, F.
Contents :—
Notes and Comments :—A History of British Mammals; Lancashire and Cheshir
mologists; The Bradford Antiquary; Taylor’s Monograph of Mollusca; Huddersfie
Naturalists ; Yorkshire Naturalists ; Leeds Geologists (Illustrated) ; Leeds Astronomers ;
Liverpool Geologists (Illustrated) ; East Anglian Pre-Historians ; Belfast Naturalists ; The
South Eastern Naturalist ; The Newcastle Museum; Antarctic Fossil Plants; A Glossop-
teris Flora in the Antarctic ; Wealden Floras ; Absence of Flow ering Plants ; ’ East Riding
Antiquaries; More about the ‘New’ Bird ; The Police ; An Apology; Moral Bi .. 53-60
Notes on the Merlin—F. H. Edinondson .. ot a po ns st 61
Structure of Oolitic Limestone (illustrated) pf; H. ‘Stiles, F. R. M. OE wae is ... | 62-63
-The Ammonites of the Yorkshire Cornbrash—H. C. Drake, FGS. pos “fe «64-66
Mosses from Pre-Carboniferous Rocks near Austwick—Chiis. A. Cheetham ... 2: , 67-70
Yorkshire’s Contribution to Science—T. Sheppard, F.G.S. on Ro ae tea TIEN,
Coccidae observed in Durham and N. Yorkshire—/J. W. H. Harrison, BS Se peat 1 8-81
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Vertebrate Section—A. Haigh-Lumby |... 6) La SO Rg
Field Notes :—New and Scarce British Arachnida ee he ae ae bs ee Ee 63
Museum News _... oe: ve det ee Ae = ie ae Ae er ee i)
News from the Wasdeines Be Re ee des Pak PPA ae eA ae ot 60, 61, 81
Northern News ... Ax oa6 ae nee eA at: «i ish ie be Be 66, 70, 84
jllustrations peg ids ed SA MES ai 2 sep a nf) ae as 55,56, 625 72
LONDON :
A. BRown & Sons, LIMITED, 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.C,
And at Hutt and York.
Printers and Publishers to the Y.N.U.
Prepaid Subscription 6/6 per annum, post free.
TT
“se
i
,
:
ive eS
UNION.
y
YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’
VERTEBRATE SECTION.
President of the Section: E. W. WADE, Esq., M.B.O.U.
6-30 p.m. repectively, on Saturday, February 2oth, 1915.
BUSINESS :—
To appoint Bird Watchers for 1915, and discussion upon other matters in connection ~
with the Yorkshire Wild Birds’ and Eggs’ Protection Acts’ Committee. K.
Papers (mostly illustrated by lantern slides or specimens) will be given as follows :— 4
“ Notes ‘on St.. Kilda,’’ Mr.’ E, W. Wade, M.B.0.U.
“ Notes on the Ruff and Reeve,’”’ Mr. G. A. Booth, F.Z.S., F.E.S., M.B.0.U.
““Notes on Yorkshire Bird Life,’ Mr. T. H. Nelson, M.B.O.U.
“The Bats of Upper Wharfedale and Upper Airedale,’’ Mr. H. B. Booth,
£:Z:5;. MB Ove
and others, particulars not yet to hand.
Any Member or Associate of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union is invited to attend and —
to bring notes, specimens, lantern slides, etc., and is requested to bring forward matters
of interest connected with the work of the Section, and to take part in any discussion.
Will officials of Affiliated Societies kindly notify their members ?
Any further particulars from
F
‘
FY
a
:
A. HAIGH-LUMBY (Hon. Sec.),
Nab Drive, Shipley.
YORKSHIRE BRYOLOGICAL COMMITTEE.
_ There will be an Excursion to Castle Howard on Saturday, 20th February, to investigate ° :
a district rich in bryophytes. The train leaves York at 10 a.m. and reaches Castle Howard
at 10-23 a.m. All members of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union wishing to attend are
welcome.
eae |
WM. INGHAM. j
BOOKS WANTED. q
The Naturalist (? stylographed). York. 1823. ¢
The British Naturalist. Vol. 1V. 1894. i
The Field Naturalist and Scientific Record. Set. y
The Journal of the Keighley Naturalists’ Society. Set. ;
Huddersfield Arch. and Topog. Society. 4 Reports. (1865-1869).
Reports, Malton Naturalists’ Society. Set.
The Naturalists’ Journal. Parts 1-18.
Monthly Circular, Huddersfield Naturalists’ Society. Nos. 9, 10, 11, 12, 15,
Mus PAO f
First Boke Goole Scientific Society. }
Cleveland Lit. & Phil. Society's Transactions. Science Section or others.
The Naturalists’ Record. Set.
The Natural History Teacher (Huddersfield). Vols. I.-II.
The Economic Naturalist (Huddersfield). Vol. I.
The Naturalists’ Guide (Huddersfield). Set.
The Naturalists’ Almanac (Huddersfield), 1876.
Proc. Yorkshire Naturalists’ Club (York). 1867-70. (Set).
Keeping’s Handbook to Natural History Collections (York).
‘* Ripon Spurs,’’ by Keslington.
4
:
Apply :—Editor, The Museum, Hull.
ea
CN
és \¥°
FEB 18 2105
NOTES AND COMMEN
A HISTORY OF BRITISH MAMMALS.
Part XVI. of this fine work has recently been published.*
It deals with the Orkney Grass Mouse; Locally Extinct
Voles ; The British Water Rats; The Scuth British Water
Rats ; ‘and Black Water Rats. The different named forms and
varieties into which these small mammals are now being
divided, renders their study and identification a matter of
some difficulty, and unless care is exercised, the tendency seems
to be to define varieties on rather slender evidence. However,
“ British Mammals” cannot be said to be guilty of hurried
or careless handling of the subject. There are several illustra-
tions, including an excellently coloured plate of of skins Microtus
hirtus, M. agrestis neglectus, M. orcadensis and M. agrestis exul.
STianal Mu sey >
SA
LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTOMOLOGISTS.
The thirty-seventh Annual Report and Proceedings of the
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society are to hand. f
Besides the rules, list of members, etc., there are summaries
of papers read, a note on Tortrix costana vars. lwerana and
intermedia, by W. Mansbridge; the President’s address on
Hairs-and,- Scales at; Lepidoptera,’ by 1 F...N. Pierce ;- and
eighteen pages of ‘The Lepidopterous Fauna of Lancashire
and Cheshire,’ compiled by W. Mansbridge, ‘ being a new
edition of Dr. Ellis’s list.’ There is a portait of Mr. J. Cotton ;
and a plate of the new varieties of 7. costana, and of lepi-
dopterous hairs, etc. We would like to suggest to the editor
the necessity of adhering to the rule that specific names should
commence with small letters; especially in the case of new
varieties ; the large capitals in the heading on page 18 look
particularly aggressive, besides being inaccurate. By the way,
in Mr. Mansbridge’s ‘ New Edition of Dr. Ellis’s list ’ no reference
whatever is made to the fact that the list was originally pub-
lished in The Naturalist, and that even in ‘ publications quoted ’
no mention is made of this journal. We trust that the omission
is merely accidental. In an ordinary course we should have
thought that before anyone printed a ‘ new edition’ of a list
appearing in a scientific publication, the necessary permission
would have been obtained, if only as an act of courtesy.
THE BRADFORD ANTIQUARY.
Part XVII. of the new series of this journal has been
published, and gives evidence of the continued work and
interest of the Bradford Historical and Antiquarian Society.
Besides short notes, it contains a paper on ‘ Broughton Hall
* Gurney and Jackson, 2/6.
{ xxv. + 18 pp., 3/0.
1915 Feb. 1.
54 Notes and Comments.
and its Associations,’ by Eleanor B. Tempest ; an interesting
account of ‘Three Ancient Crosses near Keighley,’ by J. J.
Brigg and F. Villey; ‘The Roman Road North-westwards,
from Bradford or its neighbourhood,’ by F. Villey; and
‘Notes on the Re-building of Some Aire and Calder Bridges
in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I.,’ by W. E. Preston.
Mr. T. T. Empsall continues ‘ The Transcript of the Marriage
Registers of Bradford,’ but we cannot find the ‘ page 33°
referred to in the ‘contents.’ The publication is illustrated
by plans and blocks from photographs.
TAYLOR'S MONOGRAPH OF MOLLUSCA.
We should like to congratulate Mr. J. W. Taylor on the
completion of the third volume of his valuable monograph
of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles.
This was accomplished with the issue of Part 21* on December
21st. This volume deals with the Zonitidze, Endodontide
and Helicide, it occupies over 500 pages, and contains thirty-
five plates as well as several illustrations in the text. Our
readers are familiar with the excellent nature of these plates,
as we recently had the pleasure of reproducing one.
HUDDERSFIELD NATURALISTS.
The Annual Reportsand Balance Sheets of The Huddersfield
Naturalist and Photographic Society for 1913-14 have been
published (12 pp.) They include the ‘Natural History Report,’
by Mr. C. Mosley, who is also responsible for “ Entomology * ;
Mr. A. C. Ellis writes the ‘ Photographic Report’; Mr. J. H.
Carter reports for the ‘ Antiquarian Section,’ including an
account of the excavations at Slack; Mr. E. Fisher reports
for ‘ Ornithology’; Mr. W. E. L. Wattam for ‘ Phanerogamic
Botany ; and Mr. J. W. H. Johnson for ‘ Cryptogamic Botany’ ;
and there is a brief note on ‘ Geology,’ by Dr. T. W. Woodhead.
The Balance Sheet shows a ‘gain on the year’s working’ of
fA SnAS ATT:
YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS.
Part 35 of the Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union (New Miscellaneous Series No. 3) has recently been
published. It contains a reprint of Mr. W. Denison Roebuck’s
Presidential Address delivered at Sheffield on January 29th
1904, on ‘Salient Features in the History of the Union’ ;
a reprint of Mr. J. W. Taylor’s Presidential Address delivered
at Hullin 1912, on ‘ Dominancy in Nature,’ with many coloured
maps, etc.; a list of members corrected up to March, 1912, and
reprints of excursion programmes from May, 1909 to December,
1914 (Nos. 215-255).
* pp. viii. + 481—552, 7/6
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments.
On
Un
LEEDS GEOLOGISTS.
Under the editorship of Mr. E. Hawkesworth, part XVII. of
the Transactions of the Leeds Geological Association has
appeared, for IgII-13 (50 pp., 2/-). Besides reports of the
Society's excursions and meetings, there are papers on
“ Petrological Characteristics of Underclays,’ by Miss S. E.
Chapman ; ‘The Ammonites of the Lias (abstract),’ by Mr.
C. Thompson ; and ‘ Evidences of Climatic Changes in Geo-
logical Times ’ (abstract), by Prof. P. F. Kendall. Messrs. A.
Burnett and J. H. Everett give some detailed ‘ Notes on Sections
Robin Hood Quarry, looking east, showing Haigh Moor Coal.
in a Quarry at Robin Hood, near Leeds,’ illustrated by photo-
graphs and diagrams. One of these we are kindly permitted
to reproduce. The Leeds Society is to be congratulated on
the valuable nature of its publication.
LEEDS ASTRONOMERS.
No. 21 of the Journal and Transactions of the Leeds
Astronomical Society, edited by C. T. Whitmell (106 pp., 2/-),
has been published. It contains some interesting notes by
the Editor ; some notes on ‘ Leap Year,’ by S. Thorp; ‘ The
Spectroscope,’ by P. McC. Wilson ; ‘ Telescopic Aperture and
Light Grasp,’ and ‘ The Closing of the Mouth of the Reflect-
ing Telescope,’ by D. Booth; ‘The History of Astronomy,’
1915 Feb, 1.
56 Notes and Comments.
E. Hawks; ‘ Uranus as a View Point,’ by C. T. Whitmell ;
‘ Are Faith and Science Enemies?’ by Louisa Tranmar ; and
‘The Work of the Society, 1913,’ by the editor. Altogether
it is a very creditable production.
LIVERPOOL GEOLOGISTS.
Mr. E. Montag edited part 1 of volume XII. of the Pro-
ceedings of the Liverpool Geological Society, recently published.
The publication includes the Presidential Address of Mr. C. B.
Travis, which deals with “Some Evidences of Peneplanation
Natural Casts of Rhyncosauroid Footprints from Runcorn Hill.
in the British Isles’; ‘A Description of a Footprint recently
found in the Lower Keuper of Runcorn,’ by Mr. H. C. Beasley,
who also describes and figures some fossils from the Keuper
at Alton, Staffordshire; Mr. F. T. Maidwell describes some
sections in the Keuper of Runcorn Hill, and also some Foot-
prints from the Keuper; Mr. W. T. Walker gives ‘Some
Observations on the Liassic Outcrop near Whitchurch (Shrop-
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 57
shire).’ There is a strong ‘footprint’ flavour about the
publication as, indeed, there should be. One of the illustrations
we are kindly permitted to give for our members.
EAST ANGLIAN PRE-HISTORIANS.
The Proceedings of the Pre-historic Society of Kast Anglia
for 1913-14, conclude the first volume, and contain pages
385-491 and numerous plates. In view of the small subscription
to the society the publication is remarkably large, and contains
a great variety of papers more or less bearing upon the Society’s
work as defined by its title. Much seems to be made of the
scratchings and other microscopic characters of flint flakes ;
in some cases far too much we fear. Personally we agree
with Colonel Underwood that ‘ what have been looked upon as
deep glacial stria may be simply weathered out scratches,
the initial stage of which did not require very much pressure
to produce.’ We congratulate the editor, Mr. W. G. Clarke,
for his efforts in preventing the proceedings being quite a ‘one
man’ show.
BELFAST NATURALISTS.
The Annual Report and Proceedings of the Belfast Natural-
ists’ Field Club (N.S. Vol. 7, pt. 1), contain a record of the
recent jubilee meeting of the Belfast Society. There is also an
account of the Club’s meetings and records. The Presidential
Address of the Rev. Canon Lett is ‘A Chat about Linné’ ;
Mr. G. Livens refers to ‘ Plants in Relation to their Surround-
ings’; ‘The History of Irish Woods and Trees,’ by Mr. A.
Henry ; ‘ How to recognise our Common Wood Lice,’ by Mr.
N. H. Foster ; and the ‘ History of the Rosapenna Sandhills,’
by Mr. R. J Welch. Mr. Waterhouse also gives his report on
the Birmingham meeting of the British Association.
THE SOUTH EASTERN NATURALIST.
Under this heading have been published the Transactions
of the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies, for 1914
(cxxiv. + 83 pp.). The first section is devoted to an elaborate
report of the Nineteenth Annual Conference held at Bourne-
mouth, and the second to the papers etc., presented ; the
publication being edited by Dr. William Martin. Among the
items printed are the presidential address of Dr. Chalmers
Mitchell, on ‘ Science and Life’; ‘ Vegetation of the Bourne-
mouth District,’ by Mr. W. M. Rankin; ‘The Scenery of
Bournemouth and its Geological History,’ by Dr. W. T. Ord ;
“Flora of the New Forest,’ by the Rev. J. E. Kelsall ;
“ Applied Science and the Patent System,’ by Mr. A. F. Raven-
shear ; ‘ Problems in Coast Erosion,’ by Mr. E. A. Martin; and
“The Alum Trade in the 15th and 16th centuries, and the begin-
nings of the Alum Industry in England,’ by Mr. Rhys Jenkins ;
the last two items have a distinctly Yorkshire interest.
1915 Feb, 1.
58 Notes and Comments.
THE NEWCASTLE MUSEUM.
The Report of the Natural History Society of Northumber-
land, Durham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne is more favourable
than usual. Through the efforts of Mr. N. H. Martin sub-
scriptions amounting to over £3,700 have been raised towards an
endowment for the purpose of the Museum. {£25,000 is the
amount required. The Curator still complains of being short-
staffed, and gives particulars of the work that might be done
if he had more help. A list of donations to the Museum
accompanies the report.
ANTARCTIC FOSSIL PLANTS.
The Trustees of the British Museum have undertaken
the publication of the natural history results of the British
Antarctic (‘Terra Nova’) Expedition, 1910, sent out under the
command of the late Captain Scott. It is proposed to issue
the memoirs as they become ready for publication, and thus
delay in publication is avoided. The first of the geological
Memoirs to be completed is an account of the Antarctic Fossil
Plants, * which is the work of Prof. A. C. Seward.
A GLOSSOPTERIS FLORA IN THE ANTARCTIC.
There are many useful pieces of information in this Memoir.
The discovery of a Glossopteris flora in South Victoria Land,
for instance, suggests interesting geological problems. Griffith
Taylor has called attention to resemblances between the
eastern side of Australia and Victoria Land, and in the structure
of South Africa there are points of contact with the polar
areas. Prof. Seward certainly adds a valuable chapter to our
knowledge of palezobotany, thanks to the efforts of the heroes
of the Antarctic.
WEALDEN FLORAS.
In the Hastings and East Sussex Naturalist (Vol. 2, No. 3),
Prof. A. C. Seward has a valuable paper under this head. He
shows that ‘a comparison of the floras of Japan, South Africa,
North and South America, Europe and the Arctic regions
reveals a surprising resemblance in the general facies of the
vegetation and demonstrates the relative abundance of cos-
mopolitan types. There were no doubt local differences in
the composition of the floras, but these were much less marked
than in equally distant countries at the present day. Another
interesting fact 1s that a considerable number of the European
species are most closely related to plants now characteristic
of tropical and sub-tropical regions. With these were associ-
ated Equisetaceous plants similar to existing species in English
streams and hedgerows, and some of the Wealden Conifers
* 4to., 49 pp., 8 plates, 6/-.
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 59
show a close resemblance to modern species characteristic of
temperate countries. The fact that some plants are able to
flourish under sharply contrasted conditions and that closely
allied species occur in very different climates renders it very
difficult to draw conclusions as to climatic conditions from
data derived from a comparison of extinct and recent plants.
While admitting the danger of basing opinions on extinct types,
it is impossible to neglect the cumulative evidence presented
by the great number of Wealden species that have their nearest
living representatives in tropical and sub-tropical countries.’
ABSENCE OF FLOWERING PLANTS.
‘In considering the vegetation as a whole we must not lose
sight of a significant fact, namely, the absence from the great
majority of Wealden floras of any representatives of the
Flowering plants. We cannot form any adequate conception
of the effect produced on the general facies of a flora by the
introduction of this efficient class that later in tne Cretaceous
epoch had progressed far toward assuming its present dominant
position. It may be that not climatic changes alone, but to
some extent changes in the balance of power brought about
by the progress of plant evotution resulted in the ousting of
the numerous Cycadean genera and many other Jurassic-
Wealden plants from the northern hemisphere. It 1s at least
certain that in the Wealden period the type of vegetation was
very similar to that which flourished over the greater part of
the world during the whole of the Jurassic era, and it is equally
certain that very shortly after the close of the Wealden period
the vegetation of the world experienced a remarkable trans-
formation. As we ascend the Cretaceous system the older types
disappear, giving place to the vigorous and successful Flowering
plants, the advent of which marks the first stage in the
formation of modern floras.’
EAST RIDING ANTIQUARIES.
Volume XX. of the Transactions of the East Riding Anti-
quarian Society,* contains an elaborately illustrated paper
on ‘The Arms of Hull,’ and another on ‘ Excavations at
Peaseholm, Scarborough,’ by Mr. T. Sheppard; the Rev.
A. R. Gill has a lengthy paper on ‘ York Boy Bishops,’ and
the President, Colonel Philip Saltmarshe, gives * Notes on
Thorganby, East Yorks.’ The Editor, Mr. Sheppard, also
has a paper on ‘East Yorkshire Antiquities,” in which he
illustrates the various inscribed antiquities found in this area.
There is a list of the Society’s excursions, 1893-1914, and an
index.
——————————— eee ____________.._| el
x. + 70 pp., cloth, 8vo. A. Brown & Sons.
1915 Feb, 1.
60 Notes and Comments.
MORE ABOUT THE ‘NEW’ BIRD.
With further reference to the Notes and Comments in our
January issue, we wrote to Mr. Hamilton pointing out that the
bird he sold as a Little Bunting caught at Ripon, proved to be
nothing of the sort, and suggesting that the price paid should
be returned. A reply was received, obviously in Mr. Hamilton’s
handwriting, but ostensibly written by someone else, in which
he stated that ‘Mr. Hamilton as (sic) not had anything to do
with the address since you bought the bird.’
THE POLICE.
We therefore communicated with the police who informed
us that they had previously received complaints as to Mr.
Hamilton’s business methods; that his letters contained in-
accuracies ; that, though apparently written on his behalf, they
were really written by himself, and that he was at home. They
further informed us that Mr. Hamilton was ill and in poor
circumstances.
AN APOLOGY.
As Mr. Hamilton had been visited by the police, we felt that
the time had arrived to get a statement from him, with an
apology. In reply to our letter he states, under date January
roth, ‘I did not know a Lesser Black Headed Bunting, never
having had one to my knowledge . . . and as to Ripon, one
is apt in trade to make the most and get the most. . . . I very
much regret selling you the bird incorrectly described . . .
part of the other information (as to the locality) was only
business in sale.’
MORAL.
After his various lapses of memory and _ terminological
inexactitudes, this dealer therefore admits that his localities
are tacked on to his specimens ‘ merely for business reasons,’
and in order ‘to make the most and get the most.’ Such a
method was doubtless adopted for the new Halifax Black-
Headed Bunting, seen in the flesh in Sussex and now preserved
in a Sussex Museum. Having thus fairly well proved that in
this instance the record was wrong, there is quite a suspicion,
in fact more than a suspicion, as to the bona fides of other
recent records of new British birds, ‘seen in the flesh.’ We
certainly think naturalists will now be justified in deleting
several recent ‘new records’ from their lists.
—: 0 :—
In Lincolnshire Notes and Queries for October, published in January,
is an account of ‘Implements of the Stone Age, in the City and County
Museum, Lincoln.’ It is illustrated by four plates. We feel sure that the
anonymous author is correct in assuming that the one palolithic imple-
ment found in the county, now in the British Museum, was a compara-
tively recent importation into the county.
Naturalist,
61
NOTES ON THE MERLIN.*
F, H. EDMONDSON,
I was interested in Mr. Taylor’s paper read to the section on
the Merlin, particularly when in March last I saw them on a
moor. Mr. Taylor said they fed morning and evening. My
birds fed every two hours, all through, possibly they were a
little slacker about noon. The male never brought food to the
nest. I never saw the hen take food on the wing from him as
Mr. Taylor reported, but always from one of three rocks across
the narrow valley. Mr. Taylor said his nest was untidy ; con-
siderable refuse bones, feathers and carcasses being left. My
bird was the opposite. The nest was clean and tidy, though
perhaps dead bracken tended in this direction in burying some
of the refuse ; but I saw very few feathers and only two or three
bones. When flushed, the female invariably flew off with, or
swallowed what was left.
The information as to what food was brought when I was
not there, I got from the Plucking Stones.
I never saw the slightest trace of grouse, although there
were many broods of young near. One brood hatched within
two yards of a Plucking Stone.
The keeper reported that they had killed a young grouse
250 yards away. On going to look, I found a young grouse
disembowled and partly eaten. I think, however it was the
work of rats, or perhaps a stoat. The male and female have
a quite distinct voice; the male being much higher and
shriller than the female, he was always good and easy to
distinguish. During the day time the young were brooded
up to about seven days old; never afterwards.
The birds were on the moor by the end of March ; were
pairing by April 21st; there were four eggs on May 22nd;
the eggs were chipped on June 17th; young flew 200 yards
on July 22nd ; there were two large eggs and two small; two
females were hatched, one male, and there was one small addled
egg. Therefore the large eggs would seem to contain females,
and the small ones, males. Both the male and female sit on
the eggs ; both kill, though the male mostly ; the female only
once. The female only was at the nest after the eggs were
hatched ; the male hovered over once, or twice, but never
alighted. Among the birds eaten were :—tit-lark, many sky-
larks, young thrush, pied wagtail, sand piper, and old sky-lark,
which was very tough.
20;
In The Mineralogical Magazine for December, Dr. H. L. Bowman has
“Notes on Calcite from the Chalk at Corfe Castle, Dorset.’
* Read at a meeting of the Vertebrate Section of the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union.
1915 Feb, 1.
STRUCTURE OF OOLITIC LIMESTONE.
M. H. STILES, F.R.M.S.
As an aid to the selection of a Limestone for the repair of our
Parish Church (St. George’s, Doncaster), I recently examined
several samples under the microscope. They were subsequently
photographed, and the details are appended. All the samples.
were from Rutland.
No. 1, Casterton. In this case the oolitic granules are so
loosely arranged that they are easily detached from the mass,
and a surface suitable for photographing may readily be
prepared by lightly grinding down a fragment on an ordinary
stone sink moistened with water, washing, and subsequently
I 2 3 4
drying. The slight friction is quite sufficient to detach the
granules without wearing away their surface. :
With No. 2 from Edithweston this method does not answer,
as the granules wear down and, to a great extent, lose their
spherical form. Better results with stones of this character are
obtained by chipping, and the selection of a piece with a fairly
flat surface. Here the cohesion of the granules is sufficient
to resist detachment in many cases, and consequently some of
them are broken across in the process, as will be seen from the
photograph.
No. 3 isa sample of Ketton Stone. The granules are larger
than those of the other samples, and the prepared specimen
was so extremely beautiful when examined with a binocular
microscope that I reproduced it as a stereogram. When
viewed through a stereoscope the structure is exhibited in a
very graphic manner.
No. 41s an oolite from Clipsham, near Oakham, yielded by
a new bed just drawn into working. There is a very marked
Naturalist,
Stiles: Oolitic Limestone. 63
difference between this and Ketton ; the granules are smaller,
the cementation much more perfect, and the stone is con-
sequently denser, and I should say more durable.
PHOTOGRAPHIC DETAILS.
* Objective.-—2 inches without eye-piece, stopped down by
the insertion of a diaphragm with a small central aperture at
the back of O.G.
Magnification.—12 diameters in all cases.
Plate.—Wlford Chromatic.
Developer.—Rodinal I in 24. ,
Exposure.—5 minutes.
Illumination.—Paraffin lamp, flat flame, parallelised by
a 2 inch double convex Jens on to the concave mirror mounted
above the objective and thence reflected on the object with as.
little obliquity as possible. In this way deep contrasts are
avoided, and a softer and more natural appearance thereby
secured.
Camera.—A horizontal one, with the illuminating apparatus
raised sufficiently for the beam of light to clear the stage and
reach the mirror.
N.B.—The Photographs have been reproduced on a smaller
scale in the blocks (8 diameters), and are not so clear as the
originals. To anyone particularly interested I shall be glad to
send the originals for inspection, as well as the stereogram.
20%
ARACHNIDA.
New and Scarce British Arachnida.—Dr. C. F. George
has kindly presented the following mites, recently figured
in The Naturalist, to the Hull Museum, and this record is
made so that students of the arachnida will know where the
originals can be referred to:— Trombidium musham, T.
bicolor, T. buccinator, Johnstoniana levipes, Ottonia ignota,
O. sheppardi, Rhagidia, Bryonia pratensis, Ammonia (Cyta),
Bdella histrionum, Ba. hexophthalma, Bdella spp. and larva,
and larve, nymph, adult, and dissected details of Ruitteria
nemorum. Some of these are the type specimens. They
are all mounted as microscopical preparations. A previous
gift of a similar nature was recorded in this journal for Novem-
ber, 1911, p. 372.—T.S.
* In taking the Stereogram, the aperture of the diaphragm was
ex-centric, its position being reversed for the second exposure. These
exposures were made on two plates 3} in. x 2} in., and care was taken
that the illumination, exposures, developement and subsequent treatment
were identical.
1915 Feb. 1.
THE AMMONITES OF THE YORKSHIRE
CORNBRASH.*
H. C. DRAKE, F.G.S,
THE Ammonites of the Yorkshire Cornbrash all belong to
the genus Macrocephalites, of the family Stephanoceratide,
defined thus:
Ammonites with numerous ribs, which cross the periphery
without change, but which tend to unite on either side at some
point near the umbilicus.
The Ammonites of this family commence in the Upper
Lias and are almost confined to the Lower Jurassic, with the
exception of the genus Macrocephalites which extends to the
Oxford Clay. The Macrocephali aré found in the Jurassic
in most parts of the world.
The name is derived from pi2.K pos, long, xedady, a head.
The genus is defined thus by Zittel in his Handbook to Paleon-
tology :—‘ Involute, with broad, rounded exterior, all the
whorls regularly covered with numerous sharp ribs, which
divide into two or more near the narrow deep umbilicus.
Sutures much divided.
The shell was first figured by Baier in 1757 but not named.
Schlotheim in 1813 named the shell Ammonites macrocephalus.
There are five recognised species in the Yorkshire Cornbrash,
namely, macrocephalus, typicus, herveyt, hudlestont and com-
pressus. All my specimens come from the well-known Pea-
cock’s Quarry on the Seamer Road, Scarborough.
I have obtained macrocephalus, typicus and herveyi in the
Cornbrash at Red Cliff and in Gristhorpe Bay, but the con-
dition of the specimens was not good, all being without the
shell, therefore in the nature of casts. In Peacock’s quarry the
conditions of deposition must have been different, the rock here
is about 3 to 4 feet thick, but on weathering the bottom 18
inches is shown to contain a large quantity of broken up
carbonaceous matter with sandy grains, and breaks up almost
like the underlying sandstones, but of a slaty blue colour
with black patches. In this, and almost at the lowest portion,
I have found one or two specimens of macrocephalus and several
like typicus, but all was in the form of casts. The upper
portion about a foot from the top of the rock is the most
prolific, out of 52 specimens in my collection macrocephalus
form 26%, typicus 54%, herveyi 6%, compressus 60%, hudle-
stont &%.7
Macrocephalites macrocephalus. This is the species first
figured by Baier in 1757, and called A. macrocephalus by
* Read at the Hull meeting of the Geological Section of the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union.
+ In addition I have placed a typical series in the Hull Museum.
Naturalist,
Ammonites of the Yorkshire Cornbrash. 65
Schlotheim in 1813; Nautilus tumidus by Reinecke and A.
terebratus by Phillips. This Ammonite is of great thickness
(tumid), is Ir0 mm. wide at the end of the last whorl where the
body chamber commences, and the height is 65 mm.; the
diameter across the umbilicus is 145 mm. and the umbilicus is
only 25.mm., nearly .
In the small specimen the diameter across the umbilicus is
45 mm., and the umbilicus is Io mm., or about } of the diameter
of the shell, besides being so small the umbilicus is very deep,
the walls being almost vertical.
The ribs increase on the periphery and decrease towards the
umbilicus by combination ; on the periphery nearest to the
body chamber there are four ribs in 23 mm., and at the com-
mencement of the second whorl six ribs in 23 mm. in the largest
specimen.
In the smallest specimen there are four ribs on the outer
periphery in Io mm., and on the inner six ribs in 7 mm.
In the adult form there is a gradual failing of the ribs until
the surface is almost smooth.
Macrocephalus typicus Blake. This Ammonite is called
macrocephalus by Zittel and Nikitin, and is figured as such by
Zittel and Kayser-Lake. The sides are flattened, and the
umbilicus quite vertical, the ribs enter the umbilical wall
and curve backwards from the umbilicus to the periphery.
In this specimen the diameter is 95 and that of the umbili-
cus I5 mm., or just over 3 of the entire diameter. The height
of the last whorl near the body chamber is 28 mm., and its
width 34 mm.
In a large specimen of this species the height is 56 mm.,
and the width is 98 mm.
There are four ribs in 23 mm. on the outer periphery, and
eight on the inner one.
This handsome species is totally different from the first
mentioned species, as it is also from the next species.
Macrocephalites herveyi Sowerby. This Ammonite has not
flattened, but rounded sides, not globular in appearance as in
macrocephalus, but really comes between the aforementioned
two species. The umbilicus is not vertical but nearly so ;
the diameter of No. I is 110 mm., and the umbilicus is 30 mm.,
or about } the diameter.
The height of the last whorl next to the commencement of
the body chamber is 40 mm. and the width 60 mm.
There are nearly six ribs in 23 mm. at this point and seven
at the commencement of the second whorl. They do not curve
so much as in typicus, but are stronger and deeper.
In No. 2 the diameter is 120 mm. and the diameter of the
umbilicus is about 30 mm. or } the whole ; the height is 35 mm.
and width 55 mm.
1915 Feb. 1.
66 Ammonites of the Yorkshire Cornbrash.
On the outer periphery there are six ribs in 23 mm. and the
‘same near the inner whorl.
Macrocephalite compressus Quenstedt. The three best
specimens of this Ammonite that I possess are not in very
good condition. They are all small and the best specimen
shews the compression and very fine ribs which are very little
curved in comparison to the other species.
There are sixteen ribs on the periphery nearest to the body
chamber, and twenty-two on the periphery inside.
The diameter of the ammonite is 45 mm., and the diameter
of the umbilicus is 8 mm.
The inner smaller ribs do not seem to join the thicker
ribs, which continue to the umbilicus except occasionally, but
seem to die away before the wall of the umbilicus is reached.
Macrocephalites hudlestoni Blake. The best specimen of this
ammonite 1s 44 mm. in diameter, and the diameter of the um-
bilicus is 8mm. The thickness is about 25 mm. or little more
than half che diameter. The ribs have scarcely any curve and
are thick about Io in 23 mm. on the outer periphery, and 13
on the inner.
In all these ammonites the thickest part is always near the
umbilicus which is, as a rule, very small.
The Macrocephali I think, are a peculiar genera of the
Siephanoceras family, different from the other genera, especially
by their closed up umbilicus.
It would seem, therefore, that these ammonites, coming in
directly after the Estuarine series, and being continued to the
Oxford clay, show that the Cornbrash is really the commence-
ment of the Middle Jurassic, especially the upper half of this
strata.
We are indebted to Dr. G. C. Crick for his assistance in the
identification of the more critical species.
7-O:;
Among the Committees of research appointed at the recent meeting of
the British Association in Australia we notice a committee ‘ to formulate
a definite system on which collectors should record their captures,’ and
another for “a natural history survey of the Isle of Man.’
The Vicar of Wawne recently wrote to the press with evident concern.
On his return home recently his wife found the cast skin of a grass snake
on his back, and he asks for information as to how it could possibly
have got there. If he had been a layman it might be suggested that on
returning from Christmas revels he must have fallen into a dyke or into
a field where such objects occur. But as he is a clergyman we cannot say.
The Yorkshire Observer for December 9th gives a list of the members
of the Leeds Naturalists’ Club who have joined the Forces, viz., Captain
J. EL Priestley, Captain Hea]: ae seutenant SIE Lupton, Second
Lieutenant E. H. Croft, H. Murphy, N. T. B. Turner, W. Withell, C. D.
Ingleby, F. Fowler, A. Hodgson and 2 Je ats Mrokedkes — Ibal addition, Pro-
fessor Garstang is Chairman of the Military Committee in charge of the
Officers’ Training Corps of the Leeds University.
Naturalist,
67
MOSSES FROM PRE-CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS
NEAR AUSTWICK.
CHRIS. A. CHEETHAM,
DuRING the past year, Mr. Haxby and I have been working
over the pre-carboniferous rocks around Austwick and Helwith,
the West Yorkshire records for the type of mosses generally
associated with these siliceous rocks being sparse, and there
being evidence in the lack of Ribblesdale records that the
district had not been carefully worked. We have been amply
repaid by the discovery of many new drainage records and
also by finding in quantity mosses which are generally very
scarce and in small patches in West Yorkshire.
The district, when looked at casually, does not give much
encouragement to a bryologist, the streams and gullies face
too much to the south, requisite shade being lacking ; careful
search however, soon dispelled this impression. One of the
first interesting facts noted was that some of the typical alpine
mosses, Andreeas, occurred in sheets at the low elevation of
700-800 feet, with them being the alpine bryum also in quantity.
This was an incentive to further search. Another isolated
outcrop of rocks of a more slatey nature was found to be
covered with Cynodontium Bruntont, quite a new moss to the
district. Again, a few surfaces of rock sloping steeply north-
wards were found to have a growth of Rhacomitrium protensum,
quite suggestive of the Lake district ; on an outcrop facing
directly south and seemingly very dry, a colony of Grimmias
has taken hold, an interesting discovery being G. swbsquarrosa,
already noted in this journal.
There are other mosses which we expected to find frequently
but which are not plentiful, Ptychomitrium polyphyllum,
Hedwigia ciliata, and Pterogonium gracile are seen occasionally,
but seem by their distribution to be only just capable of main-
taining their footing. The first mentioned is generally found
freely on this type of rock. An interesting occurrence of the
Pterogonium is on the limestone at Stainforth Force in Ribbles-
dale, a list of plants on page 76 of “ West Yorkshire Flora ’
cites this species as absolutely confined to slate rocks in West
Yorkshire. A moss which is much more frequent than our
flora states 1s Rhacomitrium heterostichum, being commonly
found all over the district. Campylopus atrovirens is also
widely distributed, and is a good index to the type of rocks.
In passing from Crummock dale head to the Ribble valley,
the path crosses over the limestone plateau of Moughton,
and here we see that Hylocomium rugosum is by no means the
rarity we supposed, for on limestone screes it is generally to
be found, and in places in great profusion. Careful search
1915 Feb, 1.
68 Mosses from Pre-Carboniferous Rocks.
here will bring Cylindrothectum concinnum, and on one scree
facing west where Saxifraga oppositifolia grows, we get Trichos-
tomum tortuosum var. fragilifolium; in vertical clefts of the
limestones we can also find Mnium orthorrhynchum ; a Thuid-
zum found on these dry places is the one previously reported
by us from Ingleborough, T. Philiberti1; it has recently been
classed as a variety and called var. pseudo-tamarisct.
The mosses group themselves in fairly distinct associations,
if we get a flat surface of siliceous rock at a low angle with slight
moisture draining over it, we shall find usually Andreea Rothit
var. falcata, A. crassinervium, A. petrophila, Rhacomitrium
heterostichum, R. fasciculare, R. aciculare, Campylopus atro-
virens, Bryum alpinum.
The nerved Andreea is much the most frequent, the
Rhacomitria vary according to the amount of moisture,
fasiculare if fairly dry, aciculare if wet. The Campylopus and
Bryum vary in appearance with the moisture, in the wet
places the former has much shorter or almost lacks the hair-
point, and the Bryuwm looses the rich crimson metallic sheen,
passing into the green variety; very occasionally in these
places we get the var. nigvo-viride of Trichostomum crispulum,
and the var. acutifolium of Diphyscium foliosum ; the frequent
Zygodon (Amphoridium) Mougeotii in similar situations is very
different in appearance and handle, being black below in place
of the light brown, and harsh to the touch.
Another group is that of the Grimmias on the rocks facing
south below Moughton. Here we get a type of moss which
can stand a large amount of drying ; some experiments made
by E. Irmscher and published in Jahrb. f. wiss. Bot. 50, pp.
387-449, showed that G. apocarpa still had a quarter of its
leaf cells living after drying in a dessicator for 128 weeks ;
G. pulvinata showed a similar result after 60 weeks’ drying,
wheras the mosses usually found in water were soon killed,
Fontinalis only surviving five days’ treatment. The species
found here include Grimmia apocarpa, G. funalis, G. pulvinata,
G. subsquarrosa, G. doniana; G. funalis and subsquarrosa
being far the most plentiful, some tufts of the latter have the
gemme in perfect condition. They appear not to have been
found in the British Isles in this state before.
Our next group is the moss flora of scattered siliceous
boulders. This is fairly regular, the main part being Rhacomi-
trium heterostichum with a little R. fasciculare, and Grimma
apocarpa, this being of the gracilis type ; if sufficient soil, we
find Polytrichum piliferum and occasionally Hypnum cupresst-
forme. On one or two out of a great number examined we
found Hedwigia ciliata.
In the following list the nomenclature adopted is that
employed in the census catalogue of the British moss club,
Naturalist,
Mosses from Pre-Carboniferous Rocks. 69
but where the name differs in the Flora of West Yorkshire or
in Braithwaites Moss Flora, these synonyms have been added ;
this apparently being the only way to deal with a difficulty
which is very real and discouraging to beginners. *
Where the moss is new to either Ribble or Lune drainage,
it is shown by the letters L or R in parenthesis.
(R.) Andreea petrophila.
(R.) », Rothir.
(R.) | » Rothw var. falcata.
(R.) » crassinervia.
These mosses are found in quantity in Crummockdale
and under Moughton, opposite Horton in Ribblesdale. They
cover many square yards of surface, making the rocks quite
black in appearance. The altitude, 700-800 feet, is very low for
these species in our latitude, and is due to the influence of the
surrounding mountains.
(R.) Diphyscium foliosum (Webera sessilis).
(R.) Diphyscium foliosum var. acutifolium.
(R.) Fissidens osmundotdes.
We have before shown these to be on Ingleborough ; this
note extends their range into Ribblesdale.
(L.) Fissidens crassipes (F. viridulus var. fontanus). Be-
tween Clapham and Austwick.
(L.) Pleuridium subulatum. Ingleton.
(R.) Seligeria pusilla. Frequent in vertical clefts of the
limestones.
(R.) Seligeria recurvata (S. setacea). On siliceous rocks of
a soft texture.
Cynodontium Bruntoni (Dicrano-weisia) (Oncophorus).
In plenty in one place in Crummockdale.
(R.) Blindia acuta.
(R.) Campylopus atrovirens.
(L. R.) Grimmia subsquarrosa.
(R.) Rhacomitrium protensum (Grimmia aquatica).
(R.) Ptychomitrium polyphyllum (Glyphomitnium).
(R.) Hedwigia ciliata (H. albicans). In Arco wood, it is
only in small quantity here, and occurs further
south, beyond the faults, on millstone grit walls
near Lawkland.
* If this plan of giving the synonomy, whenever a difference exists in
these three lists, were generally adopted, it would matter little which
nomenclature was used by the writer at the time, and also would enable
anyone to refer to our flora for the known distribution of any species at
that time. Many beginners get Jamison’s Key to British Mosses in the
reprint from the Journal of Botany, and with this the West Yorkshire
Flora is in line, but when the worker takes up Dixon’s book a new system
has to be mastered, and this later may have to be revised with Braith-
waite’s, the latter being the only one to give a full synonomy.
1915 Feb. 1.
70 Mosses from. Pre-Carboniferous Rocks.
(R. L.) Acaulon muticum (Spherangium). On Smearside, and
near Austwick.
(L.) Tortula ambigua (T. ericefolia, Barhula). Near Ingle-
ton.
Barbula lurida (Didymodon). Streamside, near Aust-
wick. ;
(R.) Trichostomum crispulum var. nigro-viride (Mollia).
Found on flat wet rock surfaces. .
(L.) Trichostomum tortuosum var. fragilifolium (Mollia).
Screes, Moughton summit.
(L.) Splachnum ampullaceum. Austwick moss.
(R.) | Letraplodon mniodes. On bones in old slate quarry,
Arco wood.
(L.) Funania ericetorum (f. obtusa. Entostodon). Great
Blake Gill, also between Helwith and Stainforth
bridges.
Funaria calcarea. Feizor. .
Amblyodon dealbatus. Dripping limestone rocks above
Warfe village. |
(R.L.) Bartramia pomiformis. At Craghill and at Warfe.
(R.) Bryum filiforme. Arco wood.
(L.) ,, concinnatum. Crummockdale head.
(R.) alpinum. Fruiting in Arco wood.
(URGES) » alpinum var. viride.
Leucodon sciuroides. In plenty, Austwick-W arfe:
Antitrichia curtipendula. \Warfe, Helwith and C lapham.
(R.) Pterogonium gracile (P. ornithopodioides). ‘On lime-
stone at Stainforth and also found near Arco
quarry.
.) Leskea polycarpa. Riverside near Clapham Station.
.) Cylindrothecium concinnum (Entodon orthocarpus).
Crummockdale head and Moughton Scar.
) Hypnum patientia (H.arcuatum. Stereodon lindbergit)
Wood below Beezley falls.
) Hypnum scorpiodes (Amblystegium). Helwith moss.
2) ss straminium (Amblystegium). Helwith moss.
) a sarmentosum (Amblystegium). Arco wood.
Hylocomium rugosum (Hypnum). —Moughton Scar.
This list adds I4 species or varieties to the Lune drainage,
and 27 to the Ribble. It shows that it is possible by use of
geological information, coupled with a knowledge of the moss
flora of the various rocks, to pick out districts where the
published information is seen to be lacking these types.
a Ors
We regret to notice the death, towards the end of t914, of Mr. W.
Hill, F.G.S. Many years ago he did some excellent work among the
chalk of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire ; his papers on the Lower Chalk have
never been superseded. :
Naturalist,
71
YORKSHIRE’S CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE.
(Presidential Address to the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, delivered
at the University, Leeds, 5th December, 1914.).
By T. SHEPPARD, F.G.S.
(Continued from page 25).
MAGAZINES NOW EXTINCT.
The present instalment includes particulars of the magazines
and journals which are no longer being published. Many are
directly connected with Yorkshire ; others contain items bearing
upon the natural history, etc., of the county. Detailed particulars
of these are given, as several of the publications are now very
scarce, in many cases my own being the only complete sets I
have been able to trace.
In addition to the following, there are such publications as
“The Halifax Naturalist,’ “ The Bradford Scientific Journal,’ and
the journals issued at Barnsley, Keighley, etc., which, however,
will be dealt with under the heads of the respective towns.
There are a number of other magaizines, such as ‘ The Midland
Naturalist ’ (1878-1893, 16 vols., 8vo) ; “The Essex Naturalist ’
(1887-1914, 15 vols., 8vo), etc., but these for the most part have
no particular bearing upon our county, and are not included.
THE CIRCULATOR.
In 1861 the Haley Hill Literary and Scientific Society was
formed in Halifax.* In 1866-7 it published an interesting
magazine, The Circulator, a magazine of Literature, Science and
Art, conducted by members of the Haley Hill Literary and Scien-
tific Society, 1886-7. It bears the imprint ‘ Halifax’ and is
dated 1867. The volume I have seenf contains Ig0 pages, 8vo,
but there is nothing to show how frequently it appeared nor how
many pages were issued at a time.{ There are interesting
papers on the natural history and geology of the district, as well
as on poetry, music, etc. Several of the contributions contain the
earliest records of the district. The Haley Hill Society may be
said to be the parent of the Halifax Scientific Society.
THE PRACTICAL NATURALIST.
Between January and December 1883, a magazine called
“The Practical Naturalist,’ which contained 140 8vo pages, in
double columns, was issued, printed and edited in Bradford,
* For a description of the Society and its work see The Halifax Naturalist,
Vol. VI., pp. 89-92.
{ Since given to me by a Halifax friend.
{ Up to page 117 there are six ‘continued’ articles on Geology by J.
S[pencer], so that probably about a dozen parts were issued in all.
1915 Feb. 1.
72 Sheppard: Yorkshire’s Contribution to Sctence.
by H.S. Ward and H. J. Riley, who were printers and booksellers.
It contains a number of short natural history articles, among
which are several by Yorkshire naturalists. The journal was
evidently the organ of the ‘ Practical Naturalists’ Society,’ a card
of membership for which, with a list of Fellows and Members,
Rules, and a list of books, are bound up with my copy. The
membership card is signed by Percy Lund, President, and H.
Snowden Ward, Secretary. From the preface to the volume we
learn that ‘ At the end of our first year (which is also our last) .
we take the sole responsibility for the failings which are so
We hereby certify that Domeliy
has been enrolled a Member of this Society
this ua day of Pebsuary, 18L4
Signed dor cy vip cu CO President.
Ky, etd en Wea. Secretary.
pO 00900060009 0000900900008 000008880000 0008 000005080008 008 09008000000
No. on books AAS 3
Reduced fac-simile of Membership Card of the Practical Naturalists’ Society.
numerous in our little magazine... . We regret giving up what
has been truly “‘a labour: of love,”’ but the work is too great for
us.’ The preface was as true as it was candid.
THE NATURALISTS’ WORLD.
Mr. Scruton, in Turner’s Yorkshire Bibliographer, vol. I., 1888,
pages 105-110, says: ‘ The Practical Naturalist was continued
at Ilkley.’ This led me to look in that direction, and I find that
another journal was certainly published at Ilkley, and in the
preface, reference is made to ‘Our Practical Naturalists’ Society.’
Not a word, however, is said of the dead Practical Naturalist, and
in every way the Ilkley publication must be locked upen as quite
separate and distinct.
No. 1 of the first volume was published in January, 1884. It
Naturalist
Sheppard: Yorkshire’s Contribution to Science. 73
was edited by Mr. Percy Lund, and printed and published* by
Percy Lund and Co., at the County Press, Ilkley. It was a small
4to, with double columns, and illustrated; there were 16 pages
a month, and the first page of each issue was numbered and
dated. The first volume contained 216 pages in all. Vol. II.
(Nos. 13-24), 1885, 236 pages; vol. III. (Nos. 25-36), 1886, 220
pages; and vol. IV. (Nos. 37-48), January to December, 1887,
208 pages. With this volume appears the usual epitaph : ‘ With
its fourth volume, The Naturalists’ World ceases publication,
This step has been taken because it has been found impossible
to render it a pecuniary success.’
When it commenced, The Naturalists’ World had a largely
‘Yorkshire’ character, and many contributors to our own journal
wrote also for it. The very first article in the first number was
by our old friend the late Rev. W. C. Hey, on ‘Shells.’ J. W.
Davis followed on ‘ Geological Evolution.’ The late William West
commenced the second part with ‘ Plant Gossip.’ Among other
familiar names in these early parts we notice W. J. Clarke, P. F.
Lee, J. E. Wilson, W. H. Hutton, T. D. A. Cockerell, H. Wallis
Kew, and W. D. Roebuck.
THE YouNG NATURALIST.
Many Yorkshire workers contributed to The Young Naturalist,
an illustrated 8vo journal which began in November, 1879, and
continued until December 1890, when it completed its eleventh
volume. It was edited by J. E. Robson, of Hartlepool and S. L.
Mosley of Huddersfield. It was at first ‘a weekly magazine of
Natural History‘ of 8 pages (occasionally four pages only), 8vo,
double columns.
Volume 1, ended with page 416, on October 30th, 1880.
i 2, similarly edited, contains parts 54-103, and 364 pages
3, contains parts 104-155, in all 411 pages, with 12
lithographed plates.
4, The journal became a monthly with this volume, and
was sold at 6d. It contains parts 37-48,f with
a total of 280 pages.
53 5, parts 49-60 contains 292 pages.
, parts 61-72, 282 pages, and 40 pages of supplement.
With the February number of this volume, and
onwards ; it was edited by Mr. Robson only.
3 7, parts 73-84, contains 254 pages.
a 8, parts 85-96, contains 104 pages.
= g, parts 97-108, contains 200 pages.
» 10, parts 109-120, contains 252 pages.
» iI, parts 121-132, contains pages 240-232.
HY
* The first volume only has the name of W. Swan Sonnenchein & Co.,
London, as the publishers.
j This evidently assumes that the first three volumes contained monthly
parts.
1915 Feb. 1.
74 Sheppard: Yorkshire's Contribution to Sectence.
In January 1891, the journal was published under the title of
THE BritisH NATURALIST.
This journal continued from 1891 to December 1894, four
volumes, the last volume bearing the same title, but called a
“New Series, and was edited by Joseph Smith and Linneus)
Greening.
In the third volume Mr. Robson informs us that during the.
previous fourteen years he had edited The British Naturalist
and its predecessor The Young Naturalist, and regrets that the
publication must cease on account of illness. However, it was.
continued by other editors, but only for one year.
Volume 1, contains parts January 1891 to December 18o1,
numbers I-12, and 272 + 86 pages.
2, parts 13-24, and 269 pages.
33 3, parts 25-36, and 256 pages.
x 4, (New Series), 298 pages, dated January to December,
1894.
A feature of these journals was the illustrated biographies of
field naturalists.*
THE NatTuRALIsTs’ MONTHLY.
A magazine with the above title, ‘devoted to the study of
Natural History,’ edited by R. Christie, and printed and published
by A. Robinson of Bradford, appeared in October, 1882, but
apparently ceased after the publication of its third number,
for February, 1883. +
THE NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL.
In July, 1892, the first part of ‘The Naturalists’ Journal,’ (12
pages 8vo), appeared, edited by H. K. Swan, published by Elliot
Stock, and sold at one penny. By June, 1893, the first volume
(144 pages) was completed. By May, 1894, however, we learn
that Mr. Swan was not able to give the time necessary for carrying
out the ‘great improvements contemplated by the proprietor,’
and the title page of the second volume (Nos. 13-24, July, 1893-
June, 1894, 194 pages) bears the names of A. Ford and A. H.
Waters.
Volume III. continued for six months{, in order that the
volumes might begin with the January number. In November
Mr. S. L. Mosley was joint editor in place of Mr. Waters,§ and we
learn that ‘in future the journal is to be printed in Huddersfield.’
* My set was formerly Mr. Robson’s.
i See Yorkshire Bibliographer, Vol. 1., 1888, p. 108.
$ Ends with No. 30, December, 1894, 148 pages.
§ Judging by references to ‘Leaflets circulated by the late manager, ’
there has been trouble !
Naturalist;
Sheppard: Yorkshire's Contribution to Science. 75
With the 5th volume, the words ‘and Naturalists’ Guide ’
were added to the title, and it became ‘The Monthly Organ of the
Economic and Educational Museum, Huddersfield.’ In the
6th volume, the title was altered to ‘ The Naturalists’ Journal
and Guide’ and it also became the organ of the British Field
Club. Volume 7 included monographs of Galls and Boleti. In
1900, (the 9th volume), the title was again changed to The Natural-
ists’ Journal incorporated with which was The Naturalists’
Guide. Mr. S. L. Mosley retired from the editorship, which was
taken over by his son Charles, who also printed the journal. By
volume XI. (1902) the Journal reverted to its 1899 title, and
though it commenced under the editorship of the son, the father’s
name, alone,'once more, appeared on the title.
NATURE STUDY.
Under this title the journal apparently begins a new career.
Instead of being volume I., however, it is volume XII.—the
number of the volume being continued from The Naturalists’
Journal. By its second volume, the title was again altered to
‘Nature Study and The Naturalists’ Journal,’ and presumably
the son again takes charge ; with the following year, 1905, volume
3, or Volume 14 as the case may be, ceased. It is to be hoped that
it is merely a coincidence that the title page appearing with the
final part, was adorned with a quotation from a paper of my
own!
The first of these volumes is composed of small sections of
what were presumably some day intendedto be complete memoirs
on various subjects, hadthey continued. Each one begins a fresh
pagination, which makes the binding difficult, and the sequence
well nigh impossible to follow.
These various volumes issued from Huddersfield are illustrated
by blocks in the text and numerous coloured plates, which were
entirely the work of Mr. S. L. Mosley. How he was able to
produce them in such quantity was always a puzzle to me ;
they speak well for his ability and industry.
We may add that the key note of these volumes was the
economic. aspect of natural history.
THE NEw NATURE STUDY.
In October 1912, Messrs. S. L. and F. O. Mosley, published No.
1, New Series of The New Nature Study.* (8vo) ‘The contents ’
include ‘vol. XIV., Vertebrate Animals, pages 1-2 and 5-10;
vol. XV., Insects, pages 1-2; vol. XVI., Huddersfield District,
* Published at the Mature Study Office, Beaumont Park, Huddersfield.
This number is styled ‘ No. 163 from Beginning,’ from which, apparently, the
numbering has commenced from the first part of its predecessor, Zhe Natural/-
ists’ Journal. See The Naturalist for 1913, p. 12.
1915 Feb. 1.
76 Sheppard: Yorkshire's Contribution to Science.
pages 1-2.’ Further numbers contain parts of volumes in the
same way, up to vol. XXVII., ‘the Farm.’ Apparently, had all
gone well the parts should have been taken out and eventually
bound up into volumes, but as only 12 parts of this new series
appear to have been published, this was not done.
Each part averaged 16 variously numbered pages, contained
coloured and other plates, and was sold at 6d. .
NATURALIST NOTES.
In June 1894, appeared an octavo magazine with the SDBNE
title, being “A monthly record of local ord scientific natural
history observations, published under the auspices of the Malton
Field Naturalists’ and Scientific Society.’ Thirteen parts of
eight pages each appeared at the price of 1d. each. At the
completion of this volume the parts were bound together and sold
in one volume at Is.
In July 1895, apparently the same publication was continued
for another thirteen months, but, though styled volume II. (parts
14 to 25) and vol. III., No. 26, the heading was altered to
NORTH AND EAST YORKSHIRE SCIENCE NOTES,
From an editorial it seemed that it was considered that ‘ the
word “science ’”’ takes in a wider scope of objects and subjects than
the word naturalist, and the scientific man must above all things
be consistent and have everything in apple-pie order.’ Under
the new name, however, only thirteen parts were issued and the
Malton publication ended its career with the twenty-sixth issue
since it started as ‘ Naturalists’ Notes.’ However, the little
magazine contains many interesting records relating to the
Malton district.
THE NATURAL HISTORY JOURNAL.
This little magazine was started in York in 1877, and was
“conducted by the Societies’ of Friends’ Schools.’ From its
commencement to the year before its close it was edited by Mr.
J. E. Clark, sometimes with assistance.
It was an 8vo magazine, frequently illustrated, and there were
on, an average over 200 pages to the volume.
It commenced in February 1877, and in December of the same
year completed its first volume (160 pages). Then, regularly for
twenty-two years, its parts were published, and were bound up
in the well-known green cloth covers, the final part (No. 198)
being published in December, 1898. Nine parts were published
each year, none appearing in the months of January, July and
August, owing to vacation.
Though primarily intended for the scholars attending the
Friends’ Schools, where, as we well know, a strong feature is
made of the study of natural history, the volumes contain many
interesting and important records referring to the county.
.Naturalist,
Sheppard: Yorkshtre’s Contribution to Sctence. 77
In the last part (December 1898) we learn that ‘ for twenty-two
years has The Natural History Journal been an institution in
our schools. ... Probably the feeling was shared by many of
us that when Mr. J. E. Clark was compelled to retire from the
post of editor it would be difficult, perhaps impossible, adequately
to fill his place.’ The new editor only accepted the post ‘on
condition that the paper paid its way ; but the fact is the excess
of expenditure over income for 1908 is £17, and the financial
editor feels that he cannot face another year with a similar
prospect awaiting him at the end of it.’
Since the cessation of the Journal, the Annual Report of the
Bootham School Natural History Society has to a small extent
taken its place.
NATURAL SCIENCE.
This shillmg monthly magazine (large 8vo), published by
Macmillan, was by far the finest magazine of its kind on the
market. It was edited anonymously, though we have an idea
how and where, and we believe Yorkshire had a finger in the pie.
Its criticisms were favourable where praise was due, and caustic
where considered necessary. It made a special feature of its
current “ Notes and Comments,’ book reviews, and smaller news
items, and many were made to smart by its lashings. Its con-
tributions were of an exceptionally high order.
Volume I. (March to December 1892, contained 800 pages.
It included articles by J. W. Davis, Thomas Hick, Clement
Reid, A. Smith Woodward, Henry Woodward, J. E. Marr,
Alfred Harker, J. J. H. Teall, W. C. Williamson, A. €. Seward,
A. J. Jukes-Browne, R. Lydekker, G. A. Boulenger, H. O. Forbes,
and others well known to Yorkshire naturalists.
Subsequent volumes (2 to 15) were published, two each year,
and averaged 500 pages each. The publishers were changed
on more than one occasion, and towards the end, the editor-
ship was apparently also altered.
The first ‘Note and Comment’ in the issue for December,
1899, was entitled ‘ Eliminated,’ and read: ‘It is one of the
conditions of continued vigorous activity on an organism’s part
that income be at least equal to expenditure, and the same
is true of journals. To try to sustain the activity when the
aforesaid condition is not fulfilled is not uninteresting, but there
are limits to the possibility of continuing it. We regret to say
that we have reached these limits as regards National Science. . . .
We make our bow, then, to the process of natural elimination.’
(To be continued).
——: 0':——
No. 27 of the Quarterly Notes issued by the Belfast Museum is devoted
to ‘Old Domestic Plenishings,’ and No. 26 to ‘ Objects connected with
Tobacco Smoking,’ etc.
1915 Feb. 1.
78
COCUIDAE OBSERVED IN DURHAM AND
NORTH YORKSHIRE.
J. W. H. HARRISON, B.Sc.,
M east
THE Coccidae, or Scale Insects, observed up to the present
time in Britain, number about I00 species and, of these, I
fear not one half have any right to be regarded as anything
more than ‘naturalised aliens,’ and very undesirable ones, too.
Be that as it may, it is customary to include them in British
lists on. account of their great economic importance ; hence,
in spite of the fact that most of my work is done out of doors,
I venture to list species taken in greenhouses to which, through
the courtesy of friends, I have had access. I give, too, the
species I have been able to secure from fruit purchased in
shops.
Whilst, on account of our climate, I ee tea to find our
local Coccids few in numbers, I was surprised to find that there
was a total absence of certain well-known indigenous species,
and I find that these species, when tabulated, are chiefly oak-
feeders. In fact, despite diligent search, I have never seen
an oak feeding species either in Durham or in Yorkshire.
On the whole, however, we have a fairly representative
list, including species from all of the sub-families, and I have
hopes that I shall yet secure some of the missing forms, and
that thus our somewhat short list will be materially extended.
Aspidiotus aurantii (Maskell).—Once, on lemons bought in
Middlesbrough.
Aspidiotus bromeliae (Newstead).—Rare on pineapples in
Middles brough. ,
Aspidiotus dictvospermi var. arecae (Newstead).—On palms
in greenhouses in Middlesbrough.
Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot). —In enormous quantities in
the sheaths at the base of palms in a green house at Birtley-
I have bred an excessively minute hymenopterous parasite
from this.
ASpidiotus perniciosus (Comstock).—This is the far famed
and dreaded San José Scale, a pest that has cost millions of
dollars and destroyed thousands of fruit trees belonging to
the order Rosaceae in the United States, and in that small
portion of Canada between Lakes Huron and Erie. I once
saw a few specimens on a pear in the Greenmarket, Newcastle-
on Tyne. It is exceedingly unlikely that it will do any damage
here as it owes its destructive powers abroad to the frequency of
the broods during the hot summer. Here, even if it did escape,
it would be single-brooded and barely able to hold its own
under the most favourable conditions. It might however.
Naturalist,
Coccidae observed in Durham and N. Yorkshire. 79)
be extremely harmful to peaches and nectarines under glass
if once allowed to secure a footing.
Parlatoria proteus (Curtis). Rare on Cypripediums under
glass at Birtley.
Parlatoria proteus var. crotonis (Douglas).—-I once got this
on Croton but failed to record the locality. In all probabilty
it was at Birtley.
Parlatoria pergandit (Comstock).—On imported oranges.
commonly.
Parlatoria zizyphi (Lucas).—On oranges, but rare.
Chionaspis salicis (Linn.)—Our most abundant Coccid,
occurring everywhere in the Birtley district on Alder (Alnus
glutinosa), Ash (Fraxinus excelstor) and Sallow (Salix caprea
et S. cinerea). On ash and Salix aurita near Middlesbrough.
It is particularly destructive to Salix cinerea on Waldridge Fell,
and the weakened trees soon fall victims to the Weevil (Cryp-
torhynchus lapathi Linn.)
Chionaspis aspidistrae (Signoret).—Once on Ferns at
Birtley in a hothouse.
Mytilaspis pomorum (Bouché), the Common Mussel Scale.—
Not as‘abundant as one would expect. On Salix caprea, S.
aurita and blackthorn, at Birtley, but on apple at Low Fell.
Eriopeltis festucae (Fonscolombe).—This has turned up not
infrequently at Birtley on grasses, not necessarily, but some-
times, of the genus Festuca. The species is localised in the
old quarry field in a very small area, well sheltered from north
and east winds.
Signoretia luzulae (Dufour).—Near the above, on Luzula
campestris, but in much smaller numbers and not always to be
found when looked for.
Lichtensia viburni (Signoret).—I discovered this for the
first time at Birtley, on ivy, whilst I was looking for Eviopeltis
festucae. Only two specimens occurred.
Pulvinaria vitis (Linn.)—Scarce at Birtley on blackthorn.
and only on one tree.
Pulvinaria vitis var. ribesiae (Signoret). Rarely on black-
currant (Ribes nigrum) in an old garden at Birtley. Now, I
fear, extinct as the bushes were killed by the Currant Moth
(Abraxas grossulariata).
Lecanium hesperidum (Linn.)—On young Abutilons in a
greenhouse in Middlesborough. Now rare, but I was told that
it had formerly abounded.
Lecanium persicae var. coryli (Linn).—Once on hawthorn at
Birtley.
Lecanium bituberculatum (Targioni-Tozzetti).—Now gone.
but formerly quite common on a row of hawthorns in Middles-
brough.
Lecanium capreae (Linn.)—This is very common, if some-
1915 Feb. 1.
80 Coccidae Observed in Durham and N. Yorkshire.
what local, both at Birtley and in Middlesbrough. I have
taken it from both blackthorn and hawthorn but certainly
not from the plant Salix caprea from which it derives its name.
Lecamium coffeae (Walker) (=hemisphaericum, Targioni-
Tozzetti).—My friend Mr. John Baxter, late of Birtley, but
now in the army, discovered this on a fern of the genus Pteris
at Birtley. I cannot resist giving Mr. Baxter a word of thanks
here for help rendered in searching for minute species of all
groups—help I hope he will be able to continue when the war
is ended.
Dactylopius citi (Risso).—This was very common on young
orange trees, aspidistras, etc., etc., in a greenhouse at Birtley.
Dactylopius longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti).—With the
above on various plants, including asfidistra, aralia, etc., at
Birtley. This, with the preceding, is the Mealy-Bug of
gardeners.
Dactylopius walkert (Newstead).—Rather scarce on the
marram and other grasses on the sandbanks at Redcar and
Marske.
Pseudococcus aceris (Signoret).—This species has proved
unaccountably scarce and has only occurred to me onée, and
that in small numbers, on blackthorn at Chester-le-Street.
Ripersia subterranea (Newstead).—When working ant’s
nests on the sandy ground at the base of the sea banks at the
Black Hall Rocks, just north of the hotel, I found this sparingly
on grass roots in the nests of Lasius flavus. I have not, how-
ever, seen the ant for a year or two, 1.e., since the new Black
Hall Rocks Colliery was opened.
Eriococcus insignis (Newstead).—Not common on grass on
Waldridge Fell, and only on the banks of the burn.
A pterococcus fraxint (Newstead).—I got this not uncommon -
ly on an ash in the village of Birtley two years ago. This
provided the first northern record, but the hopes I formed
then of finding it well distributed have been unsatisfied.
Cryptococcus fagi (Barensprung), the Felted Beech Coccid.
—Common at Ravensworth, but rare nearer Birtley in Durham.
Quite common in Guisbrough Park Wood, near Ormesby and
Marton in Yorkshire. On beech (Fagus sylvatica) of course.
Newsteadia floccosa (De Geer).—This interesting and curious
looking creature has occurred, although not freely, amongst
Polytrichum, at Eston (Yorks.) and on Waldridge Fell (Dur-
ham). It occurred in much drier spots than its relative
Orthezia cataphracta.
Orthezia cataphracta (Shaw).—This occurs everywhere on
the moors, amongst very damp sphagnum, in this district. In
Durham it is just as abundant in similar spots on Waldridge
Fell, although rarer on Birtley Fell, occurring there rather
amongst Polytrichum and rushes.
Naturalist,
News from the Magazines. 81
Orthezia Sp.—I think I have a new species of this genus
differing in size and in the dorsal plates from O. cataphracta.
This I got amongst Sphagnum on Great Ayton Moor.
P.S.—In spite of what is said above about the non-
occurrence of oakfeeding Coccids in our area, I tock sucha
species on Noy. gth. This was Asfidiotus zonatus (Frauenfeld).
Over-wintering females occurred sparingly on scrubby oaks
near Nunthorpe Station.
7 O:
The Ivish Naturalist for January contains a paper on ‘ The Geography
of Ireland as a field for Irish naturalists,’ by Prof. G. A. J. Cole.
Mr. W. G. Travis contributes ‘ Bryological Notes in the Ingleton
District,’ to the Lancashire and Cheshive Naturalist for December.
Mr. W. H. S. Cheavin favours us with a reprint of an illustrated paper
on the Common Gnat, which appeared in Knowledge.
In a recent issue of The Journal of Economic Biology (pp. 105-125),
Mr. J. W. H. Johnson writes ‘ A Contribution to the Biology of Sewage
Disposal.’
The Ivish Naturalist Vol. 23, No. 10 contains ‘ A Note on the Anatomy
of the Irish Vitrina described as v. pyvenaica or v. hibernica,’ by A. E.
Boycott. .
In The Journal of Conchology for January, Helicella virgata m.
stntstvovsum is recorded near Scarborough, this being the fourth record
for the neighbourhood.
“Notes on High Mortality among Young Common Terns in certain
seasons,’ by A. R. Galloway and A. L. Thomson, appear in The Scottish
Naturalist for December.
In the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, volume 49, Mr. J. W.
Jackson describes some Dental Mutilations found in a cave known as
“ Dog Holes,’ on Warton Crag, Lancs.
Part 90 of the Yorkshive Archaeological Journal is almost entirely
devoted to ‘ Anglian and Anglo-Danish Sculpture in the West Riding ’
by Professor Collingwood, and is very well illustrated.
Mr. G. T. Porritt records the ‘Abundance of Pyvamets cardui at
Bridlington,’ in The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine No. 606. Mr.
E. G. Bradford records the abundance of the same species near Sheffield, in
No. 607 of that journal.
In No. 880 of The Zoologist Mr. A. H. Patterson gives some ‘ Miscell-
aneous Notes from Great Yarmouth’; in No, 881, Mr. O. V. Aplin gives
* Notes on Oxtordshire Ornithology, 1913’; in No. 882, ‘ Extracts from a
Shooter’s Note-Book in 1866, including the Great Frost.’
We learn from The Lancashive and Cheshive Naturalist for December
that ‘ After having once been almost delegated to the formation of a
local art gallery and museum, to end unlimited suggestions and con-
troversyv, and to relieve themselves of an uneviable position, the trustees
of the Lightbown bequest at Darwen decided that almshouses be erected
with the money.’
Mr. Frank Cuttriss contributes to Knowledge the result of his obser-
vations on the spinning of a spider’s web. The spider was watched from
seven o’clock in the evening, but she did not begin work until two hours
iater, working from then continuously until 1.25 a.m., when her snare was
completed. The network and the radial lines were finished by midnight, and
the spiral part of the web was therefore made in a little under an hour and
a half. Mr. Cuttriss gives careful diagrams illustrating the construction
and progress of the web.
1915 Feb. 1.
YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION: .
VERTEBRATE SECTION.
YORKSHIRE Naturalists’ Union Vertebrate Section meetings
were held in the Leeds Institute on November 21Ist, 1914. . Mr.
H. B. Booth, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., was in the chair.
The Meeting heard with great regret that Mr. Johnson
Wilkinson, the newly-elected Secretary of the Protection Acts
Committee, had just suffered a painful bereavement by the death
of his wife, and the Hon. Secretary was requested to convey
to him an expression of sympathy and condolence.
The Annual Reports of the North, East and West Ridings
were read by Mr. H. B. Booth, Mr. E. W. Wade and Mr. Riley
Fortune respectively ; for details see the Union’s Annual Report
in The Naturalist. Commenting on Mr. S. H. Smith’s report on
the increase of the Red-legged Partridge, Mr. W. H. St. Quintin
stated that Mr. Wrigley, of Gantree, had shot 29 in one day,
quite an unprecedented number for any Yorkshire area. The
Corncrake in the Rillington district was decidedly on the
down grade, only one brood being noted this year, against three
in 1913. He was strongly of the opinion that this species
suffered badly from telephone and telegraph wires. He had
seen the Waxwing in South France in March, three were shot
near Hyéres, one in December 1913, and two in January Ig9f4.
He regretted to say the Bearded Tit experiment at Hornsea had
apparently failed.
Mr. G. H. Porritt in contradiction to Mr. Wade’s report,
considered Ig14 a very bad insect year, so far as those species
which constitute bird food are concerned.
Mr. S. H. Smith had noted while Partridge shooting that
the Red-legs don’t face the guns as readily as Perdix cinerea,
and this fact may account to some extent for the great increase
of the former species.
Mr. Fortune presented the General and Financial Reports
of the Yorkshire Wild Birds and Eggs Protection Acts Com-
mittee, and the Yorkshire Mammals, Amphibians Reptiles and
Fishes Committee for 1914.
The election of officers for 1915 was proceeded with. The
question of Recorder for the York District was discussed, and
Mr. S. H. Smith was appointed to that office.
On behalf of Mr. G. H. Parkin, Mr. Pollard exhibited
stuffed specimens of the Common Shrew and the Water Shrew
(dark variety), also Daubenton’s Bat caught at mid-day on
the margin of the reservoir at Coldhiendley. Mr. Booth showed
a skin of the Jersey Vole sent by the late W. Cash, and detailed
its specific differencies.
Mr. F. H. Edmondson handed round skins of male, female
and immature male Merlins.
Naturalist,
Yorkshire Naturalist Union, Vertebrate Section. 83
At the evening meeting Mr. Bolam’s ‘ Notes on a Visit to
South Wales,’ were read by the Secretary.
The chief value of the paper naturally lay in the observations
of the Kite, but several other points of general ornithological
interest are worthy of note.
A striking scarcity of the Lapwing and Corncrake, both
formerly abundant, was attributed to the Fox by a game-
keeper acquaintance, whose judgement however, may have been
alittle warped. During a spell of wet weather at the beginning
of May, the writer had observed on two separate occasions
and in two localities, an interesting feature of the Cuckoo not
generally known. On each occasion the birds were seen to
survey the ground from a low branch and then drop into the
grass, out of which they dragged, much after the manner of the
Thrush, a fairly large earth-worm. When the worm’s resistance
had been overcome, it was taken crosswise in the bill, given a
not very forcible bite, and forthwith swallowed.
The staple food of this bird is stated in practically all text
books to consist of caterpillars, and it probably has caused many
field naturalists to question how, when and where these are
to be obtained in the early days and weeks of the summer
visit. The foregoing may offer a simple explanation.
The present precarious footing of the Kite in the Princi-
pality is difficult to explain, as within living memory the species
was fairly common in some localities and received no more
attention than the numerous Buzzards do now. In recent times
the human element has undoubtedly contributed to the re-
duction. The most serious natural enemy is the Carrion Crow,
which abounds there and is found nesting in close proximity
to every Kite’s nest, upon which it wages war. Curiously
enough the Kite suffers much in comparison with the Buzzard
in repelling the attacks of this Crow, and a similar contrast
was noted in the hunting abilities of the two, the Buzzard
being much bolder and more energetic. The nesting habits
and food of both birds were detailed, as were those of the
Raven.
Several rather rare species of smaller birds were observed
in good numbers, such as the Woodlark, Pied Flycatcher,
Green and Great Spotted Woodpeckers, and Longtailed Tit.
Polecats are still fairly common, but the Marten is apparently
extinct.
With reference to the Longtailed Skua obtained at Withen’s
Reservoir in June, 1914, as reported in The Naturalist for
September, Mr. Pollard commented upon the unusual instance
of this species appearing on the Spring migration, and announced
that Mr. Parkin, who stuffed the specimen, had identified | it
as a female with well developed ovaries.
Mr. F. H. Edmondson gave a most interesting paper,
1915 Feb, 1.
84 Northern News.
‘ Home-life of the Merlin,’ illustrated with slides, the result
of many hours watching and photographing from a hiding tent.
As supplementary to Mr. Taylor’s paper on the same
subject given at our February meeting, the notes made with
regard to the feeding, etc., are of particular value, and. it is
hoped to publish these in an early number of The Naturalist.
The next paper also, ‘ The British Terns,’ given by Mr. R.
Fortune (illustrated by many fine pictures) cannot be satis-
factorily dealt with in these minutes, being a most exhaustive
history of the Tern family generally, and the British Terns
in particular. It is hoped therefore it will receive a permanent
record in The Naturalist.
Mr. T. Sheppard exhibited a caged specimen of a bird
sold to the Hull Museum by a Halifax dealer as a Little Bunting,
taken near Ripon, but doubt was expressed as to its identity
and to the dealer’s bona fides. The bird had not the behaviour
of a newly caught wild bird and little doubt existed that the
recent Yorkshire record of the Blackheaded Bunting from the
same source is a similar instance of fraud.*
A. Hatcu-Lumsy, Hon. Sec.
SSS
In No. 279 of the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, Mr. L. F.
Spath has an elaborate paper on “The Development of Tvagophylloceras
loscombi (better known as our old friend Ammonites loscombt).’
The fourty-fourth Annual Report of the Libraries, Art Gallery and
Museums Committee of Bradford, contains a creditable list of additions
to the Art Gallery; these are also particulars of a few additions to the
Museum.
We have received from Capt. S. S. Flower, Giza, Egypt, a reference
list of the Zoological Gardens of the world corrected to August Ist, 1914.
From this it seems that there are seven in England, and one each in Ireland,
Scotland and Wales.
We regret to notice the death of A. R. Hunt, F.G.S., F.L.S., who made
a special study of ripple-marks, coast erosion, and raised beaches. He
also contributed largely to the geology of the district in which he lived,
viz., Dartmoor and Devonshire. He was 72 years of age.
From Mr. Baker Hudson we have received his ‘Guide to Roman
Antiquities, found within Cleveland, and now in the Dorman Memorial
Museum, Middlesbrough,’ (8 pp., 8vo.). It principally refers to the
specimens found during excavations at the Outlook Fortress at Hunt-
cliffe, near Saltburn.
With the January number of the Entomologist’s Monthly Magaztne,
that journal commences its 51st volume, being the first of the third series.
We should like to congratulate the editors and publishers on the con-
tinued prosperity of this publication. In the notes from Dr. E. Bergroth
on page 16, reference is made to the specimens collected by the late George
Norman, a well-known Yorkshire naturalist, and on the next page is
an interesting letter from William Spence, which indicates the extent of
his share of the work in the well-known Introduction to Entomology.
aaa
* See The Naturalist for January for details. —ED.
Naturalist,
OA Book Senta terest to Naturalists.
Norkshire Moors and Dales
A Description of the North Yorkshire Moors
together with Essays and Tales,
BYsALERED Py WiksOnN.
248 pages, size 83 by 6} inches, and 12 full-page plates on Art Paper, tastefully
bound in cloth boards, lettered in gold, with gilt top, 1O/G net.
The district covered by the North Yorkshire Moors is one of the most interesting
parts of Yorkshire, and this book ably portrays the charms of a visit to the
' neighbourhood. There is no other place in England so rich in antiquities, and
most of these are herein described.
Part I. serves as a guide to the visitor, and brings to his notice the objects of
interest throughout the district.
Part II, forms a series of Essays, and, besides other subjects, deals with the
following :— ;
The Dalesfolk. Old Customs. Local History.
Moorland Roads. Wild Nature. Dialect, etc., ete.
Part III. consists of a number of stories which further describe the character-
istics of the dalesfolk.
Members of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union
will find much of interest in
YORKSHIRE
PEN AND: PIC FURR:
EDITED BY
T. SHEPPARD, F.G.S., F.S.A.(Scor.),
210 pages, crown folio, with upwards of 250 illustrations, and
strongly stitched in artistic pictorial cover.
1/- net, or post free 1/3 net.
This entirely new publication is the latest book issued which
_ deals with Yorkshire. Members of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union
know that the County has an abundance of Archeological,
Architectural and Natural History features, and as the book is
_ edited by the Ex-President of their Union, no further recommenda-
tion is necessary.
Lonpon: A. BROWN & SONS, Ltp., 5 FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.C.
AND AT HULL AND YORK.
4
a TKING ‘& DONCA TEI
NATURALISTS, PN 8 an
36, STRAND, LONDON, w.c.
(Five Doors from Charing nee)
Keep in stock every description of
APPARATUS, CABINETS, BOOKS, AND SPECIMENS
for Collectors of
BIRDS’ EGGS, BUTTERFLIES, MOTHS, ETC.
Catalogue (96 pages) sent post free on application.
‘The Naturalist’ for 1914.
Edited by T. SHEPPARD, F.G.S. and T. W. WOODHEAD, Ph.D., F.LS.
Tastefully bound in Cloth Boards. @/- net. — a
Contains, 4o8 pages of excellent reading matter; 26 full-page, high-
class plates ; and numerous tllustrations throughout the text.
Tue volume includes many valuable and attractive articles by some
of the most prominent naturalists and leading scientific men in the
country, and forms a handsome, well-illustrated, and most acceptable
present to all interested in out-door life.
Binding ‘The Naturalist.’
Volumes of Zhe Naturalist for any year can be bound in a
serviceable and attractive Cloth Case, dark blue and gilt- -lettered
on back and side at the following price per volume :— _~ -
2/-, or post free 2/4,
THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S MONTHLY
MAGAZINE.
PRICE SIXPENCE MONTHLY.
tssued Monthly, illustrated with Plates and Text Figures
To Subscribers, 6s. per annum; Post Free, 6s, 6d.
The Scottish Naturalist
with which is incorporated
‘‘ The Annals of Scotti-h Natural History ’’
A Monthly Magazine devoted to Zoology
Edited by William Eagle Clarke, F.R.S.E.,
F.L.S., Keeper Natural History Dept., Royal
Scottish Museum; William Evans, F. R. S.Ey;
Member of the British Ornithologists’ Union; and
Percy H. Grimshaw, F.R.S.E ,F.E.S. , Assistant- <
Keeper, Natural History Deft., Royal Scottish
Museum. Assisted by J. A. Harvie- Brown,
F.R.S.E.,F.Z.S.; Evelyn V.Baxter, H.M.B.O.U.;
Leonora J. Rintoul, H.M.B.O.U.; Hugh S. Glad-
stone, M.A., F.R. S. E., F:Z.S.5 James Ritchie,
M.A., ’B. Sc.y As Landsborough Thompson, M.A.,
M.B.O.U.
Edinburgh: OLIVER & BOYD, Tweedale Court
Lond.: GURNEY & JACKSON 33 Paternoster Row
Printed at BRowNs’ SAVILE PRESS, 40, George Street, Hull, and published by —
A. Brown & Sons, Limited, at 5 Farringdon Avenue, in the City of London.” :
dae Ist, 1915-
/
Edited by G. C. Champion, F.Z.S., J E, Collin,
F.E.S., G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., W. Lloyd,
W.W. Fowler, D.Sc., M.A., F. te ss 1 J. Walker,
M.A.,R.N.,F.L.S., and Lord Walsingham, M.A.,
Tek. ioe F.R.S., &c.
This Magazine, commenced in 1864, contains
Standard Articles and Notes on all subjects
connected with Entomology, and especially on
the Insects of the British Isles.
Subscription—6s. per annum, post free,
GURNEY & JACKSON,
_1, Paternoster Row,
London.
.
A MONTHLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF
NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.
EDITED BY
T. SHEPPARD, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.S.A. Stor,
Tue Museums, Hutt;
AND
No. 698
(No. 475 of current series)
i ina
T. W. WOODHEAD, Ph.D., F. Ls ooo institu
15 i9 ze
TECHNICAL CoLLEGE, HUDDERSFIELD,
, WITH THE ASSISTANCE AS REFEREES IN SPECIAL ie fe} ore Ly ‘
J. GILBERT BAKER, P.R.S. P.L.S., GEO. T. PORRITT, P.L. yA P.8.S
Prof. P. PF. KENDALL, M.Sc., F.G.S., JOHN WwW. TAYLOR),
7. H. NELSON, M.B.O.U., RILEY FORTUNE, F.Z.S..;
“Tiong
Contents :—
xy
Notes and Comments (Illustrated) :—Sewage Disposal ; Bolling Hall, Bradford; Frogs in aa
Coal; Georgina Thompson’s Frog; Country Life; Liverpool Biologists ; The Amber Ke
Trade ; The Striation of Flint Surfaces ; PC Oura Rng Birds’ Nests ; “The Birds of Ly ae
Northumberland’ ; Cleveland Naturalists... 85-00" gee
New Records and Additional Localities for the Moss- Flora ie Durham and 1) ce RN tk
Yorkshire—Richard Barnes 3 oa «. 91-94 ;
Deyeuxia neglecta Kunth. in Yorkehivesa pee ‘Dene Me 95
The German Bombardment of Hartlepool, Whitby and Senghorauph 6) oy aa “gevison 98-98 :
Recently Discovered Fungi in Yorkshire.—VIII.—C. Crossland 99-108 ‘A
Lesteva luctuosa Fauv. : a Species new to England—J. W’. Carter, F.E. s. - 104 ¢
Yorkshire Entomology in 1914—B. Morley ... ies Be ve =, ae a 105-108 gas ce
Yorkshire’s Contribution to Science—T. Sheppard, F.G. ESP Santas 2 + 109-114, i
Field Notes :—Dicranum strictum Rian eee Risa ain ae Brid., in W. Yorks. ; te i
Dicranum strictum in Yorkshire ee ee 8 115 ;
Northern News ... Ra icon, cee ERR Noe esata ees Ee ad rhs 90, 98, 104 ;
Museum News ..._ .. te SN RE banner 103 ~
Proceedings of Provincial Scientific Socleties ape 6 = ais Ae es --. 108, 114 af
NOWAMCONDEMG MON ZINGS ih. (il rite e Weed Hoy noel) ore fy exer i uuacs ih iyeaay, micena. Maeea in htt ROS gL ;
illustrations su Meme IM Pate’ Giteenih al ave y eee, kh sce, My Meat tenes? kent 1) Mca) irene) 80) 0) 6Oy Cam
LONDON: ~—
JA. Brown & Sons, LIMITED, 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.C.
And at Hutt and Yorr.
Printers and Publishers to the Y.N.U.
Prepaid Subscription 6/6 per annum, post free.
members intending being present please notify Mr. C. A, Cheetham, who will make |
arrangements for them, and supply details of trains, etc.
remaining copies of his Birps oF NORTHUMBERLAND (illustrated, ,72603
pages), and would be glad to exchange a copy with any reader of The”
Naturalist for a copy of Birps OF YORKSHIRE.
: ogee Circular, Huddersfield Naturalists’ Society. Nos. 9, 10, 11, 12, 15,
YORKSHIRE BRYOLOGICAL COMMITTEE.
The next meeting will be held at Austwick, Easter vec ual April 3-6. Wil
Mr. George Bolam of Tyne Bridge, Alston, Cumberland, has a few
BOOKS WANTED.
Quarterly Journal of Science. Set.
Bibliotheca Bradfordiensis (Catalogue of Bradford Books, etc.). 1895.
Frizinghall Naturalist (lithographed). Set. I
The Field Naturalist and Scientific Record. Set.
The Journal of the Keighley Naturalists’ Society. Set.
Huddersfield Arch. and Topog. Society. 4 Reports. (1865-1869).
The Naturalists’ Journal. Parts 1-18.
love eyicsee \
First eee Goole Scientific Society.
Cleveland Lit. & Phil. Society’s Transactions. Science Section or others. Es
The Naturalists’ Record. | Set. ; bs
The Natural History Teacher (Huddersfield). Vols. I.-II. ae
The Economic Naturalist (Huddersfield). Vol. I. ‘ i
The Naturalists’ Guide (Huddersfield). Set. :
The Naturalists’ Almanac (Huddersfield). 1876. “4
Proc. Yorkshire Naturalists’ Club (York). 1867-70. (Set). na
Keeping’s Handbook to Natural History Collections (York).
‘* Ripon Spurs,’ by Keslington.
Geological and Natural History Repertory. Set.
Apply :—Editor, The Museum, Hull. .
An entirely New Work bringing the Vegetational History |
of the County quite up-to-date. ; ,
‘THE VEGETATION OF YORKSHIRE
Its History and Associations on the lines of Botanical Survey,
based on the Geologic and Phyto-palzologic remains: being an
examination into the sources, the presence or passing of the |
Floristic Constituents—their When, How and Where ; being also
a Supplement to previous ‘‘ Floras’’ of York, and a list of the-
Localities and Species, newly classified, ‘‘ New’’ to the County or
some of its river-basins since 1888.
By F. ARNOLD LEES
M.R.C.S.Eng., L. R.C.P.Lond.
ee Pee ee ee ee
Demy 8vo, on white unsized paper, about 500 pages,
to be subscribed at 12/6 net (16/- net strictly after publication)
LONDON
A. BROWN & SONS, Lrp., 5, Farringdon Avenue, Ey ref
And at HuLL-and York.
NOTES AND COMMENTS.
SEWAGE DISPOSAL.
We have been favoured with a reprint of ‘ A Contribution
to the Biology of Sewage Disposal,’ by J. W. Haigh Johnson,
B.Sc., which appears in the Journal of Economic Brology,
volume g, No. 4, pages 105-164. It deals fully with “ Histori-
cal account of the development of the modern sewage (sprink-
ler) filter’; ‘Organisms as an index of pollution’; ‘ Eco-
logical associations and distribution of organisms in a sewage
filter’; ‘Some noteworthy dominant organisms occurring on
sewage filters (a) the Sewage or moth-fly (Psychoda) ; (6)
the water springtail Podura, Achorutes viaticus (L.) Tulb. ;
(c) other dominant or sub-dominant organisms.’ Even in this
somewhat special subject it is interesting to find that Mr.
3.—Eggs of Achorutes
2.—Podura aquatica, show- viaticus (Linn.) Tulb., show-
ing how the spring (s) projects ing separation of ruptured
: . backwards beyond the body. outer integument and the
1.—Group of insects (natural size). x 23. developing embryo.
Johnson pays tribute to the researches of the late Dr. Sorby.
The paper contains a fearsome list of the more characteristic
organisms, arranged according to the pollution intensity, some
of the illustrations of which we are able to reproduce. It is
quite possible that his lists may contain additions to our
county’s fauna.
BOLLING HALL, BRADFORD.
An inquiry was recently held at Bradford in reference to
the application of the Bradford City Council for power to borrow
£6,350 for the purchase of land adjoining Bolling Hall, and for
the adaptation of that building for the purpose of a museum.
The City Librarian pointed out that the new museum would
contain views of old buildings and of old Bradford, portraits
of local worthies, plans, manuscripts, and deeds relating to
the city, a certain number of books, and a collection of relics,
such as Chartist pikes and other arms, and old domestic and
other articles of interest. The South Kensington Museum
authorities have promised to lend the Corporation a collection
1915 Mar. 1. F
86 Notes and Comments.
of contemporary furniture, and there would also be loans from
private individuals. The Libraries Committee already had
sufficient material to set the museum going on a sound ‘basis.
It was intended that the museum should be a sort of reflection
of the history and antiquities of the city, and he believed the
building would be opened with a “ flourish of trumpets.”
There were precedents in other cities, he pointed out, for such
a museum. In reply to the question as to whether it was
robbing Peter to pay Paul, Mr. Woods stated that as a matter
of fact they would be very glad to get rid of considerable
material at the Cartwright Hall. We hope there will be a
curator appointed to assist in the ‘ blowing of trumpets * !
FROGS IN COAL.
Notwithstanding the war, the newspapers evidently are
able to find room for the revival of the silly old fables of frogs
in coal, the London Daily Chronicle being the latest to succumb
to the stories. It seems that Sir Francis Brain records the
discovery of a live frog in the 20 inch seam in the Trafalgar
Colliery. He says: ‘It would be interesting if those com-
petent to express an opinion would say how they think it can
have been sustained under such circumstances, and over such
a very long period—many, many thousands of years.’ He also
informs us that he is presenting the frog to the British Museum,
where we have no doubt it will be placed in a suitable repository.
GEORGINA THOMPSON’S FROG.
This record is followed up by Georgina Thompson in the
following note: ‘In 1875, when my husband was Vicar of
Aldeburgh, Suffolk, we were in the old Manor House while the
vicarage was rebuilding. One morning I was dressing my
baby in a ground floor room, and broke a large coal on the fire.
Instantly there leapt out from it a black frog or toad, which
began crawling on the flannel apron I was wearing. Being
startled, I put the baby down, opened the window and shook
the creature off. I was afterwards vexed to have done this,
and went out to try and find it. Snow was on the ground, so
my search was not long. I did not find it. It was as black as
the coal; very thin, though rather long, and quite lively.’
It is a pity the frog was not found, as the British Museum
might then have had two, and put them in a pond like the
proverbial gondolas! In this case it is fairly obvious, of
course, that the frog had been tumbled out of his hiding place
in the coalhouse and thrown on the fire, and naturally jumped
off as quickly as he could.
COUNTRY LIFE.
This, one of the best illustrated papers of a general type that
we know, has recently paid particular attention to natural
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 87
history and scientific matters. In the three parts before us we
notice articles on rock gardens, oak galls, insects, the nightingale,
etc. There are also three articles by Sir Ray Lankester,
entitled, ‘Science at Leisure.’ They deal with the large shells
in the Suffolk Crag stones, etc. These are very well illustrated.
LIVERPOOL BIOLOGISTS.
Volume 28 of the valuable Proceedings and Transactions
of the Liverpool Biological Society (498 pp., 21/-) has been
issued. It contains the presidential address of Dr. C. J.
Macalister on ‘Some Relationships between Education and
Co-ordination of Function.’ Prof. W. A. Herdman gives his
A remarkable Plankton haul of the Ctenophore,
Pleurobranchia pileus: natural size.
usually full and scholarly © Report of the Liverpool Marine
Biological Committee and their Biological Station at Port
Erin ’ (this being the twenty-seventh) ; there is also the‘ Report
on the Investigation carried on during 1913, in connection
with the Lancashire Sea-Fisheries’ Laboratory at the Univer-
sity of Liverpool, and the Sea-Fish Hatchery at Piel, near
Barrow,’ by Prof. Herdman, Mr. A. Scott and Dr. J. Johnstone.
The above occupies nearly 300 pages. Mr. H. C. Chadwick
contributes a memoir on ‘ Echinoderm Larve.’ There are
numerous plates, charts, etc., and whether considered from a
scientific or economic point of view, the record is a remarkablé
one. We are permitted to reproduce one of the illustrations.
1915 Mar. 1.
88 Notes and Comments.
THE AMBER, TRADE.
According to The Mining Journal, the war is likely to
have a serious effect on the amber trade, as the great bulk of
supplies is derived from the deposits in the neighbourhood
of Dantzig and K6nigsberg. The production from the Royal
Amber mines in 1913 amounted to 427 metric tons, as compared
with 400 tons in 1912. There is an increasing demand for
raw material to the extent of 20 per cent., so much so that the
price was advanced by the State factory at the beginning of
1914. In addition to the ordinary requirement for Europe
and America, a good trade is done in amber beads for Asia
and Africa. Some amber is found on the Baltic coast, in
Russian territory, in the neighbourhood of Libau, and its.
occurrence has been noticed in various places in Siberia.*
THE STRIATION OF FLINT SURFACES.
In Man, volume 14, part 11, Mr. J. Reid Moir, who is a
prolific writer on the subject, has an article on ‘ The Striation
of Flint Surfaces.’ In this he states: ‘ If, as I think it seems.
reasonable, the thin plates of shattered flint would weather out
in 500 years, then these particular stones, at any rate, must
have been scratched since the fifteenth century, and as we know
that this country has not been glaciated since that date,
ice action is accordingly put out of the question. I do not
wish at this stage of my researches to put forward any definite
views as to the means by which these various stones have been
striated, but with these facts before us, and bearing in mind
that steel will scratch flints, I consider it needful to go forward
very carefully in this matter, and to realise that while moving
ice, with stones in its grip, has no doubt scratched some flints:
found in some deposits, yet certain others found upon the
surface of the ground must owe their striz to some ordinary
every day occurrence—possibly connected with agricultural
operations.’
PHOTOGRAPHING BIRDS’ NESTS.
In The Animal World, a magazine which is printed in the
interests of animals, we notice that in an article by Mr. Stanley
Crook on ‘ A British Diamond,’ which is illustrated by photo-
graphs of Kingfishers and their nests, he states, ‘I saw the bird
fly out and carefully enlarged the hole until I was just able to:
reach the nesting chamber, and ascertained that the nest
contained one egg. I did not visit it again for nearly a month,
when I hoped to find nestlings, but my disappointment was great
when J found there were still eggs in the nest and that they were
_stone cold. As I thought this was too good an opportunity
* See The Quarry for February.
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 89
to be missed, I had no compunction about digging (with the
aid of a stick and my hands) until I came to the nest!’ It
probably was entirely due to Mr. Crook’s attention to the hole
in the first instance which resulted in the nest being deserted.
‘THE BIRDS OF NORTHUMBERLAND.’
The accompanying illustration of the nest of the Long
Tailed Tit is one of very many appearing in ‘ The Birds of
Northumberland,’ by our contributor, Mr. George Bolam. Mr.
Bolam’s excellent report on the ‘ Birds of Hornsea Mere’ will
Nest of the Long Tailed Tit.
be remembered by our readers, and his Northumberland book
is done in the same thorough and scientific style. It occupies
726 pages and certainly deserves every encouragement. The
few remaining copies are in his hands at Tyne Bridge, Alston,
Cumberland, to whom applications should be made for partic-
ulars.
1915 Mar. 1.
go Notes and Comments.
_ CLEVELAND NATURALISTS.
We have received the Proceedings of the Cleveland
Naturalists’ Field Club for 1912-13, volume 3, part 2, edited
by the Rev. J. Cowley Fowler.* Mr. Frank Elgee gives a
detailed report of the work of the club during the two years.
There are also the following interesting papers, all of which
have especial local interest :—' Coast Erosion’ (illustrated), by
J. J. Burton ; ‘ Record of Plants found during Excursions of
the Field Club,’ by T. J. Cozens; ‘ Coleoptera observed im
Estuarine Rocks near Hayburn Wyke, showing the uneven
weathering of hard and soft bedded rocks.
Cleveland in 1912-13, by M. L. Thompson. Mr. Burton’s
paper contains a summary of the Coast Erosion of the British
Isles, with particular reference, of course, to Yorkshire, one
of the illustrations in which we are permitted to reproduce.
Bibliographers should note that although the cover bears the
date 1914, the publication was not issued until early in 1915.
Bore
Sir Henry Miers has been elected Vice-Chancellor of the Victoria
University, Manchester.
* Hull: A. Brown & Sons, pages 85-146, 2/-.
Naturalist.
gi
NEW RECORDS AND ADDITIONAL LOCALITIES
FOR THE MOSS-FLORA OF YORKSHIRE
AND DURHAM.
RICHARD BARNES.
SINCE contributing the last notes on this subject, I have
gathered a number of the rarer Mosses and Hepatics, several
of which are new to their respective vice counties, while one—
Aplozia lanceolata var. prolifera—is now first recorded for
Britain.
In my visits to Thorns Gill, Blayshaw Beck, Sandwith
and Harlow Moors, I was accompanied by my valued friend,
Mr. Ll. J. Cocks, whose name I should like to associate with
my own in regard to the records from those localities.
My sincere thanks are hereby tendered to Mr. H. N. Dixon,
and Mr. Symers M. Macvicar, for their kindness in examining
and verifying and in some instances in determining the more
critical species contained in this list.
The V.C. number marked with an asterisk, indicates that,
so far as I can ascertain, the record is a new one for the Vice
County, while the plant name thus marked indicates that the
record is a new one for the County as a whole.
Oligotrichum incurvum (Huds.), Lindb. Blayshaw Beck
(V.C. 64).
Diphyscium foliosum Mohr. Ravensgill, Pateley Bridge
(64)
Swartzia montana (Lamk.), Lindb. On a wall near Black-
well, Darlington (66). A certain amount of interest is
attached to the appearance of this montane species in a locality
at so low an altitude, and so well away from the river, hence
my reason for including it in the present list. I have previously
observed it as far down the Tees as Gainford, but only on
rocks near to the edge of the river; its distribution in such
instances being easily accounted for.
Swartzia inclinata Ehrh. On damp limestone ledges,
Farnham, Knaresborough (*64); and by the Yore above
Wensley Bridge (*65).
Seligeria acutifolia var. longiseta Lindb. On limestone
rocks above Clapham Cave (64).
Seligeria tristicha (Brid.), B. & S. West Burton, Wensley-
dale (65).
Brachyodus trichodes Firnr. On sandstone rocks, Lul
Beck, Ramsgill (64).
Cynodontium Bruntoni (Smith), B.&S. Ravensgill, Pateley
Bridge (64).
Dicranella crispa Ehrh. Ingleby Greenhow (62).
Dicranella Schreberi (Swartz.), Schp. Starbeck, and also
at Birstwith (64).
1915 Mar. ie
92 New Records for the Moss- Flora of Yorks. and Durham.
Dicranella squarrosa (Schrad.), Schp. Blayshaw Beck (64).
In fine fruiting condition.
Dicranodontium longirostre B. & S. Wath Woods, Igoo ;
and also by the stream in going towards the Merryfield lead
mines, Nidderdale. Although the above species has been
previously recorded in this journal (April 1909, p. 144), by Mr.
Cheetham, as new to the Nidd drainage area, I contributed
the two above localities in July, 1908, to the list then in com-
pilation for Dr. Lees’ “ Flora of West Yorkshire.’
Fissidens exilis Hedw. Hedgebank, Rudding Park, near
Harrogate (64).
Fissidens rufulus B. & S. Ling Gill and Thorns Gill,
Ribblehead, and Ingleton (64). In Roxby Beck, Cleveland
(*62).° The latter stations a-nuew record for V.C. 625.0
H.N. Dixon refers to the Ling Gill plant as ‘very good F. rufu-
lus,’ and to the Roxby as ‘ being similar in character to that
gathered in the Wharfe.’
Fissidens osmundoides Hedw. Ravensgill, Pateley Bridge
(64). Richly fruiting.
Campylostelium saxicola (W. & M.), B. & S. Duncombe
Park, Helmsley (62).
Acaulon muticum (Schreb.), C.M. Duncombe Park, Helms-
ley (62). I am not aware of either this species or the Campy-
lostelium having been previously found on the Hambleton
range of hills.
Phascum curvicolle Ehrh. Kirk Deighton (64); Burton
Leonard (64).
Pottia recta (With.) Mitt. Kirk Deighton (64) ; Ripley (64).
Pottia intermedia Firnr. Kirk Deighton (64); Blayshaw
Beck (64).
Pottia lanceolata (Hedw.), C.M. Knaresborough (64) ;
Wormald Green (64). .
Tortula brevirostris Hook & Grev. On limestone marl in
Grimbald’s Quarry, Knaresborough (64), Burton Leonard, and
at Wormald Green (64).
Tortula rigida Schrad. Kirk Deighton, near Wetherby (64).
Tortula ambigua Angstr.. Very fine in the limestone
quarries, at Burton Leonard (64).
Tortula marginata (B. & S.), Spruce. Rievaulx Abbey (62) ;
in fine fruiting condition.
Tortula angustata Wils. Knaresborough (64). °
Tortula mutica (B. & S.), Lindb. On tree trunk Ripley (64).
Tortula papillosa Wils. On tree near Cowton Castle (65).
Barbula lurida (Hornsch.), Lindb. By the side of the
Nidd, Knaresborough (64), in fruit. Avery short broad-leaved
form occurs by the Tees at Rokeby, and by the Yore at Tan-
field.
Barbula recurvifolia Schp. In the limestone quarry at
Naturalist,
New Records-for the Moss- Flora of Yorks. and Durham. (93
‘Kirk Deighton (64). It grows in great luxuriance by the
walls in going to Greenhow Hill.
* Barbula glauca Ryan. On limestone rocks between Rich-
mond and Downholme (*65)._ A new county record.
I gathered this plant some time ago, and feeling uncertain
I sent a specimen lately to Mr. H. N. Dixon, who kindly
informs me that Mr. Nicholson and himself quite concur in
their opinion as to its identification with the above and further,
that it has only been described in recent years and has, he
believes, only once been gathered in this country before, Mr.
Nicholson having met with it in Sussex.
Mr. Dixon further remarks that it is very near to Barbula
rigidula and in his arrangement would have to go as Barbula
glauca (Ryan.), Dixon.=Didymodon glaucus Ryan.
Barbula sinuosa Braith. Bolton Woods (64).
Barbula gracilis Schwgr. Kirk Deighton, near Wetherby
(64).
Barbula Hornschuchiana Schultz. Middlesmoor (64), with
young fruit; Ripley (64); Knaresborough (64); Wormald
Green (64); Burton Leonard (64); Ripon (64); Puilmoor,
near Thirsk (62); Beckwithshaw, near Harrogate (64) ;
Upleatham (62); Laithkirk (*65).
*Weissia crispa (Hedw.), Mitt. var. aciculata Mitt. Deepdale
Barnard Castle (*65). A new county record.
Trichostomum crispulum Bruch. In Kirk Deighton quarry
(64), and very fine by the Yore at Hackfall (64).
Trichostomum crispulum Bruch. var. nigro-viride Braith.
Thorns Gill, Ribblehead (64).
Trichostomum tenuirostre (Hook and Tayl.), Lindb. On
sandstone rock, Bolton Wood (64), and in Deep Gill, East
Witton (65).
Encalypta ciliata (Hedw.), Hoffm. In very fine fruit on
wall near Wemmergill, Lunedale (65).
6 Zygodon viridissimus (Dicks.), Brown. Cotherstone, in fruit
(65).
Orthotrichum rivulare Turn. Cover Bridge, in very fine
fruit (65).
Orthotrichum Schimperi Hamm. On trees between Wensley
and Leyburn (65). New to Wensleydale.
Orthotrichum stramineum Hornsch. In hedgerow near
Bilton, Harrogate (64).
Orthotrichum tenellum Bruch. On tree near Ripley (64).
Orthotrichum obtusifolium Schrad. Reeth (65). New to
Swaledale.
Discelium nudum (Dicks.), Brid. | Blayshaw Beck, Nidder-
dale (64).
Aulacomnium androgynum (L.) Schwgr. Very abundant
on hedge bank near Cattal (64).
1915 Mar. 1.
94 New Records for the Moss-Flora of Yorks. and Durham.
Bartrania pomiformis (L.) Hedw. var. crispa (Sw.) B. & S-
Ravensgill, Pateley Bridge (64).
The remarks under Dicranodontium longirostre apply also to
the above plant, and to Dicranella secunda as to former records.
The late John Nowell was I believe the first to record the last
named for West Yorkshire.
Bryum concinnatum Spruce. Ling Gill and Thorn Gill,
Ribblehead (*64). Some years ago I gathered this plant in
nice condition in Whitfield Gill and noted it accordingly. In
visiting the locality this last autumn, I saw it again, but in
poor condition. The part where it grew appears to have
altered considerably, due, no doubt to the terrific storm that
passed over that part of the dale some four years ago, scour-
ing out many of the streams in the district.
Bryum lacustre (Bland.) Brid. Birk Crag, Harrogate (64).
Bryum uliginosum (Brid.) B. &S. By stream between High
Force and Langdon Beck, Upper Teesdale (66).
Bryum bimum Schreb. Hell Kettles, near Croft, Dar-
lington (66).
Bryum pallescens Schleich. On wall near Summerbridge,
Nidderdale (64).
Bryum affine (Bruch) Lindb. Quarry Moor, Ripon (64) ;
Blayshaw Beck (64); Coatham Marshes (62).
Bryum capillare L. var Ferchela (Funck.) B. &S... Below
Giggleswick Scars (64) and on walls near Ribblehead (64).
Bryum obconicum Hornsch. By the Tees near Gainford
(65) ; fruiting freely.
Bryum atropurpureum W. & M., var. gracilentum Tayl.
On rocks in the Tees, Winston Bridge (66).
Bryum murale Wils. The distribution of this species is,
I think, more general than it is usually supposed to be. About
Harrogate and Knaresborough I have seen it in quite a dozen
localities, and in a good few in other parts of the county. It
seldom bears fruit and is, doubtless, on that account often
overlooked.
I have found it with fruit in the following localities in the
Nidd drainage area, viz., Stockeld Park, Kirk Deighton, and
Howstean Beck, and in that of the Yore at East Witton and
West Burton, and in Cleveland at Ingleby Greenhow. +
Bryum Mildeanum Jur. Thorns Gill, Ribblehead (*64).
(To be continued).
+ A correction is needed in regard to Mr. Ingham’s remarks in The
Naturalist, June 1906, page 187, as to the above plant being new to the
County. Prior to this date it had been duly noted in this journal as having
been gathered by myself in two localities on the Yorkshire side of the Tees,
viz., Rokeby, with fruit in good condition, Naturalist, May 1892, p. 1533
and at Croft with male flowers, June 1897, p. 185.
Naturalist,
95
DEYEUXIA NEGLECTA, KUNTH. IN YORKSHIRE.
ARTHUR BENNETT.
In The Naturalist for 1887 at page 201, I made some remarks
on the above plant as occurring in Mr. F. J. Hanbury’s her-
barium from ‘ Castle Howard Woods, July, 1844, H. Ibbotson.’
At page 273, Dr. Arnold Lees also gave some notes respecting
it, doubting it as ever occurring. The plant having been
found in Norfolk this year, and sent me by the finder, Mr. F.
Robinson, I had cause to look up its distribution, and 1 came
across a copy of aletter from Dr. R. Spruce to Mr. M. Slater of
Malton. It seems well to print this, as Dr. Spruce could hardly
have been mistaken :—
“CONEYSTHORPE, 21d August, 1887.
Dear Sir—If Calamagrostis stricta grows where it did 53
years ago, I can tell you where to find it. When you disembark
at Castle Howard Station, go up Gilla Leys on the south side,
near the very top (following the stream) Tvichocolea used to
grow in some abundance—perhaps you might find it in fruit. Go
right on till you come to Wellburn Mill ; there on mud-capped
walls used to grow the peristomirate form of Encalypta vulgaris.
Keep by the beck, or on the hill side above it till you come to
Wellburn Moor ; there you will see a bridge over the beck (Old
Crambeck Bridge), do not cross it, but keep right on to Pretty
Wood Gate, just within that gate going up the brook that
joins Crambeck, on boggy ground, and in the Wood Ledge,
used to grow the Calamagrostis. I had called it in my boyhood
C. lanceolata (for I found no C. stricta in Smith’s Compendium),
but when Ibbotson was here last he told me Jas. Backhouse and
(I think) Asa Gray had made it out to be the true C. stricta.
The plant was still in some abundance when Ibbotson passed
this way, and gathered some of it; but for the last three
years there has been a mania for draining on this estate, and
it may have extended to the locality of the Calamagrostts
(which the gods forefend).—Yours faithfully, RICHARD SPRUCE.’
This seems some evidence that something else besides
C. lanceolata grew there. Anyhow, the specimens in Mr.
Hanbury’s herbarium are C. stricta not C. lanceolata !
Dr. Lees seems to assume in his note that some pale form
of lanceolata may have been meant or mistaken for stricta,
but that is not so, with the specimens I name.
7O.%
In The Museums Journal for February, Messrs. E. L. Gill and H.
Fletcher describe their method of making plaster casts of fishes, which
gives some very practical and useful hints.
1915 Mar. 1.
96
THE GERMAN BOMBARDMENT OF HARTLE-
POOL, WHITBY, AND SCARBOROUGH,
16th December, 1914.*
S. MARGERISON.
The following correspondence in ‘The Yorkshire Post,’
from the rgth to the 26th December, 1914, is worthy of
preservation :—
AUS; SOP ID) CONT WSUS, GAUINIS),
Here at a distance of about 35 miles from the coast, it was heard
most distinctly and also caused considerable vibration to the
houses. A westerly breeze was blowing at the time.
Yours etc., H. B. DrREw.
Sutton-on-the-Forest, Dec. 17th.
The guns were heard so very distinctly about Eavestone, Sawley,
Risplith, Studley, etc., that they must have been audible con-
siderably further to the westward. From three local sources I
have heard that the pheasants were highly excited in a peculiar
manner, different from that caused by either sporting guns or
thunder. These places are all about 55 miles from Hartlepool,
Whitby, and Scarborough.
Yours etc., SAML. MARGERISON.
Risplith House, near Ripon, Dec. 19th, 1914.
The firing was distinctly heard in Lunedale, about 50 miles due
west of Hartlepool. A westerly breeze was blowing at the time,
which makes it the more remarkable. I was in the Barnard Castle
district, which is a little nearer, and a distinct tremor and vibration
was noticeable.
Yours etc., E. HARDY.
Maylands, Garden Village, Hull, Dec. tg9th, 1914.
I was on the Town Moor of Harrogate, quite close to the meteoro-
logical hut, between 8-15 and 8-20 a.m. on Wednesday, the 16th
inst., when I distinctly heard several smothered reports like the
sound of large calibre gunfire. I listened attentively, and the
reports were again audible. I did not count the number of reports
but I should think I must have heard about 20. The morning was
bright and clear, with the wind about west-north-west, so far as
I could remember.
Yours etc., ALISTER ALISON.
36 Harlow Moor Drive, Harrogate, Dec. 19th, 1914.
I had a man ploughing in a field in Parlington Parish who told me
before dinner that he had heard heavy firing, north-east, between
8 and 9 a.m., which ended as our school bell ceased. Distance by
straight line, 50 miles. Birds of all kinds in a plantation near by
were greatly disturbed:
Yours etc., JNO. HEATON.
Swan Farm, Aberford, near Leeds, Dec. 21st, 1914.
* The Times has since had.a similar correspondence in reference to
Lincolnshire, etc. —ED.
‘Naturalist.
Bombardment of Hartlepool, Whitby and Scarborough. 97,
The guns were heard very distinctly at Wetherby, which is about
60 miles from Scarborough, and considerably further from Whitby
and Hartlepool. The pheasants were more highly excited than
ever I have seen them before.
Yours etc., H. HEBDEN.
Ingmanthorpe, Wetherby, Dec. 21st, 1914.
The firing was heard last Wednesday, the 16th inst., between 8
and 9 a.m. in Leeming Bar, Bedale, and in the parish of Thornton
Watlass. The last-named place is about 47 miles from Scarborough
and about 44 from Whitby. The Hambleton Hills are between,
these three places and the coast. The guns were also heard at
a place about a mile south-west of Thornton village, and a man
remarked it to a friend at the time, and also said that the pheasants
were making a great noise, and showed signs of much uneasiness.
Bedale, Dec. 22nd, 1914. NOUS SUG, (Ce I
Mr. T. Penrith, Winton, distinctly heard the East Coast bom-
bardment, at, as nearly as he can fix it, 8-30 a.m. Winton is in
Westmorland, at the western foot of the Pennines, and about
half-a-dozen miles from the summit of the famous Maiden Castle
Pass, though which the Darlington and Tebay railway passes.
Yours etc., JAS. SAGAR.
Winton, Kirkby Stephen, Dec. 22nd, ror4.
Guns were heard here and the same effect on the pheasants noticed.
The distances are—Hartlepool 36 miles, Whitby 47, and Scarborough
54. Those from Wetherby are—Hartlepool 52 miles, Whitby
481 miles, and Scarborough 46} miles. Desultory firing was also.
heard this morning.
Yours etc., JOHN MAUGHAN.
Jervaulx, Middleham, Yorks., Dec. 23rd, rorq.
I have since learnt that the sound was heard beyond
Fellbeck, in the Pateley Bridge direction, and 60 miles west
of the bombarded towns. At the time it was attributed to
blasting operations at the Bolton Abbey quarries. Possibly
the same idea may have kept back other observations from
further west. There are several places among the Pennines
whence the sound of blasting is regularly coming. At Gilling
West, near Richmond, the sounds were very distinctly heard,
and there was considerable vibration of windows and doors ;
and the atmospheric waves caused similar effects at Cayton,
near Ripley, in the Nidd valley district.
The distances at which the guns were heard make one
interesting item in these observations, but perhaps the behavi-
our of the birds (and probably of other animals) is of even more
concern to naturalists. The pheasants around here suddenly
dropped from their perches (day had just dawned), and ran
about in a state of abject terror, their behaviour being markedly
‘different from what it is under their ordinary circumstances
of fear.
Whether this indicates some abnormal excitation of such
of their senses as we are capable of understanding by means.
1915 Mar. 1. :
98 Bombardment of Hartlepool, Whitby and Scarborough.
of the development of our own, or points to some special
sense-organs of which we are ignorant, is a question of much
interest. It is strongly held by many students, that certain
animals have more than the five senses which man uses—
other senses which he cannot understand simply because of
his lack of them or of their development.
At any rate, the somewhat ‘ hysterical’ behaviour of the
pheasants and other birds at such a great distance from the
scene of the bombardment seems noteworthy, and it would be
useful to know if anything similar occurs within sound of
gun-testing grounds, or in the countries which are, alas!
now becoming too familiar with the booming of the great
guns. Of course, the disturbance coming at the birds’ awaking
time counts for much, but not, I think, for all.
3 Y OS
We regret to announce the death of the Rev. F. H. Woods, of Bainton.
A photo and notice will appear in our next issue.
We received some little time ago the Handbook of the Amateur Camping
Club which contains numerous illustrations of the various and numerous
camping equipments, as well as of many ways of preparing various appli-
ances. It should prove most useful and interesting in camping.
With reterence to our remarks in The Naturalist last month in refer-
ence to the Report of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society’s
Report, Mr. W. Mansbridge informs us that acknowledgments to this
journal will be made in the preface published with the new list.
The daily press has recently had much to say about a Mastoden tooth
found at Southwark, now in the London musuem. In Nature it is pointed
out that ‘if really found near Southwark, the specimen must certainly
be a mammoth’s tooth,’ such as may be found in most museums.
At the annual meeting of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, held
on February 8th, it was announced that the president, Mr. W. H. St.
Quintin, J.P., had presented to the museum a specimen of the Great
Bustard, which had been killed in the East Riding of Yorkshire.
We have received Old- Love Miscellany of Orkney, Shetland, Caithness
and Sutherland, part 1 of volume 8, 64 pages, which contain much useful
information relating to the antiquities, old-lore, etc., of the North of
Britain, published by the Viking Society for Northern Research, Univer-
sity of London. It is illustrated.
In Britush Birds (Vol. 8, No. 6) is a well illustrated article on ‘ Cor-
morants in Norfolk,’ by E. L. Turner. In No. 7, W. Farren writes on
‘Feeding Habits of the Sparrow Hawk,’ and the editor gives remarkable
results of his bird-marking scheme; one ornithologist alone is credited
with ringing 2,521 birds ! There are notes on ‘ Probable Yellow-browed
Warblers in Nottinghamshire ’; ‘ White’s Thrush in Northumberland,’ etc.
At a recent meeting of the Lancashive and Cheshive Entomological
Society, Mr. W. Mansbridge read a paper entitled, ‘ Silverdale as a Collecting
Ground.’ He gave a brief survey of the geology and flora of the district,
and enumerated a large number of local species of lepidoptera, generally
rare in the north of England, which had been recorded from that favoured
area. Many of these however had not been reported for a couple of
dec: des or longer, and members were urged to endeavour to confirm such
recc ts as L. corydon, T. betule, P. egevia, E. hyperanthes, L: nunima,
S. malv@e, S. anomala, A. marginepunctata, L. olwata and E. teniata; all
of which had been recorded some thirty years ago.
Naturalist
RECENTLY DISCOVERED FUNGI IN
YORKSHIRE—VIII.
C. CROSSLAND,
Halifax.
Tue following is the eighth supplementary list of additions
to our knowledge of fungi found in Yorkshire since 1905. It
enumerates 51 species, all, with three exceptions, discovered
during 1914. Four are new to the British flora. Upwards of
half are the produce of Mulgrave Woods. The remainder
were found in various parts of the country, notably Hawkswick,
Buckden, Grassington, etc., by the present chairman of the
mycological committee, Mr. Harold Wager. Others were met
with at the ordinary Union excursions, particularly Filey (The
Naturalist, 1914, p. 253), and Eskdale (loc. cit., pp. 319-322).
Many have been temporarily entered in The Naturalist,
but several have not, hence it is considered advisable to include
all the year’s discoveries in one article for the convenience of
future mycological students. The words, ‘ To precede,’ and
“To follow,’ accompanied by figures enclosed in brackets,
indicate the sequence of the species as followed in the Yorkshire
Fungus Flora.
At the close of 1914 the known fungus flora of the county
numbered 3051.
There are two corrections necessary. (See below).
Five additions to host-plants were recorded for the county
during the year.
NEW TO BRITAIN.
LACTARIUS Livipus Zamb. [To follow 812].
N.E.—Mulgrave Woods. F.F. Oct. 1914. ‘Nat.’ p. 382.
The following is a short description as given in Massee’s
European Agaricacee, p. 67.
‘ Pileus convex, then plane or depressed, not distinctly zoned,
pale livid, centre fuscescent, visid (?); gills sub-decurrent, pale
livid, crowded ; stem livid, solid, curved ; milk white, acrid.’
CORTICIUM MICROSPORUM Karst. [To precede 1167].
N.E.—Mulgrave Woods. On decaying wood. Myce. C.,
June, 1914. See‘ Nat.’ p. 252 for description and note.
PENIOPHORA PALLIDULA Bres. in Bourd. and Galz. Bull.
Soc. Myc. Fr. 1912, p. 390. Certe Miss E. M. Wakefield.
‘ Effused, cream to alutaceus in colour, when fully developed
somewhat fleshy and often granular, not unlike Grandinia
granulosa. Hymenium densely hispid under a lens. Hyphae of
subiculum closely agglutinated cystidia arising from base, smooth,
cylindrical, thin walled, usually more or less septate ; apex obtuse,
sometimes expanded slightly into a globular head, coated exter ally
with a resinous secretion ; average measurements, 80-90 X 4-6p. ;
spores elliptical, often guttulate, 4-6 x 2-4p.
1915 Mar. L
100 Crossland: Recently Discovered Fungi mm Yorkshire.
Occasionally small encrusted cystidia like those of Hydnum
-alutaceum are present, and it is possible that this plant may be a
young state, or a corticioid form of that species.’
N.E.—Mulgrave Woods. Sep. 1913, and June ror4.
Miss Wakefield also received specimens from Rev. W. L. W.
Eyre, Alresford, Hants. April, 1914, on fir.
TAPHRIDIUM UMBELLIFERARUM Karst. [To follow 2155].
N.E.—Mulgrave Woods. On Heracleum. F.¥F. Oct. 1914..
at.. p. 252:
NEW TO YORKSHIRE.
To save repetition in the name of locality it may be stated’
that the Ig species and var. immediately following were all
found in Mulgrave Woods, either in June or October, 1914.
See ‘ Nat.’ pp. 251-2, and 380-386.
TRICHOLOMA LORICATUM Fr. [To follow rog].
PHOLIOTA LUXURIANS Fr. [To follow 4or].
PHOLIOTA SUBSQUARROSA Fr. [To follow 405].
RUSSULA CHAMAELEONTINA Fr. [To follow 808].
BoLetus (Gyropon) McQueENu, Mass. ~ [To follow ggg}.
EICHLERIA DEGLUBENS (B. & Br.
On rotting branch. Certe Miss E. M. Wakefield, Kew.
See ‘ Nat.’ 1914, p. 252 for synonyms. Was also found in
Mulgrave Woods in May, 1912, but not then recorded. Position
uncertain but somewhere in the group Thelephoracee. See
also ‘ Notes on the Thelephoracee, Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc., 1913,’
. 305.
: GALERA HYPNORUM var. SPHAGNORUM Fr.
DAEDALEA VERMICULARIS Pers. [To follow rog4].
On rotten wood and soil.
TOMENTELLA RUBIGINOSA (Bres.) V. H. (= Hypochnus.
vubiginosus Bres.). Certe. E. M. Wakefield.
On rotting wood. [To follow 1200].
CONIOPHORA BERKELEYI Mass. [To precede 1205].
On decorticated wood.
GYROCEPHALUS RUFUS Bres. [To be placed near 1272].
On piece of rotting branch, June.
RHOPOGRAPHUS PTERIDIS Fckl. [To follow 1502].
On Pteris aquilina, June.
CENANGIUM LEONINUM Cke. and Mass. [To precede 2102].
On hard decorticated wood, June.
PHACIDIUM MINUTISSIMUM Auers. [To follow 2139].
On dead oak leaves, June.
PERONOSPORA ALTA Fckl. [To follow 2188].
On living leaves of Plantago lanceolata.
CONIOTHYRIUM CONCENTRICUM Sacc. [To follow 2240].
On decaying Aloes. June.
PHLYOTGNA VAGABUNDA Desm. [To follow 2264].
On dead thistle, June.
Naturalist,.
Crossland: Recently Discovered Fungi in Yorkshire. tox
RAMULARIA VIOLAE. Trail in Scott. “ Nat.’ IV. p. 74 (1889) ;
dr, BiMs., Vols Til Parts (h9o9), p: rat.
On living Viola sp. Accidentally omitted from the Mul-
grave list for October.
CLADOSPORIUM FASCICULARE Fr. [To follow 2401].
On dead leaves, June.
CERCOSPORA CALTH# Cke. [To precede 2418].
FOUND IN’ OTHER PARTS OF THE COUNTY
AS FOLLOW :—
TRICHOLOMA COLLOSUM Fr. [To follow, gr].
Mid. W.—Buckden Wood, Aug. 1914. H.W.
TRICHOLOMA GLAUCOCANUM Bres. [To follow 129].
Mid. W.—Hubberholme Woods, Aug. 1914. H.W.
CLITOCYBE SUAVEOLENS Fr. [To precede 165].
Mid. W.—Grass Wood, Grassington, Aug. 1914. Odour of
aniseed. H.W.
COLLYBIA HARIOLORUM (Bull.) [To precede 183].
Mid. W.—Grass Wood, Aug. 1914. H.W.
MYCENA PELTATA Fr. [To precede 240].
Mid. W.—Among moss, Buckden Wood, Aug. r914. H.W.
PLEUROTUS PETALOIDES (Bull.) [To precede 305).
S.W.—Longwood, Huddersfield, Sep. 1912. A. Clarke.
Several specimens growing out of the wood lining of a
domestic washing machine, in use only a fortnight previously.
Specimens near 4 inches tall. Was accidentally omitted from
batch No. VI.
ENTOLOMA EROPHILUM Fr. [To follow 337].
Mid. W.—In mountain pasture near Kettlewell, Aug.
1914. H.W.
ENTOLOMA PULVEREUM Rea. [To precede 348].
N.E.—Eskdale Exc. (‘ Nat.’ 1914, p. 321).
INOCYBE MARITIMA Fr. [To follow 426].
N.E.—Eskdale Exc. (° Nat.’. 1914; p. 321).
INOCYBE RHODIOLA (Bres.) Mass. Monograph of the genus
Inocybe. Annals of Botany, 1904, p. 486. ‘Mass. Eur.
Agaricacee,’ p. 150. [To follow 427. Y.F.Flo].
N.E.—Among grass, roadside. Forge Valley, Scarborough,
Sep, nor4. Ai E. Peck.
Only one previous British record. The Hazlemere Foray,
1905. Brit. Myc. Soc. Trans. 1g06, pp. ror and 128.
INOCYBE MARGARISPORA Berk. [To follow 440].
N.E.—Eskdale Exc. (‘ Nat.’ 1914, p. 3212).
INOCYBE BRUNNEA Q. [To follow 443}.
Mid. W.—In a wood near Buckden, Aug. 1914. H.W.
HyYGROPHORUS (Cam.) NEMOREUS Fr. [To precede 774].
Mid. W.—In pasture, Penyghent, Aug. rgr14. H.W.
1915 Mar. 1.
G
102 Crossland: Recently Discovered Fungi in Yorkshire.
LACTARIUS RETISPORUS Mass. [To follow 839].
N.E. —Eskdale Exc. . (‘ Nat.’ r9r4, p. 321).
S.W.—Found also at Hebden Bridge by Miss C. E. Andrews,
Oct. 3rd, 1914. Miss Andrews forwarded the specimens to
the Mycological Meeting then being held at Sandsend.
BOLETUS AESTIVALIS Fr. [To procede 970].
N.E.—Eskdale Exc. (‘ Nat.’ 1914, p. 321).
UROMYCES FLECTENS Lagerh. [To follow 1302].
S.E.—On Trifolium repens. Filey Exc. (° Nat.’ 1914, p.
253). 0. 1B. Roe:
“Differs from U. tifolii in the larger sori, and in having
only the Teleutospore stage.’ These differences were only
discovered by M. Lagerheim in 1909.
UROMYCES CARYOPHYLLINUS Wint. [To follow 1312].
N.E.—Hackness Hall. On Dianthus caryophyllus. In
green-house, April 1914. T. B. Roe. ;
Puccinia AcETOS# Korn. [To follow 1354].
N.E.—Uredospore stage on Rumex acetosa. North Cliff,
Scarborough, June xor4.. CollsCy W. }Hlorell, peryay iBekhae:
MUCOR CIRCINELLOIDES Van Teigh. [To follow 2163].
S.W.—Wakefield, J. W. H. Johnson. Frequently developes
in subcultures of aquatic fungi. ‘ Nat.’ 1915, p. 48.
SAPROLEGNIA sp. (?). [To follow 2194].
S.W.—Attacking fish in Lake, Thornes House, Wakefield.
“Nat.’ 1915, p. 48. Also in R. Don, and at Wrenthorpe,
Wakefield, Dec. I9t10. J. W. H. Johnson.
O6sPORA LACTIS Sacc. [To follow 2299].
Mid. W.—Burnsall Exc. (‘ Nat.’ 1913, p. 274).
MONILIA VARIABILIS. [To follow 2304].
Mid. W.—Burnsall Exc. (“Nat.’ 1913, p. 274).
ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS Fres. [To follow 2317].
S.W.—Developed on culture plate Wakefield after in-
oculation with mud from R. Don, Jordan Dam, and Tinsley,
May, 191m. . J. W..E. Johnson.) ) | Nat? rors pas:
PENICILLIUM OLIVACEUM. [To follow 2321].
Mid. W.—Burnsall Exc. (‘ Nat.’ 1913, p. 274).
The three Burnsall species were accidentally omitted when
list VII. was compiled.
FUSARIUM AURANTIACUM Sacc. [To follow 2470].
S.W.—Warley, Halifax, Oct. and Nov. 1912. J. W. H.
Johnson. ‘ Nat.’ 1915, p. 48.
SACHSIA SUAVEOLENS Lind.
S.W.—Developed on sub. culture of material from Greetland
near Halifax, January xr912, Wakefield. J.W.H.J. ‘ Nat.’
IQI5, p. 48.
DEMATIUM PULLULANS Fres.
S.W.—Treeton, May 1912. Developed on SHEL es of
material from Treeton. J.W.H.J. ‘ Nat.’ 1915, p.’ 48.
Naturalist,
Crossland: Recently Discovered Fungi in Yorkshire. 103
LEPTOMITIS LACTEUS Ag.
Mid. W.—R. Nidd, Knaresborough. rgro.
S.W.—Sour pasture, Doncaster, Ap. 1910; R. Don, Ickles
Bridge, May, 1910; Holme Shay, Bradford, Feb. 1912;
Halifax, Oct. 1912 ; Wrenthorpe, Wakefield, 1914. J.W.H.J.
SNe, LOTS, pad:
Often referred to as a Sewage Fungus.
ADDITIONAL HOST-RECORDS.
PUCCINIA MENTHA.
N.E.—Found on young stoloniferous plants of Ajuga reptans
in Mulgrave Woods, June 1914. ‘Nat.. p. 252. The only
previous record for P. menthe on Ajuga reptans is by Johnston
in ‘ Flora of Berwick,’ Vol. 2, p. 127.
PUCCINIA CARICIS Reb.
S.E.—Uredo-stage on Carex acutifornus.
RileyehxcameNata LOL4sp. 253). 6b. Was Noe:
CysTOPUS CANDIDUS Lév.
N.E.—On Arabis alpina. Garden, Sandsend, June Igr4.
EN Ate fp: -202e
PROTOMYCES MENYANTHES De By.
N.E.—On Menyanthis trifoliata. Throxenby Mere, near
Scarborough, 1911. T. B. Roe.
Mid. W.—Austwick Bog, near Clapham, 1912. M. Malone.
so. E.—Filey Exc. ( Nat.’ 1914, p. 253). T- B. Roe.
The only record previously published in the Yorkshire
Fungus Flora is on Comarum palusire.
DARLUCA FILUM Cast.
N.E.—Parasitic on the Aecidium stage of Puccinia primule
in Mulgrave Woods, June 1rg14. ‘ Nat.’ p. 252.
CORRECTIONS.
AGARICUS BERNARDII Quel. The Naturalist, 1913. pp.
24-5. This species was first discovered as British in Oct.
Igo, on the edge of the cliffs near the sea, Bettyhill, Sutherland-
Sites wil kanse be Me tSoc gNVOle Gils, Pant. 4.5p.)205)iex Ams
was overlooked at the time Mr. Hebden found the specimen
recorded as above. It is therefore new to the county only.
ASCOBOLUS STICTOIDEUS Speg. was published in The
Naturalist, 1900, pp. 8 and 179, also in the Yorkshire Fungus
Flora, p. 298, as a first British record. <A record of the species
for Orkney by W. Phillips has recently been found in The
Scottish Naturalist, 1891, pp. 90-91. Therefore our Halifax
record is not the first British as we thought, but new to the
county only.
-O;
The 36th Annual Report of the S#. Helen’s Museum contains an
illustration of a case of corals presented by the late John Morgan.
1915 Mar. 1.
I04
LESTEVA LUCTUOSA, FAUV.
A SPECIES NEW TO ENGLAND.
J. W. ‘CARTER, F.E.S.
AT a meeting of the Entomological Section of the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union, held at Leeds on the 31st October last, I
exhibited examples of a species of Lesteva which I had tried
in vain to identify with any of the species described in Vol. 2
of Fowler’s British Coleoptera. It was obviously in some
respects closely related to L. pubescens Mannh. Mr. Thompson
kindly gave me a specimen of L. pubescens, when I saw at once
that it was very different. I therefore sent a specimen to Mr.
J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A., F.E.S., who kindly examined and
returned it as an undoubted specimen of Lesteva luctuosa
Fauvel, a species introduced to the British fauna by Mr.
Donisthorpe in The Entomologist's Record, 1g1I, p. 301, on a
single specimen taken by himself ‘in the Isle of Eigg, a small
island near the Isle of Mull, in the inner Hebrides, off the
west coast of Scotland.’ On reference to Fauvel’s original
description—translated in the above-named journal by Mr.
Donisthorpe—there can be no doubt of the accuracy of Mr.
Tomlin’s determination, and as Mr. Donisthorpe remarks, ‘ the
contrast between the yellow tarsi and red apex of the tibia, and
the dark legs is most striking,’ and it is very different in other
respects from any of our British species. I took my specimens
in July, 1913, in a mountain stream near Malham, in West
Yorkshire. They were closely attached to the underside of
stones—just as one finds Dianous—at the bottom of the stream
in six or eight inches of water. There are evidently no records
since Mr. Donisthorpe’s original specimen. Fauvel regards it
as ‘ very rare, under refuse and stones, half submerged on the
borders of torrents in the mountains.’
OMe
We see an announcement of a book by Sir E. Ray Lankester, entitled,
‘Diversions of a Naturalist.’ With this author’s extensive experience,
the book ought to be particularly interesting.
The January number of the Transactions of the Institute of Marine
Engineers contains an interesting paper on ‘ Terrestrial Magnetism,’ by
Mr. A. N. Somerscales, of Hull. It is well illustrated.
We have received the Inaugural Address of the President, W. A. Evans,
to the members of the Letcestey Litevary and Philosophical Society, October
5th, 1914, on ‘ Wheat, and its Relation to the Present Crisis.’
On January 21st, Mr. T. Sheppard delivered a lecture to the Royal
Geographical Society on the ‘Geography of East Yorkshire, as shown
by Maps.’ It was illustrated by a large collection of maps and charts
indicating changes in the area, dating from the time of Henry VIII. At
the request of the president, Mr. Douglas Freshfield, these were allowed
to remain on exhibition at the Society’s rooms, Kensington Gore, in order
to give the Fellows an apportunity of examining them.
Naturalist.
YORKSHIRE ENTOMOLOGY IN 1914.
THE members of the Entomological Section of the Union met
on October 31st, I914, in the Leeds Institute. Mr. G. T.
Porritt presided. The following were shown. A fine gynan-
dromorphous specimen of Ocneria dispar, right side 9 and left
side g, by Mr. G. B. Stanger ; a fine series of Vanessa antiopa of
continental origin, by Mr. W. Barraclough ; red and yellow forms
of Arctia caia, Callimorpa hera, and C. dominula; fine fasciata
forms of Spilosoma lubricipeda from a Scarborough & % buff
Spilosoma mendica 3 specimens from the Colne Valley, Yorks.,
and white spotted ¢ specimens from Kent ; white and yellow
spotted Orgyia antiqua from West Riding localities ; a fine
suffused 3 Bombyx var. callune, Penistone Moors, and Lycena
corydon var. semi-syngrapha, from Hertfordshire, by Mr.
Morley ; fine Abraxas grossulariata vars. nigro-costata and
nigro-sparsata from wild “Huddersfield larvze this year, by Mr.
G. T. Porritt, who also showed two species of new Yorkshire
Neuroptera, Ta@mopterx trifasciata and Nemoura inconspicua.
Sivex juvencus 9 taken at Middlestown, near Wakefield, by
Mr. J. Hooper ; Periplaneta americana and P. australasie from
Keighley, and Mutilla europea from Scotland by Mr. Rosse
Butterfield.
The exhibits of Coleoptera included :—Monochammus sartor,
L., g, taken alive in a shed at Keighley Railway Station,
Mr. Rosse Butterfield, Q dug from a stump in a garden at
Middlestown, near Wakefield, 2 e. coll. the late W. Talbot
of Wakefield, without locality, but probably local; MM.
sutor L , 9, taken alive at Carlton Main Colliery, near Barnsley,
Mr. E. G. Bayford ; Anchomenus versutus Gyll, Ryhill reser-
voir; Lesteva (2?) sp. by Mr. J. W. Carter; Notsophilus
biguttatus F., non-metallic, alpine form, by Mr. W. Falconer ;
Acupalpus exiguus Dej., Anacaena bipustulata Steph., Homa-
lota cuspidata Er., Philonthus splendidulus Grav., Haploderus
caelatus Gr., Bagous limosus Gyll., Hylastes palliatus Gyll.,
Trypodendron domesticum \.., T. quercus Eich., (°?) Xyleborus
dryographus Ratz., all from the Doncaster district, by Dr.
Bet. Corbett:
Mr. M.L. Thompson showed from the Cleveland district :—
Haltplus stviatus Sharp. Neuraphes elongatulus Mull.
Cervcyon nigriceps Marsh. Scydmaenus scutellaris Mull.
Ocyusa tncrassata Muls. Bythinus puncticollas Denny.
Homalota evemita Rye. Ptenidium intermeduim Wank.
Gyvophaena laevipeunis Kraatz. Epuyaea flovea Er.
Myllaena elongata Matth. Meligethes ovatus Sturm,
Hetevothops dissimilis Grav. Chalcotdes helxines Lv. fulvicornis
Quedius auvicomus Kies. F,
Lesteva punctata Er. Rhynchites cupreus L.
Homalium topterum Steph. Anthonomus conspersus Dest.
Choleva morio F.
1915 Mar. 1.
106 Yorkshire Entomology in 1914.
Judging from the reports submitted by various members,
the season, generally, has not been a good one for lepidoptera,
with a few exceptions species have not appeared commonly.
Light has not attracted much, and ‘sugar,’ although never a
great attraction, has never been a failure until the latter part
of the season, many late autumn species were entirely absent.
Spring larve were common enough, Agvotis agathina and
Xanthia citrago very common; about a score Xanthia aurago
larve were found in sycamore buds in Deffer Wood, where
the species must now be considered established.
The exceptions to the general paucity of the perfect insects
were the abundance of Brephos parthemias, Ewpithecia castigata,
and its black variety, and Melanippe hastata in the Wakefield
district, the last also appeared in some numbers at Edlington.
In birch woods in the West Riding Orthosia suspecta was very
common at the end of July. On the moors in the West Riding
during August and September the following species appeared
in vast numbers, Cidaria populata, C. testata (of which many
were of an unicolorous purple form), Oporabia filigrammaria,
Celena haworthu, Hypsipetes sordidata in great variety, with
many red forms, Cloantha solidaginis swarmed on the flowers
of Juncus, six in one instance were noticed feeding on one
flower head.
Pupe of Hydrecia petasitis were dug freely from about the
roots of butterburr in the Hudderfield district in the middle of
August.
Acronycta alni, A. leporina, and Cymatophora fluctuosa,
were taken during June in the Wakefield district.
Melanism has not been a pronounced feature of the year.
Dry seasons seem to arrest the progress of this phenomenon.
Such species as Agvotis agathina, Boarmia repandata and
Cleoceris viminalis in the West Riding have practically become
entirely melanic races, but they did not appear as intensely
black as in previous years. Such species as Acronycta pst,
A. rumicis, Polia chi, Seodiona belgiaria, Ematurga atomaria
and Xylophasia polyodon, all of which usually have a good
sprinkling of black or very dark specimens amongst them,
this season have not given the same proportion of melanism
either in numbers or intensity. With Polza chi even the variety
olivacea was scarce.
Mr. G. T. Porritt reports that he found the Polia flavocincta
at Bridlington to be quite the ordinary pale type, and not of
the dark form which alone seems to occur in South-West
Yorkshire. He also has an interesting notice of the abundance
of Pyrameis cardui at Bridlington, in the ‘ Entomologist’s
Monthly Magazine’ of November, 1914, to which reference
should be made.
Dr. G. W. K. Crosland took Tinea fulvimitrella in Lepton
Naturalist
Yorkshire Entomology in 1914. 107
Wood, Huddersfield, a new and very interesting record for the
district. Mr. T. Ashton Lofthouse writes :—He first noticed
Dasycera sulphurella and Incurvaria muscalella flying freely
in the sunshine in his garden at Middlesborough about the
middle of April. Cemiostoma laburnella occurred about the end
of April and was noticed again in August. It seems to be very
plentiful in this district on laburnum, the foliage of which is
very much disfigured by the mines of the species. In early
June Adela rufimitrella was noticed at Ingleby Greenhow and
near Northallerton. On June 13th Mixodia_ schulziana,
Tortrix viburnana, Phoxopteryx myrtillana, Adela fibulella,
Micropteryx calthella, M. sepella and M. aureatella, Tinea
weaverella and Ayrgyresthia atmoriella were noticed at Great
Ayton, Dicrorampha herbosana occurred at Redcar, Middles-
borough, Saltburn, and Sandsend during June and July. D.
plumbagana, Sandsend, and D. plumbana at Saltburn and
Sandsend, and a single specimen of Stigmonota orobana at Sands-
end on June 20th. Ephippiphora brunnichiana flying freely
in sunshine about coltsfoot in Kilton Woods on July 4th, on
which date Cemiostoma wailesella was taken about Genista
tinctoria at Saltburn, this species appears to be an addition to
the’ Yorkshire lst. Amphysa gerningana and Cemiostoma
spartifoliella, Lealholm on July 11th. Cerostoma sequella
two specimens at Kildale on July 20th, and a single specimen
at Sleights on August 3rd. Xanthosetia zoegana at Saltburn
on August 14th ; Peronea comparana at Ingleby ; P. sponsana
and Argyresthia semitestacella about beech at Eston in Septem-
ber and Ephippiphora simuilana about birch in the same locality.
About the middle of October Exapate congelatella occurred
freely in a restricted locality on the Moors near Battersby,
flying in the sunshine about 2 p.m. Mr. Lofthouse also took
the following insects last year, 1913, that have not been previ-
ously recorded for Yorkshire :Micropteryx sang, near
Kildale in May; Cedestis gysselinella, Great Ayton end of
July ; and the following of which there are few Yorkshire
records :— Nemotois capriacellus, Great Ayton (only one
previous Yorkshire record), Incurvaria ehlamannella, Great
Ayton, Brachmia mouffetella, and Bucculatrix cristalella,
Kaldale.
For further particulars of the work of this Section, see the
annual report in The Naturalist, for January, 1914.
HYMENOPTERA, DIPTERA AND HEMIPTERA.—Besides the
information in the Annual Report in The Naturalist last
month Mr. H. Walch writes to say that he has taken a queen
Vespa germanica at Halifax, after several years’ search.
An ichneumon which Mr. G. T. Porritt took in his garden
at Elm Lea, Dalton, Huddersfield, has been named by Mr.
Claude Morley as Tryphon trochanteratus, this, as far as is
1915 Mar. 1.
108 Yorkshire Entomology in 1914.
known, is new to the County lst. On the occasion of the
Union’s excursion to Knaresborough. at Easter, he obtained
Ophion obscurus Fab. Mr. Porritt observes with regard to
Stenichneumon trilineatus Gmel., which he usually breeds in
plenty, some years in abundance, from wild larve of Abraxas
gvossulariata, was this year apparently quite absent. Out
of considerably over 6,000 wild larve he did not this year
breed a single ichneumon of any description.
Not much work has been done in the Saw-flies. Mr. Porritt
reports that the gooseberry sawfly, Pteronus ribesii has been
very destructive in gardens in the Huddersfield district, quite
defoliating many bushes. Two saw-flies from the Keighley
neighbourhood are apparently additions, while severa! inter-
esting species have been found in new localities.
In the November number of The Naturalist, Mr. Percy H.
Grimshaw gives a detailed acocount of a new Yorkshire
gall-midge, Oligotrophus ventricolus Ribs. Mr. Grimshaw
records another new dipteron, Acletoxenus formosus Leow.,
from Burley-in-Wharfedale. Empis tessellata Fab. @ has
also occurred at Keighley. Mr. Porritt mentions that the
dipterous parasite of A. grossulariata (Phryxus vulgaris),
appeared in very small numbers this year. It is usually very
abundant.
No observations of any moment appear to have been
made with regard to Himiptera and active wo-kers in this
order are needed. The new species above-mentioned have been
identified and confirmed by the Committee’s honorary referees,
to whom grateful thanks are due.
B. Mortey.
7O>%
The Proceedings of the Cheltenham Natural Science Society for the
session 1914-3 (N.S. vol. 2, pt. 3, pp. 103-142, 1/-), are chiefly occupied
by the address of the President (Dr. E. T. Wilson) on ‘ The Long- Barrow
Men of the Cotswolds.’ It is reprinted from the ‘ now defunct ’ newspaper,
The Examiner.
From the Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club we have
received volume 15, part 4 of its Transactions, edited by Mr. John Hopkin-
son (pages 193-272 and i.-lxvui.) The volume includes the following
notes of distinctly local interest :—‘ Testacella scutulum in Hertfordshire,’
and ‘ The Palmated Newt in Hertfordshire,’ by G. Oldham ; ‘ The Climate
of Hertfordshire,’ ‘The Weather of the year 1913 in Hertfordshire,’ and
_ Observations in Hertfordshire,’ by J. Hopkinson; ‘ Birds observed in
Hertfordshire,’ by William Bickerton; ‘ Botanical Observations in
Hertfordshire,’ by E. J. Salisbury ; ‘ Acroloxus lacustris in Hertfordshire,’
by E. Popple ; ‘ Geological \\ ork in Hertfordshire,’ by H. Kidner. There
is also an interesting classified subject-index to the principal contents of
the Transactions for the 40 years, 1875-1914, under the following headings :
‘Topography,’ ‘Geology,’ ‘ Hydro-Geology,’ ‘ Meteorology,’ ‘ Phenology,’
“ Biology,’ ‘Botany,’ ‘Zoology,’ ‘ Archaeology,’ ‘Physical Science,’
* Miscellaneous.’
Naturalist,
109
YORKSHIRE’S CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE..-
{Presidential Address to the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, delivered
at the University, Leeds, 5th December, 1914.).
By T. SHEPPARD, F.G.S.
(Continued from page 77).
MORE MAGAZINES.
Tue NATURALISTS’ MONTHLY: A JOURNAL FOR NATURE-LOVERS
AND NATURE-THINKERS.
This publication is a large 4to much resembling * Knowledge ’
in appearance. It was edited by Dr. J. W. Williams, M.A. The
first number appeared in September, 1887, and contains 20
pages with three columns to the page, the last page of No. 6 being
120. The first paper is by our contributor, the Rev. Hilderic
Friend, and among other contributors we notice J. R. V. Tomlin,
Dr. Dallinger, and other northern writers. The publication does
not seem to have lasted long, my set ending with vol. I, No. 6,
for February, 1888, which number contains the additional name
of B. Middleton Batchelor, as sub-editor, The journal was
published by Walter Scott, London, at 6d. a month.
THE BIRMINGHAM NATURALISTS’ GAZETTE.
was published in June, 1882, vol. I., No. 1 (8 pages, 4to, 3 columns
to a page), being edited by W. Harcourt, Bath. It was pub-
lished monthly, and was sold at one penny, the first six parts
forming Volume I. In January, 1883 appeared vol. 2, No. 7,*
though the paging was from 49-56. The publication then appar-
ently ceased, and the seven parts were bound up and sold as
‘The Birmingham Naturalists’ Gazette, and Magazine of the
Birmingham Naturalists’ Field Club, ... 1882 June to 1883
January. Price one shilling and sixpence.’ It contained many
northern items and interesting advertisements of old magazines,
etc. In September, 1882, Mr. H. B. Thornton gave an account
of the Whitby Naturalists’ Field Club. There were also reports
from Sheffield, Barnsley, etc.
This publication was followed by—
THE NATURALISTS’ GAZETTE.
London... W. P. Collins.” Vol. I., No. 1 being dated January,
1889. It was foolscap in size, containing 8 pages matter and 4
pages advertisements, 3 columns to a page, and was sold at one
penny. By December, part 12 concluded vol. I. (at page 96).
* This one number was called The Naturalists’ Gazette.
1915 Mar. 1.
IIo Sheppard: Yorkshire's Contribution to Science.
January, 1890, saw vol. 2, No. 1, and by December, 1890, vol. 2,
Nc. 24 appeared—the last page (without the advertisements)
being No. 96. The journal continued until July, 1891, when
vol. 3, part 31 was published, apparently the last. The large
proportion of full-page Birmingham advertisements indicated
its source. With No. 9 the London publisher was changed to
EK. W. Allen, and by No. 20 ‘ Birmingham: The Naturalists’
Publishing Company’ was added. There is.no doubt that the
journal was a wonderful pennyworth. Many northern naturalists
contributed to its pages.
hip Pie p: Grus:
In 1890 appeared the first volume of The Field Club, edited by
the Rev. Theodore Wood, and published by Elliot Stock. It
was apparently issued in monthly parts of 16 royal octavo pages
each. Generally it was ‘popular’ The names of many York-
shire contributors appeared in its pages, and the magazine con-
tained a record of meetings, etc., of various scientific societies
in the county. One of the earliest articles is an account of the
Huddersfield Naturalist Society and its work, by S. L. Mosley.
Vol. I. contained 190 pages; vol. II., 1891, 190; vol. III., 194;
and vol. [V., 140. With the final part of vol. IV. we find: ‘ We
much regret to inform our readers that, with the present issue,
The Field Club will cease to exist as a separate magazine.
Arrangements have been made, however, for its incorporation
with Nature Notes.’
THE FIELD NATURALISTS’ QUARTERLY.
In February, 1902, was published the first number of a substan-
tial quarterly, of 78 octavo pages, at halfa crown a part ; 4 parts to
the volume. It was edited by Dr. Gerald Leighton and published
by Blackwood of Edinburgh.* The journal was ‘ devoted to zoology
in all its branches, botany, archeology, folk-lore, and all subjects
worked by field naturalists and kindred societies.’ Many prom-
inent naturalists were contributors, including Yorkshiremen.
Vol. I. contained 340 pages ; vol. II. (1903), 365 pages ; and vol.
ITI. (1904), 382 ppages. Nothing was published after part 12.
THE NATURALIST’S MONTHLY REVIEW.
In April, 1901, appeared Vol. I., No. x, of ‘The Naturalist’s
Monthly Review of New Books, Publications, Records and Cap-
tures, Sales and Wants, etc.’ The first part (4 pages) was not
paged; No. 2 was paged 1-4; No. 12, for March, 1902, contained
(including Index of Contents) pp. 73-80. The publication then
ceased, and was followed by :—
* Half way through the second volume the publishing was undertaken by
G. A. Morton, Edinburgh.
Naturalist,
Sheppard : Yorkshire’s Contribution to Science. Til
THE NATURALISTS’ QUARTERLY REVIEW.
In December, 1905, was published by J. and W. Davis, of
Dartford, vol. I., part 1, of ‘The Naturalists’ Quarterly Review’
(New Series, 8vo, 32 pages, 7d.). By September, 1906, No. 4,
completing vol. I., was issued (128 pages). From December,
1906, to September, 1907, pages 5-8 appeared, forming vol. II.
The publication then ceased. It was apparently a dealer’s
venture.
THE JOURNAL OF NATURAL SCIENCE.
This is referred to under the head of ‘ Hull Junior Naturalists’
Society.” Vol. r No. 1 (8vo, pages I to 32) was for April-June,
gir, and vol. i part 2, for July-September, Ig1I (pages 33-58)
appeared on November 4th; the publication then ceased.*
Besides various notes on natural history it contained ‘ Photo-
graphic and Philatelic Notes.’
SCIENCE GOSSIP.
Though not bearing directly upon our county, Hardwicke’s
Science Gossip, as it was familiarly known (being published by
Hardwicke, of Piccadilly), was so persistently subscribed to
by almost every naturalist, that it must take a place in our review,
especially as many Yorkshire naturalists were contributors. It
was a quarto magazine in double columns, was well illustrated,
and appeared monthly. The first volume, edited by M. C.
Cooke, appeared in 1865, and from then it regularly appeared
until 1902 ; up to 1892 being bound in the familiar and somewhat
gaudy blue cloth covers. Cooke ceased his editorial duties in
1872, and was succeeded by J. E. Taylor from 1873 until volume
29 in 1803.
It was published by Hardwicke until 1875; by Hardwicke
and Bogue until 1878; by David Bogue until 1882, and by
Chatto and Windus from 1883 to 1893.
In 1894 a new series commenced, under the editorship of
J. T. Carrington, the publishers being Simpkin Marshall. In
volume 5 Mr. Carrington had the assistance of Miss Flora Win-
stone. This series somewhat abruptly terminated when nearing
the completion of the 8th volume (1902-3), eleven parts only
being published.
There are very many writers who have made a name in
natural science, who made their first contributions in the pages
of Science Gossip.
A Classified Index to ‘Science Gossip.’ Vols. I.-XII., 1865-
1876, was published.
RESEARCH.
In July, 1888, appeared vol. I., part 1 of this quarto publication,
averaging 32 pages with covers, etc., printed in two columns.
* This was fully dealt with in Zhe Naturalist, March, 1912, pp. 66-68.
1915 Mar. 1.
1g Sheppard: Yorkshire's Contribution to Science.
Vol. I. ends at page 236. Wol. II., with a change of cover, com-
menced on July rst, 1889, ended with No. 24, dated June 2nd,
1890, and contained 288 pages. With the completion of the second
volume the journal ceased to appear on account of insufficient
financial support. It contains a number of useful papers bearing
upon natural history matters in the north of England, the work
of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union being frequently referred to.
THE WESLEY NATURALIST.
In March, 1887, appeared Part 1 of ‘ The Wesley Naturalist,’
an octavo publication of 32 pages (sold at 6d.), and the first
number contains notes from the Rev. Hilderic Friend and other
of our contributors. The journal was published by B. Moore, of
Burnley. Each part contained a lithographic frontispiece, one
being the famous Carboniferous Tree from Yorkshire, now in the
Manchester Museum. The Wesley Naturalists’ Society was
responsible for much of the matter in its pages. Volume I.
concluded with the number for February, 1888, the last page
being 383.
Volume II., March, 1888 to February, 1889, 384 pages, and
Volume III., March, 1889 to October, 1889* (232 pages) when
the publication ceased. t
The editors were Revs. W. H. Dallinger, W. Spiers and
Hilderic Friend.
THE NATURAL HISTORY TEACHER.
‘A monthly illustrated magazine for Young Lovers of Nature,
conducted by S. L. Mosley, a small 4to publication, was started
in January, 1885, and Volume I. including the twelve parts for
the year, contained 84 pages. Volume II. (parts 13-24, 1886)
contained g2 pages, and we learn from the December issue that
it had ‘ not circulated largely in the channel set out for it,’ so it
was decided to alter its character, and in its place appeared—
THE Economic NATURALIST.
‘An illustrated monthly journal of useful natural history.’
The first part (8 pages 8vo), was issued in January, 1887. I
cannot ascertain how long it lasted, but I have seen Part 11, for
November, 1887 (pages 91-98). The parts were sold at 2d. each.
THE NATURALISTS’ GUIDE.
A Journal with the above title evidently started somewhere
about November, 1890, and apparently took the place of “ The
Economic Naturalist.’ I have only been able to see Parts 39-
48, January to October, 1894. It was also edited, printed and
* Nothing was issued for September this year.
+ I am informed by one of the editors that the Wesley Naturalist was then
‘amalgamated with the Journal of the Postal Microscopical Society.’
Naturalist,
Sheppard: Yorkshire’s Contribution to Science. II3
published by Mr. 5S. L. Mosley (8vo. tod. each). There were
not many pages in each part.* but there were some really very
fine plates of Butterflies, etc. The parts I have seen contain a note
to the effect that “the present volume will contain a complete
monograph of British Butterflies and Sphinges. illustrated with
coloured figures of every species.’ Probably about the date
named The Naturalists’ Guide ceased, as we find Mr. Mosley’s
name as joint editor, for the first time, of The Naturalists’
Journal for November, 1894, at the close of its third volume. t+
THE NATURALISTS RECORD.
‘The Naturalists’ Record: a Monthly Illustrated Magazine,
devoted to the interests of Science,’ was conducted by H. C. Oak-
shott, of Falmouth, and was published by E. T. Oliver, London,
price 2d. It contained 16 pages, all but the first in double
columns, and the pages measured 10 by rod inches. Vol I., Nos.
1-9 (1889-90) were published.
THE COUNTRY-SIDE.
‘The Country-Side’ is a journal of many vicissitudes. It
first appeared as a weekly in May, 1905, and existed as such
until vol. 10, which was unfinished, in 1909. It was 4to in size,
averaged about 16 pages, was first sold at 1d. and’then at 2d.,
and was edited by E, Kay Robinson. Its contributions consisted
of natural and pseudo-natural history notes and articles written
in a popular style, and very general in character. Some of them,
however, refer to Yorkshire. The last part I have been able to
trace is No. 244 of vol. 10, dated January 15th, roto.
Then follows an extraordinary series of varied publications,
most of which seem to have been associated in some way or other
with the said E. Kk. Robinson.
In April, 1908, appeared vol. I., No. 1 of ‘ Country Queries and
Notes.” By March, 1909, vol. I., No. 12 appeared with a total
of 582 pages, in two columns, which completed vol. 1., as there is
a title-page and index. It was published monthly at 4d.
In April, 1909, appeared vol. II., No. 13, of the same journal,
paged 1-36, but by May the title is altered to that of —
SCIENCE GOSSIP AND COUNTRY QUERIES AND NoteEs.t}
and presumably to prevent confusion it is numbered vol. II,
No. 2 and No. 14, and contains pages 37-96. By February, roro.
appeared vol. II., No. 11 and 23, pages 473-516 which closed the
volume, and an index and title page were issued later.
* One hundred and forty-four plates in the ten parts.
+ See page 121 of the November issue, 1894.
~ This should not be confused with the publication issued by Hardwicke, etc.,
referred to elsewhere.
1915 Mar. i.
Il4 Sheppard: Yorkshire's Contribution to Science.
In June, 1910, appeared vol. I., No. 1, of—
THE COUNTRY-SIDE MONTHLY.
royal 8vo, 42 pages in two columns, price 4d. From a reference
on page 4 it seems clear that ‘ Country Queries and Notes’ had
suddenly expired and that no index was published. All seemed
to go well with the first four parts of the new series, and then
with vol. I., No. 5, which was issued for two months, namely,
October and November, 1gto, there is added to the title ‘ with
which is incorporated Science Gossip and County Queries and
Notes.’ Vol. I., apparently concluded with the December
number, No. 6, the last page being 258. By January, IgII,
vol. II., No. 1, appeared, the volume being concluded with No.
6, for June, the last page being 240. Vol. III., contained the
parts July-December, rg1I, 210 pages. Hitherto we see that six
parts constituted a volume. Vol. IV., part 1, contains an apology
from the editor for the absence of any issue during December, and
No. 1, 28 pages, is for January and February, and contains the
title and index, (4 pages), to vol. III. All went well until No.
5, for June, which ended with page 156. There was no No. 6,
but by July the title was again altered to—
THE COUNTRY-SIDE
and was marked ‘ New Series,’ but was numbered vol. IV., No. 7,
the paging starting with 157. It was continued until December,
1912, the last page being 536. There was no index nor title. This
volume contains II parts issued during 1912.
During 1913, twelve monthly parts were issued forming
vol. V., but again there is neither title nor index. During 1914
the publication again ceased, as we find in the press for February,
IQI5,
“THE COUNTRY-SIDE LEAFLET
has been established to fill the gap caused by the suspension of
Country Side during the war.’
(To be continued).
:O0:——
We have received the Transactions and Journal of Proceedings, 1913-14,
third series, volume two, of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural
History and Antiquarian Society, royal 8vo, 298 pages. Among many
interesting papers we note: ‘ White Quartz Pebbles and their Archaeo-
logical Significance,’ by Nona Lebour; ‘A List of the Coleoptera of the
Solway District,’ by B. M’Gowan; ‘ Dumfries: Its Burghal Origin,’ by
G. Neilson, and ‘ Further Excavations at the King’s Castle, Kirkcud-
bright,’ by J. Robison. The following statement by Miss Lebour was a
little unexpected: ‘It is a curious fact, as Mr. Gatty pointed out to me,
that the white quartz pebbles give out a bright spark when struck together,
and even when struck under water the light emitted is almost better.’ We
certainly doubted this, but the statement proved to be true when put to
the test.
Naturalist,
FIELD NOTES. 115
MOSSES.
Dicranum strictum Schleich.*—On December 12th last,
I found a small patch of this elegant and rare moss on a fallen
tree in Sunnydale, E. Morton, near Bingley. I understand
from Mr. W. Ingham, to whom I am indebted for the verification
of my specimen, that this is an addition to the Yorkshire flora.
—Harorp E. Jounson, Bradford.
Catoscopium nigritum Brid., in W. Yorks.—On Satur-
day, January 30th, Mr. W. H. Burrell, F.L.S., and I were
examining the small exposure of Silurian rocks near Gordale
Beck on Malham Moor, and were pleased to see a tuft of the
above moss in fine fruit. The place is an interesting one for
Orthothecium rufescens (Stereodon) and Splachnum ampullaceum
are found here. The only other known Yorkshire habitat for
Catoscopium is in Teesdale, an interesting fact being that a
flowering plant, the alpine bartsia, has the same restricted
range, growing near the moss in both places. The moss was
once erroneously reported for West Yorkshire, but the above
is the first record.—C. A. CHEETHAM.
Dicranum strictum in Yorkshire.—Dicranum strictum
(D. viride of Braithwaite’s Moss Flora) is one of the few mosses
which, as an indiginous species, has been questioned. It was
first found in Staffordshire in 1864 on old wooden rails, and it has
been suggested that possibly it had been introduced with the
timber. It has since been detected in other parts of the county
and also in Banffshire and near Edinborough, and now shows
four vice-county numbers, as its range in the Moss census lists.
Whilst on what might be termed a preliminary visit to Sawley,
where the Union meet on their first excursion this year, in
company with Messrs. Margerison and Sanderson, I had the
pleasure of gathering a small tuft of this moss. I submitted
it to Mr. H. N. Dixon, who kindly confirmed the identification.
The Sawley High Moor, where it occurs, was planted about
1860, and there is a possibility of the moss having been brought
with the young plants, if so, it has evidently found the place
suitable, existing there some fifty odd years. Another very
rare moss, Buxbaumia aphylla was reported from this district
and a note on it and at the same time a remark as to it being
never since confirmed, will be found in both the West and North
Riding floras. It is quite possible that B. aphylla might also
be introduced with the trees, and if so it may still be refound
there. If there is any fact in this theory for the introduction
of mosses, is it not possible that there may be some surprises in
store for other sections of the Union ; the wood in question is
of very large extent, and has many interesting features for
the general body of naturalists.—C. A. CHEETHAM.
*It is remarkable that there should be two records of this rare moss
within a fortnight.—ED.
1915 Mar. 1,
116
NEWS FROM THE MAGAZINES.
In British Birds for January, Mr..H. C. Alexander writes ‘ A Practical
Study of Bird Gécology.’
In The Museums Journal for December, Mr. B. H. Mullen. describes
the Children’s Room at the Salford Museum.
In volume 4, part 1, of the Journal of Roman Studies is an article on
“Roman Silver in Northumberland,’ by Professor Haverfield.
The Museums Journal for January contains a paper on ‘ Bankfield
[Halifax] Museum Publications,’ by Mr. H. Ling Roth.
Volume 15, part 1 of the Annals of the South Arican Museum consists.
of an account of ‘South African Crustacea,’ by the Rev. T. R. Stebbings.
The Ivish Naturalist for February is partly occupied by ‘A List of
the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the Dingle Promontory,’’ by A. W.
Stelfox.
In The Zoologist for January, Colonel C. E. Shepherd gives an illustrated
note on ‘The Location of the Sacculus and its contained Otoliths in
Fishes.’
In The Quarry for February, Mr. R. Parker has an article on ‘ Tar
Macadam, its Manufacture and Industry,’ in which he describes the works
of Messrs. Ord and Maddison of Darlington.
With The Zoologist for January, the editorship has changed: Mr. W.
L. Distant has severed his connection with the journal after many years’
work, and the new editor is Mr. Frank Finn.
Bivd Notes and News volume 6, part 4, contains an interesting article
on the food of the house sparrow, and the statistics are certainly in favour
of the bird being of service to the fruit grower.
In The New Phytologist, volume 13, No. 9, we notice an article by N.
Bancroft on ‘A Review of Literature concerning the Evolution of Mono-
cotyledons,’ and in part 1o of the same journal there is a paper by Ruth
Holden on ‘ The Relation between Cycadites and Pseudocycas.’
In the Scottish Naturalist for January, Mr. W. Eagle Clark describes
“A New Scottish Bird: the Aquatic Warbler, at Fair Isle,’ and in the
same Journal, Mr. George Bolam has notes on * Newts on the Eastern
Borders,’ in which reference is made to localities in Northumberland.
British Birds tor February contains an illustrated paper on ‘ Breeding
Habits of the Little Stint,’ by Maud D. Haviland. Mr. H. W. Robinson
gives a report on the results of Ringing Black-Headed Gulls. From the
list it seems that of 8,096 birds ringed at Ravensglass, 345 have been
recovered.
In The Geological Magazine for January is a notice of the work of Dr.
Arthur Smith Woodward, of the British Museum (Natural History),
whose researches among the fossil fishes, etc. are so well known. Dr. Wood-
ward has done much to add to our knowledge of the fossil fishes of the
Yorkshire Lias, etc. The memoir is one of the ‘Eminent Living Geologists’
series, and is accompanied by an excellent portrait.
Among many of the articles appearing in The Essex Naturalist, parts
ro and 12 of volume 17, for April-December, 1913, recently received, we
notice :—‘ Sarsen, Basalt, and other Boulders in Essex’; ‘ The Coast-
Flora of the Clacton District’; ‘Mycetozoa seen during the Crypto-
gamic Forays in Epping Forest’; ‘The Occurrence of Rhaxella-Chert
in Epping Forest Gravels’; ‘ Notes on Essex Geology at the latter end of
the Nineteenth Century and After’; ‘Cultivation of Fuller’s Teasel in
Essex,’ etc.
Naturalist,
‘WATKINS & DONCASTER,
NATURALISTS,
: 36, STRAND, LONDON, WwW.C.
(Five Doors from Charing Cross),
Keep in stock every description of
APPARATUS, CABINETS, BOOKS, AND SPECIMENS
for Collectors of
BIRDS’ EGGS, BUTTERFLIES, MOTHS, ETC.
Catalogue (96 pages) sent post free on application.
‘The Naturalist’ for 1914.
Edited by T. SHEPPARD, F.G.S. and T. W. WOODHEAD, Ph.D., F.L.S.
Tastefully bound in Cloth Boards. T/- net.
Contains 408 pages of excellent reading matter; 26 full-page, high-
class plates ; and numerous illustrations throughout the text.
‘THE volume includes many valuable and attractive articles by some
of the most prominent naturalists and leading scientific men in the
country, and forms a handsome, well-illustrated, and most acceptable
present to all interested in out-door life.
fssued Monthly, illustrated with Plates and Text Figures
To Subscribers, Gs. per annum; Post Free, 6s, 6d.
The Scottish Naturalist
with which is incorporated
“*The Annals of Scottish Natural History ’’
A Monthly Magazine devoted to Zoology
Edited by William Eagle Clarke, F.R.S.E.,
F.L.S., Keeper Natural History Dept., Royal
Scottish Museum; William Evans, F.R.S.E.,
Member of the British Ornithologists' Union; and
Percy H. Grimshaw, F.R.S.E.,F.E.S., Assistant-
Keeper, Natural History Dept., Royal Scottish
Museum. Assisted by J. A. Harvie-Brown,
F.R.S.E.,F.Z.S.; Evelyn V.Baxter, H.M.B.O.U.;
Leonora J. Rintoul, H.M.B.O.U.; Hugh S. Glad-
stone, M.A., F.R.S.E., F.Z.S.; James Ritchie,
M.A.,D.Sc. A. Landsborough Thompson, M.A.,
M.B.O.U. ;
Edinburgh: OLIVER & BOYD, Tweedale Court
Lond.: GURNEY & JACKSON 33 Paternoster Row
THE
THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S MONTHLY
MAGAZINE.
PRICE SIXPENCE MONTHLY.
Edited by G. C. Champion, F.Z.S., J. E. Collin,
F.E.S.,G. T.. Porritt, F.L:.S., R. W. Lilo yd,
W.W. Fowler, ee bed M. A., F.L. iS ae ieal Walker,
M.A., R.N., F.L
This Magazine, commenced in 1864, contains
Standard Articles and Notes on all subjects
connected with Entomology, and especially on
the Insects of the British Is es.
Subscription—6s. per annum, post free.
QURNEY & JACKSON,
1, Paternoster Row,
London.
IRISH NATURALIST:
A Monthly Journal of General Irish Natural History.
BOTANY-
ZOOLOGY.
GEOLOGY.
EDITED BY
GEO. H CARPENTER, B.Sc., R. LLOYD PRAEGER, B.A., AND
ROBERT PATTERSON,
EZ Sie RAL A.
This MAGAZINE should be in the hands of all NaturaLists interested in the distribution of
animals and plants over the British Islands.
6d. Monthly.
Annual Subscription (Post free) 5s,
DUBLIN :—EASON & SON, 40, LOWER SACKVILLE STREET, to which address
Subscriptions should be sent.
‘BELFAST: —EASON & SON, 17, DONEGALL STREET.
totto top ERM: MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & Co.
Ne < ,
ae i
a ee salad
a Cerne ot om
Pe vem
“Some Geographical Factors
in the Great War.
By T. HERDMAN, M.Sc. F.G.S.”
(Lecturer in Geography, Municipal Training College, Hull).
72 pages, crown Svo, with 6 Maps, sewn in
stout printed cover, gd. net, post free rod. net,
A feature of vast importance in the titanic struggle now taking”
place is the geographical condition of the various countries. In
‘** Some Geographical Factors’”’ the author provides much interesting
information which helps his readers to a wider understanding of an _
important aspect of the present campaign. The concluding chapter
on ‘‘The Problems of Nationality ’’ affords a glimpse of the inne a
difficulties that face those statesmen to whose heads and hands will |
be committed the adjustment of the new boundaries.
The ‘‘ Literary World”’ says:—* Those wie would follow intelligently
the movements in this world contest will find much help in this little
handbook. Mr, Herdman’s exposition of the part played in the war
by the great Jand-gates and the seas is clear and informing, and is_
followed. by some sound reasoning on the commercial war and the
proklems of nationality.”
YORKSHIRE
PEN AND PICTURE.
“TY SHEPPARD, BGS. FS Asean),
216 pages, crown folio, with upwards of 250 illustrations, and
strongly stitched in artistic pictorial cover.
1/- net, or post free 1/3 net.
This entirely new publication is the latest book issued which
_ deals with Yorkshire. Members of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union
know that the County has an abundance of Archeological,
Architectural and Natural History features, and as the book is —
edited by the Ex-President of their Union, no further recommenda- —
tion is necessary. Galen:
Lonpon: A. BROWN & SONS, Lrp., 5 aay eerie AVENUE, E.C.
AND AT HULL AND YORK.
Printed at Browns’ SAVILE Press, 40, George Street, Hull, and published by —
A. BROWN & gees Limited, at 5 Farringdon Avenue, i in the City of pee
' March 1st, 1915. ii
A MONTHLY ILLUS PRATED JOURNAL OF
NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.
KDITEKID BY
T: SHEPPARD, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.S.A.Scot..—
THe MgSROMS, Hutt ; conten lnsfita
Xi ie
T. W. WOODHEAD, Ph.D., F. ioe A
TECHNICAL CoLLEGE, HUDDERSFIELD, AP R: S
WITH THE ASSISTANCE A> REFEREES IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF
ie J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S. F.L.S., GEO. T. PORRITINEW.S, PLB.S
Prof. P. F. KENDALL, M.Sc., F.G.S., | JOHN W. TAYLOR, ~tion al Wye
T. H. NELSON, M.B.0.U RILEY FORTUNE, F.Z.S.
i
Contents :—
Notes and Comments:—The British Association ; Phenological Observations ; Records of
New British Birds; The late Professor Geikie, F.R.S.; James Geikie's s Books : his
Honours; The Taming of Streams in Inhabited Countries ; Bronze-age Invaders of
Britain ; Different Landing Places; Newspaper Ser ems Cone-in-Cone Stncture,
Professor Bonney on Cone-in- Cone Mee a ae 2 4 iy oe »- 17-121
Coast Erosion—/. J. Burton, F.G SSE 2 i xe ny ve : By _. 192-194
A New Record of Glacial Drift near Wakefield - pene its bearing on the late Glacial
Changes in Lower Calderdale (Illustrated —D. A. Wray, B.Sc.,F.G.S- a ie ... 125-128
New Records and Additional Localities for the Moss-Flora of Paria and
Yorkshire—Richard Barnes SH t as d ; 129- 130°
Yorkshire’s Contribution to Science—T. Sheppard, FGS. 2h : ie er Sy "181.138
A Diary of Ornithological Observations in Brittany— Edmund Gels! oe yy ... 139-141
In Memoriam :—The Rev. F. H. Woods, B.D. (Ilustrated) ... ie: Aes bx ze w 142-144
Benjamin Holgate, F.G.S. (Illustrated) ao i 2 i iB 4. 145-146"
Field Notes :—Large Porpoise at York ; The Misdeeds of a inwisher ype acicola
(Lév.) Sacc., in Yorkshire ; Marine Shells from the Ancient Beach at North Somercotes,
PAGE
yg AR
ate
(1%. 0s
Plrco lactone cS cote a ey sep Pinel coe he RUT niooeey sak FURS pbs fp Ak EE
INTC ESS SIR A Mc SAL ca ce ao RUE et LAO gr NO fect A A Re a SA on 128
- Northern News ... — ... "4, ie cate aa Seg ay He ne ae ea A 24, 18S
_ Reviews and Book Notices.. eS FATE Pet, NYU teh AT Piha yg ROOD AD 144
‘Proceedings of. Provincial Scientific Societies wy ne oe ay aby yw ve 46
News from the Magazines ... + wee oe a Ay = ae Le? G4 4! 148
Ulustrations Tene ae et aaa ate, tbe oes ate --. 425,182,185, 137, 138; 142, 145 r
. ~ LONDON:
¥ A. Brown & Sons, LiMiTED, 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.C,
Wa And at Hurt and Yorx. :
ME ; =" Printers and Publishers to the Y.N.U.
by Prepaid Subscription 6/6 per annum, post free.
a
of the Bae cite Ps to-date. «
THE VEGETATION OF YORKSHIRE
Its History and Associations on the lines of Botanical Survey, 4
based on the Geologic and Phyto-paleologic remains: being an
examination into the sources, the presence or passing of the:
Floristic Constituents—their When, How and Where ; being also
a Supplement to previous ‘‘ Floras’’ of York, and a list of the
Localities and Species, newly classified, ‘“‘ New” to the County or
some of its river-basins since 1888.
By F. ARNOLD LEES
M.R.CS.Eng., L.R.C.P.Lond.
Demy 8vo, on white unsized paper, about 500 pages,
to be subscribed at 12/6 net (16/- net strictly after publication)
at
LONDON
A. BROWN & SONS, Ltp., 5,. Farringdon Aa enGe. E2Gr
And at HuLi and York.
BOOKS | WANTED.
Quarterly Journal of Science. Set.
_ Frizinghall Naturalist (lithographed). Set or parts,
The Field Naturalist and Scientific Record. Set.
_ The Journal of the Keighley Naturalists’ Society. Part I.
Huddersfield Arch. and Topog. Society. 4 peers Cae
The Naturalists’ Journal. Vol. I. .
Monthly Circular, Huddersfield Naturalists’ Society. Nos. 20, 31, 32.
First Report, Goole Scientific Society. f
Cleveland Lit. & Phil. Society's Transactions. Science Section or others,
The Naturalists’ Record. Set.
The Natural History Teacher (Huddersfield). Vols. I.-II., or parts.
The Economic Naturalist (Huddersfield): Vol. I.
The Naturalists’ Guide (Huddersfield). Set or parts.
The Naturalists’ Almanac (Huddersfield). 1876. f
Proc. Yorkshire Naturalists’ Club (York). — 1867-70. (Set). vet
Keepifig’s Handbook to Natural History Collections (York). ;
** Ripon Spurs,” by Keslington.
Geological and Natural History Repertory. Set.
_ Apply :—Editor, The Museum, Hull.
NOTES AND COMME Wy) eee
THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION. en
The Council of the British Association, in consultation with
the local Executive Committee at Manchester, have decided
that the annual meeting of the Association shall take place in
that city as arranged, in September next. Both the Committee
and the Council felt that it would be inexpedient under the
‘present conditions to offer that elaborate local hospitality in the
form of social and other arrangements which has been extended
to the Association on former occasions. The Committee, how-
ever, desire that the long continuity of yearly meetings should
not be broken, and would prefer that the meeting should be
held, although restricted to its more scientific functions.
PHENOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
We have recently received from Messrs. J. E. Clark and R.
H. Hooker a copy of a very valuable report of Phenological
Observations. It includes most useful information with
regard to dates of flowering of plants, the dates of song and
migration of birds, the first appearance of insects, etc., all very
carefully classified and commented upon. Mr. Clark informs
us that he has been fortunate in securing the co-operation of
thirteen observers in the West Riding, but at present there is
only one each for the North and East Ridings. We feel sure
there are many naturalists who would be willing to assist
him. The work is not difficult. Possibly any who may feel
disposed will communicate with Mr. Clark, ‘ Asgarth,’ Riddes-
down Road, Purley, Surrey.
RECORDS OF NEW BRITISH BIRDS.
We notice that the editor of British Birds in his publication
for March, thanks us for disposing of a bad record in connection
with the alleged black-headed bunting in Yorkshire. It will
be remembered that at a meeting of the British Ornithologists’
Club, two examples of this continental species were recorded,
both had been bought from dealers, and both are now in a
Sussex Museum. We must admit that we quite expected
Mr. Witherby would delete the Yorkshire specimen from his
list, but he says nothing about the Sussex specimen, so that
presumably it stands! He cannot see the force of our con-
tention, that, having fairly proved that in this instance the
record was wrong, there is ‘ quite a suspicion, and, in fact,
more than suspicion, as to the bona fides of other recent
records of British Birds “seen in the flesh.’’’ At any rate,
Yorkshire naturalists are glad to be rid of their alleged new
record, and are quite prepared to leave their friends in Sussex
to have as many ‘ new records’ as they like.
THE LATE PROFESSOR JAMES GEIKIE, F.R.S.
We regret to record the death at Edinburgh, late on March
ist, of Dr. James Geikie, F.R.S., younger brother of Sir Archi-
bald Geikie, and, like him, a distinguished geologist. James
H
1915 April 1.
r18 Notes and Comments.
Geikie was born at Edinburgh in 1839. In 186r he joined the
Geological Survey of Scotland. For twenty-one years*he was
engaged on this survey, and rose to be District Surveyor, and
Local Director of the Survey in Scotland. On the retirement
of his brother, Sir Archibald, from the Murchison Professorship
of Geology and Mineralogy in Edinburgh University, in 1882,
James Geikie was appointed his successor, and that same year,
on the institution by the Royal Commission of a Faculty of
Science in the University, he was at once elected Dean of the
Faculty.
JAMES GEIKIE’S BOOKS;
He was the author of several books that enjoyed considerable
popularity with students ; notably, ‘ The Great Ice Age in its
relation to the Antiquity of Man,’ which was first published
in 1874, and reached its third edition in 1894; ‘ Prehistoric
Europe—a Geological Sketch,’ 1882 ; ‘ An Outline of Geology,’
1884 ; fourth edition, 1903 ; ‘ Fragments of Earth Lore,’ 1893 ;
‘Earth Sculpture, or the Origin of Surface Features,’ 1898, re-
issued 1909. In a different vein from his scientific work was a
book on ‘The Songs and Lyrics of Heine and other German Poets,’
published in 1887. His latest books were, ‘Structural and Field
Geology,’ first published 1808, and again issued in a third edition
in 1912; ‘ Mountains, their Origin, Growth, and Decay,’ pub-
lished in 1913, and ‘ The Antiquity of Man in Europe,’ 1914.
HIS HONOURS.
Professor Geikie was one of the founders and an original
member of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, and the
honorary editor of the ‘Scottish Geographical Magazine ’—
the organ of the Society. He was awarded the Macdougall-
Brisbane Medal of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Mur-
chison Medal of the Geological Society in 1889, and the gold
medal of the latter Society in rgto. He was also an honorary
and corresponding member of many foreign scientific societies.
From Edinburgh University he received an honorary LL.D.
and D.C.L., and he was a Fellow of the Royal Society, and
of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
THE TAMING OF STREAMS
Mr. G. W. Lamplugh, F.G.S., has favoured us with a copy
of his paper in The Geographical Journal on ‘ The Taming of
Streams.’ In this he says, ‘ In uninhabited regions the rivers
are wayward and restless, ever shifting from place to place
within the bounds of the valleys, that are theirs to sprawl across
at will. If a flood should heap up a bar in the channel ; or
fallen timber gather into a dam; or swamp-vegetation block
the fairway in a sluggish reach ; the stream swings easily aside
into a fresh course. In a new country the tangled swampy
bottom-lands of the valleys are the most difficult of all to
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 11g
traverse. It was so with the valleys of Britain at the beginning
of human occupancy, and this explains why the oldest roads
of our country so often take an ill-graded way instead of the
apparently simpler and more direct course along a valley.’
IN INHABITED COUNTRIES.
‘But as soon as a country acquires a settled population,
this unstable habit of running water is corrected. For many
-reasons, human interests demand that a stream shall have a
fixed course. When tribal or individual ownership of land was
established, the rivers and streams often afforded the best
natural boundaries. The convenience of sites chosen for
dwellings depended upon the constancy of the waters; and
every cattle-enclosure required a permanent drinking place.
Even the smallest brooks thus came under the influence of
proprietary rights that were exerted to restrain the stream .to
the convenient channel and to curb its natural waywardness.’
BRONZE-AGE INVADERS OF BRITAIN.
Nature, No. 2363, contains the presidential address delivered
to the Royal Anthropological Institute by Professor Arthur
Keith, F.R.S., on “ The Bronze-Age Invaders of Britain.’ He
informs us “ that somewhere about the year 2000 B.c., when the
peoples of western Europe were beginning to learn the uses of
bronze and to alter the style of their pottery, a race of invaders -
began to reach our shores, who were totally different from
any race which had lived in Britain before that time. The
ancient British, although of various strains, were all of them
of the long-headed type ; they had projecting occiputs ; their
heads appeared as if compressed from side to side. But those
Bronze-Age Invaders had rounded heads, with flat occiputs ;
their heads had the appearance of having been compressed
from back to front. European anthropologists name this
round-head type of man “ Celtic”’ ; they regard him as an
offshoot from the racial type which now attains its greatest
purity in the mountainous countries of Central Europe—the
“ Alpine ’’ type of race.’
DIFFERENT LANDING PLACES.
_‘ The Hon. John Abercromby, who is our leading authority
on British pottery, weapons, and ornaments of the Bronze
age, is of opinion that the round-headed invaders were few in
number, and that, after gaining a foothold in Kent, they gradu-
ally spread northwards and westwards throughout our coun-
try. With that conception I cannot agree. The south-
eastern part of England was apparently only one of the landing
places; the reseaches which were carried out by Canon
Canon Greenwell and Mr. Mortimer leave us in no doubt as to
their arrival in eastern Yorkshire; the round-heads became
masters of it. The counties which bound the Firth of Forth
19): April 1,
120 Notes and Comments.
formed another centre of the invasion; the round-heads
conquered that part of Scotland. For our present purpose their
extensive settlement in the lowlands of Aberdeenshire and along
the southern shores of the Moray Firth are the most important.
In recent years Prof. Reid and Dr. Alex. Low, of the University
of Aberdeen, have made us familiar with the Bronze-age men
of the north-east of Scotland. These more northern invaders
had their own peculiar kind of round-headedness, a kind
remarkably flat on the crown—just as they had their own kind
of graves, their own kind of pottery and ornaments.’
NEWSPAPER ARCHABOLOGY.
Excavations made in connection with home defence have
exposed some skeletons in North Lincolnshire. According to
the Press, ‘the peaceful and picturesque park at Riby was
the scene of a somewhat startling and gruesome character
recently. While excavating, a beautifully preserved and
compact skeleton of a finely developed man, well over six
feet in height was unearthed. The teeth were so fastly em-
bedded in the jaws that even now it is impossible to draw
them out. Through the groin was a dagger about six inches
in length. This however, was in a corroded condition that at
the merest touch it crumbled away to powder. Quite close
to these remains were found an ancient earthenware jar,
possibly of an ancient type, which had been buried long before
the skeletons, as the figuring upon the vessel, according to an
authority suggests the period of the ancient Briton.’ Some
printed semi-parchment was another interesting find. ‘Now
what does the discovery of all these human remains suggest ?
We have it in history that there were battles in every part of
Lincolnshire during the Civil War of the seventeenth century !’
It seems that apparently part of an Anglo-Saxon cemetery was
discovered. Possibly however, the parchment will tell us all
about it.
CONE-IN-CONE STRUCTURE.
At a recent meeting of the London Geological Society,
Mr. S. R. Haselhurst gave ‘Some Observations on Cone-in-
Cone Structure and their Relation to its Origin.’ He outlined
the phenomenon of megascopic pseudostromatism, and certain
tectonic features which are always associated with cone-in-cone
structure in areas where it is greatly developed. He pointed
to the disadvantage accruing from many observers not having
seen it im sifu on a large scale, and endeavoured to show how a
simulation of horizontality in stratification masks what he took
to be the key to the diagnosis of this structure. Two typical
areas are described :—(a) The St. Mary’s Island-Tynemouth
district of the D,; Coal-Measures of Northumberland; (b) The
Hawsker-Robin Hood’s Bay-Ravenscar district of the North
Riding of Yorkshire. The specimens collected in these areas
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. I2T
were said to be unique, and some dozen types from other
areas, including Sandown, Portmadoc, Olney, Somerton, Lyme
Regis, and Merivale Park were examined in detail with reference
to :—(a) Evidence furnished by distorted fossils ; (b) Chemical
composition ; (c) Geometrical similarities; (d) Microscopic
structures. The Author critically examined the accepted
hypothesis that cone-in-cone structure is something essentially
due to crystallization. He concluded from the evidence of
experiments (i) that cone-in-cone is not due to crystallization,
but is a mechanically produced structure due to great and
localized pressure ; (ii) that it is closely allied to the phenomenon
known as pressure solution ; (iii) that cone-in-cone structure is
closely associated with other rock-structures which are mutually
indicative the one of the other, and also of their mode of origin.
PROFESSOR BONNEY ON CONE-IN-CONE.
At the meeting a letter was read from Prof. Bonney, viz :—
“In the Mineralogical Magazine, vol. xi., p. 24, I published a
paper discussing the origin of cone in cone structure, which
was in general agreement with, but supplementary to, the work
of Sorby; Mr. W. S. Gresley, and Prof. G. A. J. Cole. Though
I had for some years been examining specimens which showed
this structure, it was not until 1892 that I chanced to come
across a good instance of it in the field. That occurred in the
upper part of the Wealden formation at Sandown Bay, in the
Isle of Wight. The lower portion of the specimen contains, in
a rather muddy calcareous matrix, numerous more or less
imperfect valves of lamellibranchs (? Cyrena), a few gastropods
(probably Paludina), and numerous valves, double or single, of
ostracods, together with a few subangular fragments of quartz.
The upper portion is a homogeneous dirty limestone. In it
the “shaving brush” crystalline structure is well developed.
It is true that this bed forms part of the Isle of Wight anticline,
but none of the organisms, and no part of the specimen, show
the slightest sign of crushing 77 situ, or of any kind of disturb-
ance from pressure. Evidence of that is tendered in the paper,
and reasons are given for believing that the spiral cracking of
the cone in cone is the result of contraction, probably in
drying. Thus, to whatever inductions the Author’s experi-
ments and observations may lead, I am obliged to regard them
as incompatible with all the specimens that I have examined
and must continue to maintain, as stated in the concluding
words of my paper, published in 1894, that cone in cone
structure is primarily due to crystallization, but the develop-
ment of it—‘‘ its existence in short as cone in cone—is due to
contraction subsequent to this crystallization, and thus the
mechanical cause is not less essential than the chemical for its
formation.” ’
1915 April 1.
122
COAST EROSION.*
J. J. BURTON, F.G.S.
COAST erosion is not confined to Yorkshire nor to our British
coasts.
All land areas are subject thereto. Inland surfaces are
carried down the streams so that the sea is swallowing the
hills and eating up the valleys. All ocean fringes are not
equally eroded. Some very little, others considerably. Some
are gaining.
Much attention has been given to this subject in recent
years, but sea encroachment is as old as land formation, and
man’s fight against it as old as civilisation.
The coast of Holderness is probably the most seriously
affected in this country, and the subject is therefore very
appropriate for a Hull gathering of Geologists.
From investigations made by Professor Phillips 60 years
ago, by our President, Mr. Sheppard, recently, and by a Royal
Commission, we find that the Manor of Tharlesthorpe provided
pasturage for 1,274 sheep in the thirteenth century and yielded
annually 300 quarters of grain. The whole area disappeared
in the fifteenth century. Ravenser once returned two members
to Parliament and has an important place in history. Where
it stood is to-day unknown.
Auburn, Hartburn, Hyde, Frismersk, Redmayr, Pennys-
merk, Upsal, Pottersfleet, Owthorne, are now merely place
names without a site. Withernsea and Dimlington are rapidly
joining the group. Inthe North Riding, as well as in the East
Riding, the sea is claiming for its greedy maw, chunks from
Sandsend, Whitby, Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough, and on |
to Filey. Further south along the Suffolk coast, in spite of
protective works, the loss is considerable. In the Channel on
the Hampshire coast the waste of cliff is enormous, and there
is keen competition between it and Holderness for premier
place in spending power.
We might take a tour with the tides in their ebb and flow .
round our coasts and observe the changes going on, but time
limits confine me to a brief consideration of the causes which
are producing the effects we see or could see.
As a general rule it is the older and better compacted rocks
which offer the greater resistance, but this resistance varies .
inversely as the rocks are fissured, irregularly bedded, or dip
shoreward, and is affected by many other conditions such as
faults, permeability, solubility, springs, surface drainage, nature
* Paper read at the meeting of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union '
(Geological Section) at Hull, November 7th, 1914. It was illustrated by
several lantern slides.
Naturalist,.
Burton: Coast Erosion. Lag k
of the beach, whether hard or soft or shelving, as well as by
the set of currents and tides.
The atmosphere has great crumbling action on soft bedded
rocks, and they would gradually accumulate as rock debris
or talus, and be banked up against any cliff exposure and so
protect it from further denudation, but in the case of shore
cliffs this protective action is denied them, and waves carry
away the weather-worn material, and thus atmospheric de-
nudation is continuous.
A fault is in itself not necessarily an active agent in wasting
shore cliffs, but faults usually produce springs of water and these
are a most prolific source of waste of land.
Rocks of hard material which will withstand great abraisive
action, are sometimes composed of such porous or solable matter
that percolating rain water dissolves some of their constituents
and gives them a brecciated appearance, and makes them
peculiarly lable to marine denudation. Magnesian Lime-
s.one and Chalk, and even the more resisting Mountain Lime-
stone, come under this head.
Currents have much to do with erosion, as unless the wasted
rock material is removed the waste would cease. How some
curren‘s are formed is not quite easy to explain, but their
effec’s are visible in such places as Spurn Point, Chesil Bank,
Dungeness and elsewhere where the travel of beach material
has been arrested. This travel is curious. Apparently it is
from north to south between the Tweed and Thames; west
to east along the south coast up to the Thames; south to
north along the west coast as far north as Morecambe Bay ;
then locally, north to south between Walney Island and Work-
ing on; from there again north round the coast of Scotland
back to the Tweed.
Rain water, whether by carrying down the soft surface
deposits, or by percolating through the hard subsoil and the
sill harder lower rocks, greatly aids erosion. In the former
case the action is direct and evident. In the latter it is in-
direct and inferential, but not lesscertain. The solvent action
of the water removes certain salts from practically every rock
through which it percolates, and in the case of Magnesian and
Carboniferous Limestones and Chalk this action is fairly
rapid. Under certain conditions the same solvent force is
equally active in ferruginous rocks. Surface drainage by
cu’‘ing down the land surface until it reaches sea level is
another continuous cause of coast erosion.
A laminated and jointed shale beach is peculiarly liable to be
brok nup, and as the breaking up process proceeds the waves
reach further inshore with greater force. The converse is true.
Erosion is greatest around our shores (a) where the shore
cliffs consist of masses of boulder clay, sand and gravel, or
1915'April 1
I24 Burton: Coast Erosion.
other drift material, as in the estuary of the Humber and
Holderness, and in many of our filled up ancient valleys which
now form Bays in our coast line ; or (b) in the great Eocene
basin on the south coast, especially amongst the Bagshot
sands, gravels and clays of the Hampshire area.
Vegetable growths, such as Marram grass on the sand
dunes, by knitting the sand together by root fibres, arrest
waste by wind and wave ; and so also seaweed growing on a
rocky shore, by offering a soft cushion to the sand and pebbles,
and lumps of rock thrown on it by the stormy sea, saves its
host from being worn away by attrition.
On the other hand it sometimes contributes to destruction
when growing near or below low water level, as big billows
tear it up along with some of the rock in which it has clung.
Stormy seas carrying grit, pebbles or chunks of rock. break
down by attrition, but it is in their lifting and carrying power
that their influence is greatest.
It is a true saying that the lowly and minute are im-
portant, but who would imagine that the rock boring mollusc
Pholas had anything to do with coast erosion, and yet
it is proved that by their boring they have lowered the sea
shore chalk beds in the neighbourhood of Cromer until they
are now below sea level.
The little limpet on the other hand protects the rocks
to which it clings from abrasion and attrition.
A last instance. Hard rocks by earth movements become
broken up, fissured, faulted, or bent and weakened. In such
condition they are an easy prey to a stormy Sea.
Is England disappearing? No. Some parts are losing
heavily, which is a pity. Others are gaining considerably,
which is pleasing, but the gainer does not compensate the loser,
and it is too often fertile land which goes and sterile land which
is made.
Protective works are of doubtful value. They often change
the direction of currentsand arrest the travel of beach material,
and cause a gain in one locality at the expense of erosion in
another.
Reclamation works on the other hand have added many
valuable areas won from the waters.
Doubtless the whole land area is being lowered, but the pro-
cess, counted by lives, is too slow to be important, and before
it becomes so, earth movement may have counteracted or
accelerated it. We have no data for a forecast of events.
In the meantime land is being lost here and gained there.
There is everywhere change, but in the balance there is no loss.
SCE
Mr. Henry Coates has been appointed Curator of the Perthshire Museum
in place of the late A. M. Roger.
~ Naturalist.
125
A NEW RECORD OF GLACIAL DRIFT NEAR
WAKEFIELD :
AND ITS BEARING ON THE LATE GLACIAL CHANGES
IN LOWER CALDERDALE.
D. A. WRAY, B.Sc., F.G.S.,
H.M. Geological Survey.
SoME months ago my attention was drawn to some excavations
being made to the immediate west of the church in the centre
OVERFLOW >» \c
FROM
KEIGHLEY
DISTRICT.
HALIFAX
OVERFLORD>
=
FROM
EAST LANCASMIAG®.
{A ABURToOW
° 2 + 6 8 jo MILES,
of the village of Horbury, near Wakefield. Under two feet
of made ground the subsoil consisted of about four to six feet
of clayey gravel, resting on much disturbed Coal-measure
shales. As both slopes of the Calder valley appear to be very
free from glacial drift, this deposit is worthy of note, and especi-
ally the peculiar type of boulders it contains. These consisting
in the main of Carboniferous sandstones and grits, which might
have come from any direction ; also include several brown and
black flints ; fossiliferous Magnesian limestone ; red quartzite
1915 April 1.
126 New Record of Glacial Drift near Wakefield.
(Bunter ?); Shap granite, with characteristic large felspar.,
crystals ; and a small pebble of decomposed basalt, the origin
of which I have been unable to ascertain.
The exact extent of the deposit could not be estimated,
as all the adjoining ground is built over, but it seems to be quite
small as the workmen informed me they had not seen any
similar deposit in making excavations close at hand. Moreover,
the material dug in the churchyard close by, is typical yellow
Coal-measure clays and shales. It seems probable therefore, ‘
that this small patch may have escaped erosion by being’ '
preserved in a pre-glacial hollow. The gravel was but little
waterworn, though the larger boulders, four to five inches
across, are well rounded, while some seem to show glacial
striations. The locality is about 250 feet above sea-level or
about 160 feet above the level of the river Calder at Horbury.
The general bearing of this deposit on the glacial history
of Lower Calderdale seems to be of considerable interest. The
researches of Professor Kendall and others have shown* that
in late glacial times all the Pennine valleys as far south as the
Aire had their own glaciers, which descended on to the vale of
York. The Calder valley however, does not appear to have been
occupied by any glacier of its own, but instead, to have been
filled with the meltwaters of the extensive ice-sheets on the
Pennines of East Lancashire. This suggestion is strongly
supported by the character of the deposits on the floor of
Calderdale, and the general contour of the valley ; while the
researches of Dr. Jowett further indicate that the conspicuous
gorge which truncates the Pennine watershed at Walsden is
in reality a ‘col’ produced by the overflow of an extensive
series of glacial lakes in East Lancashire.t East of Tod-
morden no true boulder-clay has been recorded in Calderdale,
and the bed of the river is composed of a sandy clay with
numerous rounded stones, which in the neighbourhood of
Mirfield reaches a thickness of 30 feet, t and at Dewsbury about
50 feet.
An undoubted eastern element, however, first makes its
appearance at Horbury, where in addition to the small outlier
of drift described above, Professor Fearnsides has recorded a
similar set of erratics from the valley floor; including in
addition the distinctive ‘rhomb-porphyry ’§ which is not.
known in situ nearer than Scandinavia. ||
*P. F. Kendall.—Victoria County History, Yorkshire (Geology).
Lond., 1907, pp. 79-90.
t+ A Jowett, Quart. Journ. Geol. Socy. vol. 70, 1914, p. 215.
t P. F. Kendall, op. cit. p. 88.
§ There is a possibility that this is a comparatively recent introduc-
tion.—Eb.
|| W. G. Fearnsides, Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1901, p. 286.
Naturalist, -.
New Record of Glacial Drift near Wakefield. 127
These records, therefore, seem to indicate that an ice-sheet
from an easterly source pushed up the valley as far as this
point. On the other hand it might be suggested that as no
true boulder-clay has been found here, these erratics reached
their present position by means of icebergs, but this seems very
improbable when it is seen later that the whole current of
water would be in an opposite and easterly direction.
The conditions in Airedale have been described by Messrs.
Jowett and Muff, who state that ‘at the period of maximum
glaciation, there stretched along the southern border of the
Airedale glacier, a series of six lakes, the surface levels of which
fell from about 1,325 feet in the north-west to about 700 feet
in the Bradford basin. The overflowing waters from these
lakes discharged into the head of the Spen valley, and so into
Calderdale.’* :
The quantity of water entering Calderdale at this period
must therefore have been very considerable, including, as it
did, probably the whole of the meltwaters from the southern
edge of the Airedale glacier, and also that from the extensive
series of glacier-lakes described by Dr. Jowett in East Lancashire.
Though this water may have at first entered a glacial ‘ Lake
Humber’ in the vale of York,} it must have been subsequently
diverted by the presence of the ice, which is indicated by the
scattered patches of boulder-clay around Barnsley and Don-
caster. These deposits have been described by Mr. W. L.
Carter, and according to him indicate that the ice at its maxi-
mum extension reached as far east as the valley of the Dearne,
and closed the present outlet of the Calder.t He further adds
that ‘we cannot stop the movement short of Woolley Edge ridge,
on the eastern slope of which, up to 250 feet, are several drift
gravel-patches. A great lake would necessarily be formed in
Calderdale, fed by the overflow from the Lancashire side by
way of the Burnley and Summit valleys. This lake would
gradually creep up to Mirfield, accounting for the great deposits
of drift at 150 feet above O.D., with abundance of great angular
blocks of ganister, and to Elland, where there are extensive
detrital deposits in the valley, and up to Mytholmroyd, where
it would account for the great delta from 330 to 360 feet above
O.D.” § The bottom of the overflow channel between Woolley
and Bretton is 405 feet O.D.,so that a very considerable glacial
lake must have existed (cf. accompanying plan). The waters
from this lake would be discharged at this period ‘into Lake
Don by way of which they would pass by the Kiveton gorge
‘* A. Jowett and H. B. Muff, Proc. Yorks. Geol. Socy., vol. XV., 1905,
p. 228. ;
+ P. F. Kendall, Quart. Journ. Geol. Socy., vol. 58, 1902, p. 567.
¢ L. W. Carter, Proc. Yorks. Geol. Socy., vol XV., 1905, p. 434.
§ Ibid. pp. 434 to 435. °
1915, April 1.
128 New Record of Glacial Drift near Wakefield.
into the Triassic plain which was then probably also a glacial
lake,.”* ;
Mr. Carter, however, further contends that the existence
of this lake would explain the deltaic sands and gravels which
occur on the Aire-Calder watershed at Rothwell and Oulton.
These, however occur much farther east than Horbury, and
moreover at an altitude varying from 175 to 275 feet O.D.,
so that it seems more probable they would be produced during
a later stage, when the ice had retreated down the Calder
valley. That they were produced by the washing and sorting
of the lateral moraine of the Airedale glacier, as Mr. Carter
suggested, seems highly probable from more recent obser-
vations} made there, and it seems highly suggestive they were '
probably produced when glacial lake Calderdale had much
contracted, and was probably overflowing by a lower ‘ col’ on
the Calder-Dearne or possibly on the Calder-Went watersheds.
5 O's
Among the additions to the Spalding Museum in the Report recently |
printed, we notice that Mr. Reeks has given a ‘ Phlegm.” We now know
why certain objectionable notices are posted up in some museums.
The Warrington Museum and Library has issued its ‘ Recent Additions
to Books and Specimens,’ dated December, 1914, 12 pages, which is sold
at one half-penny. In the list we notice ‘Ichneumon-Flies, British, 328
species,’ which seems a good haul.
The seventh report of the Public Library, Art Gallery, and Museum,
Beverley, contains a list of additions for the year. We notice that the ©
Water Vole and Pole Cat are classified under ‘ Birds, etc.’ whereas Hedge-
hogs come under ‘ Miscellaneous.’ In eggs we have the following entries :
‘Guillemot, Ostrich, Swan’s eggs, Turkey eggs.’
From the National Museum of Scienceand Art, Dublin, we have received
six parts of the Museum Bulletin. It is a well illustrated and well written ‘
magazine, and contains particulars of some of the important acquisitions,
etc., during the year. It deals with with a variety of subjects, such as
snails, lace, old glass, Roman portraits, porcelain, medals, plants, furniture,
statuary, etc. The publication is one of the best that we know issued by a
museum,
In the last report of the Public Museum, Sheffield, the ‘list of additions in ©
the previous two years shows continued liberal donations from the public,
and steady development of the collections by purchase.’ Nearly 1,000
specimens have been added, viz.: ‘ Zoology 265; Geology and Mineralogy
235; Coins, Archaeology 72; Pottery, Art, Medals 290; Cutlery, Metal
Work 97. The publications received from the British Museum are par-
ticularly useful in connection with the scientific work of the museum.’
The Hull Museum has recently issued its Quarterly Record of Additions
No. 49; illustrated ; (publication No. 102). It contains reproductions
of old views of east Yorkshire, New Yorkshire tokens, and a Saxon bronze
pendant, old Yorkshire lead work, a mortar, etc. Publication No. 105
has also appeared and contains a well illustrated account of East York- ©
shire Antiquities, and Excavations at Scarborough, by the Curator. Both
these papers are reprinted from the Transactions of the East Riding Anti-
quarian Society.
* Ibid. p. 435.
+ E. Hawkesworth, Proc. Yorks. Geol. Socy., vol. XV., 1905, pp.
456-462 ; and Trans. Leeds Geol. Assoc., part XVI., pp. 24-26 and 31, 191T. |
Naturalist, ~
129
NEW RECORDS AND ADDITIONAL LOCALITIES
FOR THE MOSS-FLORA OF YORKSHIRE
AND DURHAM.
RICHARD BARNES.
(Continued from page 94).
Mnium orthorrhynchum B.&S. Bolton Woods (64), Thorns
Gill, Ribblehead (64), and at West Burton, Wensleydale (65).
Mmum subglobosum B. & S. Sawley Moor, Ripon (64).
Neckera pumila Hedw. On tree below Giggleswick Scars,
near Settle (64).
Thurdium hystricosum Mitt. By road side, Nosterfield (65).
Pylaisia polyantha (Hedw.) B. & S. Copgrove (64); and
Langdon Beck, Upper ‘eesdale (66).
Eurhynchium Teesdalei Schp. Ling Gill, Ribblehead (64).
Plagiothecium latebricola (Wils.), B. & S. Ripley (64),
Banks of the Nidd near Scotton Dam (64), Lul Beck, Ramsgill
(64), Bardsey (64).
Amblystegium Sprucei B. &S. On rocks near the Dropping
-Well, Knaresborough (64), Thorns Gill, Ribblehead (64).
Amblystegium confervoides (Brid.), B. & S. Below Giggles-
wick Scars (64), on stones.
Amblystegium varium (Hedw.) Lindb. Newsham, near
Thirsk (62), with fruit.
Amblystegium trriguum (Hook and Wils.) B. & S. Cother-
stone near Barnard Castle (65), Baydale Beck and Cleasby,
near Darlington (66), Bolton, in rivulet near the Wharfe (64).
*Amblystegium irriguum (Hook & Wils.) B. & S., var. spini-
folium Schp. Marske Mill, Saltburn (*62). A new County
record.
- Hypnum incurvatum. Deep Gill, East Witton (65), and by
the Yore above Wensley Bridge (65).
Hypnum ochraceum Turn. On stone in the Nidd, Birst-
with (64).
HEPATICA.
Blasia pusilla L. Blayshaw Gill (64). In very fine con-
dition.
Alicularia Geoscyphus DeNot. Guisbrough Moor (62).
*A plozia lanceolata (Schrad.) Dum. var. prolifera Breidler.
In woods between Kirby Knowle and Cowesby, near Thirsk
(62).
; have submitted specimens of this gathering to Mr. Symers
M. Macvicar and he kindly informs me not only of its correct-
ness, but that it is new to Britain.
*Lophozia Muellert (Nees.) Dum. var. Liberte (Hiiben)
1915 April 1.
"130 New Records of the Moss-Flora of Yorks. and Durham.
Schiffn. Middlesmoor, Upper Nidderdale (64). New to the
County. Uy ‘
Lophozia bicrenata (Schmid.) Dum. Boltby, near Thirsk
(62), with perianths.
Lophona exctsa (Dicks.) Dum. Guy’s Cliff, Pateley
Bridge (64). ;
Lophozia barbata (Schmid.) Dum. Ling Gill, Ribblehead
(64).
Sphenolobus minutus (Crantz.) Steph. Guy’s Cliff, Pateley
Bridge (64). Ll. J. Cocks, 1897 ; Ll. J. C. and R. B., Novem-
ber, 1914. Ling Gill, Ribblehead (64).
Plagiochila spinulosa (Dicks.) Dum. Ling Gill, Ribblehead
(64).
Pedinophyllum interruptum (Nees.) Pears. Ling Gill,
Ribblehead (64), with antheridia. Thorns Gill, Ribblehead
(64), with perianths. West Burton, Wensleydale (65).
Pedinophyllum interruptum (Nees.) Pears. var. pyrenaicum
Spruce. Howstean Beck (64), with fruit June IgIT.
Cephalozia connivens (Dicks.) Lindb. On Harlow and
Sandwith Moors, Harrogate (64), and Sawley Moor, Ripon (64).
*Cephalozia macrostachya Kaal. Sandwith Moor near
Beckwithshaw. This is not mentioned in the last census for
V.C. 64, and is I believe a new record for it, if not for the
county generally.
Cephalozia Francisct (Hook.) Dum. Harlow Moor, Harro-
gate (*64). New to V.C. 64.
Cephalozia fluitans (Nees.) Spruce. Sawley and Sandwith
Moors (*64). New to V.C. 64.
Nowellia curvifolia (Dicks.) Mitt. Duncombe Park, Helms-
ley (62). ;
Odontoschisma denudatum (Nees.) Dum. Widdy Bank,
Teesdale (*66), Sandwith Moor (*64). New to V.C. 64 and 66.
Lepidozia Pearsont Spruce. Thorns Gill, Ribblehead (*64).
New to V.C. 64.
Scapania compacta (Roth.) Dum. Ravensgill, Pateley
Bridge (64), with perianths.
Scapania subalpina (Nees.) Dum. Thorns Gill, Ribble-
head (*64). New to V.C. 64:
Scapania Bartlingit (Hampe.) Nees. Richmond (65),
Aysgarth Force (65), Thorns Gill, Ribblehead (64).
Scapania aspera Bernet. On walls near Ribblehead, and
between Hawes Junction and Thwaite Bridge (65), also very
fine in similar places in going from Settle to Scaleber Force (64).
Scapania intermedia (Husnot.) Pears. Duncombe Park,
Helmsley (62). ,
Scapania rosacea (Corda).) Dum. Brimham Rocks, Nidder-
dale (*64), Widdy Bank, Teesdale (*66). New to V.C. 64 and
66.
Naturalist
131
YORKSHIRE’S CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE. ;
¢{ Presidential Address to the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, delivered
at the University, Leeds, 5th December, 1914.).
By T. SHEPPARD, F.G.S.
(Continued from page 114).
EXISTING MAGAZINES AND THEIR PREDECESSORS.
THE NATURALIST.
The first magazine bearing this title was evidently a written
monthly periodical, issued at York. For the following reference
to it I am indebted to Mr. E. G. Bayford ; it is taken from ‘ John
Stephenson Rowntree: His Life and Work.’ Memoir by Mr.
Rowntree on the ‘ History of the York Friends’ Boys’ School,’
1908, page 339 :—'
‘Lovell Squire came to Laurence Street as a teacher in the
summer of 1829. Amongst other ways of interesting the boys
in natural history he wrote out monthly a little periodical called
The Naturalist. Probably it recorded such achievements as the dis-
covery of Listera cordata at Langwith and of Crocus vernus, alas!
now long since disappeared, on Knavesmire. In 1834 Lovell Squire
left York but the seed he had sown flourished, and in the harvest
tide of that year the Natural History Society was formed.’
Through the good offices of Mr. Norman Penney, of the
Friends’ Reference Library in Bishopgate, I have been able to
see this publication. He traced it in the Bootham School, York.
The journal consists of twelve numbers, each beautifully
written in two columns on sheets of foolscap, eight or ten sheets,
stitched in a cover, forming a part. These were evidently lent
out among the boys, as instructions are given to exercise care in
handling the dried plants, most of which still remain in the sheets.
‘The first part is dated ‘7th day, 6 month, r4th, 1834’ (Saturday,
June 14th).
There is an excellently drawn title-page, and the publication
is dedicated—
To
LON: FORD,
as a slight acknowledgment
of the encouragement which he has given
to the Study of
NAT URE
and those pursuits connected with it,
as well as for much personal kindness,
This little work
Published in York School
is presented
by his sincere and obliged Friend
The Editor.
1915 April 1.
I3
a
“0, how canst thea renenunce the Bounaless Stare
O@ cherms which Nature fe her retary petadsl
The wardling woodland, he resenting ches 5
The pemp F roves and farnrlewe of fielas ,
2 taas the fexial ray of mern ya a
4nd atl that echoes fe the bong of even,
Bit that phe meuncarns SHE arin$ dati SAtrlas y
And ait the dread arrvagrifsecence of Acax -
OAtw camnte Huu reno ips hee gigas de. Le npevene:
Dr Beattie,
)
y
if
S
oe Oy el
mae ied aieal
——
1334
Copy of the MS. Title-page of The Naturalist issued in the
York School in 1834.
Naturalist,
Sheppard : Yorkshire’s Contribution to Science. 133
Our monthly journal, The Naturalist, is considered by Mr.
Roebuck* to have started in January, 1833, when the first part of
THE FIELD NATURALIST
was published, ‘ A review of animals, plants, minerals, the struct-
ure of the earth, and appearances of the sky.’ It was an octavo
monthly illustrated magazine, averaging 48 pages, edited by
James Rennie, and published by Orr and Smith, London. The
first volume contained 12 monthly parts (552 pp., Jan.-Dec.) and
the second volume contained the four parts, January-April, 1834,
(220 pages). It ceased with its fourteenth issue. A title page
was issued, dated 1835, with the words ‘ Two Volumes in One.’
An index appeared to ‘vols. I and 2,’ at the conclusion of
which is ‘The End,’ so that clearly no more were issued. It is
pleasing to state that this publication gave the part and number
of the volume on each sheet, and the date was printed on the first
page of each month’s issue, so that its collation has been an easy
matter.
_ This was followed by
THE NATURALIST.
The first printed publication that I have been able to trace with
this title, consisted of five royal 8vo volumes, published between
October 1836 and September 1839. Volume I., edited by B.
Maund and W. Holl, and published by R. Groombridge, London,
(October 1836—March, 1837), contained 291 pages; Volume II.
was edited by Neville Wood, and published by Whittaker & Co.,
both of whom were connected with the journal in their respective
capacities until the end of the series. The volumes contained :—
II., April—December, 1837, 506 pages; III., January—Septem-
ber, 1838, 505 pages; IV., October, 1838—June, 1839, 504
pages ; and V., July—September, 1839, 171 pages. Thus thirty-
six monthly parts were issued, averaging 50 pages each; as
well as illustratious in the text, there are several excellent coloured
plates of rare birds, etc.
As in the case of its predecessor, with the exception of a few ot
the earlier numbers, each part published was clearly numbered
and dated.
From Volume II. (1837) the publication can be said to be a
distinctly Yorkshire production, as Neville Wood lived at Camp-
sall near Doncaster, and apparently the journal was printed in
Doncaster, for in an ‘editorial’ dated August 26th, 1839, we
read: ‘On the completion of the third year of the existence
* Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, in his address on ‘ Salient Features in the
History of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union,’ 1904, p. 10, speaking of our
journal, says ‘ The first series was one of twelve numbers, published in 1833,
under the title of “‘ The Field Naturalist,”’ Presumably Mr. Roebuck had seen
the first volume only.
1915 April 1. E
134 Sheppard: Yorkshire's Contribution to Science.
of this journal, and more especially on the removal from Doncaster
of the printer hitherto employed, it has become SSRN to
enquire into the expediency of discontinuing the work.... The
result of this enquiry has been that the expenses of the - magazine
stillso greatly exceed the receipts, as to compel the relinquishment
of the undertaking.’
Neville Wood dedicated his first volume (i.e., Vol. 2 of the
series) to Edwin Lees; the next to J. W. Childers, of Cantley
Hall, Yorks. ; and his next to Charles Waterton, of Walton Hall,
Yorks.
THE NATURALIST (SECOND SERIES).
In 1851 another series of The Naturalist ‘a popular monthly
magazine, illustrative of the animal, vegetable, and mineral
kingdoms,’ appeared, and reached eight annual volumes. The
first five volumes were edited by Beverley R. Morris, of York,*
the remaining three by F. O. Morris, of British Birds fame, also
a Yorkshireman.
The first number (1851) contains the account of a meeting of
the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Club, which ‘met as usual at Mr.
Graham’s, in Lubbergate, York.’ There were present D. Ferguson
of Redcar, F. Gibbes of Northallerton, Baines, Charlesworth,
Dr. Morris, T. Allis, Richardson, and Graham.
There are many well-known names among the contributors
to-this series, such as Thomas Edwards, T. Foggitt, J. H. Gurney,
the two Morris’s, T. G. Bonney, C. W aterton, T. Southwell,
F. M. Burton, H. eS A. Strickland, a Denny, A. M.
Norman, H. Saunders, R. A. Julian, and T. 5. Cobbold.
Like its EP HEEEeCTS ‘this series ence several excellent
coloured plates. The following are nr of the pages, etc. :—
Vol. 1; 252 pagess Tl.. 205s Iii LV. 284 5° V. 280) vas
2on.) Vil...266 >and Vilicara
THE NATURALIST (THIRD SERIES).
In Huddersfield, in May, 1864, was published part I. of The
Naturalist, a sensible Svo publication ; all subsequent issues
have adhered to this size, and have not fallen a victim to the
prevalent craze for enlarging the size of the pages.
The second title of the publication was ‘ Journal of the West
Riding Consolidated Naturalists’ Society [the predecessors of
our Union], and manual of Exchange in all Departments of
Natural History. With which is incorporated the Entomolo-
gists’ Journal.’
No editors’ names appear, but it was edited by our old friends,
C. P. Hobkirk, and Geo. Tindall: the latter being the printer and
publisher.
* T notice in the part for January, 1854, ‘letters, etc., are to be addressed
to Beverley R. Morris, Esa., M.D., Driffield.’
Naturalist,
“Sheppard: Yorkshire's Contribution to Science, 135
On the first page of part L. we read :—
* At the commencement of our career it is
perhaps necessary to make our readers
acquainted with the reasons which have
induced us to embark in a boat which
has twice suffered shipwreck. . . . The
demise of the ‘ Weekly Entomologist ’
left a gap in Entomological literature
which was keenly felt by the working
student ... . as well as of its predecessor
the ‘Entomologists’ Intelligencer’... ..
Although the two former Entomological
periodicals failed through lack of sym-
pathy andencouragement .. . . there is
reason to believe that a Magazine... .
on the more extended basis of Natural
History in the widest signification of the
term... would have a much better chance
of success.’
The first volume contained the parts
from May 1864, to May 1865 (380 pages),
and, quite appropriately, had as a fron-
tispiece, coloured illustrations of varieties
of the Current Moth, Abraxas grossulari-
ata, in connection with a note by J.
Varley. This is drawn by C. P. Hobkirk.
Volume II., May 1865, to May 1866
(366 pages).
Before the completion of Vol. IIL.,
however, the boat is wrecked again !
The title page says: ‘ Vol. IIL, from
May 1866, to May 1867,’ but there were
only 184 pages. On my copy (which was
Mr. Hobkirk’s own ; I bought it together
with several of his books) is written:
“this volume was never completed.*
This volume is scarce.’ With the final
part, under the head of ‘ Requiescat in
pace’ we learn: ‘The Naturalist is dead.
This issue is our last, at any rate for the
present. We regret extremely the stern
necessity which will thus sever the
pleasant and agreeable connection that
has existed during the last three years
between ourselves and our contributors.
But . ... the plain truth is that
lbdlbdlke ed Relke to key
Design on the back of ‘he covers of Vols. I, and II, of The Naturalist, Thitd Series, 1864-6.
==
——
dlsdsilehell helebskedslaken
* So far as I can see it is complete, with index, etc., though with fewer
pages each part, apparently for the sake of economy.
1915 April 1.
136 Sheppard: Yorkshire’s Contribution to Science.
the circulation is not sufficient to pay the expenses of its produc-
tion.’ There is quite a Yorkshire straightforwardness about that
statement !
After a few years’ rest, we find our West Riding friends
entering upon a fourth series, under the title
THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ RECORDER.
From the title page we learn that this was the ‘ Journal of
the West Riding Consolidated Naturalists’ Society, edited, accord-
ing to a title page in my copy, by Joseph Wainwright, F.L.S.,
July 1872 to August 1873. All published. Wakefield,* J.
Wilcock, Northgate, 1873.’
From the first part of this it is apparent that the editor has
our old friend the boat in view, as he states the paper ‘is now
launched on the changeful waves of public opinion.’ The publi-
cation of the journal is the result of a desire that the members of
the Consolidated Society should have a boat of its own. Part I.
contained 20 pages, but later 16 was the average.
With part XI. for June 1873, under the heading ‘ Original
Articles. To our Readers, Contributors, and Friends,’ we find,
With the issue of the present number the ‘ Yorkshire Naturalists’
Recorder ’ completes its first year of existence... . Notwith-
standing the great pecuniary sacrifice sustained, it has been
decided to make the Recorder a Two Years Volume.’ This
wish, however, was not consummated, as with part IV. for August
1873 (the last page being 223), the good ship was again wrecked,
without any explanation or reason being given. It was apparently.
unexpected, as the last part contained articles ‘to be continued.’
From the title page of the volume already quoted, it is apparent
that this is ‘ all published.’
From many notes in the journal, however, this incomplete
volume is of considerable value. The first article was on the
‘History and Progress of the West Riding Consolidated Naturalists’
Society, from its Origin (1861) to the present time (July 1872).’
This History, which is the only one extant, was ‘ by J. M. Barber,
Honorary Secretary to the Society,’ and was continued in small
instalments through the various parts. Unfortunately by the
time the boat ran aground, Mr. Barber had only reached the year
1867. Another valuable feature is a record of the meetings of
the various Yorkshire societies forming the ‘ Consolidated ’
society. There is not an index, but a ‘ List of Contributors’
(16 names), viz., J. Abbott, J. M. Barber, J. R. S. Clifford, E.
Foxton-Firby, J. Grassham, C. H. [?. P.] Hobkirk, F. A. Lees,
T. Lister, J. H. Martin, G. Mawson, S. L. Mosley, C. H. Raynor,
J. Sim, W. Talbot, E. Taylor and J. Tindall..
* Mr. Roebuck, in the address already referred to, say it was printed,
edited and published at Heckmondwike—presumably an error for ‘ Wakefield.’
Naturalist,
Sheppard: Yorkshire’s Contribution to Science. 137
As a frontispiece to the volume is a map of ‘ The West Riding
of the County of York, shewing the River Drainage, C. P. Hob-
kag) 1872."
THE NATURALIST, (FIFTH SERIES).
In August 1875, The Naturalist as now constituted appeared,
our present journal being a direct and uninterrupted continuation
thereof, notwithstanding changes in editorship and place of
publication. It was at first a 16-page monthly, and after the
first part each was dated on the first page. From the © Address ’
on page I, it was apparent that the “ Societies in the Union of the
West Riding Consolidated Naturalists’ Society’ arranged to call
it The Yorkshire Naturalist, but previous to the part appearing
before the public, it was decided to omit the word * Yorkshire,’
though it is admitted it had then, and has had ever since, a
distinctly Yorkshire bias !
Ih
i) a i
Block used on the cover of the fifth series of
The Naturalist.
Volume I. of the present series, was also ‘the Journal
of the West Riding consolidated Naturalists’ Society and General
Field Club Recorder.’ It was printed, published and edited in
Huddersfield, the editors being C. P. Hobkirk and G. T. Porritt.
It contained 12 monthly parts (to July 1876). By the time the
title page of Volume II. was printed it became the ‘ Journal of
the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union,’ the Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union, as such, being constituted at Pontefract on April 2nd, 1877.
With the same editors and printers, The Naturalist completed
its 9th volume of the New Series, for 1883-4. The pages were:
Vols ran Vouto2 each Vi. Too >” Vil. 208 - Ville 102'; and
IX., (1883-4), 220. Illustrations were very rare, most of the
volumes having none. Reports of the societies were a strong
feature. At the close of this ninth volume we find a very inter-
esting paragraph. The craft had steered clear of rocks! The
journal appeared punctually every month, and what is more,
there had been a small balance in hand at the close of each year.
Other urgent duties induced the editors to resign, but they found
competent successors before they did so.
The publishing and editing of the journal was then transferred
1915 April 1.
138 Sheppard : Yorkshire’s Contribution to Science.
to Leeds, and we find the title modified to The Naturalist, a
monthly gournal of natural history for the north of England.
It was edited by W. Denison Roebuck and W. Eagle Clarke,
and their first volume (vol. 10 of the new series) contend 16
monthly parts, from August 1884 to December 1885 (376 pages).
This enabled No. 11 and future volumes to cover the year, January
to December, which was convenient. After four years of this dual
editorship, Mr. Eagle Clarke’s appointment to the Museum at
Edinburgh caused him to resign his position, and from 188g to
1g02 it appeared under the editorship of Mr. Roebuck, with the
assistance of specialists in different departments, except for the
year 1892, when Mr. E. R. Waite was his colleague.
After its removal to Leeds the journal contained 32 pages
monthly, and occasionally had an illustration. During his
THE
NATURALISTS
Block at present used on the cover of 7he Naturalist.
editorship, Mr. Roebuck made the publication of bibliographies
and lists of various kinds a strong feature, and frequently these
have been found of great service to students and specialists.
On Mr. Roebuck’s resignation in 1902, the printing, pub-
lishing, and, to a fair extent, the editing of the journal were
transferred to Hull.
The new features included many plates and illustrations
in the text, and supplements with extra pages; in addition to
which the Union has been relieved of the financial anxieties which
it formerly enjoyed. An attempt has also been made to copy
what were considered to be the good features of Natural Science,
in the form of Notes and Comments, news items, and reliable
reviews of books. We have just completed our 12th annual
volume at Hull.
~O:
With the January number The Quaryy commences its twentieth volume.
We have received from the Birmingham and Midland Institute Scientific
Society their Records of Meteorological Observations taken at the Observatory,
Egbaston, 1914, by Mr. Alfred Cresswell, Curator of the Observatory, price
2/-, which is a very useful compilation, and is illustrated by many charts
in colours.
» Naturalist
139
A DIARY OF ORNITHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS
IN BRITTANY.
EDMUND SELOUS.
Wuitst residing in Brittany, I made some observations on
the domestic habits of various small birds—mostly belonging
to the Warblers. Those which here follow I believe refer to
the Melodious Warbler, since on seeing a set-up specimen
of this species, though the colouration was wan and _ faded,
I was instantly struck by the strong resemblance, or rather
identity of the shape and general appearance—more particu-
larly in regard to the head and bill—with that of the birds that
I watched. The nest (open—not domed) was also very similar
to the one of theirs, which I took, after the family had left.
When, however, I turned to the description of this species in
the classified notes of vols. 4 and 12 of ‘ The British Bird Book,’ I
was unable to reconcile it either with the actual stuffed example
or my recollections from the life. An illustration of the Marsh
Warbler might also very well have represented my birds, but
here again the letterpress gave a still more inconsistent account,
nor could [ find any other which seemed to fit. I have, there-
fore, failed to identify the species, though I still suppose it
to be Hypolais polyglotta. Personally I do not think the
uncertainty very much matters, since I probably saw nothing
that was not representative of the genus. My own field
description of the birds I watched (dated July 16th), is as
follows :—Head and upper surface, generally light brown,
darker on wings; pale yellow eye-stripe; throat and whole
under surface of a pale yellow (lighter on sides) except the
under rectrices, which are brown; legs light brown ; beak,
brown, but under mandible much lighter than upper one, so
that it looks almost pinkish. The beak is pointed and dagger-
like, and long in proportion to size of bird, so that, in some
actions, the head and beak have almost a Kingfisher-like
appearance. The eye is black. The yellow colour I have
spoken of, on the under surface, though it strikes one as the
bird’s chief characteristic, is, after all, very pale, so that, in
the female, which is paler coloured than the male, it approaches
to white. The plumage—and this too, is a marked feature—
has a sleek and glossy appearance, as if it had been oiled and
polished. This last, indeed, is a distinguishing trait of the
family, but it appeared to me to be more marked in this
species than in any other I have seen, though I dare not tale
the responsibility upon me of saying how much more.
MAY 22ND, 1909.—A Warbler that I have several oes
seen here, but which is not, I think, one of our British ones
(though doubtless like the [bis and Griffon Vulture, included in
1915 April 1.
140 Selous: Orimthological Observations in Brittany.
the list) was, to-day, collecting insects, that is to say, catching
one after another, and retaining them all in its bill. This was,
no doubt, to feed its young with, yet it did not, by its move-
ments, give me any clue to the nest. This Warbler has a
pretty song, but I do not find it either so sweet or so rich as
that of the Garden Warbler.
JUNE gTH.—The song of my yellow-throated Warbler—
for the hue seems brightest on the throat—is often ushered in
by a long-drawn ‘ too-1, too-i, too-i, too-i,’ and there are numer-
ous other sounds, such as ‘ twee, twee, twee, twee, tweer-le-
veer,’ etc., distinct from the actual warble, and generally
preceding it. The bird is still in full song, but it has changed
its habits, as well as its locality, for it is now always hidden.
JUNE 12TH.—My object now is, 1f possible, to find the nest,
and see something of the domestic economy of this Breton
Warbler, still constantly singing here.
JUNE 20TH.—I watched these Warblers for some time,
again, this evening, from about 5-30 but failed, as before, to
find any nest. Where are the females ?—for unless they, too,
sing, I can hardly have seen a single one. There are two
or three about here (in the valley), but I never watch any of
them for long without its singing, though the song is now
much deteriorated. J can never see one, with either food or
nesting material in the bill, both of which would argue, even
if they did not prove the feminine. Incubation, of course,
remains, but all the hens of the males I have watched cannot
have been incubating all the while. These Warblers seem
to be much more fly—or gnat—than caterpillar-catchers.
I have, however, from time to time, seen them search a leaf,
though not yet catch a caterpillar.
JUNE 21sT.—I thought this morning that I had located the
nest of a pair of these Yellow Warblers that haunt a bramble
and willow brake, enclosed in a little quiet valley here, through
which—that is to say just this part of it—a tiny stream rather
oozes than flows. One of the two went repeatedly to a certain
spot amidst bracken, often flying near about in the between-
whiles, catching insects on the wing—as far as I could judge,
at least. This I took to be the female, not only as being the
more domestically inclined, but by her quieter and less bold
manner and lighter song—for she did sing once or twice if not
oftener. She also broke out occasionally into the same harsh
rattling note, indicative of displeasure or apprehension. Through
the glasses she looked both smaller and paler than the male,
a subdued edition of him so to speak. The latter also went
down once into this same place, but it was after her, and as
he seemed to me afterwards to be pursuing her amidst the
bracken, I think the motive was a conjugal rather than a
domestic one, especially as the same thing was repeated once,
Na‘uralist
Selous: Ornithological Observations in Brittany. I4I
not quite at the spot. However, this may be a mistaken
inference.
Having watched many of these visits, and always seen the
braken move in just this one place wherever else the bird went
to, I at last walked up to it, but, instead of the nest, found a
bird certainly quite full-fledged and resembling the parents,
more especially the female, but with a certain young appearance
not to be mistaken. It flew a little way as I came up, in the
ordinary immature manner. I could not find any nest. It is
plain, from this, that the female at any rate, if not the male
bird also, has been occupied in feeding the young, and that,
at least, one of the latter has left the nest ; if the last to do so,
this would account for his still being near it.
It was the same this afternoon. The young are now
certainly being fed in various places, and sometimes the mother
seems to have a difficulty in finding where the one or the other
of them is. They utter, however (I suppose at least, that it
comes from them) a plaintive cry more resembling a mew than
a chirrup. Again it seems to be the female who does either
all or most of the feeding, though the male is about in the
neighbourhood, and the two converse, as it were, in answering
snatches of song. I believe it is flies that the young are mostly
fed on, though, as with other Warblers, caterpillars may play
their part, and this seems only probable. Still, whenever I
have seen anything in the parent’s beak, I have not been able
to make out that it was a caterpillar.
JUNE 22ND.—This morning there is much less to be seen
of the feeding operations carried on by these birds, and what
there is suggests that the young are getting further afield, and
becoming more and more emancipated. Like the White-
throat, this bird has, besides its song (which, however it be
more praised, never seemed to me so sweet and rich as that of
the Garden Warbler) a remarkable rattling sort of note very
loud and continuous, which would popularly be called the
alarm note, though, as with other birds, whose cries are thus
labelled, it seems by no means always to express fear or anxiety.
It is something like the analogous note of the Garden Warbler,
but a more continuous, undivided sound, as if inside the bird’s
body there were a small policeman’s rattle, that kept on going
round, whereas that of the latter species is more syllabic like
a quickly repeated ‘tut, tut, tut, tut, tut.’
JuLy 6TH.—There are signs now, of a pair of these Warblers
either having or contemplating having a nest here, but, if they
have, I hardly expect to discover it. It is the same place and
the same vicinity as a fortnight ago, but whether the birds are
the same, and can have come on again thus rapidly, I know
not.
(To be continued).
“1915 April 1,
E42
gn aPemoriam.
THE Rev. F. H. WOODS, B.D.
(1850—1I015).
From the time the Rev. F. H. Woods came to Yorkshire a few
years ago, he took a very keen interest in the natural history of
the county. Always a keen collector, he had an eye for beauty,
and although his inclinations led him in various directions,
he devoted his attentions mainly to those objects which he
considered to be the most beautiful, and he had an extensive
collection of shells, wild flowers, and birds’ eggs. Some time
ago he called at the Museum at Hull in connection with local
marine shells, and on our suggestion he at once commenced
systematically collecting Yorkshire coast mollusca. He also:
prepared a list of the marine mollusca of our coast (7 vansactions
Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club, vol. iv., part 5,
Natnralist, .
In Memonam: Re. fF. H. Woods, B.D. 143
pages 231-250 ; reprinted as a Hull Museum publication, No.
gi). This list included all the known marine shells of York-
shire, and subsequently Mr. Woods paid more _ particular
attention to the almost microscopical mollusca, and added
many further species to the list. While he placed the best,
and in many cases the only local examples in the Museum at
Hull, where the collection is specially set apart, he has given
specimens to the Beverley and other museums. His own
collection was an extensive one, including specimens from
different parts of the country. .
With his wild flowers Mr. Woods had infinite patience,
and was successful in preserving many of the most difficult
species in their natural colours.
In 1904 he became a member of the Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union, and since then he has taken a prominent part in the
organization of the Marine Biology Committee. He was a
regular attender at the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union meetings
and excursions, and has also on many occasions given lectures,
and conducted excursions, for the Hull Scientific and Field
Naturalists’ Club and other similar bodies.
He frequently asked his naturalist friends to his home at
Bainton on the Wolds, where they always enjoyed examining
his extensive collections.
Mr. Woods was the Rector of Bainton, was educated at
Oxford, and in 1910 the present Archbishop of York made him
one of his examining chaplains. He was an exceptionally
hard worker, very enthusiastic, and will certainly be missed
by many of the readers of this journal.
The following notes from his pen appear in The Naturalist :
“Conchology at Pocklington’ (September 1905, page 267) ;
“Marine Mollusca at Robin Hood’s Bay’ (June 1907, pages
201-2) ; ‘ Birds of Thorne Waste ’ (September 1907, page 318) ;
“Marine Conchology at Hornsea’ (August Ig08, page 308 ;
also October, page 386); “Marine Conchology at Runswick ’
(September Ig0g, page 311-312); ‘ Marine Biology at Redcar ’
(November Igto, page 408-410) ; ‘ Report of Marine Biology
Committee, 1910 (January IgII, page 57-58) ; ‘ Marine Biology
at Scarborough’ (Dec. Ig11I, page 420-422) ; ‘ Marine Biology
at Bridlington’ (July 1912, pages 216-217) ; ‘ Marine Shells at
Bridlington’ (Oct. 1912, page 302) ; “ Adeorbis subcarinatus,
at Scarborough’ (Dec. 1912, page 361); ‘ Yorkshire Marine
Biology Committee at Robin Hood’s Bay (December 1912,
pages 368-370); ‘Annual Report of the Marine Biology
Committee, Ig12’ (January 1913, page 81); ‘ Marine Biology
at Filey ’ (October 1913, pages 364-367) ; ‘ Yorkshire Marine
Mollusca ’ (December 1913, page 411) ; ‘ Report of the Marine
Biology Committee ’ (January 1914, page 29-30) ; ‘ Rare Shells
at Filey’ (April 1914, page 130) ; ‘ Marine Biology at Filey’
1915 April 1.
144 Reviews and Book Notices.
(August 1914, page 254) ; ‘ Marine Biology at Whitby ' (Novem-
ber 1914, pages 358-359). :
In the Journal of Natural Science (Hull) he wrote ‘ Among
the Birds of Shetland’ (volume 1., No. 1, pages 26-28, July to
September, and vol. i., No. 2, pages 39-44).
Mr. Woods is also responsible for the following works on
theology, travel, etc. :—1880-82, “A Guide to the Study of
Theology in Oxford’; 1882, ‘Sweden and Norway’; 1882,
‘Canons of the Second Council of Orange’ ; 1896, ‘ The Hope
of Israel’; 1906, ‘For Faith and Science’; 1887, Joint
Translater with Rev. J. O. Johnstone of ‘ Three Anti-Pelagian
Treatises of St. Augustine’; 1888, ‘ The Civilisation of Sweden
in Heathen Times’ (translated from the Swedish) ; 1885-91,
Contributor to ‘ Studia Biblica et Ecclesiastica’ ; 1898-1900,
‘ Hastings Dictionary of the Bible’ ; and 1908-1912, © Hastings
Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics’ ; 1909-12, Joint Editor
of ‘ The Hebrew Prophets for English Readers.’
oS:
:O:;
Roman and other Triple Vases. By Walter H. Kaye, jun. london :
Elliot Stock, 40 pages, 2s.net. Some little time ago Mr. Kaye contributed
notes to The Antiquary on ‘ Curious Triple Vases,’ which principally dated
from Roman times. Sometimes these occur on separate bases and some-
times these vessels are placed on a common base. J Ilustrations of typical
examples are given, and by far the largest proportion has been found in
the northern counties. Of the 32 recorded as known, 8 are from Carlisle ;
3 from Warrington; 3 from York; 2 from Chester, and one each from
Ilkley, Durham, South Shields and Newcastle-on-Tyne. The little volume
is well bound.
Australasian Fossils. By F. Chapman. London: G. Robertson & Co.,
341 pages, 7s. 6d. net. Mr. Chapman’s position as Palxontologist to the
National Museum, Melbourne, enables him to speak with some authority
on the fossils of the great island continent. The present book, ‘a manual
of palaontology for students,’ will doubtless be of great service to workers
in Australia. After the general introduction, in which comparison is
made with British deposits, the author reviews the various strata, and illus-
trates his remarks by a large number of diagrams and blocks from photo-
graphs, etc. The English student desirous of obtaining knowledge of the
paleontology of the Antipodes will do well to peruse the book. Mr. Chap-
man gives full references to the literature, and the volume is well indexed.
Geological Excursions Round London. By G. M. Davies. london :
Thomas Murby & Co., 156 pages, price 3s. 6d. The meetings of the
London Geological Field Club which were held for many years, as well as
the excursions of the Geological Association, etc., have demonstrated
that a keen interest is taken in the geology of the unusually interesting area
around London. The information thereon however, is somewhat scattered
in different Societies’ Transactions. In the present volume Mr. Davies
has brought this information together and has added many notes and
observations of his own. The book is well illustrated by photographs,
and there is also a coloured geological map of the south-east of England as
a frontispiece. Mr. Davies gives a general account of the stratigraphy of
the south of London, and follows with particulars of excursions in the
London basin, the Weald, and beyond the Chilterns.
Naturalist.
Sn Memoriam.
BENJAMIN HOLGATE, F.GS.
(1838—ro1I5).
WE regret to record the death of Mr. Benjamin Holgate, of
Leeds, a life member of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and
one of the oldest members of the Union.
He was well-known in the local engineering and scientific
circles, and was one of the sons of the oldest working engineer
in Leeds.
He took a general interest in geology, more particularly
in the rocks of the Carboniferous formation.
1915 April 1.
146 In Memonam: Benjamin Holgate, F.G.S.
He was a Fellow of the Geological Society ; a member of
the Yorkshire and Leeds Geological Societies; The Leeds
Naturalists’ Club (of the last two he was a foundation member,
and a past president) ; and also of the Leeds Co-operative
Naturalists’ Club ; the last saw him a good deal.
Mr. Holgate frequently contributed notes dealing with the
geology of Leeds district to The Naturalist, to the Transactions
of the Leeds Societies, and two papers were read by him at the
last meeting of the British Association held at Leeds.
He was one of those usually described as a ‘ self-educated
man,’ and certainly his knowledge of the geology and natural
history of his district enabled him to frequently conduct par-
ties interested in these subjects. He was just over 77 years
of age.
The following is a list of his contributions :—
Proceedings Yorkshire Geological Society.— The Minerals
of the Yorkshire Coal-field as applied to the modern manufac-
ture of Iron,’ 1877 ; ‘Some Physical Properties of Coal,’ 1890 ;
‘The Mode of Deposition and Properties of the Carboniferous
Strata of Leeds and its immediate suburbs,’ 1892.
The Naturalist :— Geology of Grassington,’ 1891; Boul-
ders at Scarborough,’ and ‘ Geology of Rokeby,’ 1892.
Transactions of the Leeds Naturalists’ Club and Sctentific
Association : —‘ Points of Comparison between Limestone,
Flint, and Iron-stone Nodules’ (1886).
Transactions of the Leeds Geological Association :— The
Geology of Leeds’ (part' 1); ‘The Lower Coal Measures of
Leeds’ and ‘ Notes on the Geology of Bournemouth ’ (part 2) ;
“Notes on the Lake District ’ and ‘ The Magnesian Limestone
of Yorkshire’ (part 4); ‘A Long Buried Oak’ (part 6);
‘Some Examples of Change in Rocks caused by the Permeation
of Underground Water’ (part 8) ; ‘ A Geological Study in the
Horsforth Valley’ (part ro) ; ‘ Coal Measure Plants’; ‘ Geol-
ogy of the Meanwood Valley and District to the North of it’ ;
and ‘ Some Points of Comparison between Plants of the Present
and those of the Coal Measures’ (part 11); ‘ Description of
Plates showing Sections in Coal Measures of Leeds ’ (part 14).
Report of the British Association (Leeds Meeting), 18g0 :—
“The Carboniferous Strata of Leeds and its Immediate
Suburbs,’ and ‘Some Physical Properties of the Coals of the
Leeds District.’—T.S.
-O°
Professor T. McKenny Hughes has an interesting paper on ‘ Flints,’
in the Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, recently issued.
Amongst the contents of the Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect
Society, volume 3, part 16, we notice: ‘ Popular Speech and Standa
English,’ by Mr. P. Smith, and ‘ Richard Rolle: The Yorkshire Mysti
by Dr. F. W. Moorman,
Naturali
FIELD NOTES.
MAMMALS.
large Porpoise at York.—A Porpoise was shot in the
River Ouse at Low Acaster on February 4th, 1915, by a keelman
as he was bringing his vessel up to York. It was five feet long,
had a girth of three feet, and weighed 122 lbs. I understand
the carcase was taken to Bishopthorpe for the purpose of
tanning the skin and boiling out the oil—SypNery H. SmirTH,
York.
— 0 :—
BIRDS.
The Misdeeds of a Kingfisher.—A friend of mine recently
constructed a rock garden, almost in the centre of Harrogate.
An ornamental pool was well stocked with gold fish, many of
them smallish in size. Although the pond is situated quite a
mile and a half, as the crow flies, from the nearest stream
frequented by Kingfishers, and to reach it, it would be necessary
for a bird to pass. over many houses, yet in some mysterious
manner a Kingfisher has discovered the little ‘gold mine’ and
by frequent visits, has so far accounted for over a hundred of its
inhabitants.—R. FORTUNE.
—: 0:—
FUNGI.
Phoma acicola (Lév.) Sacc., in Yorkshire.—In June of
last year Mr. Samuel Margerison forwarded to the Natural
History Mueum a consignment of diseased Scots Pine. On
some of the dead and dying leaves were present a number of
pycnidia, which on examination proved to be Phoma acicola
(Lev.) Sacc. This fungus appears to have been only once
previously recorded for this country: in that case it occurred
on leaves of Scots Pine at Marston Green, Warwickshire
(W. B. Grove, Journ. Bot. L., 1912, p. 50). The fungus was
found by Mr. Margerison on wind-sown pines in Sawley High
Moor Plantations, 7 miles west of Ripon. Another fungus,
Hormiscium pithyophilum (Wallr.) Sacc., which seems to be
unrecorded for Yorkshire, was also present on some of the
leaves forwarded. Phoma herbarum is reported to have oc-
curred on rasp-canes at Grantley, last year.—J. RAMSBOTTOM.
— 0:—
MOLLUSCA.
Marine Shells from the Ancient Beach at North Somer-
cotes, Lincs.—Underlying the village and warren of North
Somercotes on the Lincolnshire Coast is an ancient shingle
beach. On the area known as ‘the Warren’ this beach is
,overlaid with blown sand, in some places to a height of 20 feet
to 30 feet. In the village excavations were made for the
purpose of obtaining the shingle, which is about 4 feet in
‘4915 April 1.
148 News from the Magazines.
depth. On the occasion of a visit by members of the Louth
Naturalist’s Antiquarian and Literary Society to the Warren,
four of their number paid a hurried visit to the excavations.
As there seems to be no record, as far as we know, of this.
beach, except the incidental reference to its existence in the
Memoir of the Geological Survey, it is desirable to place on
record the list of shells obtained on this hurried visit.
Mytilus edulis. Portion of one valve.
Ostrea edulis. Very abundant.
Pecten varius. Rather common.
P. opercularis. One valve.
Macoma (= Tellina) balthica. Common.
Mactra stultorum. One valve.
Spisula (=Mactra) solida. Rare.
Cardium edule. Abundant.
Mya truncata. One valve.
Gibbula (=Trochus) cineraria. Rather common.
Calliostoma (= Trochus) 2zyphinum. One broken example.
Littorina obtusata. One example.
L. rudis. Rather common.
L. littorea. Common.
Trwia (=Cyprea) europea. One example.
Buccinum undatum. Common.
Ocinebra (=Murex) erinacea. Rather common.
Trophon truncata. One example.
Purpura lapillus. Abundant.
, C. S. CARTER, Louth.
-O:
The Museums Journal for March contains a paper by E. Howarth,
F.Z.S., of Sheffield, on ‘ The Museum and the School.’
‘Notes on the Habits of the Fulmar Petrel,’ by O. G. Pike, appear in
British Biyds for March, and are well illustrated.
Man for March contains an excellent portrait of the late Frederick
William Rudler, I.S.0., together with a notice by Sir Edward Brabrook.
The Zoologist for February includes ‘ A Diary of Ornithological
Observations made in Iceland during June and July, 1912,’ by Edmund
Selous.
In Annotationes Zoologie Japonenses there are papers on Japanese
Echinoderms, East Indian Termites, and Japanese Myopsida, all of which
are illustrated.
Mr. Arthur Bennett has favoured us with a copy of his notes on ‘ The
Potamogetons of the Philippine Islands,’ reprinted from The Philippine
Journal of Science.
In The Lancashive and Cheshive Naturalist for February is a record
of ‘ Lunularia cruciata with Male Inflorescence in East Cheshire.’ Refer-
ence is also made to Yorkshire specimens.
The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine for March is an unusually large
_ number and is sold at 2/-. It includes plates illustrating details of British
Siphonaptera. The paper on this subject, by the Hon, N. Charles Roths-
child, M.A., occupies the greater part of the publication.
Naturalist,
owner Ww in ee Say
ig ,
? some Geo Sqeaphical Factors
. in the Great War |
By T. HERDMAN, M-.Sc., F.G.S.
(Lecturer in Geography, Municipal Training College, Hull).
72 pages, crown Svo, with 6 Maps, sewn in
: \
stout printed cover, gd. net, post Sree rod. net.
A feature of vast importance in the titanic struggle now taking
place is the geographical condition of the various countries. In
‘¢ Some Geographical Factors” the author provides much interesting
information which helps his readers to a wider understanding of an
important aspect of the present campaign. The concluding chapter
on ‘‘The Problems of Nationality ’’ affords a glimpse of the immense
difficulties that face those statesmen to whose heads and hands will
be committed the adjustment of the new boundaries.
The “Literary World” says:—‘ Those who would follow intelligently
the movements in this world contest will find much help in this little
handbook. Mr. Herdman's exposition of the part played in the war
by the great Jand-gates and the seas is clear and informing, and is
followed by. some sound reasoning on fhe commercial war and the
problems of nationality.”
A Book of special interest to Naturalists.
| Workchire Moors and Dales
A Description of the North Yorkshire Moors
together with Essays and Tales, .
BY SALDRED. or) WILSON:
248 pages, size 8? by 64 inches, and 12 full-page plates on Art Paper, tastefully
bound in cloth boards, lettered in gold, with gilt top, 1O/G vet.
The district covered-by the North Yorkshire Moors is one of the most interesting
parts of Yorkshire, and this book ably portrays the charms of a visit to the
neighbourhood. There is no other place in England so rich in iyi hates and
most of these are herein described.
Part I. serves as a guide to the visitor, and brings to his notice the objects of
anterest throughout the district.
Part II, forms a series of Essays, and, besides other subjects, deals with the
following: :—
The Dalesfolk. Old Customs. Local History.
Moorland Roads. Wild Nature. Dialect, ete., ete.
‘Part III. consists of a number of stories which further describe the character-
istics of the dalesfolk. y
Lonpon: A, BROWN & SONS, Lrp., 5 FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.C.
; AND AT HULL AND YORK.
~
NATURALISTS, _
36, STRAND, LONDON, SW, wie
(Five Doors from Charing Cross),
_ Keep in stock every description of
APPARATUS, CABINETS, BOOKS, AND SPECIMENS
for Collectors of
BIRDS’ EGGS, BUTTERFLIES, MOTHS, ETC.
Catalogue (96 pages) sent post free on application.
‘The Naturalist’ for 1914
Edited by T. SHEPPARD, F.G.S. and T. W. WOODHEAD, Ph.D., F.L.S.
Tastefully bound tr Cloth Boards. 7Z/- net.
Contains 408 pages of excellent reading matter ;
class plates , and numerous tllustrations throughout the text.
THE volume inclides many valuable and attractive articles by some
of the most prominent naturalists and leading scientific men in the
country, and forms a handsome, well- illustrated, and most acceptable ~
present to all interested in out-door life.
THE IRISH NATURALIST
A Monthly Journal of General Irish Natural History.
BOTANY. ZOOLOGY. GEOLOGY.
EDITED BY
GEO. H CARPENT ER, B.Sc., R. LLOYD PRAEGER, Teer, AND
ROBERT PATTERSON, F.Z.S., M.R.I.A.
This MAGAZINE should be in the hands of all Murtanereys interested in the distribution of
animals and plants over the British Islands.
6d. Monthly. Annual Subscription (Post free) 5s.
DUBLIN :—EASON & SON, 40, LOWER SACKVILLE STREET, to which address °
Subscriptions should be sent.
—EASON & SON, 17, DONEGALL STREET. \
BELFAST:
LONDON:
Issued Monthly, i/lustrated with Plates and Text Figures
To Subscribers, 6s. per annum; Post Free, 6s. 6d.
The Scottish Naturalist
, with which is incorporated
‘The Annals of Scotti h Natural History’?
A Monthly Magazine devoted to Zoology
_ Edited by William Eagle Clarke, F.R.S.E.,
F.L.S., Keeper Natural History Dept., Royal
Scottish Museum: William Evans, F.R.SE.,
Member of the British Ornithologists’ Union; and
Percy H. Grimshaw, F.R.S.E ,F.E.S., Assistant-
Keeper, Natural History Dept., Royal Scottish
Museum. — Assisted by J. A. Harvie-Brown,
THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S MONTHLY |
MAGAZINE.
_ PRICE SIXPENCE MONTHLY.
Edited by G. C. Champion, F.Z.S., J. E. Collin,
Porritt, ils. , R. W. Lloyd,
ever, D.Sc., M.A., FEoS: , J.J. Walker,
L.S:
Le 9)
x
2n8
20
This Magazine, commenced in 1864, contains
Standard Articles and Notes on all subjects
connected with Entomology, and espeniiy on
F.R.S.E.,F.Z.S.; Evelyn V.Baxter, H.M.B.O.U.;
Leonora i: Rintonl, H.M.B.O.U.; Hugh S: Glad-
stone, M.A., F.R. S. Eke. S.4 James Ritchie,
M.A., D.Sc. A. Landsborough Thompson, M.-A.,
M.B.O.U.
Edinburgh : OLIVER & BOYD, Tweedale Court
Lond.: GURNEY & JACKSON 33 Paternoster Row
the Insects of the British Is es.
Subscription—6s. per annum, post free.
GURNEY & JACKSON,
1, Paternoster Row,
London.
Printed at Browns’ Savite Press, 40, George Street, Hull, and published by
A. BROWN & Sons, Limited. at 5 Farringdon Avene in the City of Londory,
eau: Ist, 1915." % ,
.
Aten dh
2
26 full-page, high-
No. 700
re . re Pa OS " | (No. 477 of current series)
A MONTHLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF
NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.
EDITED BY
T. SHEPPARD, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.S.A.Scot.,
THE Museums, HULL;
AND
_T. W. WOODHEAD, Ph.D., F.L.S..
TECHNICAL CoLLEGE, HupDERSFIELD.
WITH THE ASSISTANCE AS REFEREES IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF
J. GILBERT BAKER, P.R.S. F.L.S., GEO. T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.B.S
Prof. P. F. KENDALL, M.Sc., F.G.S., JOHN W. TAYLOR,
T. H. NRLSON, M.B.O.U., RILEY FORTUNE, F.Z.S.
Contents :—
PAGE
Notes and Comments (Illustrated) :—Fossil Remains of Man; Dr. A. Smith Woodward's
Address ; The War and Second-hand Books ; Presentation to Mr. J. W. Taylor; Flints:
The Ashgillian Succession ; Effect of Smoke on Lichens ; Geologists in Bowland ; Ingle-
borough and Bowland Limestones ; Investigation of Yorkshire Rivers; Dew Ponds ; Dew
Ponds on the Yorkshire Moors : their Sites; their Construction ; Action of Lig ht upon
Chlorophyll ; Experiments on Ovalis acetosella; Lonsdaleia and Dibunophyllum rugosum 149-156
On the Occurrence of Paulinella chromatophora earuneshorn) § in Britain ply preg as
—James Metkie Brown, B.Sc., F.L.S., F.E.S.... e} fy we 159-159
A Diary of Ornithological Observations in Brittany—Edsiwnd ree ae Ps -.. 160-163
Yorkshire Coleoptera in 1914—W. J. Fordham, M.R.C.S.,F.E.S. _ ... he a ... 164-167
Bryologists at Austwick (Illustrated)—C. A. Cheetham ... : : ae tte ... 168-170
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Vertebrate Section—A. Haigh. Liss re as pee br Php:
Bryology of Castle Howard—Wm. Ingham. B.A. ... ay S mY = LE 174
Field Notes :—Gagea fascicularis Salisb, (lutea L.) as a Garden Weed: Seligevia recurvvata
B. & S., in Cumberland; a Dn aaee Evans, a new Yorkshire Hepene Stenich>
neumon pictus in Yorkshire.. iat 175
In Memoriam :—Thomas Bunticg (illustrated) : : William ae F.G. S. uy Speight : “
Joshua Rowntree ; Thomas Whitham ; Edward Peacock, J.P., F.S.A a ys ... 176-179
Reviews and Book Notices... Su ot nee ae 3 ae ee af t. sO) ATS
Museum News ... Zn ‘ ate sas ey ane a it ey 167
Proceedings of Provincial Scientific Societies xe Bx a zt piss a WANS 163
News from the Magazines ... pi Fi Rs at ies ois cat gee ON ABGYRISRe
Northern News ... Roe AT ny aS a rhs rs bs aad atte .. 159, 180.
_fllustrations Bee de ae ae tes ve AF Rag aE eat (9 154, 157, 168, 173, 176
LONDON ;
A. Brown & Sons, LIMITED, 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.C,
And at Hutt and York.
Printers and Publishers to the Y.N.U.
ee! OMT te by
aan Mamet Seay
‘of the Cong sisite pede
THE VEGETATION OF YORESHIRE s
Its History and Associations on the lines of Botanical Survey,
based on the Geologic and Phyto-paleologic remains : being an has
examination into the sources, the presence or passing of the ee
Floristic Constituents—their When, How and Where ; being also ape
a Supplement to previous ‘‘ Floras” of York, and a list of the “is
Localities and Species, newly classified, ‘‘ New’ to the County or
some of its river-basins since 1888.
By F. ARNOLD LEES 3 i
MLR.C.S.Eng., L.R.C.P.Lond.- ) eee
Demy 8vo, on white unsized paper, about 500 pages,
to be subscribed at 12/6 net (16/- net strictly after publication) : ~
_ LONDON Poem ones
A. BROWN & SONS, Lrp., 5, Farringdon Avenue, E.C.
And at HULL and YorRK.
. ie N :
. FOR SALE. feces
From the Library of the late W. CASH, F.G.S. ae age
Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc. 30 parts, 1878-1914.
Linn. Soc. Journal. 16 odd parts, 1888-1891.
Fauna de la Normandie. Parts 1 and 3.
Recherches sur l'appareil végetatif des Bignonacées, Rhinanthacées, Oroban-
chées et Utriculariées. 766 pages. ?
BOOKS WANTED.
Quarterly Journal of Science. Set. ately ;
Frizinghall Naturalist (lithographed). Vol. I. and Vol. II., pts
The Field Naturalist and Scientific Record. Set.
The Journal of the Keighley Naturalists’ Society. Part I.
Huddersfield Arch. and Topog. Society. 4 ne a ig (1865-1869).
The Naturalists’ Journal. Vol. I.
First Report, Goole Scientific Society. He
Cleveland Lit. & Phil. Society's Transactions. Science Section or others.
The Naturalists’ Record. Set or parts. . 5
The Natural History Teacher (Huddersfield). Vols. I.-II., or parts.
The Economic Naturalist (Huddersfield). Parts 1 and 2 ;
The Naturalists’ Guide (Huddersfield). Set, or parts 1, 4-12, 15-20, 29, 30, 34, By
The Naturalists’ Almanac (Huddersfield). 1876. . 36-38.
Proc. Yorkshire Naturalists’ Club (York). 1867-70. (Set). Neg
Keeping’s Handbook to Natural History Collections (York).
** Ripon Spurs,” by Keslington.
Geological and Natural History Repertory. Set. 5
Apply : —Editor, The Museum, Hult, Py
149
NOTES AND COMMENTS.
FOSSIL REMAINS OF MAN.
Under the above heading the authorities at the British
Museum (natural history), have issued a remarkably cheap
guide, which contains 33 pages, four plates and twelve text
figures. It is sold at the low price of 4d. Written by Dr. A.
Smith Woodward, it can be taken as most authoritative and
‘yh i | |
EY sh ) ye vA uy
}
104 y
Mae VAY)
ty
reliable. The illustrations of the various important remains
of early man are remarkably clear, and special prominence
is given to the Piltdown specimens, which are now in the
national collection. We are permitted to reproduce one of
the illustrations herewith, which shows left side view of the
Piltdown skull (a); the Neanderthal (Mousterian) skull from
La-Chapelle-aux-Saints (b); and a modern human skull (c),
the second after M. Boule ; one quarter natural size. The lower
jaw of the La-Chapelle skull is altered by the loss of the teeth
and disease.
1915 May 1.y K
150 Notes and Comments.
DR. A. SMITH WOODWARD’S ADDRESS.
In his recent Presidential Address to the Geological Society,
Dr. A. Smith Woodward remarked that the progress of Geology
depends on so many lines of research, that each specialist does
well at times to pause and consider the relation of his own small
part to the whole. He therefore reviewed some results of his
study of fossil fishes in their bearing on stratigraphy. However
necessary detailed lists of species of fossils might be for com-
parative work with sediments in restricted areas, he hoped to
show that in dealing with broader questions, names were really
of small importance. Certain general principles had been
arrived at, which would serve for all practical purposes. Each
successive great group of fishes began with free-swimming
fusiform animals, of which some passed quickly into slow-
moving or grovelling types, while others changed more gradu-
ally into elongated or eel-shaped types. There was also a
constant tendency for the primitive symmetry of the parts
of the skeleton in successive members of a group to become
marred by various more or less irregular fusions, sub-divisions,
and suppressions. Some of the successive species of each
group increased in size, until the maximum was reached just
before the time for extinction. These and many other more
special inevitable changes had now been traced in most groups,
and the various geological dates at which they occurred had
been determined by observations on fossil fishes from many
parts of the world. Even fragments of fish-skeletons, too
imperfect to be named, were often therefore of value for
stratigraphical purposes.
THE WAR AND SECOND-HAND BOOKS.
The war is responsible for much, but it was a little un-
expected to find notes similar to the following in a list of books
for sale issued by one of our leading firms :—-No. 834.—Becker
(Leon), ‘ Les Arachnides de Belgique.’—’. . . Since the informa-
tion of the above work, Belgium has been overrun by the
enormouse migration of a gigantic bloodsucking — spider,
Kulturia Vastatrix Treitschk, with falces of a noxiousness
hitherto unknown to naturalists. Although in their new
habitat these Archnida have approximated to the trap-door
spiders, their expulsion and extermination is only a matter of
time.’ No. 835.—Beneden (Pierre Joseph van)’. . . . Animal
Parasites and Messmates.’ ‘ Like Belgium in general, Louvain
in particular is suffering from the unexpected arrival of vermin
of a very low type, which are unlikely to survive the freshening
winds of spring. No. 1066.—-Haeckel (Ernst), “ Report on
the Siphonophore ... ‘This is the man who, with Dr.
Eucken, put forth with his tongue in his cheek the lying
statement that the French invaded Belgium before his own
countrymen did.’
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 151
PRESENTATION TO MR. J. W. TAYLOR.
The Journal of Conchology for April contains a record of an
interesting event which recently took place at a meeting of the
Conchological Society. This was the presentation of an
iltzminated address to a past president of the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union, Mr. John W. Taylor, on having attained
his seventieth birthday. Mr. Taylor was the founder of the
Society, which started as a Leeds Institution about forty
EW the name of the
;
Sone ROLOGICAL SOC!
‘or GROAG BRIGAIN anv
Tex IRGLAND
Fae wish to offer peu our bearty
oy attulations on the attauunent of
Lyf S
years ago. We give a reproduction of the title page of the
address herewith.
FLINTS.
In volume 18 of ‘The Cambridge Antiquarian Society’s
Communications,’ Professor T. McKenny Hughes has an
interesting paper on ‘ Flints.’ Fewer people have had greater
experience than Professor McKenny Hughes,> consequently
his remarks will be perused by students with the greatest
possible profit. In reference to the alleged artificial nature
of the sub-Crag Flint implements described by Sir Ray Lankes-
ter, Professor McKenny Hughes writes :— I must, however,
say that I have failed to arrive at the same conclusion, but
find that identical forms are produced under shore conditions
which must have been similar to those under which the Suffolk
Bone Bed was laid down.’
THE ASHGILLIAN SUCCESSION.
At the recent meeting of the Geological Society Dr. J. E.
Marr read a paper on ‘ The Ashgillian Succession in the Tract
to the West of Coniston Lake.’ Dr. Marr has studied in detail
1915 May 1.
152 Notes and Comments.
the succession of the Ashgillian strata in Ashgill Beck and the
adjoining tract. An account of the lithological. characters
and lists of the fossil contents of the various divisions were
given, and confirmatory sections from Coniston Village to
Appletreeworth Beck described. A comparison was made
with the beds of the Cautley district which he had previously
described. Some fossils which have not yet been found in the
Lower Ashgillian of the Cautley district occur in the beds of
that division at Coniston. From a study of the fossils of the
Coniston tract and of other areas in Britain and the Continent,
it would appear that a two-fold division of the Ashgillian strata
which is of more than local value may be made. The lower
division is characterised by the abundance of Phillipsinella
parabola, and the upper by the profusion of Phacops mucronatus.
EFFECT OF SMOKE ON LICHENS.
Mr. G. T. Porritt writes:—At a recent meeting of the
Linnean Society a paper entitled, ‘The Lichens of South
Lancashire,’ was read by Messrs. J. A. Wheldon and W. G.
Travis. After referring to the enormous industrial develop-
ment of South Lancashire during the last century, the authors
pointed out the deterioration of the flora which had conse-
quently ensued, and entered into details as to the results of
the effects of air-pollution by coal smoke on cryptogamic
vegetation, and more particularly on lichen growth. They
were of opinion that South Lancashire shows the deleterious
effects of smoke on vegetation over a larger area than perhaps
any other part of Great Britain. In the discussion which
followed, the President of the Society, Professor E. B.
Poulton, remarked on the similar changes which the insect
fauna in the same district had undergone, probably owing to
the same causes as those which had affected the lichens. As
melanism in lepidoptera (the characteristic to which Professor
Poulton alluded), is probably much more prevalent in South-
West Yorkshire than in South Lancashire, it would be an in-
teresting study for our South Yorkshire botanists to investigate
and ascertain whether our lichens have also been affected as in
South Lancashire.
GEOLOGISTS IN BOWLAND.
The members of the Yorkshire Geological Society visited
the Forest of Bowland during Easter week-end, and the
Yorkshire Observer gave the usual racy accounts of the work
accomplished. From that source we learn that the old question
of the origin of the Reef Knolls was discussed on the spot.
Dr. Vaughan satisfied himself that the general assortment of
fossils found in the knolls of Bowland was similar to the
assortment of fossils found in other knolls both in Wales and in
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 153
the neighbouring country of Craven which he had previously
examined, and that they were different in species and in associa-
tion from the fossils found in the ordinary bedded limestones.
The deduction is obvious that they represented a fauna which
regularly adopted the knoll form of growth, and could not
possibly have been squeezed out of other beds in the manner
postulated by Dr. Marr. Such a triumphant vindication of
Mr. Tiddeman’s original suggestion was the chief interest of
the excursion on the Carboniferous side. <A further piece of
evidence in support of the knoll theory was the discovery in
the limestones of the Knott, near Knowlmere, of little beds of
tufa. Tufa is derived from the deposition of limestone from
solution practically by evaporation. Assuming that these
little patches were the floors of lagoons and pools in the reef
their presence is easily intelligible. It would be difficult to
explain them on any other basis.
INGLEBOROUGH AND BOWLAND LIMESTONES.
Incidentally some attention was given to another problem
of the locality which has been also hotly contested. Mr.
Tiddeman noticed, when he surveyed the district, that the
limestones in the Bowland district were extremely different
from those of Ingleborough, and that the mud-stones (shales)
lying upon the limestones in the two areas were also very
distinctive. He quaintly compared the rocks of the two areas
to the Jews and the Samaritans, who agreed in nothing but a
common boundary and the determination to have nothing to
do with one another. The geological boundary in the Yorkshire
case he found to be the great Craven fault, that dislocation
which formed the impressive wall of limestone rocks from near
Skipton round to Ingleborough and beyond. It has been
found by Mr. Cosmo Johns that part of the difference at least
which Mr. Tiddeman found in the Ingleborough and Bowland
limestones arose from the fact that they are not precisely
contemporary. But difficulty has arisen with regard to the
shales which form the upper part of both Ingleborough and
Pendle. Dr. Wheelton Hind, writing on similar evidence of
fossils, came to the conclusion that, similar as the great York-
shire and Lancashire heights are in structure, there was a great
diversity in their age, for he found evidence for the belief that
the Pendleside series—as they have been called—are of later
date than the Yoredales of Ingleborough and North Yorkshire.
INVESTIGATION OF YORKSHIRE RIVERS.
The drainage system of Yorkshire places it in a unique
position among the counties of England for carrying out a
systematic research upon its water resources, and the Yorkshire
Geological Society has decided upon setting such an enquiry on
foot. The aims and scope of the work are set forth on a leaflet,
1915 May 1.
154 Notes and Comments,
issued by the Society, and it is proposed to do the work in a very
comprehensive manner. In order that the scheme- may be
carried through successfully it is necessary to enlist the co-
operation of all who are interested in such work. Those who
wish to help should communicate with the Secretary, Mr. A.
Gilligan, the University, Leeds.
DEW PONDs.*
Mr. Martin has taken a considerable interest in these
structures, and from time to time has contributed notes in
different scientific journals on the subject. The present book
is a summary of the information he has gathered together as
to their age and history, theories, modes of construction,
experiments and observation. By the illustrations given it
Sheep watering at Upper Standson Pond.
is evident that in the south of England dew-ponds are of
much larger size and importance than the so-called dew-ponds
on the Yorkshire Wolds. He states that when he commenced
his experiments he had a strong leaning in favour of the theory
of the replenishment of these ponds by dew, but he was soon
led to abandon this idea, and, although there is evidence to
show that considerable condensation takes place into high-
level ponds other than rain, dew has, he submits, little or
nothing to do with it.
DEW PONDS ON THE YORKSHIRE WOLDS.
Mr. Martin quotes the following interesting note by the late
J. R. Mortimer :—‘ Perhaps no district of the same area
contains more ponds than the Mid-Wolds of Yorkshire. These
are partly ancient, partly modern. The latter can be numbered
by hundreds, nearly all of which have been made during the
last 150 years—mostly after the inclosures of the parishes.
* History, Observation and Experiment, by E. A. Martin, F.GS.
London: T. Werner Laurie, Ltd. 208 pages, 6s. Not dated.
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 155
Previous to that, the stock grazing on the open commons were
driven to be watered at the ponds in the villages. These
ponds are mostly of a circular form and of all sizes, from ten
yards to fifty yards in diameter. A few are oval, to adapt
themselves to the ground on which they are constructed.’
THEIR SITES.
‘Their chosen sites are generally in depressions on the’
surface of the land, in which the rain-water has a tendency to
collect, or on sloping ground, and often near the side of a high
road or track-way, where the running water from the roads
during rain can be conveyed by a channel or gutter into the
pond. This is the means by which the ponds are supplied on
the Yorkshire Wolds. No one ever thinks of filling them by
any other means, the condensation of a fog or mist being a
very small factor.’
THEIR CONSTRUCTION.
“In this district they are constructed as follows :—Fiurst,
a dish-shaped excavation with a gentle slope to the centre, is
made in the ground, to the depth of 4 to 6 feet, according to
the diameter of the pond. This is then covered with quick
lime, next a layer of clay, which is wetted and beaten with
wooden mallets into an impervious sheet, 3 to 4 inches thick.
Again a covering of quick-lime is applied, then a coating of
stiff wheat-straw, and on the top of this is spread broken chalk.
The two coverings of lime are to prevent earth-worms boring
through the bed of clay. The bed of straw is to prevent the
covering of broken chalk from being trodden, by cattle going
to drink, into the impervious bed of clay, which, if not pro-
tected by the straw and broken chalk, would be pierced through,
and the pond would lose its water. I believe it is generally
considered that, as soon as the pond is constructed, the sooner
it is filled with water the better, as, if without water for any
length of time, the clay lining is liable to shrink and crack from
the effect of dry weather.’
ACTION OF LIGHT UPON CHLOROPHYLL.
At a recent meeting of the Linnean Society, Mr. Harold.
Wager read a paper on‘ The Action of Light upon Chlorophyll.’
‘ By making a film of chlorophyll, upon paper and on glass,
by floating an alcoholic solution, and allowing it to dry, the
author was able to bleach a portion under strong sunlight,
and covering a portion by black paper ; when this was tested
by Schiff’s solution, the exposed, that is the bleached portion,
became pink, the unexposed portion showing no colour change.
Another experiment was made by subjecting similarly bleached
portions of chlorophyll to the action of potassium iodide, when
the exposed parts turned reddish-blue, in consequence of the
liberation of iodine, which acts upon the starch on the paper.
1915 May 1.
156 Notes and Comments.
The experiments clearly show that the decomposition of
chlorophyll is accompanied by the formation of an ‘aldehyde
and of something able to oxidise the potassium iodide and to
set free the iodine. Instead of alcoholic extract of chlorophyll
we may use dried leaves, or chlorophyll expressed from leaves,
or layers of Euglena or alge spread over the paper. The
reactions also take place inside a leaf, if the bleaching has been
efficient.’
EXPERIMENTS ON OXALIS ACETOSELLA.
‘ Thus if sunlight is condensed by lens upon a living leaf of
Oxalis acetosella containing plenty of starch, the chlorophyll is
bleached in a small area, and if treated with Schifi’s solution,
a strong aldehyde reaction results; if tested with potassium
iodide the said area becomes blue. It having been stated that
formaldehyde is produced when chlorophyll is exposed to
sunlight in the presence of carbon dioxide, an attempt was
made to determine whether such was the case in the present
series of experiments, but the author was not able to satisfy
himself on this point, though several of the tests succeeded even
with so small an amount as one-millionth of formaldehyde.
Hydrogen peroxide had been suggested as the gaseous oxidising
compound of chlorophyll, but the result of many varied tests
showed that this was not so.’
LONSDALEIA AND DIBUNOPHYLLUM RUGOSUM.
At a recent meeting of the London Geological Society,
Mr. Stanley Smith read a paper on ‘ The Genus Lonsdaleta
and Dibunophyllum rugosum (McCoy). He discussed the
literature, structural characters and development, descent,
classification, and distribution of the corals constituting the
genus Lonsdaleia, and gave a description of Dibunophyllum
rugosum (McCoy). The Author’s reasons for including a
description of D. rugosum in the paper are, first, the fact that
the species was originally described by McCoy as Lonsdaleia
vugosa; and, secondly, that considerable confusion exists
between it and the fasciculate forms of Lonsdaleia. Lonsdaleta
is a compound member of the Clisiophyllide, and occurs both
as fasciculate and as massive colonies. The chief distinguish-
ing features of the genus are the wide extrathecal area, large
dissepiments, complex central column, and horizontal and
widely-spaced tabule. Lonsdaleia is an Avonian or Lower
Carboniferous genus, especially abundant in the highest
horizons of that series (D? and higher beds). The earliest
example is Lonsdaleta prenuntia, from the Syringothyris Zone
(C). A number of species and local forms have been recognized
and were described.
—— : 0 :——
The spring number of Bird Notes and News contains a fine coloured
plate of the Crossbill.
Naturalist,
157
ON THE OCCURRENCE OF PAULINELLA
CHROMATOPHORA (LAUTERBORN) IN BRITAIN.
JAMES MEIKLE BROWN, B.Sc., BS: .C.S:,
Sheffield.
PAULINELLA CHROMATOPHORA is a small, filose, testaceous
rhizopod, which. is either remarkably local in its distribution,
or else it has been generally overlooked.
It is of great beauty and elegance, but of small size, reaching
a length of about 30 ». On cursory examination it might be
mistaken for a species of Sphenoderia to which it bears some
superficial resemblance.
In outline the test is ovoid and very symmetrically formed
\
} ,
/ 4 ;
/ 1D tae i Bigs 12:
(fig. 1). 1t is constructed of siliceous plates, regularly disposed
in five longitudinal rows, each row consisting of eleven or
twelve plates. In general, the plates of adjacent rows alternate
with each other and though in shape they are somewhat
rectangular with rounded ends, they have the appearance of
being hexagonal owing to their position relative to one another.
A similar feature may be seen in the tests of Euglypha and
Sphenoderia. A character not generally met with in the tests
of rhizopods is the presence of a short straight collar, sur-
rounding the narrowly elliptical mouth.
The most characteristic structure of the animal is the
chromatophore, a comparatively large horse-shoe shaped
body of green colour. Typically, one only is present, but as is
noted below two may occur in the same individual.
The species was discovered and described first by Lauter-
1915 May 1.
158 Paulinella Chromatophora (Lauterborn) in Britain.
born (1895), who obtained it from the Rhine, at Neuhofen
(Bavaria) and from the Black Forest.
Later, Dr. Penard collected numerous specimens in Lake
Geneva, and gave an excellent account (1905), of the structure
and habits. In a footnote to this paper, Penard mentions that
it had been obtained also by Levander in a lake near Helsingfors
(Finland).
It was first reported from Britain by Penard (1905a), who
observed a single empty test amongst some material supplied
to him from Loch Ness (Scotland), and obtained at a depth of
Bye cee,
The present writer obtained further a number of empty
tests in a small tarn—Highlow Tarn—in Lancashire (1910).
This was the first record of its occurrence in England.
Since then no records from Britain appear to have been
published, but after continued collection of material from the
lakes and tarns in the English Lake District, I am able to
extend the known British distribution by the record of the
following localities where I have collected specimens :—
Sprinkling Tarn (Cumberland) in 1911 ; Windermere Lake
(Westmorland) and a small tarn on Claife Heights (Lancashire)
in 1912; Easedale Tarn (Westmorland), and again Highlow
Tarn (Lancashire) in 1913.
In the gathering obtained from Easedale Tarn during
May, I913, and examined during November of that year, the
living animal was obtained for the first time, I believe, in
Britain ; though only one was discovered. In this individual
the protoplasm showed the characteristic faintly bluish tinge,
and contained numerous clear granules and rounded bodies
(droplets ?), and a single pulsating vacuole. The nucleus was
obscured by the large size of the chromatophores. Of these
bodies the protoplasm enclosed two, lying across one another
(fig. 2 chr.). They were of a bright bluish-green colour,
similar to that of the blue-green alge. Penard, in his account,
describes the chromatophores as having all the characters of
distinct organisms of the nature of cyanophycee, living
apparently symbiotically with the rhizopod, but incapable of
existence apart from it. They grow and divide, and thus the
occasional occurrence of two chromatophores in one individual
would be accounted for.
Chlorophyll bodies are also observed in some other rhizopods,
e.g., species of Amphitrema, and they are here probably of a
similar nature. In both these cases, solid food bodies are not
observed in the-protoplasm of the animal, and this absence
would be explained by the supposed symbiosis. Much work,
however, remains to be done on this interesting subject.*
* One might refer here to the observations on symbiosis by Professor
Keeble, an account of which is given in his book on ‘ Plant-Animals.’
Naturalist
Northern News. 159
The animal was distinctly active, and progressed in an
irregular jerky fashion by means of two long, rigid, threadlike
pseudopodia, which were occasionally withdrawn suddenly
in a zigzag fashion (fig. 1). Locomotion recalled that observed
in species of Euglypha.
The test was 30 p» long and 23 p» broad.
It will be noticed that in all localities given above, the
animals were living in clear water, as distinct from bog-water.
It seems probable that more extended researches on the
sediment of lakes and tarns would show that Pautlinella
chromatophora is much more widely distributed than our
present knowledge suggests. Investigation on the sediments
from our Scottish Lochs and Welsh Lakes is much to be
desired.
LITERATURE.
1895. Lauterborn, R., ‘ Protozoenstudien,’ in Zeitschr, f. wiss. Zool.,
Bd. 59.
1905a. Penard, E., ‘Sur les Sarcodines du Loch Ness,’ in P. R. Soc.,
Bding 2X V.
1905). ‘Notes sur quelques Sarcodines,’ in Revue Suisse de Zool.
1910.—Brown, J. M., ‘ Freshwater Rhizopods from the English Lake
District,’ in Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., XXX.
7~O;
The Journal of the Board of Agriculture, volume 21, part 11, contains
an illustrated report on ‘ The Manufacture of Charcoal.’
In The Journal of the Board of Agriculture for March, Mr. B. B, Osmaston
has an article on ‘ Larch Killed by Longicorn Beetle’ (Tetropium gabrielt
var. crawshayt).
An interesting paper on ‘ The Genesis of Geography,’ by Miss Kate
Qualtrough appears in The Journal of the Manchester Geographical Soctety,
volume 30, parts rt and 2, 1914, issued March 1915.
The Journal of the Derbyshire Archeological and Natural History
Society, volume 37, is well filled and well produced as usual, under the
careful editing of C. E. B. Bowles. The publication contains papers on
‘Megalithic Remains,’ ‘ Stone Circles,’ ‘ Earthworks,’ ‘ Derbyshire Place-
names,’ and other items of antiquarian interest. Messrs. Jourdain and
Hayward contribute the ‘ Zoological Record 1914,’ which deals particularly
with birds and lepidoptera.
From Dr. R. W. Shufeldt we have received the Blue- Bivd, an American
publication, which contains an admirable illustration and description of
what is described as ‘ The Last Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migvatorius) ’ ;
and in The Auk Dr. Shufeldt gives an elaborate anatomical description
of the same species, with illustrations. Dr. Shufeldt is certainly to be
congratulated on the way with which he has preserved all available inform-
ation relating to this species.
The Journal of the Northants Natural History Society and Field Club,
volume 17, is quite up to the standard of this society’s publications. There
are notes on the natural history and archeology of the county, and Mr.
Beeby Thompson contributes more of his interesting notes on ‘ Wells and
Spas.’ Among other subjects dealt with are fresh water shells, meteor-
ology, valentines, embroidery, earthworks, etc. There are also some
excellent reproductions of photographs.
1915 May 1.
160
A DIARY OF ORNITHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS
IN BRITTANY. .
EDMUND SELOUS.
(Continued from page 141).
JuLy 8TH.—Some mornings ago I saw a pair of these birds
about a certain briar-bush bordering the osier-bed that runs
through a part of this valley, making the stream more a sop.
This morning I saw one of them (as I suppose) fly from the
same bush again, and, examining it, found indeed a nest of the
right type, but an old one. This a curious thing. The situ-
ation of the nest—horribly guarded by the stems of brambles,
between which it is wedged—is exactly in accordance with the
entry of the bird into the bush, which is that in and about which
a pair have been observed by me. If, therefore, this old nest
is not theirs, it is a curious coincidence ; but if it is, what is
the meaning of their coming to it? Do they intend to lay
in it again, having perhaps repaired it ?—or to make another
near by? It was certainly these birds and no others, for,
on going to the bush, I heard their alarm, or irate note, in the
neighbourhood.
Jury gtH.—Have again this morning seen the two birds
in the close neighbourhood of the old nest, but more about the
bush next to the one it is in. It is the same this evening—
from 6-35—and there can, I think, be no doubt, either that
they have built or are building or intending to build there.
I do not think it is the first, as I have not been able to make
out any carrying of food, and the movements seem different,
the two birds sometimes chasing each other. The second it
may be, for one of them this morning came out upon the grass,
and I judged—for I could not get the glasses on it in time to
make sure—that it was pulling at a piece of it. This was
probably the female. I looked for her to come down again
in what seemed so favourable a spot, but she did not, nor had
I before been able to put this interpretation on either of the
bird’s actions. If, however, the material for the nest is being
collected mostly within the osier thicket, it would be impossible
to see the birds. It is true that some days ago I saw a bird of
this species with a moth in its bill (suggesting nursery cares),
but this was in another part of the labyrinth, and I think it was
another individual. Having long watched the little corner of
bush, as it were, round which these two disappeared, into it,
as it seemed to me, I at length examined it, but could find
nothing. I have also made a sort of bower amongst the osiers,
quite near where the nest, in my opinion, should be, and put
down a bundle of bracken to sit on, the ground being not quite
terra firma.
Naturalist,
Selous : Ornithological Observations in Brittany. 101
JuLy rotH.—The same pair of birds (as I make no doubt)
still about the same place this morning—6-30 to 8—but have
got no further to my knowledge.
JULY 11TH.—For about an hour before breakfast, I again
watched the outskirts of the osier-beds, but without result.
Coming again, after breakfast, I took up my position in the bed
itself in the place I made yesterday, which just commands the
spot which [ still think must be the birds’ nesting-place. I
spread my cycling cape on the heap of bracken I had put down—
which was now all a sop—put my satchel, which is my usual
seat, on this, and sat and watched in silence. It was not long
before I saw one of the birds, but though this was repeated,
and the harsh rattling note sounded from time to time, I got
no further indication. All then ceased for a considerable time,
but at last I caught a glimpse of a small brown shadow passing
across a leaf amidst the labyrinth into which I tried to pene-
trate. Then the same leaf, and another beyond it, twitched
once or twice, the birds were their sure enough, but put my
head to this side or that as I would, I could never quite see
them. During an interval of quiescence, I walked quickly out,
clipped an intervening osier spray or two, and took my seat
again. Now there was another long interval, half-an-hour
perhaps, during which I saw nothing, then the bird was there
again, and flitted down into the bush. Once or twice again
this happened, and each time a certain stem shook. Fixing my
eyes on this stem, and getting it again when [ lost it, which,
in creeping out under the tangle, on my hands and knees, [
could not avoid doing, I at length stood still, looking at it;
then, walking up to it, a beautiful little nest hanging on a bram-
ble bough, and beautifully concealed by its leaves, was before
me. In it were three tiny young birds, naked and yellow.
I put back the intervening foliage between the bush place and
my observatory, and, exposing the nest in the same way, so
as to cover it again when [I left, took my seat and waited again
with glasses adjusted on the seat of my camp-stool. In a very
few moments a pretty little, sleek-looking, yellow-breasted
Warbler, with long dagger beak—the best view I have yet had
of it—flew to the nest, fed a young one, was off again, returned,
fed another, and so once again, then brooded the young, making
a sweet little picture. I was just concluding that I had been
right in concluding that the young were fed only by the hen,
when up flew the male, swiftly passed something to his mate
as she sat, and in a moment was gone again. The hen had now
a small green caterpillar in her bill, and she remained sitting
thus with it till just before leaving the nest, when she ate it.
She was back almost directly with a fly, which she gave to one
of the young, and whilst standing over them, the male flew
in again and gave her another fly, which I think she ate, and
1915 May 1.
102. Selous: Ornithological Observations in Brittany.
then something larger—of goodly dimensions—what I cannot
say, and this she fed the chicks with. She continued of her
own efforts to feed and brood them at intervals, and every
time whilst she brooded, the male flew in with a fly (except
once when it was a caterpillar) in his bill, which he gave her.
This she sometimes ate at once, but more often remained with
it in her bill whilst she sat on the nest, and, on leaving it,
carried if off with her. In a moment or two she would return
with food for the nursery, but I have no doubt that she had
first eaten what her husband had brought her, for once when
this was a caterpillar, she flew off with it and returned with a
fly.
And so this pretty little play went on. I do not think the
male ever fed the young, except thus indirectly, but I am not
sure. He certainly more than once dipped down his head into
the nest, but I think it was to eat something in it, whether a
fly or other winged thing that had been dropped there from
his own or the female’s bill, or an excrement in the orthodox
manner, I am not sure. Several times something was picked
thus out of the nest and eaten by both parents, but mostly
the hen, and that these were for the most part, if not always,
the droppings of the young birds, would be according to all
analogy. But I could never quite make this out. They were
apparently very much smaller than in the case of the Garden
Warbler, but this might be in relation to the size of the young.
My observations were continued in the afternoon. The male.
does certainly, I think, sometimes feed the young because, on
one occasion, the arriving bird came so close after the one that
went—the female which had been brooding the young—and
from the opposite direction to that in which she had flown, that
it could hardly by any possiblility have been the same. This
bird then, which must therefore have been the male, fed the
young. This however, seems only to be occasional with him,
his usual habit being to bring something to the female, which
either gives it to the young, eats it herself, there and then, or
sits with it in her bill till she flies off, carrying it with her, pre-
sumably to eat elsewhere. I have seen her do all three, but
the first is the least frequent. When she feeds the young with
what is brought to her in this way, she does not hop on to the
rim of the nest and give it them from there, which is otherwise
her usual method, but rises up in it, where she sits and bends
down ther head to them. This gives her a lean and lanky
appearance, or rather it exaggerates it, for this, and a certain
smoothness and glossiness of the plumage is more characteris-
tic of this species than of our own Warblers. She shows,
on these occasions, the feathered part of her legs, but not the
naked shanks. The food thus brought in for the female, as she
sits, is presented and taken by her in the tip of the bill, and held
Naturalist,
Selous : Ornithological Observations in Brittany. 163
thus all the time. The bill is a veritable dagger, so sharply
and finely is it pointed, and, in proportion to the size of the
bird, of some length. Once when the male came in with a
good-sized green caterpillar, the voices of people passing
through the valley (it being Sunday) startled him, and he
flew away with it. As he did not bring it again on his return,
presumably he ate it himself. All has gone on as _ before,
the female making two or three visits, and feeding the chicks,
in quick succession, then settling herself upon them with
several little rufflings of her feathers, rising a little and re-
settling herself, as with extreme satisfaction, before finally
brooding. If the male comes with his offering, well and good,
but she does not wait for him, but goes off when she has sat
long enough herself, without food, or thinks the chicks want
more. The whole thing is perhaps the prettiest picture of
bird life that I have yet seen. It seems probable that, from
relations like these, has grown that fixed division of labour as
between the male and female, in the providing and sub-
sequent disposal of the food, which we see in some of the birds
of prey, e.g., the Peregrine, Merlin, and Sparrow Hawk,
and which has become so tyrannical, that it seems probable
the young would be left to starve in the nest sooner than an
alteration of custom be made to meet some sudden contingency,
such, for instance, as the death of either parent. Whether
however, the habit of the male feeding the female on the nest
has originated out of his feeding the young, or vice versa is
not, perhaps, easy to settle, though the first seems the most
probable.
This time I saw more clearly the process of cleaning the
nest, which consists, with these birds, in the systematic swallow-
ing of the excrements of the young. The female was the most
assiduous in this, which is a necessary outcome of her being
far more on the nest, but both parents are influenced by the
same traditions.
The above observations were made from an efficient shelter
at a greater distance from the nest than I had watched at,
on former occasions, as there had lately been signs of the birds
becoming shy, which might, perhaps, have ended in the male’s
ceasing to co-operate. I have now a perfect view (except for
the gloom of their nesting retreat) at a quite safe distance as
far as observation is concerned. [I left at 7-10.
(To be continued).
7O%
The Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society, part 16, has recently
been issued, and contains a paper on ‘ How we used to deal with Wife
Beaters in Holderness.’ Among the other items is a paper on ‘ Popular
Speech and Standard English,’ by L. P. Smith.
1915 May 1.
164
YORKSHIRE COLEOPTERA IN 1og14.
W. J. FORDHAM, M.R.C.S., F.E.S:
Tue following list of beetles includes the more noteworthy
captures of 1914 and also several previous captures not already
recorded. The amount of material provided by the members
of the Yorkshire Coleoptera Committee was so large that it
has been difficult to select the records for this list without
making it unduly long. The lists of beetles taken during the
excursions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and already
published in The Naturalist should be consulted. On the
occasion of the Union’s visit to Filey, Mr. E. C. Horrell took
182 species, including many very interesting new records and
several varieties and aberrations. It is hoped that in future
more attention will be paid to varieties and local forms. The
dagger (7) as usual indicates a new county record and the
asterisk (*) a new riding record. The initials indicate Dr.
H. H. Corbett, Messrs. E. G. Bayford, J. W. Carter, E. C.
Horrell, E. W. Morse, M. L. Thompson, W. E. Sharp, G. B.
Walsh and the writer.
* Notiophilus substriatus Wat. Bubwith. W. J. F.
Acupalpus exiguus Dj. | Thorne Moor, April, in a heap of
cut rushes. H.H.C. A specimen nearer type than the
var. luridus Dj. taken by Dr. Corbett in the same
locality, 15-5-1903. (Nat., 1908, p. 13).
* Bradycellus cognatus Gyll. Filey. E. C. H.
* Ophonus brevicollis Dj. Knottingley, 1898. W. J. F.
* Harpalus rubripes Duft. Filey. E. C. H. This was an
example of the var. sobvinus Dj. with dark legs.
Pterostichus aethiops Pz. Ingleby Moor, Cleveland. A. A.
Fordham.
minor Gyll. Bubwith, W. J. F. Raincliffe Wood.
DACs 2
Amara rufocincta Dj. and similata Gyll. Cotherston. G. B. W.
+Laemostenus complanatus Dj. Middlesbrough, Ig12. A. A.
Fordham.
Anchomenus gracilis Gyll. Bubwith and Skipwith. W. J. F.
Bembidium lampros Hbst. var. velox Er. Helmsley, 1912.
Gx W.
atroceruleum Steph., decorum Pz. and prasinum
Duft. Richmond, Aug., in numbers. G.B.W.
bruxellense Wesm. Near Keighley. H. E. John-
sont. (aware >).
Patrobus excavatus Pk. Moors above Hipswell. G. B. W. A
small dark form, probably that mentioned by Bold as
being mistaken for assimalis Chd.
Naturalist,
Fordham: Yorkshire Coleoptera in 1914. 165
*Patrobus clavipes Th. (=assimilis Chd.). Filey. E.C. H.
es confimis Steph. Bubwith, 1911. W. J. F.
fluviatilis Aub. Hackness. E. C. H.
Hydroporus septentrionalis Gyll. Richmond, August. G.B.W.
Acilius fasciatus De G. Thorne, April. H. H.C.
tAnacena bipustulata Steph. Thorne, April, numbers. H. H. C.
* Helochares punctatus Shp. SkipwithCommon. W. J. F.
Berosus luridus L. Thorne, April, abundant. H. H. C.
Helophorus arvernicus Muls. Richmond, August. G. B. W.
Henicocerus exsculptus Germ. Richmond. G.B.W. Settle.
Wik. 3S:
{Cercyon depressus Steph. Filey, rgixz. W. J. F.
*Oxypoda opaca Gr. Bubwith. W. J. F.
*ITschnoglossa corticina Er. Filey. E.C. H.
+Ocyusa incrassata Muls. Whitfield Gill, Askrigg, June. M. L. T.
Moss. Kildale, July. M. L. T.
Phleopora reptans Gr. Cusworth, April. H. H. C. and Prof.
vie Beane.
*Callicerus obscurus Gr. Filey. E.C. H.
| Homalota insecta Th. Filey. E.C. H.
és aequata Er. Doncaster. Abundant under bark
and in old polypori. Spring. H. H. C. and
Toe.
angustula Gyll. Bubwith, t911. W. J. F.
Bs cuspidata Er. Wheatley and Cusworth under
bate April: “le the.
evemita Rye. Kildale. June, sphagnum on high
moor. Motor:
triangulum Kr. Skipwith, 1913. W. J. F.
* Tachyusa flavitarsis Sahl. Filey. E.C. H.
ii umbratica Er. Redcar, 1913. . W. J. F.
Gnypeta coerulea Sahl. Ingleton, June, some~ numbers.
E. W. M.
Encephalus complicans West. Roundhay Park. Spring-
Sparingly in moss on walls. E. W. M.
+Gyrophena laevipennis Kr. Glaisdale, fungi, August. M. L. T.
*Epipeda plana Gyll. Cusworth, abundant, April. H. H. C.
items le
Sipalia ruficollis Er. Askrigg. M. L. T. Arncliffe Wood.
Yd Dal Ba
Myllaena elongata Mat. Leven Bridge, stream bank, July.
1 cl ose
Hypocyptus laeviusculus Man. Arncliffe Wood. M. L. T.
Roundhay Park in moss on walls sparingly, spring.
EF. W. M. ;
*Tachyporus pallidus Shp. Thorne, April, fairly common.
Ee:
brunneus, F. Filey. E.C. H. Bubwith. W. J. F.
1915 May 1.
L
166 Fordham: Yorkshire Coleoptera in 1914.
Tachinus laticollis Gr. Raincliffe Woods and Stoney Haggs.
* Megacronus cingulatus Man. Thorne, April, sweeping. H.H.C.
} Heterothops dissimilis Gr. Spurn, 1911. G.B.W. Middles-
brough in dunghill. M. L. T.
Quedius mesomelinus Marsh *var. fageti Th. Bubwith. W.J.F.
cruentus Ol. tvar. virens Rott. Bubwith, 1913.
Wiel: e
oblitevatus Er: Heeley, Sheffield, 1906. W. J. F.
auricomus Kies. Whitfield Gill, June. M. L. T
*Staphylinus pubescens De G. Bubwith. W. J. F.
* Philonthus atratus Gr. SkipwithCommon. W. J. F.
= cephalotes Gr. Filey. E.C. H.
oy cruentatus Gmel. Skipwith Common. W. J. F.
Type and immaculate var.
+Gabrius splendidulus Gr. Wheatley Wood, under bark of
felled trees, April, H. H.C. T.H.B.
*Gabrius nigritulus Gr. Bubwith. W. J. fe
*Leptacinus parumpunctatus Gyll. Marr, 2-8-1906. H. H. C.
formicetorum Mark. Cusworth, 10-9-1911. H. H.C.
*Othius myrmecophilus Kies. Filey. E. C. H.
Lathrobium longulum Gr. Escrick, 1911. W.S. F.
guadratum Pk. Bubwith, 1910. W. J. F.
*Cryptobium glaberrimum Hbst. Ringingkeld Bog in wet
sphagnum. E.C. H. (also Filey. E.C.H.).
*Stilicus orbiculatus Pk. Filey. E. C. H. (Also Wheatley,
LOO Ss peel eC.)
Dianous cerulescens Gyll. Shipley Glen, July, rather com-
mona) jews C.
*Stenus biguttatus, L. Bubwith. W. J. F.
guynemert Duv. Whitfield Gill. M. L. T.
latifrons Er. Stoney Hagges. E.C. H.
*Oxytelus inustus Gr. Filey. E.C. H.
+Haploderus celatus Gr. Thorne, 4-8-1907 and April 1914,
HE. Bubwith, more) Wwe JE:
* Tyogophloeus arcuatus Steph. Bubwith. W. J. F.
* Lesteva punctata Er. Arncliffe Wood and Kildale in sphag-
num. M.L. T. (also Whitfield Gill, M.L.T.).
Acidota crenata F. Eston Nab., one shaken out of grass tuft,
27-A-1900, (GB. W-
Homalium punctipenne Th. Wheatley and Cusworth, April.
ds lil Bad 8
i topterum Steph. Waildale, mountain ash, June.
Malt:
*Megarthrus affinis Mill. Filey. In nest of field mouse.
Phla@obium clypeatum Mull, Filey. 2. ©. i ihorne April:
Hive G
Naturalist,
Fordham: Yorkshire Coleoptera m 1914. 167
* Phleocharis subtilissima Man. Filey. E. C. H.
* Leptinus testaceus Mull. Filey, in nest of field mouse. E. C. H.
(also Raincliffe Wood, moles’ nest (leg. R. A. Taylor).
E. Ca Hoe
tSilpha sinuata, F. Wheatley, July, 1904. H.H.C. Escrick
IgI2. oe B:
ag feline Ill; Bubwith. W. J. F.
morio F. Whitfield Gill, moss, June. M. L. T.
MS grandicollis Er. Bubwith. W. J. F.
= jumata Spence. Bubwith. W. J. F. (It is very
probable that the occurrence of this species in Yorks.
(Ste. Ill. and Man.) being communicated by Spence would
be in Hull neighbourhood).
}+Catops sericatus Chaud. Escrick, 1911. W. J. F.
* Neuraphes elongatulus Mill. Roundhay Park, sparingly in
moss on walls, spring. E. W. M. (also Kildale, moss,
juney Moa).
Scydmenus scutellaris Mill. Great Ayton, moss, August.
Mei or, Scamen Moor, ¥1)..C.2H. miley.> E.G.
Scydmenus exilis Er. Adel. A few under fir bark, February.
E. W. M.
Trichopteryx grandicollis Man. Raincliff Wood. E. C. H.
Ptenidium intermedium Wank. Leven Bridge, May, flood
refuse on banks of stream. M. L. T.
+Scymnus testaceus Thunb. var. Filey. E.C. H. (Of this
specimen Mr. E. W. Sharp, F.E.S., says ‘ possibly S.
lividus Bald.’).
Hister unicolor L. Bubwith. W. J. F.
> carbonarius Ill. Bubwith. W. J. F.
*Micropeplus staphylinoides Marsh. Filey, in nest of field
MOUSE. ay Cue.
“5 margarite Duv. Filey, in nest of field mouse.
BAGH:
*Cercus bipustulatus Pk. Filey. E. C. H.
Epurea melina Er. Filey, in nest of field mouse. E. C. H.
Bubwith. W. J. F.
florea Er. Glaisdale, mountain ash, August. M.L.T
*Micrurula melanocephala Marsh. Filey. E. C. H.
Nitidula rufipes L. Wawksworth, 1913. T. Stringer.
(J.W.C.).
(To be continued).
-O:;
The Repovt of the Manchester Museum (publication 76) is considerably
curtailed owing to the grant from the Council of the University being
reduced from faa 200 to. £200 on account of the war. It contains the
refreshing piece of information, however, that during the year the museum
has spent the £1,000 which had been given by Ane University for the
purchase of new cases.
1915 May 1.
168
BRYOLOGISTS AT AUSTWICK.
CHRIS, A. CHEETHAM.
OwInG to the early date of Easter the first meeting of the York-
shire Naturalists’ Union this season was postponed, and the
Bryological section took advantage of this and visited Austwick.
The lessened railway facilities reduced the attendance
somewhat.
On the first evening specimens and diagrams of the Thuidia,
which have been recently revised by Mr. H. N. Dixon, F.L.S.,
1. Thuidium tamariscinum. 2. T. Philiberti. 8. 7. delicatulum. 4. T. recognitum
A. Apex of branch leaf. Bb. Apex of stem leaf.
in The Journal of Botany this year (pp. 189-192) were ex-
hibited and the differences pointed out. A working key based
on that given by Mr. Dixon was used, but it must be here
emphasised that the following remarks are based on the plants
as seen in this district :—
, J Branch leaf with pointed apical cell ie .. = T. tamariscinum.
Vea, _ , truncate and pappilose apical cell— can ©
rill Stem leaf with filiform point of single cells oe =) Ll. Phulaberin
Ya be nmielarovetie é e fs —— 8
(Stem leaf with apparently ex-current nerve the
7 cells in apex much elongate “ss .. = T. recognitum.
” Stem leaf with nerve ceasing below apex which
| is of short cells ty: of eve .. = IL. delicatulum.
Naturalist,
Cheetham: Bryologists at Austwick. 169
It was shown that the pointed apical cell clearly differ-
entiates T. tamariscinum under the microscope, and also that
its tripinnate branching was a good field character being only
very occasionally acquired by T. Philiberti in its variety
pseudo-tamarisct, and in this case, as also in typical Philibertz,
it is quite easy to see the filiform point of the stem leaves with
a pocket lens.
Under the microscope 7. recognitum is a much coarser
plant than 7. delicatulum, the cells and pappille being con-
siderably more elongate, the apical cell of the branch leaf of
T. delicatulum is generally as long as broad, whereas of 7.
vecognitum is almost twice as long as broad. The stem leaves
are usually quite distinct, though, until one has seen 7.
vecogmitum it is possible to imagine that an elongation is
occasionally noticable in T. delicatulum; this, however, is
never of the distinct type found in 7. recognitum where the
shorter cells of the lamina seem to finish somewhat abruptly
at the base of the apex. Again, the stem leaf margin of T.
vecognitum is generally plane or very slightly recurved, whereas
that of T. delicatulum is strongly recurved.
In the field the difference between the two in the extreme
types is fairly satisfactory, the general impression that is
gained is that delicatulum is in somewhat swollen tufts, the
ends of the stems being curved down and a certain neatness
thus acquired, the tufts also are mostly quite pure; on the
other hand 7. vecognitum is generally much mixed with H.
molluscum, etc., and has a straggling habit. Another small
point is that the branches of T. recognitwm have an attenuate
appearance, the central axis of the branch being considerably
lengthened out.
The general facies of 7. delicatulum and T. recognitum,
as seen near Austwick, is quite at variance with Limpricht’s
description of the continental specimens, so it is necessary to
reiterate the fact that these remarks apply to the local plants.
Mr. Dixon, in drawing attention to these plants, pointed
out that true T. recognitum appears to be distinctly rare in
Britain, occurring in older herbaria from Matlock and Ingleton,
whereas most of the modern gatherings are misnamed and
belong chiefly to Philibert: ; this is certainly the case with
previous Yorkshire records, which must be revised. T. Phili-
bertt will now become a fairly well-distributed Yorkshire
species, it was first recognised as such in IgtI, where it is
reported in The Naturalist on page 232.
The only member of the series seen in fruit was 7. famaris-
cinum although careful search was made seeing that the fruiting
characters of the fertile plant are valuable for classification.
T. Philibertt was always found in dry places, on walls,
limestone screes, etc.; 7. vecognitum and delicatulum on
1915 May 1.
170 Cheetham: Bryologists at Austwick,
limestone rocks in shade; JT. tamariscinum frequent in all
situations. ;
The first excursion was via Trow Gill and across to the
head of Crummockdale. Some nice Seligerta recurvata (S.
setacea) was the first prize, then came the above mentioned
Thuidia and an addition to the Lune drainage in Amblystegium
confervoides which Mr. R. Barnes showed to belong to West
Yorks. on page 129 of this volume ; Zygodon gracilis (Z. Nowell)
was also seen in fair quantity ; Antitrichia curtipendula and
Polytrichum strictum on the open ground in crossing over, and
also Pleuridium subulatum, this latter being very frequent all
over the district.
In Crummockdale Hypnum falcatum var. virescens (Am-
blystegium falcatum var. fluctuans), Grimmia Doniana, Acaulon
muticum (Spherangium) and Cynodontium Bruntoni were the
first to claim attention, and later Andreea petrophila, and
crassinervia, Bryum alpinum and Hedwigia ciliata ( H. albicans).
The next excursion was to Helwith Moss. Leucodon
sciuroides was seen in abundance, and a little Pterogonium
evacile (P. ornithopodioides), this being found later in fair
quantity. On the Moss some fine Hypnum giganteum (Am-
blystegium) and fruiting Mnium subglobosum (M. pseudo-
punctatum), the last named new to Ribble drainage; on the
rocks above, Grimmia funalis and subsquarrosa.
Monday gave us a glorious day and Moughton Scar was
visited, the Saxifraga oppositifolia in grand flower being
highly appreciated. Of mosses, Hylocomium rugosum
(Hypnum), Cylindrothecium concinnum (Entodon orthocarpus),
and Thuidiwm Philiberti were the best. Down the other side
of the hill the Andreeas, Bryum alpinum and Campylopus
atro-virens were again seen. Additional species were Hypnum
sarmentosum (Amblystegium), Diphyscium foliosum (Webera
sessilis), Fissidens osmundoides and Funaria ericetorum.
Other trips were to Oxenber Woods to see the Thuidia
again, and here we got fruiting Fissidens decipiens, and to
Feizor, where Funaria calcarea was gathered.
The days passed far too quickly, and the lively discussions
with the help of microscopes in the evenings often made the
lamps burn midnight oil.
———— 0 se
Some Geographical Factors in the Great War contains 71 pages (price
od. net, A. Brown & Sons, Ltd., Hull). In this little book Mr. T. Herdman
describes some general considerations. Geography contains the great
dramas of history. Great campaigns have been lost or won, attempts at
colonizations have failed or succeeded, political arrangements have been
fleeting or permanent according to the appreciation of geographical
conditions shown by the leaders responsible for them. All this is shown
in the volume, which is illustrated by a number of maps.
Naturalist,
I7I
YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION:
VERTEBRATE SECTION.
A MEETING of this section was held in the Leeds Institute on
February 20th; Mr. E. W. Wade, M.B.O.U. in the Chair.
Mr. Bagshaw urged the advisability of keeping in touch with
the West Riding County Council with reference to its list of
birds issued under the Wild Birds’ Protection Acts. He
found that little had been done for several years, but he was of
the opinion that a deputation from the Union would be effective
in removing many of the present anomalies, or, suggestions
might be sent in writing for the Sub-Committee’s consideration.
Mr. Bagshaw’s idea was to have three Schedules, viz. :—
(1) Comprising the birds now omitted from the list. (2) Birds
coming under the heading of game. (3) Injurious birds—such
only to be shot, caught or destroyed by the owner or occupier.
Mr. W. H. St. Quintin reported that the Departmental
Committee of the Home Office had not yet concluded its
sittings devoted to the survey of all the various lists in operation,
and the evolution of a uniform schedule applicable to the whole
country. Owing to the war, however, there seemed little
likelihood of anything being done at present.
Mr. Fortune’s experience, when he interviewed the Com-
mittee at Wakefield, was the absence of any difficulty in adding
birds to the list, and the utter impossibility of deleting a single
species. Discussion was deferred until the November meeting.
Mr. H. B. Booth drew attention to the fact that the Heron’s —
five years’ full protection would lapse this year.
Mr. Booth, on behalf of Mr. Wilkinson, reported the decision
of the Wild Birds’ Committee on the appointment of watchers
for I9I5.
The President referred to the death of the Rev. F. H. Woods,
of Bainton, a well-known figure at the Union’s excursions.
Mr. Wade handed round a copy of the revised nomenclature
of British Birds issued by the British Ornithological Union,
and exhibited many interesting specimens from St. Kilda.
In connection with the so-called Little Bunting shewn at
the November Meeting, Mr. H. B. Booth shewed skins of the
proper species as well as of the Blackheaded Bunting.
Mr. Wade expressed the appreciation of the Section to Mr.
St. Quintin for the erection of bird-rests on Spurn lighthouse,
Mr. St. Quintin having borne the whole expense. Unfortun-
ately owing to the unusual conditions prevailing on the East
Coast, no opportunity had been afforded of estimating the
beneficial results to our migrant birds, but reports from other
lighthouses where similar structures were installed demon-
strated their efficacy in a marked manner.
The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, with the
1915 May 1.
172. Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Vertebrate Section.
co-operation of the authorities of the Trinity House, whose
Engineer had given his personal help and interest, had been
responsible for the erection of three other stations in addition
to the above, i.e., at St. Catherine’s, I.-of-W., the Caskets off
Alderney, and South Bishop off Pembrokeshire; and had
further work in view.
Mr. H. B. Booth then gave a very interesting and detailed
paper, ‘ The Bats of Upper Airedale and Upper Wharfedale,’
dealing with their distribution and status in part of the district
under investigation by the Bradford Natural History and
Microscopical Society.
The President (Mr. E. W. Wade) gave a lantern lecture
entitled, ‘ Birds of St. Kilda,’ dealing very fully with the
topography and natural history of this well known bird resort.
The lecturer had paid particular attention to the St. Kilda
Wren, and in contradiction to Howard Saunder’s assumption
in 1889 that ‘ the few pairs had probably been extirpated,’ it
was gratifying to note its comparative ubiquity in 1914. The
price of 20s. for a clutch of eggs in 1889 had, no doubt, resulted
in a serious reduction in the numbers of this Wren, but after
the demands of the wealthy but indiscreet collectors had been
met, the price fell to such a figure as to offer no inducement to
the natives to continue the supply.
The Tree Sparrow, Rock Pipit, Wheatear, Starling, Eider
Duck, Oyster Catcher, Guillemot, Razor-bill and. Kittiwake
were all noted as being very common, but even these species
were insignificant when compared with the countless thousands
of the Gannet, the Puffin and the Fulmar Petrel. In spite of
the enormous numbers taken every year for food, these three
birds dominate the Islands and have apparently driven off
the Gulls.
The paper was enhanced by the exhibition of skins of the
Wren, the Fulmar, Leach’s Petrel, the St. Kilda Vole, etc.
Mr. Booth drew attention to the similarity of the native
Wren to that resident in the Scillies, which shewed variations
in size and colour, on much the same scale.
In the absence of Mr. G. A. Booth, his paper ‘ Notes on
the Ruff and Reeve,’ was read by Mr. Fortune, accompanied
by the exhibition of many beautiful lantern slides of the
birds taken in their Dutch habitat.
The antics of the male birds at breeding time, which are so
marked and problematical, were fully described, and the many
beautiful variations of plumage were well depicted by the
photographs, as well as the actions and demeanour of the
Reeve when approaching and occupying the nest.
The concluding paper was by Professor W. Garstang on ‘ The
Development of Flat Fishes.” At former meetings we have had
evidence of Professor Garstang’s work on the Fisheries Com-
Naturalist,
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Vertebrate Section. 173
mission, and the present paper was in no way behind, either in
interest or scientific value. Diagrams were shewn illustrating
the evolution of the different types comprising the Sole, Plaice,
Flounder, Halibut, in one group of ‘ left side’ species, and the
Brill and Turbot which ‘ turn’ in a reverse manner.
The many complicated changes of the anatomy of each
species, from the normally shaped young to the fully developed
fish, were explained with care and thoroughness not usually
associated with ‘ fishy stories.’ *
A. HaicH-LUMBY.
OMe
Highways and Byways in Lincolnshire. By W. F. Rawnsley. Lon-
don: Macmillan & Co., 519 pages. Stamford, Grantham, Lincoln, Isle
of Axholme, Grimsby, Caistor, Louth, Boston, Spalding, Croyland and
many other charming spots in our second largest county are described in
this very interesting book by Mr. Rawnsley, and the value of the volume
Surfleet Windmill.
is enhanced by the numerous excellent sketches made by F. L. Griggs.
In addition to the notes on ancient and modern Lincolnshire the author
has gathered together much useful information relating to the Black Death,
Fenland, Old Lincolnshire Families, Folk Song, etc. This book is a most
useful one and will do much to draw attention to the beauties of a county
usually neglected by the student and tourist. :
* In the report of the last meeting of this section it should have been
stated that, on Oct. 7th last, Mr. H. Wrigley, of Ganton Hall, and party
shot 29 brace of Red-legged Partridge in a total bag of over 150 brace,
comprising both species (see The Naturalist, Feb., page 82). On the same
page, for Daubenton’s Bat read Whiskered Bat.—A.H.1.
1915 May 1.
174
BRYOLOGY OF CASTLE HOWARD.
WM. INGHAM, B.A.,
York.
THE 20th February, 1915, was a glorious spring-like day for
the Excursion of the Yorkshire Bryological Committee, a great
contrast to the wet days that preceded it.
We first examined the quarry close by the station. The
dominant mosses here were three, all of the genus Hylocomium,
viz., H. splendens, H. squarrosum, and H. triquetrum. A
sub-dominant was Bbrachythecium purum, the fisherman’s
moss, as he uses it for scouring his worms. On the sides of
the grassy hillocks was Thuidium Philiberti. On loose stones
at the side of the quarry were the minute moss Seligeria doniana,
and the glossy moss Plagiothecium depressum. On the cart-
track leading into this quarry was Barbula Hornschuchiana in
flat patches with adust complexion. The B. purum (a rare
fruiter) fruits well here.
Proceeding along Crambe Beck we found the great rariety
Wetsia calcarea var. viridula lining the face and sides of a small
depression on a bank. Here also was Fissidens incurvus mixed
with Ff. ¢axifolius. We next took a long walk to the Castle
Howard Quarry. Many small estuarine sandstones are
scattered over the floor of the quarry, and the surfaces of these
stones are kept sufficiently moist by shade, and by the dripping
of water from the grasses, to support a rare moss in abundant
fruit. This is Brachyodus trichodes. The writer has a speci-
men of this moss from the highest land in Britain, the summit
of Ben Nevis, but mostly barren. This species was also found
on the vertical face of a rock in situ, in shade, and therefore
damp. Polytrichum urnigerum and Dicranum Bonjeani var.
calcareum were also found here.
We found our way thence, guided by Mr. Mennell, to a
small and interesting sandstone quarry. We were pleased to
find here a repetition of the moss Weisia calcarea var. viridula.
The dark green colour of this variety is evidently due to the
influence of the sandstone habitat, as the pale green typical
plant grows directly on the limestone.
This quarry produced the rare plants Ditrichum tortile and
Dicranella crispa, both in fruit. We had clearly found here
the happy hunting ground of Dr. Spruce and Mr. M. B. Slater.
On the face of the crumbling sandstone was Barbula vinealis
of a more vivid green colour than the writer has ever seen in
this moss. On a very old wall with the ferns Asplenium
adiantum-mgrum and A. ruta-muraria var. elatum Lange, was
Bryum caespiticium near var. imbricatum, with pure white
peristomes to capsules, the white almost vanishing on drying.
Naturalist,
FIELD NOTES. 175
FLOWERING PLANTS.
Gagea fascicularis Salisb. (lutea L.) as a Garden
Weed.—I recently visited a nursery garden in Doncaster, in
order to see a ‘troublesome yellow flowered weed’ that was
there. I was surprised to find the ‘ weed ’ to be G. fascicularts.
The plants were literally in thousands, growing among Scillas,
Tulips, Narcissi, etc., and the proprietor told me that they
appeared about five years ago, and that he could not get rid
of them. It seems remarkable that this pretty and rare plant
of the open woodlands should become a pest. —H. H. CorBEtrT.
MOSSES. :
Seligeria recurvata B. & S. in Cumberland.—TIn July,
1g10, I found this moss growing on rocks on the Cumberland
side of the River Irthing near Gilsland. It was in abundant
fruit. This is, I believe, the first record of any species of
Seligeria from this county. My gathering was kindly verified
by Mr. Ingham.—Jas. Murray, Carlisle.
Lepidozia sylvatica Evans, a new Yorkshire Hepatic.
——For some time this has been known as a North American
species, and has also been recorded by Douin from the Con-
tinent. In the Journal of Botany for March, 1915, is a des-
cription of the plant with an announcement of its discovery
in Sussex by Mr. W. E. Nicholson. On August 16th, 1904,
January 4th, 1905 and April 25th, 1905, I found a Lepidozia
growing directly on sand with a beautiful green form of the
Hepatic Sphenolobus minutus. This was in a small wood by
the side of Strensall Common in North-East Yorkshire. On
receiving the description in the Journal of Botany, I re-ex-
amined my gathering and made it Lepidozia sylvatica. I sent
a specimen to Mr. Nicholson who agrees. As Mr. Nicholson
says, L. setacea is a plant of Sphagnum bogs, L. trichoclados of
pure peat, and L. sylvatica of sandy ground or rocks. Students
of Hepatics should re-examine their Lepidozias, noting the
habitat of each.—Wm. INGHAM, York, April roth, I915.
HYMENOPTERA.
Stenichneumon pictus in Yorkshire.—On January 2nd,
1g15, Mr. S. Margerison found hibernating under the bark of a
partly decayed pine in the Sawley High Moor Plantation, the
ichneumon, Stenichneumon pictus Grav. Mr. Claude Morley,
to whom the specimen was submitted, says that it is a dis-
tinctly uncommon species, and that he was unaware that it
hibernated as an imago. According to Vol. I. of ‘ British
Ichneumons,’ Stephens found an example near London in June,
and another is mentioned as being in Mr. Chitty’s collection
taken in September, at Ilfracombe. Specimens, however,
have been bred several times from Macaria liturata and Thera
quniperata.—-R. BUTTERFIELD, Keighley.
1915 May 1.
176
Sn aDemoriam.
Tue hand of Death has recently reduced the ranks of Yorkshire
naturalists in a way which is surely unprecedented. For some
time we have, month by month, recorded the loss of prominent _
workers. We have now to deplore the departure from our
midst of the following, who were connected with the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union :—
THOMAS BUNKER.
The death of Thomas Bunker at the age of 85 removes from
our midst one of the last of the naturalists of the old type.
Years ago he was a familiar figure at the field meetings of the
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and was not ashamed of his
large butterfly-net and his vasculum. He was equally interested
in bird, plant or insect, and was ever ready to impart his
knowledge to anyone interested ; many Yorkshire naturalists
to-day will remember with pleasure the interest shewn in their
work and the encouragement given by Mr. Bunker.
A native of Bedfordshire, he first went to Goole as head-
master of the National schools ; he then had a private school ;
later he was a collector of taxes, but retired about twenty-five
Na‘uralist
In Memoriam. 177
years ago. He was of a retiring disposition, but in a quiet
way greatly assisted the various Committees of the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union in their work. He has also made many
important additions to the fauna and flora of the Goole district.
He had much to do with the founding of the Goole Scientific
Society, about 1875, and in 1876 was the assistant secretary,
his colleague being the late Dr. H. F. Parsons. Later, he was
a president of the Goole Society. He frequently contributed
to The Naturalist, and the ‘ Transactions of the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union ’ contain many of his records. Perhaps his
best paper, and one which more than any showed his extensive
knowledge of natural history, was printed in the first part of
the ‘ Transactions of the Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’
Club,’ in 1898. It was entitled, ‘ The Natural History of Goole
Moor.’
In recognition of his services to natural history, the York-
shire Naturalists’ Union at a recent meeting elected him an
Honorary Life Member. The pity is he has not long enjoyed
the honour. We feel sure our readers join us in expressing our -
sympathy with Mrs. Bunker and the family.
WIEELAM “SIMPSON, EvGS:
William Simpson died at Catterall Hall, near Settle, at the
age of 56 years. He was. managing director of the firm of .
Simpson and Sons, Ltd., cabinet-makers and upholsterers, of
Halifax and Blackburn. Prior to 1903 he resided at Halifax,
and was widely known in business circles. His hobby was
geology, and he devoted special attention to the Millstone Grit.
Papers by him were printed in the ‘ Reports of the British
Association,’ in the ° Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological
Society,’ “ The Halifax Naturalist,’ and The Naturalist. He
rendered good service in connection with the Halifax Scientific
Society, and was one of the founders of the Halifax Sunday
Lecture Society. For some years he was the Honorary
Treasurer of the Yorkshire Geological Society.
HARRY SPEIGHT.
Harry Speight, the well known writer on Yorkshire History
and Antiquities, died recently at his residence, Bingley, being
a victim of influenza. He was born at Bradford 59 years ago.
So long ago as 1877 be began writing sketches for magazines.
His earlier books were written under the pen name of ‘ Johnnie
Gray’ and included ‘A Tourist’s View of Ireland,’ and
‘Pleasant Walks Around Bradford.’ Then followed in 189r
the first of a series of books which made him known far and
wide amongst Yorkshire folk, viz. :—‘ Through Airedale, from
Goole to Malham.’ The works which followed were on a more
ample scale and are held in high repute. They include ‘ The
1915 May 1.
178 In Memoriam.
Craven and North-West Yorkshire Highlands,” ’ Nidderdale
and the Garden of the Nidd,’ ‘ Romantic Richmondshire,’
“Upper Wharfedale,’ and ‘ Lower Wharfedale.’ In 1898 he
published his ‘History of Bingley,’ and among other publications
of a similar nature were his ‘ Two Thousand Years of Tadcaster
History,’ and ‘ Kirby Overblow and District.’ In his more
active days he was a great pedestrian and he tramped over
almost every portion of the British Isles and ascended most of
the home mountains. He was an occasional contributor to
The Naturalist.
JOSHUA ROWNTREE.
Joshua Rowntree, J.P., ex-M.P. for Scarborough, and a
prominent member of the Society of Friends, died recently at
the residence of his sister, Mrs. J. E. Ellis, Wrea Head, Scalby,
near Scarborough, in his 71st year. Mr. Rowntree had been in
failing health for some time.
Mr. Rowntree had been Mayor of Scarborough and was
well known for his practical sympathies with any scheme for
the betterment of mankind. He took a keen interest in the
various Yorkshire scientific societies.
THOMAS WHITHAM.
Until quite recently a familiar figure at the excursions of
the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union was that of Thomas Whitham,
of Bramhope. He was tall and his high and wide-brimmed
silk hat gave him quite a picturesque appearance. He was
an artist of some ability, and frequently amazed his friends
by the rapidity with which he could transfer to canvas his
impressions of a landscape. He frequently exhibited at the
local art exhibitions. He took a delight in the discussions
held during the field excursions. Those who saw him tramp
miles over hill and vale will be surprised to learn that he died
at the advanced age of ninety-five, being Wharfedale’s oldest
inhabitant.
EDWARD PEACOCKS 2S. F:S.A:
Edward Peacock, well-known as a historian and antiquary,
and the father of a talented family, died on March 31st at
Kirton-in-Lindsey. He was born at Hemsworth, Yorkshire,
in 1831. He was a frequent contributor to various literary and
scientific journals.
He was editor of ‘ Army Lists of Roundheads and Cavaliers ’
(1863), ‘ English Church Furniture, Ornaments and Decora-
tions’ (1866), ‘ Instructions for Parish Priests’ (1868), © A
List of Roman Catholics in the County of York in 1604 ’ (1872),
“ A Glossary of Words used in the Wapentakes of Manley and
Corringham, Lincolnshire’ (1877, second edition 1889),° Index
Naturalist,
News from the Magazines. 179
of English Speaking Students who have graduated at Leyden
University ’ (1883), ‘The Monckton Papers’ (1885), ‘ Index
to Engravings in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries ’
(1885). In 1873 he- published ‘France, the Empire and
Civilisation,’ without the author’s name. Further, among
other essays, he contributed eleven papers to the Archeéologia
of the Society of Antiquaries, and many articles to The Pro-
ceedings of the same Society. He also wrote several romances,
‘ Ralf Skirlaugh,’ ‘ Mabel Heron,’ ‘ John Markenfield,’ ‘ Narcissa
Brendon,’ and ‘ Otherwhere.’ He was also a careful collector
of antiquities.—T.S. F
——:0:
The principal article in British Birds for April deals with the Blakeney
Point Ternery, and is well illustrated.
In The Lancashive and Cheshire Naturalist for March, Dr. Jackson
writes on ‘ Lancashire and Cheshire Arachnids and Myriopods.’
The Quarry for April contains an illustrated article on ‘ Excavating by
Power,’ in which Lincolnshire and Yorkshire quarries are represented.
The Scottish Naturalist for April contains a paper by the Hon. Sir
Herbert Maxwell on ‘ Waterfowl and the American Pondweed (Elodea
Canadensis).’
The Ivish Naturalist records the death of what is probably the last
Irish golden eagle. In the same journal Dr. R. F. Scharff has a paper on
the Irish Names of Mammals, though we fear few English readers will be
able to make much of the names as printed,
Wild Life for April contains a well illustrated article on Stone Curlew,
written by Wm. Farren ; Frances Pitt describes The Martin ; Mr. Bootham
has a note on The Buff-backed Heron; and Mr. F. J. Stubbs writes on
The Plague Flea. The publication has the usual fine illustrations.
The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine for April contains a note on
“An Anthomyid Fly, Phaonia ( Hvetodesta) trimaculata Bouche, New to the
British List,’ the species being from Cheshire. Records of Cumberland
Hemiptera-Heteroptera, and Cheshire Diptera in 1913-14, also appear.
The Glasgow Natuvalist recently issued, edited by D. A. Boyd and J.
Paterson, contains a record of the work of the Glasgow Natural History
Society. Among the papers we notice ‘ West Highland Mosses,’ ‘ Glasgow
Leeches,’ ‘ The Trees of Kilkerran,’ ‘Clyde Micro-fungi,’ ‘Clyde Marine
Fauna,’ ‘Clyde Birds,’ and ‘ London Trees.’
In The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine for March, Mr. F. B. Brown
writes “ With regard to the specific identity of H. apicalis Thoms., and
H. stviatus Shp., I am in the same position as my critic Dr. Sharp, in that
neither of us has seen Thomson’s types, but, curiously enough, the very
words which Dr. Sharp quotes from Thomson’s description, and which
do not agree with any Haliplus known to Dr. Sharp, are just the words
which first caused me to suspect the specific identity of stviatus and apicalis.’
The Geological Magazine for April contains an unusually large proportion
of papers of particular interest to our readers. Dr. C. W. Andrews des-
cribes a wonderfully perfect skeleton of Ophthalmosaurus icentcus from
the Oxford Clay near Peterborough ; Professor J. W. Gregory describes
“A Deep Bore at Seascale in Cumberland ;’ Mr. A. E. Trueman writes on
the ‘Fauna of Hydraulic Limestones in South Notts.;’ Mr. A. Bell
describes ‘ The Fossiliferous Deposits of Wexford and North Manxland,’
and the Rev. Canon Crewdson has a paper on ‘ The Coniston Grits of
‘Windermere.’
1915 May 1.
180
NORTHERN NEWS.
Dr, J. Scott Keltie, who is 75 years of age, is resigning the post of
Secretary of the Royal Geolographical Society, which he has held for
twenty-three years. He is succeeded by Mr. A. R. Hicks.
We regret to notice the death of Mr. W. M. Dobie at the age of eighty-
Six, With Charles Kingsley he founded the Chester Society of Natural
Science, Literature, and Art, and for two years was its President.
The new Burton-on-Trent Public Museum and Art Gallery was recently
opened by the Mayor, the collections being arranged in the upper story of
the Old Police Station. It is the intention to keep the museum strictly
local in its scope.
We regret to record the death of John Shillito,,J.P., F.R°G:S. of
Halifax, at the age of 83. He was a member of the Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union since 1890, and a member of the Halifax Scientific Society. He
was interested in land and fresh-water mollusca.
Messrs. Hutchinson & Co., are issuing a magnificently illustrated work
entitled Belgium the Glorious, in fortnightly parts at 7d. each. It con-
tains reproductions of art treasures of that delightful country as they
appeared before the war. The part before us includes over 80 illustrations.
Richard Lydekker, of the British Museum, and the author of an enor-
mous number of popular and technical natural history works, has just
died, at the age of 66. His best work had reference to the Mammalia,
living and extinct. Few journals of any standing had not printed articles
from his pen.
From the Board of Agriculture we have received the Annual Report
of the Horticulture Branch, proceedings under the Destructive Insects and
Pest Acts, 1877 and-1907, and with the Board of Agriculture Act, 1889
(Section 2, Sub-Section 3) for the year 1913-14. It contains 79 pages, and
is sold at the low price of 43d.
A heron shot near Hedon on February 13th had on its leg Aberdeen
University ring No. 35764. This we understand was ringed in the nest
by Mr. S. H. Smith at York, on May 3rd, 1913. Mr. Smith also informs
us that a Lesser Tern which was ringed at Spurn last July was shot at
Oporto, Portugal, in September.
We take the following from the current number of The Museums
Journal and make no comment. ‘He was a striking example of that
combination of powerful intellect with a child-like, lovable nature and
delight in the beautiful, which we have always been accustomed to look
for in its full development in Germany.’
We notice that Mr. A. R. Horwood was recently lecturing to the
Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society on ‘ Plant Life in the Past.’
We were surprised to learn from the circular however that I*zends were
particularly invited (the italics are not ours). It was evidently expected
that Mr. Horwood was going to give them a devil of a time.
We see from the Hull Daily News that a certain local geologist recently
delivered a lecture on ‘ The Lost Towns of the Yorkshire Coast,’ and that
a discussion followed in which several local naturalists took part; which
seems fairly matter of fact. The newspaper reporter evidently was so
impressed, by the harmonious nature of the proceedings that he headed
the report ‘ Geological Society Concert.’
Judging from the columns of the daily press, the war is having some
effect on the names given to new arrivals of Homo sapiens. Itis not! often,
however, that any thing of this kind influences scientific nomenclature.
In a recent number of the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’
we find the following three new names for Bats, in a paper by Mr. Old-
field Thomas :—Nyctalus joffret, Pipistrellus kitchenert, and Ptpistrellus
sturdeet.
Naturalist.
ae
] ATKINS
“NATURALISTS,
36, STRAND, LONDON, Ww.c. Ae
(Five Doors from Charing Cross),
DON CASTER
Keep in stock every description of
APPARATUS, CABINETS, BOOKS, AND SPECIMENS
for Collectors of ‘
BIRDS’ EGGS, BUTTERFLIES, MOTHS, ETC. Pat:
Catalogue (96 pages) sent post free on application. perk 3
AN IDEAL PLACE FOR A HOLIDAY Re
FOR LOVERS OF NATURE Is
Meimerby, Cumberland
Practically unworked, — Beautiful scenery.
Very healthy locality. Good accommodation in the village.
| The Rector will be pleased to give information.
‘The Naturalist’ for 1914
- Edited by T. SHEPPARD, F.G.S. and T. W. WOODHEAD, Ph.D., F.LS.
Tastefully bound tn Cloth Boards. @/- ned. aC Re
Contains 408 pages of excellent reading matter; 26 full-page, high-
class plates ; and numerous illustrations throughout the text. ¥i5) even
THE volume includes many valuable and attractive articles by some | ih
cf the most prominent naturalists and leading scientific men in the ——
country, and forms a handsome, well-illustrated, and most acceptable
_ present to ail interested in out-door life. ; ee
!ssued Monthly, illustrated with Plates and Text Figures
To Subscribers, Gs. per annum; Post Free, 6s. 6d.
The Scottish Naturalist
THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S MONTH LY
MAGAZINE.
Bm ae
with which is incorporated PRICE SIXPENCE MONTHLY. ;
ee 7 ; ”
The Annals of Scotti h Natural History iaitad hy GC Champlon, BZ Ss Jas Collin,
A Monthly Magazine devoted to Zoology F.E.S., G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., R. W. Lloyd,
Edited by William Eagle Clarke, F.R.S.E., | W.-W. Fowler, D. Ee M.A., F.L.S., J.J. Walker,
-F.L.S., Keeper Natural History Dept., Royal | M.A.,R.N.,F.L
Scottish Museum: William Evans, F.R.SE., :
Member of the British Ui cg Union; and ’ ; ; , r
Percy H. Grimshaw, F.R.S.E , F.E.S., Assistant- This Magazine, commenced in 1864, contains
Keeper, Natural History Deft., Royal Scottish Standard Articles and Notes on all subjects
Museum. Assisted by J. A. Harvie-Brown, connected with Entomology, and especially on
- F.R.S.E.,F.Z.S.; Evelyn V.Baxter, H.M.B.O.U.; the Insects of the British Isles.
Leonora J. Rintoul, H.M.B.O.U. ; Hugh S. Glad- ; Ape :
EloneNPA) FLRIS Es «BizBen ance Ritchie, Subscription—6s. per annum, post free. MN
M.A.,D.Sc. A. Landsborough T ompson, M.A., GURNEY & JACKSON, c
M.B.O.U. 1, Paternoster Row, ae Re
\ Edinburgh: OLIVER & BOYD, Tweedale Court
Bane GURNEY & JACKSON 33 Paternoster Row
London.
in ‘the Great ‘War
By TF. \HERDMAN, MESc.; F.GS.
(Lecturer in Geography, Municipal Training College, Hull). fee *
72 pages, crown Svo, with 6 Maps, sewn tn
stout printed cover, gd. net, post free rod. net.
A feature of vast importance in the titanic struggle now taking
place is the geographical condition of the various countries. In —
‘* Some Geographical Factors’ the author provides much interesting ©
information which helps his readers to a wider understanding of an
important aspect of the present campaign. The concluding chapter
- on ‘* The Problems of Nationality ’’ affords a glimpse of the immense
difficulties that face those statesmen to whose heads and pane will
be committed the adjustment of the new boundaries.
The ‘Literary World’’ says:—‘* Those who would follow intelligently
the movements in this world contest will find much help in this little
handbook. Mr. Herdman’s exposition of the part played in the war
by the great Jand-gates and the seas is clear and informing, and is
followed by some sound reasoning on the commercial war and the
problems of nationality.”
YORKSHIRE
BY
PEN AND PICTURE
EDITED BY
T. SHEPPARD, F.G.S., F.S.A. Coe ),
216 pages, crown folio, with upwards of 250 tllustrations, and
‘strongly stitched in artistic pictorial cover.
i/- net, or post free 1/3 net.
This book, which might be almost described as a picture gallery
of the County of Broad Acres, contains a great deal of useful and
entertaining matter relative to every aspect of popular interest.
The Yorkshire Post says: ‘‘ Mr. Sheppard is well known as a
writer on antiquarian subjects, and this volume reflects his acquaint-
ance with Yorkshire.’
Printed at BROwWNs’ SAviLE PREss, 4o, George Street, Hull, and published by
A. BRown & Sons, Limited, at 5 Farringdon Avenue, in the City of London.
May Ist, 1915.
:
z
SPER ee ae he OF Ne
Te Mr eee ey ei ei BY CEN GE 01
(No. 478 of current series)
op
ah
A MONTHLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF igi d
NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND, —
Pinte yet EDITED BY . pote :
T. SHEPPARD, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.S,agSeote [irsi!p
‘ f : Tue Museums, Hutt; PA & %»
_ AND ian, on beth)
T. W. WOODHEAD, Ph.D., RL.s#ONDG 1915)
TecHnicat CotteGE, HUDDERSFIELD, \ . Ae,
i WITH THE ASSISTANCE AS REFEREES IN SPECIAL DEPARTOAMS “e ene
J. GILBERT BAKER, P.R.S. F.L.S., GEO. T. PORRITT, PotsS5aR.#
Prof. P. F. KENDALL, M.Sc., F.G.S., JOHN W. TAYLOR, i ue
T. H. NELSON, M.B.O.U., s RILEY FORTUNE, F.Z.S. din
‘Contents :— Ke:
ahs mM
me } Pacey yi
Notes and Comments (Illustrated) :—Honorary Degrees for Yorkshire Naturalists; Honour — Mi
for a Leeds Professor ; Mr. W. N. Cheesman, J.P. ; Spurn Lights in 1895 ; Arcadia; Gun- sie
Flints ; Lincolnshire Naturalists ; Cumberland Nature Reserve Association ; Blakeney . \
Point ; Corresponding Societies’ Committee ; The British Association; The House-Fly ; AIM
A Monograph; Its Contents; Hibernation of Musca domestica; Fat Flies ... tf. i) 1ST-186 ty aie
A Cumberland Nature Reserve—L.E.H. 00. eee Rely Shiny jy,
Grimmia Hartmani Schp. ; an addition to the Yorkshire Moss Flora—C. A. Cheetham 192 ' cay
A Diary of Ornithological Observations in Brittany— Edmund Selous ... af Dass 193-197 , iy
Yorkshire Coleoptera in 1914—W. J. Fordham, M.R.C.S.,F.E.S. ... ae =¥; ... 198-200 ah a
The Spiders of Wicken, with description of two new species—IW. Falconer —... 201-204 f ja)
Natural History of Sawley and Eavestone, near Ripon (illustrated)—W.E.L.W. ... 205-208 ) oy:
Undesirable Insect Aliens at Doncaster—H.H. Corbett, M.R.C.S. 0 eee ON
_ Field Notes :—East Yorkshire Lepidoptera ; Grasshopper Warbler at Mytholmroyd; Early
- Arrival of Swifts ae iat ue 4s A ne a: te yy ne) ... 210-211
Regiawsaid Book Notives:: 94,52.) oes oncy Fe Pose a PS Os A 197 he
Proceedings of Provincial Scientific Societies ... at wu wee awe oe ... 186, 209 ; ot
Re TMOR MICE MIME Veta tG pace cs c1e) yates Ys asa) \2) WY Abeansteal > Falicn art Ohl 00, 204, One ONT
News fromahe Magazine’ i200) ).\. 6/30 ne, aka ae gees asl) Won igs
llustrations RA RE Soke aie CES ok a EM er UP ewig Sth 5). | | poh aa
ae
LONDON : ,
A. Brown & Sons, LIMITED, 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.C,
x And at Hurt and York. ,
Printers and Publishers to the Y.N.U.
’
¢ is Prepaid Subscription 6/6 per annum, post free. oz |
THE VEGETATION OF YORKSHIRE
_Its History and Associations on the lines of Botanical Survey,
based on the Geologic and Phyto-paleologic remains : being an
examination into the sources, the presence or passing of the >
Floristic Constituents—their When, How and Where ; being also
a Supplement to previous ‘‘ Floras”’ of York, and a list of the
Localities and Species, newly classified, “‘New’’ to the County or
some of its river-basins since 1888.
By F. ARNOLD LEES
M.R.C.S.Eng,, L.R.C.P.Lond.
Demy 8vo, on white unsized paper, about 500 pages, —
‘to be subscribed at 12/6 net (16/- net piace after publication)
LONDON ee
A. BROWN & SONS, Lrp., 5, Farringdon Avenue, E.C.
And at HULL and YorRK.
FOR SALE.
From the Library of the late W. CASH, F.G.S.
Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc. go parts, 1878-1914.
Linn. Soc. Journal. 16 odd parts, 1888-18901.
Fauna de la Normandie. Parts 1 and 3.
Recherches sur l'appareil végetatif des Bignonacées, Rhinanthacées, Oroban:
chées et Utriculariées. 766 pages.
‘BOOKS WANTED.
Quarterly Journal of Science. Set.
Frizinghall Naturalist (lithographed). Vol. I, and Vol. II., pt. 1.
The Field Naturalist and Scientific Record. Set.
The Journal of the Keighley Naturalists’ Society. Part I.
Huddersfield Arch. and Topog. Society. 4 Reports. (1865-1869).
The Naturalists’ Journal. Vol. I..
First Report, Goole Scientific Society.
Cleveland Lit. & Phil. Society’s Transactions. Science Section or others.
The Naturalists’ Record. Set or parts. :
The Natural History Teacher (Huddersfield). Vols. I.-II., or parts.
The Economic Naturalist (Huddersfield). Parts 1 and 2.
The Naturalists’ Guide (Huddersfield). Set, or parts 1, 4-12, 15-20, 295. 30, 345
The Naturalists’ Almanac (Huddersfield). 1876. 36-38.
~ Proc. Yorkshire Naturalists’ Club (York). 1867- 70. -(Set). aes
Keeping: s Handbook to Natural History Collections (York).
“* Ripon Spurs,’’ by Keslington. /
Geological and Natural AEEOLOES, Repertory. Set. | : =
Apply . Editor, The Museum, Hull. ie
81
NOTES AND COMMENTS.
HONORARY DEGREES FOR YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS.
It must be very gratifying to the Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union to find. that its work has been so greatly recognised by
the Leeds University. From the Yorkshire Observer for May
20th we learn that at the Court of the Leeds University held on
May 19th, the Pro-Chancellor announced that the committee
concerned had decided to confer honorary degrees upon: the
following gentlemen :—D.Lit.—The, Rev. Charles Hargrove,
M.A., and Mr. Philip Wicksteed, of Leeds, LL.D.—Dr. D.
Forsyth, M.A., D.Sc., head master of the. Leeds Central High
School, who has exerted considerable influence in developing
the national policy in regard to secondary education. D.Sc.—
Mr. Harold Wager, F.R.S., an expert on fungi. M.Sc.—Mr.
Thomas Sheppard, “l.G:S.,°F K:G:S- S.A." (Scot), director
of the Hull Museums, and president of the Yorkshire Natural-
ists’ Union in 1914; Mr. J. W. Taylor, a former president of
the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union ; Mr. T. W. Woodhead, Ph.D.,
F.L.S., hon. secretary of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and
head of the natural history department of the Huddersfield
Technical College ; M1. T. H. Nelson, a prominent member of
the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and an expert in ornithology ;
Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, for many years hon. secretary and
treasurer of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union; Mr. John
Wilkinson, of Leeds, well known as the blind botanist. It was
fitting, Mr. Lupton remarked, that the excellent amateur work
rendered to science by the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union should
be recognised by the conferring of honorary degrees-upon a
few representative members. The Court formally confirmed
the action of the committee, and fixed upon July 3rd as the
degree day.
HONOUR FOR A LEEDS PROFESSOR.
The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New
York have awarded the Barnard gold medal to Professor W. H.
Bragg, F.R.S., Cavendish Professor of Physics in the University
of Leeds, and his son, Mr. W. L. Bragg, Fellow of Trinity College,
Cambridge, and a member of the college staff, at present
holding a commission in the Leicestershire R.H.A. (T.F.), for
their work on X-rays and crystals. The medal is awarded
every five years for ‘meritorious service to science,’ on the
recommendation of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States. The previous recipients have been Lord
Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay, Professor von Rontgen,
Professor Henri Becquerel, and Professor Sir Ernest Rutherford.
-MR. W..N. CHEESMAN, J.P.
At the invitation of the Executive Committee of the
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, Mr. W. Norwood Cheesman, J.P.,
of Selby, has accepted the Presidency of the Union for 1916.
M
1915 June 1,
182 Notes and Comments.
Mr. Cheesman’s work is well known to our readers, and The
Naturalist is indebted to him for a number of racy papers.
Yorkshire naturalists will certainly look forward to seeing
him with them at the various meetings during the year.
SPURN LIGHTS IN 1895.
The accompanying block is made from a photograph taken
by Mr. J. Darker Butterell, and is the only illustration we know
showing three lighthouses on Spurn Point. It was taken just
before Smeaton’s ‘old light’ was demolished, the wall around
which, known as the ‘compound,’ still exists. Mr. Heseltine, of
the Hull Trinity House, informs us that the old lighthouse was
taken down in 1895, so that the photograph would be taken
just before that.
ARCADIA.
It is refreshing to find a sample of mediaeval rurality now
and again, as for example the following report taken from a
recent issue of the daily press. It is headed, “May Day at
Sompting.’— War time made no difference to the celebration
of May Day at Sompting. In gala attire, and carrying garlands
and floral wands, the children assembled early at the Abbots,
where they went through the picturesque ceremony of crowning
the May Queen. The regal honours fell this year on little
Kitty Varndell, and her attendants were Kathleen Richardson
and Olive Pierce. The Queen was “enthroned”’ in a donkey
cart beneath a canopy of flowers and foliage. After the
crowning came the procession through the village, the children
singing patriotic songs as they merrily marched along. The
Queen and her retinue led the way, and Britannia, with shield
and tripod [!] was conspicuous among the masqueraders. At
the residence of Mr. A. Pullen-Burry the children danced around
the Maypole and sang appropriate songs. They were rewarded
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 183
with refreshments. Afterwards they went on to Lower Coke-
ham, where Mr. Dillstone provided oranges, and there the
celebration came to an end. Mr. Pullen-Burry kindly placed a
field of flowers at the disposal of the children for their festival,
and they were allowed to pick all the daffodils, wallflowers,
etc., that they wanted. Mr. Archard (Schoolmaster) undertook
the organization, and had the assistance of Miss Barrett and
the Misses Honnywill.’
GUN-FLINTS.
It is interesting at the present time, says Mr. Wilfred Mark
,Webb in Knowledge, when the manufacture of cartridges and
shells is of the utmost importance to the nation, to remember
that the production of gun-flints still goes quietly on. Thou-
sands are exported every year, particularly to tropical coun-
tries, where more primitive methods linger or are found to be
more convenient ; or, again, where the British Government
sees to it that modern firearms do not get into the hands of
the natives. There seems little doubt but that the maker of
gun-flints, or the flint-knapper, as he is called, is carrying on
-an industry which has continued unbroken from very early
prehistoric times, when man first began to fashion implements
of stone. It would appear, nevertheless, at first sight that
there is a fallacy somewhere, and that there must have been a
very long gap between the dying out of the flint arrowhead and
the invention of the flint-lock musket. This is true; but it
must be remembered that the flint in the guns was put there
to produce sparks, and was only an adaptation of the strike-a-
lights which all through the ages, and even within the memory
of many persons still alive, have been used for the purpose of
obtaining fire. There is, indeed, a considerable family likeness
between the flints made for the tinder-box and the prehistoric
flint implements which are known as ‘ scrapers.’
LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS.
The Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union Transactions (pages
151-212), for 1914, contain Miss S. C. Stow’s presidential
address on ‘ Plant Galls ’ and a lengthy account of ‘ The Birds
of Lincolnshire,’ by F. L. Blathwayt. In addition are the
reports of the general secretary and of the sectional officers,
namely, E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock, W. Denison Roebuck,
G. W. Mason, J. F. Musham and F. L. Blathwayt. There
are one of two shorter notes dealing with Cakile maritima,
‘ The Crested Lark,’ and Passer domesticus. The frontispiece
is a portrait of the Rev. Alfred Hunt, M.A., President 1907-8,
with the usual memoir, which is as usual inaccurately headed
“The Presidents of the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union.’ If
it is one of a series, the number should be given. Lincolnshire
geologists are apparently inactive at the moment.
1915 June 1.
184 - Notes and Comments.
CUMBERLAND NATURE RESERVE ASSOCIATION.
As will be seen.from the report in another column this
Association is doing excellent work in a part of the country
which we hope may for all time remain in as natural a state as
possible. The district and its fauna and flora appeal to many
besides those living in the neighbourhood, and the secretary,
Mr. Linnaeus E. Hope, F.L.S., of The Museum, Carlisle, would
be very pleased to have subscriptions, however small, which
he assures us would be put to a very good service.
BLAKENEY POINT.
The National Trust has issued an interesting report on
Photo by) q aie [W. Rowan.
Little Tern—-sitting.
‘Blakeney Point in 1914,’ which includes the: report of the
Management Committee and the Laboratory Report. Special
reference is made to the sections of the Bird Colony, and there
is some interesting information with regard to the flora. The
report is illustrated ; one of the blocks we are kindly permitted
to reproduce. The similarity between Blakeney Point and
its flora and fauna to that of Spurn is remarkable.
CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES’ COMMITTEE.
The Report of the Corresponding Societies’ Comnuttee and of
the Conference of Delegates held at Harve has been issued by the
British Association, 134 pages, Is. net. It contains Sir George
Fordham’s paper on ‘ The. History of the- Endeavour to Co-
Naturclist,
Notes and Comments. 185
ordinate the Work of Local Scientific Societies in Great Britain,’
and Mr. John Hopkinson’s s on ‘ Local Natural History Societies
and their Publications,’ with discussions. Mr. Hopkinson’s
paper has already been fully dealt with in this journal. There
is also a suggestion for a ‘ Bibliography of the Publications of
Local Scientific Societies,’ and the usual useful classified list
of contents of the publications of the Affiliated Societies.
| THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION.
For the meeting of the British Association, to be held at
Manchester from September 7th to 11th, under the presidency
of Professor Arthur Schuster, the following sectional Presidents
have been appointed :—Mathematics and Physics—Sir F. W.
Dyson. Chemistry—Professor H. B. Baker. Geology—Pro-
fessor Grenville Cole. Zoology—Professor E. A. Minchin.
Geography—Captain H. G. Lyons. Economics—Dr. W. R.
Scott. Engineering—Dr. H. S. Hele-Shaw. Anthropology—
Dr. C. G. Seligman. Physiology—Professor W. M. Bayliss.
Botany—Professor W. H. Lang. Education—Mrs. Henry
Sidgwick. Agriculture—Mr. R. H. Rew. Ev ening discourses
will be delivered by Mr. H. W. T. Wager on ‘ The Behaviour
of Plants in Response to Light,’ and by Dr. R. Sampson,
Astronomer Royal for Scotland.
THE HOUSE-FLY ; *
If the science of entomology needed any justification it is
afforded in this remarkable volume. Here we have a.book of
382 pages devoted to a single small insect of the Diptera, but
dealing with it in such a way that the book is indispensable
not only to the student of entomology, but to medical men and
officers of health. Moreover, apart from the chapter dealing
with the technical and detailed structure of the house-fly, the
book is extremely readable and interesting to the general
reader.
A MONOGRAPH ;
Among the numerous and remarkable advances which have
been made in the realm of medical science within the last
twenty years, none has created so wide a public interest, and
none has been destined to affect the future welfare and progress
of mankind to so great a degree, as the discovery of the role
which insects play in the dissemination of disease. We read
much nowadays of the havoc caused by the mosquito, by the
flea, and by lice. Of all revelations, however, none affects so
great a number of people in all countries, both by its significance
and effects, as the demonstration of the disease-carrying power
of the common house-fly. The presentation of our knowledge
* Musca domestica Linn., its structure, habits, development, relation
to disease and control, by C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc., F.R.S.C. (Cambridge
University Press, 15s. 8vo, pp. 282+-viii.).
1915 June 1.
186 Notes and Comments.
of this insect, its habits, and relation to disease, has thus
been rendered very desirable, and this difficult task the author
has undertaken with great success.
ITS CONTENTS.
There are chapters dealing with the Structure and Habits
of the House-Fly ; The Breeding Habits, Life History and
Structure of the Larva; The Natural Enemies and Parasites
of the House-Fly ; Other Species of Flies frequenting Houses ;
The Relation of House-Flies to Disease ; and Control Measures.
The chapters are illustrated by a number of coloured plates
very beautifully executed, and by a large number of illustrations
in the text. As showing the enormous amount of literature
on the subject it may be mentioned that the Bibliography takes
up 36 pages.
HIBERNATION OF ‘MUSCA DOMESTICA.’
The author goes very fully into the question of hibernation
of the House-Fly. The disappearance of flies towards the end
of October and during November is a well known fact and the
question is frequently asked, what becomes of them? To
this disappearance three causes contribute, namely, retreat
into hibernating quarters or into permanently heated places,
natural death and death from the parasitic fungus, Empusa
musce. The natural death of flies he considers may be com-
pared to the like phenomenon that occurs in the case of the
hive-bee, Apis mellifica, where many of the workers die at the
end of the season by the fact that they are simply worn out,
their function having been fulfilled.
BAT PELE Ss:
The flies which die naturally have probably bred for many
weeks or months during the summer and autumn, and in the
case of the females have deposited many batches of eggs ;
their life work, therefore, is complete. Those flies which
hibernate are the most recently emerged, and therefore, the
youngest and most vigorous. On dissection it is found that
the abdomens of these hibernating individuals are packed with
fat cells, the fat body having developed enormously. Mature
spermatozoa have been found in hibernating males. In some
females it was found that the ovaries were small and in others
very well developed.
s1Ore
The Proceedings of the Liverpool Naturalists’ Field Club for 1914
(84 pages) contain Mr. J. W. Ellis’s account of the Field Meetings, which
is mostly botanical; and Part 4 (Conclusion) of ‘ Wirral Fungi,’ by the
same author.
The Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, issued
April 21st, contain the presidential address of G. T. Bethune-Baker,
which deals with ‘ The Development of Clasping Organs in Insects.’ It is
remarkably well illustrated.
Naturalist,
187
A CUMBERLAND NATURE RESERVE.
ALTHOUGH the first General Meeting of the Cumberland Nature
Reserve Association took place on March 14th, 1913, when a
Council and Officers were elected, the active existence of the
Association commenced in February, Ig14.
The offer by the Corporation of Carlisle to hand to the
Museum Committee the historic common of Kingmoor to be
used as a Nature Reserve was the initial step, and a very ample
basis upon which to found a Nature Reserve Association. It
was shewn, however, that a Cumberland Nature Reserve
Association entailed a much wider scope of action, and that
there were many animals and plants in the county which
urgently required adequate protection, which were not numbered
amongst the denizens of Kingmoor Common or Wood, and
which might possibly never be included within the limits of
any Nature Reserve or sanctuary established in the county.
Therefore the objects of the “Cumberland Nature Reserve
Association ’’ include the establishment and assisting in the
upkeep of Nature Reserves in the county, as well as a scheme
for the protection of animals outside any such provisional
area. ;
There are three birds nesting in this county which are the
especial objective of egg collectors, viz.:—the Peregrine
Falcon, the Common Buzzard and the Raven. These fine
birds required the careful attention of the Association, and a
scheme was devized which has proved highly successful.
These birds’ eyries or nests occupy extremely isolated positions,
and to engage permanent watchers for the numerous areas in
which they occur would be impracticable. A member of the
Committee, Mr. Eric B. Dunlop, undertook to locate nests or
eyries of these species and report to the Sub-Committee ap-
pointed to deal with the matter, where possible ; arrangements
were then made with a resident in the district who undertook
to look after the nest, prevent molestation and report to the
Sub-Committee when necessary. If the birds successfully
reared their young he was paid a certain amount agreed upon.
During the spring of 1914 we had three Raven’s nests, two
Buzzard’s eyries and one Peregrine’s eyrie under supervision,
all of which successfully reared young. The Peregrine and
two of the Ravens are known to have previously endeavoured
unsuccessfully for several years to raise their broods.
To enable the Association to undertake this work, it was
necessary to acquire funds, and therefore the Council of the
Association decided to establish a ‘ Watchers’ Fund.’ <A
circular was printed drawing attention to the Association’s
work and requesting subscriptions.
The Association hopes to extend the scope of this phase
1915 June 1.
188 A Cumberland Nature Reserve.
of its work. in future years if sufficient financial support is
obtained: ©
Turning to what was primarily the object of the Association,
the promotion and provision of Nature Reserves in Cumber-
land, local Secretaries, Miss Newling and Mr. Ritson, have beem,
appointed in two districts, viz., Keswick and Wigton, in the
hope that suitable tracts of country will eventually be set apart
and properly administered by a local Committee.
Kingmoor Nature Reserve is the only fully constituted and
affiliated Reserve yet in the county, and in spite of many
difficulties encountered by the Reserve Committee, and the
despoliation of the land as a primitive tract which had been
going on for years, it,is a great success.
A grant of £25 from the funds was made for Ig14, and from,
that the Committee have done much good and _ necessary.
work, and, provided a regular keeper from April to September.
A bungalow was erected for the use of the keeper and wardens,
the building being the gift of Mr. F. W. Halton, while timber for
repairs and additions was given by Mr. A. Anderson. Major
Spencer Ferguson (Mayor of Carlisle), Mr. D. Losh Thorpe, and
the Hon. Secretary spent much time in arranging and providing
these necessaries, which included a suitable drinking pond for
birds.
Three gentlemen were appointed to compile lists of the
Flora and “Fauna of the Reserve with a view to compare t
with past records and also with future developments, viz.
Mr. F. H. Day for Insects ; Mr. T. Scott Johnstone, for Flowering
plants and general botany; and Mr. Jas. Murray, for the
Mosses and Liverworts.
Mr. Day records 15 species of Butterflies, 122 species of
Moths and 257 species of Beetles. Three of the beetles are new
to Cumberland, viz., Apion genista, Helophorus quadrisignatus,
and Psylliodes affints.
Mr. Johnstone reports the identification of 120 plants
growing on the common and in the wood. Some of these are
quite rare and have been previously recorded, among them being
the Whorl-leaved Meadow-Parsnip, Carum verticillatum, re-
corded by T. C. Heysham in 1837. It appears to be increasing,
but on the other hand at least 10 of the previously. recorded
species have not been seen during the past year. Twelve
hundred species of flowering plants have been recorded for the
whole of Cumberland, so that Kingmoor Nature Reserve, with
an area of less than 50 acres, can show exactly 10 per cent. of
the Flora of the county. The list will doubtless be. con-
siderably increased in future years.
Mr. J. Murray reports that the locality is not a good.one
for either mosses or liverworts, and that some of those noted
were abnormally stunted and ill-developed. This year he
Naturalist,
A Cumberland Nature Reserve. 189
identified 12 species of mosses and three liverworts, but states
that no doubt further searches will produce more species. -
Messrs. D. Losh Thorpe, Geo. Davidson, the Secretary, the
Rev. H. D. Ford and Miss E. Newling are responsible for the
particulars of the Vertebrates of the Reserve, and a list of 43
species of birds seen on the Common has been drawn up, 27
of which nested or reared their young, while 4 species of Mam-
mals and 3 of Reptilia and Batrachia were recorded. _,;
The Glaucous Gull, Great- -Spotted Woodpecker and Grass-
hopper Warbler are the best species recorded ; the last mentioned
nested on the Common.
The keeper had at one time about roo nests of various
species under observation, and this was probably doubled or
trebled as a total during the season. The most conspicuous
species was the Willow-Warbler.
Over 60 nesting boxes were fixed in the wood, provided by
Messrs. D. Losh Thorpe and F. Wright, 50 per cent. of which
were used, chiefly by Blue-tits.. The Committee is greatly
indebted to Mr. Lamb and his tenant Mr. Graham, of King-
moor Farm, for the pesmesdh to include the : wood in the
Reserve area.
Out of the whole fatber of nests of birds under obser vation
in the area, which included Pheasant and Partridge, only 6
nests were noticed destroyed—three by a grass fire which
occurred in May, one, a waterhen, by a dog killing the old
bird, one, a Willow-Warbler’s, the old bird killed by a weasel,
and one Blackbird’s nest. robbed by a Magpie. |
At the General Meeting in December, the Officers were
The Speaker of the House
of Commons, the Rt. Hon. J. W. Lowther; Vuice-Presidents,
Sir Benjamin Scott, J.P., Sir R. A., Allison, J.P., ‘The Mayor
of Carlisle, F. P. Dixon, Esq., J.P., The Mayor of Whitehaven :
H. W. Walker, Esq., J.P., R. Heywood Thompson Esq., J-P.,
F. P. Johnson, Esq., J.P., M.B.O.U., Henry Gandy, Esq., J.P.,
Harold Carr, Esq., E. R. Sheldon, Esq.; Chairman, Major
Spencer C. Ferguson, J.P.; Vice-Chairman, D. Losh Thorpe,
Esq., M.B.O.U.; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Linneus E.
Hope, Esq., F:ikS,
LEE:
LisT OF BIRDS SEEN IN KINGMOOR RESERVE, IOQI4.
*Mistle Thrush *Sedge Warbler *Linnet
*Song Thrush *Grasshopper Warbler *Bullfinch
*Blackbird *Hedge Sparrow *Yellowhammer
*Redbreast *Wren Spotted Flycatcher
*Whinchat “Tree, Creeper Swallow
*Whitethroat House Sparrow Great Tit
*Willow Warbler *Chaffinch *Blue Tit
*Wood Warbler *Greenfinch Coal Tit
1915 June 1,
190 A Cumberland Nature Reserve.
*Tree Pipit Swift *Moorhen
*Pied Wagtail Cuckoo Redshank
Skylark Great Spotted Wood- Lapwing
Starling pecker Curlew
*Magpie *Wood Pigeon Blackheaded Gull
*Rook *Partridge Glaucous Gull
Carrion Crow *Pheasant
This list does not include birds recorded before 1914, and of
which Mr. B. Johnston has a iist of 37 additional species.
MAMMALS.
Common Shrew Mole
Rabbit Weasel
AMPHIBIA AND REPTILIA.
Frog Toad Common Lizard
ENTOMOLOGY—Mr. Day writes :—-Years ago, because of its.
nearness to Carlisle, Kingmoor was much frequented by
collectors of butterflies and moths, and interesting insects were
captured from time to time. For the last ten years or so the
place has been neglected, as it was found that many of the
species were becoming scarce or disappearing altogether.
I have drawn up a list of the various butterflies and moths
(to the end of the Geometre) which I know have occurred
there, mostly based on my own investigations. The list
includes 15 species of butterflies—rather more than one fifth
of the British fauna, a really excellent list for such a small area.
Of the moths I have records of 122 species, and I believe
this number could be added to extensively.
The Lepidopterous fauna being so well known, I did not,
during the present season, spend much time in investigating
it any further, but I noticed the ‘ Orange tip’ was common
on the dampish ground about half way down the moor.
LEPIDOPTERA.
RHOPALOCERA (butterflies). Rumicia phicas L.
Pibyis brastite LU. SEG AU Ls icavus Rott.
P. vapa L. Nisontades tages L.
P. napi, L. BoMBYCES.,
Euchloe cavdamines L. Hylophila prasinana L.
A glais urtice L. Lithosta mesomella L.
Pyvamets atalanta L. Euchelia jacobee L.
Pyrameis cardut L. Nemeophila russula L.
Pavrarge megerva L. Ayctia caia L.
Satyrus semele L. Spilosoma fuliginosa L.
Epinephele janiva L. S. menthastri Esp.
E. hypevanthus L. Hepialus humuli L.
Cenonympha pamphilus L. H, velleda Hb.
* Nested in the Reserve.
Naturalist.
A Cumberland Nature Reserve.
Hepralus lupulinus L.
Cossus ligntperda Fb.
Dasychiva fascelina 1.
Bombyx rubi L.
B. quercus L. var. calluneé Palmer.
Odonestis potatoria L.
Saturnia pavonia L.
Drepana falcataria L.
Cilix glaucata Scop.
Dicranura vinula L.
Phalera bucephala L.
Pygeva pigra Huin.
Thyatirva batis L.
A sphalia flavicornis L.
Noctuz&.
Acronycta pst L.
A. vumicis L.
Diloba ceruleocephala L.
Leucania conigera F.
L. lithargyria Esp.
L.impura Hb.
L. pallens L.
Tapinostola fulva Hb.
Axyhia putris L.
Xylophasia vurea F.
X. lithoxylea F.
X, monoglypha Hun.
Chareas graminis L.
Apamea basilinea F.
A. gemina Hb.
A. didyma Esp.
Miana strigilis Clerck.
M. fasctuncula Haw.
Agyvotis segetum Schiff.
A. exclamationis L.
A. stvigula Thnb.
Noctua augur F.
N. plecta L.
N. brunnea F.
N. festiva Hb.
N. baja F.
N. xanthogvapha F.
Triphena comes, Hb.
T. pronuba L.
Teniocampa incerta Huin.
T. cyvuda Hb.
T. gothica L.
_ F. stabtlis View.
Anchocelis vufina L.
A. litura L.
Cerastis vaccini L.
Scopelosoma satellita L.
Xanthia fulvago L.
X. flavago F.
Miselia oxyacanthe F.
Agniopis aprilina F.
Phlogophora meticulosa L.
Hadena protea Bork.
H., oleracea L.
1915 June 1.
Hadena pisi L.
H., thalassina Rott.
Xylocampa areola Esp.
Calocampa exoleta L.
Plusia gamma L.
Anarta myrtilli L.
Phytometra viridartia Clerck.
Hypena proboscidalis L.
Hypenodes costestrigalis St.
GEOMETRAE.
Uvopteryx sambucaria L.
Epione apiciavia Schift.
Rumia luteolata L.
Selenta bilunaria Esp.
Odontopera bidentata Clerck.
Himera pennaria L,
Phigalia pedaria Fb.
Amphidasys stratavia Huin.
A. betularia L.
Cleorva lichenaria Hufn.
Boarmia vepandata L.
Pseudoterpna pruinata Huitn.
Geometra papilionaria L.
Iodis lactearia L.
Asthenia candidata Schiff.
Acidalia bisetata Hufn.
A. vemutaria Hb.
Cabera pusaria L.
C. exanthemata Scop.
Ematurga atomaria L.
Aspilates strigillavia Hb.
Abraxas grossulariata L.
Lomaspilis marginata L.
Hybernia vupicapraria Hb.
H. marginaria Bork.
H. defoliavia Clerck.
Cheimatobia brumata L.
Oporabia dilutata Bork.
Laventia didymata L.
L. multistrigavia Haw.
L. viridaria Fb.
Emmelesia albulata Schitt.
Eupithecia nanata Hb.
E. mtnutata Gn.
Hypsipetes sordidata Fb.
Melanippe sociata Bork.
M. montanata Bork.
M fluctuata L. :
Camptogramma bilineata“L.
Cidaria sitevata Hufn.
C. corylata Thnb.
C. tyuncata Hufn.
C. immanata Haw.
C. testata L.
Pelurga comitata L.
Eubolia palumbaria Bork.
Chesias spartiata Fues.
Tanagva atrata L.
(To be coutinued.)
Ig
192
GRIMMIA HARTMANI, Schp..
AN ADDITION TO THE YORKSHIRE MOSS FLORA.
CHRIS, A. CHEETHAM.
ON the occasion of the recent Bryological meeting in Crummock.
Dale, a moss was gathered which agreed with the description
of the above in all but general colour, it has since been submitted
to Mr. H. N. Dixon, F.L.S., who has kindly verified ithe
identification. :
A subsequent visit shows the moss to be fairly plentiful,
and suggests that it may have been overlooked as Rhacomitrium
heterostichum with which it is associated ; the colour is similar,
green above, black below, but it lacks the usual hoary appear-
ance of Fk. heterostichum owing to the very short hyaline points,
and it is more compact and neater in growth. The habitat
is on scattered siliceous boulders, not in streams nor where
likely to be submerged at any time, the situation is sub-alpine
as is shown by the Andrezeas, etc., in the vicinity, although the
altitude is only 750 feet above O.D.
-O;
Ancient Hunters and their Modern Representatives. By W. J. Sollas,
Macmillan & Co., 591 pages, 15s. net. The fact that this volume has
reached its second edition within four years, speaks well for its popularity.
In the present edition many changes and amplifications, etc., have been
made as a result of recent research ; in fact, the amount of new information
that has been obtained with regard to primitive man in recent years. is
extraordinary.
Text-Book of Embryology. Volume i., Invertebrata. By Professor
E. W. MacBride. Pp. xxxii+692. London: Messrs. Macmillan & Co-
Price, 25s. net. Since the publication of Balfour’s work on Comparative
Embryology in 1880, many additions have been made to our knowledge
of this intensely interesting branch of zoology. The need of a work
putting forward concisely the results of recent research in animal develop-
ment has for some time been urgent. This is now met, as far as the
Invertebrata are concerned, by the publication of Professor MacBride’s
handsome text-book. Its arrangement is a distinct improvement on the
earlier work of Balfour and contains some quite new and useful features.
The plan followed is to describe a number of typical life-histories, illustrat-
ing all the important groups of Invertebrata, selecting types which have
been fully worked out, and as far as possible, such as are easily accessible to
students in temperate regions. Thus the spider has been chosen as a type
of the Arachnida rather than the more generalised scorpion. A general
account of the development of other members of the group follows the
description of the type. In indicating some of the problems in the field
of embryology which still remain to be solved, and also in giving an account
of the methods of microscopical technique used by the best investigators,
the book will prove invaluable to students. It contains nearly five hundred
illustrations, and is provided with a copious index and bibliographies of
the more important works referred to. It is printed and got up in that
excellent way of which Messrs, Macmillans’ name is the hall-mark, and the
volume should certainly be acquired by every public and scientific society’s
library. ee
Naturalist, :
193
A DIARY OF ORNITHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS
IN BRITTANY.
EDMUND SELOUS.
(Continued from page 163).
JuLy 12TH.—The following was observed by me this morn-
ing, during about an hour’s watching. At 7 the female flew
in to the nest and fed the young twice in rapid succession.
She had left it only the moment before on the ‘ rattle’ of the
male, somewhere near. At 7-13 there were two more such
quick-recurring visits, and at 7-14 another, each time, I think,
the female. At 7-15 there is a double visit of both the birds.
Both [I think feed the young, the first certainly, and it is the
second arrival that now broods. 7-18, bird rises on nest, and
resettles itself ; 7-19, two quickly repeated conjugal visits (with
food, that is to say), to the sitting bird, and the latter feeds
the young with this, and then flies off ; 7-23, a bird flies in and
broods the young; 7-24, a conjugal visit, as before defined ;
7-28, another, and now I feel assured that both parents brood
the young, for the one that brought the food, and should there-
fore by previous observation, not contradicted so far as I had
perceived in the present instance, be the male, showed the one
upon the nest—the female—in many pretty ways, that it
wished to take her place there. He pressed gently against
her, looked a little anxious, toyed with his bill amongst the
feathers of her breast, etc., but she, with a pretty insistence,
still sat there, and was left in possession. I could see no other
way of accounting for these actions than a desire on the part
of the bird that used them to brood the young, and there was a
certain indefinable look also, which made it unmistakeable.
It is true that these actions in themselves seem more to desig-
nate the female, but in that case, the male was brooding.
Either way, I have now no doubt that he shares this duty (as
also probably that of incubation) with the female, though
probably not equally ; and this is so also, in the case of the
Garden Warbler. The brooding bird remains till 7-40 and then,
probably after taking food from the other, flies off, leaving the
nest empty.
7-43, a bird flies in and feeds young, then broods them.
This bird is so yellow that I think it must be the male. The
nest, with the bird on it, now looks inconceivably pretty, with
checkers of sunshine on the leafage about it.
7-47, the brooding bird shows signs of anxiety, gradually
increasing till it flies off. A moment afterwards either it or
its partner appears in the neighbourhood of the nest, and a
moment after that one or other of them flies down and feeds
the young. Having done so, it flies away at once, but either
1915 June 1.
194 Selous: Ornithological Observations in Brittany.
is quickly back and feeds them again, or the other one does so,
and there are two quick repetitions of this before the young are
brooded by the last provider. This one, just before 8, receives
a green caterpillar from the bill of its cava sposo.
JuLy 16TH.—This afternoon I watched the nest at very
close quarters for about an hour and a quarter. This proximity,
which yet left the birds entirely at their ease, I achieved by
pulling down the osier branches over and all around me, tying
them together with string, and then thatching them, as it
were, with bracken fronds. When all was completed I looked
right into the nest at only a step or two away. My chief
observations were as follows :—
(1) The habits of mutual accommodation, as between the
parents and young which have arisen in relation to the de-
foecation of the latter. So accustomed has the chick become to
have the excreta removed, immediately upon the performance
of this function, that the time of the arrival at the nest of either
parent has become connected in its mind with the act in
question, nor will it, apparently, unless through necessity
(which happens but rarely) relieve itself in this manner during
the intervals between such visits, but concurrently with them,
cocks up the anus, most evidently for the parent to perform
this office. The parent does so, as a matter of course, and if
there is any undue delay, pecks with its bill into the orifice,
thus hastening the evacuation. But whether the parent also
sometimes in the first instance, endeavours to induce the
young to defcecate, when it has, as yet, made no motion towards
it, I am not quite sure but think so, as it certainly directs its
bill downwards to the chick in the nest, and, I think, to that
part, whilst waiting obviously for this to take place. Moreover,
the other makes this, being but a slight extension of it, in
itself, probable.
(2) The occasional bringing to the nest of several flies at
a time, with which two or more chicks are fed.
(3) Once something very peculiar, viz., a long string, or
rather chain of flies, hanging one from another, as though the
legs had been threaded together. With this fly-chain, two
chicks, as a minimum, were fed.
(4) The excreta were either swallowed, at once, upon re-
moval by the parents, or else carried away by them.
(5) The ‘ rattling’ or harsh chattering note which would
be almost universally attributed to alarm or disquiet on the:
birds’ part, was frequent, even when feeding was proceeding
freely, and the young would often rise up open-mouthed in
the nest, upon hearing it. There were numerous visits at
irregular and mostly short intervals, and -both parents fed
the young. The time occupied was from about 6-30 to 7-45
p.m.
Naturalist,
Selous: Ornithological Observations in Brittany. 195
JULY 17TH.—At the nest again in the afternoon, at 2-50,
getting under the very close shelter I had made, and, during
an hour and 25 minutes from then, all my observations of
yesterday were confirmed. The chicks most certainly look
upon the visits of the parents as the proper occasions for
defcecation, nor have I once either to-day or yesterday, seen
them perform this act during the intervals of these, though
representing a longer period of time. The parents are both
very assiduous, the male nearly if not quite as much so as the
female; there is little, I think, to choose between them. The
food brought is mostly flies, including ephemerids and other
small flying creatures, but caterpillars are given, from time to
time, and twice this afternoon a Meadow-Brown Butterfly was
brought and presented whole to one chick. On a former occa-
sion, I had seen a bird of this species (possibly one of the pair)
with a good-sized moth in its bill. Several flies are usually
brought at a time, as with Wagtails, and once the male fed
two with a sort of ball of them, first letting one peck two or
three times at it, thus getting something, and then giving the
residue to the other. On other occasions, two or perhaps all
three of the young were fed, but it is more usual for one only
to be at each visit. Twice both the parents were at the nest
together, and each fed a chick.
Jury 18TH.—I sat and watched the pair at their nest, from
my nest, as I might call it, from 6 p.m. to nearly 8-30 p.m.
The young birds collectively defcoecated during this time,
either nine or ten times (I am not quite sure which, but I think
ten) and every time was during the visit of one of the parent
birds, who regularly took the dropping in transitu and either
swallowed it there and then, or flew off with it. There was
just one occasion, however, when the act was rather sudden,
and the parent did not quite succeed in its attempt to seize
the object, which fell to the ground. As with the Blackcap,
on a similar failure, it immediately dived down after it, and
either swallowed or carried it away in the bill—I cannot now
speak certainly as to which. The food consisted almost wholly
of flies, which were brought in, in little black balls, but there
also were two butterflies, a white one and a meadow brown,
and a caterpillar. Both parents took part in the feeding, which
continued, at short intervals, till about 7-30 when there was a
longer one of some twenty minutes. It then recommenced
and went on till twelve minutes past eight, when, as the very
last offering, the Meadow Brown Butterfly which I have
mentioned was given by the female, who, a moment afterwards,
came gently on to the nest, or, rather, the fledgling birds, for
they now entirely filled it. It seemed rather a difficult matter
for her to brood them, and she was often pushed up by one
head or another and only got into position again with some
1915 June 1,
1960 Selous : Ornithological Observations in Brittany.
difficulty, but she sat at last completely covering all three,
high above the level of the nest, like a little sylvan queen on
her throne. At 8-15 the male was heard, and at 8-25 again,
each time some little way off. It was just a single rattle the
first time, several the second. All then became gradually still,
but a little later, when ‘ the shades of night were falling fast’
a Thrush began to sing, and was still singing when [I left, at
about half-past eight.
JULY 2oTH.—Got up at 4. My watch was to-day indis-
posed, but as I postponed ablutions till my return, I must have
been under cover by 4-30 at the latest. At first I thought the
largest of the chicks was the hen on the nest, but the next
moment she arrived and fed one, and the feeding then went on
in the usual manner. Evidently, then, the birds begin their
domestic duties with the first light of morning (it was hardly
light at 4) and continue them till past eight in the evening, a
sixteen hours day. As my object in coming (which had been
to ascertain this) was now attained, and there was not likely to
be any new thing to see, with this species, I did not stay longer,
and in getting out of my quite perfect place of espial, made a
rustle, which, though only a slight one, set both the birds off
chattering—or rattling as I have called it, the sound is so
continuous and peculiar—in quite a wonderful manner. Their
anger, their indignation was extreme, causing them to assume
all sorts of strained and violent attitudes, and, as I began to
creep out on all fours, they clung to stems much lower down
than is their. custom, and, bending to the extreme length of
their bodies, flung down their fury on my head. Nor were they
alone, for a Robin, a Wren, and a hen Cirl Bunting now made
part of the angry chorus, which reminded me of the frontis-
piece to Bates’s ‘ Naturalist on the Amazons,’ except that there
they are all of one species—Toucans namely. But it at once
struck me that birds, here at home, do not mob men in this way,
but only Cats, and as only my head was now visible, and that
half-hidden and near the ground, I made no doubt it was a
Cat that I was taken for, especially as there is one often to
be seen about here, and always received thus heartily. When
I rose up my suspicion was at once confirmed, for there was an
immediate dispersal to a greater distance and a drop in the
intensity of the scolding. This reminds me that, a morning or
two ago, a hen Cirl Bunting—probably this same bird—came
into the neighbourhood of the nest, when there was an immedi-
ate jangle between her and these Warblers. Now again she
had come within the prohibited degree of proximity, as also
the other two, but, bound together by the stong tie of a common
hostility, this point did not arise. The lesser casus belli had
been merged in the larger one.
JuLY 21st.—On coming to the nest, this afternoon, I find
. Naturalist,
Reviews and Book Notices. 197
it empty. This does not surprise me as the young are now
fully large enough to have left the nest, and from sounds I
hear in the thicket, and the behaviour of the old birds, I have
no doubt they are still being tended and that all is in order.
Had they been taken, the parents would now have nothing to
be excited about, but would probably show signs of despondency
and listlessness. By rustling and playing the Cat, I had them
again about me, but this, perhaps, can hardly be used as an
argument, since the stimulus would be in connection with the
still more paramount law of self-preservation. However, the
time was ripe for their departure, and it is perhaps even still
more decisive for their having departed, and in peace, that the
nest remains im situ and intact.
———| 0 -——
Geology of To-Day. By Prof. J. W. Gregory, F.R.S. London: Seeley,
Service & Co., Ltd., 328 pages, 5s. net. This is ‘A Popular Introduction
in Simple Language.’ ‘The book is divided into four sections, Introductory,
Physical Geology, Historical Geology, and The Story of Life on the Earth.
Each section is really a small book in itself, and may be said to contain
the most recent information on the subject dealt with. The illustrations
and diagrams given with the volume are remarkably fine. An indication
of the up-to-dateness of the book is shown by the fact that the Piltdown
skull is described. It is a well printed volume and is remarkably cheap
at 5s. The frontispiece shows a statue of Agassiz thrown from its niche
above Arches, Stanford University, and is one of the most extraordinary
geological photographs we have seen.
Plant Life in the British Isles. By A. R. Horwood. London.: J. and
A, Churchill, 1915, Vol. IIIl., pp. xvi.+513, 6s. 6d. net. This is the third
and concluding volume on ‘ Plant Life in the British Isles,’ by Mr. Hor-
wood, and follows similar lines to the two earlier volumes already noticed
in the pages of this journal. In an introduction of 95 pages, the author
deals with what he terms ‘ the main principles of botany in brief.’ As in
the previous volumes, this consists of a scrappy condensation of facts and
fancies gleaned from a very varied literature, rather than a clear enun-
ciation of those elementary principles which it is necessary to place before
the beginner, for whom the work is written. In his endeavour to bring
in a wide range of subjects, the references are often too brief to be of value
and tend rather to confusion than helpfulness. Teleological explanations
are much to the fore, and are sure to produce erroneous impressions in the
mind of the young botanist. The very wide field covered, naturally
carries the author at times out of his depth, but he errs also on simpler
points, as when, on page 46, he refers to the germination of the seed as
‘the initial stage of a new generation.’ It will be news to the field botanist
that the Marsh Samphire (Salicornia herbacea) ‘is found in all parts of the
British Isles.’ The Saltwort (Salsola), we are told ‘is one of the strand
plants which take the place of a sand-dune formation where no dunes are
formed.’ This we suppose is an illustration of Ecology! Although, on
page 330, we are assured that the seeds of the Bluebell ‘ are dispersed by
the wind,’ those familar with our common woodland plants will be con-
vinced with difficulty that this is the usual mode of dispersal, or even that
the smooth globular seeds are well adapted for this purpose. Notwith-
standing these blemishes, the author has brought together a large col-
lection of interesting facts concerning our wild flowers, and the 121 photo-
graphic illustrations are a further aid to the usefulness of this well-
printed volume.
1915 June J. N
198
YORKSHIRE COLEOPTERA IN 10914.
W. J. FORDHAM, M.R.C.S., F.E.S.
(Continued from page 167).
*Meligethes brunnicornis Stm. Filey, a dark form. E.C. H.
+Meligethes ovatus Stm. Great Ayton, one by sweeping in
Airyholme Wood, August. M.L. T.
Ips 4 punctata Hbst. Bubwith, flood refuse. W. J. F.
tIps 4 pustulata L. Buckden, 1910. T. Stringer. (J. W.C.).
Rhizophagus cribratus Gyll. Raincliff Wood. E. C. H.
nitidulus F. Raincliff Wood and Stoney Haggs.
Loh Canals
dispar Pk. var. punctulatus Guill. (=oblongocollis
Bich.) Stoney Hages: ECE:
*Enicmus testaceus Steph. Filey. E. C. H.
*Corticaria serrata Pk. Filey. E.C. H.
+Melanophthalma transversalis Gyll var. wollastont Wat. Filey.
THC: ee
* Byturus sambuct Scop. Filey. LE. C. H.
tomentosus F. var. flavescens Marsh. Raincliff Wood.
lds Czas
* Telmatophilus caricis Ol. Sandall Beat, 15/6/1913. 4H. H. C.
Cryptophagus setulosus Stm. Selby, in diseased potatoes.
J. F. Musham.
+ pallidus Stm. Selby, in diseased potatoes. J.
F. Musham.
T saginatus Stm. Doncaster, October 1907.
HoH. Cy Bubwith;, 7197125) Week:
ii umbratus Er. Filey, in nest of field mouse.
EE Cali:
distinguendus Stm. Cusworth. H. H. C.
*Ephistemus globosus Waltl. Bubwith. W. J. F.
gyrinoides Marsh. Cloughton. E. C. H.
*Scaphisoma boleti Pz. Escrick. W. J. F.
Litargus bifasciatus F. Wheatley Wood, April, very common
under bark of felleditrees. “SHE Ct sis:
Elmis parallelopipedus Mill., E. subviolaceus Mill, E. cupreus
Mill. and £. mitens Mill. Richmond, by sweeping long
grass by the river, August. G. B. W.
Aphodius scybalarius F. var. conflagratus Ol. Filey. E. C. H.
constans Duft. Ingleby Moor, Cleveland. A. A.
Fordham.
T granarius L. © Escrick) r9or0) “We J. FE:
5: pusillus Hbst. Knaresborough. H. V. C. Bub-
with. W. J. F. (new both to W. & E. Ridings).
= depressus Kug. var. nigripes Steph. (=atramentarius
Er.) Bubwith” W: JE. Bemptons EH. Cor
* obliteratus Pz. East Cottingwith. W. J. F.
Naturalist,
Fordham: Yorkshire Coleoptera in 1914. 199
Cryptohypnus dermestoides Hbst. and var. 4 guttatus Lap.
Swale Bridge. Richmond, abundant, August. G. B. W.
*Cryptohypnus dermestoides Hbst. var. 4 guttatus Lap. Filey.
E. C. H. (The type form is not yet recorded from E.
Yorks.).
*Agriotes sputatoy L. Filey. E. C. H.
Corymbites holosericeus F. Dalby Warren, Thornton Dale.
Ce ils (ie. Ce Eb
metallicus Pk. Bubwith, a few by sweeping um-
bellifers on river bank. W. J. F.
*Cyphon nitidulus Th. Bubwith, 1912. W. J. F. (Since
reporting this as a new county record. I find a record
from Hayburn Wyke. WNat., 1891, pp. 287-8).
Lampyris noctiluca L. Scarth Nick near Redmire in Wensley-
dale, very abundant in June. G. B. W.
Ancistronycha abdominalis F.. Arncliffe. F. Booth. (J.W.C.).
pe Ok lituratus Fall. Bubwith. W. J. F.
thoracicus Ol. Bubwith. W. Jf. F.
Ptilinus pectinicornis L Bubwith. W. J. F.
*Chrysomela orichalcia Mill. var. hobsont Steph. Bubwith.
We Joa:
Galerucella calmariensisL. Filey. E.C.H. (Recorded from
Filey in 1878 by Canon Fowler).
- tenella L. Bubwith. W. J. F.
‘f pusilla Weise. Bubwith, 1912. W. J. F.
ee flexuosa Ill. Filey. E. C,H
exclamationis Thunb. Thorne, sweeping April.
HEL SC:
* Batophila rubi Pk. Filey. E.C. H.
Chalcoides fulvicornis F. (=smaragdina Foud). tvar. picicornis
Weise. Great Ayton, Sallows, August. M.L.T. Bub-
Witlin WV Tr.
* Hippuriphila modeert L. Bubwith. W. J. F.
* Tetratoma fungorum F. Skipwith. W. J. F.
Salpingus aeratus Muls. Ringing Keld Bog. E.C. H.
Metecus paradoxus L. Richmond, a fair number in wasp’s
nest, October. J.B. Howard. (G. B. W.).
Brachytarsus varius F. Thorne, April, sweeping. H. H. C.
Rhynchites cupreus L. Wildale, mountain ash, June. M. L. T.
Apion cruentatum Walt. Raincliff Wood, mole’s nest. R. A.
Taylor... ((E. Cc Ey.
pallipes Kirb. SilphoMoor. E.C.H. Filey. E.C. Hf
Richmond. G. B. W
bohemani Th. Filey. E.C. H.
“i trifolii L. Richmond, August, common. G. B. W.
i nigritarse Kirb. Bubwith. W. J. F. (also Richmond.
G.B.W. Arncliffe Wood. M. L. T.)
aethiops Hbst. and seniculum Kub. Richmond. G.B.W
1915 June 1.
200 Fordham: Yorkshire Coleoptera im 1014.
Apion gyllenhali Kirb. Hackness. E. C. H.
Polydrusus cervinus L.ab. maculosus Hbst. Filey. E.C. H.
*Phyllobius maculicorms Germ. Filey. E.C. H.
tSitones waterhouser Walt. Cantley. H. H. C. (This con-
firms a previous doubtful record. See Ann. and Mag. of
Nat. Hist. XVII., 1846, p. 235).
+Bagous limosus Gyll. Thorne, April, probably common.
ieee.
tAnthonomus pedicularius L. var. conspersus Desb. Kuldale
and Glaisdale, July, August, common on mountain ash.
Meal
Nanophyes lythr1 ¥, Thorne, April, sweeping. H. H. C.
+Ceuthorhynchus cyanipennis Germ. Filey. E. C. H.
* Rhinoncus castor F. Bubwith. W. J. F.
Phytobius 4-tuberculatus F. Roundhay Park, sparingly in
moss on walls in spring. E. W. M.
* Hylastes palliatus Gyll. Wheatley Wood, April, one under
barkioftelled tree, sli. I ies
* Phloeophthorus rhododactylus Marsh. Bubwith, 1910. W.J.F.
Piley.oats AC sible
Dryocetes villosus F. Cusworth, April, swarms. H. H. C.
iin 35.
*Pityogenes bidentatus Hbst. Lonsdale, Cleveland, 1908.
Ws} ae
Xyloterus domesticus L. Wheatley and Cusworth, under bark,
Apr “Ee Eee
+ Xyloterus signatus F. (= Trypodendron quercus Eich). Wheat-
ley and Cusworth, under bark, April. H. H.C.
+ Xyleborus dryographus Ratz. Cusworth, April, a few. H.H.C.
Rand 5) os
Os
The Board of Agriculture and Fisheries has recently issued special
leaflets, Nos. 11, 24, 28, 29, dealing with Poultry Houses and Appliances
for Allotment Holders, Cottagers, and others ; Seed Testing ; Suggestions
for the Cultivation of Catch Crops and Home Grown Feeding Stuffs ;
and Flax Growing for Fibre.
From Professor G. F. Atkinson, whose presence at one of the Yorkshire
Fungus Forays will be remembered by many, we have received the follow-
ing interesting papers :—‘ The Development of Aymullavia mellea,’ “ Homo-
logy of the ‘“‘ Universal Veil’ in Agaricus,’ ‘ The Development of A manz-
topsis vaginata,’ ‘The development of Lepiota clypeolavia,’ and ‘ The
Development of 4 gavicus arvensis and A. comtulus.’
From Mr. T. Petch, B.A., B.Sc., one of our workers in Ceylon, we have
received a number of interesting communications, namely, ‘ Havea Tapping
Results, Experiment Station, Peradeniya, 1911-1913,’ ‘ The Tapping of
an old Hevea Tree at Heneratgoda,’ ‘ The Genera Hypocrella and Ascher-
sonia,’ and ‘ Notes on the History of the Plantation Rubber Industry of
the East.’ The first two are Nos. 12 and 13 Bulletins of the Department of
Agriculture, Ceylon, while the third and fourth are reprinted from the
“Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya,’ volume v., part 7,
September, 1914.
Naturalist
201
THE SPIDERS OF WICKEN, WITH DESCRIPTION
OF TWO NEW SPECIES.
WM. FALCONER,
Slaithwaite, Huddersfield.
In a paper published in The Naturalist for October, 1912,
pp. 310-324, I recorded 107 species of spiders for Wicken, the
famous naturalists’ resort in Cambridgeshire. For the purpose
of continuing the investigation of the fen and its vicinity, I
have since paid the district two more extended visits, viz.,
from July 25th to August Ist, 1913, and from May 3oth to
June 6th, 1914. On both occasions favourable weather
conditions were experienced, but on the other hand the great
luxuriance of plant growths was found to be a decided hindrance
to successful collecting, at least as regards spiders. Most of
the rarities of the fen again occurred, amongst them being
Mengea warburtonit Camb., which does not seem to have been
noticed here, or has been unrecorded, since 1894, and the
black variety of Crustulina sticta Camb., (I 9), which has been
reported from various places in the South of England. At the
Sycamores in the village further examples of Scotopheus
blackwallu Thor., Steatoda bipunctata Linn., Leptyphantes
minutus Bl., Evo furcata Vill., Philodromus dispar Walck.,
and in the fen, Theridion pallens Bl., Leptyphantes tenuis B1.,
Bolyphantes concolor Wid., Porrhomma microphthalmum Camb.,
Dicymbhium nigrum Bl., and Walckenaera nudipalpis Westr.,
were taken. Marpessa pomatia Walck. was again abundant,
and in July the females were spun up in the heads of the reeds
with their newly hatched young. Further examples of Zora
letifera Falcr., were found to have the ocular pubescence,
(evidently more fugacious in this species), which was said in
the original description, Joc. cit. pp. 319-20, to be wanting.
Altogether 112 different species were obtained, of which
30, although a good proportion of them are by no means rare,
or restricted in distribution, do not appear to have been
previously recorded for the locality. Of the more noteworthy
ones, two, Centromerus incultus and Mayo sublestus, are new
to science, and are interesting additions to the number of
endemic species which are already known to inhabit. the fen.
Not included in any of the above totals are 4 others, which
are stated to have been obtained in the fen at various times,
but were not entered in my first list, because, in one instance,
I was not aware of its present identity, and in the others,
doubtful of the value to be attached to them. They are now
inserted, with the necessary particulars, in their proper places,
bringing the total for the district up to 141, a number which
certainly does not yet exhaust the possibilities of the fen, for
1915 June 1.
202 Falconer: The Spiders of Wicken, Cambridge.
in addition to the commoner kinds, which may be expected to
occur in their season, there is at least one other spider new to
science, but its generic position is uncertain, a solitary 9 only
having been taken (June).
A morning was spent on both occasions in Edmund Fen,
which adjoins the Burwell side of the ‘Ten Acres,’ and the
following were met with in addition to the few, which are
noted elsewhere :—-BoTH SEXxES—Clubiona holosericea Degeer,
C. reclusa Camb., C. subtilis L. Koch, Prosthesima latreillit C. L.
Koch, Zora letifera Falcr., Antistea elegans C. L. Koch, Theridion
bimaculatum Linn., Robertus lividus Bl., Bathyphantes pullatus
Cambr., Agyneta conigera Camb., Cidothorax gibbosus BL,
E. tuberosus Bl., Maso gallica Sim., Dismodicus bifrons Bl., Tiso
vagans Bl., Entelecara onissa Camb., Pocadicnemis pumila BL,
Tapinocyba subitanea Camb., Pachygnatha degeerit Sund.,
P. clercktt Sund., Pivata piraticus Clerck, Lycosa pullata Clerck,
L. farreni Camb., L. prativaga C. L. Koch, Neon valentulus
Falcr., Sztticus caricis Westr., Marpessa pomatia Westr.
MaLes—FEvigone atra Bl., Araeoncus humilis Bl. FEMALES—
Leptyphantes ericaeus Bl., Gongylidiellum vivum Camb., G.
murcidum Sim., Savignia frontata Bl., Wideria antica BL.,
Oxyptila flexa Camb., O. trux Bl., Tibellus maritimus Menge,
Trochosa spinipalpis F. O. P. Cb.
Nine species of harvestmen were noted, but only one,
Oligolophus spinosus Bosc., was of any consequence. O.
morio Fabr., and O. ephippiatus C. L. Koch were found to be
frequent visitors in the evenings to the lepidopterists’ “ sugar ’
and illuminated sheets, especially the latter, roaming over them
in search of the flies, etc., which settled on them.
Several mites were also secured, and for their identification
I sought the assistance of Dr. George and the Rev. J. E. Hull.
ADDITIONS LO.L1s §
SPIDERS.
Segestria senoculata Linn. One female on right side of fen.
Prosthesima lutetiana L. Koch. Several immature examples
collected in the fen by Mr. W. Farren about 1869, and deter-
mined to be this species by M. E. Simon, (‘Spiders of Dorset,’
p. 463). Not noticed since. P. latreillen C. L. Koch, has
however occurred in an adult state. P. lutetiana is a very rare
British spider, but widely distributed.
Clubiona brevipes Bl. An adult male from the left side of
the fen.
Agroeca proxima Camb. A female from the left of the fen.
Lathys humilis Bl. An adult female beaten from the
bushes on the left hand at the entrance to the fen, June, Igr4.
Amaurobius fenestralis Stroem. Many examples, immature
and adult, in the cracks of tree trunks in the Drive.
Naturalist,
Falconer: The Spiders of Wicken, Cambridge. 203
Argyroneta aquatica Latr. The ‘ Water-spider,’ numerous
adult females and immature examples of both sexes in the
ditch by Spinny Bank; probably also in other weed-filled
dikes and pits of the fen, which were not searched.
Tegenaria derhamii Scop. Outhouses at the Sycamores
and at the Fen Cottage.
Cicurina cinerea Panz., sub. Coelotes 1immaculatus Camb.,
‘Spiders of Dorset,’ p. 169. One female in the fen. This
synonym, which does not appear in his ‘ List of British and
Irish Spiders,’ has been kindly communicated to me by the
Rev. O. Pickard Cambridge. Not a common spider but widely
distributed.
Leptyphantes pallidus Camb. One female, Lepidopterist’s
Drove, one male on left of fen, June, 1914. Widely distri-
buted but not very common.
Bathyphantes gracilis Bl. Many of both sexes from various
parts of the fen, and amongst heaps of sedge litter.
Centromerus expertus Camb. One male and numerous
females from various parts of the fen, Lepidopterist’s Drove
and Edmund Fen. A female was taken in 1912 by Dr. Jackson
but not recorded.
C. incultus sp. nov. An adult female, July ,1913, from the
right of the fen. The example was posted to Cracow, to obtain
the opinion of Professor Kulczynski, but was unfortunately
lost in transit. It had, however, been seen by both the Rev.
O. Pickard Cambridge and Dr. Jackson. As it will probably
turn up again if looked for in autumn, I describe and figure
it below.
Microneta viaria Bl. A few females from the Drove and
the fen.
Micryphantes rurestris C. L. Koch. Numerous males and
females from various parts of the fen and in the Drive.
M. saxatilis Bl. 4 males and 1 female, Lepidopterist’s Drove.
M. mollis Camb. One male on right of fen, and several
females amongst heaps of sedge litter on the Drove, July,
1913. An uncommon spider, which has been recorded for
Dorset, Gloucestershire, Essex, Warwickshire and Glamorgan.
Maso sundevallii Westr. Several of both sexes from the
Drove, and one male from the Drive.
(Edothorax apicatus Bl. One male from grass in the Drive.
Very widely distributed, but not common.
(E. fuscus Bl. Numerous examples, both sexes, from various
parts of the fen and heaps of sedge litter.
(E. retusus Westr. Numerous examples, both sexes. from
various parts of the fen and heaps of sedge litter.
Maro sublestus sp. nov. One adult female, shaken from old
bundles of Cladium, far back on left hand side of the fen,
June, 1914. For description, etc., see below.
1915 June 1.
204 Falconer: The Spiders of Wicken, Cambridge.
Erigone dentipalpis Wid. Many of both sexes from various
parts of fen, the Drove and the Drive.
Erigone graminicola Sund. A female from the fen, June,
1912 (Dr. A. R. Jackson), but not determined until later.
Lophocarenum nemorale Bl. Three females from an old
heap in Edmund Fen.
Cnephalocotes elegans Camb. An adult male from the
left of the fen, June, 1914. Once considered a very rare spider,
but recently it has been met with in several Northern localities,
and in a few of them more or less freely.
Wideria melanocephala Cambr. An adult male from a heap
of sedge litter in the Drove, June, 1914. A rare spider previously
recorded for Dorset, the New Forest, Delamere Forest (Cheshire)
and Carlow, Ireland.
Ceratinella brevipes Westr. A female from the left of the
fen, and one of each sex from heaps in the Drove.
Epeiva diademata Clerck. In the garden of the Sycamores.
Epeiva adianta Walck. Several males and females were
presented to me some years ago by Mr. F. P. Smith, for whom
they were collected by an old pensioner, now dead, who stated
they had been taken in Wicken fen. It is very strange, how-
ever, that such a striking spider should not have been noticed
by any subsequent observer, and it is quite probable that an
error has been made.
Oxyptila praticola C. L. Koch. An adult male from a heap
in the Drove (June, 1914). Widely distributed in England,
rare in Ireland, but not yet noted for Scotland.
Pirata hygrophilus Thor. Four females from various parts.
of the fen.
Salticus scenicus Clerck. Both sexes on the walls of a house
in the village.
Hyctia niwvoyt Luc. ‘Spiders of Dorset,’ p. 560; an im-
mature female. A very unmistakeable spider, usually fre-
quenting coast sandhills, but local in its distribution, Pee in
England most often met with on the south coast.
(To be continued).
Oe
We regret to notice the death of Mr. Joseph Horsfall Turner, of Idle,
at the age of 70. In one way or another Mr. Turner has published an
enormous amount of matter relating to the antiquities of Yorkshire,
including a number of magazines, etc., such as ‘ Yorkshire Notes and
Queries,’ and ‘ The Yorkshire Genealogist.’
The Lord Mayor of Newcastle (Alderman Fitzgerald) presided at a
representative meeting in Newcastle recently to consider the invitation
given last year to the British Association to visit Newcastle in 1916.
Principal Hadow said that if the war were not over the business would
—as at the Manchester meeting this year—consist entirely of scientific
papers and the interchange of scientific thought.
Naturalist,
NATURAL HISTORY OF
SAWLEY AND EAVESTONE, NEAR RIPON.
PROVERBIALLY fickle is the month of April, but the party who
assembled at Ripon Station on April 24th to participate in
the first excursion of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union’s pro-
gramme for the present season, although naturally disappointed
at the drizzling rainfall, commencing practically on their
arrival, did not let it daunt their cheeriness, for there were
signs that it would clear. This proved to be case about noon,
Yorkshire Naturalists near Ripon.
and although remaining dull, yet the work of the various
sections was not interfered with to the extent which once
appeared likely.
The area of investigation was within the Ure drainage,
and comprised the townships of Sawley (except ‘Sawley
detached ’), Eavestone, and such parts of Warsill and Bishop
Thornton as le within the Ure drainage. This area had not
previously been visited by the Union, and thus an added zest
was given to the excursion.
The seven miles drive from Ripon to the head of Picking
Gill was through a vast pastoral plain, and proved very en-
joyable. On arriving at their destination, the party had the
pleasure of making the acquaintance of Mr. James Ingleby, of
1915 June 1.
206 Natural History of Sawley and Eavestone.
Eavestone, a veteran naturalist of eighty-four years, who has
kept careful records of some of the natural features of the
neighbourhood. In particular he furnished notes on the district
for the ‘ Birds of Yorkshire,’ and his records of mollusca have
also proved of use, and he possesses a good collection of local
fossils. Mr. Ingleby proceeded with the zoologists to Eavestone
and these gentlemen of the younger generation afterwards
commented upon the old gentleman’s remarkable vigour.
Picking Gill is a delightful sylvan valley, and although it
was evident that it was too early to see the ground vegetation
to perfection, yet there were many interesting phases of
vegetation, while the beauty of the Gill as a whole was ample
recompense for the journey. After passing through Hebden
Woods, a visit was made to the Wet Carr and Mill Gill Woods,
the return to headquarters (Risplith House), being through
Sawley Village.
The President. of the Union (Mr. Riley Fortune, F-ZS_);
occupied the chair at the meeting held at the close of the
excursion, when reports upon the work accomplished were
given as follows :—Vertebrate Zoology, Mr. H. B. Booth,
F.Z.5:; Conchology, Mr: W: Denison ‘Roebuck PEs a
Flowering’ Plants, Mr. J. Hartshorn; Mosses, Mr. C. A.
Cheetham ; Hepatics, Mr. R. Barnes; Fungi, Mr. A. E. Peck ;
Lichens, Mr. W. E. L. Wattam ; Geology, Mr. E. Hawkesworth.
A vote of thanks to the landowners, the Marquis of Ripon,
Lord Furness, Sir John N. Barran, Bart., M.P., Captain W. F.
Wormald, and Captain Greenwood for the exceptional facilities
given, was passed. A similar compliment was paid to Mr.
Samuel Margerison. It was due to his exertions in calling
attention to the attractiveness of the area, and in obtaining
members of the Union to interest themselves in materials
collected by him, as well as for the excellent manner in which
he had carried out the local arrangements, that the excursion
was so pronounced a success ; and those present voiced their
appreciation of his services and many courtesies, most heartily.
A fair number of members prolonged their stay over the week-
end, and to these Mr. Margerison read an interesting paper on
‘The Natural History of the Sawley District,’ which was
illustrated by maps, his relief map of the district being an
excellent piece of workmanship.—W. E. L. W.
Appended are the reports of the various sections.
GEOLOGY.—Mr. Edwin Hawkesworth writes :—For some
unknown reason, the Geological Section was very meagrely
represented, which is regrettable, as the district offered many
attractions. The fine gorge of the Skell, and one or two of the
smaller gills, suggested interesting glacial problems, but time
did not permit of any close study of them. An instructive
section in a ‘gravel pit’ at Clipped Thorn was examined.
Naturalist.
Natural History of Sawley and Eavestone. 207
This was 400-500 feet above sea-level, and appeared to be on
the summit of the watershed between the Skell and Ure. The
material was a dirty sand, containing large numbers of pebbles
and boulders, which included many kinds of Carboniferous
limestones and cherts, grits, ganisters, and Magnesian limestones.
Some of the boulders were fairly big, there was no stratification
visible, the included stones being scattered quite indiscrimi-
nately throughout the mass. This, coupled with the fact that
many of the boulders and pebbles were well polished and
striated, forced one to the conclusion that the deposit was a
moraine. At Pickerstones, about 700 feet O.D., the main
party saw a section of gravel. A quarry in Fountains Lane,
where the ‘ Shell Bed,’ a member of the Cayton Gill series
in the Millstone Grit is exposed, was examined, and many
characteristic fossils were noted.
VERTEBRATE ZooLocy.—Mr. H. B. Booth, F.Z.S. writes :—
Because of the interest attached to the only really reliable habitat
of the Lesser Horse-shoe Bat in Yorkshire, and this being its
most northerly British record, the members of the Vertebrate
Zoology Section investigated the Eavestone caves and lakes.
Our guide was Mr. James Ingleby, who was chiefly responsible
for having added this species to the Yorkshire fauna. A
thorough search of the particular cave was made with the aid
of artificial light, but, unfortunately, with a negative result.
No sign of any species of Bat was visible—excepting a skeleton
which Mr. Ingleby previously informed us that we should find
lying on a rock inside the cave. This skeleton had almost
perished and I am not certain that it belongs to a bat at all.
Mr. Ingleby informed us that the end of this colony of Lesser
Horse-shoe Bats had been hastened by some lads visiting the
cave one Sunday afternoon, and liberating the bats in Sawley
church during service the same evening. The vicar made
strong representations to the local landowner, who in turn
instructed his gamekeepers to bank up the small entrance
to the cave, which remained so for a year or two. An adjacent
and similar cave—(in which the bats might have taken refuge
if they were not all fastened in)—was equally thoroughly
searched, but without any success. In the opinion of those
present, a certain gentleman, who was known to have occasion-
ally visited this cave for specimens, was also partly responsible
for the extermination of this isolated colony.
It is reported that this particular Bat still occurs at another
place a few miles distant. We hope so, but this probably
ends one of the most interesting of Yorkshire wild mammals.
Very few Squirrels were to be seen in what appeared to be
almost a Squirrel’s paradise. This was explained by a game-
keeper (Mr. Fearnley), that probably their decrease was due
to a great abundance of Rabbits formerly, which had gnawed
1915 June 1.
208 Natural History of Sawley and Eavestone.
at, and killed, most of the hazel bushes, thereby reducing the
annual crop of nuts. But there was plenty of other food for
Squirrels, and we should attribute their decrease to other
causes, possibly, amongst these, to the increase of the number
of males in proportion to females, as has been known to be the
case with the liberated North American Grey Squirrel in this
country. Rabbits were certainly anything but abundant.
A huge Badger ‘ earth’ was examined. There was good evid-
ence to prove that the Water Vole is abundant at Eavestone
Lake.
In birds the chief features noticed were three pairs of
Tufted Duck on Eavestone Lake, and the number of Stock Doves
evidently nesting in the cliffs surrounding the lake. The
Nuthatch, a decreasing Yorkshire species, and always worth
recording, had been noted by Mr. Margerison for several days
in the vicinity of Risplith House. The Greater-Spotted
Woodpecker was heard, and a newly-formed nesting-hole appar-
ently of the Green Woodpecker was noted. Among other
species seen were the Grey Wagtail, Dipper, Mallard, and a
single Yellow-hammer (near to Sawley village). The song of
the Mistle Thrush, or Sto:rmcock, accompanied us throughout
the day’s excursion, no doubt as appropriately reminding us
of the weather. Pheasants were numerous, anda nest contain-
ing sixteen eggs (apparently deserted) was seen. Owing to the
war, no artificial rearing is to be done this season.
Perhaps Raven’s Crag overlooking Eavestone Lake is worthy
of passing note. It is reported to be an ancient nesting haunt
of the Raven. Mr. Ingleby informed us that it was stated
when he was a boy that Ravens bred there annually, until a
local farmer, who had lost some lambs, offered £1 to anyone who
would destroy them. In his opinion this would refer to the
beginning of the nineteenth century, since when, he was
certain that they had not bred there, on the evidence of old
men when he was still a youth. For the date of this excursion,
summer migratory birds were extremely scarce, no doubt owing
to the cold unseasonable weather. Two or three Willow
Warblers, a few Swallows, and a Wheatear completed the list.
In the lower vertebrates there was nothing noted of import-
ance. Trout were much in evidence in the streams, and ‘ rising ’
in the Eavestone Lake, and the Toad was common in the lake
in Picking Gill.
(To be continued).
> 0 i——
We learn from the daily press that ‘ornithologists will be interested
in the case of the man who, charged at Marylebone with stealing a parrot,
said that he took it for a lark.’
We presume the controversy in reference to the Piltdown skull is now
at an end. We notice that Dr. A. Smith Woodward and Dr. Keith are
both ‘hung’ in the Academy this year.
Naturalist,
209
UNDESIRABLE INSECT ALIENS AT DONCASTER.
Hy. CORBETT, M.R:GCS;
On Saturday, May 8th, I was asked to visit a tannery in
this town, in order to examine some damaged hides from India.
The hides had evidently got damp during trans-shipment
and fermentation had taken place. Those that I saw were
stained almost black in parts, and there were many cracks
and holes in them. On and about them were numerous
insects, some dead and crushed, many alive and active. One
bale had not been opened, but on thrusting one’s hand into
it, it was found to be very warm inside. On the following
Monday I again visited the place while the bale was being
opened. Here indeed was ‘ good hunting.’ As the heated
and rotten hides were lifted off, insects crawled and ran about
in hundreds. I took samples of all the species that I could
catch and the following list will show what was there. It
will be seen that most of the species are well-known warehouse
pests, but one is an addition to the Yorkshire list, and others
are far from common.
EUPLEXOPTERA.
Apterygida arachides.—Mr. Porritt tells me that this
species has been taken in a bone warehouse in the Isle of
Sheppey, but so far as he knows not elsewhere in Britain.
ORTHOPTERA.
Phillodromia germanica.—This species was very abundant.
My thanks are due to Mr. Porritt for naming these species.
COLEOPTERA.
Carpophilus mutilatus Er.—Abundant and much more
active than C. sexpustulatus. A new West Riding record.
Laemophloeus ferrugineus Steph.—This insect was the most
aboundant species and occurred literally in thousands.
Necrobhia rufipes De G.—A few living, and many dead and
crushed.
Alphitobius diaperinus Panz.—Abundant, more so than the
following species.
Alphitobius piceus Ol.—Not so common as A. diaperinus.
Both the Alphitobii are new records for the West Riding.
Tribolium ferrugineum F.—Abundant.
Besides these insects there were a few chelifers which I
have not yet named.
Ore
The Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1914, parts
3 and 4, include a paper on ‘ The Authorship and First Publication of
the “ Jurinean ”’ Genera of Hymenoptera: Being a reprint of a long-lost
work by Panzer, with a translation into English, and Introduction, and
Bibliographical and Critical Notes.’ by the Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., and
Jno. Hartley Durrant.
1915 June 1.
210 FIELD NOTES.
LEPIDOPTERA.
East Yorkshire Lepidoptera.—In the Entomologist’s Record
for April last, is @ paper by MrA.S. Wetley, sMeAyeenruicn,
‘Lepidoptera round about Scarborough.’ The lepidopterous
fauna of Scarborough, has, of course, been well-known for many
years, but fortunately Mr. Tetley has extended his excursions
a good deal further afield, with the result that we get some very
interesting records. Perhaps the most valuable is the con-
firmation of the old record of Nola strigula, which we are told
still occurs in Raincliff Woods, Scarborough. This species
- was included in the ‘ List of Yorkshire Lepidoptera’ in 1883,
but the record seemed so doubtful that in the preface to the
‘Supplement’ to that List, it was included with five other
species which it seemed desirable to delete. Then of Melanargia
galathea Mr. Tetley tells us he first found the species on the
Wolds near Cowlain in 1902, and that it was really abundant
there in 1914. Other noteworthy records include Lycena
agestis which swarms on the Wolds near Pickering ; Thecla
W-album, Sleightondale, to the west of Pickering ; Nemeobius
lucina, Helmsley ; Chortobius davus, in two places on the
moors in the East Riding ; Pyrocris statices ‘ in the marshes at
Seamer’; Pyrocris geryon, “common on Haugh Rigg, near
Pickering’; Chelonia plantaginis, common on the moors of
the East Riding; the three species, Tapinostola elymi1, Mam-
estra albicolon, and Agrotis ripe, all ‘on a patch of sandhills
some three miles south of Bridlington, where once stood the
village of Auburn,’ all of them as Yorkshire species only
previously recorded from Spurn; Epunda lutulenta, on the
coast ; Toxocampa pastimum, Sledmere and Pickering ; Plusia
interrogationis, common on the moors near Ravenscar, etc.
Scotosia undulata, two specimens in a pine wood above Beedale.
—GeEO. T. Porritt, Huddersfield, May, 3rd, rg15.
SOS
BIRDS.
Grasshopper Warbler at Mytholmroyd.—Apparently the
first appearance of this species in this district occurred on a
swampy piece of ground just off the main road up the Cragg
valley, Mythoimroyd, on April 29th. It was seen by Mr.
C. J. Dugdale, who informed me of it on May 8th, on which
evening I listened to its continuous trill from 8-30 to 8-45 p.m.
On the following night the bird uttered its first few notes at
8 o'clock, and a short time afterwards was in full song. I
saw it several times on this occasion. It appears to spend
all its time in two bushes; when flushed from the one it flew
to the other, and vice versa.* Thomas Allis mentioned the
* Mr. Dugdale also informs me that he saw a tern (species ?) consorting
with black headed gulls in the Calder at Greenhill, Mytholmroyd, on May
6th. This is also an unusual occurrence here.
Naturalist,
Northern News. 2IIr
species as frequenting Hebden Bridge in his 1844 list of York-
shire birds, but I have never been able to trace a positive
occurrence prior to the present. The attention of persons not
interested in birds was arrested by the song, and there were
frequently little groups of listeners gathered in the main road.
The bird was still singing in the same place on May roth. On
the preceding Sunday Mr. Dugdale says it sang all day, prac-
tically continuously.—WALTER GREAVES.
Early Arrival of Swifts.—For the second year in success-
ion Swifts have arrived in Harrogate abnormally early. This
year, on the 30th April a considerable number arrived, and
on the rst of May we appeared to have our full numbers,
and they were chasing each other round in small flocks,
screaming in their characteristic manner, as if they had been
with us for a month or more. This is only the second time
that I have known them arrive in April, May 6th being their
usual date.—R. FORTUNE.
, OS
We notice The Yorkshive Observer has re-commenced the ‘ Out of
Doors’ column, which appears on Friday mornings. Several Yorkshire
naturalists contribute.
We see from the Yorkshive Observer that at the Yorkshire Assizes
at Leeds, on May 5th, an action for damages for libel was brought by
Lionel Walmsley against Mr. T. Sheppard, curator of the Hull Museums
and joint editor of The Naturalist, and others. Mr. Cuthbertson was
for the plaintiff and Mr. R. A. Shepherd for the defendants. Mr. Cuth-
bertson said that the plaintiff, who was about 22 years of age, wrote two
articles, which were revised and reprinted in book form in March, 1gr4.
Various copies of this book, which was called ‘A Guide to the Geology
of the Whitby District,’ were sent out for review, including one to The
Naturalist, where it was reviewed in May, 1914, and it was there stated
‘ During the past six years, at any rate, the author seems to have become
fairly familiar with the principal memoirs dealing with the district, and
in these he has deeply delved, and made tracings of the plans, sections,
and fossils, etc.’ This was the part of the libel which he regarded as
serious. Before evidence was called the Judge suggested that this was
a case in which some effort might be made to reach a settlement, and after
a consultation between the parties it was agreed that the records should
be withdrawn. Mr. Shepherd said that his clients had no desire at any
time to harm the career of the plaintiff, and had no knowledge that the
words used could do so. His clients had no intention of saying that the
book was not to a very large extent original work. Of course, the plaintiff
had studied the works of the people who had spent years in investigating
the geology of the district, but his clients were quite prepared to say that
the plaintiff's work was of good, substantial merit. Mr. Cuthbertson said
his client had not brought the action to put money into his pocket, but
because he thought his reputation had been attacked. Once it had been
established by what Mr. Shepherd had properly said on behalf of the
defendants there was no more to be said, and he was willing that the
records should be withdrawn. The Judge said he was very glad that
course had been taken. He was convinced of two things—that the book
was of undoubted merit and contained original and useful work; and
that the defendants never had any real intention or saying anything
spiteful of injurious to the plaintiff.
1915 June 1.
NEWS FROM THE MAGAZINES.
Professor C. J. Patten contributes some notes on ‘ The Aquatic Warbler’
to The Zoologist, for March.
The Entomologist’s Record for May has an article on ‘ Breeding Odon-
topera bidentata,’ by W. Bowater.
The Lancashive and Cheshive Naturalist for April contains a continu-
ation of Dr. J. W. Ellis’s ‘ Wirral Mycetozoa.?
The Geological Magazine for May contains a memoir and portrait of
Dr. A. Strahan, under the ‘ Eminent Living Geologists’ series.
Knowledge for May contains a well illustrated article on “Some Notes
on the Biology of the Larger British Fungi,’ by Somerville Hastings.
The Belfast Museum and Art Gallery has issued its 47th publication,
which deals with ‘ engravings’ and is well illustrated. It is sold at 1d.
The Entomologist for May contains an article on ‘The Rearing of
Larvae’ with special reference to the British Lepidoptera, by C. Rippon.
The Scottish Naturalist for May includes a note on the ‘ Occurrence of
the Eastern Short-Toed Lark at Fair Isle: an Addition to the British
Avi-fauna.’
In the May issue of The Selbourne Magazine, the editor informs us that
originally ‘an Adder ’ was called ‘a Nadder,’ and that another amphibian
now called ‘a Newt,’ was originally termed ‘an Ewt.’
No doubt owing to the war, The Quarterly Journal of the Geological
Society, No. 280, for December, issued April 9th, 1915, is the smallest
number we ever have noticed. It contains a single paper dealing with
New Zealand Lavas.
From a circular issued by Mr. A. Flatters, of 16-20 Church Road,
Longsight, Manchester, we gather that The Micrologist, the second volume
of which was completed in April 1914, will be revived in October next,
providing sufficient subscribers (6s. 8d. per annum) are forthcoming.
Perhaps our readers who are interested will communicate with Mr.
Flatters.
According to The Daily News, ‘ the butterflies of this month are very
few, apart from the second-hand hibernators from last year. The green
hairstreak is a surprise without a rival. Who could see an apple-green
butterfly without marking it with a red letter.’ To this Punch adds:
‘This branding of butterflies, even if they are second-hand, ought to be
stopped.’
Wild Life for May has four important contributions, namely, ‘ The
Blackcocks’ Tournament,’ by H. B. Macpherson, ‘A Critical Study of
British Rats,’ by F. J. Stubbs; ‘ The Early Breeding Habits of the Shag,’
by Edmund Selous, and ‘The Orange-Tip Butterfly,’ by A. E. Tonge,
all of which are illustrated in the remarkably fine way now expected in
this interesting publication.
The New Phytologist published March 31st (the volume number, etc.,
etc., are much too long to quote) contains the following items: ‘New
Marine Fungion Pelvetia,’ ‘ Vegetative Production of Flattened Protonema
in Tetraphis pellucida,’ ‘The Algal Vegetation of Some Ponds on the
Hampstead Heath,’ ‘A Somerset Heath and its Bryophytic Zonation,’
‘The Inter-relationships of Protista and Primitive Fungi,’ etc.
From The Haslemere Natural History Society we have received Science
Paper No. 6, ‘English Science and its Literary Caricaturists in the 17th
and 18th Centuries,’ an address given at the 25th Anniversary of the
Haslemere Natural History Society, 12th December, 1913, by Sir Archibald
Geikie, O.M., K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S. (45 pages, price 6d.). As might be
expected from anything by Sir Archibald Geikie, the address is a very
fascinating one and is extremely humorous.
Naturalist,
oe in the Great War
meetes By 'E, HERDMAN,
Wi Se. F.GiS:
(Lecturer in Geography, Municipal Training College, Hull).
72 pages, crown Svo, with
Maps, sewn tn
stout printed cover, od. net, post free rod. net.
A feature of vast importance in the titanic strug
gle now taking
place is the geographical condition of the various. countries. In
‘* Some Geographical Factors ”’
the author provides much interesting
information which helps his readers to a wider understanding of an
important aspect of the present campaign.
on ‘‘ The Problems of Nationality ”’
The concluding ‘chapter
affords a glimpse of the immense
difficulties that face those statesmen to whose heads and hands will
be committed the adjustment of the new boundaries.
The “Literary World”
says -—‘* Those who would follow intelligently
‘the movements in this world contest will find much help in this little
handbook. Mr. Herdman’s
exposition of the part played in the war
by the great land-gates and the* seas is clear and informing, and is
followed by some sound reasoning on the commercial war
problems of nationality.”
LonpDon:
and the
A. BROWN '& SONS, Lrp., 5,. FARRINGDON AVENUE, -E.C.
AND AT HULL AND YORK,
WATKINS &
DONCASTER
NATURALISTS,
36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.
(Five Doors from Charing Cross),
re _ Keep in stock every description of
APPARATUS, CABINETS, BOOKS, AND SPECIMENS
for Collectors of
BIRDS’ EGGS, BUTTERFLIES, MOTHS, ETC.
Catalogue (96 pages) sent post free on application.
Issued Monthly, illustrated with Plates and Text Figures
To Subscribers, 6s. per annum; Post Free, 6s. 6d.
~The Scottish Naturalist
with which is incorporated
‘*The Annals of Scottish Natural History ”’
A Monthly Magazine devoted to Zoology
Edited by William Eagle Clarke, F.R.S.E.,.
F.L.S., Keeper Natural History Dept.,. Royal
Scottish Museum: William Evans, F. R. SE.,
Member of the British Ornitholovists’ Union; and
Percy H. Grimshaw, F.R.S.E.,F.E.S., A ssistant-
Keeper, Natural History Depft., Royal Scottish
Museum. Assisted by J. A. Harvie-Brown,
_ F.R.S.E.,F.Z.S.; Evelyn V.Baxter, H.M.B.O.U:;
Leonora J. Rintoul, H.M.B.O. U4 Hugh S. Glad-
stone, M.A., F.R.S.E., F.Z.S.; James Ritchie,
M.A.,D.Sc. A. Landsborough Thompson, M.A.,
M.B.O.U.
Edinburgh: OLIVER & BOYD, Tweedale Court
Lye rhupictter JACKSON 33 Paternoster Row
Ed
FiE
‘W.W
M.A
THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S MONTHLY
MAGAZINE.
PRICE SIXPENCE MONTHLY.
dited by G. C. Champion, F.Z.S., J. E. Collin,
Boyar Porites Fo. 15iS-, R. W. Lloyd,
W. Fowler, D.Sc., M. Ay FI.S., J.J. Walker,
JR. N., F.L.S.
This Magazinc, commenced in 1864, -ontains
Standard Articles and Notes on all subjects
connected with Entomology, and especially on
the Insects of the British Isles.
Subscription—6s. per annum, post free.
GURNEY & JACKSON,
7, Paternoster Row,
London.
baud hin os \ An rey by Renee af LEV bh Fk
Ry ia a ae a ee
mgt 8 AT is .
oe ae
wy
‘by plans, engravings, etc., including many which are published
eh
YOR KSHIRE
; ae oe (
PEN AND PICTURE
EDITED BY
T. SHEPPARD, F.G.S., F.S.A(Scor)), ae
216 pages, crown folio, with upwards of 250 illustrations, and
strongly stitched in artistic pictorial cover.
1/- net, or post free 1/3 net.
This book, which might be almost described as a picture callery
of the County ‘of Broad Acres, contains a great deal of useful and
entertaining matter relative to every aspect of popular interest. Yes
The Yorkshire Post says: ‘‘ Mr. Sheppard is well known asa
writer on antiquarian subjects, and this volume reflects his acquaint-
ance with Yorkshire.’
THE LOST TOWNS =
OF THE YORKSHIRE COAST
Y And other Chapters bearing upon the
Geography of the District.
By THOMAS SHEPPARD, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.S.A.(Scot.).
352 pages Demy 8vo, with over roo illustrations. Cloth Boards,
7/6 net.
A new Volume which contains much valuable information
in reference to the various towns and villages which have dis-
appeared by the encroaches of the sea. It is profusely illustrated
for the first time; and chapters have been added on Geology,
Antiquities, Natural History, and other subjects: relative to the
scientific aspect of the district.
‘Lonpon: A. BROWN & SONS, Lrp., 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.G.
AND AT HULL AND YORK, ;
~
Printed at BROowns’ SaviLE Press, 40, George Street, Hull, and published by —
a Brown & Sons, Limited, at 5 Farringdon Avenue, i in the City of Ponto: st re
June Ist, 1915. alae
_A MONTHLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OP
NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.
EDITED BY
No. 702
(No. 479 of current series)
T. SHEPPARD, M.Sc., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.S.A.Scot.,
THE Museums, HULL ;
AND
T. W. WOODHEAD, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.L.S.,
TrcunicaL CoLLeGE, HUDDERSFIELD.
WITH THE ASSISTANCE AS REFEREES IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF
J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S. F.L.S., GEO. T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.EB.
Prof. P. F. KENDALL, M.Sc., F.G.S., JOHN W. TAYLOR, M.Sc.,
T. H. NELSON, M.Sc., M.B.O.U., RILEY FORTUNE, F.Z.S.
Contents :
Notes and Comments:— War Names; The Age of Oysters ; Winkles and Fish v. Law; The
Law and Prawns; The Vasculum; British and German Steel Metallurgy; The ‘ Ideal
Curator’; British Association ; Sections of Coal Strata ; Sinker’s Terms ; The Crossland
Collection of Fungi ... x ae wh sk as Ba ved Whe se us i
Observations on the Grey Seal—Edmund Selous 2 oad ae ng F
Mycological Notes from Scarborough _(Illustrated)—A. E. Peck ae a be Zs
The Spiders of Wicken, with description of two new species ‘Illust.)—Wm. Falconer
Natural History of Sawley and Eavestone, near Ripon—W.E.L.W.
A Cumberland Nature Reserve—L.E.H. .
“MiaséeumoNews: 3ouh psa soo) se) kek
News from the Magazines ... bad ave ee aH aoe me = Pee
Reviews and Book Notices...
- Northern News .
illustrations ae dak Ly pel fa he iia a
LONDON :
A. Brown & Sons, LIMITED, 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.C,
; ; ; And at Hutt and York.
Printers and Publishers to the Y.N.U.
Ss
PAGE)
-. 213-216
we 207-221
. 229-294
225-230
.. 231-237
... 238-243
.. 216, 230
221
.. 224, 243
244
.. 228, 228
—_
Prepaid Subscription 6/6 per annum, post free.
y d is
CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE 2
(Being based upon the Presidential Address to the
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at the Leeds University) : q
By THOMAS SHEPPARD , &
MSc, F.GS., ERGS., FS.A(Scor) |
- Turs work has been considerably extended, and occupies over 200 pages.
It contains an account of the various scientific publications issued from —
Ackworth, Addingham, Barnsley, Ben Rhydding, Beverley, Bradford,
Doncaster, Driffield, Goole, Halifax, Harrogate, Haworth, Hebden Bridge,
Huddersfield, Hull, Idle, Ilkley, Keighley, ‘Leeds, Malton, Middlesbrough,
Pocklington, Pontefract, Ripon, Rotherham. Scarborough, Sedbergh, —
Selby, Settle, Sheffield, Wakefield, Whitby and York. In addition there
is an exceptionally complete bibliography of the various natural history
journals and publications now issued for the first time. The author has _
been successful in obtaining many publications notin the British Museum.
EXTRACT FROM PREFACE :— i “jj
In the following pages an effort is made to indicate the various sources
of information “likely to be of service to a student in his work on any
branch of natural science dealing with our broad-acred shire. The
, section arranged topographically under towns shows what has been
accomplished in each place, while the remainder of the book is devoted
to an enumeration of the general sources of information which should be
consulted. Several of the items unfortunately are scarce, in many cases
only one set being known, a circumstance which has induced me to give
the bibliographical details rather fully. By aseries of fortunate circum-
stances, and as a result of several years’ collecting, I possess sets of most
of the publications mentioned, and I shall endeavour to arrange that
they remain intact for the benefit of future workers, as it will certainly
be very difficult, if not impossible, to get sucha collection together again.
It is also hoped that the bibliographical particulars of the various
journals and Societies Transactions will be of service to librarians and
others who often find it difficult to trace items of this character. , I
believe they are now given in this form for the first time.
ORDER FORM.
Please-send me... . cop of YORKSHIRE’S CONTRIBUTION
TO SCIENCE, bound in cloth at 3s. 6d. net. : we
NAME OE Co TRS ana os salle ene daats
AG dress: wher) vine ie Sa Re oe Rg RSS ante
eoeeererer ere eee eee eer ere er ew eee ere eee ®
T. SHEPPARD, M.Sc.,
Museum, Hull.
213
NOTES AND COMMENTS.
WAR NAMES.
“Why Mr. Oldfield Thomas should have applied the names
of Joffre, Kitchener, and Sturdee to certain bats is,’ writes
a zoological correspondent, ‘as incomprehensible to me as it
appears to be to you. But I fancy that yet another new
species—Pipistrellus principulus—must have been so named
in honour of the German Crown Prince, for its chief character-
istic is a “‘ skull with a quite unusually swollen brain case.” ’
THE AGE OF OYSTERS.
On this subject Professor J. Arthur Thomson writes in
Knowledge for June. He says: ‘It is supposed by many
that the age of an oyster can be ascertained by counting the
rings, or groups of rings, on its deep valve, each group being
regarded as a year’s growth. Miss Anne L. Massy has tested
this in reference to specimens from the oyster station at Ardfry,
at the head of Galway Bay ; but she does not recommend the
method. “‘ All I can honestly say I have learnt from a patient
scrutiny of over six hundred samples of various ages, from
eighteen months to six years, is that an oyster of eighteen
months or two summers appears to possess at least two rings,
but may have as many as five. One of three summers has at
least two rings, and may have six. A four-year-old oyster
may have only three rings, or may possess seven or eight.” ’
WINKLES AND FISH v. LAW.
We learn from the Yorkshire Observer that the High Court
of Justice has decided unanimously that a winkle is a fish.
The case was an appeal against a conviction under the Larcency
Act of 1891, which Act imposes a penalty on any person who
takes or destroys any fish in any water which is controlled by
private fishery rights. The appellant had been found picking
up winkles on mud-flats in a tidal river, and the point submitted
to the Court was whether winkles were fish or not. The Lord
Chief Justice confessed that he would have been puzzled how
to decide had he not found guidance in a former judgment
to the effect that crayfish were fish, and he quoted this inter-
esting declaration of Mr. Justice Mathew : ‘It is perhaps,
difficult to give any definite reason except that crayfish are
fish.’ This, said the Lord Chief Justice, ‘ was a decision which
they must follow.’ Mr. Justice Avory agreed, adding that
but for the precedent he would have decided otherwise, and
Mr. Justice Low superciliously declared that he ‘ saw no reason
why e winkle should not bea fish.’ To the lay mind it does not
seem’ a necessary conclusion that a winkle must be a fish
because a crayfish has been held to be one, but legal logic
follows rules of its own. ‘ The Standard Dictionary ’ defines
a fish as (1) a vertebrate animal with gills, and (2) an animal
1915 July 2. O
214 Notes and Comments.
habitually living in the water. Neither crayfish nor winkles
come in under the first definition ; crayfish certainly do under
the second. But can.winkles be said to live habitually in the
water? The same authority describes a winkle as a ‘ large
spiral gastropod,’ but makes no mention of its habitat. A
gastropod is.an animal which has a foot attached to its ventral
surface, and the order includes all slugs and snails, but has no
kinship either with fish or crayfish. Are our garden snails
now to be regarded as fish within the meaning of the Larcency
ACT ?
THE LAW AND PRAWNS.
Following on the above case we learn from the daily press :
‘Is a prawn a fish? This was the question debated at the
Eastbourne Borough Bench recently. Richard Barrett, of
Eastbourne, was summoned for hawking fish on the parade
on 14th May, and denied the offence. P.S. Holden deposed
that defendant shouted “ Fine large prawns,’’ and called at
several houses. He told witness he was on his way home.
Defendant: A prawn is not a fish. Mr. E. O. Langham
(Magistrates’ Clerk): Yes, itis. What do you call it—a bird ?
Defendant: No; it’s an animal. Mr. Langham: It is a
crustaceous fish. Defendant: No, it is not. Barrett, leaving
this point, denied that he was hawking. He had to pay a
fine of 2s. 6d.’ Apparently up-to-date legal classification is
after the style of the well-known railway porter’s classification
in Punch, many years ago: ‘Cats is dogs and monkeys is
dogs, but a tortoise is a hinseck.’
THE VASCULUM.
We have received the first part of an ‘ Illustrated Quarterly
dealing primarily with the Natural History of Northumberland
and Durham and the tracts immediately adjacent,’ which is
edited by J. E. Hull, Richard 5S. Bagnall, George Bolam, and
J. W. H. Harrison (32 pages, Is. net). There is an ornamented
cover with the names of many leading northern naturalists.
Mr. Bolam writes on ‘ Newts,’ Mr. C. E. Robson on ‘ The
Hancock Prize,’ Mr. J. W. H. Harrison on “ Root Parasites,’
Mr. H. Preston on ‘ The Black Hall Rocks,’ Mr. R. S. Bagnall
on ‘ A New Species of Neuroptera from the North of England’ ;
and there are shorter notes and records, and particulars of a
competition for young people. We hope there will be sufficient
enthusiasm among our friends in Northumberland and Durham
to keep the journal going.
BRITISH AND GERMAN STEEL METALLURGY.
In a pamphlet with the above title, written by Professor
J. O. Arnold, F.R.S., of the Sheffield University, published as
one of the Oxford pamphlets (2d.) it is shown (1) that German
steel metallurgy owes far more to British inventors than
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 215
British steel metallurgy owes to German inventors, and (2)
that the steel department of the University of Sheffield has
done work greatly superior to that of the corresponding depart-
ment at Charlottenburg. The following is the claim bearing
on the latter thesis:—‘ There are about twenty-nine con-
stituents or sub-constituents of steel and iron. Of these,
twenty-six have been discovered in Sheffield, the steelopolis
of Great Britain ; three in Middlesbrough, its ironopolis ; and
the record of Charlottenburg in this branch of research is
absolutely blank.’
THE ‘ IDEAL CURATOR.’
Different people have different ideas as to the duties and
accomplishments of Museum Curators. We know of several
‘ideal curators,’ but the writer of the following paragraph
taken from the daily press, has evidently peculiar views as to
a curator’s duties :—‘ In George IV.’s wardrobe were found
many things that could not be offered for sale—countless
bundles of women’s love letters, women’s gloves, and locks
of women’s hair. These were destroyed. And five hundred
pocket-books came to light, all containing sums of money,
£10,000 in all was thus collected. For the King was a great
hoarder and yet systematic in his hoarding. He carried the
catalogue of his wardrobe in his head, and could, it is said,
call for anything at any moment. He would have made an
ideal curator of a museum.’
BRITISH ASSOCIATION.
We should like to congratulate the Secretary of the British
Association on the fact that the annual reports are now being
issued a little more promptly. In the past we have been
given to understand that it was impossible for the report of
one meeting to be issued much before the eve of the next ;
impossible or not, the reports now appear earlier than they did.
The report of the 1914 meeting, notwithstanding the fact
that it was held in Australia, was received by us on June 4th.
We shall still hope that the day will come when the report
is issued during the same year as the meeting.
SECTIONS OF COAL STRATA.
From the Midland Institute of Mining, Sheffield, has been
issued two valuable volumes, the first being entitled ‘ Sections
of Strata of the Coal Measures of Yorkshure, together with a
few Derbyshire Sections, compiled from Records of Borings
and Sinkings’ (303 pages, royal 8vo), and the second, * Cross
Country Sections and Map of Yorkshire Coalfield.’ The
sections were prepared by Messrs. W. H. Chambers, H. St.
John Durnford, John Gerrard, Prof. F. W. Hardwick, W.
Hargreaves, W. H. Humble, T. W. H. Mitchell, J. Nevin,
1915 July 2.
216 Notes and Comments.
Prof. L. T. O'Shea, E. W. Thirkell, G. Blake Walker, W. Wilde
and J. R.R. Wilson. The late John Nevin acted as Chairman
of the Committee for several years, and the collection was
largely due to his initiative. It contains details of the various
borings in the numerous Yorkshire collieries.
SINKER’S TERMS.
There is a general introduction and a glossary of Sinker’s
terms, many of which are somewhat unusual, namely :—
Blaes and Balls, Black Bat, Blue Bind, Cank, Clod, Clunch,
Conny, Corrity Stone Bind, Fakes, Fakey Blaes, Greydogs,
Mingy, Rattle Kack, Skerry, Slum or Sloom, Smuts or Smut,
Soapy Blaes, Spavin and Spire. Those concerned in the
thickness and depth of the various old rocks of the county
will find some useful information in this volume. The second
includes a map of the coalfield showing the position of the vari-
ous colleries, and lines of two sections, which are given in detail
in the same cover. One is from Burnley to Pontefract, and
the other from Manchester to Doncaster.
THE CROSSLAND COLLECTION OF FUNGI.
We see from the Kew Bulletin an interesting announcement,
to which we have already briefly referred in these pages :—
“A valuable addition to the already extensive mycological
collection in the herbarium has been made through the purchase
of the series of drawings and specimens of British fungi belong-
ing to Mr. C. Crossland, of Halifax. The drawings, representing
543 species, mostly Discomycetes, are especially welcome. There
is a coloured representation of each species, natural size,
accompanied by sections, dissections and spore measurements ;
also a detailed description, critical notes, etc., and in each
instance by the specimens from which the figures and descrip-
tions were drawn. The general collection of fungi, numbering
2,000 species, is in an excellent state of preservation, and
embraces representatives of every group of British fungi.
There are also some 84 Myxomycetes.’ Y
OF.
The Report of the Libvavy and Museum at Bootle shows that the museum
still continues its useful educational work in that town.
Belfast Museum Publication, No. 49, deals with ‘The House Fly and
Disease,’ and is illustrated. It is written by the Curator, Mr. A. Deane.
The Colchester Museum has issued its report for the past year (32
pages, 2d.), and, as usual, it contains particulars of an enormous number
of valuable additions. There are illustrations of some recent antiquities.
The 44th Report of the Rochdale Public Libraries, Avt Gallery and
Museum Committee contains a portrait of the late Col. Fishwick, F.S.A.,
as well as particulars of additions during the year, of the lectures given,
Etc)
Naturalist,
217
OBSERVATIONS ON THE GREY SEAL.
EDMUND SELOUS,
OcT. LITH, 1914.—Yesterday, in company with my friend,
Dr. Heatherley (to whom as its originator, the credit of the
expedition, with all that came of it, wholly belongs), I arrived
at St. Mary’s, the pleasant little capital of the Scilly Isles, and,
this evening, we set sail in a small, open yacht, with the view
of making, through the medium of observation and photo-
graphy, some addition to the present knowledge of the Grey
Seal (Halicherus grypus, as I understand). Mr. King, who
resides in the town, and whose sea-bird and seascape photo-
graphy is well-known, came with us, as also his son. It being
now the childing time, young Seals of this species (for the Com-
mon Seal, oddly enough, is not found here) were to be expected
on some or other of the more promising outlying islets. On
the first of these that a long course of slaughterous experience
(now happily over) suggested to our skipper, we found two
lying on the rocks, but the difficulty, in the event of the sea
rising, both of getting a boat in and getting into it from the
rocks, was decisive against our being left here. After a good
deal of coasting to no purpose, we were again successful with
another small fragment of territory, formed, for the most part,
of more or less rounded masses of granite, varying in size from
pebbles to blocks of titanic magnitude, and alternately rising
into pinnacles and sinking into beaches or, more frequently,
rocky foreshores.
Here again we found two quite young Seals, each in its
own bay or cove, and—a point to be remembered—entirely
cut off from each other. As the conditions for landing and
return were more generally favourable here, the tent was put
up (leaving the shed for to-morrow) and, about five, my friends
put off to the yacht.
Only a few minutes after I had been left alone—probably
before the boat had reached the yacht—a female Seal (as was
soon made evident) came close into the shore, and, in another
few, began to ascend the rocky pathway—by which I mean the
least steep or least resistance-offering, or most direct line—
towards her calf, who, ever since our landing (between I and 2
perhaps—it was now about 5 p.m.), had lain in the same place,
almost without moving. He* now began to move, to meet his
dam, each of them pausing, at intervals, to rest from the exer-
tion of jerking themselves along. At a certain point—half-
way, perhaps, between the sea and her young one—the old
* J never knew the sex of any of these young Seals, and only use the
personal pronoun when wishing to avoid the ‘ it.’
1915 July 2.
2x8 Selous: Observations on the Grey Seal.
Seal halted more definitely, and, stretching herself luxuriously
on her side, waited whilst it continued its little forced marches
towards her, evidently (the calf I mean) in a state of antici-
pation. The exigences of the rocks however, prevented his
getting quite comfortably at her dugs, and in this she had to help
him by sundry large motions and shiftings of position. I saw
the whole expanse of her conspicuously marked belly, which, as
I had before remarked in the Shetlands, can present a most hand-
some appearance in the water. The calf sucked first one and
then another of her two tits (after observation showed that there
were no more, though at first, I thought four was the number),
situated one on either side of the median line, in about the same
relative position as those of a dog or cat, but with a broader
space between them, answering to the portly size of the great
belly. Whilst the calf was engaged with the under one, I
could often see the milk exude from the one above it, and
trickle down past his muzzle. At intervals he butted the udder,
with his nose, as a lamb does, but not so quickly, nor, as it
struck me, so violently. The repast seemed to me (for I had
no watch) to last five minutes, but it may have been ten, after
which time, the mother, before the calf had finished, jerked
herself away and retreated into the water. The young one
followed her, but I did not see it enter the sea, as, just at its
edge, a rock was in the way. After waiting some little while,
and seeing no more of either of them, I concluded that both had
swum away together. At any rate, the incident which I have
narrated was now closed, so crawling out of the tent, over the
rocky ridge of the island, immediately behind it, I walked, under
cover, to a niche in the rocks commanding an unseen view of
where another, a full-grown Seal had for some while been lying
—this, too, a female and mother. She was still there, and
motionless as ever except when the tide, which was now coming
in, just touched her nose, at intervals, through a larger wave, on
which she threw up her head protestingly, for a moment, like
a heavy sleeper informed that breakfast is ready. After
awhile, and before she was in any immediate danger of being
floated off, she aroused herself, but instead of entering the sea
as I had expected, began to climb further up the rock. This
she continued steadily to do, in spite of the roughness and
difficulty of the ascent, till, all at once, a young Seal, till now
hidden, came into sight, shuffling down the rock to meet its
mother. But although the two-were soon almost together,
the difficulties for the calf were so great that it had to ascend
a different rock from the one she was on, thus travelling away
from her, on which she jerked herself quite round, and at the
same time up this one, tail foremost, and on her side, as it
seemed to me, all the time, and so presented her dugs to the
calf in the same way that the other had done. Doubtless all
Naturalist,
Selous: Observations on the Grey Seal. 219
now went forward as before, but it had become too dark for
me to follow it, and, short as the distance was, I thought I
had better make sure of the way back to my tent. This I
did, and then returned again. I could just see that the old
Seal and her calf were lying in the same juxtaposition towards
one another as I had left them in, though, as I should suppose,
the latter would, long ere now, have had all the nourishment
it required. Ithen left them again for my tent, and after some
rude eating. (the sweeter for being so), turned in.
To the above I have to add that, whilst the mother Seal
was lying on the rock, and had not yet begun her further
ascent, another full-grown one had, several times, appeared
just under the shore, floating upright, for the most part, in
the water, with his head held high out of it and flung right back.
He often shook it, with his whole throat, and whether doing
so or not, often kept his jaws wide open. I assumed that this
was the male, and husband of the alma mater on the rocks, as
also that acomplaining cry, as it sounded, having a wonderfully
human intonation, which came, first at intervals, and latterly,
almost continuously, proceeded from him. This, however, as
will appear, by my next entry, was probably a mistake.
Ocr. 12TH.—The sound that I yesterday attributed to the
male Seal I have now heard made several times by the last-fed
calf, at close quarters, so that I feel pretty sure it was it that
so cried to be fed, and not the male. Also both since then, as
well as formerly in the Shetlands, I have seen these Grey Seals
holding their heads thus straight out of the water and opening
their mouths, at intervals, without uttering any sound. Early
in the morning of this day I saw from my tent two grown
Seals—I think a male and female—constantly swimming and
‘peg topping’ (as I have elsewhere called it, floating, that is
to say, perpendicularly) in the water, close to the shore of the
little bay or nook where I saw the first young Seal fed, and,
after awhile, I saw this same young Seal (as I make no doubt
it was) go up out of the sea on to the rocks again. I could
only see it, for a little, however ; the rocks soon hid it, and one
was just in front of where it at last settled down though I
could sometimes see the end of its outstretched flipper above
it. Probably it lay on its back, which, I find, is a favourite
attitude with these young Grey Seals, as it is with the full-
grown Common one. I fancy it is less so with the species in
question, but must look up my ‘ Bird Watcher in the Shetlands’
again to be sure of this.
Dr. Heatherley, with Mr. King and his son, turned up from
the yacht about II a.m., with the different parts of a wooden
shed, to put together, upon the rocks, for the purposes of photo-
graphy. On repairing to the place where I had yesterday
watched the suckling of a young Seal, there was now, besides
1915 July 2.
220 Selous: Observations on the Grey Seal.
this one, another lying on the rocks, considerably smaller,
and which, by all the signs—umbilical cord, blood close by,
etc.—could not have been born above an hour or so ago. It
could, therefore, have had no previous experience of mankind,
and I particularly noted (wishing to test the matter) that it
moved its head towards my hand and even made immature
snaps at it, when I touched it onthe body, thereby proving that
distrust of, and hostility to humanity must be instinctive in
this Seal, and not either taught it by its mother, or gained
through individual experience. This fact is interesting and
I do not see how it could be better proved. Now how did this
fear of man, or of enemies in which man is included, come into
the possession of our newly born Seal? Must it not have been
through a long road of previous individual experiences, each
one of which marked a mental impression (having its physio-
logical analogue) on the brain? Ifso, were not such impressions
acquired characters? These actions of the baby Seal were
not like mere general response to. stimulus. Though weak,
and, as it were, clouded through its own weakness and im-
maturity, yet one got clearly that suggestion of intent and
individuality which would appeal to a sportsman as vicious-
ness. I find it difficult to believe that such characterised
movements can be due to a process of natural selection, with
which impressions gained through the senses in their re-actions
to the external world had nothing to do, as being brought
to bear on the non-somatic cells only. In two other young
Seals whose acquaintance I made on the way here, on an island
too exposed to heavy seas to make it advisable to stay there,
and who might have looked upon the world for a full week or
ten days perhaps, the hostility referred to was more developed,
having the greater vigour of their greater age.
The shed was put up upon a high-standing, flat-topped
rock which just accommodated it, and stood just between
a little sea-pool, either left or sprayed up by the tide, in which
the elder young Seal was now domiciled, and the newly-born
one on the rocks about twelve paces off. No mother came out
upon the rocks for about two hours, as I should conjecture,
after the party had gone. Both the young seals cried, the
younger one more weakly and sharply than the other. It is
difficult to find a special word for this sound, neither bellow,
bleat, nor low suiting it. It is more like a moaning, the
intonation being very human, and often resembles—to the
extent, indeed, of being most painful to hear—the bitter crying
ofachild. For this description, however, to be fully justified,
the desire of the calf for nourishment must be acute, and its
age, as I should think, at least a week.
After the two hours or so I have conjectured, a grown
female Seal swam right into the shore, and began to ascend the
Naturalist,
Selous: Observations on the Grey Seal. 221
rocks. It soon appeared that she was the mother of the newly-
born one, as she came and lay upon the rock next to the one
on which the latter lay. Strictly speaking, indeed, the two
were one, but separated by a complete split or fissure which
continued through the greater part of their length. To get
upwards to the joined part, and then down on the other side,
involved much more climbing than I should have thought the
little thing had been equal to, but he accomplished it, after
several near-tumblings, in a surprising way. The mother lay
entirely on her side, but unfortunately this time, her back was
turned to me, which quite hid the young one, from the time
it got into proper position. After about the same space of
time as on the first occasion of my witnessing this scene,
the mother moved off into the sea again, and the young one
settled down to sleep on the rock where he had been suckled.
As for the other young Seal, if he was fed at all, it must have
been after dark when I could have no longer distinguished
anything, and in consequence, had given up watching. His
cries during all this while were most distressing. They con-
tinued to be so for some time after I had lain down, but there
came a point when they grew less, and then ceased, which leads
me to cherish the hope that he was fed by his more suspicious
parent during the night, and as he has now, for a long time,
since morning, been silent, there may have been a time when,
after much watching from night into day, this may have hap-
pened again, after I dozed off.
(To be continued).
-O;
The Scottish Naturalist for June contains a paper on ‘ Scottish Hair-
worms ( Nematomorphia, Gorditdae), their Occurrence, Habits and Char-
acteristics: with a key for the Discrimination of the species recorded
from Britain,’ by James Ritchie.
In Wild Life for June are two papers on ‘The Woodlark,’ by W.
Farren, and E. E. Pettitt respectively ; ‘ The Shoveller,’ by M. Portal ;
“The Shag,’ by Edmund Selous, and ‘The Yellow Necked Mouse,’ by
Miss F. Pitt. All are well illustrated, as usual.
The Zoologist for June includes an article on ‘A Variety of Water-
Shrew’ which is almost white, and is presumably from Nottingham.
The same journal contains a sketch of some curious abnormal hands of
crabs, and there is an illustrated account of some star fishes feeding upon
a pipe-fish.
The New Phytologist published June 7th (the reference as given is
far too long to quote) includes papers on: ‘ Structure and Development of
Targionia hvpophyila,’ by Lillian O’ Keeffe; ‘ Further Observations on
the Heath Association on Hindhead Common,’ by F. E. Fritsch and E, J.
Salisbury ; ‘ The Australian Meeting of the British Association,’ by E. N.
Thomas ; ‘ Foreign Pollen in the Ovules of Ginkgo and of Fossil Plants,’
by Birbal Sahni; ‘A Disease of Plantation Rubber caused by Ustulina
zonata,’ by F. T. Brooks, and ‘ The Inter-relationships of Protista and
Primitive Fungi,’ by F, Cavers.
1915 July 2.
222
MYCOLOGICAL NOTES FROM SCARBOROUGH.
A..E. PECK.
THE Mycological Committee of the Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union held its spring meeting from May 29th to June Ist,
with headquarters at the Forge Valley Hotel, West Ayton.
Permission to visit their respective estates had been kindly
granted by Lord pecans Soe and Lord Downe.
Messrs. Harold Wager, F.R.S. (Chairman), Alfred Clarke;
eb, oe, and A. 7 sbeck (Secretary), members of the Com-
mittee, and Mr. R. Fowler Jones, made some excellent records,
although investigations were limited to Yedmandale, Forge
Valley, and a part of Rainclffe Woods bordering on Lady
Edith’s Drive.
The ground covered may be considered ‘ classical ’ from the
Mycological standpoint, as it was here that Mr. George Massee
worked for so many years, his many notable records being duly
set out in the ‘ Yorkshire Fungus Flora.’ Here were met with
many of the original specimens upon which new species were
founded, and some of the figures illustrated in Dr. M. C. Cooke’s
book were the result of Mr. Massee’s industry in this locality.
The local records have been somewhat increased by Mr. T. B.
Roe and the writer.
In Forge Valley were found two specimens of the Morel
(Morchella esculenta) and the writer gathered a dozen speci-
mens at the same spot a fortnight earlier. He then had also
observed Mitrophora semilibera and M. gigas, two species
closely related to the Morel.
In all seventy-eight species and one variety were met
with, the following being of chief interest and importance :—
+ Thelebolus tervestyis (A. & S.) Tode. .*Gorgoniceps guernisact Sacc. var.
t Pleurotus salugnus Pers. lebtospova Mass.= Vibrissea
Pucctnia chrysosbleniu Grev. guernisact Crouan var. leptospora
t+ Cordyceps capitata Fr. Mass.
NXvlarvia covniformis Fr. Peziza veticulata Grev.
Hypoxvion marginatum Berk. *Humaria pilifera Sacc.
Ombrobhila clavus Cke.
The following are of special note :—
Gorgoniceps guernisact Sacc. var leptospora Mass. (=
Vibrissea guernisact Crouan var. leptospora Mass.)—This, which
is new to Yorkshire, Mr. Wager found in Forge Valley in a wet
place on a fallen branch of a wild rose. It is a small dis-
comycete with a yellowish disc and a dark olive exterior. On
being held up in a window of the hotel in the sunlight, the
elongated spores were seen to be waving about on the disc in
a vibril manner, collectively appearing like strands of shining
* New to Yorkshire. + New to Vice-County, N.E.
Naturalist,
Peck : Mycological Notes from Scarborough. + 223
flossy silk. These were quite easily detached and removed to
a slide, and proved to be most interesting objects under the
microscope.
_ _Cordyceps capitata Fr., a very rare species, was found by Mr.
Wager and Mr. Peck in a meadow on the border of a wood in
Yedmandale. This pyrenomycete is parasitic on Llaphomyces
granulatus Fr., a subterranean species. Search was afterwards
made for the host, but without success, as it was difficult to
locate the exact spot where the Cordyceps had been collected.
This species was found by Bolton in 1786 in Ramsden Wood,
Cordyceps eapitata. # and life size.
Halifax. Sowerby (1803) says: ‘I have only seen one specimen
of this fungus, for which I am obliged to the Rev. Mr. Francis,
whose lady found it at Holt, in Norfolk.’
It is the largest Cordyceps the members present had seen.
Cooke’s description is ‘ Fleshy, head ovato-globose, bay-
brown; stem yellow, then blackish; sporidia colourless,
jointed, the joints rod-shaped or cylindrical, joints of sporidia
(.0003 in.) .0076 mm. long.’ Fries says, ‘ Often tufted ; stem
1-4 in. high, 2-4 lines thick, equal, smooth, lemon-coloured,
at length fibroso-strigose and blackish. The colour of the
head borders on yellow, red-brown, and black’ (Cooke’s Hand-
book Brit. Fungi, page 771).
1915 July 2,
224 Reviews and Book Notices.
Humaria pilifera Sacc. New to Yorks. This very beauti-
ful species was found by Messrs. Wager and Peck. It is a
small orange-red discomycete occurring on sandy soil. The
margin and exterior of the ascophore are minutely fimbriate.
The clavate paraphyses are remarkably beautiful, being filled
with orange oil globules at the apex, these giving the character-
istic colouration to the disc.
Mr. Clarke subsequently circulated to members from his
portfolios, drawings and notes on Cordyceps capitata made
respectively by Bolton (1786) and Sowerby (1803).
—: 0:——
Wonders of Wild Nature. By Richard Kearton, F.Z.S. Cassell &
Co., Ltd., 1915, 174 pages, 6s. The house of Cassell has issued a number of,
volumes under the name of Kearton, and these have usually been exceed-
ingly attractive from the fact that they have been well illustrated. The
present volume contains photographs taken by Richard Kearton and his
daughter Grace. It includes chapters on ‘ Wild Life Round London,’
‘ Wild Life of Lonely Isles,’ ‘ Bird Life on the Polders and Meers of Holland,’
and ‘ Wild Life on the Norwegian Mountains.’ Many of the photographs
are of great interest and there are some illustrations in colours. It is a
very attractive volume.
Whitby Wild Flowers. By Bernard Reynolds. Whitby: Horne &
Son, 1915, pp. 60, ts. net. This list of Whitby plants is intended to replace
that by J. Swales in the ‘ Guide to Whitby.’ It is much fuller and better
than most lists in guide books, and includes not only the district of Whitby,
but also Levisham and Scarborough. ‘The Latin names we are told are
those of Babington’s Manual, oth edition, but unlike the latter work, the
author is very erratic in his use of capitals for specific names. More than
half the book is devoted to notes on the plants, and these add greatly to
the value and interest of the work. In this section are contributions by
Mr. F. Arnold Lees, Rev. E. A. Woodruffe Peacock and Mr. J. Foggitt.
The localities of the more interesting species are described in accounts of
six excursions, in one of which a reference to Cyprepedium requires con-
siderable revision. The work concludes with ‘ Floral Notes’ extracted
from the contributions of the late John Swales. In a short bibliography
a list is given of some of the chief Yorkshire floras, in which the author
misquotes and apparently misunderstands Davis & Lees ’ West Yorkshire.
The Families of British Flowering Plants. By W. B. Grove, M.A.
Longmans, pp. vi. + 49. 1Is.net. This little work reminds us, were that
necessary, that the ‘old order changeth.’ The system of Bentham and
Hooker, which has so long served British botanists, is slowly but surely
giving place to the more natural system of Engler. This is the natural
result of scientific progress, and the time now seems ripe for the change,
though doubtless many present-day botanists will still cling to the more
familiar system. The families, i.e., the natural orders of British floras,
are arranged on Engler’s system, with several slight modifications, and the
author adopts from Moss’s British Flora the group names Amentiflorae,
Petaloideae, Centrospermal and Heterochlamydeae. The characters of
each family are in most cases fully given, together with a list of British
genera, and also the more interesting foreign genera which students should
be familiar with, or are met with frequently in cultivation. The synopsis
is well arranged and clearly printed, though some of the contractions are
at first a little puzzling. It will form a handy guide to students working
at systematic botany, and doubtless will become of general use in the
determination of the main groups of flowering plants.
Naturalist,
225
THE SPIDERS OF WICKEN, WITH DESCRIPTION
OF TWO NEW SPECIES.
WM. FALCONER,
Slaithwaite, Huddersfield.
(Continued from page 204).
HARVESTMEN.
Liobunum rotundum Latr. Several examples, the Drove,
and in the garden of the Sycamores.
Phalangium parietinum Degeer. Several from the fen, an
outhouse in the village, and at the Sycamores.
P. saxatileC. Koch. The fen, Edmund Fen, and Sycamores.
Platybunus corniger Herm. The fen, the Drove and the
Drive.
Oligolophus morio Fabr. Bushes at the entrance, and in
many parts of the fen and the Drive. Plentiful also in Edmund
Fen.
O. agrestis Meade. Several examples near the fen.
O. ephippiatus C. Koch. Numerous in various parts of
the fen, and less so in the Drive.
O. spinosus Bosc. Several examples beaten from borders
of box in the garden of the Sycamores. Apparently a local
species, not yet found north of Leicester. In addition to
places in the South of England, from which it has already been
recorded, I have had examples from Cheltenham (Mr. W. P.
Winter), and have collected it at Eastbourne.
Nemastoma lugubre Mill. Various parts of the fen, the
Drove and Edmund Fen.
MITES.
Anystis baccarum Linn. Common in various parts of the
fen.
Oribates setosus C. L. Koch. Several from newly cut grass
in the Drove.
Bdella vulgaris Herm. One from the Drove.
Johnstoniana errans Jhnstn. Numerous all over the fen,
and less so in Edmund Fen.
Trombidium (Ottonia) sheppardi George. A few from
both sides of fen.
T. purpureum Koch.* One juvenile=Ottonia bullata
George, Edmund Fen.
T. pexatum Koch* (Ottonia conifera George). One example.
Edmund Fen.
Erythreus hirsutus George. One from left side of fen.
* These synonyms are given on the authority of the Rev. J. E. Hull.
1915 July 2.
226 Falconer: The Spiders of Wicken, Cambridge.
Evythreus nemorum Moch. Several examples from various
parts of fen.
Gamasus crassipes L. Abundant in the fen.
Cyrtolelaps nemorensis Koch. One example oe each side
of fen.
DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES.
CENTROMERUS INCULTUS Sp. nov.
(Pigs sii h2, ts):
Adult female, I°9 mm.
This little spider is similar in general appearance and
structure to other smaller members of the same genus, but is—
although different individuals of the latter (especially in C.
avcanus Cambr., in which the male is also always larger than
the female, an unusual circumstance amongst spiders) vary
in point of size and depth of colour—distinctly smaller, and of a
somewhat different coloration, the whole body being dull
yellowish brown, suffused with blackish brown on the abdomen,
cephalothorax and legs. Its mouth parts, eyes (fig. 2), and
sternum (fig 1) conform to type and present no exceptional
features.
Its epigyne is of the same type as that of C. arcanus Camb.,
and at first sight appears very similar, but comparison of the
various details shows that it is quite distinct from it, and
characteristic. In both species this organ is of rather complex
structure, but on reference to the drawing of that of C. in-
cultus (fig. 3), it will be seen that the distinctive central longi-
tudinal ligulate process is much broader and shorter and
extends very little beyond the posterior level of the rest of
the epigyne, while the corresponding process in C. arcanus
Cambr. (fig 4), is not only much longer ‘and narrower, but
projects a considerable distance backwards. There are other
obvious differences which together with its smaller size and
different colouration, will render the identification of the
present species easy.
I am indebted to the Rev. O. Pickard Cambridge for
drawings from which figs. I, 2, 3 were prepared.
MARO SUBLESTUS Sp. nov.
(Figs?-5,"6, 7, <6 boyeno)er = 5.
Adult female, 1°3 mm.
CEPHALOTHORAX, MAXILLAE, FALcEs and LEGs of a general
yellowish brown colour, the first-named with the darker
markings specified below. PUBESCENCE sparse.
CEPHALOTHORAX (fig. 5). much longer than wide, oblong
oval, narrowed a little forward from the level of the
Naturalist,
Falconer: The Spiders of Wicken, Cambridge. 227
coxae of legs I, rounded in front and truncate behind.
The profile line curves gently upwards behind the ocular
area, and is then fairly level to the thoracic junction,
just beyond which the posterior slope is rather abrupt,
and somewhat excavated. The thoracic sutures and
other grooves are marked on their lower parts by uneven
dusky lines, which converge towards the thoracic junction,
just in front of which, centrally placed, is a large, irregular-
edged, dark marking, rounded behind and transversely
nearly straight in front, close to which two round yellowish
brown spots are visible ;- each of its anterior external angles
is prolonged to just behind the posterior lateral eye on
the same side by a slender outwardly curved line. At
the beginning of this marking, and also immediately
behind it, are slight dips in the profile line. Lateral and
posterior marginal lines black and uneven, the former
disappearing forward.
CapuT well marked, somewhat convex behind the ocular
area, which occupies the whole width of the upper
front.
EYES (figs. 5 and 8).—Eight, in two rows, moderately large
and closely grouped; the anterior centrals alone dark-
coloured, the rest pearly white.
POSTERIOR Eyres on black spots, subequal in size and
arranged in a shallow backward curve. Centrals
separated by about a diameter, and distinctly nearer to
the adjacent lateral than to each other.
ANTERIOR Eyes, their whole area suffused blackish, almost
in eontact and with the laterals of the posterior row
forming a strong curve forward. The laterals are a
little the largest and the centrals much the smallest
of the eight eyes.
LATERAL EYES on each side in contact, and situated on a
low oblique prominence.
CENTRAL EYE SPACE longer than wide, and much narrower
in front than behind.
CLYPEUS low, about as high as the ocular area, depressed
below the eyes and slightly projecting at lower edge.
FALCES fairly long and stout, straight, vertical, conical, and
finely transversely striate on outer margin. Fang,
slender, long and tapering ; upper fang groove with 4 short
conical yellowish-brown teeth (fig. 7), thé first three
contiguous at base and increasing in size outwards to the
third, which is the largest ; the fourth a little removed,
and a little smaller than the third ; lower fang groove with
4 very minute, granular teeth.
MAXILLAE moderately long and strong, oblong, inclined to
labium, the internal margin a little bent. The outer
1915 July 2,
228 Falconer: The Spiders of Wicken, Cambridge.
margin with 3 or 4 strong, black, curved, bristly hairs,
followed nearer apex by a short dark, distinct serrula; a
few scattered hairs on the other surfaces.
LABIUM (fig. 6), dull dark brown, very wide and short, blunt
and rounded at extremity, deeply transversely impressed
across the middle.
STERNUM (fig. 6), large, shield-shaped, width and length
about equal, squarely truncate in front, and produced
Centromerus incultus sp. nov. Q. Maro sublestus sp. nov. &.
Fig. 1. Sternum. Fig. 5. Cephalothorax from above.
Fig. 2. Eyes from above and Fig. 6. Sternum and labium.
behind. ‘Fig. 7. Teeth of the upper fang
Figs 3) ) Epigyne: groove.
: Fig. 8. Eyes from in front.
Centromerus arcanus Cambr. Eig. 9. Epigyne from below.
Fig. 4. Epigyne of female. Fig. 10. Epigyne from the side.
backward between the posterior coxe in a downward
inclined process with slightly converging sides, and of
rather less width than coxe IV.; dusky brown with small
Naturalist,
Falconer: The Spiders of Wicken, Cambridge. 229
round yellowish brown spots of varying size freely scattered
over its Somewhat convex surface ; a distinct but slender
black marginal line. Hairs few, scattered.
PALPUS without a terminal claw. Femur long, slender,
bowed, slightly enlarged towards distal ‘end. Patella
almost nodiform, with a long erect bristle at extremity.
Tibia short, gradually enlarged upwards from _ base.
Tarsus provided with hairs and a few long slender black
spines, acuminate and nearly one and a half times as
long as the tibia.
LEGS damaged, order of length apparently 4, 1, 2, 3, fairly
long and strong and well supplied with black hairs,
arranged on some of the joints in definite rows and mostly
seated on black, slightly raised bases ; this arrangement
most noticeable on the tarsi and in a less degree on the
metatarsi.
TIBIAE with a long erect slender black spine, much exceeding
the diameter of the joint on the dorsal surface near the
base. Tibia IV. also with a long dorsal acoustic seta
near the distal end.
PATELLAE with a similar spine at extremity.
TarsI very little shorter than the metatarsi, but distinctly
so in leg IV., slightly tapering. Claws small and
slender.
ABDOMEN oblong oval, widest in posterior half, rounded
before and behind, projecting a little over the cephalo-
thorax ; sparsely provided with black hairs, and with a
patch of longer, stronger, more bristle-like, upcurved
hairs at the fore extremity, springing from black, slightly
raised bases. Dull yellow-brown in colour, suffused
thinly all over with a dusky tinge, through which show a
number of roundish spots similar to those on the sternum,
but varying more in size, and more irregularly disposed ;
some of these on the under surface become partly con-
fluent, and form two more or less continuous lines, one on
each side of the median line. About the spinners are a
number of minute black spots mostly arranged in diverg-
ing rows along the edges of paler lines.
SPINNERS short, stout, conical, truncate, converging towards
summits. At the point of junction of each of the lower
pair with the abdomen is a semicircle of 3 or 4 evenly
separated, distinct, small round black spots, from two
of which fine straight lines of the same colour pass upwards
to two similar spots quite half way up the spinners.
EPIGYNAL AREA yellowish brown, suffused in parts.
Epigyne (figs. g and 10) raised and projecting ; on the
posterior margin two conspicuous narrow reddish-brown,
oblong, convex tubercles, converging forward to form an
1915 July 2. P
230 Falconer: The Spiders of Wicken, Cambridge.
inverted A; nearly filling up the space between them, a
very pale round-headed process ; on the anterior part two
large round dark-coloured spermathece separated by less
than the diameter of one of them, and each flanked a
little below by two long straight stiff black hairs.
Three other species of Maro have previously been described,
and are, as at present known, exclusively British. Maro
minutus Camb.* and M. falconeris Jacks,t are usually a little
smaller than M. sublestus and more unicolorous. The first
examples of M. minutus Camb. (types, etc.), which has so far
been confined to the Colne Valley, South-West Yorkshire, were
obtained from amongst an old heap of sand-stones loosely
embedded in the ground and covered with soil, and harmonised
with them in colour, being of a uniform yellow-brown ; later
specimens found in other places, both in the open and in woods,
have borne faint traces of darker markings or of more general
suffusion. On comparing the epigynes of these two species with
that of M. sublestus, the generic affinity of the three is at once
evident, but in both the former, that organ is neither partly
detached from the abdomen, nor projecting, nor so far as can
be seen provided with any tubercles. The remaining species,
M. persimilis Camb.t (1 Q Fenagh, Ireland), is doubtfully
allocated to this genus. It is much the same size as M.
sublestus, and has also certain darker markings, which are
however, of a browner hue, and although its epigyne, which is of
a different type from the others, is both partly detached and
projecting, the backward process is of a totally different
character and structure.
7O:
The Museums Journal for June contains a paper on ‘ Regional Study
in Museums,’ by Professor H. J. Fleure.
The May list of additions to the Warrington Museum includes an item
of ‘66 stone implements from French Cave deposits.’
We notice The Library Assistant contains an advertisement, ‘ Wanted,
an Assistant Librarian and Caretaker for the Museum’ of a Yorkshire
Society.
We hear that the most important article in the last volume of The
Museums Journal had reference to ‘ The preservation of Antiquities,’ and
was written by a German.
Manchestey Museum Handbook (Publication 75) deals with the Stela of
Sebek-khu, the earliest record of an Egyptian Campaign in Asia, and is by
T. Eric Peet, B.A. It is sold at 2s.
* «Proceedings Dorset N. H. and A. F. Club,’ vol. xxvii., 1906, figs.
12-18, and ‘ Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumberland, Durahm and New-
castle,’ New Series, vol. iii., pl. iv., figs. 21-25.
+ ‘Trans, Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle,’
New Series, vol. iii., pl. iv., figs. 16-20.
+ ‘Proc. Dorset N. H. and A. F. Club,‘ vol. xxxiii., 1912, figs. 20-22a.
Naturalist,
NATURAL HISTORY OF
_SAWLEY AND EAVESTONE, NEAR RIPON.
(Continued from page 208).
Mo.itusca.—Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., writes that
the conchologists explored Picking Gill and other parts of
Sawley parish, the main part of the collections made being by
Mr. Greevz Fysher that day and about Risplith the next.
These notes include the mollusca which were collected by Mr.
James Ingleby in the parish of Eavestone during the years 1882
to 1886 inclusive, and seen by Mr. J. W. Taylor and himself.
As Mr. Ingleby pointed out, the district with its peaty soils on a
millstone grit formation, is singularly unfavourable for mollusca.
Limax maximus and var. cellavia. Eavestone.
Agriolimax agrestis and var. reticulata. Abundant at Eavestone,
Sawley, Picking Gill, Risphth, and Howhill Fountains..
A.levis. Eavestone.
Arion atey. Eavestone, Sawley and Risplith ; var. luteopallescens
common at the two latter places.
A, subfuscus. Eavestone and Sawley ; vars. rufofusca and cinereo-
fusca at the latter place.
A. hovtensis. Eavestone.
A. civcumscriptus. Not uncommon, Eavestone, Sawley, Risplith.
One at Howhill Fountains (Fysher).
A. intermedius and var. grisea. Sawley and Risplith.
Vitvina pellucida. Eavestone and Risplith.
Hyalinia cellavia. Common at Eavestone.
H. alliavia. A few at Eavestone and Sawley.
H. nitidula. Eavestone, a few.
H. crystallina. A small colony in a damp place among trees at
Eavestone ; a few at Sawley.
Pyvamidula votundata. Found in Fishpond Wood, Eavestone, not
very common ; common in Sawley parish.
Helix nemoralis. Eavestone, not very common.
H. hortensis var. lutea 12345. Eavestone, very rare.
Hygromia hispida. Picking Gill, one or two, fine.
Ena obscura. Stephenson Bank, Risplith, on a wall, very rare
(Ingleby).
Claustlia bidentata and var. albinos. On old wall by roadside,
Lodge Bank (another name for Stephenson Bank), Risplith
(Ingleby).
Cochlicopa lubrica. On tiles at Eavestone, not very common ;
a few at Sawley.
The only water-shells are those noted by Mr. James Ingleby
as follows :—
Pisidium fontinale. Common, taken from the side of a trout pond
at Eavestone, a few days after the water had broken through
the bank. The pond had been previously searched several
times but nothing could be found there, but
Ancvylus fluviatilis, and that rarely.
Pisidium pusillum and
Limnea truncatula were numerous in a ditch fed by a spring at
Eavestone, quite isolated from any other water. In summer
the water of this ditch is often dried up, and the ditch was
often scoured, and how the mollusca lived and multiplied
was a mystery to Mr. Ingleby.
1915 July 2.
232 Natural History of Sawley and Eavestone.
Anodonta cygnea. In the lake at Eavestone, very common.
Physa fontinalis. At Eavestone in 1882 was quite local and not
numerous anywhere about. Behind Mr. Ingleby’s former
residence, Brim House, there was a small colony where it
occurred under stones and on the grass; a curious habitat
which should be investigated. ~
A further set of captures made by Mr. Fysher included the
following :—
Planorbis albus. Not uncommon in Bryn Brae Lake or Pond.
Pisidium cineveum. One from same pond.
Hyalinia fulva. One.
H. pura var. nitidosa. One.
Acanthinula lamellata.” One.
All these in company with Clausilia bidentata (of which the
elongated var. gracilior also occurred), Ena obscura, Hyalinia
alliaria, etc., on Stephenson Bank, Risplith.
These occurrences are most interesting, especially the
Planorbis and Pisidium cinereum, while that of Acanthinula
lamellata is a most important discovery of a new locality for a
rare species of limited range.
COLEOPTERA.—Mr. Margerison states that he has taken
Halyzia 18-guttata on Sawley Moor, identified by Mr. J. W.
Carter, the fourth record for Yorkshire. Nedria brevicollis,
Sericosomus brunneus and, Otiorhynchus picipes, which were
submitted to Dr. W. J: Fordham for identification, were taken
in Picking Gill on the day of the excursion.
ARACHNIDA.—Mr. W. P. Winter, B.Sc., writes :—The follow-
ing lists are based on collections made by Mr. S. Margerison,
and will perhaps furnish a foundation for future work. In
many instances the species were identified by Mr. Falconer.
The most interesting examples are Hahnia pusilla C.L.K.,
Centromerus arcanus Camb., Lophocarenum mengit Sim. and
Meta menardi Latr., which are either rare or local. Hahnia
pusilla C.L.K. (both sexes), has been recorded previously from
Delamere Forest, Cheshire, and from Hebden Bridge, West
Yorks., one Q from roots of heather. Meta menardi Latr.
frequents caves, cellars and old ruins in the north of England,
and has been found also in North Wales, Isle of Man, and widely
in Ireland. As a Yorkshire species it is reported from caves
and an old lead mine in the West Riding, and from Lonsdale in
the North Riding.
LocaLitIEs :—(a) Sawley, 1914.
(b) Risplith, January, I915.
(c) Sawley, January, 1915; March, 1015.
(d) Sawley High. Moor, March, r1o15.
(e) Sawley, Spa Gill, April, IQ15.
Segestrvia senoculata Linn., 9, c. Dictyna avundinacea Linn., Imm.
Dyassus lapidosus Walck., 9, d. ON Gs
Clubiona trivialis L. Koch, 9, d. Amaurobius similis Bl., 9, c, e (and
C. comta C.L.K., Imm. 9, a. 6); 6
Naturalist,
Natural * History of Sawley. and Eavestone.
Amaurobtus fenestvalis Stroem.
Several 99, a, e (and Q), c.
Cryphoeca silvicola C.L.K., c (3)
e (9).
Coelotes atropos, 9, Walck., a.
Tegenaria devhamit Scop., 9, a, b.
Hahnia pusilla C.L.K.), 9, d.
Thevidion pallens Bl. 3, d.
Phyllonethts lineata Clerck., 9, a.
Linyphia insignis Bl., Imm. 9 and
3, a.
L. montana Clerck., 9, 3, a, c.
L. triangularis Clerck., 9, 3, a.
EL. peltata Wid.,-2, 3, a, c.
Labulla thoracica Wid., 2, 3, a, e.
Leptyphantes minutus Bl., Imm. Q,
a
. leprosus Ohl., Q, c, e.
~tevyicola ©.1E.K., 9D e@.
. blackwallii Kulcz., 9, a, d.
. obscurus Bl., Q, a.
. pallidus Camb., 9, a.
. tenuts BL, 3, a.
. evicaeus Bl., g, a.
-Poeciloneta globosa Bl., Imm. 9, 3, a
* Bathyphantes concolor Wid., 9, 3, a
Maso sundevallit Westr., 9, a, d.
Macrargus rufus Wid., 3, c.
eisai ele) als
233
Centromerus arcanus Cb., 9, 3, d.
Oedothovax retusus Westr., 3g, a.
Lophomma herbigvadum BL., Q, d.
Neriene rubens BL, , d.
Diplocephalus cristatus Bl., 9, a.
D. picinus Bl., several 29, a.
D. fuscipes Bl., 3, a.
Lophocarvenum mengw Linn., 9, d.
Minyriolus pustllus Wid., 9, d.
Tapinocyba pallens Cambr., 3, d.
*Walckenaeva acuminata BL., 2,
Ceratinella brevipes Westr., , d.
Nesticus cellulanus Clk., 9, c.
Meta segmentata Clerck., Q, a, d.
M. mevianae Scop., 9, a, c (and @).
M. menardi Latr.., ad 3 from Ned
Hole, Eavestone Lake, Sawley,
April, 1915. Also a cocoon
from a cleft in the same dis-
trict.
PSEUDOSCORPION.
Obistum muscorum Leach, a, d, e.
HARVESTMEN.
Nemastoma lugubve O.F.M., a, d.
Oligolophus morio Fabr., a.
O. agrestis Meade, Imm., a.
FLOWERING PLANTS.—Mr. W. E. L. Wattam writes :—The
tardiness of springtime was everywhere apparent except where
shade from the prevalent easterly winds was best afforded to
plant life. From the varied nature of the ground traversed,
no doubt it would prove most interesting say from June to
August. The coniferous belts of woodland, especially through-
out the whole extent of Picking Gill, was one of the pleasing
features of the walk. Their composition is luxuriant examples
of Spruce Fir, Larch, and Scot’s Pine. At the extreme end of
Hebden Woods are several fine specimens of Wellingtonia, and
close by thriving Corscian Pine and Douglas Fir. Midway
down the Gill is a dense growth of Rhododendron, and imagin-
ation alone can picture the beauty of that particular area when
in full blossom, of which there was great promise. In the open
parts of the Gill, Bracken grows to perfection, while Bilberry
and Ling are also not uncommon plants among the grit strewn
oak portions of the wooded areas. In the shade, Dog’s Mer-
cury, with Lesser Celandine, and patches of Wood Anemone,
are the striking features of the ground vegetation, while Luzula
pilosa and L. maxima favour the moister parts. In the lake
is an abundance of Canadian Weed and oblong-leaved Pond-
weed. The swamps in Wet Car and Mill Gill Woods were
glorified with the blossoms of the Marsh Marigold, and here
* Collected by Mr. Wattam on the Excursion, E915.
1915 July 2.
234 Natural History of Sawley and Eavestone.
also were a fair amount of the prominent flowers of the alternate-
leaved Golden Saxifrage. Other plants noted were Hairy
Bitter Cress, Hemlock Water Dropwort, Water Crowfoot,
Water Capitate Mint, Yellow Flag, Marsh Thistle, Valerian,
and Tufted Hair Grass. The slopes of Wet Carr Wood, wherein
the chief tree is Oak, had a dominant ground vegetation of
Holcus-Bracken-Bluebell, with sundry patches of Wood
Anenome, Red Campion, Wood Sanicle, and Broad-leaved
Garlic. Near Sawley Hall was Sweet Violet, Dog Violet,
Ivy-leaved Toadflax, Tuberous Moschatel, Cuckoo Pint and
Toothwort. Along the road to Sawley were Purple Dead
Nettle, Jack-by-the-Hedge, Primrose, Foxglove, and Ground
Ivy. The Cowslip is abundant in the pastures. Honeysuckle,
Blackthorn, and Gooseberry are conspicuous in the hedgerows.
The Common Polypody and Wall Rue are not uncommon ferns.
Mr. Margerison adds that he has noted over 200 species of
flowering plants and ferns in the Sawley district. Herb Paris
occurs below Eavestone Lake; Monkshood and Snowdrop,
both species probably only naturalised, occur on the Sawley
side of Spa Gill. The Lily of the Valley grows in Calf Haugh
Wood, where the Oak and Beech Ferns have also been noted.
The autumn Crocus is abundant in a field outside the Sawley
Township towards Ripon, and the Daffodil occurs sparingly
in a few fields. The Bird Cherry known locally as ‘ Heg-
Berry,’ is not uncommon.
BryoLtocy.—Mr. C. A. Cheetham writes :—The selected
route through Picking Gill promised well but the results were
disappointing, the gritstone woodland seemed comparable with
the woods by the Strid at Bolton and mosses known there were
to be expected. There is no lack of either mosses or hepatics,
but greatly restricted in variety of species. Commencing at the
head of the Gill, the ponds gave a few common types, Hypnum
cuspidatum, Bryum pallens, B. pseudo-triquetrum, etc. The
rocks here were dry. Duicranum fuscescens, D. scoparium,
Campylopus flexuosus and Dicranowetsia cirrhata were found,
these being general on the drier rocks throughout. Further
down on the Black Dyke, a subsidiary streamlet, the moister
rocks were better, Tetraphis pellucida, T. Browniana, Plagio-
thecium undulatum. P. denticulatum, Leucobryum glaucum,
Dicranum majus, etc., being added. The streamlet bed is
dominated by hepatics and one moss, Hyocomium flagellare
this in a varied series of forms from the finely pinnate to the
almost simple and extremely robust, and in shade to the very
complanate forms, for one unused to this moss it is an excellent
place to study it. Mnium hornum, which is perhaps the best
distributed moss in the area, was found on rocks in the stream
occasionally. Time interfered with us here, and the next
streamlet, even more promising, had to be left unworked, a
Naturalist,
Natural History of Sawley and Eavestone. 235
move being made to the high rhododendron clad slopes over-
looking the first of the Wellingtonias. There again came hope
without realization, for on the rotting tree trunks and old fern
roots plants like P. latebricola and Dic. strictum were expected
but the only Plagiothecium beyond those previously mentioned
was elegans and its var. collinum.
To look at the valley as a whole, the principal mosses are :
Mnium hornum, Dicranium majus, D. scoparium, D. fuscescens,
Campylopus flexuosus, C. pyriformis, Dicranoweisia cirrhata,
Tetraphis pellucida, Dicranella heteromalla and Leucobryum
glaucum. Were these to be removed it would leave a wilderness
as far as mosses are concerned.
Below the Gill on gritstone walls in the open, Grimmia
trichophylla was seen fruiting with one or two Othotricha and
Ptychonutrium polyphyllum, etc. Mull Gill had to be passed
through unsearched.
The whole district of Sawley is not included in this walk
nor are its resources exhausted ; the Skell valley has many good
things, Fontinalis squamosa, Catharinea crispa, Weisia tenurs,
Seligeria recurvata, Leptodontium flexifolium, etc. Then at
Eavestone Lakes, Orthodontium gracile occurs and in the High
Moor plantations, Dicranum strictum and Ditrichum homo-
mallum.
A definite gritstone area such as this will repay more detailed
work, and we propose to give it careful study. The following
seem to be new drainage records for the West Riding Flora :—
Catharinea crispa (Atrichum). Physcomitrium pyriforme.
Polytvichum urvnigerum (P. subro- Orthodontium gracile (Stableria).
tundum) (Pogonatum). Weberva annotina (Pohlia).
Ditrichum homomallum. W. proligera (Pohlia).
Dicranella vufescens (Anisothectum). W.carnea(Pohlia).
Campylopus flexuosus. Mnium stellare.
C. fragilis. Fontinalis squamosa.
Leucobryum glaucum. Heterocladium heteropterum.
Grimmia trichophylla. Brachythectum albicans (Hypnum).
Rhacomitrium fasciculave(Grimmia) B. plumosum (Hypnumy) (HH. pseud-
R. heterostichum (Grimmia). oplumosum).
R. canescens (Grimmia). Eurhynchium piliferum (Hvpnum).
Pottia truncatula. E. cvassinervium (Hypnum).
Zygodon viridissimus. E. Swartz (Hypnum).
Orthotvichum cupulatum. Plagiothectum silvaticum ( Hypnum)
O. affine. Hypnum uncinatum (Amblystegium
O. diaphanum. aduncum).
H. stramineum (Amblystegium).
Funci1.—Mr. A. E. Peck writes:—Mr. M. Malone and I
represented the Mycological Committee. Species peculiar to
springtime were not met with, the chief finds being parasitic
fungi of last year’s growth, these occurring on their usual
hosts. The woodlands of the district are very attractive and
no doubt an autumnal visit would produce much of interest
to the Mycologist. The following are the species noted :—
1915 July 2.
236
Tubaria furfuracea.
Hypholoma fasciculare.
Coprinus micaceus.
Polyporus squamosus.
P. betulinus. On birch.
P. brumalts.
P. cuticulavis. On alder.
Fomes fomentarius. On plum.
F. annosus. On Conifer stumps.
Daedalea quercina. On oak stumps
Polystictus versicolor. On stumps.
Poviavaporaria.
Hymenochaete rubiginosa.
Steveum hivsutum..
Corticium Sambuct.
Bovista nigvescens.
Sclevoderma vulgare.
Natural History of Sawley and Eavestone.
Dasyscypha calycina.
D. virgineus.
Helotium cyathoideum.
Mollisia cinerea.
Chlovosplentum aeruginosa.
Exoascus turgidus. (Witches
broom).
Rhytisma acerinum. (On Sycamore
) eleawes)r
Phyllachova pteridis. (On bracken
stems).
Xylavia hypoxylon.
Lephodervnuum Rhododendrt.
Heptameria acuta. (On dead nettle
stems).
Nectria cinnabarina.
Frankinella aint.
alder).
(On roots of
The following Mycetozoa have been met with in the Sawley
district by Mr. A. R. Sanderson, of Bradford, since January
laste —=
Badhamia utricularis Berk. (plas-
modium feeding on Grandinia
granulosa).
Physarum nutans Pers. (stalked
and sessile forms, including
plasmodiocarps).
Craterium minutum Fr. On holly
leaves.
Didymium squamulosum Fr. Com-
-mon on leaves of various kinds.
Stemonttis fusca Roth. On dead
sycamore.
Comatricha obtusata Preuss. On
dead elm.
Cribraria argillacea Pers. On dead
Trichia affinis De Bary.
on moss.
T. pevsimilis Karst. On willow.
T. scabra Rost. On willow.
T. varia Pers. On various dead
wood.
T. Botrytis Pers.
Fruiting
On rotten wood.
Aycyria ferruginea Sant. On pine.
A. punicea Pers. Ondead ash.
A. cinevea Pers. On dead ash.
Perichaena corticalis Rost. On al-
der and elm.
Tnbifera ferruginosa Gmel. Among
pine needles.
pine.
LicHENS.—Mr. Wattam writes :—The list of species enum-
erated below has been compiled in chief from materials collected
during the past winter, and sent to me by Mr. Samuel Margeri-
on. It would have been impossible on the day of the excursion
to have covered the great extent of ground from which the
lichens have been collected by him. To Mr. Margerison must
be given due appreciation for his energy in enabling me to
present so large a list of species from within the area. It is
not claimed that its lichen flora is by any means exhausted,
and doubtless many additions will still be made.
- JT devoted my attention to Picking Gill, and the lower part
of Hebden Woods, Wet Car and Mill Gill Woods.. The slight
rainfall was naturally beneficial to this class of plants, and they
showed their beauty to perfection, especially in Picking Gill.
The outstanding feature was the great abundance of Parmelia
saxatilis L., which covered the huge grit boulders and the boles
of -trees with immense silvery bosses, even to the highest
Naturalist,
Natural History of Sawley and Eavestone. 237
elevation (Lord’s Nab). A great competitor, especially on
tree boles and outeropping roots thereof, and also upon dead
branches of Sprucé Fir, was the crimped Parmelia physodes Ach,
while the darker sheen of Parmelia tiliacea Ach. was likewise
common. The frondose Evernia furfuracea Mann. thrived
best on the tops of the gritstone walls, but tree boles were also
another of its habitats. In the open spaces in the woodlands,
and on soil covered boulders, species of Cladonia, especially
C. gracilis, macilenta, pyxidata, and squamosa, were very
beautiful and conspicuous, occurring in large sheets. The
Eavestone and Sawley records have been kept separate ; the
species occurring in the Eavestone area only are signified by a
dagger ; those from Sawley only by an asterisk ; unmarked
species denote that they occur in both areas.
Collema furvum Ach.
TC. pulposum Ach.
t var. tenax Ach.
* Trachylia tympanella Fr.
Sphaerophorus coralloides Pers.
S. fragilis Ach.
* Baeomyces vufus DC.
} Cladonta cervicornis Schaer.
C. cornucoptotdes Fr.
C. digitata Hoffm.
f. polydactyla Fk.
C. fimbriata Fr.
C. furcata Hoffm.
var. spinosa Hook.
C. gracilis Hoffm.
var. chordalis Ach,
C. mactlenta Hoftm.
var. scabrosa Nyl.
T f. cavcata Nyl.
*C. pityvea Floerke.
C. pyxidata Fr.
+ C. sobolifeva Del.
C. squamosa Hoffm.
Cladina sylvatica Nyl.
C. uncialis Nyl.
+ Usnea barbata f. plicata Fr.
{ U. hivta Hoffm.
Evernia furfuracea Mann.
* Ramalina favinacea Ach.
*R. fraxinea Ach.
* Peltigeva canina Hoffm.
* Parmelia caperata Ach.
*P. conspersa Ach.
P. fuliginosa Fr.
P. laevigata Ach.
*P. perlata Ach.
* var. ciliata Nyl.
P. physodes Ach.
var. labyosa Ach.
P. scovtea Ach.
P. tiliacea Ach.
P. saxatilis L.
f. furfuracea Schaer.
1915 July 2.
* Physcia lychnea Nyl.
P. parietina De Not.
*P. pulverulenta (Schreb).
*P. stellavis, subsp. tenella Nyl.
* Pannaria rubiginosa Del,
*P. pezizoides (Web.)
* Lecanora atva Ach.
*I. badia Ach.
*L. ferruginea Huds.
*L. gibbosa Ach.
*L. sophodes Ach.
*L. subfusca L.
*L. sulphurea Ach.
*L. symmicta Ach.
*I. varia Ach.
{ L. ventosa L.
L. vitellina Ach.
ES var. aurella Ach.
* Urceolaria scvuposa Ach.
Pertusaria amara Nyl.
P. communis D.C,
a f. rupestvis DC.
*P. globulifera Nyl.
* Lecidia coarctata Nyl.
tL. confluens Ach.
L. contigua Fr.
a var. flavicunda Nyl.
“2 var. platycarpa Fr.
tL. endoluca Nyl.
L. lucida Ach.
*I. sanguninaria L.
*I. quernea Dicks.
1 L. uliginosa Tayl.
* Bilimbia avomatica Jatta.
* Buellia pavmeliarum Oliv.
* Rhizocarpon geographicum DC.
* Opegrapha atra Pers.
+ O. vulgata Ach.
{| Graphis scvipta Ach.
*Arthonia pruninosa Ach. Sydow.
*4. vadiata Ach. var, Swartztana.
1 Verrucaria margacea Wahl.
+ V. vupestris Schrad.
238
A CUMBERLAND NATURE RESERVE.
(Continued from page 191).
Most attention was given to the Coleoptera, of which there
are practically no records from Kingmoor. I was both surprised
and pleased to meet with considerable success.
During the year I took 258 species of beetles made up as
follows :—xz8 Ground Beetles, 31 Water Beetles and their
allies, 63 Cocktails (Brachelytra), 33 Clavicorns, 3 Chafers,
7 Skipjacks, 16 Soldier Beetles and their allies, 4 Teredilia, I
Longhorn, 30 Phytophaga and 52 Weevils. Many of these
of course, are generally common insects, but a good proportion
are local and scarce in Cumberland.
COLEOPTERA.
Notiophilus biguttatus F.
N. palustris Duft.
Nebria gyllenhali Sch.
Clivina fossor L.
Bradycellus similis Dj.
Harpalus latus L.
H. vuficornis F.
Ptevostichus versicoloy Stm.
P. madidus F.
P. diligens Stm.
Amara communis Pz.
Calathus melanocephalus L.
Anchomenus dorsalis Mill.
Bembidium guttula F.
B. lampyos Hbst.
B. littovale Ol.
Tvechus minutus F.
Dromius 4-maculatus L.
Haliplus ruficolls De G.
H. lineatocollis Marsh.
Hydvoporus lepidus Ol.
Hi gyllenhali Schiéd.
H, palustris L.
H. memnonius Nic.
H. nigrita F.
H. pubescens Gyll.
H. planus F.
Agabus sturmi Gyll.
A. chalconotus Pz.
A. bipustulatus L.
Liybius fuliginosus F.
Colymbetes fuscus L.
Dytiscus punctulatus F.
Gyvinus natator Scop.
Hydrobius fuscipes L.
Anacena globulus Pk.
A. limbata F.
Limnebius truncatellus Thunb.
Helophorus aquaticus L.
H. equalis Th.
H. quadrisignatus Bach.
Helophorus enetpennis Th.
H. brevipalpis Bed.
Ochthebius pygmeus F.
Hydvrena riparia Kug.
Cercyon melanocephalus L.
C. flavipes F.
C. lateralis Marsh.
C. hemorrhoidalis F.
Aleochara lanuginosa Gr.
A. succicola Th.
Oxypoda opaca Gr.
Drusilla canaliculata F.
Homalota gregaria Er.
H. elongatula Gr.
. malleus Joy.
. ciycellaris Gr.
. evemita Rye.
analts Gr.
nigva Kr.
. atvicoloy Shp.
. atvamentaria Gyll.
. longicornts Gr.
. muscorum Bris.
. laticollis Steph.
. fungi Gr.
Tachyusa atra Gr.
Leptusa fumida Er.
Conosoma lividum Er.
Tachyporus obtusus L.
T. chrysomelinus L.
T. hypnorum F.
T. pusillus Gr.
Tachinus rufipes De G.
T. marginellus F.
Bolitobius trinotatus Er.
B. pygmaeus F.
Quedius mesomelinus Marsh.
Q. tristis Gr.
Q. boops Gr.
Philonthus politus F.
P. varius Gyll.
boy hy gg gy by by By Hy
Naturalist,
A Cumberland Nature Reserve. 239
Philonthus sovdidus Gr.
P. concinnus Gr.
P. varians Pk.
Xantholinus punctulatus Pk.
X. linearts Ol.
Baptolinus alternans Gr.
Othius fulcipennts F.
Lathvobium fulvipennis Gr.
Lathvobium brunntpes F.
Stenus bimaculatus Gyll.
. speculator Lac.
providus var. vogert Kr.
. declavatus Er.
. byunntpes Steph.
. osstum Steph.
. impressus Germ.
. nitidiusculus Steph.
. pictpes Steph.
. similis Hbst.
S. flavipes Steph.
Platystethus arenarius Fourc.
Oxvtelus rugosus F.
O. laqueatus Marsh.
O. tetrvacavinatus Block.
Homalium rivulare Pk.
H. rvufipes Fourc.
H. concinnum Marsh.
Anthobium sorbi Gyll.
A. tovquatum Marsh.
A. minutum F.
Silpha atrata L.
Choleva velox Spence.
Gainisits Pz.
C. kivbyt Spence.
Adalia bipunctata L.
Coccinella to-punctata L.
C. hievoglyphica L.
Halyzia 14-guttata L.
Scymnus suturalis Thunb.
Rhizobius litura F.
Coccidula vufa Hbst.
Onthophilus striatus F.
Epurea estiva L.
E. obsoleta F.
Meligethes eneus F.
M. lumbaris Stm.
M. vividescens F.
M. picipes Stm.
Rhizophagus btpustulatus F.
Lathvridius lavdarius De G.
Contnomus nodifer West.
Enicmus transversus Ol.
NNnNNnHDHDNNNYN
Melanophthalma gibbosa Hbst.
M. fuscula Hum.
Byturus tomentosus F.
Antherophagus nigricornis F.
Cryptophagus affinis Stm.
Micrambe vint Pz.
Atomavia fuscata Sch.
A. analis Er.
1915 July 2.
Typhea fumata L.
Byrvhus pilula L.
Cytilus varius L.
Aphodius fimetarius L.
A, merdarius F.
A. punctato-sulcatus Stm.
Cryptohypnus viparius F.
Athous hemorrhoidalis F.
Sericosomus brunneus L.
Agyriotes obscurus L.
A. pallidulus Wl.
Dolopius marginatus L.
Corymbites quercus Gyll.
Microcava livida F.
Cyphon pallidulus Boh.
Telephorus rvusticus Fall.
T. lividus L.
T. pellucidus F.
T. nigricans v. discoideus Steph.
T. figuratus Man.
T. bicolor F.
T. flavilabris Fall.
Rhagonycha fulva Scop.
R. limbata Th.
R. pallida F.
Malthodes marginatus Lat.
M. pellucidus Kies.
M. minimus L.
M. atomus Th.
Priobium castaneum F.
Cis bolett Scop.
C. festivus Pz.
Octotemnus glabriculus Gyll.
Rhagium bifasciatum F.
Lema lichenis Veet.
Chrysomela staphylea F.
C. polita L.
Phedon tumidulus Germ.
Phyllodecta vitelling L.
Hydrothassa marginella L.
Hi. aucta F.
Luperus rufipes Scop.
Lochmea suturalis Th.
Galerucella tenella L.
Longitarsus holsaticus L.
L. luridus Scop.
L. suturvellus Duft.
L. melanocephalus De G.
L. pusiilus Gyll.
Phyllotreta undulata Kutz.
P. flexuosa Ul.
P. exclamationis Thunb.
Mantura rustica L.
Crepidodeva ferruginea Scop-
C. smavagdina Foud.
Plectroscelis concinna Marsh.
Psylliodes affinis Pk.
Cassida viridis L.
C. flaveola Thunb.
Rhinosimus planirostris F.
240 A Cumberland Nature Reserue.
Anaspis frontalis. L.
A, vufilabris Gyll.
A. maculata Fourc.
A. vuficollis F.
Depovaus betule L.
A pion ulicis Forst.
A. geniste Kirb.
A. apricans Hbst.
A. assimile Kirb.
A. dichroum Bed.
A. cavduorum Kirb.
A. pivens Hbst.
A, pist F.
A. evvt Kirb.
A. scutellave Kirb.
A. loti Kirb.
A. affine Wirb.
A.violaceum Kirb.
A. humile Germ.
Otiorhynchus pictpes F.
Stvophosomus coryli F.
S. latevalis Pk.
Sciaphilus muricatus F.
Polydrusus cevvinus L.
Sitones vegenstetnensis Hbst.
S. tibialis Hbst.
S. hispidulus F.
S. suturalis Steph.
S. sulcifrons Thunb.
Hypera punctata F.
H., polvgont L.
A. nigrivostris F.
Orchestes quercus L.
O. fagi L.
O. rusct Hbst.
O. stigma Germ.
Rhamphus flavicornis Clair.
Evivhinus acridulus L.
Dorytomus maculatus Marsh.
Anoplus plantaris N ez.
Gymnetron beccabunge L.
Anthonomus comari Crotch.
Celiodes rubicundus Hbst.
C. quercus F.
C. quadrimaculatus L.
Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis Pk.
C. contractus Marsh.
C. quadridens Pz.
Phyllobius pyri L.
P. argentatus L.
P. unifovmis Marsh.
Sitones cambricus Steph.
Ceuthorrhynchidius flovalis Pk.
C. troglodytes F.
Balaninus salicivorus Pk.
B. pyrvhoceras Marsh.
Particular interest attaches to three species, viz. :—
Helophorus quadrisignatus, of which I took two specimens
in a small pond, in May.
Psylliodes affinis, a numerous colony found on the Woody
Nightshade in August.
Apion geniste, abundant on the Petty Whin in May and
again in August, so that it is evidently double-brooded.
These three species are now recorded for the first time as
natives of Cumberland. It is apparent, therefore, that King-
moor must be reckoned as a good locality for beetles.
I also collected a number of Hemiptera and Hymenoptera,
but have not yet worked out the nomenclature.
One dragon-fly (Agrion puella) was abundant, and possibly
other species occur.
FLORA OF KINGMOOR, IQI4.
FLOWERING PLANTS, ETC.—Mr. T. Scott Johnstone writes :—
Between the beginning of April and the end of October a
number of visits have been paid to the Moor. The fact that
it has been let for grazing purposes for a number of years,
beyond interfering with its natural wild features, has perhaps
not had such an adverse effect on the flora as might have
been anticipated, and in the course of another year or two the
Moor will, it is to be hoped, present a very different and im-
proved appearance.
Naturalist,
A Cumberland Nature Reserve. 241
Until the past year, no very thorough attempt has appar-
ently been made to compile a complete record of the flora of
Kingmoor. Some records of the rarer or less common species
we have, by various observers, the earliest being that by T. C.
Heysham, a former Mayor of Carlisle, who was the first to
record, in 1837, the appearance of the Whorl-leaved Meadow
Parsnip (Carum verticillatum) on Kingmoor, no other station in
Cumberland, save one—in the Keswick district—being known
fOE sig. ‘
It is satisfactory to note that it still flourishes on the Moor
and of late years appears to have considerably increased.
The subjoined list is a record, as full as it has been possible
to make it, of all plants hitherto found. All except those in-
dicated by a dagger have been noted during the past season,
and where a plant found during the present year has been the
subject of a previous record it is distinguished by an asterisk.
The plants indicated by a dagger (+) are, for the most part,
of somewhat local or rare occurrence. There are only eleven of
these, and we hope to re-establish the old records as well as add
new ones as time goes on. One, Habenaria bifolia, the Butterfly
orchis, was, some years ago, very plentiful on the Moor, and
it has therefore been somewhat disappointing that not a single
specimen has been noticed during the past year.
I.—RANUNCULACE®, Victa tetraspeyma Moench.
Anemcene nemorosa L. V. sepium L.
* Ranunculus Flammula L. V. sativa L.
R. acvis 1. Lathyrus pratensis L.
R.vepens L. XXVI.—ROSACEX.
Caltha palustris L. Rubus fruticosus L.
V1.—CRUCIFERZ. Potentilla erecta Hampe.
Barbarea vulgaris Ait. Poterium officinale A. Gray.
Carvdamine pratensis L: t Rosa eglantevia Huds.
Brassica arvensis O. Kuntze. R. canina L.
Lx Vaio Lacz» Pyrus Malus L.
Viola Rivintana Reichb. XX VII.—SAXIFRAGACES.
X.—POLYGALACER, Chrysosplentum oppositifolium L.
*Polygala vulgaris L.
*P. serpyllacea Weihe.
XII.—CARYOPHYLLACE. eed
Lychnis Flos-cuculi L. XXNI.—LYTHRACER.
Stellavia media Vill. Lythrum Salicaria L.
XXXIV.—UMBELLIFERZ.
* Cavum verticillatum Koch.
Anthriscus sylvestris Hoffm.
XXIX.—DROSERACE,
| Drosera votundifolia L.
XVI.—HYPERICACEE.
Hypericum quadrangulum L.
XXV.—-LEGUMINOS&, *A ngelica sylvestris L.
*Genista anglica L. Heracleum Sphondylium L,
* Ulex europaeus L. Daucus Carota L.
*U. Gali Planch. Caucalis Anthriscus Huds.
Cytisus scoparius Link. Re TENA eandes een
Trifolium pratense L, Eieonn. Tie a
T. vepens L. ia eo eres
T. dubium Libth. XXXVIT.—CapRIFOLIACER.
Lotus corniculatus L. Lonicera Periclymenum L.
1915 July 2.
242 A Cumberland Nature Reserve.
XXXVIII.—RUBIACEZ,
*Galium saxatile L.
G. palustre L.
XX XIX.—VALERIANACER.
* Valeriana officinalis L.
XL.—DIPSAcEe.
*Scabiosa Succisa L.
XLI.—ComposITz&.
Bellis pevennis L.
Gnaphalium uliginosum L.
*Achillea Ptarmica L.
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L.
Tussilago Farfava L.
*Senecto aquaticus Hill.
Carduus crispus L.
Cnicus lanceolatus Willd.
C. palustyis Willd.
C. arvensis Hoffm.
+ Servatula tinctoria L.
Centaurea nigra L.
+C. Cyanus L.
Hievacium boveale Fr.
Hypocheris vadicata L.
Leontodon autumnale L.
Taraxacum officinale Weber.
XLII.—CAMPANULACE2,
+ Jasione montana L.
Campanula votundtfolia.
XLIV.—ERICACE,
Calluna vulgaris Hull.
*Evica Tetralix L.
+ Pyrola minor Sw.
XLVII.—PRIMULACER.
+ Centunculus minimus L.
LII.—BoRAGINEZ.
Myosotis cespitosa Schultz.
LIV.—SOLANACEZ.
*Solanum Dulcamara L.
LV.—ScCROPHULARIACEX.
+ Veronica Anagallis L.
V. Beccabunga L.
Bavtsia Odontites Huds.
Pedicularis sylvatica 1.
LIX.—LaBIAT&,
Prunella vulgaris L.
Ajuga veptans L.
LX.—PLANTAGINACEZ.
Plantago major L.
P. lanceolatus L.
LXIV.—POoLYGONACES,
Polygonum aviculare L.
P. Persicaria L.
Rumex conglomeratus Murr.
Rumex sanguineus L,
R. crispus L.
R. Acetosa L.
LXXI.—URTICACE2,
Urtica dioica L.
LXXIII.—CupuLirera@.
Betula alba L.
Quercus Robur L.
Fagus sylvatica L.
LXXIV.—SALICACE2.
Salix alba L.
S. aurita 2 L.
. aurita gL.
. cinerea QL.
. cinerea & L.
. vepens L.
LXXVII.—ConIFERz.
Pinus sylvestrvis L.
LX XIX.—ORCHIDACEZ.
Orchis latifolia L.
O. maculata L.
} Habenaria bifolia Br.
LXXXITII.—LILIAcEz.
t Allium vineale L.
LXXXIV.—JUNCACER.
Juncus conglomeratus L.
J. acutiflorus Ehrh.
Luzula campestris D.C.
LXXXVIII.—ALISMACEZ.
tAlisma Plantago L.
XCI.—CYPERACEZ.
Eviophorum angustifolium Roth.
Cavex vulgaris Fries.
C. panicea L.
C. distans L.
Gaflavalee
XCII.—GRAMINEZ.
Anthoxanthum odoratum L.
Agrostis canina L.
Deschampsia cespitosa L,
Holcus lanatus L.
Cynosurus cristatus L.
Molinia cevulea Mench.
Dactylis glomevata L.
Briza media L.
Poa annua L.
Festuca ovina var. B.
Hackel.
Nardus stricta L.
XCIII.—FILicEs.
Athyrium Filix-femina Roth. -
Lastrea Filix-mas Presl.
Polypodium vulgare L.
nNnnN
captllata
Naturalist,
A Cumberland Nature Reserve. 243
It is not claimed that the list given is an exhaustive Flora
of the moor. Probably many common things have been ‘over-
looked. But it is given as a basis to which additions may be
made from year to year, and it may in the meantime be noted
that of the 98 British orders of Flowering Plants, 89 are repre
sented in Cumberland, and 38 of these on Kingmoor, the actual
number of species as so far recorded being 122 as against some
1,200 for the whole of Cumberland and 2,075 for the whole of
Great Britain and Ireland.
MossEs AND LIVERWORTS.—Mr. J. Murray writes :—The
following plants were found during a visit on April 11th, 1914 :—
Sphagnum squarrosum Pers., was the only species of bog moss
found, all the specimens being very stunted. A plant super-
ficially very like a Sphagnum, but very different under the
microscope, was Leucobryum glaucum Schp., several large
tufts of which were noticed. On several places where fires
had been, the large round tufts of Funaria hygrometrica Sibth.,
had sprung up. On the dry banks the reddish purple tufts of
Ceratodon purpureus Brid. were just maturing their fruit, and
added colour to the black earth. A moss which I found on
the moor some years ago, but which I could not find again this
year, was Ephemerum serratum Hpe. This is one of the smallest
of mosses, resembling a green film on the ground, so is not easy
to detect. On these same dry banks Mniwm hornum Linn. was
fairly abundant, but had not come into fruit, nor were the
male catkins found. At the northern end of the moor, and in
the wettest parts were several characteristic mosses, Hylocomium
triquetrum B. and S., with its recurved leaves was conspicuous.
Two others growing in fair quantity were Hypnum Schreberi
Willd. and AHypnum palustre Huds. Hypnum cupressiforme
Linn. with its strongly falcate leaves, was common both in
separate tufts, and mixed with the above named mosses.
Some of the plants came very near the var. ericetorum B. and S,
Barren tufts of Dicranum scoparium Hedw. were not rare.
Only three common species of liverworts were found :—
Calypogeia trichomanis Linn. growing over mosses ; Lophocolea
bidentata Linn. on dead wood, and Diplophyllum albicans Linn.
on the edge of a ditch.
This list is somewhat meagre, but the locality is not a good
one for either mosses or liverworts. Others will yet be found,
but probably 50 or 60 species will be all that will be discovered.
aoe
We have received an interesting volume entitled ‘The Break-up of
Europe,’ a prophetic translation of Claudian’s Masterpiece against Rufinus
in two books (translated from the Latin of Claudian), re-printed a.p. 1914
by W. W. Strickland, B.A., Trinity College, Cambridge. It is printed and |
published by R. H. Smithson & Blanchard, Yorkersgate, Malton. The
author, Sir Walter Strickland, is a member of a well-known Yorkshire
family, and his present work is especially appropriate at the present time.
1915 July 2.
244 |
: NORTHERN NEWS.
The Journal of the Board of Agriculture for June contains an article
on ‘The Prevention of Egg-Laying on Turnips by the Diamond-Back
Moth,’ by R. A. Harper Gray.
We see much made in the daily press of “a scorpion with a sting notor-
iously venomous,’ brought to Leeds in a crate of bananas. The ‘reptile’
was taken to a local naturalist, who appears to have supplied the news.
The Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution
for 1913, just received, includes a number of important papers, among them
being ‘ Whale Fisheries of the World,’ by Charles Rabot, and another
‘The Most Ancient Skeletal Remains of Man,’ by Dr. A. Hrdlicka; both
are well illustrated.
The twenty-fourth annual report of The Roval Society for the Pro-
tection of Bivds has been issued (84 pages, Is.) and is an excellent record
of this society’s achievements. Perhaps Yorkshire does not take quite
such a prominent part in the work of this society that it would do, were
it not for the fact that this county already has its own Bird Protection
Committee, which is doing such good work.
The Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club for April contains the
following notes: ‘ The Early History of the Quekett Microscopical Club,”
by R. T. Lewis; ‘A New Copepod found in Water from Hollows on
Tree Trunks,’ by D. J. Scourfield; ‘Some Details in the Anatomy of the
Rat Flea,’ by A. E. Minchin; Presidential Address on the ‘ Biological
Conception of Individuality,’ by A. Dendy; ‘ British Hydracarina :
the Genius Lebertia,’ by W. Williamson and C. D. Soar.
Mr. C. S. Middlemiss, of the India Geological Survey, who was a native
of Hull, and many years ago spent much time in investigating the geology
of East Yorkshire, has made a valuable addition to the geological section
of the Hull Museum. He has presented his entire collection, the specimens
being all carefully labelled and catalogued, and most of them refer to
East Yorkshire. Some years ago Mr. Middlemiss had an opportunity of
examining the interesting sections in the Kellaways Rock at South Cave,
which were made during the construction of the Hulland Barnsley Railway,
and described in the Geological Magazine at the time. The South Cave
specimens, together with many others from the red and white chalk,
etc., are included, and in addition there is a valuable series of rocks, with
a catalogue giving full localities, etc.
There are various methods of describing natural history records; but
the following, which is only a part of the discourse, appears under the
head of ‘ An interesting find at Robin Hood’s Bay,’ in a recent journal,
and, presumably, has to do with a record of ‘The Worm Pipe Fish’:
‘In modern warfare there are two general methods of dealing death
with rifles. In the first the soldiers drawn up in a certain stratagetic
order fire in unison in the direction of the enemy without taking special
aim at any individual. The effectuality of this method depends more or
less on the laws of chance. Whilst the majority of the bullets whistle
harmlessly past the heads of the enemy (not without their moral effect
perhaps), a deadly few find human billets, achieving from the stratagists
point of view economical success. The other method is that of the sharp-
shooter who carefully picks out a commanding position. Here he methodi-
cally calculates the range of the distant enemy, the rise and fall of the
intervening country, the direction and force of the wind. Slowly, but
surely, he adjusts the sights and guages on his specially-chosen rifle, and
gives it its deadly charge; carefully picks out the individual enemy whose
- soul and body he wishes to disconnect; steadily aims, fires—and gives
vent to a feeling of surprise and deprecating annoyance if the chosen one
does not re-act in the generally-accepted manner. The modern rifleman
is seldom surprised in this respect.’
Naturalist,
7h ’
me : )
pA ae re i aes
aad eg oe yimay
me we yi a .
So ne ‘Geographical Fabtors
in the Great War -
By T. HERDMAN,
DSc. F.G.S,
(Lecturer in Geography, Municipal Training College, Hull).
72 pages, crown Svo, with 6 Maps, sewn in
stout printed cover, od. net, post free rod. net.
A feature of vast importance in the titanic struggle now taking
place is the geographical condition of the various countries. In
‘* Some Geographical Factors ”’
the author provides much interesting
information which helps his readers to a wider understanding of an
important aspect of the present campaign.
on ‘‘ The Problems of Nationality ”
The concluding chapter
affords a glimpse of the immense
difficulties that face those statesmen to whose heads and hands will
be committed the adjustment of the new boundaries.
The ‘‘ Literary World”’
says ‘—‘* Those who would follow intelligently
the movements in this world contest will find much help in this little
handbook. Mr. Herdman’'s
exposition of the part played in the war
by the great land-gates and the seas is clear and informing, and is
followed by some sound reasoning on the commercial war and the
problems of nationality.” »
LONDON:
x
A. BROWN & SONS, ee 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.C,
AND AT HULL AND YORK.
WATKINS &
DON CASTER
NATURALISTS,
36, STRAND, LONDON, w.c.
(Five Doors from Charing Cross),
Keep in stock every description of
APPARATUS, CABINETS, BOOKS, AND SPECIMENS
for Collectors of
BIRDS’ EGGS, BUTTERFLIES, MOTHS, ETC.
Catalogue (96 pages) sent post free on application,
lssued Monthly, illustrated with Plates and Text Figures
To Subscribers, 6s. per annum; Post Free, 6s. 6d.
The Scottish Naturalist
with which is incorporated
**The Annals of Scottish Natural History ’’
A Monthly Magazine devoted to Zoology
Edited by William Eagle Clarke, F.R.S.E.,
F.L.S., Keeper Natural History Dept., Royal
Scottish Museum; William Evans, F. R. S.E.,,
Member of the British Ornithologists’ Union ; and
Percy H.Grimshaw, F.R.S.E., F.E.S., Assistant-
Keeper, Natural History Deft., Royal Scottish
Museum. Assisted by J. A. Harvie-Brown,
F.R.S.E.,F.Z.S. ; Evelyn V.Baxter, H.M.B.O.U.;
Leonora i> Rintoul, H.M.B.O.U.; ‘Hugh S. Glad-
stone, M.A., F.R. S. E., F.Z.S.; James Ritchie,
M.A.,D.Sc. A. Landsborough Tt ompson, M.A.,
M.B.0.U.
- Edinburgh: OLIVER & BOYD, Tweedale Court
_ Lond.: GURNEY & JACKSON 33 Paternoster Row
re! :G )
a ' ‘
oe ‘ ig Al ¥
Cin ae Pil op Lavi tS
ae) > 4 ae
THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S MONTHLY ©
MAGAZINE.
PRICE SIXPENCE MONTHLY.
Edited by G. C. Champion, F.Z.S., J. E. Collin,
oe G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., R. W. Lloyd,
LF
»R.N,, F.L.S.
7
This Magazine, commenced in 1864, contains
Standard Articles and Notes on all subjects
connected with Entomology, and especially on
the Insects of the British Isles.
Subscription—6s. per annum, post free,
GURNEY & JACKSON,
7, Paternoster Row,
London.
owler, D.Sc., M.A., Best J.J. Walker, |
fhe Moorleneet
of
North Eastern Yorkshire. :
Their Natural History and Origin.
By FRANK ELGEE, F.G.S.
377 pages Demy 8vo, Cloth Boards, Gilt T. of, with two large coloured maps,
numerous text diagrams and maps, 39 photographic plates, 1 coloured plate, and
folding geological section. Price shag net.
This work is the first of its kind in the English language, and deals not only .
with the various problems presented by the special area of which it treats, but also
with the origin of moors, of the Red Grouse, of moorland floras, and other subjects
of interest to naturalists and sportsmen. '
X
YORKSHIRE
BY
PEN AND PICTURE
TO SHEPPARD,E- Gas, F.S.A(Pcor.)
216 pages, crown folio, with wpwards of 250 illustrations, and
strongly stitched in artistic pictorial cover.
1/- net, or post free 1/3 net.
This book, which might be almost described as a picture gallery
of the County of Broad Acres, contains a great deal of useful and
entertaining matter relative to every aspect of popular interest.
The Yorkshire Post says: ‘“‘ Mr. Sheppard is well known as a
writer on antiquarian subjects, and this volume reflects his acquaint-_
ance with Yorkshire.”
Lonpon: A. BROWN & SONS, Lrp., 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.C.
AND AT HULL AND YORK. é
Printed at BRowns’ SaviLE Press, 40, George Street, Hull, and published’ by
A. Brown & Sons, Limited, at 5 Farringdon Avenue, in the City of London.
July Ist, 1915.
No. 703
(No, 480 of current series)
A MONTHLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF 3
NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.
EDITED BY
T. SHEPPARD, M.Sc., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.S.A.Scot.,
THE Museums, Hutt;
|
a , AND
* T. W. WOODHEAD, Ph.D., M.Sc., F.L.S., ns
TecHNIcAL CoLLeGE, HUDDERSFIELD, oaqnian Sei
WITH THE ASSISTANCE AS REFEREES IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF e
; J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S. F.L.S., GEO. T. PORRITT, F.L, S i =: il i] 5
_—s- Prof. P. P. KENDALL, M.Sc., F.G.S., JOHN W. TAYLOR, M.Sc, (\ 5 7 0) 91
i T. H. NELSON, M.Sc., M.B.O.U., RILEY FORTUNE, —_ clit
3
ee ay ee
é oe Vat, A
| Contents :— Sonal Mie
> PAGE 7
Notes and Comments:—Recognition of Natural History Work; A ‘ Field Day’; The Leeds
University and Yorkshire Naturalists ; Harold Wager ; Thomas Hudson Nelson; William
Denison Roebuck ; Thomas Sheppard ; John William Taylor; John Grimshaw Wilkinson ;
Thomas William Woodhead ; Notes on Cetacea; Lord Avebury; A Popular Scientist ;
*y Marine Biology (Illustrated); Accessory Minerals in Lake District Granite; Rare
1 Minerals ; Detection of Accessory Minerals ... aie oy um 5 Ae ae of. 245-259
Observations on the Grey Seal—Edmund Selous ... et “ie te EP uy we. 253-257
Yorkshire Naturalists at Settle—W.E.L.W. Gas it a 5 ay se .-. 258-262
Yorkshire Naturalists at Hambleton, near Selby (lllustrated)—W.E.L.W. ... -. 263-266
Museums and Education—T.S. ... — 4% VE Aud vad as re AS ... 267-269
Field Note :—Curious Place for Great Tit’s Nest (Illustrated) a: ey 270
Bibliography :—Papers and Records relating to the Geology and Palwontology of the North
of England (Yorkshire excepted), published during 1914—T7. Sheppard, M.Sc., F.G.S. .... 271-274
Proceedings of Provincial Scientific Societies, etc. ... An oie a aes --. 252, 270
News from the Magazines ... eae 322 ois abe ged ae Bae mae eee 257, 260s
Reviews and Book Notices... a te ae Ae ee puis are te of as 269
Northern News ... omiinitne ts acs ae aes “st ede = st re A ... 262; 2°76
illustrations eat oh) «ae ves fod =a “as oan cae a “ «. 251, 263, 264, 270
LONDON :
A. Brown & Sons, LIMITED, 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.C,
“And at Hutt and York.
Printers and Publishers to the Y.NU.
Prepaid Subscription 6/6 per annum, post free.
IN ee See ies
YORKSHIRE’S”
CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE
(Based upon the Presidential Address to the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union, delivered at the Leeds University)
By THOMAS SHEPPARD
MSG)" Gis chee Gio; F.S.A.(ScoT.)
Tus work has been considerably extended, and occupies over 200 pages.
It contains an account of the various scientific publications issued from
Ackworth, Addingham, Barnsley, Ben Rhydding, Beverley, Bradford,
Doncaster, Driffield, Goole, Halifax, Harrogate, Haworth, Hebden Bridge,
Huddersfield, Hull, Idle, Ikley, Keighley, Leeds, Malton, Middlesbrough, ~
Pocklington, Pontefract, Ripon, Rotherham, Scarborough, Sedbergh,
Selby, Settle, Sheffield, Wakefield, Whitby and York. In addition there
is an exceptionally complete bibliography of the various natural history
journals and publications, now issued for the first time. The author has
been successful in obtaining many publications not in the British Museum.
EXTRACT FROM PREFACE:—
In the following pages an effort is made to indicate the various sources
of information likely to be of service to a student in his work on any
branch of natural science dealing with our broad-acred shire. The
section arranged topographically under towns shows what has been
accomplished in each place, while the remainder of the book is devoted
to an enumeration of the general sources of information which should be =
consulted. Unfortunately, several of the items are scarce, in many cases
only one set being known, a circumstance which has induced me to give
the bibliographical details rather fully. By aseries of fortunate circum-
stances, and asa result of several years’ collecting, I possess sets of most
of the publications mentioned, and shall endeavour to arrange that
they remain intact for the benefit of future workers, as it will certainly
be very difficult, if not impossible, to get sucha collection together again.
It is also hoped that the bibliographical particulars of the various
journals and Societies’ Transactions will be of service to librarians and
others who often find it difficult to trace items of this character. I
believe they are now given in this form for the first time.
ORDER FORM.
Please send mé ....... SCOP sweeee of YORKSHIRE'S ConTRIBUTION
TO SCIENCE, bound in cloth, at 3s. 6d. net.
Name @eeevescevoeveeveeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee ee oe
Address eoc5ocvceoeeeeeveerneeeeeeeeeeseeereesee eee
eoeeeereeeeeeeree ere eeoeeee eee eee ee ee
T. SHEPPARD, M.Sc., er.
Museum, Hull. i gi ch ieca) —
‘
NOTES AND COMMENTS.
RECOGNITION OF NATURAL HISTORY WORK.
The word ‘research’ has recently become so intimately
connected with our great universities, that the conscientious
work of the amateur field naturalist is apt to be almost over-
looked, even by the greater seats of learning which often
depend so much on the work of the field naturalist for the
basis of their researches. Such a charge cannot be laid at the
doors of the University of Leeds, which has so generously
appreciated the work of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union by
conferring the degree of Doctor of Science upon one of the
Union’s past presidents, and the degree of Master of Science
upon others of the Union’s prominent workers.
A REED DAY.”
July 3rd can be recorded as a real ‘ field day’ for Yorkshire
naturalists, who packed the great hall at the University to
witness the impressive ceremony on that occasion. All felt
that the Union had been greatly honoured by the University,
and the honour is certainly appreciated. Below we reprint
the addresses given by the respective Professors on presenting
the candidates to the Chancellor, the Duke of Devonshire.
Professor Cohen introduced Mr. Harold Wager; Professor P. I.
Kendall presented Mr. Sheppard ; and the others were presented
by Professor Garstang. Personally we consider that some of
the remarks were exceedingly encouraging and flatte1ing, and
one member was heard to remark that they savoured of pre-
mature obituary notices ! However, we are pleased to preserve
the addresses in the Union’s official organ.
THE LEEDS UNIVERSITY AND YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS.
In introducing the members of the Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union to receive honorary degrees, Professor Garstang, stated :
The study of nature cannot be restricted within the walls of
universities and laboratories. Certain aspects of the subject,
it is true, can only be effectively pursued under these con-
ditions, but there are vast fields of knowledge only to be gar-
nered by outdoor study. These fields are open to all, and
Britain is distinguished among all the countries of the world
by the abundance of the scientific work carried out, and the
value of the discoveries made by her long succession of dis-
tinguished amateurs. Yorkshire has ever been to the fore in
this spontaneous growth of scientific zeal, and in the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union we have one of the most striking examples
of organised effort to explore the fields which lie open for in-
vestigation in a great and varied locality. In the forty local
1915 Aug. 1.
Q
246 Notes and Comments.
societies of natural history included in the Union, there are
several thousands of members who devote an appreciable
portion of their leisure time to the study of various aspects of
nature, largely by co-operation in the meeting and in the field.
The University of Leeds appreciates highly these evidences of
a wide diffusion of intellectual interests in the county, and in
seeking to enrol among its Honorary Graduates the dis-
tinguished naturalists who are here to-day, it honours no less
the much larger number who have helped them to guide and
increase the love of learning and investigation in their various
localities.
HAROLD WAGER.
From his boyhood, Mr. Wager has been a devoted lover and
student of nature. Inspired by the teaching of Huxley, under
whom he studied, and later by Scott, with whom he worked,
he turned his attention to natural science. Research has been
the keynote of his life’s work. Neither his duties as demon-
strator and lecturer in Botany in our Yorkshire College, a
position which he held with distinction for six years (1888-1894),
nor his later more unsettled and arduous life as His Majesty’s
Inspector of Secondary Schools, have diverted him from his
eager study of biological problems, a pursuit which he has
carried on uninterruptedly for 30 years. He is the author of
memoirs and papers on various botanical subjects concerning
the structure and physiology of the lower organisms and their
modes of growth and reproduction, and the structure and life
history of the yeast plant, the response of plants to light, the
function of chlorophyll, and the behaviour of microscopic
organisms under the influence of gravity. The value of his
contributions to science has been recognised by the Royal
Society, who elected him to the fellowship in 1907, and by the
committee of the British Association, who made him president
of the botanical section in 1905. He has filled the presidential
chairs of the British Mycological Society and of the Naturalists’
Union, and is a member of other scientific societies, where his
single-hearted devotion to science, his keen powers of obser-
vation and of lucid exposition are widely recognised, and serve
as an inspiration and encouragement to others.
THOMAS HUDSON NELSON.
Thomas Hudson Nelson is the biographer of the Birds of
Yorkshire. The grandeur of Yorkshire in the extent and
variety of its surface, in its moors and dales and forests, and
in its sea-worn cliffs and headlands, and in its sandy bays
and tidal estuaries, has provided problems of endless scope
for the ornithologists, and it has needed a succession of many
ardent naturalists to build up the material for a full representa-
Naturalis!,
Notes and Comments. 247
tion of the bird life of our county. Upon T. H. Nelson fell
the mantle, now many years ago, of a distinguished predecessor,
who left the county before his work in this respect was finished,
and it is to Thomas Nelson that we owe one of the most im-
portant and reliable county histories of birds ever published.
This work expresses the very spirit of co-operation which
prevails among our Yorkshire naturalists, full of the detail
which the student of birds requires concerning their local
distribution, their periodic wanderings and casual movements,
enriched by friendly helpers with many a charming photograph
of their favourite haunts and nesting sites, the work of a
master of his subject, surrounded by helpful friends in every
Riding, and bringing to a clear issue the comprehensive results
of long and loving studies by many hands.
WILLIAM DENISON ROEBUCK.
William Denison Roebuck is the pioneer and organiser of
the systematic survey of the county, the man of method,
insistent upon the guarantees of accuracy and completeness,
the keeper of our records: a student of many-sided interests
and of indefatigable perseverance. Joint author of the stand-
ard handbook of the Vertebrate Fauna of Yorkshire, his
versatility extends to an intimate knowledge of our Bees and
Butterflies, our Slugs and Snails, and of many other classes of
our native fauna. Impressed, however, at an early date with
the importance of co-operation and method in order to secure
the fullest and most reliable results from local amateur effort,
William Roebuck set to work some forty years ago to re- -model
the federation of our local societies of Natural History on
broader and more effective lines, and both the constitution
and the working of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union as it
exists to-day, embracing some 40 local societies, with a member-
ship of several thousand -naturalists, are largely due to his
suggestion and initiative. The reconstitution of the Union,
of which he was Honorary Secretary for nearly thirty years,
resulted in a great impetus to systematic scientific investi-
gation all over the county, and in the publication of numerous
important memoirs and books on various branches of York-
shire Natural History. Much of Roebuck’s best work has been
done in connection with the Leeds Naturalists’ Club, the
members of which owe much to his foresight and tireless
service, and honour him as one of their most distinguished
members.
THOMAS SHEPPARD.
Mr. Thomas Sheppard is well-known throughout Yorkshire
as an untiring and prolific worker in the fields of Geology and
Archeology, whose expositions on the lecture platform, lucid
1915 Aug. 1.
248 Notes and Comments.
and precise, lose nothing of force from the wit that ever enlivens
them. Engaged in youth in the clerical work of a great
railway administration, he yet early won distinction in the
investigation of the traces of the Ice Age that are so amply
displayed in this great county. His versatile mind now finds.
scope for wider activities in the control of three splendid
museums in the city of Kingston-upon-Hull. Not content
with the exacting demands such a post makes on his strength
and energy, he added to them for many years the arduous
duties of Secretary to the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. His
eminent services in this capacity received the recognition of
election to the presidential chair, which he occupied at the
annual meeting held within the walls of this University last
December. As editor of The Naturalist, now and for many
years he has led that journal on a career of steadily widening
influence. The range of his original work in geology is wide,
and its penetration deep. Possessing the pen of a ready
writer, his books have had a notable effect in awakening and
maintaining interest in his favourite studies.
JOHN WILLIAM TAYLOR.
John William Taylor is one of our greatest living authorities.
on the Land and Fresh Water Mollusca. He founded, and
edited for many years, the ‘ Journal of Conchology,’ and con-
tributed to it numerous papers of importance. His ‘ Mono-
graph on the Land and Fresh Water Mollusca of the British
Isles,’ on which he has been engaged for many years, is, perhaps,
the best and most scientific work on this branch of science,
as it certainly is the most comprehensive. It has been received
with the most cordial appreciation by naturalists all over the
world, who speak in the highest terms of praise of its extensive
and exact learning, its scientific insight, and the beauty of its
illustrations. In the preparation of this work Mr. Taylor’s
observations and experience led him to generalisations on the
centre of distribution of life in all forms, and to the formulation
of an original hypothesis which seems to give a new clue to
the right understanding of problems of the distribution of both
animal and vegetable life. This was elaborated in an address
delivered to the International Entomological Congress at
Oxford, and was later taken as the basis of his Presidential
Address to the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. Mr. Taylor’s
Monograph is still unfinished. The University of Leeds offers
him its congratulations on the large portions already published
and a sincere hope that, in spite of his threescore years and ten,
he may enjoy health and strength to complete the great under-
taking to which the leisure hours of his busy life have been so
successfully devoted.
-
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 249
JOHN GRIMSHAW WILKINSON.
John Grimshaw Wilkinson has made himself an acknow-
ledged authority upon Systematic Botany. Triumphing by
perseverance and enthusiasm over an early affliction of total
blindness, he has obtained an extensive and exact knowledge
of the general structure of plants, both British and foreign ;
and he possesses a critical insight into the systematic classi-
fication of British flowering plants and ferns, and their geo-
graphical distribution. He has an intimate knowledge of the
songs of birds, being able by his exquisite sense of hearing to
distinguish may a subtle feature ordinarily unrecognised. For
some time he was President of the Leeds Naturalists’ Club, and
did much valuable work in connection with its botanical
section. His services, we understand, have often been of
assistance to the Leeds City Council in the selection of the trees
which have been planted in and around Leeds, and it is largely
due to him, we believe, that our public gardens and parks are
adorned with so many interesting and beautiful trees and
plants. In the autumn of his modest life, so nobly lived, may
we not, with honour to our seat of learning, extend to him the
hand of fellowship and sympathy, expressing to him, in the
words of the poet of nature, the encouragement of spring ?
3G oa3 GN While my hand exults
Within the bloodless heart of lowly flowers
To work old laws of love to fresh results,
Thro’ manifold effect of simple powers—
I too would teach the man
Beyond the darker hour to see the bright,
That his fresh life may close as it began,
The still-fulfilling promise of a light
Narrowing the bounds of night.’
THOMAS WILLIAM WOODHEAD.
In Thomas William Woodhead we welcome a colleague in
one of our affiliated institutions, the Technical College at
Huddersfield. As a Biologist his investigations have covered
a wide field, always fruitfully, while his numerous and im-
portant memoirs in the department of Plant Ecology and Dis-
tribution have given him an honourable position among British
botanists. He has devoted special attention to the training
of young teachers in the study of nature, incorporating original
ideas with marked success, and spreading the spirit of scien-
tific method into the study even of the simplest and most
accessible phenomena. He has lately become an Honorary
Secretary of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and a Joint
Editor of The Naturalist, thus sacrificing, with characteristic
generosity, the scanty leisure of a busy teacher to the service
“of his fellow naturalists.
1915 Aug. 1.
250 Notes and Comments.
NOTES ON CETACEA.
The British Museum (Natural History) has issued Dr. S. F.
Harmer’s ‘ Report on Cetacea, stranded on the British Coasts
during 1914.’*_ It is illustrated by maps which clearly indicate
the various occurrences of cetacea stranded on the coasts of
the British Islands during the year. In the northern counties
we notice records of Pilot Whale at Brunton Burn; White-
beaked Dolphins at Amble and Redcar ; Bottle-nosed Whale
at Blyth; Common Porpoise at Barrow-in-Furness, Mable-
thorpe, Sutton-on-Sea, and Skegness.
LORD AVEBURY.T
The various books written by Lord Avebury, better known
as Sir John Lubbock, are perhaps as widely read as are those
of any scientific writer ; not only by the person with scientific
tastes, but equally by our friend, the ‘ man in the street.’ His
writings certainly had and still have a charm ; the subjects he
wrote ‘about were well chosen and popular, and he seemed to
be equally able to clearly express himself, whether dealing with
Prehistoric Times, Wild Flowers and Insects, Ants, Bees and
Wasps, the Collembola and Thysanura, Marriage, Totemism
and Religion, Scenery of England, the Use of Life, Peace and
Happiness, or Municipal and National Trading. His books
and addresses deal with subjects as varied as can well be
imagined.
A POPULAR SCIENTIST.
Lord Avebury himself probably held more honourable
positions in the various scientific societies of the world than
any man of his time. In addition to all this he was a most
successful man in business, a rare character in a scientist.
True, it has been said of him that ‘ bankers considered him a
great scientist and men of science a great banker.’ We feel
sure we can say that Mr. Hutchinson has succeeded in dis-
abusing the reader of any impression that this epigram may
have suggested. Mr. Hutchinson has also succeeded in pre-
senting a very readable and valuable record of the life and
achievements of one who did his best to educate and elevate
his fellow men and women. Lord Avebury, both by lectures
and by books, tried to prove that, whatever happens, life is
worth living, and certainly thousands of those who may have
had doubts on the matter, had these doubts dispelled after
reading ‘ The Use of Life,’ or other of his books of a similar
nature.
* 4to., 16 pages, Is. 6d.
+ Life of Sir John Lubbock: Lord Avebury ; by Horace G. Hutchinson, »
2 vols., 338+334 pp. London: Macmillan & Co., 30s. net.
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 251
MARINE BIOLOGY.
We have received the Annual Report for 1914 of the
Scottish Marine Biological Association (g0 pages), which is
well illustrated, and contains an excellent record of this society’s
work. We suppose it is more or less appropriate that by article
15 ‘ the Association shall have a common seal,’ though it hardly
seems a strictly biological operation that it ‘shall be affixed
to any deed or document,’ unless, of course, such document
A good collecting ground.
be the label. We reproduce one of the many illustrations
which adorn the report.
ACCESSORY MINERALS IN LAKE DISTRICT GRANITES.
At a recent meeting of the London Geological Society,
Messrs. R. H. Rastall and W. H. Wilcockson read a paper on
‘The Accessory Minerals of the Granitic Rocks of the English
Lake District.’ Preliminary investigations promised results of
interest if the rocks of a whole district were examined, and
for this purpose the Lake District was selected. The rocks
described are the granites of Skiddaw, Shap, and Eskdale,
the microgranite of Threlkeld, and the granophyre of Butter-
mere and Ennerdale. The material was pounded in a mortar,
washed, and panned, and the concentrate separated in bromo-
form after the removal of the magnetic portion. The general
results showed a well-marked variation of accessory minerals
between the different intrusions, but a similarity between parts
1915 Aug. 1.
252 Notes and Comments.
of the same intrusion, although the minerals of apophyses are
not always the same as those of the main mass. No evidence is
afforded for a genetic connexion between the different intrusions.
RARE MINERALS.
One of the most remarkable results obtained is the rarity of
magnetite and the wide prevalance of pyrrhotite, which was
present in every sample examined, some thirty in number.
Special attention was paid to the characteristics of the zircon-
crystals, which lent no support to the conclusions of Chrust-
choff as to the occurrence of definite types in granite and gneiss- +
ose rocks respectively. In parts of both the Skiddaw granite
and the Threlkeld micro-granite, anatase and brookite were
found in abundance. It was not possible to determine their
origin. Epidote is the characteristic mineral of the Ennerdale
granophyre, while garnet is abundant at Threlkeld and Esk-
dale. The Eskdale granite also contains much tourmaline.
The Shap granite is especially characterized by apatite and
sphene.
DETECTION OF ACCESSORY MINERALS.
The method adopted by Messrs. Rastall and Wilcockson is
the only way to detect the rarer accessory minerals of rocks.
One of the samples which they crush down contains about 5
or 6 cubic inches, and may yield perhaps 5 or 6 minute crystals
of a rare mineral like anatase. A thin slice has at most a
volume of ;,/55 cubic inch, and the chance of its catching one
of the crystals is therefore something like one in Iooo. Of
specific results, the wide distribution of pyrrhotite in these
Lake District intrusions is interesting.
03
The Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philo-
sophical Society, 1913-14, includes papers on ‘ Faunal Survey of Ros-
therne: Preliminary List of Lepidoptera found round the Mere,’ by
A. W. Boyd, and ‘ Juvenile Flowering in Eucalyptus globulus,’ by Prof.
F, E. Weiss.
The Annual Repcrt of the North Staffordshire Field Club, Volume
XLIX., recently issued, contains the usual reports of the various sections
on natural history, together with notes on archeology and other matters.
Among the items likely to interest our readers are: the Presidential
Address, ‘ Staffordshire Mammals,’ by J. R. B. Masefield; ‘ Mining Note
Book of 18th Century,’ by J. T. Stobbs ; ‘ Bird Notes (1914),’ by W. Wells
Bladen; ‘Holocene Mollusca of Letocetum,’ by H. Overton. The
volume is edited by S. A. H. Burne.
The Transactions of the Perthshire Society of Natural Science, volume
6, part 1, has pages 32-54, and contains the following :—‘ The Drought of
1913,’ by C. M’Intosh; ‘ List of Plants in Flower in November, 1913,’ by
W. Barclay; ‘ Potamogeton trichodes, Cham. et Schlect, as a probable
Perthshire Species,’ by A. Bennett; ‘The Evolution of Man in the Great
Ice Age,’ by Dr. Lyell; ‘New Perthshire Fungi,’ by James Menzies.;
‘‘ Further notes on Highland Rocks,’ by George F. Bates. There is also
an elaborate record of the Society’s meetings and excursions. The report
is illustrated by several plates.
Naturalist,
iS)
UL
Ww
OBSERVATIONS ON THE GREY SEAL.
EDMUND SELOUS.
(Continued from page 221).
The new-born Seal, however, was fed again. I cannot, of
course, say whether this was only the second time. and while it
was still night, that is to say while it was still dark, except for the
weak light of a crescent moon which had nowrisen.* Yet it was
not by this light—at least not alone—that I was able to see what
took place. Something, to me quite new, aided me in this, and I
can now record that Seals—at least Grey Seals—are phosphores-
cent at night. Boththe shape and the movements of the mother,
as she came up the rocks, were revealed to me owing to this
circumstance, and then I saw the young one, like an enlarged
glow-worm, jerking itself towards her. When I say the shape,
I mean only the general mass of the substance, or rather some
part of it, and the outline was only indicated, and probably
falsely. The light, as it seemed to me, spread outwards from
some central portion, but without reaching the periphery. It
was greenish or greenish white, witha blue gleam here and there.
Sometimes it shone more or less brightly, and at other times,
almost or quite went out. In, or as this ight, I saw the
young one descend from the rock on which it had been moving,
and where it had before been fed, into the cleft or channel
beyond its edge (a thing which I had thought quite impossible
for it to do, except through accident, with death as a con-
sequence), climb up another great block bordering this upon
the other side, on which the mother now lay, and then the small
fish-like form of elfish fire jerked itself up to the larger one,
the two as they coincided, being in the same relative position
towards each other as on the other occasions of suckling.
After about the same time as before, the old Seal moved again,
revealing herself clearly through her luminousness (which she
had nearly ceased to do, as she lay) and I saw her thus self-
light her way down the rocky channel to the sea by which
she had made her approach and retirement in the evening—
yesteday evening now, this entry passing into that of
OCTOBER 13TH.—It was perfectly evident that the lumin-
ousness of the Seals increased or decreased according to their
movements or quiescence, becoming much more vivid through
motion. One must, I suppose, attribute the whole effect to
the water of the sea in the animal’s fur, which would preclude
the -idea of its being under personal control. On this view,
however, the young Seal must have managed to wet itself
* According to my recollection or conjecture there was certainly
some small light which was not, I think, that of dawning.
1915 Aug. 1.
254 Selous: Observations en the Grey Seal.
where it was, on the approach of its mother, for its coat before
then had long seemed perfectly dry.
From now on, I continued to watch and wait, and during the
early morning light (having no watch I cannot say what o’clock
it was), another feeding of this same baby seal took place.
This last was all in the swirl and swell of the tide, the waves
washing over the rock on which the mother lay, and often
bumping her several feet out of place. As forthe calf, it had
often almost to swim, whilst imbibing, and once the dug it
sucked had the salt wave around or upon it. This time it had
a still greater climb, to get to its mother, or, rather, to its place,
before she came there, and only managed it by a drop into the
sea, off the rock’s edge, which I should never have thought it
was equal to. Then, for quite a long time, it swam about,
first in the sea-pool, and then, as the tide rose and overflowed it,
in the actual sea, climbing, now and again, for a little way, up
on the rock, and then going back again. Here, then, is an
actual demonstration that swimming in this species is instinc-
tive, and that the young are not taught by their parents, for
this one was scarce twenty-four hours old, and (unless we
suppose that its mother had taken it out to sea whilst I slept),
this was the first time that it had come down to the sea, or the
sea had come up to it, since its birth.*
Finally the last suckling up to now, has taken place only
some fifteen or twenty minutes ago. I should think it must be
mid-day. The mother this time, came right up on the rock,
close to where the young one was lying, and getting into posi-
tion upon her side, stomach towards me, gave me a splendid
view, at less, perhaps, than twelve paces distant. The thing
was very interesting, for the day-old calf was not an expert,
and one might almost say that though swimming lessons for
young Seals are not necessary, sucking lessons are. The calf
did not seem to know with exactitude where the dugs were,
and, leaving the right place, was putting its head too far
upwards, when the mother, several times, gently flicked its
nose with her flipper—using the claws but not so as to hurt it
at all—and, in this way, got it back into position. Again,
after a little interval, she achieved the same result through
this means, in combination with a nice placing of the dug,
through the shifting and twitching of her large expanded belly.
Thus, though the young one, when it found and got hold of
the dug, knew how to suck it, it certainly received and seemed,
to a certain extent, to require assistance in the suckling, itself,
*Yet anyone sufficiently low-down can surprise and club these young
Seals, for they often lie far from the sea, and do not sufficiently understand
escaping. It is to be hoped that their present protection may be made per-
manent, or the direct encouragement which has hitherto been given to their
slaughter in the Scilly Isles will soon exterminate the species there.
Naturalist,
Selous: Observations on the Grey Seal. 255
asa whole. After the usual time occupied in this function the
mother Seal slipped into the sea again—now almost or quite
at high tide—and swam off, leaving her young one on the
rocks. Thus this one calf, born on the morning of yesterday,
has been fed four times as a minimum (but, in all probability,
more often), between about 5 p.m. of the same date and noon
to-day. How the tide was when the first suckling took place
I cannot quite recall, but, I think, fairly high. Each time
afterwards it was higher than the time before, and the last time
almost high tide. I believe, however, that between the first
and the second suckling, as witnessed by me, it must have come
in full, gone back, and returned to a little beyond where it
then was. The intervels between the three last times seemed
to me to be about one and a half or two hours, which frequency
may have to do with the recent birth of this young Seal. From
the last time, however, when, I think, it was about mid-day,
till I left the shed, for a little, there was no further suckling,
and this represented a considerable space of time, during
most of the latter part of which no old Seal appeared off the
rocks. Now, however, at perhaps 3 or 4, one—I think
the one—swims in to them, and it is to me interesting—for
no sound that I could hear was uttered or made by it—that
the calf, nevertheless, which has been lying quite quietly in
one place, ever since my return, in such a situation that, to see
anything in the sea, or the sea at all, seems an impossibility
for it, owing to rocks, which rise higher than it can possibly
raise its head, entirely interposing, yet begins almost from the
very moment of the re-appearance, to get restless, and with a
low and weak moaning, moves a little towards the tide-line, as
though divining the presence of its mother. Here I may say
that though the young Seals call upon their dams in the way
I have described, no cry audible to me (recognising now the
mistake I was previously under, as I suppose it to have been),
has been uttered by any of the grown Seals, male or female.*
The expected suckling now takes place. It was in full view,
as also wonderfully close, and made the prettiest sight of all.
The cub left off once, went on again, and then, again desisting,
began to crawl towards the fore-part of its mother’s body,
which she tried to prevent by repeated quick flickings with
her paw or flipper, but finding her child persisted, not under-
standing, she turned herself round on about the middle of
her side, asupon a pivot, f flopped, and then slid into the water,
again, and was off. As for the other and more ancient-of-
* See, however, post.
Dr. Heatherley has described one of the young seals turning itself in
this way. In both cases the rest of the body on each side, was off the
rock.
1915 Aug. 1.
°
256 Selous: Observations on the Grey Seal.
days young Seal, though I have seen nothing of it, it must,
I think, have been very well fed during the darkness of night,
when I was for the most part asleep or trying to be, for it ‘lies
now, and has done almost all to-day, looking the picture of
well-being, fat, rounded, with various twitching motions
which seem to denote both bodily and mental ease and con-
tentment. Now, however, he has awaken and begins again
to call lustily, though I see no more liklihood than yesterday of
his appeal being answered before nightfall.
I may mention that on the suckling before this last one, I
carefully examined the body of the aher Seal, through the
glasses, and saw that it was marked in various places with what
seemed deep, raking claw wounds, and, in fact, could not well
have been anything else. They were in sets, as it were, as one
would expect were this the case, and one of three, close together,
was particularly deep, and still bloody, if not quite bleeding.
From this we must conclude that the female Grey Seals fight
together, if they do not owe these favours to the graspings
of rival males, which is perhaps more likely.
I cannot understand this young Seal. He looks as I said,
yet his cries are now such as seem certainly to denote suffering,
and very painful to hear. If something has happened to his
dam, and he really starving, though in the first easy stages of
the process, it is very distressing, the fatter the more shocking.
There is nothing Icando. I have drunk all the milk, and even
if I had not ane would only lengthen it out.
OCTOBER I4TH.—It grew rough in the night, and was so
rough and windy when I went out of the shed, this morning, that
I did not expect to be fetched off to-day. I spent most of the
morning watching the parent Seals of the first young one,
whose feeding I watched the first day (last Sunday) from the
tent. The two Kept constantly swimming about in the little
bay on the rocky shore of which the young one lay. They were
often very sportive together, one of them sometimes making a
quick little succession of blows at the other with its flipper—
in play, as it seemed to me, for the most part, but when this
happened whilst the two were close in shore, and the female,
leading, seemed desirous of suckling her calf, it struck me that
they were delivered in earnest, and that she cuffed back at the
male to prevent his following her. Several times the pair got
right into the white water of the bursting waves close on the
shore, and it struck me that this had an exhilirating effect on
them (as though it had been effervescing champagne) since
several times—twice, at any rate, if not thrice—their little
sportive mock combats broke out init. I had observed either
this or another pair acting thus on (I think) the first day I
came, and then (which was not the case now) they often raised
little clouds of spray about themselves. The most violent waves
>
Naturalist,
Selous: Observations on the Grey Seal. 257
(and it was rough all the time) were as nothing to these Seals.
As a great green wall of water burst upon and over them, one
would catch sight of their bodies in its midst, as it reared itself,
(like moving flies in amber) to be lost next moment, and re-
appear, again, far in its rear as the mass rolled on; or, with the
same insouciance, they would go forward upon the seething
cataract of foam. They were like a shaped part of the water
itself, with all its immunities from dangers of rocks.
I have spoken of the two sporting together, and there was a
period during which something more defined and of greater
import seemed to be proceeding out of this. I cannot speak
with assurance, as probability may be against such an inter-
pretation, but certainly their actions, during a lengthened
period, gave the idea that copulation was proceeding. In this
the male clasped the female round the neck or shoulders,
lying all along her back, and in this position they floated or
swam together, and once, at the least, rolled round like logs in
the water. These embraces took place once or twice, as though
the male had made more than one attempt before succeeding
in his object, after which it appeared that they had reached
their conclusion, since they were not resumed subsequently
whilst I watched. They thus appeared to form a special act
arising out of play more or less amatory, and not a mere part
of this, which, indeed, if it had been, would have made it a
very peculiar and specialised form of play.
Finally after I had watched them for, as I should think,
well over an hour, the mother Seal landed and suckled her calf.
She lay this time half on her side and half on her back, taking
great pains to present her teats to the young one, who came
down to meet her, and sucked, lying on one rock, with its head
over the narrow chasm which separated it from that which
its mother had chosen. Afterwards the mother moved a
_ little farther off and reposed herself, whilst the young one
retreated towards where he had.come from, and did the same.
When I returned some time later, the tide was more in and I
could see neither the one nor the other, so assumed that both
had entered the sea, as the young one had done so before.
The yacht came a little after this, and I returned in it, after
some time, with my friends.
(To be continued).
7O:%
Mr. S. Hastings has some well illustrated notes on ‘the Biology of
the larger British Fungi’ in Knowledge for June.
The Lancashive and Cheshive Naturalist for June contains the first
Annual Report of the Lancashire and Cheshire Fauna Committee.
The Insh Naturalist for June includes an article on ‘ The Long-Finned
Bream (Brama longipinnis Lowe) ; an addition to the Britannic Fauna,’
by Rk. F. Scharff,
1915 Aug 1,
258
YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT SETTLE.
> Give mega’ day-
One day with life and heart
Is more than time enough to find a world.”’
THESE words of Lowell rang true to those lovers of nature who
assembled at Settle for the Whitsuntide excursions, for every-
where, and each day, did the pulse of nature seem to beat in
unison with their wishes.
Considering the withdrawal of the usual cheap travelling
facilities, there was quite a good company staying over the
week-end at the Ashfield Hotel, whilst the additional influx -
of members on Monday helped to bring the attendance on that
day to a good total. The weather was ideal throughout ;
glorious days of sunshine tempered by an easterly breeze of
not too rough a nature. The full beauty of the spingtime was
everywhere apparent, and thus the many charms which are
within the confines of the Ribblesdale Valley were seen prac-
tically in their full perfection.
On Saturday, the whole party devoted attention in their
respective spheres of study to Giggleswick Scars and Woods.
A visit was paid to the Museum at Giggleswick Grammar
School, and an inspection made of the objects obtained from
the Victoria Cave at Settle.
On the following day a wide area of the district planned for
investigation was explored, inasmuch as three distinct parties
were concerned in the operations. One spent the morning on
Cockett Moss, where the flora proved very interesting, and in
the afternoon the same party visited the Victoria Cave. A
second went to the prettily situated hamlet of Feizor, and then
to Oxenber Woods and Scars, devoting its whole time to the
phases of plant life’ on the limestone pavements, ultimately
crossing to Wharfe Gill, a deeply cut sylvan gorge, returning
back through the wooded heights down Feizor Nick and over
the upland pastures. The third party, to whom the geologists
allied themselves, first visited Stainforth, afterwards proceeding
to the head of Crummockdale, visiting Moughton Whetstone
Quarry and finishing at Austwick Beck Head. On the Monday
all trained to Horton-in-Ribblesdale, first visiting Messrs.
Delaneys’ quarries. After leaving the quarries, progression was
made through Arco Woods to Cragg Hill, where the Bala
outcrop was noted, then along the valley to Helwith Moss,
and back by Stainforth valley to Settle.
At the close of the excursion a meeting was held in the
grounds at headquarters, Mr. E. Snelgrove, President of the
Botanical Section, presiding. The usual sectional reports were
given, and votes of thanks accorded to Messrs. Delaney, tat
for permission to visit their quarries ; to Mr. J. G. Robinson,
J.P., F.G.S., Mr. Wm. Ingham, and Mr. R. Hallam for the
' Naturalist,
Yorkshire Naturalists at Settle. 259
privilege so kindly granted to visit their respective estates ;
and to Mr. R. N. Douglas, M.A., for permission to visit the
Museum at Giggleswick Grammar School. Hearty thanks were
also accorded to the divisional Secretary, Mr. J. Hartshorn,
for the excellent local arrangements he had made.
On Saturday evening Mr. John Holmes gave a lecture
upon the Geological features of the Settle District. Mr. J. H.
Howarth; J.P:, F.G:S., o¢cupied: the chair.’ Mr. Holmes
stated that the three outstanding geological features of the
Settle district were the Millstone Grit on the south, the Great
Scar Limestone between the southern and northern branches
of the Craven Fault, and the Silurian track from Stainforth
to Horton.
These features were dealt with in detail, and their character-
istics pointed out in a very lucid manner. At Settle itself
the Craven Fault has brought up the Great Scar Limestone
to a height of several hundred feet above-the Millstone Grit,
and this prominent feature extends from beyond Austwick to
Attermire, a typical limestone tract with very little drift.
Further north, at Stainforth, the Silurian rocks representing
an older formation than the limestone, are brought nearly to
the same level as the limestone scar. Mr. Holmes briefly
outlined the notable geological features which would be met
with on the route traversed on Whit Monday. The chief of
these were the Ingletonian Rocks at Horton, the Bala Lime-
stone at Cragg Hill, the Austwick Grits and the Horton Flags.
The formation of the Ribble Valley and the glaciation of the
district were also shortly discussed. Several maps and dia-
grammatic drawings were also exhibited by Mr. Holmes. A
discussion followed.—W. E. L. W.
VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY.—Mr. Rosse Butterfield writes :—
The most interesting bird I noticed was the Grasshopper
Warbler on Austwick Moss. On the same moss and Lawkland
Moss the Sedge Warbler and Reed Bunting were noticeably
common. The Golden Crested Wren was seen in the pinewoods
overlooking Austwick Moss. Owls frequented the wood as
was shown by the pellets. On previous visits I have seen
the Long-eared Owl here. The Redstart was common in all
the wooded parts. Frequenting the screes several Kestrels
were observed. The Wheatear was quite at home nesting in
the limestone walls in the high summit over Settle. The
Curlew, Redshank, Snipe, Yellow Wagtail, Ring Ouzel and
Meadow Pipit were seen in all likely places, and nests of some
were found. .
On Helwith Moss a young dead Coot was picked up. The
woods at Horton-in-Ribblesdale were tenanted by the character-
istic sylvan birds in North-West Yorks, a special feature being
the abundance of Spotted Flycatchers.
1915 Aug. 1.
260 Yorkshire. Naturalists at Settle.
Mr. H. B. Booth informs me that Mr. G. Bolam visited the
district during the Union’s excursion, and reported seeing the
Stonechat. This is a most interesting record, and one which
the Bradford naturalists have tried to establish for many years.
It has frequently been reported for the North-West portion,
but hitherto, so far as I am aware, without success.
ConcHoLocy.—Mr. Thomas Castle writes:—The sunny
and dry weather did not favour the Conchologists. The dusty
condition of the roadside vegetation, due to the abnormal
motor traffic, and the dry condition of the ground in the
wooded areas (except in very shady places), also militated
against record making, so that several species previously found
in the district were not confirmed on this visit, though additions
were made. The varied geological formations covering the
area traversed should, upon persistent search, considerably
extend the species known for the district. The Giggleswick
School museum should be enriched by the addition of local
specimens of land and fresh water shells, as they would also be
useful as permanent records of the mollusca occurring in the
district of Settle.
The land shells noted were :—
Helix aspersa. Hi. pura.
H., nemoralts. Bulimus obscurus.
H., evicetorum. Cochlicopa lubrica.
Hi. vufescens. Pupa vingens.
H. votundata. Clausilia vugosa.
Hi. vupestris. C. dubia.
Hyalina nitidula. Vitrina pelucida.
H. cellaria. An undetermined species of Vertigo.
H. crystallina.
The freshwater species noted were :—
Limnea peregra, the long spine form in pond near the
Victoria Cave; the short spine form in river Ribble ; young
growth in many smaller ponds and wells, including the Ebbing
and Flowing Well.
Limnea truncatula in the river Ribble.
Ancylus fluviatilis, common, and of good form in river
Ribble.
An undetermined species of Pisidiwm was found on Cocket
Moss.
HYMENOPTERA.—Mr. R. Butterfield writes :—In spite of
the sunny weather, an easterly wind proved unfavourable for
collecting hymenoptera. The social bees and wasps were not
uncommon, but solitary species were scarce. Of the social
bees, Bombus soroensis was the most interesting. B. terrestris,
B. lapidarius and B. hortorum were well distributed. Among
the wasps, both the species which nest in trees were captured.
A single example of the rare Audrena lapponica Zett. was
caught.
Naturalist,
Yorkshire Naturalists at Settle. 261
FLOWERING PLAnts.—Mr. J. Hartshorn writes :—Some
species, as the Bog-Bean, were not as conspicuous as they
will be later when the season is more advanced, and in this
respect the time of flowering of Thlaspi alpestre, seen in pas-
tures near the “ Celtic Wall,’ may be noted. Here the plants
were only coming into bloom whereas on Wensleydale the var.
occitanum was in bloom this year in April roth. Confirming
the record in the ‘ Flora Cravoniensis,’ Cardamine impatiens
and Andromeda polifolia were found, the latter in two stations.
In one of these there were Lily of the Valley, Herb Paris,
Solomon’s Seal and the Horse-shoe Vetch, with Alliwm vineale
near, by the roadside.
Other interesting species seen were :—
Columbine. Utricularia vulgaris.
Trollius europaeus. U. minor.
Dyvaba tincana. Polygonum viparum.
Avenaria verna. Myrica gale.
Silene maritima. Sparganium natans.
Viola lutea. Shoenus nigricans.
Mares-tail. Melica nutans.
Sundew. Sesleria caerulea,
Melancholy Thistle. Juniper, plentiful in ‘ Juniper
Primula favinosa. Valley.’
The Ferns noticed were :—
Hayscented Mountain Fern. Beech Fern.
Bladder Fern. Moonwort
Green-Stemmed Spleenwort. Adders-tongue.
Black Stemmed Spleenwort.
GroLocy.—Mr. John Holmes writes :—On Saturday, the
geologists walked from Settle to Giggleswick Scars along the
line traversed by the southern branch of the Craven Fault.
Here, on the right, the Great Scar Limestone rises to a height
of several hundred feet, while below, on the left, are Millstone
Grits. The Ebbing and Flowing Well was visited, but owing
to the drought the ‘ ebb and flow’ had ceased.
At the foot of Buckhaw Brow the party crossed the road
to examine the shales and grits on the downthrow side of the
fault. No fossils were found, but lithologically the beds
resemble the Kinderscout Grits.
On the way to Smearside the limestone pavement on the
top of the scars was examined. This area has been glaciated,
but, with the exception of a few isolated Silurian boulders,
little drift material remains. After visiting the supposed
Celtic Wall, the party left the scars by a ‘dry valley,’ near
Stackhouse, and returned to headquarters.
On the following day, a small party of geologists joined the
botanists who were investigating the flora of the Pre-Carbon-
iferous Rocks of the district. The full length of the Crummock
valley was explored, and its geological structure explained
by the leaders.
1915 Aug. 1.
262 Yorkshire Naturalists at Settle.
At Horton, on Monday, the Grits and Conglomerates of
the Ingletonian Series were examined in the bed of the Ribble
at Row End, and in Messrs. Delaney’s Quarry near the station.
At the latter place they are worked below the level of the ground
to a depth of roo feet. The beds of the Ingletonian Series are
probably the oldest strata exposed inthe county. Mr. Rastall,
who has made a detailed stratigraphical and petrological exami-
nation of these rocks, has arrived at the conclusion that they
are of Pre-Cambrian age, and the materials from which they
have been formed were derived by denudation from an area of
igneous rocks. In the upper part of Messrs. Delaney’s Quarry
the Great Scar Limestone is worked for lime-burning. Owing
to the lower beds not being worked, the junction between the
limestone and the Ingletonian is not seen.
South of Horton the Ingletonian Series is succeeded by
Ardovician and Silurian Rocks, which have bent into a series
of folds with their axes striking N.W. and S.E. These folds
were denuded to an almost level surface before they sunk
below the waters to form the sea floor upon which the limestone
of Moughton Fell was deposited. Near Garth House, and again
under Horton Wood, the Austwick Grits were seen in a double
synclinal, and at Cragg Hill, the Bala Limestones and shales
with the lower beds of the Silurian bent over them. <A few
corals and brachiopods were collected from the weathered
limestones.
Near Cragg Hill, on the south side of the anticlinal, an
outcrop of the Moughton Whetstone was found. This curiously
coloured rock is found on the north side of the fold in the
Crummock Valley, and .is used locally as a whetstone. The
Horton flags occupy the trough of the fold south of Cragg
Hill, and appear on the surface for a distance of two miles.
The unconformity between the Silurians and the Carboniferous
Limestone is clearly seen at Arco Wood, and at Combe Quarry,
where the flags have been quarried back to the face of the lime-
stone which rests upon their upturned and denuded edges.
Worm tracks were noticed in the flags at Combe Quarry.
Actinocrinus was found at Dry Rigg, and Orthoceras at Helwith
Bridge. Helworth Moss was visited, and a section of peat
6 feet thick was seen. On the way down the river bank,
Stainforth Force was passed where some excellent examples of
‘ pot-hole’ formation were seen in the limestone bed of the
stream.
——:0:
From Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson we have received a ‘ Report on the Animal
Remains found at the Roman Fort at Manchester,’ and also a reprint
from the Annals and Magazne of Natural History dealing with the ‘De-
generation in the Teeth of Oxen and Sheep.’ The latter is based upon
an examination of specimens from Derbyshire, Yorkshire, Lancashire,
uc;
Naturalist,
263
YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT HAMBLETON,
NEAR ;SELBY.
GLORIOUS weather favoured the Union’s visit to Hambleton,
near Selby, on the third Saturday in June, and no doubt this
was partly the cause of the excellent attendance, which con-
stituted a record for the present year’s excursions. With
one exception all the Sections were well represented, and despite
the heat, there was no lack of zest in the work put forth within
the area of investigation, and if the dry conditions proved
unfavourable to workers in certain sections, they had recom-
pense from the beauties of nature on every hand apparent.
Yorkshire Naturalists at Hambleton.
The general body of naturalists devoted the whole of its
time within Bishop Wood, an area of ground covering about
eight hundred acres, which, according to records, has been
devoted to the cultivation of timber since Tudor times. It is
one of the largest indigenous woods in the county, and to
entomologists in particular has long been considered classic
ground for their sphere of study. The wood is exceedingly
well timbered, and although the oak is the dominant tree,
there is an excellent admixture of other woodland trees. To
the older members present pleasant memories were revived,
inasmuch as Bishop Wood was first investigated by the members
of the Union practically thirty-seven years ago, that is, in
August 1878.
1915 Aug. 1.
204 Yorkshire Naturalists at Hambleton.
Permission to visit the wood had been kindly granted by
Mr. J. Elston Cawthorn, who, with his woodmen, accompanied
the party. At noon Mr. Cawthorn invited the members to
partake of an excellent lunch, and hearty thanks were accorded
to him for his hospitality on the motion of Dr. Corbett, seconded
by Mr. W. N. Cheesman.
The geologists proceeded to Brayton Barff, where Mr. Bruce
McGray, the manager of the Selby Council’s Waterworks,
exhibited a series of cores obtained at the time the test was made
for the present water supply on the Barff. He also produced
for inspection a plan of the waterworks bore in Ousegate in
Jaws and Geologists at Hambleton.
1854, and a coloured drawing showing the outer strata between
Brotherton and Selby, prepared by Prof. Kendall. A detailed
examination was also made of the gravels and pebbles, and
altogether a most instructive time was spent.
At the meeting held at the close of the excursion, the
President (Mr. Riley Fortune, F.Z.S.) moved a resolution con-
gratulating those members of the Union who had been honoured
by the Leeds University by the conferring of honorary degrees
(see The Naturalist for June, p. 181). This resolution was
seconded by Dr. Corbett, and carried with acclamation. The
various sectional reports were presented, and the meeting
brought to a close with a vote of thanks to Mr. J. E. Cawthorn
Naturalist,
Yorkshire Naturalists at Hambleton. 265
for permission to visit the wood, to the manager of the Selby
Waterworks, to Mr. Cheesman for making the local arrange-
ments, and to Mr. J. F. Musham and Mr. W. Reeston for acting
as guides to the geological party.— W. E. L. W.
VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY.—Mr. E. W. Wade and Mr. A.
Haigh-Lumby write :—Considerable attention was given to
the edge of the wood, and the keeper’s gibbets were also exam-
ined. Mr. Cawthorn informed us that there is a winter roost
of the Rook in the wood, although no birds nest in the vicinity.
This, of course, is contrary to the usual experience. Two
members of this section report that the previous week they had
seen nests of the Hawfinch, Chiff-Chaff and Goldfinch, but
these escaped our vigilance. The species noted were :—
MAMMALS.
Hare. Mole. Stoat.
Hedgehog. Rabbit. Long-tailed Fieldmouse.
Weasel.
BirbDs.
Song Thrush. Blackbird. Whinchat.
Redbreast. Whitethroat. Lesser Whitethroat.
Blackcap. Garden Warbler. Gold-Crested Wren.
Willow Wren. Hedge Sparrow. Great Titmouse.
Coal Titmouse. Blue Titmouse. Long-tailed Titmouse.
Common Wren. Yellow Wagtail. Meadow Pipit.
Airee Papit. Swallow. Martin.
Greenfinch. Common Sparrow. Tree Sparrow.
Chaffinch. Linnet. Common Bunting.
Yellow Bunting. Reed Bunting. Skylark.
Common Jay. Rook. Hooded Crow.
‘Carrion Crow. Common Swift. Common Nightjar.
Great Spotted Wood- Cuckoo. Barn Owl.
pecker. Sparrow Hawk. Common Kestrel.
Ring Dove. Turtle Dove. Moorhen.
Lapwing. Common Redshank. Inee Creeper:
Woodcock. Spotted Flycatcher. Pheasant.
Magpie. Partridge.
FISHES.
Roach, Trout. Minnow.
Stickleback. mel
CoNCHOLOGY.—Mr. Greevz Fysher writes :—The Concho-
logical section was represented by Mr. John Taylor, Mr. W.
Denison Roebuck and myself. The dry conditions were not
conducive to molluscan research. Much time was spent along
a portion of the Hambleton Dyke, and also the Duckpond in
the wood. The following species were recorded, viz. :—
Arion ater. Hyalinia crystallina.
A. ater var. plumbea. H. vadiatula.
A. ater var. castanea. Helix nemoralts var. libellula (00000).
Agriolimax agrestis. H.. cantiana.
A. levis. Hygvomia hispida.
Hyalinia fulva. Helvcella caperata.
1915 Aug. 1.
266 Yorkshire Naturalists at Hambleton.
Helicella virgata.
Pyvamidula votundata.
Succinea putris.
Zua lubrica.
Valvata piscinalis.
Bythinia tentaculata.
Limnea peregra.
A plexa hypnorum.
Planorbis corneus.
P. albus.
P. cavinatus.
P. marginatus.
P. leucostoma.
Spherium corneum.
Physa fontinalis. Pisidium milium.
LEPIDOPTER r. B. Morley writes :—The fame of Bishop
Wood is well-known to the ardent entomologist, but on the
date of the excursion nothing of outstanding rarity was noted.
ihe fopowane were the species met with, and many of these were
ScCance, viz. -
IMAGOS OF Cidaria silaceata.
Pieris brassice. Emmelesia albulata.
P. napi. Tanagyra atrata.
P. vape. Scoparia ambigualts.
Hydvocampa nvmphealis.
Crambus hortuellus.
Cnephasia musculana.
Vanessa atalanta.
Epinephele janiva.
Euchelia jacobeée.
Euchidia mt. Ptycholoma lecheana.
Tephrosia punctulata.
Abraxas ulmata. LARV# OF
Thecla quercus.
Dicranura vinula.
Orgyia antiqua.
Diloba ceruleocephala.
Hybernia aurantiaria.
A. defolvaria.
Eupisteria obliterata.
Melanthia albicilata.
Melanippe montanata.
M. fluctuata.
Camptogramma bilineata.
Cidaria vussata.
NEUROPTERA AND TRICHOPTERA.—Mr. G. T. Porritt writes :
—For some inexplicable reason the wood proved very dis-
appointing to the entomologists, and did anything but main-
tain its reputation of years gone by. Among Trichoptera and
Neuroptera nothing of the least rarity was noted, and many
usually common wood species seemed to be quite absent.
Trichoptera were represented by Phryganea striata, Limno-
pbhilus flavicornis and L. auricula, the last being very abundant.
Of Neuroptera, the Chrysopide were in good numbers, Chrysopa
perla, alba, aspersa and one or two others. Dragon-flies were
represented by the common Agrvion puella and Ischnura
elegans. Nemoura variegata and sundry species of Hemerobius
and Psocus complete the list.
(To be continued).
—-:0O ;—_——_
Mr. Arthur Whitaker has a w ge illustrated paper on ‘ The Long Eared
Bat,’in Wild Life, Vol. V1., No
We have received part 2 eek The Australian Zoologist, w hich contains
the report of the Council of the Royal Zoological Society of New South
Wales ; ‘ Bird Notes,’ by W. W. Froggatt ; ‘ Two New Australia Beetles,”
by W. J. Rainbow; ‘ The Migration of the Jolly-Tail or Eel-Gudgeon,’ by
A. R. McCulloch ; and the Genus Tistphone by G. A. Waterhouse.
Naturalist,
267
MUSEUMS AND EDUCATION.
IN view of the conditions prevailing, the Council of the Museums
Association did not consider it advisable to hold the usual
week’s conference this year. As there were one or two matters
of urgency, however, it was decided to hold one day’s meeting
in London, on Wednesday, July 7th; and on the 8th the vari-
ous curators were invited to meet a special committee of the
British Association for the Advancement of Science, to con-
sider some suggestions for better relationships between mus-
eums and educational authorities. While it was found that
many of the suggestions made by the British Association
(such as lectures to scholars, lectures to the public, assistance
to art students, loans to schools, etc.) have already been carried
out at several museums, without extra assistance in the way of
staff or funds, one or two points were raised that are worthy of
consideration.
The attendance was remarkably good, and the delegates
were welcomed by the Director of the Victoria and Albert
Museums, Sir Cecil Smith.
While in the National Museums the curators had an ex-
cellent opportunity of seeing what was being done in those great
institutions towards special protection against fires, etc., as
well as upon many other points connected with museum
administration.
Dr. F. A. Bather (British Museum) spoke on the “ Museums
and the War’; Mr. W. R. Butterfield (Hastings) dealt with
‘ The Museums and the National Cause’; Mr. G. W. Prothero,
of the Central Committee of National Patriotic Organisation,
also spoke on the same subject. Several suggestions were made
as to ways in which museums might be more useful in the
present crisis, such as assisting recruiting by special exhibitions
of various military and naval relics, uniforms, badges, war
medals, relics from past wars, etc.
It was pointed out by Mr. H. Bolton (Bristol) that hitherto,
on account of quality and cheapness, the supply of glass jars,
iron trays, and several other necessary museum appliances,
had been obtained from Germany. A committee was formed
for the purpose of ascertaining the possible requirements of
the various museums of Great Britain, and of approaching
British manufacturers with the object of meeting these require-
ments at a cheaper rate than has obtained in the past.
It was felt that this would be possible if all the orders were
placed in one channel, instead of being given independently by
each institution as at present. This committee, however, will
issue its report in due course.
Dr. F. Grant Ogilvie presented a paper on ‘ Some Sections
of Museum Collections illustrative of Science.’ This aspect of
1915 Aug.'1.
268 Museums and Education.
museum work is admirably shown in the Scottish National
Museum at Edinburgh, which was explained to the members
by Dr. Ogilvie at the Edinburgh meeting some years ago.
The present seems a particularly opportune moment to extend
the technical side of museum work by the exhibition of models
of machinery, etc.
After lunch the members adjourned to the Natural History
Museum, South Kensington, where Dr. S. F. Harmer gave the
results of some systematic experiments made with regard to
the fading of museum specimens exposed to light. Various
types of object, zoological and botanical, were exposed to
different lights, natural and artificial, direct and diffused,
under various kinds of glass, and the results were most marked.
In some cases the colour had entirely faded in twelve months ;
in others very little, if any change, was noticeable. Full advan-
tage of these elaborate tests will doubtless be taken by those in
charge of provincial museums. Methods of preserving flowering
plants, sea-weeds, etc., with the natural colours, were described
by Dr. Rendall, by Mr. Tate Regan, Dr. Smith Woodward
and others, and in this way the smaller museums reap the
benefit of experiments, sometimes very costly, made by the
National Institutions.
Mr. H. H. Peach (Leicester), read a paper on ‘ The Design
and Industries Association and the Museum.’ He pointed out
many ways in which museums might help the local arts and
crafts, and drew attention to the deplorable manner in which
such encouragement was frequently neglected in local museums.
He advocated the proper exhibition of objects to illustrate
present and past woodwork, iron-work, needle-work, basket-
work, embroidery, toys, etc. It was shown that in many
cases local trades and industries had entirely disappeared in
recent years as a result of foreign competition, but that there
was now an opportunity of reviving many of these, and to a
large extent museums were in a position to encourage this
revival.
Prof. W. R. Lethaby, of the Royal College of Art, made some
interesting remarks from the point of view of a‘ Museum Lover.’
He took up the attitude of the ordinary educated visitor,
and, in humorous vein, pointed out many ways in which the
exhibition, classification and labelling of museum specimens
may yet be improved, both from the point of view of the
casual visitor, and of the more serious student.
Nurse Prior (Leicester), described ‘A Children’s Welfare
Section in the Museum,’ at Leicester, where an attempt had
been made to arrange an exhibition of interest to mothers.
In this were shown specimens to illustrate proper and incorrect
methods of feeding, clothing, and rearing children generally,
which seems to be more or less appropriate at the present time.
Naturalist,
Museums and Education. 269
Particulars of the kinds of exhibits were given in great detail,
and there is no question that such exhibitions are of great and
practical value.
Mr. J. P. Maginnis submitted a paper on ‘ The Educational
Value of Models,’ and Mr. H. J. E. Peake (Newbury) dealt
with ‘ A Catalogue of Bronze Implements.’
The meeting then dispersed, after a solid eight hours’ session.
On the following day Professor J. A. Greene, M.A. (Pro-
fessor of Education, University, Sheffield), opened a conference
between the Museums Association and the British Association
Committee of enquiry upon museums in relationship to edu-
cation. His paper contained many suggestions as to the ways
in which museums could co-operate with educational authori-
ties, but most of these had already been carried out at many
places. From the various remarks which were made it was
apparent that what with lecturing to scholars and the public,
the duties of the curators were increasing to such an extent
that the time seems to have arrived when something should
be done by way of relief. A member of the Manchester
Education Committee stated that at Manchester it was felt
that much of the museums curator’s time was occupied by
these lectures, and an arrangement had been made which was
proving very satisfactory. Some of the schools there had been
closed to meet the requirements of the military authorities,
and teachers were therefore available. A few of the teachers
who were specially able to the work had attended the
museum, and each one had, with the aid of the museum staff,
prepared a lecture on a particular subject, and now the scholars
were instructed by the teaching staff of the schools, and in this
way the curators were more at liberty to attend to their own
duties.—T. S.
An Introduction to Geology. By C. I. Gardiner, M.A., F.G.S. G. Bell
& Sons, London, 186 pages. In a series of twelve chapters the senior
Science Master at Cheltenham College writes a very readable and well-
illustrated introduction to the study of geology. He gives an account of
the lives of Werner, Hutton, Smith and Lyell; then deals with ‘ Denu-
dation and Deposition of the Present Time’; ‘ Land Elevation and Sub-
mergence and accompanying Phenomena’ ; The Sedimentary Rocks,
Scenery, Glaciers, Caves, Coal, Volcanoes, Fossils and Maps.
Minerals and the Microscope: An Introduction to the Study of Petrology.
By H. G. Smith, F.G.S. T. Murby & Co., London, 116 pages. This little
book is written to be used in conjunction with Harker’s ‘ Petrology for
Students.’ It contains a description of a Petrological Microscope, particu-
Jars of the characters of minerals in ordinary light, transmitted lght,
reflected light, polarised light, cross nicols, etc. There are a number of
excellent illustrations of typical minerals under the microscope, and careful
descriptions of the more important ones. There isa chapter on ‘ Refractive
Index of Isolated Fragments,’ and some hints on petrology.
1915 Aug. 1.
270
FIELD NOTE.
BIRDS.
Curious Place for Great Tit’s Nest.—A pair of Great
Tits built a nest in the crupper of a rocking-horse in the
garden at 46 Brook Street, Selby (May 18th). The eggs could
be easily seen.—J. F. Musuam, Selby.
==, 0) 5
The Fifth Annual Report of the Doncaster Art Gallery and Museum (14
pp.), Just to hand, contains record of the work of this institution during
the year. It seems somewhat hampered by the want of exhibition space.
The Annual Report and Transactions of the Manchester Microscopical
Society contains, among other items, the Presidential Address, ‘ Juvenile
and Adult Structure in Plants, * by Prof, F. E. W eiss ; ‘ The Microscopy of
the Manchester Water Supply,’ by Charles Turner ; and ‘ The Histology of
a Leaf,’ by G. McKechnie.
The Report and Proceedings of the Manchester Field Naturalists’ and
Archeologists’ Scciety for the year 1914, 90 pages, contains illustrated
reports of excursions and meetings of this society, some being as far away
as Leamington and Bournemouth. The reports are of a general character
and contains notes on plants, birds, etc. The publication is well produced.
The Transactions of the Burton-on-Trent Natural History and Archaeo-
eee Society for Sessions I9gI0-11, I9II-I2, 1912-13 (77 pages), edited by
G. H. Storer, forming Volume VII. has just been received. Besides papers
of ee nan interest, annual reports, etc., we notice ‘Our Summer
Migrants,’ and ‘ Dates of Arrival of Summer Migrants, 1911, 1912, 1913,”
by Charles Hanson, jun. ; ‘A Visit to the Roman Wall in Connection
with the Monk’s Bridge,’ by H. A. Rye; ‘Some Bird Notes, ’ and ‘A List
of the Vertebrate Animals in the Society’ s Collection,’ catalogued by G.
H. Storer ; and Meteorological Summary, [LOlim, LOl2, LOLs:
Naturalist, ,
271
BIBLIOGRAPHY :
Papers and Records relating to the Geology and Palzon=
tology of the North of England (Yorkshire excepted),
published during I914.
T. SHEPPARD, M.Sc., F.G.S.
The ‘ North of England’ includes the counties of Cheshire,
fo)
Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire, and to the north
thereof; including the Isle of Man.
1913s.
Yorks., Lancs., Lincs., Cheshire,
ANON (G.C. Rly.) Notts. & Derbyshire.
Per Rail. ‘Includes maps and sections of Coal-fields, etc.], pages 238->
Ixxvii.
A. C. Houston, Yorks., Lancs., Cheshire, etc.
Studies in Water Supply, London, pp. xii.+ 203.
1914.
ANON. Notts wines:
Ice-flows in the Trent Basin: Scandinavian and British Ice. The Natwral-
ist, April, pp. 107-8.
ANON.
Catalogue of the More Important Papers, especially those relating to Local
Scientific Investigations, published by the Corresponding Societies
‘of the British Association] during the year ending May 31st, 1913.
Rep. Brit. Assoc. (Birmingham), for 1913, pp. 349-364.
ANON. Yorks., Lancs., Lake District.
Glaciation of East Lancashire [notice of Dr. Jowett’s paper]. The
Naturalist, March, pp. 75-79.
ANON. Wames:, Works.
Lancashire Naturalist [Megalichthvs hibberti in Yorks. and Lancs.| The
Naturalist, October, p. 303.
ANON. Derbyshire, Yorks.
Sections of Strata of the Coal Measures of Yorkshire, together with a few
Derbyshire sections compiled from Records of Borings and Sinkings.
By a Committee of the Midland Institute of Mining, Civil and Mechan-
ical Engineers, Sheffield, 303 pages.
ANON. Lancs., Yorks.
Cross Country Sections and Map of Yorkshire Coalfield [includes map of
Yorkshire coalfields showing collieries and positions of two sections,
which are also given in the same cover, namely, Burnley to Ponte-
fract, and Manchester to Doncaster]. Sheffield.
ANON. Cumberland.
The Carlisle-Solway Basin. The Naturalist, July, pp. 202-3.
ANON. Durham, Northumberland.
Scandinavian Drift of the Durham Coast ; Pre-glacial Depressions ; Scottish
Rocks ; Yorkshire Drift. The Naturalist, July, pp. 203-205.
1915 Aug. 1.
272 Buibliography: Geology and Paleontology, 1914.
ANON. Derbyshire.
The Derbyshire Coalfield. The Naturalist, August, p. 236.
ANON. Notts.
The Water Supply of Nottinghamshire. The Naturalist, August, pp. 236-7.
ANON. Lancs.
Fall of Meteor at Standish [‘a fortnight ago’]. Lancs. and Cheshire
Naturalist, October, p. 243.
ANON. Lancs.
A Curious Fossil [cast of Belleyophon corvnuarietes from Chatburn]. Lanes.
and Cheshive Naturalist, October, pp. 260-1.
ANON. [signed ‘ Pro Tempore ’]. Lancs.
Disworth Field Club [refers to Lancashire Geology, etc.] Lancashire and
Cheshive Naturalist, June, pp. 91-97.
ANON. Lancs.
Aerolite in Lancashire. The Naturalist, December, p. 361.
GEORGE ABBOTT. Durham.
Is Atikokania lawsoni a Coneretion ? [compares with the Magnesian Lime-
stone of Sunderland]. Nature, December 31st, pp. 447-8.
GEORGE ABBOTT. Durham.
Zonal Structure in Colloids [letter on; also letter from H. J. Johnston-
Lavis|. Nature, January 29th, pp. 607-8 and February roth, p. 687.
GEORGE ABBOTT. Northumberland, Durham.
Discoid Limestones which Simulate Organic Characters. A Case of Inor-
ganic Evolution. Reprint from ‘ The Pioneer,’ March 20th and 27th,
]O}OE. teh:
B. AMSDEN, Northumberland, Durham.
Report of the Field Meetings of the Natural History Society for 1910 [includes
geological notes}. ‘Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Northumberland,
Durham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne’ (New Series), Vol. IV., Part 1,
Pp. 200-209.
H. C. BEASLEY, Cheshire.
Description of a Footprint recently found in the Lower Keuper Sandstone
of Runeorn Hill. ‘ Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc.,’ Vol. XII., Part 1,
PP. 32-34.
L. L. BELINFANTE [edited by]. N. Counties.
Abstracts of the Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, Nos.
946-962. London, 8vo., pp. 126.
Northern Counties.
[L. L. BELINFANTE] edited by; [C. P. CHatwin] compiled by.
Geological Literature added to the Geological Society's Library during the
year ended December 31st, 1912. Pages 1-260.
F. BEYSCHLAG, J. H. L. Voet, P. Kruscu. N. Counties.
The Deposits of the Useful Minerals and Rocks, their Origin, Form and
Content, translated by S. J. Truscott. Vol. 1., pp. 514.
S. GRAHAM BIRKS. Lancs. Yorks.
The Crossopterygian Fossil Fishes of this Area. I. Introductory [Megal-
ichthys hibberti|. The Lancs. and Cheshive Naturalist, August, pp.
185-187; II., the Genus Megalichthys, loc. cit., September, pp. 227-
236. See also The Naturalist, October, p. 303.
Naturalist,
c
Bibliography: Geology and Paleontology, 1914. 273
P. G. H. BOSWELL. Lincs.
On the Occurrence of the North Sea Drift (Lower Glacial) and certain other
Brick-earths in Suffolk. ‘Proc. Geol. Assoc.,’ Vol. XXV., Part 3,
June, pp. 121-153.
R. G. A. BULLERWELL. Northumberland.
A Section of the Cliffs near Newbiggin-by-the-Sea, in which is exposed a
Gravel Bed containing Chalk Flints. ‘Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. of
Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne’ (New Series),
Vol. IV., Part 1, pp. 61-6.
J. W. Carr and H. H. SwINNERTON. Notts.
Report of an Excursion to the Nottingham District. © Proc. Geol. Assoc.’,
e Vol. XXV., Part 2, pp. 84-89.
GERALD O. CASE. Northern Counties.
Coast Sand-Dunes, Sandpits and Sand Wastes. London, pp. villi. + 162.
FREDERICK CHAPMAN. Cheshire.
Australasian Fossils [gives illustrations of a Submerged Forest in Cheshire,
etc.]|. Melbourne, pp. 341.
C. P. CuHatwin. See L. L. BELINFANTE.
W. G. C[oLLINGWoop]. Cumberland.
A New Bloomery-Site in Tilberthwaite. ‘Trans. Cumb. and Westm. Ant.
and Arch. Soc.,’ Vol. XIV. (New Series), p. 493.
T. A. Cowarp. See W. M. TATTERSALL.
A. C. DALton. Lincs.
Geology jof Scunthorpe]. Circular 226 in ‘Trans. Yorks. Nat. Union,’
Part 35.
R. M. DEELEY. Yorks., Notts.
Ice-Flows in the Trent Basin. Geological Magazine, February, pp. 69-73.
The Naturalist, April, pp. 107-8.
W. F. DENNING. Lancs., Yorks.
A Meteoric Fall in Lancashire {with list of previous English falls}. Nature,
November 5th, pp. 258-9.
Lake District, Yorks.
GERTRUDE L. ELLEs and ErHEeL M. R. Woop [Mrs. SHAKESPEAR].
A Monograph of British Graptolites. Palaontographical Society Mono-
graph for 1913, published 1914. Part 10, pp. 487-526, plates L.-lii.
Joun W. Evans. ‘North of England.’
The Wearing Down of the Rocks, Part II., Chemical Action in Terrestrial
Areas {brief reference to anhydrite and rock salt deposits]. ‘ Proc.
Geol. Assoc.,’ Vol. XXV., Part 4, pp. 229-270.
E. DE FRAINE. Lancs.
A New Species of Medullosa from the Lower Coal Measures {Lancashire}.
‘Rep. Brit. Assoc’ (Birmingham) 1913, p. 709.
C. I. GARDINER, Northern Counties.
An Introduction to Geology, 186 pages.
E. J. GARWooD. N. Counties.
Presidential Address to Section C (Geology) {deals with algz as rock-forming
agents]. ‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ (Birmingham), 1913, pp. 453-472.
1915 Aug. 1.
274 Bibliography : Geology and Paleontology, 1914.
E. J. Garwoop. Westmorland.
Some New Rock-building Organisms from the Lower Carboniferous,
Westmorland [abstract of Presidential Address to Brit. Assoc.]|
Geological Magazine, June, pp. 265-271.
C. J. Gorpon. Westmorland.
A Submerged Church in the River Eden. ‘ Trans. Cumb. and Westm. Ant.
and Arch. Soc.,’ Vol. XIV. (New Series), pp. 328-36.
J. W. GrReEGory. Cumberland,
The Structure of the Carlisle-Solway Basin, and the Sequence of its Permian
and Triassic Rocks. Abstracts in Nature, May 14th, p. 288; Geol.
Mag., June, p. 287, and The Naturalist, July, pp. 202-3.
ALFRED HARKER. Cumberland
Some Remarks on Geology in Relation to the Exact Sciences with an
Excursus on Geological Time. ‘ Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc.,’ Vol. XIX.,
Part I, pp. I-13.
F. W. HARMER. Isle of Man, Lines., Yorks.
The Pliocene Mollusca of Great Britain, being supplementary to S. V.
Wood’s Monograph of the Crag Mollusca. Part 1, Palewont. Soc.
Monog. for 1913, pp. 1-200, plates i.-xxiv.
AC) LE eUIs: Cumberland.
The Caves known as ‘Isis Parlis.. ‘Trans. Cumb. and Westm. Ant. and
Arch. Soc.,’ Vol. XIV. (New Series), pp. 337-42.
G. Hickiinc. See D. M. S. Watson.
J. Bo Pitre. » see W.! Grasom,
WHEELTON HIND. Derbyshire.
Temnoeheilus derbiensis sp. nov. {from the Carboniferous Limestone}.
“Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc.,’ Vol. XIX., Part 1, pp: 1S=n9.
THomMas H. HoLLAnb. Northern Counties.
Report on behalf of the Delegates to the International Geological Congress,
Canada, 1918 {refers to Coal-Reserves in British Coalfields). ‘ Trans.
Manch. Geol. and Min. Soc.,’ Vol. XXXIII., Part 11, pp. 430-436.
JoHN Horne. See W. B, WRIGHT.
J. W.. JACKSON. Lancs.
On the Discovery of a Bloomery at Lindale Church, near Grange-over-
Sands. ‘ Trans. Cumb. and Westm. Ant. and Arch. Soc.,’ Vol. XIV.
(New Series), pp. 256-61.
J. W. JACKSON. Westmorland.
Report on the Exploration of a Cave at Haverbrack, Westmorland. ‘ Trans.
Cumb. and Westm. Ant. and Arch. Soc.,’ Vol. XIV. (New Series),
PP. 202-271.
J. WILFRID JACKSON. N. Lancs., Westmorland.
Notes on Shell-Marl Deposits in N. Lancashire and Westmorland. Lancs.
and Cheshive Naturalist, August, pp. 197-201.
H. J. Jonnston-Lavis. See GEORGE ABBOTT.
ALBERT JOWETT. Lancs., Yorks.
On the Glacial Geology of East Lancashire. ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’
Vol. LXX., Part 2, No. 278, pp. 199-231 (maps) ; Abstract in Geol.
Mag., March, pp. 138-9, also The Naturalist, March, pp. 75-7°.
(To be continued).
Naturalist,
NEWS FROM THE MAGAZINES.
Colonel C. E. Shepherd has a paper on ‘ The “ Lapillus ’”’ in Fishes,’
in The Zoologist for July.
There are notes on ‘ The Moults and Sequence of Plumages in some
British Ducks,’ by Annie C. Jackson, in British Birds for July.
In Man for July, Mr. W. P. Pycraft puts forward ‘ A Plea for a sub-
stitute for the Frankfort Base-line: with an account of a new method of
drawing Skull Contours.’
The Geological Magazine for July includes papers on ‘ The River Tyne
Drainage Area,’ by Edward Merrick, and ‘ Marine Band in Midland Coal-
Measures, Lancashire,’ by R. L. Sherlock.
From, Mr. T. Petch we have received a reprint of a paper on ‘ The
Fungus-diseases of Hevea brasiliensis’ in the Internationaal Rubber-
Congres met Tentoonstelling, Batavia, 1914.
We notice in the ‘ Additions to British Conchology,’ published in the
Journal of Conchology for July, a record of Tyvochus occidentalis ‘ off
Withernsea,’ and Littovina vudis var. similis from the Isle of Man.
The Lancashive and Cheshive Naturalist, No. 86, contains many reports
issued by the members of the Lancashire and Cheshire Fauna Committee.
There is also a record of ‘ Sclerotinia currveyana in the Ribble Valley.’
The Scottish Naturalist for July is an unusually thick number, and is
devoted entirely to ‘A Report on Scottish Ornithology in 1914, including
Migration,’ by Evelyn V. Baxter and Leonora Jeffrey Rintoul, and is
sold at Is. 6d. net.
Wild Life for July contains a well illustrated paper on ‘ The Home
Life of the Kestrel,’ by O. J. Wilkinson ; ‘ Hobbies,’ by J. G. Cornish ;
“The Otter,’ by J. K. Emsley ; ‘The Ringed Plover,’ by William Farren,
and ‘ Domestic Habits of the Little Grebe,’ by Edmund Selous.
In The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine for July, Mr. J. Edwards
has some notes on British Homoptera, which include records from York-
shire, Nottinghamshire, and other northern stations; illustrations are
given. Mr, G, T. Porritt has an interesting note on Cymatophora ov.
In The Entomologist’s Record for July-August (page 160), occurs the
following account of some remarkable achievements of some Swiss butter-
vies :—‘ On the 14th I took six Polyommatus amanda below St. Triphon
Quarries, in the marsh on my bit of land there ; and yesterday five more,
walking from St. Tviphon to Aigle Rhone Bridge by the canal (most were
about half wav there).’ We have heard of rabbits barking, but this is the
first record of a butterflies’ route march.
Knowledge for July, publishes some excellent illustrations of insects
and of plant structure, which show the very great perfection to which
photography with the microscope has been brought. Some years ago,
drawings had to be resorted to in order to bring out many of the details
of the objects examined, but a great deal more now can be done by photo-
graphy. Advantage is taken of colour-sensitive plates, and, in the instance
to which we allude, of Wratten light filters also, which allow only rays of
certain colours to reach the photographic plate.
We notice that the Scunthorpe museum has secured the collection
formed by the late Fred Brown of Scunthorpe. It includes many barbed
and leaf-shaped arrow-heads, spear-heads, borers, drills, knives, etc., and
a large series of beautifully worked ‘thumb-flints,’ or ‘ strike-a-lights,’
and scrapers. The‘ pygmy’ flints are well represented by several hundred
typical specimens. There is also a large dagger of black flint from Manton
Common ; several stone celts, some Roman glass beads, Roman pottery,
and 17th century pipes, all found near Scunthorpe.
1915 Aug. 1.
276
NORTHERN NEWS.
We notice that several Lincolnshire antiquities, collected by the late
Edward Peacock, F.S.A., have been secured for the Lincoln museum.
We have received Vol. IV., part 1 of The Botanical Society and Exchange
Club of the British Isles, being the report for 1914, by G. Claridge Druce.
It occupies 108 pages, has a numter of interesting plates, and is sold at 5s.
The Thoresby Society's Publication, Vol. XXII., part 3, just issued,
contains an account of ‘ The Early Cross of Leeds,’ by Prof. W. G. Colling-
wood, and Mr. A. S. Ellis writes on ‘ Yorkshire, A.D. 120, according to
Ptolemy’s Geography.’
We are glad to learn that Mr. H.C. Versey, M.Sc., has obtained a renewal
of the scholarship awarded by the Leeds University, in order to complete
his researches upon the Permian Rocks, which he has been carrying out
at the Leeds University, with Prof. Kendall and Mr. A. Gilligan.”
Readers of this journal will remember the interesting contributions
on the birds and spiders of Rydal, made by the late Miss M. L. Armitt.
We are pleased to see there is a work on Rydal by Miss Armitt in the press,
particulars of which will be gladly sent on application to Mrs. Stanford
Harris, Rydal Cottage, Ambleside.
At a recent meeting of the Zoological Society of London, Sir Edmund
G, Loder exhibited the skull of a walrus, with record tusks, from Kam-
schatka. They weighed twenty-one and a half pounds, and measured
thirty-six and a half inches in length, twenty-nine and a half inches from
outside the gum, and nine and five-eighth inches in girth.
The Whitby Literary and Philosophical Society has issued its 92nd
report. The chief item in it is the report for Meteorology by T. W. Parkin-
son. The Society has thirty-two members, and three honorary members.
During the year a little bunting, a hawfinch, three ‘ Cook’ prints, skin of
a platypus, a map of the coast, and a view of Whitby, have been added to
the collections.
We are glad to welcome part 17 of A History of British Mammals
(Gurney and Jackson), pages 503-552, 2s. 6d. net. It deals with the
Field Mouse, Hebridean Field Mouse, St. Kilda Field Mouse, Fair Isle
Field Mouse, Yellow-necked Field Mouse, De Winton’s Field Mouse; and
is well illustrated. The question of the identification of the various
species of mice is becoming more and more difficult.
The Journal of the Torquay Natural History Society (Vol. 2, No. 1,
61 pages, Is.) contains among many others, the following items: ‘ The
Life of a Shore Fly (Fucomyia (Caelopa) frigida Fln.)’, Major E. V. Elwes ;
‘Study and Collecting of Insects in South Devon,’ Dr. C. L. Perkins ;
‘Devon Pansies,’ by Miss C. Ethelinda Larter; ‘ Kent’s Cavern, with
Plan,’ and ‘ Relics of the Ice Age in Devon,’ both by Harford J. Lowe.
We learn from a review in The Yorkshive Post that the Bankfield
Museum, Halifax, has followed in the wake of several other museums
during the past twenty years, viz., 1t “has set an excellent example to
other Corporation Museums and Libraries, by the issue of pamphlets
dealing with particular subjects appertaining to objects exhibited within its
walls.’ If any other museum is thinking of ‘setting such an excellent
example,’ it must hurry up, as there will soon be no museums left that
does not publish such handbooks.
Readers of The Naturalist will be glad to see the following note received
from Mr. George Mitchell, a member of the Vertebrate section of the
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, who is now with the British Expeditionary
Forcesin France. He states, ‘ I have several times seen a Kestrel hovering
between our trenches and the Germans, absolutely taking no notice of
the rifle fire, and I also saw a Common Buzzard starting to soar within 20
yards of the ground and not 200 yards behind our fire trenches !! All
the birds have got quite used to the war, and one can see larks and their
broods which they have reared within twenty yards of our trenches.’
Naturalist
nae 2g on ‘really useful contribution to economic science.”
es Ti)
Yorkshire Evening Post.
LABOUR UNREST
War-Time Thoughts
on a National Danger
BY
GEORGE EDSON TOOGOOD
78 pages, crown Suo, tn strong paper wrapper, 6d. net, post free Sd.
The Press have given striking prominence to this little
work, and are practically unanimous in declaring that the
author’s proposals go a long way towards solving one of
our most pressing of national problems.
The ‘ Oxford Magazine” says :—‘‘ We have not space to do
justice to Mr. TooGoop’s contentions ; we can only recommend
his pamphlet to the student of industrial relations, and observe
that it is worth a good deal more than sixpence.”’
Some Geographical Factors
in the Great War
By. TE. HERDMAN, MSc... F:G3.
(Lecturer in Geography, Municipal Training College, Hull).
72 pages, crown S8vo, with 6 Maps, sewn tm
stout printed cover, gd. net, post free rod. net.
A feature of vast importance in the titanic struggle now taking
place is the geographical condition of the various countries. In
** Some Geographical Factors” the author provides much interesting
information which helps his readers to a wider understanding of an_
important aspect of the present campaign. The concluding chapter
on ‘‘ The Problems of Nationality ”’ affords a glimpse of the immense
difficulties that face those statesmen to whose heads and hands will
be committed the adjustment of the new boundaries.
The “Literary World” says:—‘‘ Those who would follow intelligently
the movements in this world contest will find much help in this little
handbook. Mr. Herdman's exposition of the part played in the war
by the great land-gates and the seas is clear and informing, and is
followed by some sound reasoning on the commercial war and the
problems of nationality.”
Lonpon: A. BROWN~& SONS, Ltp., 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.C.
AND AT HULL AND YORK.
NATURALISTS,
36, STRAND, LONDON,
(Five Doors from Charing Cross),
w.c.
Keep in stock every description of
APPARATUS, CABINETS, BOOKS, AND SPECIMENS
for Collectors of f
BIRDS’ EGGS, BUTTERFLIES, MOTHS, ETC.
Catalogue (96 pages) sent post free on application.
YORKSHIRE _
eB
PEN AND
¥,
PICTURE
EDITED BY
A SHE PR ARD,. PoG.S... b Sax (Scars
216 pages, crown folio, with upwards of 250 illustrations, and
strongly stitched in artistic pictorial cover.
1/- net, or post free 1/3 net.
This book, which might be almost described as a picture gallery
of the County of Broad Acres, contains a great deal of useful and
entertaining matter relative to every aspect of popular interest.
The Yorkshire Post says: ‘‘ Mr. Sheppard is well known as a
writer on antiquarian subjects, and this volume reflects his acquaint-
ance with Yorkshire. ”’
Lonpon: A. BROWN & SONS, Ltp., 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.C.
AND AT HULL AND YORK.
éssued Monthly, illustrated with Plates and Text Figures
To Subscribers, 6s. per annum; Post Free, 6s. 6d.
The Scottish Naturalist
with which is incorporated
‘The Annals of Scottish Natural History’”’
A Monthly Magazine devoted to Zoology
Edited by William Eagle Clarke, F.R.S.E.,
F.L.S., Keeper Natural Hutstory Dept., Royal
Scottish Museum: William Evans, F.R.SE.,
Member of the British Ornithologists’ Union; and
Percy H. Grimshaw, F.R.S.E., F.E.S., Assistant-
Keeper, Natural Htstory Dept., Royal Scottish
Museum. Assisted by J. A. Harvie-Brown,
F.R.S.E.,F.Z.S.; Evelyn V.Baxter, H.M.B.O.U.;
Leonora J. Rintonl, H.M.B.O.U.; Hugh S. Glad-
stone, M.A., F.R.S.E., F.Z.S.; James Ritchie,
M.A.,D.Sc. A. Landsborough Thompson, M.A.,
M.B.O.U.
Edinburgh: OLIVER & BOYD, Tweedale Court
Lond.: GURNEY & JACKSON 33 Paternoster Row
THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S MONTHLY
MAGAZINE.
PRICE SIXPENCE MONTHLY.
Edited by G. C. Champion, F.Z.S., J. E. Collin,
F.E.S., G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., R. W. Lloyd,
W.W. Fowler, D.Sc., M.A., F.L.S., J.J. Walker,
M.A., R.N., F.L.S.
This Magazine, commenced in 1864, contains
Standard Articles and Notes on all subjects
connected with Entomology, and especially on
the Insects of the British Isles.
Subscription—6s. per annum, post free
GURNEY & JACKSON,
1, Paternoster Row,
é London.
Ee
Printed at BRowns’ SAVILE PREss, 40, George Street, Hull, and published by
A. Brown & Sons, Limited, at 5 Farringdon Avenue, in the City of London.
Aug. Ist, 1915.
nla 704.
pew Mle if
ens 481 of current series)
A MONTHLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF
NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. "
EDITED BY ; A
i: T. SHEPPARD, M.Sc., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.S.A.Scot.,
¥ THE Museums, Hutt; eae
ee Fats AND ‘ ees
be T. W. WOODHEAD, Ph.D., M.Sc., F.L.S.,
fs TECHNICAL CoLLEGE, HUDDERSFIELD,
"WITH THE ASSISTANCE AS REFEREES IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF
ij J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S. F.L.S., GEO. T. PORRITTI, F.L.S., F.B.S.,
_ Prof. P. F. KENDALL, M.Sc., F.G.S., JOHN W. TAYLOR, M.Sc.,
- T. H. NELSON, M.Sc., M.B.O.U., RILEY FORTUNE, F.Z.S.
Contents :— shies ce
“paGe
‘Notes and Comments American Grey Squirrel ; ‘Harvest Mice; Forms of Sand; Ravens =
on Bempton Cliffs; Ecology of the Purple Heath- Grass ; Phylogeny and Relationship eet ih fink an
the Ascomycetes ; Curious Phenomenon in Pigeon- breeding ; Bird pele ie! atScarsei. ow, he
borough ; Changes in Coleoptera Fauna mae a ag a6 he ee Bs oe 277-280 if
Observations on the Grey Seal—Edmund Selous ... a, es ms’ ie rst {2 281-284 fh
Moulting of Oniscus asellus Linné—Charles Mosley Or Bhan hs by Laan ieee 284-285 ii
Yorkshire Naturalists at Hambleton, near Selby—IV.E.L. W. Ay sa she ... 286- 291 — i
Yorkshire Naturalists at Hebden Bridge—W.E.L.W. | p70 Se cea 292-207 Ny
In Memoriam: Second-Lieutenant George Mitchell (Illustrated)— —H.B.B. gh P . 298- 299 a, : s
- Field Notes :—Sermyta halensis var. cupring Weise at Carlisie ; Arachnida at Settle ; acts Y
Reference to the Plover in bean a A new West Riding eR: Tortula cernua
Lindb., near Leeds o) te §
Bibliography :—Papers and Raorae eelsting to ne Seolke ha Paidoatoloey ‘of the North
_ of England (Yorkshire excepted), eam during 1914—7., Sheppard, M.Sc., F.G.S._ ...
2 News from the Magazines ... ee ea ate ty eet ae = aa
Reviews and Book Notices... ;
Northern News ... 0 = | }
Miltuatemtlonesgee och ese a ae So a ag te fs
4 “h
7 Be aaah! - fs
od eS eae LONDON : *
i A. Brows, & Sons, LIMITED, 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE), E:
Pr kg hae And at Huct and Yore.
Printers and Publishers to the Y.N.U.
\
us : r ;
it Prepaid Subscription 6/6 per annum, post free. — ie
CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE
\
(Based upon the Presidential Address to the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union, delivered at the Leeds University)” |
By THOMAS SHEPPARD
M.Sc.,'F.G:S., FiR:G.S.,°F.S.A.(Scor,). .
Tus work has been considerably extended, and occupies over 200 pages. —
It contains an account of the various scientific publications issued from
Ackworth, Addingham, Barnsley, Ben Rhydding, Beverley, Bradford, wen
Doncaster, Driffield, Goole, Halifax, Harrogate, Haworth, Hebden Bridge,
Huddersfield, Hull, Idle, Ilkley, Keighley, Leeds, Malton, Middlesbrough,
Pocklington, Pontefract, Ripon, Rotherham, Scarborough, Sedbergh,
Selby, Settle, Sheffield, Wakefield, Whitby and York. In addition there
is an exceptionally complete bibliography of the various natural history
journals and publications, now issued for the first time. The author has
been successful in obtaining many publications not in the British Museum.
EXTRACT FROM PREFACE:—
In the following pages an effort is made to indicate the various sources
of information likely to be of service to a student in his work on any
branch of natural science dealing with our broad-acred shire. The
section arranged topographically under towns shows what has been
accomplished in each place, while the remainder of the book is devoted
to an enumeration of the general sources of information which should be
consulted. Unfortunately, several of the items are scarce, in many cases
only one set being known, a circumstance which has induced me to give
the bibliographical details rather fully. By a series of fortunate circum-
stances, and asa result of several years’ collecting, I possess sets of most -
of the publications mentioned, and shall endeavour to arrange that
they remain intact for the benefit of future workers, as it will certainly —
be very difficult, if not impossible, to get such a collection together again.
It is also hoped that the bibliographical particulars of the various
journals and Societies’ Transactions will be of service to librarians and
others who often find it difficult to trace items of this character. I
believe they are now given in this form for the first time.-
ORDER FORM.
PUCOSC, SEMA. ME sid veh. EOD as of YORKSHIRE'S CONTRIBUTION
TO SCIENCE, bound in cloth, at 3s. 6d. net.
Name eeoereececece sees ee ee eseeoseeeree eee meses eee
Address ir Ut MUS ny: SA) Nate ey ec ep eae ahe «Rover Ile oS Oy
eceoeoeeereeeceeer ee ee ee eeeeeeseeeeeoeeee
T. SHEPPARD, M.Sc., ;
Museum, Hull. A
277
NOTES AND COMMENTS.
AMERICAN GREY SQUIRREL.
We have received an interesting reprint from The Iield, deal-
ing with the ‘ American Grey Squirrel in Britain,’ by Mr. Hugh
Boyd Watt. He summarises the occurrence of this species in
this country, and, relating to our Yorkshire station he says :
“ At Scampston Hall, Rillington, Yorkshire, an experiment was
made, I am informed, with some brought from Woburn. In
a letter in Country Life (Oct. 17, 1914; p. 532), Mr. W: H. St
Quintin stated that about thirty were turned out, and during
the first year following they could not be found to be breeding,
but presently they began to multiply rapidly, as many as nine
young being found in one nest. Within two or three months
after their introduction one was reported to have been killed
about seven miles away. They were found to be so de structiv e
that most of them have been got rid of after three years’ con-
stant warfare.’
HARVEST MICE.
In connection with the urea of the new British
Museum catalogue by Mr. Martin Hinton, we are asked for
information in reference to the distribution of the harvest
mouse, Mus minutis. The verification is quite necessary,
not only on account of the uncertainty which has prevailed,
but also because it is quite possible that modern reaping
machinery has exterminated him from districts where he was
well-known a generation ago. Care must be taken not to
confound him with other mice. He weaves his nest of grass
about the size of a cricket ball, in common long grass, and is
known to havesters and gamekeepers as ‘ the little red mouse.’
Information should be sent to Mr. W. Lewis Reid, 46 Tytherton
Road, Trefnell Park, London, N.
FORMS OF SAND.*
This pamphlet, which is illustrated by a series of remarkable
drawings, contains an account of some interesting observations
made at Redcar in 1882-3 by Sir W. W. Strickland. _ He states :
“Curiously enough the observations led the observer in those
days to those very same dualistic and spiritual conceptions,
which the intolerant religious fanatics were blowing themselves
purple and apoplectic in endeavouring to impose by dilettante
spiritualism and a priori dogma and assertions about a God and
a will of God, which they pretended to know more about than
anyone else. J have retained the reasoning that led to those
conclusions as an interesting record of a transient phase of
mind, long lived through. It seems unnecessary to take the
* By Sir W. W. Strickland, Bart., B.A. LeMay AR? H. abi
and Blanchard, 36 pages, Is. 6d.
ite. an WM
1915 Sept. 1. ; B.S 5 eS
278 Notes and Comments.
trouble to refute them. Professor Le Duc, in his wonderful
book upon the production of life forms, by means of diffusion
and osmotic pressure, has observed that form is the basis of
life, and I may add that the laws of force and mathematics
are the basis of form. This certainly opens the window to a
nobler conception of nature than that it was cobbled together
by a personal Creator with a consciousness—idealize it how
you will—as imperfect a vehicle of truth as their own would
be even were it not what it is and with sentiments as crude.
But that it is possible that there may be something better than
consciousness, feeling and personality, beyond the narrow
sphere of these transient and unsatisfying illusions, in the
absolute negation of them, is an idea inconceivable to our
religious and “ scientific ’’ European owls.’
RAVENS ON BEMPTON CLIFES.
Mr. Johnson Wilkinson has sent the following notice
to the daily press :— No doubt you will be pleased to hear
that through the kindness of Mr. St. Quintin some young
ravens have been set at liberty on Bempton Cliffs. It is to
be hoped that no one will molest these interesting birds, but
that they may have a chance of living and breeding on these
Cliffs as formerly. It is considerably over a generation since
the ravens bred there—one of the present climber’s grand-
father has shown to him where the old breeding site was (now
in the sea). It may be mentioned that these birds have been
added to the Protection Schedule of the r880 Act, so that
anyone killing or taking their eggs is liable to a heavy fine.’
This notice was presumably issued by the Yorkshire Wild
Birds’ Protection Committee.
ECOLOGY OF THE PURPLE HEATH-GRASS-:
In the current number of The Journal of Ecology there is
an article by the Rev. T. A. Jefferies, F.L.S., on ‘ The Ecology
of the Purple Heath Grass (Molinia caerulea).’ An introductory
section describes the area on Slaithwaite Moor near Hudders-
field, in which the researches were carried out, and with the
aid of a map draws attention to some special features of its
plant associations which were carefully surveyed. Section
two summarises from the biological standpoint the chief facts
of Molinia structure, emphasising especially its well developed
root system, its storage organs, its mechanical strength, and
its ‘ acquatic type of leaf strengthened to resist the mechanical
stresses of wind.’ In the third section the author attempts
to find the key to the extremely varied habitats favoured by
the species, and discusses the relation between the grass and
its closest competitors, Nardus stricta and Eriophorum vagina-
tum, its hold on the flushes, its relation to springs and to
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 279
surface slopes, its presence as an early invader in degenerate
fields, and its development in many localities into a marginal
belt. He concludes that the main factor in its distribution is
the water supply, that as compared with Matt Grass it requires
more water and compared with Cotton Grass it requires fresher,
i.e., better aerated and less acid water. This conclusion is
supported by the results of experiments on soil content and
acidity, the method of determining soil acidity by titration
being described. The last section deals with ‘seed’ dispersal,
where we get a description of what is called ‘ sun-crack plant-
ing,’ with the invasion of Molinia of Calluna moors and of woods
with the closed association, with the plant as a peat former,
and with the phenomena of retrogression. The paper is well
illustrated by a map, one text figure and thirteen photographs.
PHYLOGENY AND RELATIONSHIPS IN THE ASCOMYCETES.
From Prof. G. F. Atkinson, of the Cornell University, we
have received an interesting paper with the above heading,
reprinted from the Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens.
The author points out that perhaps there is no other large
group of plants whose origin and phylogeny have given rise
to such diametrically opposed hypotheses as the fungi. The
presence of chlorophyll and the synthesis of carbohydrated
from inorganic materials, are such general and dominant
characteristics of plants, that many students regard them as
the fundamental traits which primarily mark the divergence
of plant from animal life. According to this hypothesis all
plants possess chlorophyll, or were derived from chlorophyll-
bearing ancestors. No one questions the origin of the chloro-
phylless seed plants from chlorophyll bearing ones by the loss
of chlorophyll and reduction of photosynthetic organs. What
is more natural then, than the hypothesis that the fungi have
been derived from chlorophyll-bearing ancestors? It is not
his purpose to discuss the question as to whether or not the
Phycomycetes or lower fungi, had an independent origin, or
were derived from one or several different groups of the green
alge. He considers some of the evidence which points to the
origin of the Ascomycetes from fungus ancestry, rather than from
the red alge. Professor Atkinson’s paper is accompanied by
a chart showing the suggested phylogeny of the Ascomycetes,
and there is an extensive list of literature quoted.
CURIOUS PHENOMENON IN PIGEON-BREEDING.
The late Professor C. O. Whitman, of Chicago, spent many
years in the study of pigeons, and, in Knowledge for August,
Professor J. Arthur Thomson expresses the hope that his
unpublished observations will be made available. One of
the phenomena which he noticed was that, if certain somewhat
1915 Sept. 1.
280 Notes and Comments.
distantly related kinds of pigeons be crossed, and if the eggs
be taken away as fast as they are laid (so as to induce the pair
to continue to lay fertile eggs), then in the spring both eggs
of a clutch will usually develop into males, while in the autumn
both will usually develop into females. In the transition period
the first egg of the clutch usually develops into a male, and the
second into a female.
BIRD MIGRATION AT SCARBOROUGH.
_ In British Birds for August is a record of unusual migration
of Sea-Birds at Scarborough. The writer during the last week
of June and the first week of July was daily on the Marine Drive
and Piers, and on each occasion there were ‘ thousands of
Guillemots, in small parties, numbering from half a dozen
individuals up to 40 or 50 together. A steady stream of such
flocks were passing all day ur.til dusk, and almost all going
in. the same directior, very few returning south, and these
mostly single birds. Smaller numbers of Razorbills, Puffins,
Kittiwakes and Herring-Gulls were also noticable, and all
proceeding steadily northwards. This migration was still con-
tinuing on July 16th, when many birds were passing, although
not in such numbers as previously.’
CHANGES IN COLEOPTERA FAUNA,
In The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine for August, Mr.
G. B. Walsh gives some “ Observations on Some of the Causes
determining the Survival and Extinction of Insects, with
special reference to the Coleoptera.’ He explains the geological
features and the physiographical changes which have taken
place in the vicinity of the Humber, Tees, Wear and Tyne,
which are the areas dealt with in his notes. He compares
the present and past faunas of the Yorkshire Wolds, the
Holderness marshes, and so on. We hardly agree with him
however, in assuming that if coast erosion goes on at its present
rate ‘ it will be only a comparatively short time to the complete
disappearance of Spurn Point, with its rich store of sea-coast
and sand-hill species.” As a matter of fact, the more the coast
is eroded the more Spurn grows, as it is made up of material
washed from the cliffs. Spurn has considerably extended
during the past century.
¢
20) (—————=
In sending reports of the animals and plants observed on the ex-
cursions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, etc., will our contributors
kindly note that it is not desirable to give lists of common species of
general distribution. There is always much more material to print than
we can find room for in the journal, and it is a pity to occupy space with
information of this kind. As far as possible the lists should be confined.
to new records for the districts visited, unless, of course, there is some
special reason for mentioning the species.
Naturalist,
OBSERVATIONS ON THE GREY SEAL.
EDMUND SELOUS,
(Continued from page 257).
OCTOBER 15TH.—Re-embarked for the island alone, I
had hoped to get away by 3 p.m., but the nominally more
important things of life supervening and demanding the writing
of various letters, etc., it must have been nearer six I think,
when I was put ashore—for always I have no watch. I did
not go near the shed, determining to confine my observations
to the pair of Grey Seals and their young one last watched by
me in the nearer bay. After nightfall it came on very dark,
with no moon, and after having gazed into this darkness for
sometime without any phosphorescent form ofa Seal appearing,
I desisted, made my bed, and went to sleep.
OcTOBER 16TH.—Before it was full light, I left the tent and
climbed up to a rocky pinnacle overlooking the whole bay.
The young Seal lay on its back on the rocks apparently asleep.
The tide was then well out, but rising, and it was not until it
had come a good deal farther in that one of the old Seals—I
think the female—appeared. I, however, only saw it for a
moment or two. I think it had just swum through the bay,
giving a general glance round. Ina little while I again saw it
close in amongst the rocks, but once more it dived and dis-
appeared. Then a considerable interval passed, after which
it came again, but went away, almost as soon, after much the
same procedure as previously noted. In a subsequent visit
however, it stayed longer.
It having seemed to me before that these Seals closed their
eyes when sinking, but not having been sufficiently certain to
make the statement, I now paid particular attention, with the
result that I certainly saw it close them several times when its
head was just above water, and now again nine times just as
it has sunk it, so that this seems fairly made out. The nostrils
are also closed. This last may be invariable, but I should
hardly think it was with the eyes. They must be re-opened, I
suppose, when once the whole head is under water, but it seemed
to me that the animal disliked getting any dash of the wave
into them.
At this point the yacht arrived. Asa result, the old Seal,
which had been just about to feed her young one, went off, and
the young one, as I believe, some little while afterwards, also
took to the sea. That it is now quite capable of doing so is un-
doubted, since I saw it come out of the water on to the rocks,
one or two mornings ago, though I may have forgotten to enter
it. Also, in the later afternoon to-day it came into the shore
1915 Sept. 1.
282 Selous: Observations on the Grey Seal.
again, evidently with the idea of coming out, but again thewan-
dering human form turned it away. MHeatherley, King and
myself now walked towards the farther nook of the shore,
where the two young Seals, the younger of which was born
now four days ago, are accustomed to le on the rocks. As
we got there one of these was being suckled. I could, it is
true, only just see the body of the old Seal, but both from her
attitude (on her side) and position in relation to the calf, I
feel sure of the fact. But which of the two calves was it that
she was suckling? I certainly took it to be the larger and
older one of the two, and our skipper’s son, an alert lad of some
sixteen or so, when the point arose, sometime afterwards,
stated positively that it was. The point, as will shortly be
seen, is of interest and therefore I emphasise the fact, that this
lad, without knowledge of the question at issue or having
personal interest in the matter, beyond that which belongs to
an eye-witness as such (which, however, would be here pretty
keen), gave prompt and positive testimony to having seen
and distingusihed both the young Seals, and that it was the
larger of the two that was with the parent. How far the
suckling had proceeded, whether it was but just begun or (as
T now think) nearly over, I cannot say, for, with a view to test-
ing the truth of the various stories—none, so far as I know,
satisfactorily attested—of phocine delight in the ‘concord of
sweet sounds,’ the gramaphone was now set going, with the
instantaneous effect (to all appearance) of sending the mother
into the water. Here she hung about, close in shore, with all
the appearance of being pleased with the strains, but as she
continued to do so after they had ceased, for a reason which
will shortly appear, it will be seen that the post hoc here by no
means implies the propter hoc. Meanwhile the calf that had
been with the old Seal just before her flight, climbed further up
upon the rock and went to sleep, lying on its back in a very
comfortable looking manner, quite in consonance with the view
that it had been fed. A little while afterwards the newly-born
calf came into view, and, after considerable delay, the same
mother Seal came in and suckled it. On the point of identity
I can speak here with confidence, but I am not, it seems,
entitled to feel equally sure in regard to that of the young Seal
that had just gone to sleep, as described, since my notes state
as follows :—‘ I am very sorry that I cannot say with absolute
certainty that it was the calf which, at the time of our arrival
was being suckled, that thus acted.’ I cannot now (when
copying out my notes a month afterwards) recall every detail
to my memory, but since the relative sizes of the two young
Seals did not allow of their being mistaken, one for the other,
if clearly seen, and since there was no doubt at all in regard
to the identity of the one last suckled, whilst my description
® Naturalist,
Selous: Observations on the Grey Seal. 283
of the other one’s actions certainly suggests that I saw it
plainly too, the evidence is, I think, fairly good that the same
mother suckled this pair of young Seals. Several times before
this, whilst watching in the shed, a grown Seal had appeared
off the rocks where the larger calf was lying, and once, particu-
larly, seemed several times on the point of entering the little
cove or channel running up to the point from which they were
ascendable. This Seal did not look big enough for a male,
and seemed to me to have a shyer manner than the one that
was undoubtedly the mother of the newly-born calf,* and it
always went away without landing. At that time the respect-
ive calves were well separated, but now the elder had travelled
down towards the younger one, and the two were near each
other. My idea is that the shed and humanity, combined, kept
the mother of the earlier born calf from discharging her duties
towards it, either wholly or in part, that the latter, either by
chance or design, worked its way down to the younger one,
whose mother then charitably suckled them both.
The last mentioned suckling was the same interesting sight
as it has always been, but there was no new feature to recount.
As once before, it took place half on the rock and half in the
sea. During the interval between this and the last one, whilst
the mother hung about outside the little cove, as one may
almost call it when the tide is in (as now) the baby Seal had
swum and disported there, thoroughly enjoying itself, and now,
after the feeding, there was the pretty sight of mother and
child swimming and playing about in it together, the little
one now pressing to its mother, then swimming a little way
away from her, returning and pressing ap to her again—and
this went on for a considerable time. Often the young one
would get upon the mother’s back, as she swam, or perhaps I
should rather say would lie upon it, for this seemed to me more
an effect of its pressing, and her sinking herself a little, than to
represent an actual purpose on the part of both or either.
Whether premeditated or not, however, the calf was sometimes
there lengthwise for a minute or two. The calf would often
roll on its back in the water, and flick up with one of its
flippers, in, to all appearance, frolicsome mood, which struck
me as remarkable in a thing so young. It was a sweet and
lovely sight.
OCTOBER 18TH.—Having left the island yesterday, without
anything further to enter, I returned to it to-day, in company
with King and Heatherley. Whilst the latter were occupied in
photography I peeped about behind the ridgeway of that part
* On her first suckling it she bore the plainest marks of recent par-
turition, which only went by degrees.
1915 Sept. 1.
284. Selous: Observations on the Grey Seal.
of the coast-line which forms here on the ——-——* side,
during ordinary tides, three little inlets which have become now,
through the present spring-tides, so many straits between rocky
islets, at high water. In one of these I saw a young Seal swim-
ming about and much enjoying itself, often on its back, with
one or other flipper projecting from the water and flapped
lazily and luxuriously, as before described. Before long this
young one was joined by its mother and there was again the
sympathetic sight of the two playing affectionately together,
the young one once or twice on the old one’s back, but not
oftener, and it again struck me that this was not a definitely
proposed thing, but that it came about sometimes more or less
fortuitously. To these general frolic—or play—actions I
have to add the specialised one of nosing, now several times
seen by me, but before this only during or just before suckling.
Mother and calf press their noses, more particularly—to some
extent the whole muzzle—lightly together, and keep them thus
for a few seconds. In suckling (though I have not before
recorded it) chis may take place as the mother and calf meet,
or the mother will move her head round to the calf, in an interval
of the feeding, as she sometimes raises and sweeps it a little in
its direction merely to look at it. On these occasions, the
initiative is all on her part but thus performed in the water
it is—that is to say it was now shared by both of them. The
action is very light, and is over quite quickly—like smelling
a rose. It is very pleasant to witness, seeming to be full of
a mutual quiet affection.
(To be continued).
3 OG
MOULTING OF ONISCUS ASELLUS, LINNE.
CHARLES MOSLEY.
WHILE gardening on the afternoon of July 7th, my daughter
Beatrice discovered a woodlouse (Oniscus asellus Linné.),
in the act of casting its skin... The creature had taken up its
position for the purpose amongst broken ‘ crocks,’ used for
potting. The process of casting the amterior portion of the
skin was in operation, and we watched it to the finish. The
head and the next two or three segments were still under the
old skin, which, however, was very loose; apparently it had
already almost left the larger surface of the body, and the
animal was then engaged more in extricating the lmbs,
antennae, legs, etc. The old skin was very pale grey and semi-
* IT must confess to not knowing whether it was north, south, east or
west.
Naturalist,
Moulting of Oniscus asellus Linne. 285
transparent, but not sufficiently so to be able to see clearly
what was going on beneath. The posterior portion of the
body, i.e., the last nine segments, had a very fresh look, having
recently shed its portion of the old skin; that portion of the
fore part which was visible, viz., the fifth, fourth and a little
of the third segments, were much shrunken, giving a very
curious appearance to the woodlouse. It would appear that
the process of moulting is anticipated by a shrinking of the
body within, which, thus contracted, leaves the old skin loosely
about it and facilitates casting. Every few seconds the animal
visibly contracted the frontal segments by muscular action,
and in so doing pulled itself slightly out of the old skin, these
periods of activity being alternated by longer periods of qui-
escence. This continued for about fifteen minutes, when the
old skin was completely shed. The position of the woodlouse
on an inclined plane caused the cast skin to drop on to the
ground some inches away, therefore I had not the opportunity
of ascertaining whether the animal would have regarded it in any
way.
The dorsal plates of the fifth to the second segments of the
discarded skin were intact, and on the underside still attached
to the plates, were the ‘ shells’ of the four pairs of legs. I
could find no trace of the ventral plates, but the head clearly
showed the several appendages attached thereto in the living
animal—maxille, mandibles, antennae, etc.
That portion of the woodlouse just moulted was not colour-
less, but was of a brown hue, varying little in this respect
from the hinder portion previously moulted, except that, as
already mentioned, whilst the latter portion was bright and
glossy, the former was dull, with a decided ‘ bloom’ upon it.
The dorsal plates of the ‘new’ portion, 1.e., as far as the fifth
segment, were narrower than the remainder, and were rather
more convex, being curved somewhat down the sides of the
body. The first four pairs of legs were very short, quite invisible
from above, and obviously as yet not available for walking,
as the animal pushed itself along by means of the three hinder
pairs already hardened and serviceable.
At this stage I placed the woodlouse in confinement, hoping
thus to have opportunity of noting its development during the
succeeding days; but apparently its new quarters were not
congenial, and it died.
——: 0 :——
In an article on “‘ Coal Smoke and Stone Work,’’ which appears in
The Quarry for August, it is estimated that in one year 66 millions tons
of coal were carbonised in the retorts of our gas works.
In The Lancashive and Cheshive Naturalist for July, Mr. H. W. Robin-
son draws attention to many inaccuracies in the bird list published in
the “ Victoria Country History of Lancashire’; and Mr. W. H. Western
figures some Galls on Hievacium boreale.
1915 Sept. 1.
286
YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT HAMBLETON,
NEAR SELBY.
(Continued from page 266).
ARACHNIDA.—Mr. W. Falconer writes :—The advantage of
a more restricted area than usual for investigation was more
than counterbalanced by the exceeding dryness, and lack of
depth of débris on the ground. The latter situation produced
very little, and collecting was therefore mainly confined to
beating and sweeping. Generally speaking, spiders were not
plentiful ; no false scorpion was seen, and only two mites, one
of which, Anystis baccarum Linn., was fairly abundant. Of the
three Epeirids mentioned in the circular, two were again met
with, quadrata being the absentee, but in its place Epeiva
sturmit Hahn., a recently discriminated British spider, was
beaten from a fir-tree. Many immature examples and one
well-grown 92 of Epeira pyramidata Clerck, were obtained, as
also were a few spiders for which additional county records are
desirable, viz., Theridion varians Hahn., T. vittatum Koch.,
T. bimaculatum Linn., Entelecara acuminata Wid., Styloctetor
pbenicillatus Westr. and Salticus cingulatus Panz.
Dr. Fordham and Mr. Stainforth assisted in the collecting.
The names of the 58 species of spiders, four of harvestmen
and two of mites so far yielded by the wood, are given below :—
Maso sundevallii Westr. 6, &.
Gongylidium yvufipes Sund. Qs.
Evigone promiscua Camb. 4.
E. dentipalpis Wid. 9.
EE aira Bl ie
Lophomma punctatum Bl. &.
Dicymbium nigrum. Bl. 6, &.
SPIDERS.
Harpactes hombergit Scop. &.
Sagestvia senoculata Linn. Qs.
Clubiona lutescens Westr. Qs
C. veclusa Camb. 4, Qs.
C. brevipes Bl. Q.
Dictyna uncinata Westr. gy, &.
Amaurobtus fenestvalis Stroem. Gs.
Thevidion vittatum Koch.
T. sisyphium Clerck. gs, Qs.
T. denticulatum Walck. 4, 2°.
T. varians Hahn. Q.
T. bimaculatum Linn. 6.
ie pallensibles IGS ip oS: iS ese
Phyllonethis lineata Clerck. and var.
vedimita Koch. Qs., Qs.
Robertus lividus Bl. 6.
Drapetisca socialis Sund. Qs.
Linyphia montana Clerck. Qs.
L. peltata Wid. 4s, Qs.
L. triangularis Clerk. Qs.
Leptyphantes blackwalli Wulcz.
ds, Qs.
L. obscurus Bl. gs. Qs.
Bathyphantes approximatus Camb.
A
3, Qs.
B. nigrinus Westr. Qs.
B. dorsalis Wid. gs, Qs.
Agyneta conigera Camb. &.
Sev. Qs.
D, tibiale Bl.
Enidia bituberculata Wid. °.
Dismodicus bifrons Bl. Q.
Entelecara acuminata Wid.
E. erythropus Westr. 6.
Savignia frontata Bl. Q.
Metopobactrus prominulus Camb.
ash CS
Styloctetor penicillatus Westr. @.
Cornicularia cuspidata Bl. Qs.
Tetragnatha solandvit Scop. Qs.
Meta segmentata Clerck. gs, Qs.
M. meviane Scop. Qs. and imm.
Epeiva pyvamidata Clerck. 2 and
imm.
E. diademata Clerck. Imm.
E. cucurbitina Clerk. 9.
E. sturmw Hahn.
E. umbratica Clerck. 9.
E. quadvata Clerck. 1877.
Xysticus cristatus Clerck.
imm.
38, Qs.
© and
Naturalist,
Yorkshire Naturalists at Hambleton. 287
Philodvomus dispay Walck. &. HARVESTMEN,
P. cespiticolis Walck. 6, 9s. Platybunus cornigey Herm.
Pivata pivaticus Clerck. Qs. Liobunum rotundum Latr.
Lycosa amentata Clerck. gy, Qs. Oligolophus morio Fabr.
L. pullata Clerck. @. O. ephippratus. C. Koch.
L. lugubris Walck. 9. MITEs.
Salticus cingulatus Panz. &. Gamasus crasstpes Linn.
Anystis baccarum Linn.
COLEOPTERA.—Dr. W. J. Fordham writes:—The work
accomplished by the three coleopterists present, with the aid
of one or two other members, was very satisfactory. The total
(excluding a few species still unidentified) reached 148 species,
including 13 species new to V.C. 64 and one species new to
Yorkshire. The members of the Coleoptera Committee
present were Dr. Corbett, Mr. T. Stainforth and the writer.
The most noticeable feature was the abundance of Teé/e-
phoride; lividus L. and pellucidus F. being in swarms, and
among the latter were two specimens of Podabrus alpinus Pk.,
exactly similar in colouring and not distinguished from it in
the field, or more specimens might have been taken. Podabrus
alpinus is only previously known from Wheatley Wood and
North Yorkshire. One specimen of Rhagonycha testacea L.
occurred among the commoner limbata Th. and pallida F. It
is a very local insect in Yorkshire. Malachius bipustulatus L.
was common. Two species of Scymnus viz., nigrinus Kug. and
capitatus F. were taken singly, both having previously only
one record each (in North Yorks.) An entirely black specimen
of Micropeplus staphylinoides Marsh occurred in the sweep net,
and one example of Gymmnetron beccabunge L. (of the var.
nigrum Hardy), which latter insect is new to Yorkshire. A look
out was kept for Strangalia armata Hbst. which Mr. Roebuck
had found to be abundant on umbellifers on a previous visit,
but none was seen. The only Longicornes taken were Clytus
arietis L. (two specimens) and Gvammoptera ruficornis F,
(several, including an extremely small form, and one much
above the average size). Mr. B. Morley handed in a specimen
of Attelabus curculionoides L. of which insect he saw several
on young oaks. Bembidium rufescens Guer., Bradycellus
placidus Gyll. and Tvrechus secalis Pk., were taken by Mr.
Falconer when searching for Spiders in the marshy field near
the wood. A small specimen of Brachytarsus varius F. (rare
and only previously taken near Doncaster), was picked out of
Mr. Porritt’s umbrella, probably beaten from pine, where the
larva feeds on a Lecanium.
Among Mr. Stainforth’s captures were four specimens of
Melandrya caraboides L. from under the bark of an old willow
tree. This local and handsome blue black insect has been
recosded for seipyaby the Rev. C.D. Ash; *Mr_ Stamiorth
notes that he captured large numbers of Anchomenus oblongus
Stn., a local species, which however, often turns up in numbers
1915 Sept. 1.
288 Yorkshire Naturalists at Hambleton.
in a limited area. A specimen of Xantholinus ochraceus Gyll.
was taken of a dark form which Mr. W. E. Sharp thinks is a
northern race, and which occurs occasionally at Bubwith.
Phyllobius oblongus L. was very abundant and varied greatly
in size and colour.
Other beetles deserving special mention are :— Hygronoma
dimidiata Gr., very local, nearest localities are Askham Bog and
Bubwith.
from N.E. Yorks.
LOUVEC 40x:
Gyrophaena gentilis Er., only previously recorded
Meligethes rufipes Gyll., very local and new
Psylliodes affinis Pk., on Solanum Dulcamara.
Only records, York and Bubwith.
species taken at Hull, Filey and Ashkam Bog.
Hypera rumicis L., a local
Magdalis prunt
L., rare (previous records, York and Rossington).
In the following list of species the dagger (+) indicates that
the insect has not previously been recorded from Yorkshire,
and the asterisk (*) that the record is new for V.C. 64, M.W.
Yorks.
Notiophilus palustris Duft.
Bradycellus placidus Gyll.
Ptevostichus stvenuus Pz.
Anchomenus angusticollis F.
A. oblongus Stm.
A. fuliginosus Pz.
Bembidium vufescens, Guér.
B. flammulatum Clair.
Patrobus excavatus Pk,
Trechus secalis Pk.
* Byychius elevatus Pz.
Hyphydrus ovatus L.
*Gyvophaena gentilis Er.
Hygvonoma dimidiata Er.
Tachyporus solutus Er.
T. pustllus Gr.
Ocypus brunntpes F.
Philonthus fimetarius Gr.
Xantholinus ochraceus Gyll.
Stilicus affinis Er.
Stenus bimaculatus Gyll.
S. brunnipes Steph.
S. pallitarsis Steph.
S. pictpes Steph.
Lesteva longelytrvata Goeze.
Anthobium torquatum Marsh.
Necrophorus vespillo L.
*Scymnus nigvinus Kng.
*S. capitatus F.
*Micvopeplus staphylinoides Marsh.
* Meligethes vufipes Gyll.
*M. lumbaris Stm.
M. viridescens F.
Byturus tomentosus F.
A gviotes pallidulus Il.
Dolopius marginatus L.
Species very common generally have not been included,
Corymbites queycus Gyll.
Campylus linearis L.
* Cyphon nitidulus Th.
* Podabrus alpinus Pk.
Telephorus pellucidus F.
T. nigricans Mull.
*T. lituratus Fall.
* Rhagonycha testacea L.
*R. pallida F.
Malthodes marginatus Lat.
Malachius btpustulatus L.
Clytus arietis L.
Grammopteva ruficornis F,
Hydvothassa marginella L.
A phthona nonstriata Goez.
Mantura rustica L.
Psylliodes affinis Pk.
Melandrya cavaboides L.
* Brachytarsus varius F.
Attelabus curculionotdes L.
A pion evvt WKirb.
A.violaceum Kirb.
A. humile Germ.
Polydrusus cervinis L.
Phyllobius oblongus L.
Hypeva rumicis L.
Evivhinus acridulus L.
+ Gymnetron beccabunga L.
nigyrum Hardy).
Celiodes 4 maculatus L.
* Poophagus sisymbri F.
Ceuthorhynchus erysimi F.
C. contvactus Marsh
Ceuthorhynchideus flovalis Pk.
Rhinoncus pericarpius L.
Magdalis prunt L.
(var.
Botany.—Mr. W. E. L. Wattam writes :—In all probability
Bishop Wood is on the site of the ancient forest of the Ouse and
Naturalist,
Yorkshire Naturalists at Hambleton. 289
Derwent. From the evidence still remaining, it was originally a
Carr Wood covered by alder, willow, poplar, and birch in the
wetter parts, and chiefly by oak in the drier parts. Considerable
changes have, of course, taken place by reason of constant
felling and replanting, but although covering such a large
acreage the wood is devoid of any particular planned zonation
of its timber growth. The oak, both of the types peduncul ata
and sessiliflora, is common, and there is a good admixture of
ash, beech, sycamore, mountain elm, small-leaved elm, birch,
alder, goat willow, crack willow, black poplar, white poplar,
elder, geulder rose, hazel, spruce, scot’s pine, and larch.
The type of vegetation found in the wetter parts of the wood
is an association consisting chiefly of Angelica sylvestris, Cnicus
palustris, Spirea ulmana, Epilobium angustifolium, Tris
pseud-acorus, a vigorous grass sward of Aira cespitosa, and
Poa trivialis, and an abundance of the ferns, Lastrea Filix-
femina, L. filix-mas, and L. spinulosa. Undoubtedly one of
the floral charms of the wetter drives was the abundance of
Lysimachia nemorum, whose massed wealth of blossom clothed
this particular habitat as with a ‘ cloth of gold.’
In the drier parts of the wood the association was of Scilla
festalis, Allium ursinum, Primula vulgaris, Oxalis Acetosella,
Sanicula europea and Holcus, with zones of Pteris acquilina.
Where deeper shade occurs prominent plants are Circea
lutetiana, Mecurialis perennis, Melica uniflora and Brachypod-
aum sylvaticum, along with the ferns previously mentioned.
Near the south side of the wood there is a large portion of
ground which, some years ago, was broken up for small holdings.
These fell into disuse, and this area was replanted with young
trees of ash, elder, alder, birch, sycamore, larch, and species
of pine. The ground is extremely moist, and the undergrowth
consists of Epilobium angusttfolium, Spirea Ulmaria, Cnicus
palustris, Scrophularia nodosa, S. aquatica, Ajuga reptans,
Galium palustre, Digitalis purpurea, Arctium Lappa, Aira
cespitosa, Poa trwialis, and Dactylis glomerata. The chief
plants of the dry ridges of the cart tracks are Potentilla Tormen-
tilla, P. veptans, and Stellaria holostea.
A further pleasing feature of the woodland carpet is un-
doubtedly the ferns which luxuriate to perfection. Lastrea
Filix-femina and L. filix-mas are exceptionally common, and
L. spinulosa is abundant also. Where practically pure oak
occurs Pteris acquilina grows vigorously, and is of great height.
A single patch of Polypodium Dryopteris was noted, but most
noteworthy was Polypodium Phegopteris in one part of the wood
covering about twelve square yards of ground, and in the im-
mediate vicinity were other fair-sized patches of the same fern,
A tine form of bramble was met with, thought to be the
variety Balfourranus. It was about four and half feet in
1915 Sept. 1.
290 Yorkshire Naturalists at Hambleton.
height, with many vigorous off-shoots. |The foliage was also
very large, and the flowers, of good size, were borne on stems
about nine inches in length. There is also a patch of the
Convallaria majalis, and Mr. Cawthorn subsequently sent me
specimens of Echium vulgare.
The duckpond in the wood yielded Myriophyllum spicatum,
Potamogeton natans and Lemna trisulca. Along its borders
flourished Lycopus europeus, Inis pseud-acorus, Lysimachia
nummularia, Scrophularia aquatica, Orchis maculata, Eprpactis
palustris and Carex remota.
Before entering the wood the vegetation of a portion of
Hambleton Dyke was examined, and here were noted Ranun-
culus sceleratus, Veronica Anagallis, Hippuris vulgaris, Cera-
tophyllum demersum, and Glyceria fluitans.
Mycorocy.—Mr. A. E. Peck writes:—This section was
represented by Messrs. W. N. Cheesman, R. Fowler Jones and
myself. Bishop Wood can never be a ‘ Mycologists’ Paradise ’
so long as it is so ‘ well kept,’ old and decayed trees being practi-
cally non-existent. The long spell of dry weather, as expected,
operated against great ‘ finds.’
On an old willow outside the wood Fomes fomentarius
occurred, and Polyporus Rostkovi1, new to the district, was
found on a stump in the wood.
It was observed with some interest that Polyporus squamosus
here frequently possesses a central and symmetrical stem,
whereas lateral stems are the usual form.
The following is a full list of the species met with. The
Mycetozoa list, which is supplied by Mr. Cheesman, includes
species gathered by him on a visit made three weeks earlier.
Armillaria mellea (mycelium only). Xylavia hypoxylon.
Collybia platyphylla. Nectria cinnabarina.
Mycena sanguinolenta.
Russula olwascens. MYCETOZOA.
Lentinus lepideus. Badhamia utricularis.
Hypholoma fasciculare. Physavum nutans var. leucopheum.
H., velutinus. Cribraria auvantiaca.
Polyporus squamosus. Comatricha nigra.
P. Rostkovu. C. elegans.
Fomes fomentarius. Stemonitis flavogenita.
Polystictus versicolor. Dictydiaethalium plumbeum.
Povia vaporaria. Trichia persimilis.
Solenia anomola. T. varia.
Corticium calcium. T. botrytis.
C. Sambuct. T. decipiens syn. fallax.
Helotium luteolum Currey. Hemitrichia clavata.
H. aureum Pers. Arcyria fervuginea.
Melanomma pulvis-pyrius Fckl. A. nutans syn. flava.
Daldinea concentrica. Lycogala epidendrum.
GrEoLocy.—Mr. T. Sheppard reports :—With the guidance
of Messrs. J. F. Musham and W. Reeston, the members com-
prising the geological section took the road to Brayton Barft
Nat iralist,
Yorkshire Naturalists at Hambleton. 291
and thence to Hambleton. At the Barff, Mr. B. McGray, the
Waterworks Manager, kindly showed the members round the
waterworks and also exhibited some interesting cores taken
from borings on the Barff. One of these was of particular
value, as it enabled the formation of the Lady Well or Wishing
Well to be determined.
Brayton Barff itself is an ‘ outlyer’ or island of sandstone
left behind while the great mass of Trias, which once existed
where the Vale of York now is, was being denuded. Judging
from the cores, on the top of this island at the close of the Ice
Age, or possibly some time after, a lake was formed covering
about 23 acres. The lower part of the section consisted of a
very find bed of clay ; upon this was a white deposit greatly
resembling the chara marl (though more sandy), found in the
lacustrine deposits on the Holderness coast, and upon this
again was a layer containing decayed vegetation. If this
surmise is correct it seems very likely that a small mere once
existed at the top of this sandstone island, the clay bed of
which still holds the water which supplies the Wishing Well.
It is possible, of course, that this may have originated at the
time the ice filled the Vale of York, the Barff being between
the two ice streams which its presence formed. We hear
locally that for many years it has been the practice of the
Selby people, mostly young people, to throw some trifle into
this well, at the same time wishing whatever was the particular
fancy of the person at the time. °
Capping Brayton Barff is a large deposit of gravel, very
similar indeed to that of Holme-on-Spalding-Moor and Mill
Hill, Brough, and other places in the district. Of course the
gravel rests between the solid bed of sandstone and the lake
bed already referred to. A good section in the gravel was
examined, and from this was obtained quite an interesting
collection of glacial erratics, namely :—Cheviot porphyrites,
Hornblende Rock from the Lake District ; Carboniferous
Sandstone (common); Millstone Grit ; Carboniferous Lime-
stone and chert, both with encrinites (common), white quartz,
quartzites, etc. At another gravel pit at Lund Farm, close
by, large numbers of pebbles of Magnesian Limestone were
also found, as well as most of the kinds already mentioned.
There is no doubt that these gravels take us back to the Great
Ice Age, when the Vale of York was filled by the glacier
coming down from the Lake District and Teesdale. In
another sandstone pit the geologists had a pleasant surprise in
the form of a large lunch basket replete with all manner of
eatables and drinkables, which was most welcome. We believe
they were indebted to Mr. Musham for this treat. There was
nothing ‘ erratic’ about it, except, perhaps, at the end of the
lunch.
1915 Sept. 1.
NATURALISTS AT HEBDEN BRIDGE.
GREY skies, and half a gale, were the early morning weather
conditions for the Union’s excursion to Hebden Bridge on
Saturday, July 17th. Naturally they were not conducive to
a large party assembling at headquarters to set out upon the
investigation of Crimsworth Dene, but fortunately the gale
had spent itself by eleven o’clock, and from that time the sun
held sway, and the rest of the day was glorious. The attend-
ance gradually grew, and ere the excursion ended assumed
quite reasonable proportions. The South-West Yorkshire
naturalist has reason to be proud of the many wondrous valleys
which have been carved out of the gritstone rocks, and beauteous
indeed was the walk up Crimsworth Dene from its base to
Lumb Falls, which were seen almost to perfection. A peat-
coloured stream of water in good force cascaded along a rocky
bed, and on each side was a pleasing picture of vegetation
that never failed to tire, and a wealth of sweet blossom pro-
duced by plants which recalled the lines of Austin :—
‘“No rare exotics nor forced are these ;
They budded in darkness and throve in storm ;
They drank their colour from rain and breeze,
And from sun and season they took their form.”
No wonder then, that with a district so classic, especially
from a botanical standpoint, the memory of such stalwarts as
the late Samuel Gibson, John Nowell, and Thomas Needham
were recalled, and not least was the pleasure shared by all, of
giving welcome once more to one of the Union’s past Presi-
dents, and most eminent mycologist, Mr. Charles Crossland, of
Halifax.
Grainwater Bridge, which was set as the limit of the area of
investigation, was never reached, inasmuch as the students
present found quite sufficient to interest in Midgehole Wood,
and along the valley as far as the Falls.
By permission of the Governors, and the Principal, Mr.
M. E. Wager, B.Sc., tea was taken at the Secondary School,,
where the subsequent meeting was also held. The attendance
at this meeting was excellent, and under the chairmanship of
another of the Union’s past Presidents, Dr. Harold Wager,
quite an instructive time was spent. Sectional reports upon
the work of the day were given as follows :—Geology, Messrs.
J. Henry Greenwood and Abraham Newell; Vertebrate
Zoology, Mr. Walter Greaves; Flowering Plants, Mr. F. W.
Whitaker ; Dr. Woodhead supplementing with remarks upon
the chief ecological features of the Crimsworth Valley ; Ferns,
Mr. Fenton Greenwood ; Mosses, Mr. W. H. Burrell; Fungi,
Dr. Harold Wager, F.R.S.; Conchology, Mr. Greevz Fysher ;
Hymenoptera, Mr. Rosse Butterfield. A comprehensive vote
of thanks to the landowners for permission to visit their
Naturalist,
Yorkshire Naturalists at Hebden Bridge. 293
respective estates, to the guides, Messrs. W. Greaves, S. C.
Moore, S. Fielding, A. Newell, and J. H. Greenwood, to the
Governors and Principal of the Secondary School, to the
Hebden Bridge Literary and Scientific Society, and to Mr.
Edward B. Gibson for making the local arrangements, was
unanimously adopted on the motion of Dr. Woodhead, seconded
by: Mr: WW. EL, Burnell:
The collections of the late Mr. James Needham were placed
on exhibition by the local society.—W. E. L. W.
The following sectional reports are to hand :—
VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY.—Mr. Walter Greaves, writes :—
The necessary impetus for a strict investigation was lacking,
because to all the vertebrate zoologists taking part the fauna
was intimately known. Only a small number of birds, and
one mammal were noticed. In Middle Dene wood a too
precocious Sparrow Hawk, with down still on its head, was
caught, and the other most noteworthy find was a Redpoll’s nest,
still with eggs, ina bush not more than four feet off the ground.
The less common of other birds seen or heard were Redstart,
Spotted Flycatcher, Grey Wagtail, Dipper and Sandpiper.
CoNCHOLOGY.—The Conchological Section was represented
by Mr. Greevz Fysher, who found in Peckett Wood Avion ater
type, adult, and vars. nigrescens and luteopallescens juv.; A.
subfuscus var. rufofusca, Agriolimax agrestis var. reticulata,
Hyalinia alliaria, Pyramidula rotundata, Helix hortensis var.
lutea 12345, Cochlicopa lubrica, Limnea peregra, L. truncatula,
and an undetermined Pisidium.
BryoLocy.—Mr. W. H. Burrell, F.L.S., reports :—The
moss flora is typical of a gritstone clough. Tetraphis pellucida,
Ceratodon purpureus, Dicranella heteromalla, Campylopus
flexuosus, Webera nutans, Mnium hornum, Plagiothecium
elegans, are the conspicuous species on peat and rock of the
drier slopes ; wet rocks in the rivulets are clothed with Mnium
punctatum, Eurhynchium rusciforme, Conocephalum conicum,
Pellia epiphylla, Chiloscyphus polyanthus and Scapania un-
dulata; swampy areas near the river have a marsh flora
indicated by Sphagnum sp., Fissidens adiantoides, Hypnum
cuspidatum, Hypnum stramineum, etc. Recent heavy rains
had left the rupestral mosses in beautiful condition ; special
- note was made of great sheets of Barbula cylindrica limng the
roadside walls, showing colour and texture to perfection.
Some interesting Dicranoids were gathered in Midgehole
Wood. Opinion differed as to whether they were forms of
Campylopus flexuosus or of a Dicranum. A study of the leaf
sections showed that all had the nerve characters of Campy-
lopus. Some tufts were almost devoid of tomentum, and
consisted largely of the well-known deciduous flagelliform
1915 Sept. 1.
4h
204 Yorkshire Naturalists at Hebden Bridge.
branches, with short obtuse leaves. Dutrichum homomallum
was gathered by Mr. H. E. Johnson, and Mr. J. C. Wilson
directed attention to Catharinea crispa and Tetraphis Browni-
ana, the former in great profusion, with male inflorescence. Al-
together forty-nine species of mosses and liverworts were noted.
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.—-Miss C. E. Andrews
writes :—The botanical section was well represented. The
rainfall had refreshed all vegetation, and the floral charms of
the valley were seen practically to their full perfection.
Undoubtedly the most interesting plant was Pyrola media.
The noteworthy plants of the swamp areas were Lychnis flos-
cuculi, Valeriana officinalis, Myosotis palustris, Cinanthe
crocata, Cardamine amara, Glyceria fluitans, Carex ovalis,
C. sylvatica, C. binervis, and Equisetum palustre. The cut-
leaved form angustifolium of Heracleum sphondylium, often
met with in gritstone valleys, was also noted, as was also
Hypericum pulchrum. Unfortunately the herbage of the
field where rare species ot orchids were known to occur had
been cut down, and the only species seen were Hahenaria
virescens Druce, and O. maculata. On the steep crags near
the Falls the countless blossoms of Crepis paludosa and Lactuca
muralis made a pretty picture. Amongst the trees was
Prunus Padus in fruit. The uncultivated upland pastures
yielded a characteristic heath association of plants, Evica
tetralix being not uncommon. The wealth of ferns is one of
the charms of the valley. Many species were seen, amongst
them being fine examples of Lastrea oreopteris, L. dilatata, L.
spinulosa, L. filix-mas, with its scaly rachis form paleacea,
and Athyrium Filix-femina. Mr. Burrell found a frond of the
latter fern which had developed two distinct branches. Poly-
podium vulgare and Ophioglossum vulgatum were also listed.
GEOLOGY.—Mr. J. Henry Greenwood reports :—The geolo-
gists took the opportunity of examining the lower beds of
Kinderscout grits and the upper beds of the Yoredales or
Pendlesides. These beds form the most prominent physical
feature of the district from the bottom of the Calder Valley,
320 feet, to the 800 feet line. Above these the alternating
bands of grits and shales of the middle grit series, with a thin
seam of coal and ganister, at 1,000 feet, cap the hills to the
east and south-east. A good section of the Kinder grits was
seen in Nutclough. They were found to be a very coarse ~
grained sandstone containing a large quantity of quartz
pebbles, and also a number of fairly large nodules. Throughout
the district on this particular horizon these nodular concretions
are very abundant. They were also examined at the quarries
in Pecket Wood.
In Crimsworth Dene the effect of grit rocks resting on
shale beds in a narrow valley was noticed. Huge blocks of
Naturalist,
Yorkshire Naturalists at Hebden Bridge. 295
sandstone are strewn along the sides of the valley, while others
have rolled down. into the river bed.
From the foot of the Dene to Lumb Falls, the Yoredales
or Pendlesides were found to be exposed along the stream
sides with the exception of a short distance where the Wet
Ing fault, with a downthrow of about 35 yards, bring the
Kinder grits into the bottom.
The hard nodular bands of limestone which occur on the
left hand side of the stream just above the fault were worked
for a little while, and a few fossils, Aviculapectens and Gontatites
were obtained.
At Lumb Falls the formation of water-falls was well illus-
trated. The shales are overlaid by the hard band of Kinder
grits over which the stream flows, and as the continued swirling
of the water wears out the softer material, the harder step
which forms the fall is constantly breaking off and gradually
receding. Several flat places on the hillsides were pointed out
as old river terraces.
Mr. Abraham Newell records the presence of a number of
pot-holes in Nutclough, both in the bed of the stream, and on
inclined and vertical sides of the rocks. The generally accepted
theory imputes them to the grinding action of sand and pebbles
set in swirling motion by wind or water. Personally, I con-
sider that the alleged motion seldom takes place, and if it does
the grinding effect is very feeble. Obviously this action cannot
take place on upright faces of rocks. The potholes noticed
during the excursion are coincident in horizon with beds in
which nodular concretions are abundant wherever quarries
are opened. These statements hold good throughout the Kinder
grit and Haslingden Flag districts, where are thousands of pot-
holes, whether in a clough or the open country. The nodules,
being composed of more easily eroded material than the surround-
ing rock, have been disintegrated and removed, leaving cavities
behind. Thus every pothole represents a once existing nodule,
LEPIDOPTERA.—Mr. E. B. Gibson writes :—Lepidoptera
were very scarce, and none but common species were obtained.
Tortrix viridana was abundant and in fine condition. Metro-
campa margaritaria, Cidaria populata, Tortrix ministrana and
T. fosterana were the only other species observed.
HyMENOPTERA.—Mr. Rosse Butterfield reports :—Dr. A.
Wilman and I explored Crimsworth Dene for Hymenoptera
and Diptera. Commencing at Lumb Bridge we worked down
the valley to the bottom. The lower part of the Dene seems
favourable for the Fossorial Hymenoptera, but on the day of
the Union’s excursion the sun did not gain sufficient power to
induce these active creatures to fly. On both sides of the
valley several large nests of the ant, Formica rufa, were found,
and a careful though fruitless search was made for Formi-
1915 Sept. 1.
290 Yorkshire Naturalists at Hebaen Bridge.
coxenus nitidulus, which associates with this ant, and which
was found some years ago by the Rev. F. D. Morice in an
adjoining valley. Apparently the woods and heaths of Hard-
castle Crag and Crimsworth Dene are the only remaining
localities for Formica rufa in the hilly portion of West York-
shire. There is no doubt that it has disappeared from other
localities within recent years, and in others again there is
nothing but place names to indicate its former occurrence, 1.e.,
Pismire Clough. Other species of ants noted, chiefly under
stones, were Myrmica rubra and Lasius niger.
The following social bees were found frequenting heads of
marsh thistle and the flowers of meadow sweet :—bombus
agrorum, B. pratorum (very common), B. latreillellus (queen
only), B. terrestris (common), B. terrestris var. virginalis, B.
lapiaarius, B. lapponicus (worker only), Psithyrus vestalis.
The social wasps seen were :— Vespa vulgaris, V. rufa,
V. norvegica, V. sylvesins.
Of the solitary bees the common species Halicius rubicundus
and Andrena albicans only were captured.
DipTERA.—Mr. Butterfield writes:—Among the larger
Diptera, the undermentioned were determined :—Syrphus
rvibesit, S. grossularia, Volucella pellucida, Sericomyia borealis,
Enstalis pertinax.
Mr. W. H. Burrell reports that a large proportion of the
Birch seed that was seen was infested with the grub of Oligo-
trophus betula. He is indebted for the identification of this
species to Mr. G. H. Taylor of Leeds University.
ARACHNIDA.—Mr. Falconer writes :—The following arach-
nida were obtained as the result of three day visits paid at
different times to the Hardcastle Crags valley, and one with
Mr. Winter as my fellow worker to Crimsworth Dene, July 31st.
The entries include 88 species of spiders, 7 harvestmen, one
false scorpion and 10 mites. The rarer British species on the
list are Hahnia pusilla C. L. Koch (Delamere Forest and Ripon),
Onesinda minutissima Camb., Centromerus arcanus Camb.,
Macrargus firmus Camb., Sintula cornigera Bl., and Maro
sp.ined. (the last also at Slaithwaite, but male not yet to hand).
Of a few others the distributional range in the county still
needs elucidating, Leptyphantes mengii Kulcz., Porrhomma
montanum and P. pallidum Jacks, P. thorellit Herm., Enmidia
bituberculata Wid. (records for W. Riding unaccountably few),
Wideria cucullata C. L. Koch, etc. The Hahnia, Sintula, and
W. cucullata were taken in Shackleton Wood, Centromerus
arcanus, C. prudens, Macrargus firmus, Maro, at Hardcastle
Crags, and Onesinda shaken from heather roots overhanging
a wall at the Fishpond, Crimsworth Dene.
In the list the species which occurred in both valleys are
unmarked ; those only in the Hardcastle Crags Valley are
Naturalist,
Yorkshire Naturalists at Hebden Bridge. 297.
=
distinguished by an asterisk, and those only in Crimsworth
Dene by a dagger.
In the case of the spiders, unless otherwise
stated, both sexes were obtained.
SPIDERS.
*Oonops pulchey Templ., Qs.
Micaria pulicavia Sund.
* Clubtona terrestvis Westr., g.
C. veclusa Camb.
*C. trivialis L. Koch.
*C. comia €. L. Koch.
Amaurobtus similis Bl., Qs.
A. fenestralis Stroem., Qs.
* Coelotes atropos Walck., Qs.
Tegenaria derhamut Scop.
* Hahnia pusilla C. L. Koch., 9.
*Pholcomma gibbum Westr.
Onesinda minutissima Camb., Qs.
* Phyllonethis lineata Clerck., Qs.
Robertus lividus Bl.
Bolyphantes alticeps Sund.
B. luteolus Bl.
Drapetisca socialis Sund.
Stemonyphantes lineata Linn.
Linyphia triangularis Clerck.
L. peltata Wid.
* 7. clathvata Sund., Qs.
Labulla thovacica Wid.
Leptyvphantes tervicola C. L. Koch.
L. blackwallit WKulcz.
*I. obscurus Bl., Qs.
L. pallidus Camb.
L. tenuis BL, Qs.
L. evicaeus BL.
7L. mengit Kulcz., gs.
* Poeciloneta globosa Wid.
* Bathyphantes concoloy Wid.
*B. approximatus Camb.
+B. parvulus Westr.
*B. evacilis, Bl.
{ Porrhomma montanum Jacks., 9.
*P. pallidum Jacks., 9.
*P. thorellit Herm., Qs.
Hilatva excisa Camb.
Macvargus vufus Wid.
*M. fiymus Camb., &.
Oveonetides abnormis Bl.
* Centromerus avcanus Camb.
*C. prudens Camb., ¢.
* Centvomerta bicolor Bl., Qs.
*C. concitnnus Thor., Qs.
A gyneta conigera Camb.
Micryphantes viaria Bl.
7M. saxatilis, Bl., gs.
*Sintula cornigera Bl., Qs.
Rhabdovia diluta Camb.
* Maro sp.ined. 9.
Maso sundevallii Westr.
(Edothorax agrestis Bl.,
O. vetusus Westr.
1915 Sept. 1.
+ Tiso vagans Bl., Qs.
*Evigone dentipalpis Wid., 3.
E. atra Bl., Qs.
Dicymbium tibiale Bl.
Neviene rubens BI.
N. rubella Bl.
*Enidia bituberculata Wid., 9.
Dismodicus bifrons Bl.
Diplocephalus cristatus Bl., 9s.
D. fusctpes Bl.
D. latifrons Camb., Qs.
{ Entelecarva erythropus Westr.
Pocadicnenis pumila BI.
+ Cnephalocotes obscurus BL. gs.
Taptnocyba pallens Camb.
*Wideria cucullata C. L. Koch.
Walckeneva acuminata Bl.
*IV. nudipalpis Westr., Qs.
Cornicularia cuspidata Bl.
Ceratinella brevipes Westr., Qs.
Pachygnatha degeerit Sund.
Nesticus cellulanus Clerck.
Meta segmentata Clerck.
M. meviane Scop.
*Zilla x-notata Clerck.
* Epetva diademata Clerck.
* Xysticus cvistatus Clerck., Imm.
7 Pivata pivaticus Clerck.
1 Tvochosa tervicola Thor.
*Taventula pulverulenta Clerck.
Lycosa amentata Clerck.
L. pullata Clerck.
Neon reticulatus Bl.
HARVESTMEN,
Liobunum rotundum Latr.
Platybunus cornigey Herm.
Oligolophus morio Fabr.
and Forma alpinus Herbst.
O. ephippiatus C. L. Koch.
O. agrestis Meade.
Nemastoma lugubre O. F. Mill.
FALSE-SCORPION,.
Obistum muscorum Leach.
MITEs.
Anystis baccarum Linn.
Evythraeus nemovum Koch,
Linopodes motatovius Linn.
Cyrtolaelaps nemorensts Koch.
Gamasus crassipes Linn.
G. coarctatus Koch,
t Ovibates globulus Nic.
O. edwardsit Nic,
Oppia bipilis Herm.
Damaeus clavipes Herm.
208
Sn Memoriam.
SEconD-LIEUTENANT GEORGE MITCHELL.
UNFORTUNATELY this great and terrible war is already taking
toll of the membership of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union,
as it is more seriously of the best and the most physically fit of
the youth of the nation—and of Europe. In George Mitchell
our country has lost one of its finest examples of youthful
manhood, and one who could with nature’s weapons, have
‘laid out’ any Ger-
man ever born. Al-
though only twenty-
six years of age, he
was a veritable giant
in physique, and a
thorough sportsman
in every sense of the
word. He was about
the finest amateur
heavy-weight boxer
in the country, and
his wrestling was very
little behind his box-
ing, and in the West
Riding was only
about second to his
brother Tim. Al-
though sucha perfect
exponent or thle
“noble art of self
defence’ he was one
of the most gentle
and considerate of
companions. His
bout with Georges
Carpentier—the French boxing champion of Europe, although
it brought Mitchell into notoriety, showed him up in an unfair
light. Through the services of a mutual friend, he paid for a
private trial with the champion under the impression that he
would be able to stand up against him longer than Bombardier
Wells had done, which he succeeded in doing, but only by a few
seconds. Unfortunately the press got scent of the match, and
in a slack time of news they made the most of it.
For the past three years George Mitchell had attended the
meetings of the Vertebrate Zoology section of the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union, where he had taught us much of value and
of interest concerning the details of falcons and falconry,
and eighteen months ago he became a life member of the
. Naturalist,
In Memoriam: George Mitchell. 299
Union. In spite of his years he was already an authority on
the very ancient (and once noble) sport of falconry, and in
every detail appertaining to his favourite birds and hobby.
From his earliest ‘teens’ Young Mitchell dearly-loved a
hawk or a falcon, and was rarely without one or more, which
he delighted to train and to control. Later he became a mem-
ber of the Old Hawk Club, and at his father’s house, The Up-
wood, near Bingley, he usually had trained Peregrine Falcons,
Merlins, Goshawks, etc., besides a trained falconer in velve-
teens from the Old Hawk Club. At times, and for many
years past a Falcor, Goshawk, or Buzzard would escape from
his falcon-house, and for some time would be a target for all
the local gunners, and would also have supplied an additional
local ‘ record’ had we not known of its history. At such times
he was called upon to pay accounts for numerous pigeons,
chickens, etc., by local farmers and others. He more than
once assured the writer that none of his captive birds had a
tithe of the appetite that his escaped birds had !
Shortly after the outbreak of war, George Mitchell, together
with his only brother, joined the Public Schools Officers’
Training Corps at Ashted, Surrey, and later obtained a com-
mission in the celebrated Black Watch Regiment. He special-
ized in bomb-throwing, and thereby met his death at the front
on July 22nd. He was instructing a detachment of the Grena-
dier Guards in the art of bomb-throwing, when the bomb
exploded in the trench-mortar and literally blew him to pieces.
George Mitchell’s death is a great loss to the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union, and more especially to falconry, for how
many young fellows now take up this sport whole-heartedly ?
He was also a fairly good all-round ornithologist and a _ pro-
tector of wild birds in moderation. In this respect I should
not do him justice if I omitted to say that just before the war
broke out he was in league with our Wild Birds’ and Eggs’
Protection Acts Committee to try and trap some persistent
robbers of Peregrine Falcons’ eyries.
Death has been unkind to his family lately. The last
time that I saw George Mitchell was at his father’s funeral,
about two months before his own unexpected decease. Shortly
before that his uncle, Mr. Percy Illingworth, the late Chief
Liberal Whip died suddenly. Before the war young Mitchell,
was in his father’s business—Messrs. Mitchell Bros., Ltd.,
Bradford, Mohair Spinners and Manufacturers. The photo-
graph (in the uniform of the Black Watch Regiment) was
taken a few weeks before his death.
It is a pathetic incident that the last note on the last page
of The Naturalist for August was written by Geo. Mitchell, at
the front in Flanders: the September number contains his
obituary notice !—H. B. B.
1915 Sept. 1,
300
FIELD NOTES.
COLEOPTERA.
Sermyla halensis var. cuprina Weise at Carlisle.
The type of this beetle is plentiful in some parts of this district.
It chiefly occurs on Bedstraw in autumn. Near the village of
Belle Vue I obtained one specimen of the var. cuprina of Weise,
and many of the usual form. Mr. Newbery, who has seen my
specimen, says this variety is rare in Britain.—Jas. MuRRAY,
Carlisle.
—0:—
ARACHNIDA.
Arachnida at Settle.—Partly because of the long period
of dry weather, collecting at Settle during Whit week-end did
not yield a very comprehensive ‘ bag.’ Although small in-
sects were numerous on butterwort leaves, no spider was
observed making any attempt to benefit therefrom.
The following list includes the spiders, etc., collected during
the course of the excursion of the Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union, as well as others handed in by members of the party.
There are also included some which were taken by Mr. Falconer
on July 2nd, 1910, a very wet day.
) Giggleswick Scars | 1910, July 2,
) Stainforth Force f{ Mr. Falconer.
) Horton in Ribblesdale to Settle, mostly by the Ribble, r915.
d) Giggleswick Scars and to Oxenber, 1915.
eé) Cocket Moss, 1915.
Harpactes hombergit Scop., 2, 3, a.
Oonops pulcher Templ., 2 Imm., d.
Drassus lapidosus Walck., 9 Imm.,
C.
Clubiona comta C.L.K., 9, d.
C. diversa Cb., Q, d.
Dictyna uncinata Westr., 2 Imm., e.
Amaurobius fenestralis Stroem, Q, a,
6, nearly adult, d.
Cryphoeca silvicola C.L.K., Q, b.
Coelotes atvopos Walck., 9, a, d.
Hahnia helveola Sim., 9, a.
Leptyphantes minutus Bl., Q, b.
L. blackwalltt Kulcz., 9, d.
Bathyphantes nigvinus Westr., 9, b.
B. dorsalis Wid., 6, ¢.
Phaulothvix huthwaitit Cb., Q, c.
Dismodicus bifrons Bl., 9, d.
Diplocephalus cristatus BL, 3, b.
Walckenaeva acuminata Bl., 3g, a.
Evo furcata Wid., 9, a.
Meta segmentata Clerck), g, d.
M. merianae Scop., 2, Imm., d.
Xysticus cristatus Clerck., Q, d., 3,
Gade
Pivata pivaticus Clerck., 9, 3, e.
Trochosa tevvicola Thor., Imm. 9, d.
Taventula pulverulenta Clerck., 9,
CR Thy te Ee
Lycosa amentata Clerck., 9, e.
L. pullate Clerck., 9. d,e,; 6, d.
L. palustyis Linn., 9, d, e., 3, ¢, d.
HARVESTMEN,
Liobunum votundum Latr., b.
Oligolophus morio Fabr., d.
O. alpinus Herbst., a, 5.
O. agrestis Meade, Imm., a.
Nemastoma lugrube, O.F.M., d.
W., P. WINTER.
Naturalist
Field Notes. 301
BIRDS.
Early Reference to the Plover in Yorkshire.—I have
recently obtained a small 4to volume entitled ‘ Newes out of
York-shire: or An Accovnt of a Iovrney, in the trve Discovery
of a soueraigne Minerall, Medicinal! Water, in the West-Riding
of York-shire, neere an ancient Towne called Knaresborough, not
inferiour to the Spain Germany. Also a taste of other Minerall
Waters of seuerall natures adioyning, by M.S.’ {Michael
Stanhope]. This work was written ‘this summer 1626.’ On
page 3 we learn ‘It is (as I am credibly enformed) about 50
yeres since first notice was taken of a Spring (in the West-riding
of Yorke-shire, neere a Towne called Knaresborough) called
at this day by the countrey people, 7wit-well, it seemes for no
other cause, but that those birdes (being our greene Plouer) doe
vsually haunt the place.’ On page 4: ‘ This Twit-well (I feare
the poorenesse of the name, hath not a little disaduantag’d it)
hath beene most grosly neglected, as if it were a place onlye
worth the notice of that silly bird.”*—T. SHEPPARD.
A new West Riding Heronry.—A new heronry is being
formed in extreme upper Wharfedale, where no heronry is
known to have ever existed anywhere near. The birds were
first noticed to frequent Kirkgill Wood, near Hubberholme,
in the year 1913. In 1914 there were two nests, and this year
three pairs have safely nested. Fortunately it is situated on
the estate of Miss Crompton Stansfield, of Buckden, to whom
I am indebted for several interesting details, and this lady
has given strict instructions to her gamekeeper not to allow
the birds to be interfered with, or annoyed in any way. The
Heron and its eggs are protected all the year round in the
West Riding, and the Wild Birds’ and Eggs’ Protection Acts
Committee of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union is prepared
to take proceedings against offenders. I feel quite sure that
this new heronry is an off-shoot from the old-established one
at Eshton, in Airedale. On the Eshton estate tree-felling has
been going on for several years. Herons, like Rooks, do not
like trees being cut down in the vicinity of their nests, even
though scrupulous care be taken not to fell a tree that contains
a nest—H. B. Bootu.
—:0:—
MOSSES.
Tortula cernua Lindb., near Leeds.— At the June
meeting of the Leeds Naturalists’ Club, a discussion centred on
a luxuriant growth of Leptobryum pyriforme Wils., and its
habitat—a lime debris—which had attracted attention during
a ramble to Aberford on the previous Saturday. Mr. Chris.
Cheetham suggested the likelihood of such a station harbouring
* This referred to the Tewit well which is still much used at Harrogate.
1915 Sept. 1.
302 Field Notes.
Tortula cernua, seeing that it was in the immediate district
that Mr. Webster first found the plant in 1900, and that in
its only other recorded station at Conisborough, in 1909, it was
growing on lime debris in association with Leptobryum. The
suggestion was promptly utilised and many old discoloured
capsules of the Yortula were found, which had been previously
overlooked, owing to the plants being buried in a dense growth
of Funaria hygrometrica, the oblique gibbous capsules of the
two species having some superficial resemblance. A beautiful
display of this rare moss has since developed, several square
yards of ground being toned with the red sete of the young
sporophytes. The lime on which it grows is sedimented from,
water pumped from a neighbouring coal mine, after use in
steam condensers. When tested at the outfall to a cooling
pit, this condenser waste had a temperature of 130°F. The
overflow runs away as a small open stream to the Cock beck.
Alkaline earths in solution are precipitated when carbonic
anhydride is dissipated by heat, the troughing, cooling pit and
stream, bed being thickly coated with the white deposit, which
is from time to time cleared out and dumped on some adjoin-
ing rough pasture. The Tortula and Leptobryum are restricted
to damp places near the stream and some depressions where
water is held up by the underlying clay. Another station has
been found about two miles distant, at the base of a wall on
the Permian Limestone. Here too, it is associated with
Funaria and Leptobryum, the permanently humid conditions
being evidenced by a plentiful growth of Marchantia poly-
morpha L.—W. H. BURRELL.
-O:;
Elements of Forestry. By F. F. Moon, B.A., and N. C. Brown, B.A.
London: Chapman and Hall, pp. xvii. + 392, 8s. 6d. net. As the
authors point out, American forestry is of comparatively recent develop-
ment. The first forest reserves were set aside by President Harrison
about 20 years ago, but the chief credit for its development is due to
President Roosevelt, who, during his term of office, raised the acreage
from 46 millions to 194$ millions, and during this time forestry adminis-
tration was greatly perfected. Naturally the Americans are still far
behind some European states where State forests, e.g., in Switzerland,
have been developed from very early times. Nevertheless, American
forestry has advanced with great rapidity, and this work has been written
for students in schools of agiculture and forestry to meet this ‘ educational
awakening.’ The authors deal clearly and simply with practically every
phase of forestry, and though certain aspects are only briefly treated,
students will find it a compact and convenient summary of the leading
principles. Part 1 deals with forestry in America and abroad ; the tree,
its functions and requirements, silvics and silviculture, improvement,
regeneration, protection, mensuration, lumbering, utilization, wood
technology and preservation, economics and finance. Part 2 deals with
studies of the forest regions, and is illustrated by a map showing the
natural forest regions of North America. There is an Appendix of rules
and tables, and a glossary and short index, the latter being largely a
classified list of the subjects mentioned in the full table of contents. The
work is illustrated by 65 well selected photographs.
Naturalist.
303
BIBLIOGRAPHY :
Papers and Records relating to the Geology and Palzon-
tology of the North of England (Yorkshire excepted),
published during 1914.
T. SHEPPARD, M.Sc., F.G.S.
(Continued from page 275).
Percy F. KENDALL. Derbyshire, Lancs., Notts., Yorks.
On ‘Cleat’ in Coal Seams. Geol. Mag., February, pp. 49-53. See also
The Naturalist, April, p. 107.
KruscH, P. See F. BEYSCHLAG.
G. W. LAmMPLuUGH and B. SMITH. Notts.
The Water Supply of Nottinghamshire from Underground Sources [with
a chapter on the rainfall by H. R. Mill]. ‘Memoirs of the Geological
Survey,’ pp. 1-174. See also The Naturalist, p. 236 and Geol. Mag.,
October, pp. 475-476.
G. W, LAMPLUGH. Cheshire.
Physiographical Notes. II., on the Taming of Streams. ‘Geog. Journ.’,
June, pp. 651-656.
G. W. LAmpLtucH. See W. GIBSON.
James LoMAX. Sa eames:
The Microscopical Examination of Coal. ‘Trans. Manch. Geol. and Min.
Soc.,’ Vol. XX XIII., Part 12, pp. 457-464.
JAMES LoMAX. S. Lanes., Yorks.
Further Researches in the Microscopical Examination of Coal, especially in
Relation to Spontaneous Combustion [with reproductions of 60 photo-
micrographs of sections of coal from Yorkshire, Lancashire, etc. |
‘Trans. Manch. Geol. and Min. Soc.,’ Vol. XXXIII., Part Io, pp.
355-398.
Sir CHARLES P. LUCAS. Lincs., Cumberland.
Man as a Geographical Agency: Address to Section E. (Geography), British
Association, Australian Meeting. Natuve, September 1oth, pp. 40-45.
CHARLES LYELL [the late]. N. Counties.
The Geological Evidence of the Antiquity of Man, with Introduction by
R. H. Rastall. London, pp. xx.+ 407.
F, T. MAIDWELL. Cheshire, S. Lancs.
Notes on Footprints from the Keuper. II. ‘Proc. Liverp. Geol. Soc.,’ Vol.
XI. Part 1, pp: 53-71.
F. T. MAIDWELL. Cheshire.
Some Sections in the Lower Keuper of Runcorn Hill, Cheshire. ‘ Proc.
Liverp. Geol. Soc.,’ Vol. XII., Part 1, pp. 40-52.
C. A. MATLEY. Notts., etc.
Note on the Source of the Peebles of the Bunter Pebble-Beds of the English
Midlands. Geol. Mag., May, pp. 211-5.
H. R. Mitt. See G. W. LAMPLUGH.
1915 Sept. 1.
304 Bibliography: Geology and Paleontology, 1914.
L. MoyseEy. Derby, Lancs., Notts., Yorks.
Some further Notes on Palzeoxyris and other Allied Fossils, with Special
Reference to some New Features found in Vetacapsula. ‘ Rep. Brit.
Assoc.’ (Birmingham), 1913, pp. 492-3.
L. MoyvsEy. See W. GIBSON.
JAMES Park. N. Counties.
A Text-Book of Geology [many references to northern counties]. London
pp. xv.+598.
HENRY PRESTON. Notts.
Clay-Balls and Striated Pebbles, from Bunter Sandstone, Notts. The
Naturalist, March, pp. 79-83.
H. PRESTON. Lincs.
Report on Geology. ‘Lincs. Nat. Union Trans. for 1913,’ published ror4,
pp. 108-9.
WILLINGHAM FRANKLIN RAWNSLEY. Lincs.
Highways and Byways in Lineolnshire {brief geological notes}. London,
Ppp: 519.
F. R. Cowper REED. Lake District.
Notes on the genus Jrinuc/eus, Part WI. Geol. Mag., August, pp. 349-359.
C. E. Rosson. ; Northumberland and Durham.
Report of the Field Meetings of the Natural History Society for 1909 [includes
geological notes]. “ Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Northumberland, Dur-
ham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne.’ (New Series), Vol. [V., Part I.
PPp- 177-199.
H. G. SARGENT. Derbyshire.
Rock-Soil and Plant Distribution {criticism of Mr. Horwood’s paper].
Geol. Mag., March, p. 139.
DP Ee Scort Lancs.
On Medullosa pusilla {from Colne, Lancs.] ‘ Proc. Roy. Soc.,’ B., Vol.
XCEVII., pp. 221-8.
A. C. SEWARD. Lancs., Yorks.
Climate as Tested by Fossil Plants. ‘Quart. Journ. Royal Meteorol.
Soc.,’ Vol. XL., No. 171, July, pp. 203-212. Reprinted in Natwre,
October 29th, pp. 242-246. See also Knowledge, May, p. 190.
Mrs. SHAKESPEAR. See ETHEL M. R. Woop.
Hitpa D. SHARP. See HORACE B. WooDWARD.
T. SHEPPARD. Lincs.
Geology [of Barton-on-Humber]. Circular 231 in ‘Trans. Yorks. Nat.
Union,’ part 35.
T. SHEPPARD. Cheshire.
Early Mining Implements [from the old Copper Mines, Alderley Edge].
Lancashwe Naturalist, March, pp. 447-449 (plates).
T. S[HEPPARD]. Yorks., Lincs.
In Memoriam, Alfred John Jukes-Browne, F.R.S., F.G.S. 1851-1914 {brief
references to his work in Yorks. and Lincs.] The Natuvalist, October,
Ps 325: a;
Naturalist,
Bibliography: Geology and Pale@ontology, 1914. 305
T. SHEPPARD. N. Counties.
Bibliography : Papers and Records relating to the Geology and Palzontology
of the North of England (Yorkshire excepted), published during 1913.
The Naturalist, May, pp. 161-166, ; June, pp. 193-199.
R. L. SHERLOCK. See W. GIBSON.
HERVEY WoOoODBURN SHIMER. . N. Counties.
An Introduction to the Study of Fossils, Plants and Animals. 450 pp.
B. SmitH. See G. W. LAMPLUGH.
H. G. SMITH. Northern Counties.
Minerals and the Microscope, an Introduction to the Study of Petrology,
116 pages.
Jj; AS SMYTHE: Northumberland.
On Some Inclusions in the Great Whin Sill of Northumberland. Geol.
Mag., June, pp. 244-255.
j- A. SMYTHE. Northumberland and Lake Dist.
The Glacial Geology of Northumberland. ‘ Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. of North-
umberland, Durham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne.’ (New Series),
Vol. [V., Part 1, pp. 86-116.
E. STANFORD. See HORACE B. WOODWARD.
A. STRAHAN. Cheshire.
Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and the
Museum of Practical Geology for 1913, pp. 107.
H. H. SwWINNERTON. : Notts.
Periods of Dreikanter Formation in South Notts. Geol. Mag., May, pages
208-11.
H. H. SWINNERTON. See J. W. Carr.
W. M. TATTERSALL and T. A. CowaArp. Cheshire.
Faunal Survey of Rostherne Mere, I. Introduction and Methods. ‘Mem.
anata 12hroyey Wilevavelo, Iine, Ghavel IRlowll, Sey Wolk, IENAUNL. Jehan aA ING te,
pp. I-21.
Joun W. TAYLOR. N. Counties.
Dominancy in Nature and its Correlation with Evolution, Phylogeny, and
Geographical Distribution [reprint]. ‘Trans. Yorks. Nat. Union,’
Part 35, pp. 1-40.
eo WE? DA LOR: Lines., Derbyshire, Lancs., Westmorland, Yorks.
Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusea of the British Isles, Part
20 {includes particulars of the occurrence of fossil and sub-fossil
forms of Helicogona avbustovrum in the counties mentioned]. March
14th, pp. 417-80, Plates xXvi., xxxv., and Xxxvl.
Ivor THOMAS. Northern Counties.
British Carboniferous Producti, I., Genera Pustula and Overtonia [figures
and describes Pustula elegans (M’Coy) ; P. venusta, gen. et sp. nov. ;
P. sub-elegans, gen. et sp. nov.; P. punctata (Mart.) ; P. ovalzs (Phill.) ;
P. pyxidiformis (de Koninck), etc.!. “Memoirs of the Geol. Survey,
Paleontology,’ Vol. I., Part 4, pages 197-366, Plates xvil.-xx.
CHARLES B. TRAVIS. Northern Counties.
President's Address [Some evidences of Peneplanation in the British Isles}.
‘Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc.,’ Vol. XII., Part 1, pp. I-31.
1915 Sept. 1.
306 Bibliography: Geology and Paleontology, 1914.
W. G. TRAVIS. anesaro:
The Plant Associations of Some Lancashire Peat-Mosses. The Lancashive
and Cheshive Naturalist, August, pp. 171-176.
C. T. TRECHMANN. Durham and Yorks,
On the Lithology and Composition of Durham Magnesian Limestones [brief
references to Yorkshire]. “Quart Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ Vol. LXX.,
Part 2, No. 278, pp. 232-265. Abstract in Natuve, February 26th,
Den7Z9:
C. T. TRECHMANN. Northumberland and Durham.
Notes on Neolithic Chipping-Sites in Northumberland and Durham. ‘ Trans.
Nat. Hist. Soc. of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle-upon-
Tyne ’ (New Series), Vol. IV., Part 1, pp. 67-85.
C. T. TRECHMANN. Durham.
The Superficial Deposits of South-East Durham and the Lower Tees Valley.
Abstract Geological Magazine, July, pp. 331-2. Seealso The Natural-
ist, July, pp. 203-5.
So J LRUSCOmm See Eye BEYSCHEAG.
CHARLES TURNER. Lake District, Yorkshire.
The Microscopy of the Manchester Water Supply. ‘Ann. Rep. and Trans.
Manchester Microscopical Society,’ 1913, pp. 44-58.
Jen Ea VioGr.. See) Ea BEyScHrAc:
W. T. WALKER. Lancs. S., Cheshire.
Some Observations on the Liassic Outecrop near Whitchurch (Shropshire)
[refers to the Cheshire and South Lancs. Area]. ‘ Proc. Liverpool
Geol. Soc.,’ Vol. XII., Part 1, pp. 72-87.
D. M. S. Watson and G. HICKLING. Notts.
On the Triassic and Permian Rock of Moray [brief reference to Mansfield].
Geol. Mag., September, pp. 399-402.
C. B. WEDD. See W. GIBSON.
W. J. WESTON. Durham.
Durham [Geological Notes]. Cambridge, pp.
ALBERT WILMORE. N. Counties.
A First Book of Geology. London, pp. 141.
[J. R. R. Wirson]. Lancs. and Cheshire,
Quarry Inspection Reports, 1912. Mr. J. R. R. Wilson’s Report on the
Liverpool and North Wales, District 6. The Quarry, May, pp. 123-6.
ETHEL M. R. Woop. See GERTRUDE L. ELLIs.
Horace B. WoopDWARD. N. Counties,
Stanford's Geological Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland, with Plates of
Characteristic Fossils. Third edition, London, 8vo, pp. xii.+ 214.
With photographic supplement by Hilda D. Sharp.
W. B. WRIGHT. N. Counties.
The Quarternary Ice Age [many references to northern glacial geology].
London, pp. xxiv.+464. Reveiwed in Nature by John Horne,
December 24th, pp. 451-452.
Naturalist
307
REVIEWS AND BOOK NOTICES.
‘Rain and Rivers, the Rev. Professor Bonney and the late Col. George
Greenwood, published in the interest of historical truth, and dedicated
(without permission) to the Editor of the ‘‘Cambridge Manuals of Science
and Literature ;’ by G. G. Greenwood, M.P. London: Watts & Co., 16
pages, price 3d. This is a criticism of Prof. Bonney’s recent work on ‘ Rain
and Rivers,’ from which it is apparent that he has not dealt fairly with
regard to the work on ‘ Rain and Rivers’ originally written by the late
George Greenwood.
Studies of Trees. By J. J. Levison. London: Chapman and Hall,
1914, pp. x. and 253, 7s. net. This book claims to be an ‘ all round book
on trees,’ and certainly the author has brought within a very limited
space, references to trees from an unusually large number of points of
view, viz.: indentification, structure, uses, habits, enemies, planting,
care, forestry and nature-study. A good feature, ‘wanting in many
American books, is that the scientific as well as the common names are
given of the species described, this adds nauch to its general usefulness.
Some of his descriptions of the characters are almost too brief for indenti-
fication, but the photographs are often a useful aid. The use of afew terms
is unusual, e.g., where he refers to the ‘leaflets >of Tsuga. In the struc-
ture of stems no reference is made to the bast, and we are told that the
cambium and part of the sap-wood ‘ transport the water and food of the
tree.’ Useful chapters deal with insect pests and fungoid diseases, and.
there is an interesting chapter on the care of the woodland. The work
concludes with ‘an outdoor lesson on trees,’ which is intended to en-
courage the love of trees and things beautiful, and the author has worked
this into a very readable summary of the more important features dealt
with in the earlier chapters of the book. There are 155 useful illustrations,
mostly from photographs.
The Study of Plants: an Introduction to Botany and Plant Ecology.
By T. W. Woodhead, M.Se., Ph.D., F.L.S. Clarendon Press, Oxford,
440 pp., 58. 6d. Friends of Dr. Woodhead, who have been eagerly awaiting
the publication of this book, will find their highest hopes more than
realised. He has succeeded in presenting elementary botany in a sur-
prisingly fresh and interesting light ; he has produced a series of drawings
and photographs far surpassing anything we have seen in a book published
at such a price, and he has written an elementary book so packed with
original observation that the oldest student will find in it much that is
new. The work is divided into five parts: Vegetative Organs, 150 Ppp. ;
Reproductive Organs, 70 pp. ; Systematic Botany, 40 pp.; Common
Trees and Shrubs, 45 pp. ; and Ecology, 85 pp. The subject is approached
mainly from the physiological standpoint, plant morphology being treated
less extensively than has usually been the case, or rather morphology
being subordinated and related to the study of function. This comes out
very strikingly in the constant linking up of structure and function with
the habitat of the plant under discussion, especially in the important
section dealing with ecology. In this book more than in any elementary
botany we know, we become conscious that we are studying living or-
ganisms, The plants themselves are kept before us, and the study of
the structure of each organ is linked with its development : seeds with
eermination, roots with growth and thickening, shoots with buds and
their opening, and flowers with wind pollination or insect visits or whatever
the case may be; we find a chapter on ‘ Hibernation and the Structure of
Modified Shoots,’ and another on ‘ Movements and Attitudes of Plants.’
This characteristic, together with the emphasis on physiology and plant
ecology, lift the whole subject out of the atmosphere of books and class-
rooms, and bring it into the open-air. The book provides no tempta-
tion to cramming: it teaches the eye to see and the mind. to interrogate.
Teachers will find it of extreme practical value ; the examples, evidently
1915 Sept. 1.
308 Northern News.
chosen with their needs in view, are such as can easily be obtained, the
figures are drawn from material commonly used in classes for nature
study, and the photographs are of places such as are frequently visited
on the rambles of botany students. For those who teach the life histories
of common plants, important details are given, both of the plants them-
selves, and as to the best methods of studying them, while related in-
formation is made easily available by the admirable index. This index isa
most valuable addition to the usefulness of the volume; it contains over
4,500 references with sub-indexes to all important subjects. But, apart
from the subject matter itself, the most remarkable feature is the illus-
trations ; there are over six hundred drawings, photographs and photo-
micrographs, of which all but a few figures are entirely new; and they
have been so well drawn, photographed, and reproduced that the work
is worth buying for their sakes alone. A special word is due to the printer,
for type, illustrations, and general arrangement are all that could be
desired ; evidently the publishers have taken a pride in their work and
they have produced a volume thoroughly worthy of the Clarendon Press.
AEA alk
+O:
We are glad to see that a past President of the Yorkshire Naturalists”
Union, Prof. A. C. Seward, F.R.S., has been elected master of Downing
College, Cambridge.
No 54 of the Old Lore Series issued by the Viking Society contains
many interesting records of northern life. There is an illustration of a
‘ Blogaben,’ the name given to one of the bones of a halibut, carried by
boatmen to insure good luck.
From Mr. Arthur Bennett we have received two interesting reprints
from the Tvansactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh on Juncus
tenuis, Willd.: Its Distribution in the British Isles,’ and ‘ Hydrilla verti-
cillata, Caspary, in Great Britain.’
We have received the Twenty-first Annual Report, Sectional Reports
and Records of the Year 1914-15, issued by the Midland Railway Natural
History Society (24 pages). There are records in many branches of
natural science, and also reports on archeology.
Reprinted from the Proceedings of the United States National Museum
we have received a valuable ‘ Report on Some Carbonic Acid Tests on
the Weathering of Marbles and Limestones,’ by George P. Merril. The
experiment seems to be confined to American rocks.
After some considerable delay, two parts of ‘ The Birds of the Hudders-
field District’ (Nos. 15 and 16, and Nos. 17 and 18 respectively) have
appeared, with colloured illustrations. As the work is to be complete with
20 parts there seems to be some prospect of this being done.
In connection with the forthcoming meeting of the British Association
at Manchester, we learn from The Times that ‘ Dr. Dalton will give an
exhibition and explanation of diagrams illustrating his atomic theory.’
This must be one of Sir Oliver Lodge’s ‘rat-tat at the past’ tricks, as
ordinarily Dr. Dalton has been dead since 1844.
Leaflet No. 132, issued by the Board of Agriculture is a somewhat
remarkable pamphlet dealing with slugs and snails. The author’s name is
not given. The species seem to be classified as grey field slug, bulb or
root-eating slug, black slug, yellow or household slug, the large garden
snail, wood snail, strawberry snail, and small-banded snail.
From the President of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union we have
received an interesting reprint from The Journal of Botany dealing with
the ‘Mycetozoa of Australia and New Zealand.’ The material was
collected during Mr. Cheesman’s trip with the British Association. Mr.
G. Lister supplements the notes with details of the various species collected.
Naturalist,
~ ae we.
:
.
;
:
i;
’
<<
sve
ar
eful ontribution to economic science.”
” y “ork shive Evening Post.
LABOUR UNREST
War-Time Thoughts
ona National Danger
BY
GEORGE EDSON TOOGOOD
78 pages, crown Svo, tn strong paper wrapper, 6d, net, post free Sd.
The Press have given striking prominence to this little
work, and are practically unanimous in declaring that the
author’s proposals go a long way towards solving one of
our most pressing of national problems.
The ‘‘ Oxford Magazine” says :—‘' We have not space to do
_ justice to Mr. TOOGoop's contentions ; we can only recommend
his pamphlet to the student of industrial relations, and observe
that it is worth a good deal more than sixpence.”’
Some Geographical Factors
in the Great War
By T. HERDMAN,. M.Sc., F.G.S.
(Lecturer in Geography, Municipal Training College, Hull).
72 pages, crown Svo, with 6 Maps, sewn tn
stout printed cover, od. net, post free rod. net.
\ A feature of vast importance in the titanic struggle now taking
place is the geographical condition of the various countries. In
“* Some Geographical Factors’ the author provides much interesting
information which helps his readers to a wider understanding of an
important aspect of the present campaign. The concluding ‘chapter
on ‘‘The Problems of Nationality ’’ affords a glimpse of the immense
difficulties that face those statesmen to whose heads and hands will
be committed the adjustment of the new boundaries.
The ‘Literary World” says:—‘* Those who would follow intelligently
the movements in this world contest will find much help in this little
handbook. Mr. Herdman’s exposition of the part played in the war
by the great land-gates and the seas is clear and informing, and is
followed. by some sound reasoning on the commercial war and the
problems of nationality.” ;
*“Lonpon: A. BROWN & SONS, Lrp., 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.C.
: AND AT HULL AND YORK. Yr
vee Pe HE
36, STRAND, LONDON, w.c.
(Five Doors from Charing Cross), f
Keep in stock every description of
APPARATUS, CABINETS, BOOKS, AND SPECIMENS
for Collectors of
BIRDS’ EGGS, BUTTERFLIES, MOTHS, ETC.
Catalogue (96 pages) sent post free on application.
a YORBONTSS ’
——
Lond.: GURNEY & JACKSON 33 Paternoster Row
Printed at Browns’ SAVILE Press, 40, George Street, Hull, and published b
A. Brown & Sons, Limited, at 5 Farringdon Avenue, in the pace of Lone
Sept. Ist, 1915- ;
BY :
a
.
q
ENT AN
ite
EDITED BY oe
Reet 7 ’ ? “
} T. SHEPPARD, F.GS., PSN (Scory. ‘
Wear iA i ,
\ 216 pages, crown folio, with upwards of 250 illustrations, and —
strongly stitched in artistic pictorial cover. 7
1/- net, or post free 1/3 net.
5
This book, which might be almost described as a picture gallery _
of the County ‘of Broad Acres, contains a great deal of useful and 4
entertaining matter relative to every aspect of popular mterest unt
The Yorkshire Post says: ‘‘ Mr. Sheppard is well known as a_
writer on antiquarian subjects, and this volume fees his acquaint
ance with Yorkshire.’ : i ey
Lonpon: A. BROWN & SONS, Lrp., 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.C.. = ©
AND AT HULL AND YORK, ‘ Tad
Issued Monthly, illustrated with Plates and Text Figures 5 ‘
To Subscribers, 6s. per annum; Post Free, 6s. 6d. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S MONTHLY Ps:
e e ‘ "a
The Scottish Naturalist MAGAZINE. g
with which is incorporated PRICE SIXPENCE MONTHLY.
‘* The Annals of Scottish Natural History ’’ Edited by G. C. Champion, F.Z.S., J. E. Collin, —
A Monthly Magazine devoted to Zoology F.E.S., G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., R. W. Lloyd, —
Edited by William Eagle Clarke, F.R.S.E., | W-.W.Fo ee Sc., M.A., F.L.S., J.J. Walker, 4y
F.L.S., Keeper Natural History Dept., Royat M.A., R.N., F.L.S 4
Scottish Museum; William Evans, F.R.S.E., a $
Member of the British Sy A lee Union; and F
Percy H. Grimshaw, F.R.S.E.,F.E.S., 4 ssistant- This Magazine, commenced in 1864, contains
Keeper, Natural History Dept., Royal Scottish Standard Articles and Notes on all subjects z
Museum. Assisted by J. A. Harvie- Brown, connected with Entomology, and especially on
F.R.S.E.,F.Z.S.; Evelyn V.Baxter, H.M.B.O.U.; | the Insects of the British Is es. ; prem
Leonora J. Rintoul, H.M.B.O.U. ; ‘Hugh S. Glad- t post fre
stone, M.A., F.R. S. E., F.Z.S.; James Ritchie, Subscriptions Seyler nt pic i eee We iS
M.A.,D.Sc. A. Landsborough Thompson, M.A., GURNEY & JACKSON, z.:
-M.B.O.U. 1, Paternoster Row, 1 a
Edinburgh: OLIVER & BOYD, Tweedale Court London, _—
, ed ol
‘No. 705
(No. 482 of current series)
Aone A MONTHLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF
NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. —
EDITED BY
T. SHEPPARD, M.Sc., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.S.A.Scot.,
: : Tue Museums, Hutt;
AND
|. W.. WOODHEAD, Ph.D., M.Sc., F.L-S.,
TECHNICAL COLLEGE, HUDDERSFIELD.
‘f= Sh Te
secteam
WITH THE ASSISTANCE AS REFEREES IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF
J. GILBERT BAKER, P.R.S. P.L.S., GEO. T. PORRITT, P.L.S., ©.E-S.,
3 Prof. P. F. KENDALL, M.Sc., F.G.S., JOHN W. TAYLOR, M.Sc.,
T. H. NELSON, M.Sc., M.B.O.U., RILEY FORTUNE, F.Z.S.
2
.
Contents :—
PAGE |
Notes and Comments :—British Association; The President; The Scientific Mind; The
§ Work of the British Association; Its Early Years; Science and Humdnity; The Hand-
¥ book; Is Europe ‘Settled?’ The Greatest Change; Prof. W. R. Scott’s Address; Mr. R. H.
Rew’s Address ; Major H. G. Lyons’s Address ; Prof. W. H. Lang’s Address ; Mrs. Henry
Sidgwick’s Address; Prof. W. M. Bayliss’s Address; Prof. E. A. Minchin’s Address;
Protocyte, Cytode, Micrococcus and Biococcus; Sir F. W. Dyson’s Address; Prof. C. G.
Seligman’s Address; Museums; The Place of Museums in General Education ; Scheme :
of Arrangement; Local Museums and their Duty; National v. Provincial ; Local Museum's
Duty; Introductory Collections; ‘Discussion!’ Provincial Societies; German v. English
Methods; A Danger; London v. Provinces; The Amateur Naturalist >The Antiquity of Vn
Man; Geological Evidence in Britain ; Piltdown Remains; Early Man on the Continent ;
Early Man in East Anglia; Distribution of Bronze Age Implements; Classification of
Tertiary Strata by means of Eutherian Mammals; Glacial Geology of the Western
Slopes of the Southern Pennines; Erratics; One Glaciation; Carboniferous Limestone
Zones of N.E. Lancashire; An Old Battle fought over again; Origin of Reef-Knolls; The
Middle Tees and its Tributaries; A Study in River Development; Tertiary Elevation ;
The Avonian Shore Line; The Classification of Land Forms . 309-333
’ Yorkshire Naturalists at Saltburn (Illustrated)—W.E.L.W. ... Rayne twee aye ... 334-337
Field Notes :—Chimera monstrosa (illustrated); Mistle Thrush falling down chimney; An
overlooked Occurrence in Yorkshire of the Surf Scoter (Edemta perspicillata) a0 wee 308-339 {
British Association News ... ES ER er LCR ARE LEEDS NS ee Bet fap No sadn.) | oat CBO AC IRS ne
Northern News ... eas ie ee ata aby re “a =p a yer sas ee 333 —
News fromthe Wagazl mes cs:8 9 6 fate i ycesere = coal Se eee Paes aah) dee Tse ol lane 337
Proceedings of Provincial Scientific Societies, etc. ... bee me se aos “By 340 -
fllustrations ga cess mt nae nhs wt fs aa fs sa a due ... 336, 338 A
: LONDON :
A. Brown & Sons, LIMITED, 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.C.
And at Hurt and York.
Printers and Publishers to the Y.N.U.
Prepaid Subscription 6/6 per annum, post free.
IN THE PRESS, ©
y a fe »
CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENC
(Based wpon the Presidential Address to the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union, delivered at the Leeds University) — a |
By. SHEPPARD: mise.,: F669). F:R,Gis., F.8.A.(scor.)
Turis work has been considerably extended, and occupies over 200 pages.
It contains an account of the various scientific publications issued from
Ackworth, Addingham, Barnsley, Ben Rhydding, Beverley, Bradford,
Doncaster, Driffield, Goole, Halifax, Harrogate, Haworth, Hebden Bridge,
Huddersfield, Hull, Idle, Ilkley, Keighley, Leeds, Malton, Middlesbrough,
Pocklington, Pontefract, Ripon, Rotherham, Scarborough, Sedbergh,
Selby, Settle, Sheffield, Wakefield, Whitby and York. In addition there
is an exceptionally complete bibliography of the various natural history —
journals and publications, now issued for the first time. The author has
been successful in obtaining many publications not in the British Museum.
E
ig
¥
EXTRACT FROM PREFACE :—
In the following pages an effort is made to indicate the various sources
of information likely to be of service to a student in his work on’ any
branch of natural science dealing with our broad-acred shire. The
section arranged topographically under towns shows what has been
accomplished in each place, while the remainder of the book is devoted
to an enumeration of the general sources of information which should be
consulted. Unfortunately, several of the items are scarce, in many cases
only one set being known, a circumstance which has induced me to give
the bibliographical details rather fully. By aseries of fortunate circum-
stances, and as a result of several years’ collecting, I’ possess sets of most
of the publications mentioned, and shall endeavour to arrange that
they remain intact for the benefit of future workers, as it will certainly
be very difficult, if not impossible, to get such a collection together again.
HULL: A. BROWN & SONS, Lrp., Price 3/6 net.
YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION.
ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION.
Pyesident.—W. J. FORDHAM, M.R.C.S., F.E.S., Bubwith.
Two meetings will be held in the Zoological Department of the Leeds University, by the
c
invitation of Professor Garstang, on Saturday, October 30th, 191 5.
Business at the afternoon meeting to commence at 3-30: to consider and pass the.
Sectional Reports for 1915, and to elect Officers for 1916.
The evening meeting will commence at 6-30, and exhibits of all orders of insects are
invited. Several addresses on entomological topics will be contributed by the members.
It is of importance that exhibitors should attach their names to their exhibits, and
label specimens with names and localities, as this would greatly add to the interest. :
.. The various Secretaries earnestly solicit notes and records made during the season |
on entomological subjects in the county, which should bz sent to them at once, as a
general report is required as soon as possible, a
Officials of Affiliated Societies are requested to notify their members.
Secyetavies.—(Lepidoptera), A. Whitaker and B. Morley; (Coleoptera), Dr. Fordham a
(Hymenoptera, Hemiptera and Diptera), Rosse Butterfield ; (Neuroptera, Trichoptera and
Orthoptera), G. T. Porritt, Baca Me
309
NOTES AND COMMENTS.
BRITISH ASSOCIATION.
Under the shadow of the war cloud the members of the
British Association met at Manchester from the 7th to the
1th September. Notwithstanding a certain gloominess, the
sections devoted themselves to serious work, in which the
subjects of war and women, and the effects of. war, and the
work which women had done or could do, played an important
part. We may be mistaken, but our impression was that
this year there were more women taking part in the proceedings
than usual. Having regard to the number of the younger
members who are serving their country, to the lack of travelling
facilities, and the absence of the usual elaborate arrangements
for entertaining the members, the attendance this year, viz.,
1439, may be considered very satisfactory.
THE PRESIDENT.
Probably the attendance of distinguished scientists is
larger this year than might have been expected under the
circumstances of the restricted programme. But, as stated
in The Yorkshire Observer, many have felt it a duty to put in
an appearance to demonstrate their repudiation of an attempt
made to boycott the President (Professor Arthur Schuster,
F.R.S.). ‘To the neurotic, spy-smelling journalism of some
quarters of London such a combination of letters as “ Sch’
in the President’s name is intrinsically unpatriotic, even
traitorous, and so with an easy contempt for facts the demand
was made, with all the impudence of ignorance, that the
President should retire.’ Dr. Schuster has been called by his
own friends ‘ an international medium of science,’ but it happens
have been associated with Manchester for nearly a century.
Even were it otherwise, his half-century of work in England
and the lustre he has shed upon English science as a fellow-
worker with Lord Rayleigh and Clark Maxwell in the famous
school of physics at Cambridge, has well earned honour, while
his patriotism—testified by his having given sons and nephews
to the Army and his own time and: genius to organising, as
secretary of a committee, the services of the Royal Society
for the advantage of the Government—is beyond question.
That distinguished Yorkshireman and _ brother physicist,
Professor Silvanus Thompson, described the attack on Pro-
fessor Schuster as ‘ one of the meanest things that has ever
been done in the much abused name of patriotism,’ and the
warmth of the welcome accorded to the President showed that
the members were quite of that opinion.
1915 Oct. 1,
U
310 Notes and Comments.
THE SCIENTIFIC MIND. .
The main subject of the presidential address was a little
academic. Dr. Schuster set himself to define the ‘ scientific
mind,’ quoting extensively and aptly from the brilliant mathe-
matician and philosopher who is brother to the present Presi-
dent of the French Republic. He came to the conclusion that
there was no essential difference between the successful scientific
mind and the successful mind in any other sphere of business
in which theory is combined with practice. The great pre-
occupation of the war could not be kept out altogether, and
incidentally the President had a word for those perfervid
patriots who in the intervals of assailing Mr. Asquith and Lord
Kitchener cry aloud for ‘ government by business men’ and
“government on scientific lines.’ Either these desiderata are
the same thing, said the President, in effect, or they are different.
If they are different, then we may cancel one set of the agitated
and vociferous against the other set. If they both mean the
same thing, then government by business men upon scientific
lines is just what this nation has got.
THE WORK OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION.
Of lesser general importance, but of no little domestic
interest, were a few rather cryptic observations which the
President introduced as preface to his address. He announced
that proposals were before the Council directed to secure greater
continuity in the work of the Association, and also its better
co-ordination with that of other scientific organisations. In
this respect the unspoken comment of his hearers was probably,
“ Quite time, too,’ for scientific folk have long been dissatisfied
with the British Association meetings. Some very important
committees, which report from year to year—and get half a
line of recognition on the programme, and as much of the time
of one section as suffices to read the head-line of a report—are
doing most valuable work, and some joint meetings of sections
for discussion are useful and suggestive. But the readers of
individual papers often feel themselves ploughing the sands.
Their papers may be interesting enough, but they are pub-
lished only in the briefest and scrappiest summary and after
long delay, and unless they secure publication in the technical
journals and magazines, their treatises can be accounted
stillborn. Some papers, on the other hand, ought never to
have been read at all! This year, however, many of the
“ bores’ were absent.
ITS EARLY YEARS.
But the intimation of the President was associated with
some remarks in which were contrasted the ideals of two
opposing bodies of the founders. When the British Association
originated in York eighty-four years ago, the whole idea of
Naturalist, —
Notes and Comments. 3IT
such a popular ‘ picnic of science’ was scouted by many of the
professorial scientists of the Universities, who rather resented
the intrusion of the laymen and the amateur into their well-
endowed patrimony. But the laymen—men like Vernon
Harcourt and John Phillips, of York, the latter not till afterward
a professor and till the end of his life an amateur in the best
meaning of the word—with the inspiration and aid of such
brilliant ‘ outsiders’ (from the University point of view) as
Brewster and Dalton, made a success of the enterprise. When
it was apparent that they would be done without, the university
professors came in, but the faction feeling was for a long time
strong in favour of confining membership to the select few—
the really learned, with a sort of condescending or rather,
perhaps, fawning concession to ‘the nobility, clergy, and
gentry. Something of this old exclusiveness, this rather
pedantic disdain for the vulgar herd, has been evident in recent
years in some contemptuous references to picnics and garden
parties. But garden parties and external attractions mean
members—members means guineas—and a well-stored coffer
enables much important and expensive research to be subsidised.
So that if the scientific mind is a business mind, as the Presi-
dent suggested, it is not quite easy to understand to what
end his reminiscences of the old controversy were directed.
SCIENCE AND HUMANITY.
The President concluded by stating that he was drawing
no ring round a privileged class, but urged that the hunger
for intellectual enjoyment is universal, and everybody should
be given the opportunity and leisure of appeasing it. The
duty to work, the right to live, and the leisure to think, are
the three prime necessities of our existence, and when one of
them fails, we only live an incomplete life. In the struggle
which convulses the world, all intellectual pursuits are vitally
affected, and science gladly gives all the power she wields to
the service of the State. Sorrowfully she covers her face because
that power, accumulated through the peaceful efforts of the
sons of all nations, was never meant for death and destruction ;
gladly she helps, because a war wantonly provoked threatens
civilisation, and only through victory shall we achieve a peace
in which once more science can hold up her head, proud of her
strength to preserve the intellectual freedom which is worth
more than material prosperity, to defeat the spirit of evil that
destroyed the sense of brotherhood among nations, and to
spread the love of truth.
THE HANDBOOK.
Unfortunately the handbook issued by the local com-
mittee, edited by H. M. McKechnie, is not up to the usual
standard, and is even issued in paper covers, which is some
1915 Oct. L
312 Notes and Comments.
indication of the local committee’s own estimation of its worth.
It contains just over 100 pages with a brief supplement issued
separately, without covers, and is, perhaps, more accurately
described by its title, “ Manchester in 1915.’ There are articles:
on the various Manchester Institutions, but we miss the
valuable accounts of the geology, natural history and arche-
ology, etc., of the district, which usually appear in these pub-
lications. From the preface we gather that originally the
committee responsible for this production was going to produce
an even smaller volume, but owing to the generosity of the
various people invited to contribute articles, it is even larger
than» was contemplated ! Apparently this decision was
arrived at without any considerations due to the war. As we
feel sure many members value these local handbooks as guides
to the respective districts, it seems a pity that Manchester was
so cheese-paring in its policy. In the case of our own copy we
have to hesitate whether to go to the expense of binding in
order to preserve it. Unquestionably the articles appearing
are excellent, but they do not seem to go far enough.
IS EUROPE ‘ SETTLED’ ?
In the Geological Section, Professor Grenville A. J. Cole
(Royal College of Science, Dublin), in his presidential address,,
discussed problems relating to the earth’s crust and crust
movements. He said the globe was still strange to us because
its vast interior was unseen, and we were apt to speculate about
the stars, when the behaviour of the ground beneath concerned
us tar more nearly. In spite of the swamping of the Alkmaar
country in 1825, in spite of the tragedy of Messina only seven
short years ago, we feel that Europe is a settled continent, and
we judge the past and future by the present superficial peace.
We have applied the same thoughts to human movements,
and the inconceivable has happened in our midst. We natur-
ally find it difficult to carry our minds back to epochs when the
earth-blocks may have parted asunder as ice parts across the
polar seas. We have, however, still very much to learn about
causes now in action ; and the mystery of the earth, and of our
connexion with it, grows upon us as we learn.
THE GREATEST CHANGE.
Can we at allrealise the greatest change that ever came upon
the globe, the moment when living matter appeared upon its sur-
face, perhaps over a few square miles? Matter is either dead or
living, that is, endowed with life ; there is no intermediate state.
And here was living matter, a product of the slime, if you will,
but of a slime more glorious than the stars. Was this thing, life,.
a surface-concentration, a specialisation, of something that had
previously permeated all matter, but had remained powerless.
because it was infinitely diffuse ? Here you will perceive that
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 28
the mere geologist is very much beyond his depth. Let us
return to our orderly studies, our patient hammerings, our
rock-slices, our chiselling out of fossil shells. Behind it all
is the earth itself, quiescent, it may be, but by no means in
the sleep of death. As Termier puts it, ‘ La planécte n’est pas
encore morte; elle ne fait que dormir.’
PROF. W. R. SCOTT’S ADDRESS.
A strong note on current topics was sounded in Prof. W. R.
Scott’s address to the Economic Science and Statistics Section.
Not the least dominant phase of the present epoch-making
struggle is the economic one; and it is inevitable that con-
sideration should be given to some of the reactions of this
great war upon industry, credit and finance. In many repsects
the economic problems that will confront us after the war will
be even more serious, and certainly not less difficult, than those
of the present time. Still there can be no doubt that these
will be faced with courage and patience. The period of stress
through which we are passing has shown the unity of thought
and purpose throughout the whole Empire. And this, in spite
of many appearances to the contrary, will be a great asset in
the future. The great national emergency has caused a closing
of the nation’s ranks, and it rests with us to keep them firm
and steadfast when peace returns. There are plain signs that
it may not always be easy, since so many industrial and other
difficulties have been carried forward as a suspense account
which is to be dealt with when the war is over. National unity
is enabling us to progress towards victory, and the same unity
will be required to enable us to reap the full fruits of that
victory at home. It would be a mad waste not to employ the
qualities of heart and mind which have been aroused in this
great struggle in the service of peace and social progress. The
future may be difficult for some years to come, but difficulties
are the opportunities of the strong and courageous. It has
fallen to us to live in an heroic age; and, if we remain true to
ourselves and to our high destiny, we shall have the strength
and the fixity of purpose to achieve greatly in peace as well as
in war.
MR. R. H. REW’S ADDRESS.
Similarly in his address to the Agricultural Section, Mr.
Rew referred to the effect of war especially on farming and
on food supplies. In total weight of food-stuffs, the quantity
brought to our shores was rather larger in time of war than
in time of peace. Yet one still occasionally meets a purblind
pessimist who plaintively asks what the Navy is doing. This
is a part of the answer. It is also a measure of the success
of the much-advertised German ‘ blockade’ for the starvation
of England. So absolute a triumph of sea-power in the first
1915 Oct. 1.
314 Notes and Comments.
year of war would have been treated as a wild dream by, the
most confirmed optimist two years ago. The debt which the
nation owes to our sailor-men is already immeasurable. That
before the enemy is crushed the debt will be increased we may
be assured. The crisis of our fate has not yet passed, and we
may be called upon to meet worse trials that have yet befallen
us. But in the Navy is our sure and certain hope. ‘ That
which they have done is but earnest of the things that they
shall do.’ Under the protection of that silent shield the land
may yield its increase untrodden by the invading foot, the
trader may pursue his business undismayed by the threats of
a thwarted foe, and the nation may rely that, while common
prudence enjoins strict economy in husbanding our resources,
sufficient supplies of food will be forthcoming for all the reason-
able needs of the people.
MAJOR H. G. LYONS’S ADDRESS.
The importance of Geographical Research, a particularly
important topic at the present time, was the subject of Major
Lyons’s address to the Geographical Section. He opined
that societies can do far more good in the promotion of geo-
graphy as a science by assisting competent investigators, by
the loan of books and instruments, and by giving facilities for
the discussion and publication of technical papers, than by
undertaking the investigation of problems themselves. Among
the earlier Presidential Addresses of this Section some have
laid stress on the importance of the recognition by the State
of geography in education ; others have represented the great
part which the Geographical Societies have played in support-
ing and advancing the subject ; others again have urged the
fuller recognition of geography by Educational Institutions.
I would on this occasion attach especial importance to the
prosecution of serious research by individuals in any branch
of the subject that is accessible to them, to the discussion of
the results of such work by others of like interests, and to the
publication of such studies as having a real value in promoting
the advancement of scientific geography.
PROF. W. H. LANG’S ADDRESS.
In his address to the Botanical Section, Prof. Lang dealt
with Phyletic and Causal Morphology, Individual Development,
The Constitution of the Shoot, Alternation of Generations, and
The Seed and its Embryo. Prof. Lang concluded that though
results may seem far off, we must not slacken, but redouble
our efforts towards the solution of the fundamental problems
of the organism. This can be done without any antagonism
between pure and applied botany; indeed, there is every
advantage in conducting investigations on plants of economic
importance. It would be well if every botanist made himself
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 315
really familiar with some limited portion of applied botany,
so as to be able to give useful assistance and advice at need.
The stimulus to investigation would amply repay the time re-
quired. Even in continuing to devote ourselves to pure botany
we cannot afford to waste time and energy in purposeless work.
It is written in ‘ Alice in Wonderland’ that ‘ no wise fish goes
anywhere without a porpoise,’ and this might hang as a text
in every research laboratory. A plant is a very mysterious
and wonderful thing, and our business as botanists is to try
to understand and explain it as a whole and to avoid being
bound by any conventional views of the moment. We have
to think of the plant as at once a physico-chemical mechanism
and as a living being ; to avoid either treating it as something
essentially different from non-living matter or forcibly ex-
plaining it by the physics and chemistry of to-day. It is an
advantage of the study of causal morphology that it requires
us to keep the line between these two crudities, a line that may
some day lead us to a causal explanation of the developing
plant and the beginnings of a single science of botany.
MRS. HENRY SIDGWICK’S ADDRESS.
Mrs. Sidgwick was the President of the Educational Science
Section, and expressed the opinion that the general public must
be encouraged to take its share even in the part of education
carried on at school and college, and in particular those members
of the general public who are parents of pupils. But this
conclusion is rather barren, for she had no very definite plan
to suggest for carrying it out. The State cannot now, even if
it would, abandon the responsibility for the elementary school
education of the children, and even if it could, it is more than
doubtful whether it would be desirable. For though we
have now secured that all parents shall themselves have had
school education, we still cannot trust them all voluntarily
to give that advantage to their children. So the drawback
must be put up with that parents cannot feel the same degree
of responsibility resting on themselves when the responsibility
is undertaken by the State. It is to be hoped, however, that
we shall be very careful how far we entrust to the State the
regulation of education higher than the primary. Bureau-
cratic regulation may be well adapted to produce German
Kultur, but it is not the way to secure the attitude of mind
which leads to freedom, independence of thought, and culture
in the best sense. And it is very apt to lead to want of inde-
pendence in the teacher. Probably our best hope for progress
in the right direction lies in movements like the Workers’
Educational Association, where we have voluntary effort put
forward to satisfy spontaneous desire to learn. As this move-
ment extends we hope more and more to get a generation
1915 Oct. 1.
316 Notes and Comments.
of parents who, having themselves experienced intellectual
curiosity and the joy of satisfying it, who, having themselves
felt the gain of a wider outlook on men and things, may by
their example inspire their children with a similar disinterested
desire for learning and culture.
PROF. W. M. BAYLISS’S ADDRESS.
The Physiological Importance of Phase Boundaries was the
subject of Prof. Bayliss’s address to the Physiological Section.
He stated that we may conclude that more study of the
phenomena at phase boundaries will throw light on many prob-
lems still obscure. It would probably not be going too far
to say that the peculiarities of the phenomena called ‘ vital’
are due to the fact that they are manifestations of interchange
of energy between the phases of heterogeneous systems. It
was Clerk Maxwell who compared the transactions of the mater-
ial universe to mercantile operations in which so much credit
is transferred from one place to another, energy being the
representative of credit. There are many indications that it
is just in this process of change of energy from one form to
another that special degrees of activity are to be observed.
Such, for example, are the electrical phenomena seen in the
oxidation of phosphorus or benzaldehyde, and it appears that,
in the photo-chemical system of the green plant, radiant energy
is caught on the way, as it were, to its degradation to heat,
and utilised for chemical work. In a somewhat similar way,
it might be said that money in the process of transfer is more
readily diverted, although perhaps not always to such good
purpose as in the chloroplast. Again, just as in commerce
money that is unemployed is of no value, so it is in physiology,
Life is incessant change or transfer of energy, and a system in
statical equilibrium is dead.
PROF. E. A. MINCHIN’S ADDRESS.
Prof. Minchin’s address to the Zoological Section was on
a well-worn topic, ‘ The Evolution of the Cell,’ but was dealt
with in the light of recent work. He stated: ‘I have set
forth my conceptions of the nature of the simplest forms of
life and of the course taken by the earliest stages 01 evolution,
striving all through to treat the problem from a strictly ob-
jective standpoint, and avoiding as far as possible the purely
speculative and metaphysical questions which beset like pitfalls
the path of those who attack the problem of life and vitalism.
I have, therefore, refrained as far as possible from discussing
such indefinable abstractions as ‘ living substance’ or ‘ life,’
phrases to which no clear meaning can be attached. How far
my personal ideas may correspond to objective truth I could
not, of course, pretend to judge. It may be that the mental
pictures which I have attempted to draw are to be assigned,
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 387
-on the most charitable interpretation, to the realm of poetry,
as defined by the greatest of poets, rather than of science.
“The lunatic, the lover and the poet
Are of imagination all compact ;
And as imagination bodies forth
The forms of things unknown, the poet’s pen
Turns them to shapes and gives to airy nothings
A local habitation and a name.”’’
PROTOCYTE, CYTODE, MICROCOCCUS AND BIOCOCCUS.
‘Tf I might be permitted to attempt an impartial criticism
of my own scheme, I think it might be claimed that the various
forms and types of organisms in my evolutionary series,
namely, the simple cell or proctocyte, the cytode or pseudo-
moneral stage, the micrococcus, even the biococcus, are
founded on concrete evidence and can be regarded as types
actually existent in the present or past. On the other hand
the vdle assigned by me to each type in the pageant of evolution
is naturally open to dispute. For example, I agree with those
who derive the Bacteria as primitive, truly non-cellular organ-
isms, directly from the biococcus through an ancestral form, and
not at all with those who would regard the Bacteria as de-
generate or highly-specialised cells. But the crux of my
scheme is the homology postulated between the biococcus and
the chromatinic particle—chromidiosome or chromiole—of
true cells. In support of this view, of which I am not the
originator, I have set forth the reasons which have convinced
me that the extraordinary powers and activities exhibited by
the chromatin in ordinary cells are such as can only be explained
on the hypothesis that the ultimate chromatinic units are to be
regarded as independent living things, as much so as the cells
composing the bodies of multicellular organisms ; and, so far
as I am concerned, I must leave the matter to the judgment
of my fellow-biologists.’
SIR F. W. DYSON’S ADDRESS.
In his addresses to the Mathematical and Physical Science
Section, Sir F. W. Dyson dealt with ‘ The Construction of the
Heavens.’ After a very clear statement of recent researches,
he stated that it must be admitted that we are as yet very
ignorant of the more distant parts of the ‘island universe.’
For example, we can make little more than guesses at the dis-
tance of the Milky Way, or say what part is nearest to us, what
are its movements, and so on. But nevertheless, the whole
subject of the Construction of the Heavens has been opened
up in a remarkable manner in the last few years. The methods
now employed seem competent to produce a tolerably good
model showing the co-ordinates and velocities of the stars
1915 Oct. 1.
318 Notes and Comments.
as well as their effective temperatures and the amount of light
they radiate. Industry in the collection of accurate data is
required, along with constant attempts to interpret them as
they are collected. The more accurate and detailed our know-
ledge of the stellar system as it is now, the better will be our
position for the dynamical and physical study of its history
and evolution.
PROF. C. G. SELIGMAN’S ADDRESS.
In his address to the Anthropological Section, Prof. Seligman
outlined the early history of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan from
the standpoint of the ethnologist. He stated that concerning
the early pre-history of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan we have
no more than indications. In the Neolithic stage, which
appears to have persisted until a comparatively recent date,
Negro influence, if not predominant over the whole area, was
at least powerfully felt even in the north, as is shown by the
distribution of polished axe-heads. But against this northward
pressure must be set the continual extension of Egyptian
culture, the evidence for which may best be found in the
eschatological ideas and burial customs (“ mummification ’ and
anthropoid coffins) of the peoples of Equatoria. This influence,
which seems to have persisted until medieval times, may have
reached tropical Negroland as early as the Middle or even the
Old Kingdom. Nor was the Nile route the only one by which
Egyptian influence was spread. Another and later drift
extended westwards as shown by the coinage of the north
African States, which enables us to fix its date within fairly
precise limits. We do not know how far south this drift
travelled, but it seems certain that it reached at least as far
as the Senegal River and the great bend of the Niger.
MUSEUMS.
The Committee appointed to examine the Character, Work,
and Maintenance of Museums reported that during the year it
had carried out extensive inquiries upon various aspects of
museums in relation to Education. Sectional Reports upon
the museum needs of school children, students, and the general
public have been drawn up by sub-committees, and afterwards
issued to all the members. A lengthy questionnaire was pre-
pared by the Committee in the hope of its adoption by the
House of Lords for departmental issue to all museums. Owing
to the war, this was not possible, and the questionnaire was
therefore issued by the Committee on its own responsibility to
all provincial museums in the British Isles. About one hundred
and forty replies have been received, and are now under con-
sideration. A special questionnaire upon classical education
in relation to museums has also been issued. <A joint con-
ference between the Committee and the Museums Association
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 319
was held at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, on July
oth, when Professor J. A. Green introduced the question of the
museum in relation to schools. Attention is also being directed
to the question of the relation of museums to universities. The
Committee hopes to complete its labours during the course of
the coming year.
THE PLACE OF MUSEUMS IN GENERAL EDUCATION.
Professor W. Boyd Dawkins stated the value of museums
in general education depends upon their arrangement, and
their being classified so as to show the true relations of the
various objects to one another. He put before the Section a
scheme of classification based on his experience in Manchester
dating from 1869, in combining various scattered collections
into one museum, which is now of equal service to the Uni-
versity, to the various schools and institutions of the district,.
and to the general public. What has been done here on a fairly
large scale may be done with equal success on a small scale else-
where. The difficulty of co-ordinating the widely different
groups of objects of human interest has been overcome by the
adoption of the principles of time and evolution as the basis.
of classification, as seen in the following scheme :—
: VIII. History, Anthropology,
Modern History of VI. VIII. VII. FS ee
the Earth. Animals. Man. Plants. VII. Botany. VI. Zoology.
V. Tertiary Life V., IV., III, 11., 1. Geology.
(Cainozoic).
IV. Secondary Life V.,1V., III. Paleontology.
(Mesozoic).
Ancient History
of III. Primary Life
(Paleozoic).
the Earth.
II. Rocks. MOG Petrology. )
I. Minerals. i Mineralogy.
SCHEME OF ARRANGEMENT.
In this scheme the minerals are placed at the bottom
because they are the materials forming the rocks. The existing
animals and plants stand at the top in their true relation to.
the geological record, and the various changes, which they
have undergone in becoming what they are, fix the geological
age of the rocks in which they lie. The place also of the
collections illustrationg History, Anthropology, and other
subjects grouped together in No. VIII., in close relation with
those of Zoology, Botany (VI., VII.), and Geology (I. to V.),
is fully justified by the connection between those sciences, and
1915 Oct. 1.
320 Notes and Comments.
more particularly by the appearance of man in the geological
record. The continuity is so marked that the present face of
nature may be taken to be the current, but not necessarily the
last, of the stages of the evolution of life in the Tertiary Period.
A museum arranged on these lines, made intelligible by lectures
and addresses, cannot fail to become an important instrument
in a system ot education in which the study of things is becoming
at least as important as the study of books.
LOCAL MUSEUMS,
In opening a discussion on ‘ Local Museums’ at the Con-
ference of Delegates, Dr. W. E. Hoyle proposed “merely to
throw down certain bones of contention for those present to
worry to their hearts’ content.’ He stated that ‘ May I lay
it down at the outset that the first and fundamental function
of a museum is to preserve. We museum officials are now-a-
days given so much good advice about the desirability of
making our exhibits aesthetically attractive, of compiling
explanatory labels which shall at the same time instruct the
specialist and interest the casual visitor, and of catering for
school children, that we are, perhaps, in danger of forgetting
that our paramount duty is to see that “ neither moth nor
rust doth corrupt ’’ and that “ thieves do not break through
nor steal.” It always tends to clearness of thought in approach-
ing any subject to begin with a definition. I will, therefore,
provisionally define a local museum as a museum existing in
a place, belonging to that place, destined for the instruction
and delight of the dwellers in that place and illustrative of that
place.’ .
AND THEIR DUTY. —
‘It follows from this that the first duty of a local museum
is to preserve the things of interest pertaining to the locality,
whether they illustrate its history, folk-lore, natural history or
any other topic. These must be carefully kept and every
particular relating to them recorded with scrupulous accuracy.
A certain proportion must be exhibited in such a way that
their points of interest may be readily seen and they must be
adequately labelled—all this in accordance with principles
which are now-a-days well understood by every qualified
museum official. Complete reference collections of animals,
plants, fossils and the like, must be formed and kept in cabinets
accessible to those desiring to make use of them for purposes
of study.’
NATIONAL ¥. PROVINCIAL.
‘ Here, I think, it is necessary to consider the important
and delicate question, ‘“ What ought to be the relations between
the Local Museum and the National Museum?” Broadly
stated, the solution is to be found in the general principle,
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 32I
what is of national importance should be preserved in the
national museum, what is of merely local interest should be
kept in the local museum.’ Quite so, but who is going to define
what is of local interest, and what is of national interest 2? It
is purely a question of the point of view. When Dr. Hoyle
adorned one of our provincial museums, he in some way
‘acquired’ certain objects which he then certainly considered
were suitable for that museum. Now, however, that he
governs one of our national institutions it seems quite likely
that he may be of the opinion that many of the objects in the
Manchester Museum are of sufficient importance to be trans-
ferred to a national museum, perhaps even in Wales. In fact we
believe, judging from his reports, that some of the collections
he has purchased for the Welsh National Museum would be
considered by his successor at Manchester to be more appro-
priately housed at Manchester, and were Dr. Hoyle still at
Manchester, that would doubtless be his view.
LOCAL MUSEUM’S DUTY.
“Tt having been admitted that the formation and _ pre-
servation of a local collection is the primary duty of a local
museum, and supposing this function to be adequately dis-
charged, should a local museum undertake any others? I
should say “‘ Certainly, if its means and opportunities allow, and
the possibilities are many and various.”’ One obvious way in
which the museum can be of the greatest service is by pro-
viding collections which shall give the visitor a preliminary
sketch of some department of knowledge. I allude to what
are often called “ Index ”’ collections, though the term “ Intro-
ductory’”’ collections would be more appropriate.’
INTRODUCTORY - COLLECTIONS.
—
‘ For instance a larger and smaller collection illustrating the
animal kingdom would furnish a suitable preliminary to a
study of local fauna, a series of specimens showing the technique
of different processes of engraving, etching and mezzotint
would furnish a valuable introduction to a collection of local
prints, a number of objects from different prehistoric and
historic periods would enable the visitor to place in their proper
chronological relation the collections of local archeology, and
numerous other possibilities will readily suggest themselves.
Another direction in which a local museum may profitably
develop is by coming into direct connection with the educational
system of the locality. This may be done either by setting
apart and furnishing a room for the special use of school classes
or by providing topical collections which can be lent to, or
circulated among the schools. There is already an extensive
literature on this subject so I need not enlarge further upon it.”
1915 Oct. 1.
22 Notes and Comments.
OS
“ DISCUSSION ! ’
What perhaps might be described as a ‘ discussion’ certainly
followed Dr. Hoyle’s paper, but as it resolved itself into an
account of the good things done at the museums in the towns
represented by the various delegates who spoke, the discussion
might very easily have taken place at another Association
which we know very well.
PROVINCIAL SOCIETIES.
Sir Thomas Holland presided at a meeting of delegates
from corresponding societies, and spoke upon the necessity
for organisation of scientific and learned societies. He said
that the war would result, more completely than any of its
puny predecessors, in recasting our national ideas, economical,
political, and literary, and of the lessons we were likely to
learn the one that so far promised most to affect the life of the
nation might be summed up in the word ‘ organisation.’
GERMAN v. ENGLISH METHODS.
‘In Germany the scientific, technical, and commercial
community was mobilised, and each individual in it was given
his appropriate function. In this country still, in these in-
stitutions, we had the right men in the wrong places, while
scientific activity seemed to be devoted to the voluntary
formation of innumerable and often irresponsible committees
with overlapping functions and no apparent common aim in
view, and with convergent interests. The plan that had often
occurred to him as a possible compromise between the claims
of central organisation and provincial autonomy, was this.
The recognised chief among the learned societies—the Royal
Society of London—should, by affiliation of its provincial poor
relations, take over the cost as well as the responsibility of
their serious publicatiens. They would enjoy home rule so far
as their meetings, discussions, and finances were concerned,
but their papers offered for publication would be censored by
the appropriate sectional committees of the Royal Society, and
would rank technically for purposes of quotation and priority.’
A DANGER.
This may be alright theoretically and, as we have pointed
out on many occasions, an examination of the publications of
the various societies, metropolitan and provincial, is a difficult
problem. But it must be remembered that this London
‘censorship’ may do harm. In the first place quite a number
of important local notes and records would certainly be
‘censored’ by a central governing and a central paying body.
‘A List of the Diptera of Hull,’ or ‘ An Account of a Ramble
of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Elland,’ or a ‘ List of
the Fungi of Halifax,’ would in all probability be considered
of insufficient importance from a Royal Society Committee’s
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 323
point of view. But workers in the county know how necessary
and how valuable these local records are, and we know that
professors and other quite important people find these local
lists useful.
LONDON v. PROVINCES.
Besides, as in the case of deciding on the objects to be placed
in a local or in a national museum, so the difficulty will arise
with publications, as to whether they are of London or provin-
cial importance. And, just as a donor may have some say as
to the destination of his gifts, so an author may want some
voice in the matter of the place of publication of his work. We
believe Sir Thomas Holland suggested that the local societies
might still issue an annual report, with ephemeral matter which,
presumably, the superior scholar may afford to ignore. But
it is more than probable that some of these ‘ unimportant ’
notes and records may be very important in the future. We
know how, over and over again, commonplace records of one
generation have been of the utmost value to another. Pepy’s
Diary would have been censored by the London referee had he
submitted it for publication in his day. As it is, it throws a
vivid light on the life of his times, and is now a classic.
THE AMATEUR NATURALIST.
But there is another point to be considered ; and an im-
portant one. In most of our provincial societies the amateur
naturalist receives encouragement and inspiration. Quite a
large number of our professional scientific men began their
career in a provincial scientific society. Their early papers
were read at its meetings; their first encouragement was
received there. What would the effect upon these young
naturalists be if their first papers had to be submitted to a
Royal Society’s Committee in London? In most cases the
papers would certainly be ‘censored.’ Politely, perhaps, but
firmly, they would be told that their work was not up to
“standard’ and could not be printed. This is not encourage-
ment. And it is to the encouragement given to their maiden
efforts that so many of our professional scientific men owe the
positions they hold to-day. No; our methods may not be
perfect ; they may not be German, but before any such change
as that suggested takes place, the matter should be very care-
fully considered.
THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN.
On this subject Prof. Boyd Dawkins made an important
contribution. Professor Boule, in his masterly essay pub-
lished in Anthropologie, xxvi., Jan.-April, 1915, freely criticised
the evidence on which the antiquity of man in Britain has been
stated to go back beyond the early Pliocene age, and concludes
that it is not of a nature to throw light on so important a prob-
1915 Oct. 1.
324 Notes and Comments.
lem. The antiquity of man—or, in other words, his place in the:
geological record—is a geological question to be decided, like
all others, on the lines of a rigid induction. In each case it is.
necessary to prove not only that the objects are of human
origin, but further that they are of the same age as the strata
in which they occur, without the possibility of their having
been introduced at a later time. The Pliocene age of man in
East Anglia is founded entirely on the roughly chipped flints
in the basal Phocene strata—on eoliths, mainly of the rostro-
carinate or eagle’s-beak type of Moir and Lankester. It has
been ampiy proved in this country by Warren, Haward, and
Sollas, and in France by Boule, Breuil, and Cartailhac, that
these can be made without the intervention of man by the
pressure and movement of the surface deposits, by the action
of ice, by the torrents and rivers, and by the dash of the waves
on the shore. The type specimens taken to be of human work
have been selected out of a large series of broken flints that
graduate into forms obviously made by natural fractures. They
are, as Boule aptly says, ‘ hypersélectionnées,’ and can only
be rightly interpreted by their relation to the other flints on the
Pliocene shore-lne.
GEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE IN BRITAIN.
‘As might be expected, if they are due to natural causes, the
“ rostro-carinates’’ are widely distributed through the basal
beds of the crag in Norfolk and Suffolk. They occur also in
the Upper Miocenes of Puy-Courny (Auvergne), in the Pleisto-
cene gravels of London, and the present shore-line of Selsey,
where they are now probably being made by the breakers. For
these reasons I agree with M. Boule that they have not been
proved to have been made by man, and that therefore they
throw no light on his place in the geological record. The
presence of man in East Anglia during the Glacial period is
founded on even worse evidence than this. The Ipswich
skeleton on which Moir and Keith base their speculations was
obtained from a shallow pit sunk through the surace soil of
decalcified boulder clay—not of boulder clay im situ, as stated—
into the Glacial sand that crops out on the valley slope. It is,
in my opinion, a case of interment that may be of any age from
the neolithic to modern times. The skeleton also is of modern
type, and belongs, as Duckworth shows, to the graveyard series.
of burials.’
PILTDOWN REMAINS.
“We come now to the consideration of the evidence of the
famous discovery on Piltdown of Eo-anthropus Dawsoni—the
missing link between primitive man and the higher apes. After
the examination of the whole group of remains, and a study of
the section, I fully accept Dr. Smith Woodward’s opinion that
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 325
the find belongs to the early Pleistocene period. The associated
implements are of the same Chellean or Acheulean type as
those so abundant in the mid-Pleistocene Brick-earths of the
Thames Valley between Crayford and Gravesend. They may
imply that Eo-anthropus belongs to that horizon, in which
the stag is present and the reindeer absent. It must not,
however, be forgotten that the classificatory value of these
implements is lessened by their wide range in Britain and the
Continent through the later Pleistocene River deposits. The
stag, the beaver, and the horse of Piltdown—leaving out of
account the Pliocene fossil mammals more or less worn into
pebbles—are common both to the pre-Glacial Forest-bed and
the Lower Brick-earths of the Thames Valley. It must also
be noted that the intermediate characters of the Piltdown
skull and lower jaw point rather to the Pliocene than the Pleis-
tocene stage of evolution. We must wait for further evidence
before the exact horizon can be ascertained. On the Continent
there is no such difficulty.’
EARLY MAN ON THE CONTINENT.
‘The earliest traces of man are there represented at Mauer
by a mandible associated with the peculiar fauna of the Forest-
bed, showing that Homo Heidelbergensis, a chinless man, was
living in the Rhine Valley during the earliest stage of the
Pleistocene. The Neanderthal man, thick skulled and large-
brained, with small chin and stooping gait, belongs to the
Mousterian stage, that, in my opinion, is not clearly defined
from the Chellean and Acheulian gravels of the Late Pleistocene.
He ranged from the Rhine through France southwards as far
as Gibraltar, and was probably the maker of the Paleolithic
implements of those strata throughout this region. It is also
probable that he visited Britain, then part of the Continent,
in following the migration of the mammalia northward and
westwards. While primitive men of these types inhabited
Europe there was no place in the Pleistocene fauna for the
thin-skulled men taken by Dr. Keith* and others to prove that
modern types of men lived in Britain in the Pleistocene age.
Man appears in Britain and the Continent at the period when
he might be expected to appear, from the study of the evolution
of the Tertiary Mammalia—at the beginning of the Pleistocene
age when the existing Eutherian mammalian species were
abundant. He may be looked for in the Pliocene when the
existing species were few. In the older strata—Miocene,
Oligocene, Eocene—he can only be represented by an ancestry
of intermediate forms.’
* The skeletons of Galley Hill, in Kent, and that of Cheddar Cave in
Somerset, have, in my opinion, been buried, and do not belong to the
Pleistocene age.
1915 Oct. 1.
26 Notes and Comments.
Oo
EARLY MAN
‘The Rev. H. J. Dukinfield Astley stated it was unnecessary
to enlarge on the classification now accomplished of Paleolithic
times, chiefly from the data in the French caves. Formerly it
was sufficient to differentiate the Drift and the Cave periods.*
It is now realised that the Cave Period was of vast duration
and consisted of a succession of well-defined epochs, as did
also the Drift. Various classifications have been attempted
as knowledge has improved—those of Monstrelet, Piette,
Hoernes ; the latest are those of M. Rutot and the Abbé Breuil,
and a careful table in the Report of the last Prehistoric Congress
at Geneva, 1912. This definitely established the existence of
the Aurignacian Period between the Mousterian and Solutrian
periods, tentatively suggested by the Abbé Breuil at the
Monaco Congress in 1906. (The names are derived from the
caves containing the characteristic culture).’
IN EAST ANGLIA.
‘As regards England, Protessor Sollas has assigned the
Paviland Cave to the Aurignacian Period, and some implements
with distinctive Aurignac features have been found in Kent’s
Cavern and Wookey Hole. The object of this communication
is to show reason for affirming the habitat of Aurignac Man
in districts where no caves exist. The ‘ Cissbury ’ type shows
unmistakeable Aurignac affinities. A rich field has been lately
disclosed in East Anglia—not only in the Paleolithic Floors at
Thetford Warren and Lakenheath and Icklingham, so un-
tiringly explored by Dr. Sturge, but in the now celebrated
‘Grime’s Graves’ near Brandon.f Mr. Reginald Smith’s
doubts have led to further excavations undertaken in Igr4.
The results show implements of undoubted Mousterian and
Aurignac types, and go to prove that the original miners be-
longed, not to the Neolithic people, who came here when
Britain was already an island, but to the Cave people, who
arrived here immediately preceding the Wiirm glaciation, and
continued after it passed away, while the British Isles still
formed part of the Continent. It is suggested that the sand
covering the pits is Loess.’
DISTRIBUTION OF BRONZE AGE IMPLEMENTS.
Mr. Harold J. E. Peake, Secretary of the Committee,
reported that no meeting of the Committee was held during
the year, but he attended the meeting of the Association
Francaise, held at Le Havre in July 1914, and through the
courtesy of Dr. F. Gidon, its President, was enabled to bring
* Evans, ‘Stone Implements,’ and Avebury, ‘ Prehistoric Times.’
+ ‘ Description of Grime’s Graves, Canon Greenwell’s Excavations, 1870’
—all assigned to the Neolithic Age.
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 327
the objects of the Committee before the Section of Anthro-
pologie. The idea was received very cordially by those present,
especially by M. A. de Mortillet, and many offers of assistance
were received. The order for the mobilisation of the French
army, which was issued the following day, has prevented any
further communication with our allies on this subject. A
considerable number of sketches and notes has been furnished
referring to specimens in the museums of Newbury, South-
ampton, and Carisbrooke, as well as to those in several small
private collections. The Committee is anxious to get sketches
of all the Bronze Age Implements in the Country. Those able
to assist should communicate with Mr. Peake, at Westbrook
House, Newbury.
CLASSIFICATION OF TERTIARY STRATA BY MEANS OF EUTHERIAN
MAMMALS.
Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins gave a classification based on the
evolution of the mammalia, the only group in the animal
kingdom that was, as Gaudry writes, ‘ en pleine évolution ’ in
the Tertiary Period, all the lower forms having already under-
gone their principal changes and none changing fast enough
to be of service in defining the stages. The scheme is as follows .
Table of the Divisions of the Tertiary period.
Descriptions.
Historic, in which the events are recorded
in history.
Prehistoric, in which man has multiplied
exceedingly and domesticated both animals
and plants. Wild Eutheria on the land of
existing species, with the exception of the
Irish elk.
Pleistocene, in which living species of
Eutheria are more abundant than the extinct
species. Man appears.
Pliocene, in which living Eutherian species
occur in a fauna mainly of extinct species.
Miocene, in which the alliance between
living and extinct Eutheria is more close
than in the preceding stage.
Oligocene, in which the alliance between
extinct and living Eutheria is more close
than in the Eocene.
Eocene, in which the Eutheria are repre-
sented by living, as well as by extinct,
families and orders.
Characteristics.
Modern types of man. Man the master
of nature.
Modern types of man-cultivated plants.
Domestic animals — dog, sheep, goat, ox,
horse, pig, etc. Wild Eutheria of living
species,
Extinct types of mankind. (Modern
types?) Living Eutherian species domin-
ant. Man.
Living Eutherian species present. Extinct
species dominant.
No living Eutherian species. Living Eu-
therian genera appear. Anthropoid apes.
Extinct genera dominant.
No living Eutherian genera. Living
families and orders. Extinct families and
orders numerous.
No living Eutherian genera.
families and orders. Lemuroids.
families and orders dominant.
Living
Extinct
The most important break in the succession of life-forms
occurs at the close of the Oligocene age in Europe and America.
From this break down to the present day the continuity is
so marked that we may conclude that the present face of the
earth is merely the last in a long succession in the Tertiary
Period.
1915 Oct. 1.
328 Notes and Comments.
GLACIAL GEOLOGY OF THE WESTERN SLOPES OF THE SOUTHERN
PENNINES.
Dr. Albert Jowett dealt with the area extending from
Blackstone Edge southwards to the southern extremity of the
Pennines. No striated surfaces of solid rock have been dis-
covered at high levels, and the two that have been recorded at
Salford and Fallowfield serve only to indicate a general move-
ment from N.W. to S.E. For more detailed information as to
the movements of the ice-sheet, the only evidence is that
afforded by the distribution of the drift at high-levels and by
the systems of drainage along the edge of the ice. From this it
may be inferred that the main directions of ice-movement about
the time of the maximum extension of the ice-sheet were
roughly towards the north-east in the Tame valley, the east in
the Etherow valley, and the south-east and south-south-east
in the Goyt valley and further south. These directions were
much modified locally by the complicated configuaration of the
sub-glacial surface. The first barrier of hills met with on
approaching the Pennines from the South Lancashire and
Cheshire plain was almost everywhere overridden by ice, which
left definite deposits of drift with foreign rocks at altitudes up
to 1,360 feet, and scattered erratic boulders up to 1,400 feet.
As this foreign drift penetrates further into the hills its maxi-
mum. altitude falls steadily. It has only been traced across the
main Pennine divide at the broad col (1,100 feet above O.D.)
south-east of Chapel-en-le-Frith.
ERRATICS.
Thick deposits of drift and big erratics are comparatively
rarely met with at the extreme limit of the foreign drift,
towards which the erratics generally diminish in number and in
size. Boulders of local rocks, often obviously transported
and uplifted beyond their parent outcrops, become relatively
more abundant towards the limit of the foreign drift, and
generally form a spread of drift extending beyond it and passing
insensibly into the driftless area. Great lakes were held up by
the ice-barrier some time after it commenced to retreat from
the western slopes of the Pennines. During early stages in
this retreat the drainage from the lakes in and north of the
Etherow valley excaped northwards, and ultimately passed
through the Walsden gap into the Calder. When the ice-
barrier east of Manchester fell below 600 feet above O.D., this
drainage followed the course of that south of the Etherow
valley and escaped southwards. The action of the ice-sheet
with its associated streams of water, together with the marginal
water derived from melting ice and draining from the region
beyond the ice-sheet, assisted by the action of post-glacial
streams, in depositing the original drift, in cutting new channels
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 329
through rock and drift, and in resorting and redepositing the
debris, seems quite sufficient to account for the complicated
superficial deposits in this area.
ONE GLACIATION.
No evidence has been found of more than one period of
glaciation nor of any local glacier system. There are, however,
curious corrie or cirque-like features, e.g., on Shelf Moor,
Glossop. Moreover, although the Pennines are on the whole
much lower north of the Etherow Basin than further south,
the overflow-channels of glacier-lakes can be found at higher
altitudes in the former than in the latter region. This is the
reverse of what might be expected if the higher ground were
ice-free. It may be, therefore, that at and near the time when
the ice-sheet attained its maximum development, the snow-line
actually descended below the altitude of the higher Pennine
hills, and, without bringing about a definite local glaciation,
temporarily filled the higher hollows with snow up to the
general level of the ridge. Thus, instead of the margin of the
ice-sheet at that stage melting away rapidly, melting might be
considerably reduced and even temporarily suspended, and the
ice-sheet reinforced by the local snow-fall. Such conditions
would tend to depress the limit of distribution of erratics
immediately west of the highest ground, but where an ice-
stream, carrying erratics actually crossed the watershed, they
might lead to the distribution of those erratics further and
more widely than otherwise might have been possible.
THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE ZONES
Dr. Albert Wilmore stated that the sequence is well seen in
the neighbourhood of Clitheroe, where numerous quarries
have been opened up. The lowest beds exposed are near
Chatburn Hill, and are dark, thinly-bedded limestones with
calcareous shale partings. Fossils are very scarce. There is
a great thickness of these almost unfossiliferous beds, the top
parts of which are dolomitic. Bold Venture Quarry, Horrocks-
ford Quarry, and several other exposures show beds in probably
Lower C. with numerous small Zaphrentids (chiefly Zaphrentis
omaliust, with the variety ambigua of Mr. R. G. Carruthers
very common). Higher parts of these beds contain Caninia
cylindrica, which has been found at Brungerly Bridge, in Bold
Venture Quarry, at Pimlico, and at Downham. This species
is not so common or well-developed as in beds farther east,
towards Hellifield and district. Among the brachiopods are
Chonetes comoides, Orthotetes crenistria, etc. Large gasteropods
such as Euomphalus pentangulatus and Bellerophon cornuarietis
are common. Conocardium Iibernicum is a_ characteristic
lamellibranch. Above these beds come the lowest beds with
Productus sub-levis, and the Knoll beds of Coplaw, lower part
1915 Oct. 1.
330 Notes and Comments.
of Worsaw, etc. Here are the typical C. knolls with numerous
brachiopods, the gasteropods mentioned above, but few corals.
Amplexus coralloides is, however, common, and Michelimia sp.
OF N.E. LANCASHIRE.
Above these are well-bedded crinoidal limestones, leading
up to the probably C.-S. knolls of Salt Hill, Bellman Park,
Worsaw, etc. These beds contain a rich brachiopod fauna,
quite distinct, however, from that of Elbolton. Whilst Pyvo-
ductus pustulosus, P. senireticularis, Spirifer striatus, etc., are
quite common, one never finds P. striatus, P. martini and other
D. forms so common in those eastern knolls. A fairly rich
coral fauna has lately been discovered in these C.-S. or S.
knolls ; it has not yet been worked out, however. There is
probably an unconformity at this level, and then there succeeds
a great thickness of shales with limestones, with few fossils.
These would appear to be on the same horizon as the richly
fossiliferous beds of Elbolton. Above these shales with lime-
stones come the Pendleside limestones, black limestones with
cherts, and with irregular bands of more fossiliferous limestone.
The Ravensholme limestone appears to be similar and to
contain some of the same fauna as the highest limestone at
Cracoe and the limestone of the railway quarry at Rylstone.
The Sabden shales succeed these beds, and lead up to the Mill-
stone Grit series. A map was exhibited on which some of
these generalisations were shown.
AN OLD BATTLE FOUGHT OVER AGAIN.
According to The Yorkshire Observer the discussion on
this paper drifted almost entirely on to a rather warm con-
troversy upon the origin of the reef-knolls of that area and of
Craven. Professor Fearnsides, premising that he was brought
up scientifically at Cambridge, expounded the view held by
Dr. Marr, that the knolls were masses caused by a squeezing
of the limestone in the course of earth-movements, and the
doubling of beds by them being overthrust laterally one upon
another.
ORIGIN OF REEF-KNOLLS.
Dr. Vaughan, of Oxford, turned upon the speaker with
vigour, and the old battle, which made the Bradford meeting
of the British Association memorable, was fought over again
in the light of the new work of ‘ zoning the limestone,’ in which
Dr. Vaughan has had the lion’s share. Dr. Vaughan denied
that the origin of the knolls was any longer a matter of specu-
lation. It was a matter of observation. If we examined the
limestone in the valley of the Meuse at Dinant, in Belgium, one
could see in sections the whole structure of just such a knoll as
exists in Yorkshire. There was no sign of squeezing or over-
thrusting. It was just a thickened mass due to vast accumu-
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. es -
lations of animal debris in the deeper parts of the clear water.
These thickened masses everywhere wherever they were found
presented a very remarkable paleontological ‘ facies.’ The
assemblage of fossils represented in them was found nowhere
else, and it was impossible therefore to conceive that they could
have been squeezed up from the horizontal beds which were
found wrapped round about them. They could only have
been original depositions. Dr. Vaughan spoke with warmth,
and the chairman, Professor Grenville Cole, who, apparently,
did not enjoy ‘a scrap’ so much as most Irishmen, had to
interpose to bring the discussion back to calmer waters.
THE MIDDLE TEES AND ITS TRIBUTARIES:
Mr. C. B. Fawcett, wrote :—The streams here considered
are the middle portion of the Tees and its tributaries from
Stainmore to the eastern edge of the Carboniferous rocks of the
Pennines. The district which they drain is characterised by
the presence of three distinct types of topography, viz.: (1)
A wide and comparatively smooth upland surface, sloping
gently eastward, but cut off abruptly to the west by the Pennine
Scar, with a few hills rising above it; (2) A series of wide,
shallow, mature valleys; (3) A series of narrow and youthful
valleys, which are for the most part sunk below the floors of
the mature valleys. The rocks of the district are almost
entirely of Carboniferous age, mainly Lower Carboniferous
limestones and shales in the southern half and Upper Carbon-
iferous sandstones and shales in the northern. The complex
topography is not primarily due to the rock structure, which
is quite simple ; but must be ascribed mainly to the work of
the streams, influenced in some cases by lines of faulting. Of
these streams the middle part of the Tees is the longest and
much the largest. It enters Middle Teesdale from the Upper
Dale by the Eggleston Gap, with a sharp change in its general
direction on doing so. It then flows for about six miles in an
almost straight trench at the foot of the fault-line scarp of
Marwood Scar, receiving several tributaries from the west and
none from the east. At Barnard Castle, the Tees bends east-
ward, and thence flows, along an arc convex to the south, to its
junction with the Langley Beck through a series of alternating
gorges and wider terraced valleys. On joining the Langley
Beck the river resumes its E.S.E. direction, and two or three
miles lower it leaves the Carboniferous rocks.
A STUDY IN RIVER DEVELOPMENT.
This northern west-to-east valley is very similar to the one
south of the Tees which is occupied by the River Greta and
the Tutta and Clow Becks. Except for the parts of streams in
fault-line valleys and in subsequent reaches due to stream
capture, there are few subsequent, and still fewer obsequent
1915 Oct. 1.
332 Notes and Comments.
streams ; hence the river system as a whole is in a compara-
tively early stage of development. It is, however, the product
of at least three distinct cycles of erosion :—First, the
comparatively smooth surface of the upland is part of a
peneplain. If its valleys were filled up it would be a plain
sloping gently eastward with its surface cutting across the
rock strata at a small angle. The formation of this peneplain
probably occurred during the Tertiary era. Second, the wide
shallow mature valleys mark the second cycle. Their shallow-
ness indicates that the change of base level which caused
their formation was small; and their relation to the glacial
drift and the route of the ice indicates that they had
reached their full development before the Ice Age.
TERTIARY ELEVATION.
The elevation which led to their formation probably occurred
in the latter part of Tertiary time. The main consequent valleys
are all of this type ; and the more important of the subsequent
valleys are also pre-glacial, though somewhat younger. The
Ice Age does not seem to have caused any serious changes in
the stream lines of Teesdale ; but the extensive river terraces
of many of the valleys probably date from the period following
the melting of the ice. Third, the deep and narrow gorges in
which many of the streams flow are the product of the last
cycle of development, which is still in a very youthful stage.
Its initiation was due to a post-glacial uplift of the region. The
change from the second to the third cycle is readily seen in the
longitudinal sections of the streams, most of which show very
marked changes of slope. The fall is usually much greater in
the lower course than in the middle. A typical tributary valley
consists of three clearly marked sections. First, the upper course
on the upland with a very slight valley. Second, a broad and
shallow valley on the floor of which the stream meanders.
Third, a gorge in the bottom of this wide valley in which the
stream rushes along over a series of rapids. These three
sections of the valley repeat the three types of topography
which characterise the district as a whole, and are the results
of the three cycles of erosion to which its present form is due.
THE AVONIAN SHORE LINE.
Dr. Arthur Vaughan exhibited a map showing the shift of
the western shore line in England and Wales during the Avonian
period, in which he gave an idea of the geography of the sea in
which the limestones were laid down. Dr. Vaughan suggested
that the result of the study of the ‘ zones’ of the limestone
proved the existence in early Carboniferous Limestone times of
a great land mass, including all Wales and the Wicklow moun-
tains, and a continuous land mass extending through the Lake
District, the Isle of Man, and the mountains of County Down.
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 323
A channel ran eastward south of the Lakeland mass into York-
shire, and another southward of the Wales mass. It had
become possible to trace in some detail the changes in the geo-
graphy of these two channels and the differentiation of the
northern land mass into islands in the Carboniferous seas.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF LAND FORMS.
Mr. J. D. Falconer read a remarkable paper with the above
heading to a joint meeting of the Geographical and Geological
Sections, in which he stated it is proposed to set up two classes
of land forms, each containing two orders :—Class A, Endogen-
etic Forms: Order I. Negative Forms; Order II. Positive
Forms. Class B, Exogenetic Forms: Order I. Degradation
Forms; Order II. Aggradation Forms. The two orders of
endogenetic forms are then subdivided into four families :
Family 1, Forms due to superficial volcanic activity ; 2, Forms
due to sub-crustal volcanic activity ; 3, Forms due to radial
movements ; 4, Forms due to tangential movements. Similarly
the two orders of exogenetic forms are each subdivided into
nine families : Family 1, Forms due to the action of the run-off ;
and eight other forms due to the action of percolating water,
streams and rivers, life, lightning, sun-heat, the atmosphere,
frozen water, and the sea. He then sub-divides these nine
families into genera, and species or specific forms. This means,
for example, that there are quite a number of land forms due
to the action of lightning. As was pointed out during the
discussion, supposing one is viewing a landscape is it not much
better to describe in English exactly what one sees rather than
to say that the view represents a certain species of a certain
genus of a certain form of a certain order of a certain class of
land form? Even if such a description is accurate, according
to the suggested classification, the student must have a classi-
fication in his own hands before he can form any idea of the
nature of the landscape in question. As Professor Cole pointed
out in the discussion, surely it is better to use the English
language as tersely, as accurately, and above all as beautifully
as we are able (and few writers to-day excel Professor Cole in
his charming descriptive language). ‘By all means,’ said
Professor Cole, ‘let us use our own language to the best of
our ability, as after all it is the power of language which dis-
tinguishes man from the foraminifera ! ’
———— ° oO 2
The collection of local books and pamphlets formed by the late J.
Horsfall Turner, which includes about five thousand items (a fifth of
which refer to Halifax), has been offered to the Halifax Corporation for
the nominalsum of £50, and the recommendation of the Library Committee
to accept it has been adopted.
1915 Oct. 1.
334
YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT SALTBURN.
THE Union’s visit to Saltburn was a fitting finale to the season’s
excursions, and favoured as the party were on the first two days
with glorious weather, those present spent a most enjoyable
time. The attendance scarcely came up to expectations,
especially considering the delightful uncertainties of bombard-
ment by ‘ my glorious fleet ’ and Zeppelin raids, in addition to
the natural beauties which Saltburn, and the immediate neigh-
bourhood set out as the area of investigation, offers to the lover
of the beautiful. More especially is this so seeing that it is
twenty eight years since the Union last paid a visit. The
sylvan beauties of the ravines are great, while the coast line
ever affords a pleasing picture.
The dreadful war is still with us, and no doubt this was
partly responsible for the non-attendance of members in great
numbers. Nevertheless, if ever the ‘ inner history of the war’
is written, will there be inscribed upon its pages the names of
that brave host of ineligible military members who, regarding
the honour of the Union as a form of highest culture, were pre-
pared to face any frightfulness of Germain origin. I wonder !
The Union is once again greatly indebted to Mr. J. J. Burton,
F.G.S., for the excellent local arrangements made by him for
the success of the excursion.
On Saturday under his guidance, all parties journeyed by
train to Skinningrove and revelled in the charms of the Kilton
Valley. They also inspected the ruins of the old Norman
Castle of Kilton, and the Norman Church at Leverton, wherein
is an exceptionally fine and elaborately carved Chancel arch.
The return journey was made from Loftus Station.
On the following day the general body of naturalists, under
the guidance of Mr. W. H. Thomas, walked along the beach as
far as Skinningrove Ironworks ; a delightful walk from a scenic
standpoint. On leaving the coast an investigation was made
of a charming wooded ravine, the party ultimately emerging
to the cliff tops, along which the homeward journey was made,
having a floral feast all the way. The geologists were taken by
motor by Mr. Burton to Newton Roseberry, from which hamlet
they made an ascent of Roseberry Topping, and spent an in-
teresting time in examining the famous plant-bed disclosed
after the great landslip some years ago. They afterwards paid
a brief visit to the neighbouring Whinstone Workings, ending
with afternoon tea at Mr. Burton’s residence, and subsequently
enjoying the lovely display of roses and rock plants for which
his gardens are famous.
On Monday the geological party was again led by Mr. Burton
and until the storm made them retrace their steps, spent their
time in examining the coast exposures, and the erratics strewn
at the base of the lofty cliffs.
Naturalist,
Yorkshire Naturalists at Saltburn. 335
The rest of the party trained to Guisborough, and after
inspecting the Church, and the Bruce Cenotaph, was led by
Mr. T. A. Lofthouse to the Skelton valley, and was soon ab-
sorbed in its floral wealth and beauties, the arboreal features
being especially magnificent. A thunderstorm of two hours’
duration made all seek shelter within one of the coniferous belts,
and when the storm clouds had passed the sunshine once again
heartened, and the full programme was accomplished.
At the subsequent meeting the President of the Union
(Mr. Riley Fortune, F’.Z.S.) occupied the chair, and reports upon
the work accomplished were given as follows :—Geology, Mr.
Burton ; Vertebrate Zoology, Mr. H. B. Booth; Conchology,
Mr. Greevz Fysher; Lepidoptera, Mr. T. A. Lofthouse ;
Coleoptera, Mr. M. L. Thompson; Fungi, Miss C. A. Cooper ;
Flowering Plants, Mr. Wattam. Hearty thanks were accorded
Mr. Burton for his services in making the local arrangements,
to Earl Zetland, Colonel W. H. A. Wharton and Mr. Burton
for permission to visit their estates, to Sir Joseph Walton, M.P.,
for the privilege of visiting the grounds of Rushpool Hall, and
to the guides.—W. E. L. W.
The following reports are to hand :—
GEoLoGy.—Mr. J. J. Burton, F.G.S., writes :—The object
set before the Geological section was to observe the sequence
of strata between the top beds of the Lower Lias and the Moor
Grit of the Lower Oolites, the whole of which were exposed
within the area marked out for the week-end excursions.
Some little confusion is apt to be experienced unless it is
remembered that paleontologists have adopted different
divisions between the Upper and Middle and the Middle and
Lower Lias from those marked by the Geological Survey; the
latter have made the divisions entirely on lithological grounds,
the former on the grouping of representative fossils. It is
convenient to follow the Survey and place the Jamesoni zone
in the Lower Lias, which zone the party had the opportunity of
seeing at the base of Huntcliff where the anticline brings it up
from, below the shore level. The tide being favourable it was
easy to examine the section which was found to consist of shales
and dogger, the latter apparently ferruginous and very hard.
The characteristic ammonite was not observed, but Belemuite
elegans and Gryphea obliquata were plentiful. The cliffs
here are almost vertical and therefore any hammer-work
except on the exposed shales and fallen rocks on the beach was
impossible, but the lithological sequence of the strata up
through the sandy series to the jet rock could be plainly seen
and the numerous blocks which had fallen, chiefly from the
margaritatus zone,, enabled the party to see the nature of the
rocks and to observe the masses of fossils crowding them,
1915 Oct. 1.
336 Yorkshire Naturalists at Saltburn.
indicating that the Liassic sea at the period when the rocks were
laid down must have been teeming with life.
The wasting away of the boulder clay in the neighbourhood
has left behind much evidence of glacial action. Far-travelled
boulders from the Cheviots, from the Lake district and from
Upper Teesdale were strewn in the greatest profusion between
Saltburn and Huntcliff. Besides igneous rocks from a distance
and a remote past, there was a curious assortment of very recent
igneous rocks of strictly local origin, the product of Middles-
brough blast-furnaces, much of the slag from which is tipped
at sea. These are not unlikely to give rise to some speculation
Phota by] {H. B. Booth.
Skinningrove—showing Coast Erosion.
amongst scientific contemporaries in the far off age. when that
coming artistic New Zealander shall sit in solitude on a broken
arch of London Bridge sketching the ruins of St. Pauls !
One of the most striking features of the coast at Saltburn
is the large conical mound named Cat Nab. _ Its origin is fairly
evident. The little pre-glacial bay and the two valley streams
(Saltburn beck and Skelton beck) which flowed into it were
choked with boulder clay. On the ice receding the two streams
severally cut there courses in the clay and either entered the
sea separately in near proximity or joined seaward of the present
coast-line. As they cut deeper a ridge was formed between
them. Subsequently this ridge was cut through by the two
streams approaching each other and Saltburn beck was captured
Naturalist,
Yorkshire Naturalists at Saltburn. 337
by Skelton beck. | Both streams have cut deeply through the
clay and thus left this isolated mound to tell the story.
Inland in Kilton Valley the sequence was further traced up
to the Moor Grit but the luxuriant vegetation and the steep
nabs, whilst adding so much to the beauty of the landscape,
made it difficult to closely examine many of the exposed sections.
It was, however, quite easy to trace the lithological changes in
most cases and to study some of them in detail. The abrupt
transition from shales to coal and sandstone, and the very
irregular bedding, showing the influence of currents, were very
noticeable ; as was also the very wavy or sloping line of some
ot the beds, probably from having been laid down on a shelving
bottom or being subjected to some lateral pressure whilst being
consolidated.
The plant beds on Roseberry Topping were also visited and
the enormous landslip seen. Almost half this well-known
conical hill has split away from the remainder and bodily slipped
down to a lower level, leaving an extraordinary scene of con-
fusion and mix up. The top consists of a heavy cap of Oolitic
Sandstone resting on rotten vegetable beds, which again rest on
friable shales, some of which are water-logged. On the sides
under the accumulated detritus there is much saturated yellow
brick-clay of the consistency of mortar. A fault running
through the hill provides a line of weakness. Everything com-
bines to produce an unstable equilibrium. Mining operations
were also in progress, but as there was neither crushing of the
pillars nor any sign of disturbance in the mine when the slip
took place it is contended that such operations were not the
cause of the slip. .
The removal of the surface covering has exposed many
blocks carrying well-marked deeply-cut glacial striz, some of
which are still in situ, the direction of the strie being N.W.
TOs.
The great Cleveland Whin Dyke which cuts through a
shoulder of Roseberry Topping was visited. The quarrying of
the dyke for road metal has left a huge gaping chasm with
vertical sides, giving it a very weird appearance. The dyke
is generally considered to be of Tertiary age. -
(To be continued).
> 0 :—
Among the contents of The New Phytologist, Vol. XIV., Nos. 6-7, for
June and July, we notice ‘A Contribution to the Cytology and Life-
History of Zygnema evicetorum Kutz., Hansg., with some remarks on the
“senus’’ Zygogonium,’ by G.S. West and C. B. Starkey ; ‘ Preliminary
Observations on the Pollination Mechanism of Avctotis aspera Linn., by
James Small; ‘ The Inter-Relationships of Protista and Primitive Fungi,’
by F, Cavers; and ‘A Jurassic Wood from Scotland,’ by Ruth Holden.
With regard to the last paper we notice reference to specimens being ob-
tained from the ‘ Lias of Scarborough,’ which might be correct if there were
Lias at Scarborough.
1915 Oct. 1.
335
FIELD NOTES.
FISHES.
Chimera monstrosa.—A specimen of the ‘ Rabbit Fish’
or, King of the Herrings’ (Chimera monstrosa), has been added
to,the Hull Fisheries and Shipping Museum by the kindness of
Capt. I’. Bridgeman, of the steam trawler ‘ Drax.’ As will be
seen from the illustration, the fish is of anomalous structure,
possessing a club-like process above the snout, the purpose of
which is not clear ; a long, whip-like tail ; a long sharp spine
in front of the large back fin, and large clasping processes. It
measures about two feet in length, and the species belongs to a
very ancient form, which, although common in past geological
periods, is now approaching extinction. Of the four surviving
Chimera monstrosa ¢ (after British Museum Guide to Fishes).
genera, ‘Chimera’ lives off the European coasts, Japan and the
Cape of Good Hope; ‘Callorhynchus’ in the seas of the
Southern hemisphere; ‘ Harrotta’ in the deep Atlantic off
North America ; and ‘ Rhinochimera ’ in deep water off Japan.
The specimen figured herewith, taken in the North Sea, is a
male ; a female is figured in Country Life for July roth, 1915.
Page 72.—T.5.
—! 0 :—
BIRDS.
Mistle Thrush falling down Chimney.—From time to
time one is surprised—and at times annoyed—by the soot and
dirt brought down by birds falling down chimneys. The
Starling is the most addicted to this fault ; in fact it is almost
an annual event at my house with this species. Other species
that I have known to slip down chimneys are House Sparrows,
a Chaffinch, a Blue Tit and Jackdaw. On August 18th I was
surprised to find a Mistle Thrush in the drawing-room, in a
sooty condition, and dead, under a piece of furniture. It had
evidently been in the chimney for some days, as the fire-place
at the bottom was nearly blocked up with fancy paper. It is
a most unlikely species to expect slipping down one’s chimney ;
Naturalist,
British Association News. 339
but, in this case, may be partly accounted for by the onslaught
the various species of Turdidz were making on the berries
of several Rowan, or Mountain Ash, trees in my garden at the
time. It was in the plumage of a bird of the year, and ina
very emaciated condition—the latter no doubt due to its
imprisonment.—H. B. Bootu, Ben Rhydding.
An overlooked occurrence in Yorkshire of the Surf
Scoter (@demia perspicillata).—While hunting through some
old records of the Scarborough Philosophical and Archeological
Society, I came across the minutes of a meeting held in the
Museum on November 16th, 1855, in which it is recorded that
a Surf Scoter, which had been shot at Filey, was exhibited by
Mr. Roberts. The late Alfred Roberts, who was at that time
the Curator of the Scarborough Museum, was well-known in
his day as a careful and painstaking observer, and a reliable
ornithologist, and records from his lists of birds of the Scar-
borough district have frequently been quoted in various orni-
thological works, including ‘The Handbook of Yorkshire
Verrebrates, 188% 3) and> The Birds of Yorkshire, 1907.’
None of these works make any mention of this bird, nor can
T find any printed record which appears to refer to it until I
turn to Theakston’s ‘Scarborough Guide,’ published in 1865.
This contains lists of the flora and fauna of the district, and
therein I find the following note:—‘ Anas perspicillata, the
Surf Scoter. A rare bird very seldom seen on the Yorkshire
coast. One preserved by Mr. Roberts.’ It seems probable
that this record refers to the specimen exhibited at the Scar-
borough Museum in 1855. This appears to have been the
only Yorkshire occurrence of this species—W. J. CLARKE.
nee
BRITISH ASSO CIATION NEWS.
Bournemouth will be the meeting place of the Association in 1917.
Dr. E. Marion Delf read a paper on ‘ The Effect of Temperature on
the Permeability of Protoplasm to Water.’
Close upon £1,000 was voted to the various committees by the British
Association at Manchester, for the advancement of science.
The members of the British Association made a visit to the Roman
Camp at Ribchester, where a meeting was held to open the newly built
Roman Museum.
Sir Arthur J. Evans of Oxford will be the President of the British
Association at Newcastle next year. He is the eldest son of the late Sir
John Evans, and has made important archeological discoveries in Crete
and also excavated the Palace of Knossus.
There were 1,439 members attending the British Association namely :—
Old Life Members, 242; New Life Members, 19; Old Annual Members,
286; New Annual Members, 116; Associates, 483 ; Lady Members, 141 ;
Student Members, 144; Foreigners, 8.
Among the interesting reports presented by the British Association
we notice those relating to ‘ The Belmullet Whaling Station’; ‘ The Age
of Stone Circles’; ‘Excavations on Roman Sites in Great Britain ’
“Seismological Investigations,’ and ‘Nomenclator Animalium.’
1915 Oct. 1.
3.40 British Association News, etc.
For obvious reasons the daily press did not give quite the prominence
to the reports of the meetings of the British Association this year, as
formerly. The Manchester Guardian and The Yorkshive Observer were
in the front with reports and criticisms, and their efforts were much appre-
ciated. :
The Committee appointed to investigate the Lake Villages in the
neighbourhood of Glastonbury gave a good account of its fifth season’s
work. Details of many interesting relics are given, Classified under the
heads of amber, bone, crucibles, baked clay, eyhite. metal, bronze, iron,
lead and tin, glass beads, Kimeridge shale, antlers, spindle-whorls, flint,
querns, stone, pottery, animal and human remains.
Punch says: ‘ We always look to the British Association to provide
sensations for September, and, though this September is in no need of
such stimuli, here they are. The President of the Zoological Section
describes the earliest forms of life on this planet as ‘“‘ specks or globules
of a substance similar in its relations to chromatics.’’ From these—in
time—sprang all our great men. Coming over with the Conqueror is no
longer a boast of any value. The thing now is to have come in with the
globules, so to speak.’
7O:
In The Entomologist for August, Mr. W. J. Lucas reviews ‘ British
Neuroptera in 1914.’
Leeds naturalists familiar with ‘The Eagle’ in a well-known Leeds
thoroughfare, will have noticed that ‘the bird’ has been extinguished
by a Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union Jack.
Volume IV., part 2 of the Museum Bulletin issued by the National
Museum of Science and Art, Dublin, contains an illustrated account of
the domestic animals of Ireland; Notes on Boring Sponges, the Arm-
strong Collection of Musical Instruments, and Old Pipes.
The Annual Report of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society for 1914 is
to hand, and is unusually bulky, being almost entirely occupied by a very
valuable and well illustrated paper on ‘ The Ancient Painted Glass Windows
in the Minster and Churches of the City of York,’ by Mr. George Benson.
In the Report we notice that Mr. Oxley Grabham, the curator, arranged to
take a series of tours around the museum and garden, but there was only
an average attendance of six.
Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soctety,
Vol. LIX., pt. 1, have been issued, and contain the following memoirs of
interest to our readers :—‘ The General Morphology of the Stock of
Tsoetes lacustyis,’ by Prof. Wm. H. Lang; ‘ Variation in a Carboniferous
Brachiopod, Reticularia lineata Martin,’ by Henry Day, B.Sc.; ‘ Note
of Foggy Days in Manchester,’ by William C. Jenkins; ‘ Note on the
Monthly Variation of Sunshine, ’ by Prof. W. W. Haldane Gee. Prof.
Lang makes an interesting comparison between Isoetes and Carboniferous
Plants, and Mr. Day gives some remarkable researches in the variation of
Carboniferous Brachiopods, based on specimens from Castleton.
We have received a valuable paper on ‘ “ Black Neck ’’ or Wilt Disease
of Asters,’ which is reprinted from The Annals of Applied Biology, by
Wilfrid Robinson, M.Sc., Lecturer in Economic Botany, Manchester
University. -From his summary we gather that the tissues of asters
attacked by the wilt disease always contain the mycelium of a species
of Phytophthora; this fungus was isolated and grown in pure culture on
various media. The sporangia show most of all the characters described
by De Bary for Phytophthora omnivora, but after the discharge of zoo-
spores the stalk of the sporangium grows through and produces a second
and even a third sporangium within the first. This proliferation has not,
as far as is known, been previously described for any species of Phytopthora.
Naturalist,
THE COUNTY OF
ey
ys
‘THE WHITE ROSE
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY
AND ANTIQUITIES OF YORKSHIRE
BY
Pee REC By AVE LA.
Formerly Scholay of Pembroke College, Oxford
Author of ‘‘ Leeds and its Neighbourhood,”’ etc.
415 pages, crown 8vo, with upwards of 70 illustrations and a
folding map of the three Ridings, tastefully bound in Art
Cloth Boards lettered in gold with rose in white foil and gilt
top. 3s. 6d. net,
CONTENTS.—The Land, The Early Inhabitants, Yorkshire
under Roman Rule, The Anglian Kings, The Danes,
The Norman Conquest, The Yorkshire Barons, Churches
and Abbeys, Medizval Towns, The Tudors, The Stuarts,
Modern Yorkshire.
Fd
pals work has been compiled to assist the large number
of persons—residents and visitors—who take interest
in Castles, Abbeys, Churches, Battlefields, etc., but from
want of a proper historical basis, fail as a rule to understand
the allusions and technicalities in the ordinary guide books.
It will also help intelligent boys and girls who desire to study
the history of their County, on the lines advocated by the
Board of Education. The book is the only one of a reason-
able size which deals at all adequately with the history of
‘Yorkshire as a whole. Many of the illustrations have
been reproduced from photographs by Mr. Godfrey Bingley,
Mr. A. C. Parry and Mr. R. Stockdale. To several chapters,
notes are appended to guide readers who might wish to
extend their studies, and the value of the book is further
enhanced by the provision of a very exhaustive Index of
names and places. 4
London: A. Brown & Sons, Ltd., 5 Farringdon Avenue, E.C.
And at Hull and York.
‘Some Geographical Factors e
in the Great ‘War :
BYyec, HERDMAN, Mises FGS.
ne
(Lecturer in Geography, Municipal ee a 3 College, Hull).
72 pages, crown Svo, with 6 Maps, sewn in
stout printed cover, gd. net, post free rod. net.
A feature of vast importance in the titanic struggle now tae!
place is the geographical condition of the various countries. In
‘* Some Geographical Factors ”
the author provides much interesting
information which helps his readers to a wider understanding of an
important aspect of the present campaign.
on ‘‘ The Problems of Nationality ”’
The concluding chapter
affords a glimpse of the immense
difficulties that face those statesmen to whose heads and hands will
be committed the adjustment of the new boundaries.
The ‘‘ Literary World”’ says:—‘* Those who would follow intelligently
the movements in this world contest will find much help in this little
handbook.
Mr. Herdman’s exposition of the part played in the war
by the great land-gates and the seas is clear and informing, and is
followed by some sound reasoning on the commercial war and the
problems of nationality.
Lonpon: A. BROWN & SONS, Lrp., 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.C.
AND AT HULL AND YORK.
“WATKINS & DONCASTER
NATURALISTS,
36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.
(Five Doors from Charing Cross),
Keep in stock every description of
APPARATUS, CABINETS, BOOKS, AND SPECIMENS.
for Collectors of
BIRDS’ EGGS, BUTTERFLIES, MOTHS, ETC.
Catalogue (96 pages) sent post free on application.
fssued Monthly, illustrated with Plates and Text Figures
To Subscribers, 6s. per annum; Post Free, 6s. 6d.
The Scottish Naturalist
with which is incorporated
‘¢The Annals of Scottish Natural History ’’
A Monthly Magazine devoted to Zoology
Edited by William Eagle Clarke, F.R.S.E.,
F.L.S., Keeper Natural History Dept., od
Scottish Museum; William Evans, F.R.S.E
Member of the British Ornithologtsts’ Union; and
Percy H. Grimshaw, F.R.S.E ,F.E.S., Assistant-
Keeper, Natural History Depft., Royal Scottish
Museum. Assisted by J. A. Harvie-Brown,
F.R.S.E.,F.Z.S.; Evelyn V.Baxter, H.M.B.O.U.;
Leonora J. Rintoul, H.M.B.O.U.; Hugh S. Glad-
stone, M.A., F.R. Ss. E., F.Z.S.; James Ritchie,
M.A.,D.Sc. A. Landsborough T ompson, M.A.,
M.B.O.U.
Edinburgh: OLIVER & BOYD, Tweedale Court
Lond.: GURNEY & JACKSON 33 Paternoster Row
THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S MONTHLY
MAGAZINE.
PRICE SIXPENCE MONTHLY.
Edited by G. C. Champion, F.Z.S., J. E. Collin,
F.E.S., G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., R. W. Lloyd,
W.W. Fowler, D.Sc., ‘M. A., F. tase J.J. Walker,
M.A,,R.N.,F.L.S.
x‘
7
This Magazine, commenced in 1864, contains
Standard Articles and Notes on all subjects
connected with Entomology, and especially on
’ the Insects of the British Is es.
Subscription—6s. per annum, post free
_ GURNEY & JACKSON,
1, Paternoster Row,
London.
/
nel
Printed at BRowns’ SAvILE Press, 40, George Street, Hull, and published by
A. Brown & Sons, Limited, at 5 Farringdon Avenue, i in the City of London. —
Oct. Ist, 1915.
1
ae
;
No. 706
(No. 4883 of current series)
ada A MONTHLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF
NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.
EDITED BY
T. SHEPPARD, M.Sc., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.S.A.Scot.,
' Tue Museums, Hutt;
AND
T. W. WOODHEAD, Ph.D., M.Sc., F.L.S.,
TECHNICAL CoLtLeGE, HUDDERSFIELD.
WITH THE ASSISTANCE AS REFEREES IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF
J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S. F.L.S., GEO. T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S.,
Prof. P. F. KENDALL, M.Sc., F.G.S., JOHN W. TAYLOR, M.Sc.,
T. H. NELSON, M.Sc., M.B.O.U., | | RILEY FORTUNE, F.Z.S.
Contents :—
x PAGE
Notes and Comments (illustrated) :—The Micrologist ; Mesozoic Plants; Paleontographical
Society ; Survival and Extinction of Insects; Scillies’ Seals; Insects at Lighthouses ;
Dasypolia templs ; Wilberforce Museum, Hull; A Bradford Museum; Preserving Plants ; -
Earth Movements in Sheffield; The Vasculum; A Curious Helix; The South Eastern
Naturalist ; The Essex Naturalist; Mr. C, Crossland’s Collection of Halifax Mosses ;
Leyland’s Mosses ; The use of Fossil Fishes in Stratigraphical Geology; Grime’s Graves;
Fauna of the Limestone Beds,; At Treak Cliff and Peakshill, Castleton, Derbyshire; Zonal
Determination ; The Isolation of the Directions-Image of a Mineral in a Rock-slice;
Norwegian Granite; The Heterangiums of the British Coak Measures; Heterangium
lemaxtt; Polydesmic Heterangiums ; Fossil Fungi and Fossil Bacteria; The Aptian Flora
of Britain; Early Angiosperms and their Contemporaries; Boys andthe War _ ... ... 341-357
Observations on the Grey Seal—Edmund Selous ... nt re Ake or ass ... 358-362
Arachnida of the Sawley District—Wm. Falconer... ae a. “A fy ke ... 363-364
Yorkshire Naturalists at Saltburn—W.E.L.W. ... sa Ee : A ... 365-368 |
Field Notes :—Immature Gannet at Withernsea; Beryius montivagus Fieb,, etc., at More-
cambe ; ‘Aliens'’inthe Calder Valley ..._... nee OP In 369
BRGRE MING Writ cit 223s ut ahy ey aay ey nse! pons Nit oh by ee a
Proceedings of Provincial Scientific Societies, etcy~ S.. ape ae . 4M 362
Northern News Arnel Evo ‘Noy 22 1815~ ) 968
News from the Magazines ... ARSE ee Dr alters nea ./. 369, 372
Reviews and Book Notices... a Fs" (ti 370-372
“Mlustrations =... ) ae@ B41, 345, 347, 351
- ¢ LONDON :
A. Brown & Sons, LIMITED, 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.C,
And at Hutt and York,
Printers and Publishers to the Y.N.U.
Prepaid Subscription 6/6 per annum, post free.
UNION.
Vertebrate Zoology Section Annual Meeting.
President: E. W. WADE, Esq., M.B.O.U. :
Two Meetings will be held in Room C7 at the Leeds Institute at 3-15 p.m. and ~
6-30 p.m. respectively, on Saturday, November 2oth, 1915.
BUSINESS AT THE AFTERNOON MEETING :—
To consider and pass Sectional Reports for 1915, and to elect Officers
for 1916.
To consider and pass the General and Financial Reports of the York-
shire Wild Birds’ Protection Acts Committee for 1915, and to
os elect Officers and Committee for 1916.
To consider and pass the Report of the Yorkshire Mammals, Am-
’ phibians, Reptiles, and Fishes Committee for 1915, and to elect
this Committee for 1916. !
The following Papers (mostly illustrated by lantern slides or SReoa!
will be given :—
“ Observations on the Sparrow-Hawk and Long-eared Owl,”
Mr. T. M. Fowler.
‘‘ British Reptiles and Amphibians,” Mr. Oxley Grabham, M.A.
“Extracts from Field Notes,’’ Mr. W. H. Parkin.
Any Member or Associate of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union is invited
to attend, and to bring notes, specimens, lantern slides, etc., or matters of
interest connected with the work of the Section, and to take part in any dis-
cussion.
Will officials of Affiliated Societies kindly notify their members ?
A Committee Meeting of the Yorkshire Wild Birds’ and Eggs Protection
Acts Committee will be held at 2-30 p.m.
All Members of the Committee are requested to attend.
A. HAIGH-LUMBY (Hon. Sec),
Nab Drive, Shipley:
Geological Section.
Pyesident: J. J. BURTON, Eso., F.G:S.
A Meeting of the Geological Section of the Yorkshire Naturalists’
ee will be held in the Leeds University, on Saturday, November 6th,
5 p. m.,.
A number of interesting Geological Notés will be read by Professor
Kendall and others.
There will also be an exhibition of microscopic sections fa Yorkshire
Rocks. Arrangements will be made for tea for those who communicate with
Mr, A: Gilligan, B.Sc., at the University, before November 4th.
Members and Associates are invited to attend, and to bring exhibits.
C. BRADSHAW, \
J. HOLMES, Be i Secs.
NOTES AND COMMENTS.
THE MICROLOGIST.*
This magazine has started its third volume alter a slight
rest, and contains some excellent illustrations. The articles
are on ‘ The Cabbage Root Fly, Chortophila trassicae Bouche,’
by» Mer. Je < W adsworth, with notes on its preparation by
Mr. A. Flatters.. Mr. A. Dinsley writes on “The Phenomena of
Fertilisation and Embryology of the Chick,’ and Mr. Flatters
1
2
9
4a be
4
6
7
8
Chick of 11 days’ incubation, seen from the right side, nat. size.
The feathers are clearly recognisable.
1. Ear. 5. Leg (with toes complete).
2. Eye. 6. Stalk of allantois and yolk-sack cut
3. Upper part of beak, bearing at its end the across.
‘egg tooth.’ 7. Cloacal papilla.
4, Wing, the first digit, 4a, is seen separate 8. Tail.
from the rest. 9. Tongue.
adds notes on ‘ Incubating and the Preparation of Chick-
Embryos.’ Mr. Robert Pettigrew has a short note on the
‘ Preparation of Crystals.’ By the courtesy of the publishers
we are able to reproduce one of the illustrations.
1915 Nov. 1.
Notes and Comments.
Oo
cles
to
MESOZOIC PLANTS.*
In this volume Dr. Stopes continues her extraordinarily
detailed work among the remains of the Cretaceous plants
preserved in the British Museum, and incidentally the collec-
tions in the York, Maidstone and other museums are illustrated
and described. The first plate figures an unusual fine specimen
of Bennettites allchini, named after the curator of the museum at
Maidstone, who gave facilities for examining it.. As illustrating
the extraordinary strides recently made in palzo-botany, it may
be stated that most of the enormous numbers of specimens
referred to in this substantial work are merely fragments of
wood, such as are usually found in museums labelled ‘ fossil
wood from Greensand,’ etc. A microscopical examination of
these specimens has resulted in most important contributions
to science on the subject, some indication of the nature of which
was given by Dr. Stopes at the British Association meeting at
Manchester a little while ago.
PALAZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
Volume 68 of this valuable journal, issued for 1914, is
probably remarkable from the fact that it is the thinnest and
most overdue volume issued by this society. Both facts are
doubtless accounted for by the war. The present volume is
entirely occupied by an account of ‘ The Pliocene Mollusca of
Great Britain, by F. W. Harmer, being Supplementary to
S. V. Wood’s Monograph of the Crag Mollusca.’ It occupies
pages 201 to 302, and plates XXV-XXXIT. Manx and Brid-
lington specimens are illustrated and described. The mono-
graph is useful on account of the revision it makes of some of
the so-called “ Crag ’ fossils found at Bridlington, in possession
of Mr. W. B. Headley, and others, and the illustrations are
admirable.
SURVIVAL AND EXTINCTION OF INSECTS.
In concluding his notes on “ Observations on some of the
Causes determining the Survival and Extinction of Insects’ in
The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, Mr. G. B. Walsh states
“it seems probable that the most potent Auman causes in the
destruction of animal life are building operations, close. grazing,
clean agriculture and forestry, destruction of woodlands, heaths,
commons, etc., and destruction of plant life by smoke, dust, and
fumes ; the most potent human factor in its preservation is the
establishment of preserves where conditions are like those of
primeval nature ; and then, besides this, there is apparently
* “Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the British Museum (Natural
History), Cretaceous Flora, Part 2, Lower Greensand (Aptian), Plants of
Britain.’ By Marie C. Stopes, D.Sc., London: British Museum, 360
pages, 32 plates.
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 343
some power of adaptation of at least certain species of insect
life which enables them to survive under most unnatural
conditions.’
SCILLIES’ SEALS.
In Country Life for June 12th, July roth and August 7th,
Dr. Francis Heatherly contributes a series of very interesting
articles on ‘ A Sealing Trip to the Scillies ’ which will appeal to
our readers, especially to those who have followed Mr. Edmund
Selous’s notes on the same expedition, which have appeared in
The Naturalist. Dr. Heatherly’s articles are illustrated by a
wonderful series of photographs of seal life, some of which are
taken by himself, and others by Mr. C. J. King. We should
like to take this opportunity of congratulating Country Life
upon its magnificent illustrations, quite a large number of which
are of interest to naturalists. There are photographs of giraffes
and other large animals in Africa, rare fishes, illustrations of
waste lands and other objects, in fact almost every branch of
natural history is represented.
INSECTS AT LIGHTHOUSES.*
This is a reprint of a paper, put into pamphlet form, parts
of which appeared at frequent intervals in the Scottish Naturalist
from March rg14, to June 1915, and a very interesting
and valuable paper it is. For a number of years Mr. Evans
has induced the lighthouse keepers of no fewer than thirteen
lighthouses off the Scottish Coast, to secure and send to him
such insects of all orders which the lights attracted, as they could
collect. From these sources he received some 7,500 specimens,
exclusive of over 2,000 gnats. The species represented num-
bered 241, of which 161 were lepidoptera (2 butterflies and
159 moths) ; 18 were neuroptera and trichoptera ; 40 diptera ;
ro coleoptera ; and 12 of other orders. The great majority
were of course insects attracted from the nearest mainland, but
there is little doubt that the three Hawk moths attracted
(1 Acherontia atropos and 2 Sphinx convolvult) were immigrants.
Naturally immigration in insects is much better shown by the
lighthouses on our south coast than by those so far north. Full
lists of the species are given, and serve the very useful purpose
of shewing their distribution on the Scottish Coast.
DASYPOLIA TEMPLI.
A remarkable instance of this occurs in the case of Dasypolia
templ1. At one time regarded as almost exclusively a South
West Yorkshire moth, lighthouses have proved that it is pro-
bably common throughout Britain, or at any rate nearly all
around the coast. Common at the Scottish lighthouses, it is
* «Lepidoptera and other Insects at Scottish Lighthouses.’ By William -
Evans, F.R.S:E.
1915 Nov. 1.
344 Notes and Comments.
equally so at the lighthouses off the extreme south of England.
On the other hand this report of Mr. Evans is valuable as
shewing how rare the hawk moths must be in Scotland, only
the three specimens already mentioned being noted. Light
has a very strong attraction for these big insects, so much so
that at one southern lighthouse, to the writer’s knowledge,
dozens of the very rare Deilephila livornica have been secured
by the lighthouse keeper during the past three or four years.
Mr. Evans tells us, what of course every collector at street
lamps knows, that the preponderance of males over females
visiting the light is large. He gives it as 2 or 3 to 1, but we
should have expected a far greater proportion, as of the moths
which visit inland lights, the comparative number of females is
very much smaller. Nor do we agree with Mr. Evans that this
signifies “an actual inherent preponderance of males’; for
everyone who breeds lepidoptera in large numbers knows that
in most cases the sexes are about equal, but in cases where there
is a preponderance at all, it is almost always on the female side.
Much might be said on the extraordinary power of flight which
some of the geometers and even Tinez, which we have regarded
as weak winged, must have, as proved by these observations ;
and on many other points brought out by Mr. Evans’ interest-
ing investigations.—G.T.P.
WILBERFORCE MUSEUM, HULL.
On September 2&th two valuable additions to Hull's.
historical museum at Wilberférce House were made available
to the public. A very fine carved oak overmantel (circa 1590),
supported by thirty-four oak pillars, which was removed to
Markington Hall near Harrogate some years ago, was restored
to its original position in the main room, having been purchased
for £500. £425 of this was presented by Councillor W. H.
Cockerline, J.P., the balance being provided by the Board
of Education. The overmantel was unveiled by Mrs. Cocker-
line. On the ground floor a very fine Georgian room, decorated
circa. 1750, and restored by Messrs. Francis and Arnold Reckitt,
was opened by Sir James Reckitt. The Chairman of the
Museums Committee gave an account of the history of the
building. There is still a fine oak room to be restored; at
present the panelling is hidden under numerous coats of paint.
A BRADFORD MUSEUM.
Bolling Hall, near Bradford, was opened as a museum of
local antiquities on September 22nd, by Sir Arthur Godwin.
About three years ago Mr. George Arthur Paley presented the
Hall and nearly 6,000 square yards of land to the people of
Bradford. Since then the Corporation has spent about £5,000 in
carefully restoring the Hall. Under the direction of Mr. Butler
Wood, the City Librarian, the building (which is of various
Naturalist
Notes and Comments. 345
dates, and in parts is said to be of the fourteenth century), has
been arranged as a museum, and apparently contains a line
collection of old furniture, etc. Judging from the outside of
(From the Official Handbook),
View of Bolling Hall from the South.
the building, and from the excellent handbook and catalogue
which Mr. Butler Wood has issued, Bradford has at last a
museum worthy of the importance of the city. Personally
we have not seen the inside as yet, as we spent the afternoon
of the opening ceremony outside, listening to the various
and numerous speeches and votes of thanks, and the thanks
1915 Nov. 1.
346 Notes and Comments.
for the speeches, and the thanks for the votes of thanks. We
hope, however, to see the collection soon. From the daily
press we gather that the new museum has been very much
appreciated by the public. We trust that the Corporation will
now turn its attention to the natural history museum. At
present it is a disgrace to Bradford.
PRESERVING PLANTS.
In the Musewns Journal for July, Dr. Fothergill describes
a method of preserving plants with their natural colour. Dr.
Fothergill employs sheets ot absorbent cotton wool, placed in
three layers forming two compartments between two ‘ grids,”
which are made of a ‘ wire mesh-work of half-inch squares.
with a heavy encircling band.’ The necessary pressure is
obtained by fastening one or two straps, preferably of webbing,
around the grids, and tightening them as required. The
flowers to be pressed, having been placed in the grid, are then
suspended in front of a fire, or in the sun, when this is sufficiently
powertul. The explanation of the success of the method is
that the process of drying is so rapid that the pigment is fixed
instead of being slowly decomposed.
EARTH MOVEMENTS IN SHEFFIELD.
Professor Wm. G. Fearnsides has kindly favoured us with
a copy of his paper on ‘Some Effects of Earth Movement on
the Coal Measures of the Sheffield District (South Yorkshire
and the neighbouring parts of West Yorkshire, Derbyshire
and Nottinghamshire), part 1, recently read to the Institute
of Mining Engineers. In this he states, ‘it is clear that in
recent years the current view among workers in our district
has been that ‘ rock-faults,’ ‘ washes,’ and ‘ wash-outs’ are
occurrences caused by some sort of stream action during
Coal Measures time. Possibly, as Prof. Kendall suggests, two
kinds (the contemporaneous-erosion and the tectonic) may
exist side by side, but, so far as the writer’s own experience
has extended, he has visited no single example which he can
accept as belonging to the contemporaneous-erosion class. He
‘has not evidence enough to allow him to dogmatise, but he
proposes to state a case for the view that the majority of the
rock-faults which occur in our own district, as well as the much
more frequent examples of rock-rolls which locally come down
on to the coal and displace the usual bind or ‘ clod’ in the
roof of seams which are subject to rock-faults and wash-outs,
have been brought about by horizontal earth-movements due
to lateral pressure at a time when the deposition of the measures
which contain the coal-seams had been already completed.
THE VASCULUM.
No. 2 of this journal, dated August, has reached us. It
contains an article on ‘ Winter and Summer at Budle,’ by Mr.
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 347
E. L. Gill; ‘ A Record of a New British Froghopper ( Homop-
tera) from Teasdale’ (sic), by Mr. R. S. Bagnall ; * Carnivorous
Plants, by J. W. H. Harrison; ‘ Ballast Plants at Middles-
brough,’ by H. Preston; ‘ Belsay Lake,’ by Rev. J. E. Hull ;
‘A New Flowering Plant from North Yorkshire,’ (Potentilla
argentes-venata, n. sp. from Goathland), by Mr. Harrison ;
‘ Glacial Surface Features,’ by Dr. J. A. Smythe; ‘ The Pied
Flycatcher,’ by Mr. George Bolam ; ‘ A List of Birds Observed
on the Outer Farnes,’ by Mr. Edw. Miller; and ‘ Notes and
Records of Animals and Plants,’ by various contributors.
We notice this list includes several insects new to Yorkshire,
and one neuropteron, Conwentzia pineticola End., from Cleve-
land, new to Britain.
A CURIOUS HELIX.
In The Journal of Conchology for October, Mr. A. J. Arkell
illustrates an interesting Helix mnemoralis with deformed
tentacles. The upper pair are conjunct for half their length,
thus forming a fork, like the letter Y. The lower tentacles
are even more abnormal, for where the right tentacle would
normally be, there is a kind of irregular reproduction of the
upper fork, the right prong being much bigger than the left
one; both these prongs possess the characteristics of tentacles.
On the other hand, where the left tentacle would normally be,
there is a small protuberance, which only resembles a tentacle
in that it is somewhat retractile. This is the only feature
not shown in the drawing, which is x3. In all other respects
the snail is apparently quite a normal five-banded example.
By the kindness of the Editor of the Journal we are able to
give a reproduction of this illustration.
THE SOUTH EASTERN NATURALIST,
Being the Transactions of the South Eastern Union of
Scientific Societies for 1915,* contains an elaborate report of
the conference at Brighton this year, and we must congratulate
the editor, Dr. Wm. Martin, on the promptness with which
a
*cxii. + 100 pages, 3s. 6d. net.
1915 Nov. 1.
348 Notes and Comments.
the volume has appeared. The presidential address of Dr. J.S.
Haldane refers to ‘ The Place of Biology in Human Knowledge
and Endeavour,’ and the volume includes many interesting
papers read at the Conference. » These deal with ‘ Regional Sur-
vey and Local Natural History Societies,’ by C.C. Fagg; ‘ Ter-
restrial and Fluviatile Shellfish,’ by Hugh Findon; ‘ Brighton’s
Lost River,’ by E. A. Martin; ‘Study of Place-Names, with
Illustrations from the South-East of England,’ by Arthur
Bonner ; ‘ The Connection of Kew with the History of Botany,’
Prof. G. S. Boulger; ‘Sussex Orchids,’ by E. J. Bedford ;
and * The Fly Peril and its Cure,’ by G. Hurlstone Hardy. The
report is well illustrated.
THE ESSEX NATURALIST.
After a lapse of some time, what is described as parts 1-6 of
volume XVIII. of The Essex Naturalist (88 pp.), has appeared.
The contents are varied, but among them we notice ‘ Illustra-
tions of Mycetozoa, dedicated to Samuel Dale, M.D., in Micheli’s
‘ Nova Plantarum Genera,’ 1719,’ by Miss Gulielma Lister ;
“ Note on the Occurrence of Chalky Boulder Clay at Chingford,’
by P. G. Thompson ; ‘ The Dating of Early Human Remains,’
by S. H. Warren; ‘ The Chigwell Row Medicinal Springs:
a Late 18th century account of them, by (?) the Rev. Dr. Wm.
Martin,’ edited by Miller Christy ; ‘ Notes on the Low Level
Gravels of the River Lea and their Paleolithic Implements,’
and * Notes on a Fossiliferous Exposure of London-Clay at
Chingford, Essex,’ by A. Wrigley ; ‘ Tree Trunk Water Pipes,’
by T. V. Holmes ; and ‘ The Slipper Limpet in Essex.’
MR. C. CROSSLAND’S COLLECTION
A collection of mosses has recently been presented to the
Halifax Museums Committee by Mr. Charles Crossland, and de-
posited in the botany room at the museum. They are from
Mr. Crossland’s Moss Herbarium, but confined solely to speci-
mens gathered within the Parish of Halifax, mostly during the
last 25 years. They represent about 150 species and varieties,
but there are over 400 separate packets in the collection, stored
in four suitable cardboard boxes, and all scientifically arranged
and named. Box No. I contains the Bog or Peat mosses,
called also pack-mosses, a group technically known as Sphag-
naceae, a class of mosses which grow only in wet places on
moorlands or on other swampy, waste ground. This com-
prises a fairly complete set of the bog-mosses recorded for the
Halifax district, and include specimens gathered on Wads-
worth, Stansfield, Erringden, Norland, Sowerby, Saltonstall,
Ogden, and other local moors. They are classed according to
Dr. Warnstorf’s ‘ European Sphagnacee,’ a reprint of a trans-
lation of which from the Journal of Botany, 1900, accompanies
the mosses. Boxes 2, 3, and 4 contain the ordinary mosses to
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 349
be found, among other places, in woodlands, in courses and on
banks of clear streams and small! water runs, in well troughs,
on moist shady walls, dripping rocks, moorland ground, tree
trunks, poor starved fields, waysides, garden walks, poor
lawns, greenhouses, etc.
OF HALIFAX MOSSES.
There are specimens gathered from all the above habitats.
These are named and arranged according to the system adopted
by the Rev. H. N. Dixon, M.A., in his ‘ Students’ Handbook of
British Mosses,’ 1896. In addition to the technical name of
the moss, each packet bears the date when the specimen was
gathered, the locality where found, and name or initials of
finder. It is noticeable that many were gathered in the
Hebden Bridge district by James Needham, and by Mr. J. T.
Aspin in other local districts. An extra box is set apart for
the reception of the Halifax mosses found in Leyland’s Her-
barium of British Plants. This herbarium was formed by
Roberts Leyland for the museum founded by the Halifax
Literary and Philosophical Society at Harrison Road about
1830, of which he was one of the original members, a trustee,
and curator of the Museum until his death in 1847. As is
well-known, the society presented the collections in their
museum to the town in 1896, and they have since been housed
at Belle Vue.
LEYLAND’S MOSSES.
When, in rgor, Mr. Crossland went through the moss por-
tien in search of Halifax specimens to include with his own in
compiling the moss section of ‘ The Flora of Halifax’ (by
Crump and Crossland), he kept Leyland’s specimens separate,
so as to render them of easier reference to future local students.
The collection was found to contain about 100 specimens
collected within the Parish, bearing dates between 181g and
1846, but mostly during the years 1833 to 1837. Where
necessary, modern names were added, and all were numbered
according to Dixon’s ‘ Handbook’ Catalogue, a marked copy
of which is deposited with the mosses. In addition to this, Mr.
Crossland has presented to the Public Library a copy of ‘ The
Flora of Halifax,’ with the moss portion (pp. 145-203) marked,
indicating the specimens in each collection.
THE USE OF FOSSIL FISHES IN STRATIGRAPHICAL GEOLOGY.
From Dr. A. Smith Woodward of the British Museum we
have received a copy of his presidential address dealing with
the above subject. In this he points out that it is clear from
the stratigraphical distribution of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic
fishes, after due allowance has been made for imperfections in
the record, their order of succession corresponds with their
zoological grade as determined by embryology—a fact first
1915 Nov. 1.
350 Notes and Comments.
noted in general terms by Louis Agassiz. The dominant
Silurian fishes seem to represent a stage before the interior
visceral arches had become completely differentiated into jaws,
and before paired fins had been developed. The subsequent
successive stages are marked by (1) the acquisition of normal
jaws and paired fins ; (2) the addition of a bony exo-skeleton ;
(3) the supersession of paddles by purely dermal expansions as
fins ; (4) the abbreviation of the primitive tail and the correla-
tion of the dermal rays with the endoskeletal supports in the
dorsal and anal fins ; and (5) the completion of the ossification
of the endoskeleton. The directions of specialization in each
of these grades, at successive periods, are essentially similar,
but at every advance more variation becomes possible, and the
diversity among Tertiary and recent teleostean fishes is very
much greater than in the groups of any earlier period. Whether
these advances have taken place simultaneously in different
parts of the world, or whether they have occurred locally and
then spread by migration, is still a difficult question. This
and kindred problems can only be discussed by comparing
the paleontology of the fishes with that of other animals
which have been similarly studied.
GRIME’S GRAVES.
We have received an admirable ‘ Report on the Excavations
at Grime’s Graves, Weeting, Norfolk,’ March-May, 1914, 255
pp., price 5s. net. A committee was formed for the purpose of
systematic excavations of the remarkable structures known as
Grime’s Graves, and whatever may be one’s views as to the
origin of these extraordinary structures, there can be no
question that the present report supplies a mass of facts which
should be carefully studied by the serious student. The
Society has also illustrated the report by thirty plates and
nearly a hundred illustrations in the text. There is a dis-
cussion as to the age of the pits. We are permitted to repro-
duce a remarkable photograph of an extraordinary number of
picks of red deer antlers (erroneously called ‘horns’) found
during the excavations. Many of the subscribing institutions
now have examples of these in their collections.
: On
BRITISH ASSOCIATION NOTES;
FAUNA OF THE LIMESTONE BEDS
Mr. Henry Day put forward some observations on a collect-
ion of some three hundred species of Carboniferous Limestone
fossils from the localities Treak Cliff and Peakshill, Castleton,
and embracing about one hundred species of brachiopods and
corals. The beds at both places may be referred to the * brachio-
pod beds’ of Sibly (‘Q.J.G.S. 1908’), and what are allocated
by him to sub-zone D?—the Lonsdalia sub-zone. The present
Naturalist,
n
S
=
~
AS)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
>
me
S
=
=
=
S
”
<
S
~—
oO
K<,
Deer-antler picks from Grime’s Graves.
1915 Nov. 1.
352 Notes and Comments.
list of species presents some features of considerable interest
bearing on the value of certain types as zonal indices. Reference
is made to Vaughan’s paper on the Bristol area, where it is
indicated that amongst the brachiopod groups confined to the
Tournaisian in that area are the following: Productus cf.
martin ; Leptena analoga; Schizophoria resupinata; Rhipi-
domella aff. michelint; Spiriferina octoplicata ; Syringothyris
cuspidata. Two of these, it is noted, Sfriferina octoplicata
and Schizophoria resupinata, are sub-zonal indices, and each
with its maximum in its sub-zone._ The list of Castleton forms
from well up in D, now presented, includes all the above-
mentioned brachiopod groups. Syringothyris cuspidata and
Spiriferina octoplicata are fairly abundant at both Treak
Cliff and Peakshill, Schizophoria resupinata is extremely abund-
ant at both places, Leptena analoga is abundant whilst Pyvo-
ductus cf. martint and Rhipidomella michelin are rare.
AT TREAK CLIFF AND PEAKSHILL, CASTLETON, DERBYSHIRE.
Passing to the coral fauna, the genus Zaphrentis appears
in the Castleton list, 1.e., one of the two genera of corals con-
fined to the Tournaisian in the Bristol area and not extending
into the Viséan. The genus, though not*very abundant, is
represented by several species. In addition, the genera
Michelinia and Amplexus, characteristic of the Upper Tournais-
ian of Bristol, but possibly extending into the base of the Viséan
are cited in the Castleton list, Michelinia glomerata being fairly
aboundant at Peakshill, and Amplexus coralloides is found at
Treak Cliff, but is extremely rare.
ZONAL DETERMINATION.
These facts lead to a consideration as to how far the types
mentioned are of value in zonal determinations. If any one of
them, as recorded from Castleton, be regarded as representing
exactly the same form as that recorded from the Bristol area,
then its value as one of a number of index fossils of a zone
becomes negligible. Examples are cited in the cases of Spiri-
ferina octoplicata and Schizophoria resupinata. 1f the Castleton
forms of D? horizon agree in identity with the Bristol types of
Kk? and Z? respectively, then these two types become worthless
as sub-zonal indices. It was pointed out that, even allowing of
the rather unlikely possibility that in all the cases cited the
Castleton specimens represented mutational forms of the
Bristol species, the real difficulty as to their zonal value is not
overcome, since the line of demarcation between mutations is
more or less arbitrary and there is still a considerable field of dis-
cussion as to what constitutes a ‘mutation.’ It appears probable
that any system of zonal indices can be of local value only, as for
example in the application of the Bristol zonal indices within
the Bristol area, and cannot be of any general application.
Cad
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 353
THE ISOLATION OF THE DIRECTIONS-IMAGE
Dr. J. W. Evans discussed the different methods by which
the interference figures of a small mineral in a rock-slice may
be kept distinct from those of adjoining minerals. He recom-
mended two. In one, which he believes to be new, a dia-
phragm with a small aperture is placed below the condenser,
which is lowered till the image of the aperture appears in focus
on the rock-slice. In some microscopes the iris diaphragm
provided for the Becke method of determining the refractive
index may be employed. In others it is too near the condenser.
The aperture should be sufficiently large to illuminate the
maximum area of the mineral under investigation, but no
portion of the others. The directions-image may then be
observed in any of the usual ways. Unless the condenser and
diaphragm revolve with the stage the aperture must be very
carefully centred with the axis of rotation.
OF A MINERAL IN A ROCK-SLICE.
The other method was proposed by Becke in 1895, but is
very little known. The diaphragm is placed in the focus of
the eye-piece so as to shut out all except the mineral selected.
The Becke lens, or system of lenses resembling an eye-piece, is
placed above the eye-piece, when the directions-image of the
mineral will be seen without any admixture of light from its
neighbours. This method has the advantage that the dia-
phragm is less highly magnified at the time of adjustment.
When a rotating stage is employed, a very accurate centring of
the nose-piece of the microscope is required, so that the co-
incidence of the object with the aperture may be maintained.
The common practice of placing a diaphragm for this purpose
immediately below the Bertrand lens rests on no scientific
basis, and is not effective in shutting out the ight of minerals
other than that which is being studied.
NORWEGIAN GRANITE.
A rather interesting example of the value of the interchange
of ideas on the heterogeneous mass of papers read at a meeting
of the British Association arose in the Geological Section.
There Professor R. C. Wallace described some of the salt pans
of Manitoba, in north-west Canada, and showed that the salt
had a peculiar disintegrating action upon certain volcanic
rocks which were found as boulders in their neighbourhood.
Professor Fearnsides imparted a topical interest by connecting
the observations with a phase of the Tariff Reform agitation of
a few years ago. At one time a great outcry was made against
the importation of Norwegian granite for the building of Govern-
ment dock walls. During this controversy an engineer de-
clared that even if the price was equal, the Norwegian granite
was to be preferred as the more durable. Professor Fearnsides
1915 Nov. 1.
354 Notes and Comments.
was asked to advise whether there was any geological basis for
such an opinion, and he frankly told the section that he re-
ported that, so far as he knew, there was no warrant for the
opinion at all. He saw now from Professor Wallace’s obser-
vations on the Manitoba boulders that it was quite possible
and probable that such a difference might exist in favour of
the Norwegian granite. The Canadian speaker had shown that
the durability of the granite depended upon whether it contained
soda or potash in its felspar. The potash felspars were strongly
acted upon by salt water—not by the salt solution directly,
but by an acid solution which arose indirectly from the brine.
The soda felspars were not readily affected. It remains to be
proved whether the Norwegian granite contains felspars con-
taining potash or soda, if they contain soda, then it is quite
probable that the rule-of-thumb experience of the engineers
was right.
THE HETERANGIUMS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.
Dr. D. H. Scott stated that Williamson, in his published
papers, only recognised two British species of Heterangium, H.
Grievit and H. tiliwotdes. Under the former name he included
not only the Lower Carboniferous plant from Burntisland, on
which the species was founded, but also certain Coal Measure
forms from Dulesgate. In the joint work by Williamson and
the present author the same nomenclature was adopted, but
a second form from Dulesgate was also described under the
provisional name H. cylindricum. H. tiliwoides, a Coal Measure
species from Halifax, remarkable for the great development and
perfect preservation of the phloem, has been kept distinct ever
since its first discovery in 1886. The enormous difference
of age between the Burntisland and the Dulesgate plants
rendered their specific identity highly improbable, and the
latter has been separated under the name H. Lomaxit, origin-
ally suggested by Williamson himself, after the name of the
discoverer, though not published.
HETERANGIUM LOMAXII.
H. Lomaxii is characterised by the great distinctness of the
primary xylem-strands, by their nearly exarch structure, with
little primary centrifugal wood, by the abundant secretory
sacs of the stele and by the rather scattered leaves. In the
Dulesgate material, several forms of Heterangium stem have
been found in association ; it is unlikely that they are specific-
ally distinct—they more probably represent axes of different
orders. The provisional species H. cylindricum differs in no
important respect from H. Lomaxii, to which it should be
reduced. A very fine Heterangium from Shore was dis-
covered by Mr. Lomax and his son in 1912. It is of large size,
at least 17 mm. in diameter, though without secondary growth.
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 355
The plant was originally compared with the so-called H.
cylindricum, but is at least as close to H. tiliwoides. The
‘ feature which at first seemed to be most striking is the fact
that four distinct leaf-trace bundles enter the base of the leaf,
each of them dividing into two in the petiole. This is certainly
the best example yet found of a polydesmic petiole in Heter-
angium, and shows an interesting approach to the Medullosez
in this respect. We may also compare Dr. Gordon’s new genus
Rhetinangium.
POLYDESMIC HETERANGIUM.
However, there is reason to believe that most of the British
Coal Measure Heterangiums were polydesmic. In H. tiliwoides
there are four distinct bundles in the petiole, and the same was
the casein H. Lomaxit. In all these plants two bundles start
from the stele to form the leaf-trace, dividing into four, at
least in some cases, before entering the leaf-base. Only in a
very small stem from Dulesgate (not associated with JH.
Lomaxit) did a single bundle leave the stele (as in the Burnt-
island species) dividing into two on its outward course. This
little stem has nothing to connect it with any other form and
may be distinguished as H. minimum. H. tilicwotdes is main-
tained as a distinct species, mainly on the ground of its highly
developed phloem with dilated medullary rays. In the be-
haviour of the leaf-traces it comes very near the Shore plant,
which may, for the present at least, be kept distinct under the
name H. shorense.
FOSSIL FUNGI AND FOSSIL BACTERIA.
Dr. D. Ellis reported that an investigation of the ferruginous
and fossiliferous rocks of Great Britain showed that some of the
organic fragments in the ferruginous rocks had been in a state
of putrefaction when engulfed. A study was made of the
micro-organisms which were responsible for this putrefaction.
A fossil fungus was found in the Frodingham Ironstone of
Lincolnshire (Lower Lias). To this organism the name Phy-
comycites Frodinghami has been given. Characteristics.—
Hyphe of two dimensions, namely 2 » and 34 p respectively.
The two sizes of hyphe were found in organic connection.
There were no traces of transverse walls. In addition to the
ordinary alternate branching whorls of hyphe arising from
the same level were frequently observed. In many places
the threads showed thickening cushions. Some of these were
apparently in‘association with the formation of branches and
were of a supporting nature ; others, however, had no apparent
significance. Some of the hyphe had terminal dilatations of a
sporangial nature, as in a few cases spore-like bodies were
enclosed in them. The sporangia measured about 24 p (4, mm.)
and were roughly spherical. The spores were Io » in diameter.
1915 Noy. 1.
356 Notes and Comments.
Probably each sporangium normally enclosed four spores.
The fungus, unlike all modern fungi, had a power of attraction
for iron-compounds, and in all cases its hyphe were covered ~
with a varying quantity of ferric hydroxide. Other examples
from Scotland etc., were also described.
THE APTIAN FLORA OF BRITAIN.
Dr. Marie C. Stopes stated the so-called ‘ Lower Greensand ”
deposits of this country are of Aptian age, and represent the
upper division of the Eocretaceous according to the recent
classification by Haug. From these deposits the plants hitherto. .
known—notably Bennettites Gibsonianus Will. and Cupressin-
oxylon vectense Barber—have been so few that it has been
impossible to speak of a Lower Greensand ‘ flora.’ It has been
generally assumed that both the climate, and the animals and
plants then living were the same as those of the preceding
Wealden. As a result of recent work the author has now
brought together a flora consisting of 45 species, containing 9
Cycadophyta, 27 Conifers, and 5 Angiosperms. Most of these
are represented by petrifactions of the cellular anatomy, and
many are very beautifully preserved.
EARLY ANGIOSPERMS AND THEIR CONTEMPORARIES.
Some of the forms have structures of botanical interest,
while others are of value as indicators of the climate of the
epoch, of which nothing was previously known. It is in-
teresting to find evidence of a change of climatic conditions
about this time, so that the cooler weather and well-marked
seasons of the Lower Greensand afford a great contrast to
the ‘ tropical climate’ of the Wealden of Southern England.
Among the plants of botanical interest may be mentioned a new
genus of Cycadophyta with curious wood structure; a new
species of Protopiceoxylon ; the leaf anatomy of a true Sequoia ;
several species of Pityoxylon with well-developed ray-tracheids ;
and several Dicotyledons. It should be remembered that
these are all contemporaneous with the type species of
Bennettites. The Angiosperms are the oldest found in Northern
Europe, and the oldest of which the anatomy is known. They
are all woody; two of them, at least, must have had tall
timber trunks. In some of them the minute details are par-
ticularly beautifully petrified, and show a very high degree of
organisation. Like the Conifers, they show seasonal growth.
They represent a dry—possibly fairly high—land vegetation.
BOYS AND THE WAR.
What do our children really think of the war?) Dr. Kimmins
endeavoured to elucidate this question in a paper read before
the Association. In an essay competition, in which 1,511 boys
and 1,570 girls in the senior departments took part, the fact
emerging most clearly was the bellicose attitude of the girls
Naturalist,
Museum News. 357
of 10, the wave of depression at 11, and the establishment of
normal interest at 12 years of age. The boys, on the other
hand, became more warlike at 11, and though a period of
slight depression followed upon this, it was much less marked
than in the case of the girls. From the age of rr onwards
great anxiety was felt with regard to the price of food. Some
examples of unconscious humour are given. A little girl, aged
tr, wrote: ‘ The origin of the war is this, that when the German
Emperor was at Windsor he insulted Queen Victoria, and so
King Edward smacked him round the face. The German
Emperor said, “ I'll be avenged,” and hence the war.’ A boy
of 12 wrote: ‘ The advantage of the war is that women have
learned to knit.’ Another wrote: ‘The main disadvantage
of the war is that girls must remain old maids because there
will not be any men left.’ These illustrations rather lend
point to the contention of Mr. Leslie Scott that the war booklets
of the French Government might be imitated with profit in
English schools.
-O;
The Museums Journal for September contains a report of an interesting
discussion on ‘Museums and the War.’
The National Museum of Wales has issued a large ‘ Descriptive Hand-
book to the Relief Model of Wales ’ by W. E. Whitehouse, and a ‘ Catalogue
of an Exhibition of Welsh Topographical Prints’ by I. J. Williams.
The Museums Journal for October contains a report of the discussion
on ‘ Museums in relation to Education ’ which was opened at the conference
of the Museums Association by Prof. J. A. Green of Sheffield.
The Reports of the Librarian, Parks Superintendent and Museum
Curator of the Borough of Stockport have been issued. The last, Mr.
Hewitt’s fourteenth annual report, includes particulars of additions made
during the year.
We notice that the Catalogue of the Museum of Fisheries and Shipping,
Pickering Park, Hull, has reached its fourth edition, and the new issue
contains particulars of many valuable additions. The catalogue contains
52 pages, is well illustrated, and is sold at 1d.
The Sixty-Sixth Annual Report of the Ipswich Museum, etc., contains
illustrations of a Roman Amphora, Deer Antler Picks from Grimes Graves,
and Rostro-Carinate Implements, these being among many interesting
additions to the collections made during the year.
Hull Museum Publication, No. 103, being the Quarterly Record of
Additions, No. 50, has been issued. It contains a number of repro-
ductions of local bygone relics and other objects added during the three
months covered by the record. It is sold at one penny.
The Museums Journal for August contains the Presidential Address
of Mr. E. Rimbault Dibdin of the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, which
deals with the question of the management of Art Galleries under war
conditions. There is also an excellent portrait of Mr. Dibdin.
The Report of the Warrington Museum Committee for 1915 contains a
list of numerous additions during the year, with an illustration of a very
fine Equestrian Aquamanile of the 14th century, which has been recently
presented. During the year Mr. Dunlop has prepared and displayed a
series of specimens to illustrate the characters and forms of the mollusca.
1915 Nov. I.
358
OBSERVATIONS ON THE GREY SEAL.
EDMUND SELOUS.
(Continued from page 284).
At length the mother Seal came out on the rocks, but the
young one was unable to get up into the proper juxtaposition,
and, after a little while, she came off into the sea again. There
was now another lengthy interval, and, during a part of the
time, the male Seal was often in the near neighbourhood of
the mother and calf, though never quite closetothem. Finally
the mother went up on the rocks again, either at the same place
or very near it, and, the tide being now a good deal higher, her
calf was able to follow her and suckling took place. It was,
however, brought to a somewhat premature conclusion through
a wave washing over the rock, and drawing the young Seal
down with it as it receded. The mother, whose bulk was not
so easily shifted, remained for a little on the rock and seemed
waiting for the young one to come back. This however, it did
not do, nor did I see it again till sometime afterwards. Now,
however, appeared the male, and, swimming right up to the
rock on which the female was lying, he raised his head a little
up the face of it and seemed asking her to come off, as in a
moment or two indeed, she did, when they swam away together
—the usual varied degree of proximity that isto say. A little
before she did so, at the time, more or less, of the male’s close
arrival, a cry, very like the moaning of the calf to be fed, arose,
and was attributed by both King and Heatherley (who were
here joint watchers with me) to the female Seal. I certainly
did not see the calf during the time of its utterance, nor had I
since the backwash of the wave took it off. Moreover it had
been pretty well fed before this occurred. The above incident,
together with what else evidential on the subject I have seen
hitherto, seems to point to these Seals being monogamous and
also very affectionate in their conjugal relations. Heatherley,
however, formed the opinion that the male Seal saw us and
gave the alarm to his mate. In this I do not concur. I saw
no evidence of alarm on his part and the whole of his conduct
is easily accounted for by supposing him impatient for the
company ofthe female. The cry was not his, but hers. It was,
I think, of the nature of a greeting, and her going off, after
uttering it, was naturaland much after the manner of her usual
departure after suckling the calf. Even without the induce-
ment of the male, she had so nearly finished doing this before
the slight contretemps mentioned, that I feel sure, from previous
experience, she would not have waited long for the quite
problematical return of a well-fed child. Again, both the
Naturalist,
Selous: Observations on the Grey Seal. 359
distance and the only very slight elevation of our heads above
the irregular line of the rocks, behind which we crouched,
make it, to my mind, highly improbable that either of the
Seals should have sighted us, nor would they have been likely
to show active alarm, even if they had. I had noticed several
times that if these Seals saw anyone sufficiently close, or
obstrusively outstanding, to make them apprehensive, they
snapped themselves under water, so to speak, witha splash, but
otherwise went down quite quietly, one may say lazily. This
indication was never given by the male Seal as he swam up,
nor by either of the pair as they swam away ; in each case, it
seemed to me, quite at ease. Neither in the above incident,
therefore, nor on any other occasion was I able to find any
evidence of the male Grey Seal’s playing the part of sentinel to
his family, as Heatherley thought it did. There was nothing
that I saw, where this question might seem to arise, that was not
amply accounted for by ordinary conjugal affection. The calf
was often left for hours—once for ten hours—on the rocks,
without either of the parents coming to that part of the shore
indeed, they were not to be seen anywhere—and the male was
often equally absent whilst the suckling was taking place. Inthe
case of the Common Seal, I have more than once demonstrated
the fact that any one of a group on the rocks that saw me
would drop into the sea, leaving the others still lying there.
Where, then, was the sentinel? and can it be supposed (as
ic has been suggested) that any anima!—even a Seal—exer-
cising discretion and judgment, would sometimes post sentinels
and sometimes not ?
Whilst the suckling was proceeding, Heatherley drew my
attention to a rounded boss on the upper part of the body of
the alma mater, a little below the chest, on the right side, which
was the one uppermost and most exposed to view. He sug-
gested that this might be a rudimentary teat. As to the
physiological possibility, or otherwise, of this, I am not com-
petent to express an opinion, but the supposition certainly
seems to give a new significance to the endeavours, during the
feeding time, of the calf to move upwards towards the head of
the mother, and of the latter’s flicking of it down, again, to the
right place, by quickly repeated gentle blows of that flapper at
liberty—the upper one, that is to say, as she lies. On two of
these occasions the calf was thus induced to continue sucking,
his mouth being once actually guided to the teat, whilst on the
third, when he persisted, the mother went off.
I was left alone about 5 p.m. to spend the night in the shed,
which I did, keeping absolutely quiet and closing up every
aperture, even to the small ventilation holes, before hghting a
candle to read by. I cannot, of course, say whether any seal,
young or old, came out upon the rocks, in the night, whilst I
1915 Nov. 1.
360 Selous: Observations on the Grey Seal.
slept, but I do not think so, since none lay there this morning—
(OCTOBER IQTH now)—though one, a full-grown female, swam
about for sometime in one of the little inlets of the sea running
up tothe shed. As the tide sank, it afterwards disappeared—
not landing, I believe—and has not again returned, nor has
any grown Seal visited this whilom resort of theirs, all day
long, so far as I have been able to observe. In fact, it is very
evident that the Seals have withdrawn from this cove, as from
a populous resort, such is their appreciation of the upright
human form, that
‘... far nobler shape, erect and tall,
Godlike erect, in native honour clad,
In naked majesty id
But the passage can no longer be closely applied—perhaps
its the clothes they object to. Shortly after the tide had begun
to go out, however, I saw a young Seal lying approximately
where the one that was fed yesterday had been, and, no doubt,
the same animal. It was not however, before it was more than
three quarters high tide again that the parent Seal appeared
and made a long and what seemed rather a precipitious climb,
to get to her infant, which did not, this time, come to meet her.
As she now, in suckling it, lay on that side which presented
her back to me, the latter had to go round, and so was invisible
to me all the while. The time taken must, I think, have been
fully a quarter of an hour, and then the old Seal came down by
a still longer way, making, at the last, a long sliding drop into
the water, over some steeply sloping rocks that overhung it.
The male soon appeared, but there were no connubialities,
and, after awhile, he retired again. The female kept about, off
the shore, as if waiting for her calf, which lay most immovably
a little higher up on the rocks than where he had been fed.
The tide rose and rose, and the spray began slightly to touch
him, but he took little or no notice, when, all at once—as a
surprise, I should imagine, but perhaps it was in his previous
experience—several big waves rushed,* one after another, up
the rock and burst in foam and thunder all over him. The
young Seal was swept right away into the sea—invisibly,
however, so lost was he in the white seething caldron—and it
was not till a considerable while afterwards that I saw him,
again, for certain, swimming off the shore, and seeming none
the worse for his accident, if it can be considered as one. The
sea now rushed foaming over the rocks on which his mother
had just fed him, making a broad strait (in proportion with
* Three or four, I think—those ‘three kicks of the sea,’ which shore
folk and fishermen speak of; and rightly, in a rough way, to go by my
own experience here. In another such instance I should certainly have
been washed off the rocks myself had I not been warned in time.
Naturalist,
Selous: Observations on the Grey Seal. 361
the small scale of things here) between two tidally sundered
rocky islets. In this turmoil I soon again lost him, nor did
I see him any more whilst I stayed. The female, however,
continued, for a long while, to swim or float perpendicularly
amidst the swirling waters, making of them, through her
reposeful luxurious motions,
‘her thrice-driven bed of down.’
I think there must have been an interval of at least ten
hours between when I first saw the young Seal lying on the rocks
and the time at which it was suckled. As my presence was
unsuspected during the whole of the time, and there was no one
else on the island, this must represent a natural period. Thus
a great difference is observable between the frequency with
which quite young calves and older ones are suckled. I put
down the one in question as some ten days or a fortnight old,
and since it was in all probability the larger of the two that
had lain near the shed, it can hardly I think have been older—
the first figure perhaps is more likely.
I noticed (as I had done yesterday, but now more plainly),
whilst the mother Seal lay with her back to me, that she had,
a little to one side of the median line, and about half way down,
a long deep-looking wound.* It was also wide—indeed a very
ugly trench indeed—at the least a foot long, but I should say
nearer eighteen inches. It could hardly, I believe, have been
worse had it been made by the claw of a Tiger. Another 24
hours on the island gave me nothing further to record.
As the above notes represent original observation on the
habits of a quite well-known species, I have not added to their
length by saying anything about its classification, Latin name,
size, weight, ‘ pelage,’ etc., all which are to be found in the
ordinary standard compilations. I may remark, however, that
the young Seals are white or nearly so (that at least was my
experience) and that the splendid mottled, or rather, blotched,
belly of the grown ones, as well as the beautiful appearance
which it presents under water, never seems to have attracted
the attention, much less roused the interest of anybody, at
least of any naturalist. Those who care about the actual
doings of animals will find a record of some more of those of
this Seal (as well as the Common one) in my ‘The Bird
Watcher in the Shetlands,’ though unhappily, and to the scorn
of critics, I have there referred to the first under an obsolete
Latin name. As information thus clouded may not be worth
attention, [ will point out here, where the misfortune has been
* T think I must have entered it in my notes, but seem to have for-
gotten to copy it out, that this Seal had a good deal of blood about her
head. In some way or other she had evidently been hurt, and this may
have had to do with her apparent neglect to suckle her calf.
1915 Nov. 1.
362 Proceedings of Provincial Scientific Societies.
avoided, that no male Grey Seal ever, to my knowledge, landed
on this island or lay on any outlying rock of it, as was the daily
practice of one which I watched in the Shetlands, earlier in the
year. Nor, with one exception, for which there may have been
a special reason, did I see a female land upon it except for the
purpose of suckling the young. The males, or both they and
the females, may have their habitual resting-rocks elsewhere,
but possibly the difference is a real one and represents a change
in the general habits of the species, brought about by the
breeding season. The bulls and cows—when the latter are
not engaged in their maternal duties, which are light enough
except when the calves are quite tiny—seem now to be keeping
each other company in the sea. The siesta is no longer chic.
SeenON
Part 6 of Vol. XXXIV. of the Transactions of the Manchester Geo-
logical and Mining Society contains Mr. H. Bolton’s Paper on the ‘ Fauna
and Stratigraphy of the Kent Coalfield.’
The Transactions of the Manchester Geological and Mining Society,
Vol. XXXIV., part 5, contain an illustrated paper by J. E. Wynfield
Rhodes dealing with ‘ The Drift#Deposits of Prestwich, Manchester and
Neighbourhood.’
No. 22 of the Journal of the Leeds Astronomical Society (Leeds :
R. Jackson & Son, 140 pages, 2s.) is quite as interesting as usual, and
among its contents we notice articles on ‘ Meteorites’ by A. Gilligan,
B.Sc. ; ‘The History of the Telescope’ by Thomas Benton ; ‘ Solar Eclipses”
by Arthur Burnet; ‘Maria Gaetana Agnesi’ by G. Thorp; ‘ Meteoric
Observations ’ by W. F. Denning ; ‘ The Modern Equipment of Astronomy ”
by Rev. Ivo. Gregg, and several shorter notes, as well as a lengthy account
of the work of the Society. It is an excellent record for a provincial
society.
The Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Lit. and Phil. Society,
vol. LIX., part 2, contains four valuable memoirs namely ‘ A Note on the
Behaviour of a Blackbird—a Problem in Mental Development’ by T. A.
Coward ; ‘ Studies in the Morphology of Isoétes. II. The Analysis of the
Stele of the Shoot of Isoétes lacustris in the light of Mature Structure
and Apical Development ’ by Prof. W. H. Lang ; ‘ On two cases of Parallel-
ism in the Aphid’ by A. W. Rymer Roberts; ‘On the Significance of
the Geographical Distribution of the Practice of Mummification—A Study
of the Migrations of Peoples and the spread of certain Customs and Beliefs ’
by Prof. G. Elliot Smith. It is very gratifymg to find that this old-estab-
lished society is still literary and philosophical.
The Annual Report of the Searborough Philosophical and Archeological
Society for 1914 is to hand and includes the Records of the Scarborough
Field Naturalists’ Society for the same year. Dr. John Irving writes on
‘Marine Invertebrate Zoology;’ ; Mr. W. J. Clarke on ‘ Vertebrate Zoology
(other than Aves)’; Mr. A. Harman on ‘ Mollusca’; Mr. R. A. Taylor on
‘ Arachnida and Siphonaptera‘; Mr. J. A. Hargreaves on ‘ Geology’ ;
Mr. E. C. Horrell on ‘Coleoptera’; Mr. A. S. Tetley on ‘ Lepidoptera ’ -
Mr. D. W. Bevan on ‘ Aculeate Hymenoptera’; Mr. A. I. Burnley on
‘Phanerogamia’; Mr. A. E. Peck on ‘ Basidiomycetes ‘; Mr. T. B. Roe
on the ‘ Remaining Fungi’; Mr. T. N. Roberts on ‘ Ornithology.’ As
the frontispiece is a photograph of the Barracks on Castle Hill after the
Bombardment of December 16th, 1914.
Naturalist,
363
ARACHNIDA OF THE SAWLEY DISTRICT.
WM. FALCONER,
Slaithwaite, Huddersfield.
A visit to the above district from May 22nd to May 25th last
enables me to add considerably to the list given in the Naturalist
for July, pp 232-3, the species of spiders being increased to
123, and of harvestmen to 4. A few mites were also noted.
The locality with its varied surface features gives every
indication of being a very productive one as regards arachnids,
but game restrictions prevented me from collecting over much
suitable ground, and limited time permitted only imperfect
investigation elsewhere. With the exception of Hahnia pusilla
C.L.K., and Centromerus arcanus Camb, the species recorded
loc. cit.—-(inclusive of Meta menardi Latr., another fine male of
which was boxed on the roof of Ned Hole)—-were again met
with, and in many instances additional stations obtained for
them, while to the rare British spiders there noted may now be
added the following :—-illhousia misera Camb., Diplocentria
rivalis Camb., Sintula cornigera Bl., Notioscopus sarcinatus
Camb., and Tapinocyba insecta L. Koch. Notioscopus, origin-
ally discovered in marshy ground in Bavaria, then in France,
has more recently been found in Cleveland ; its wide distribu-
tion in the last named area, and its occurrences on Sawley High
Moor remove all doubt from my mind as to its being indigenous
to Britain.* Tapinocyba insecta L. Koch has been previously
reported from Western and Central Europe and in these islands
from Hexham, Leeds, Huddersfield, Bexhill and Ireland. So
far as at present known, a few others seem to occur only in-
frequently or locally in the county, e.g., Anyphena_ accentuata
Walck., Onesinda minutissima Camb., Linyphia pusilla Sund.,
Leptyphantes tenebricola Wid., L. flavipes Bl, Entelecara
trifrons Camb., Chiracanthium carnifex Fabr., and Porrhomma
pbygmeum Bl., while P. montanum and pallidum Jacks., were
until quite recently confounded together under a third name,
P. oblongum Camb., which rightly belongs to neither,.
Mr. Margerison not only gave invaluable assistance in
collecting, but also placed his intimate knowledge of the topo-
graphy of the district freely at my disposal.
The species marked with a dagger were obtained by him
only, those with an asterisk by both, and the unmarked ones
by the writer only.
Loca.itiEs :—(a) Risplith House and Garden; (0) Risplith Gills ;
(c) Quarry Wood, Stephenson Bank ; (d) Picking Gill, bushes at entrance ;
(e) Brim Bray; (f) Sawley High Moor ; (g) Grantley Bank ; (h) Spa Gill :
1, Wood; 2, Bottoms; 3, Leaves near Stephenson Bridge.
* Vide, ‘Origin of the Yorkshire Araneidal Fauna,’ The Naturalist,
March, 1913, p. 135.
1915 Nov. 1,
Falconer :
364
Arachnida of the Sawley District.
ADDITIONS TO LIST.
SPIDERS.
Harpactes hombergit Scop., Qs, a.
*Oonops pulcher Templ., h3, c, g.
Clubiona reclusa Camb., Q, f.
*C. diversa Camb., Sev. ds and Qs, f
Chivacanthium carnifex Babr, 2; :
Zora maculata Bl., 9, h2.
Anyphena accentuata Walck., 3,
At.
*Textrvix denticulata Oliv., Qs., a
*Antistea elegans, C. L. Koch, Qs, e,
* Theridion sisyphium Clerck, 3s.., e,
Oseae:
T. denticulatum Walck., 3, a.
*Pholcomma gibbum Westr., Qs., f,
g.
Onesinda minutissima Camb., sev
Soi:
oe lividus BL, gs. Qs, c, f.
Bolyphantes luteolus Bl., Qs, f
Stemonyphantes lineata Linn., a if
Linyphia pusilla Sund., 3s, Qs, f
L. hovtensis, Sund.,
L. clathvata Sund., Os, g, Io [Pik
Fig e tenebricola W id., 3s,
Q, h2, h3.
IE Rae SL EN Ones
* Hillhousta miserva Camb., 3s, Qs, f
Bathyphantes nigrinus Westr., gs,
Oshbnain2.
B. gracilis Bl., 3, Qs, f
Porrhomma pygmaeum B1.,
P. montanum Jacks., Q, f.
P. pallidum Jacks., 9, ¢
* Hilaiva uncata Camb., gs, Qs, e, f.
Oreonetides abnormis Bl., 3, Qs, f.
Centromerus expervtus Camb., 9, e
C. prudens Camb., 9, f.
* Centromeria concinnus Thor., Qs, f
C. bicolor B1., Q, f.
Diplocentria rivalis Camb., Q, f.
Microneta viaria Bl., g's, Qs, b, c.
*4 gyneta decova Camb., §s, Qs, f
Sintula cornigeva Bl., 3g, Qs, f.
* Rhabdoria diluta Camb., Qs, f.
Gongylidium vufipes Sund., 3g, Qs,
hi.
7+ @dothorax fuscus B1., Q, b.
CE. agrestis Bl., 3, e.
CE. gibbosum B1., gs, 9s, @, f.
CE. tuberosum Bl., 3s, Qs, e, f.
Nottoscopus sarcinatus Camb., 8
Sr e
eee dentipalpis Wid., 3g, 9, é, f.
E. atva Bl., 3y ft.
Lophomma punctatum BL, 2 e.
Dicymbium nigrum Bl., 3, 2, h2.
Q, d.
* Neriene rubella BL., Qs, 6, c, 2, h3.
* Enidia bituberculata Wid. , 9s, Bee.
cn ee bifrons BL, 3s, Qs, d,
e, f.
* Diplocephalus permixtus Camb.,
3s, Qs, e.
*D. latifyons Camb., gs, 9s, ¢, h3.
Entelecava evythvopus Westr., 9,
h2.
1 E. trifrons Cambs., dL b.
Savignia frontata BL. ees
*Peponocranium ludicrum Camb.,
3s, 9s, d, f
* Pocadicnemts pumila BEE GS) esi
g, h2, hg.
*Tyvoxochrus hiemalis Bl., g, Qs, f
Cnephalocotes obscurus Bl., g, f.
Tapinocyba insecta L. Koch, Q, f.
Wideria antica Wid., Qs, f.
*Walckenaera nudipalpis Westr., Qs,
Cornicularia cuspidata BL., 9, e.
C. unicornis Camb., Q, e.
Ceratinella brevis Wid., Qs, h2, b.
Evofurcata Vill., 3, Qs, b, f, g
Pachygnatha degeertt Sund., g, Qs,
é, g.
Epetva diademata Clerck, imm., d.
Zilla x-notata Clerck., a
* Xysticus cristatus Clerck.,
audade Oey a:
* Pivata pivaticus Clerck, gs, Qs, e, f.
Trochosa terricola Thor., Qs, f
* Taventula pulverulenta Clerck., gs,
SCALA iis
*Lycosa amentata Clerck, gs, Qs, e,
At.
*L. pullata Clerck, gs, 9s, b, d, e, f.
* Neon veticulatus Bl., Qs, 6, h2.
HARVESTMEN.
Oligolophus ephippiatus C. Woch,
ht.
imm.
’
MITEs.
Oribates globulus Nic., one, é.
O. edwardsu, Nic., several, f.
Oppia bipilis Herm., many, /.
Smaris expalpts Herm., one, c.
Ottonta vamosa Geo., var. similis
Halb., three, c.
Evythraeus nemorum Koch, sev., f.
Rhyncolophus globigey Berl., one, e.
Gamasus crasstpes Linn., many, ¢,
FAR2o
G. coleoptratoyum Linn., one each,
c, h3.
G. vuncigey Berl., one, f.
Hypoaspis aculeifey G, Can, many,
Gp n2:
Naturalist,
365
YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT SALTBURN,
(Continued from page 337).
VERTEBRATE ZOOLOoGY.—Mr. H. B. Booth, F.Z.S., reports: —
On Sunday the shore below Huntcliff was explored. The
Jackdaws had all left, and the chief ornithological attraction
was the colony of two to three hundred pairs of Herring
Gulls on the cliffs, with their young in various stages of growth.
Most of the youngsters could fly, but several were being fed
by their parents, and still unable to fly. One pair of birds was
undoubtedly still incubating ; probably the first nest had come
to grief. Near to the Saltburn end of the cliffs was a fairly
large colony of House Martins, which had built all their nests
near to the top of the cliff, and immediately below the vegetation
line. A pair and another family of Rock Pipits were noted.
No waders were seen, although the rock-strewn shore was an
ideal place for such species as the Purple Sandpiper, Turnstone,
Oystercatcher, etc., which no doubt would all be in evidence a
few weeks later. Over the sea a mist prevented observation ;
but three Cormorants were seen flying south. One or two
Lesser Black-backed Gulls were noted, and several Black-headed
Gulls (both mature and immature) were at the Saltburn and
Skinningrove ends of the shore; but not any in between. A
discussion took place as to why such noble cliffs should not be
tenanted by more sea-fowl ? There were plenty of ledges for
Guillemots, and apparently much more suitable nesting sites
for Puffins than on the Flamborough cliffs, and apparently
equally as good fishing grounds in the neighbourhood. The
difference between the two places was chiefly a geological one,
and surely birds are not geologists ?* The Huntcliff cliffs are a
splendid site for a Peregrine Falcon’s eyrie and yet why do
they not nest there? The only reason the writer could perceive
was the scarcity of the pigeon tribe.
In the wooded ravine immediately behind the Skinningrove
end of the cliffs there was a fair sprinkling of Linnets. We
noticed a Spotted Flycatcher capture a Magpie Moth after
several abortive attempts.
The Monday’s ramble through the Skelton Valley was too
hurried to do it justice. It is a place that would amply repay
a visit in spring. The Goldcrest, Dipper and Tree Sparrow
(near Kirkleighton) were noted. It appeared to the writer
that the Chaffinch was not quite so common (though not by any
means rare) in this district, compared with its great abundance
elsewhere in Yorkshire. -This is also a district where Starlings
commonly perch upon sheep’s backs. This habit requires
further and general observation. Even in our county it
* Why not ? Some birds are said to be quite sensible.—Ed.
1915 Noy. 1.
66 Yorkshire Naturalists at Saltburn.
Oo
varies very considerably in different districts ; and if thoroughly
followed up may give some clue to their different races, or to their
migratory movements, cr whether in certain districts they are
residents. I cannot conclude without some remarks on the
glens or ravines in the neighbourhood of Saltburn. With their
thick undergrowth of vegetation they appear to be ideal places
for tired over-sea migratory small birds to drop into. The
ravine would prove interesting to any ornithologist who could
spend a few days or a few weeks there during the autumnal
migrations ; although I fear that to be up-to-date he would
require a gun, in order to distinguish the various local races
or sub-species that are now in fashion.
COLEOPTERA.—Mr. M. L. Thompson reports that the follow-
ing Beetles were met with along the route in Kilton Wood on
the Saturday :—
Tachyporus obtusus L. Malthodes marginatus Lat.
Stenus impressus Germ. M. minimus L.
Oxytelus yugosus F. Dryophilus pusillus Gyll.
Anthophagus testaceus Grav. Stvangalia armata Hbst.
Anthobium minutum F. Grammoptera ruficornis F.
A. ophthalmicum Pk. Cra'ptocephalus labiatus L.
Adalia obliterata L. Chalcotdes fulricornis F.
Brachypterus urtice F. Psylliodes napi Roch.
Cercus pedicularius L. Anaspis vufilabyis Gyll.
C. bipustulatus Pk. A. vuficollis F.
Epurea melina Ers. A. maculata Fourc.
Meligethes eneus F. A pion pisi F.
M. brunnicornis Stm. Otiorhynchus picipes F.
Byturus tomentosus F. Polydrusus pterygomalis Sch.
Cychramus fungicola Hur. Phyllobius calcavatus F.
Micvambe vini Panz. P. argentatus L.
Helodes minuta 1.. Dorytomus maculatus Marsh.
Cyphon coarctatus Pk. D. pectoralis Gyll.
Rhagonycha fulva Scop. Anthonomus ulmi De G.
Malthinus punctatus Fourc. Celiodes quercus FP.
FLOWERING PLANTS.—Mr. W. E. L. Wattam reports :—The
botanists had a truly enjoyable time, for everywhere was a feast
of floral wealth that could not fail but please. On the coast,
near the Skinningrove Ironworks, is a fair sized sandbank
controlled by Ammophila arundinacea and Triticum junceum.
Near by was found Cakile maritima, Honckenya peploides,
Senecio viscosus, and Carduus tennuiflorus. The large falls of
boulder clay were tenanted chiefly with clovers, Plantago
maritima, Vicia Cracca, and an abundance of Tussilago Farfara,
in fact some of the more recent falls were dominated by this
plant, along with Glyceria maritima and G. procumbens. In
the ravine close by, through which passage was made to the
cliff tops, is a great jungle growth of hawthorn, hazel, black-
thorn, wild rose, privet, bramble and furze. Geranium pratense
made intense blue belts of colour; Gymnadenia conopsea was
Naturalist.
Yorkshire Naturalists at Saltburn. 367
not uncommon; Lonicera Periclymenum clambered amidst
the tangle of growth, shedding a delightful fragrance from its
clusters of bloom. Torilis Anthriscus, Inula dysenterica,
Linum catharticum, Equisetum palustre, and E. maximum were
also listed. Along the cliff tops Ononis arvensis, Anthyllis
Vulnervaria, Agrimonia Eupatoria,: Carlina vulgaris, Betonica
officinalis, and Gymnadenia conopsea were abundant, and there
were also Echium vulgare, Ewphorbia exigua, Sherardia arvensis,
Reseda luteola, Bromus giganteus and Hordeum murinum.
It was much to be regretted that a heavy storm occurred
shortly after arrival in the Skelton valley, as this made
a close investigation of the woodland flora impossible. How-
ever, much of interest was seen at the Guisborough end of
the valley. A perfect picture was the immense wealth of
blossom yielded by Campanula latifolia in a young coniferous
wood to the left. The streamside flora was glorious: thickets
of Epilobium hirsutum, Eupatorium cannabinum, Valeriana
officinalis, Sparganium ramosum, Conium maculatum, Spirea
Ulmaria, and Scrophularia aquatica, with the blue of Myosotis
palustris linking up the gaps. Along the valley were numerous
other plants, of which may be mentioned Hypericum pulchrum,
H. quadrangulum, H. hirsutum, Brassica campestris, and Geran-
ium pratense. The arboreal features of the valley are especially
magnificient. Wild Cherry and Blackthorn were in fruit.
MycoLocy.—Miss C.- A. Cooper writes :—On Friday after-
noon the mycologists investigated the little wood surrounding
Marske Mill and found quite a number of specimens, especially
a fine group of Psathyrella disseminata. On Saturday the party
visited the Kilton Woods where was seen a large number of
Boleti, chiefly Boletus elegans, but subtomentosus and flavus
were taken. On Monday, in spite of heavy rain for a period,
much good work was done. The pastures contained a large
number of Hygrophori, chlorophanus and fpsittacinus being
recorded. Our indefatigable collector, Mr. Jones, boxed the
favourite Bird’s Nest fungus, Crucibulum vulgare, and we got
fine specimens of Ofidea leporina, Acetabulum vulgaris, and
Otidea aurantia. The Clavarias were very fine in the pastures,
particularly vermicularis in splendid condition. A very fine
specimen of Isaria farinosa, the conidial form of Cordiceps
militaris, were obtained. Eighty five species for two full days
work was satisfactory. Some of the less common specimens
were sent for identification to Messrs. Peck and Roe of Scarbro’,
who were kind enough to help.
The following is the list of some of the species noted, viz. :—
LEUCOSPORE. Russula integra.
Amanttopsts stvangulata. R. vitellina.
Leptota mastoidea. R. pectinata.
Russula ochvacea. R. chlorotdes.
1915 Nov. 1.
368 Yorkshire Naturalists at Saltburn.
Mycena vitilis. POLYPORACEE.
M. cinerea. Boletus lavicinus.
Collybia tenacella. B. elegans.
Lactarius deliciosus.
L. cimicarius.
Omphalia fibula var. swartzit.
TREMELLINACER.
Hiyrneola aurvicula jude.
NIDULARIACER.
RHODOSPORE. Sh a
Se A Crucibulum vulgare.
Entoloma ametdes.
Clitophilus carneoalbus. , PHALLOIDEACER.
Leptonia asprella Mutinus caninus.
; ASCOMYCETES.
OCHROSPORE.
Inocybe godeyt.
I. eutheles.
Otidea leporina.
O. auvantia.
Hebeloma crustuliniforme. Sub-Order PYRENOMYCETES.
Cortinarius lepidopus. Xvlavia carpophila.
MELANOSPORES. Sub-Order DiscomyceETeEs.
Gomphidius glutinosus. Acetabulum vulgaris.
Coprinus micaceus. Sphaevosporva asperior.
Psathyrva conoptlea. Pseudo-peziza discolor.
7O:
We regret to record the death of Jean Henri Fabre, the famous French
entomologist.
The Board of Agriculture special leaflets Nos. 38 and 39 deal with
* Bracken as Litter ’ and ‘ Potato Disease ’ respectively.
We see that Dr. E. C. Chappell has lectured to the Spalding Gentlemen’s
Society on ‘ The Shrapnel and High Explosive Shell,’ with concrete illus-
trations.
We have received parts 19-20 (pages 89-103 and 5 plates) of The Birds
of the Huddersfield District, by S. L. and F. O. Mosley, which completes
this work, at last.
From Mr. E. A. Martin, F.G.S., we have received an interesting paper
on ‘ Problems in Coast Erosion,’ and though this deals largely with the
south coast, reference is made to the erosion taking place in Yorkshire
and other districts. Mr. Martin also favours us with his paper on
‘ Brighton’s Lost River.’
The Executive Committee of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union suggests
the following excursions for 1916 :—22nd to 24th April (Easter week-end),
Malton; Saturday, 20th May, Bolton Woods; toth to 12th June (Whit
week-end), Middleham ; Saturday, 8th July, Driffield; and 5th to 7th
August (Bank Holiday week-end), Wentbridge, near Pontefract.
A recent obituary notice recalls memories of the First Yorkshire
Fungus Foray at Leeds in 1881. One prominent feature was a Fungus
Feast at Powolny’s Restaurant, when the fungi were cooked to perfection
from recipes from an old monastic source by Mr. E. Adolf Powolny, the
celebrated culinary artist of Leeds. Mr. Powolny died on the 17th
September at a ripe old age, and his geniality and skill are not forgotten
by some of us.
Mr. G. Laughton, of Leeds, informs us that whilst in the garden on
August 21st he was watching a bee gathering honey from some snap-
dragons. After a time, it settled on a flower, and after a hard struggle
managed to force the two ‘lips’ or ‘jaws’ apart and enter the flower.
But then it stuck. It could not get back however hard it tried. It pushed
and squirmed and wriggled, but to no effect. Aftera time, he opened the
‘lips’ apart a little, and the bee then emerged, covered with pollen on
its back, and flew away.’ Such occurrences are recorded with other
plants, e.g., the ‘ Red-hot Poker.’
Naturalist,
FIELD NOTES,
BIRDS.
Immature Gannet at Withernsea.—A young Gannet in
fine plumage was caught alive at Withernsea on October 14th,
and brought to the Hull Museum by Mr. Joseph Summers. It
had apparently been maimed in some way. It was naturally
very ferocious, and could be persuaded to eat nothing but the
eyes of fishes, which it eagerly pecked from the fish-heads.—TS.
— 0 :—
ENTOMOLOGY.
Berytus montivagus Fieb., etc., at Morecambe.—On
June 27th last I found this delicate creature in numbers at
Hest Bank near Morecambe. It occurred under stones, lying
among the Rest Harrow (Ononis sp.), between the path and the
sea. Calocoris sexguttatus Fab. was common on various plants
at the same time and place.—JAs. MurRAy, Carlisle.
— Os
BOTANY.
‘Aliens’ in the Calder Valley.—About twenty represent-
atives of the Botanical Section of the Yorkshire Natural-
ists’ Union had a good time among the aliens and casuals in
the Mirfield district of the Calder valley, on August 28th.
Premier position must be given to the beautiful Crown Vetch
(Coronilla varia), which has taken up about forty or fifty square
yards in the vicinity of Lady Wood, Mirfield. Many alien
plants were seen which we get year after year, such as Sisym-
brium austriacum, Lepidium Draba, Reseda phyteuma, Malva
pusilla, Impatiens biflora and I. parviflora, Trigonella caerulea,
Medicago satwa, Melilotus parviflora, Trifolium resupinatum,
Lathryus sativus and L. annuus, Cotula aurea, Centaurea
solstitialis; the spurge Euphorbia Esula on the river bank,
the pink flowered bindweed Volvus sepium var. incarnata,
and many others. Many rare English plants were noted, and
we get a goodly number of these each year, which in some cases
are well established, although they are only aliens to our dis-
trict :—-Silene nutans, Evodium moschatum, Medicago falcata,
Vicia lutea, Lathyrus Aphaca, Caucalis daucoides and C.
latifolia, Senecio viscosus, Centaurea Calcitrapa, Hyoscyamus
miger, Echiumvulgare, and many grasses. During the afternoon
other plants were picked up, viz., a form of Agropyron repens,
a very variable grass, and a Labiate, which has been deter-
mined since, comes very near Galeopsis Ladanum var. inter-
medium.—F. W.
Ors
The Selbovne Magazine for September contains a note on ‘ Reckless
Botanists.’
1915 Noy.
3/2
REVIEWS AND BOOK NOTICES.
Evolution and the War. By P. Chalmers Mitchell. London: Jf.
Murray, 1915, pp. 114, 2s. 6d. net. This little book is based on three
lectures delivered by Dr. Chalmers Mitchell at the Royal Institution last
February, but it contains much information which possibly might not be
considered quite suitable for lectures there. Dr. Mitchell deals with the
subject from a point of view of ‘ War and the Struggle for Existence ’ ;
‘ The Struggle for Existence amongst Animals’; ‘ Nationality and Race’ ;
“The Production of Nationality: Selective Factors and Epigenetic
Factors’; and incidently the book presents some difficult biological
problems in a slight and topical form.
Elementary Photo-Micrography. By W. Bagshaw, F.R.M.S., pp. 143,
3rd edition, Iliffe, 1915, 2s. 6d. net. Since the first edition of this work
appeared in 1902, considerable additions have been made both in the
text and illustrations. The book has been doubled in size and is illustrated
by 15 plates, of which two are in colours. Those familiar with Mr, Bag-
shaw’s work with the microscope will find this book characteristic of the
author, a clear and straightforward account of the simplest processes
necessary for good results. He shows that expensive apparatus is not
essential, and those microscopists more anxious about good results than
the display of costly accessories, will find in this work a really useful
guide. Beautiful illustrations are given of photographs taken by direct,
transmitted and reflected light, also by dark-ground and oblique illumina-
tion, as well as by flashlight and polarised light.
Spencer Fullerton Baird: a Biography. By William H. Dall, A.M.,
D.Se. London: J. B. Lippincott, Company, 462 pp., 15s. net. This
work gives the life of a great naturalist, the friend of Agassiz and Audubon,
the head of the Smithsonian Institution, and the organizer of the Fish
Commission. It includes much interesting correspondence with eminent
men of science and military leaders. Natural history in America is most
of all indebted to two remarkable men, Professor Louis Agassiz and Pro-
fessor Spencer F. Baird. Their activities in a public sense in this country
began about the same time, Agassiz, the enthusiastic inspiring teacher,
and Baird, the efficient, hardworking and lovable organizer, complemented
each other. Prof. Baird was a born naturalist and organizer of methods
and men. His biography is not a history of explorations nor a record of
technical investigations ; but an account of the life and relation to them
of a singularly eminent, able, efficient and modest devotee of the natural
sciences. Apart from the scientific side of the activities it endeavours to
make the reader acquainted with the characteristics of a pure and. lovable
leader of men to whose modesty and self-sacrifice America owes a debt which
is still appreciated only by a select few. There are several illustrations.
Field Archaeology as Illustrated by Hampshire. By J. P. Williams-
Freeman, M.D. London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 1915, 462 pp., 15s. net.
This volume admirably illustrates the antiquities of a single county and
can also be taken as a key to the prehistoric earthworks of Britain. The
author has unquestionably had unrivalled opportunity for studying the
early antiquities of his county, and while in many respects Hampshire
may possess advantages over many counties, others might have produced
a similar volume. Hampshire is to be congratulated on leading the way.
Descriptions of ancient roadways and earthworks occupy the bulk of the
volume; numerous carefully drawn plans of the latter forming a specially
valuable feature. The author’s dedication is somewhat unusual, namely :
‘ To all those friends (or to those who still remain the same), whom I have
pressed into the service of visiting these camps, who have clambered, up
the heights and slid into the depths, who have struggled with the tape
and. suffered under the rods, who have often assumed the gait and some-
times the diet of the serpent, and above all, who have borne in silence
(more or less), the inflictions of a man with a hobby, I dedicate this book
in memory of (to me) many pleasant expeditions.’
Naturalist,
Reviews and Book Notices. 371
The Geology of the Country near Lymington and Portsmouth. By
H. J. Osborne White, F.G.S., 1915, 78 pages, 1s. 6d. The Geological
Survey has issued this Memoir in explanation of Sheets 330 and 331. The
area has furnished classic names to British Geology, such as Barton,
Bracklesham, Brockenhurst and Hordle (or Hordwell), but in con-
sequence perhaps of the surpassing claims of the neighbouring Isle of Wight
had not been made the subject of any seperate memoir, except that some
well-sections had been published in the Memoirs dealing with the water
supply of Hampshire and Sussex. Mr. Osborne White, who had, recently
completed a Memoir on the adjacent Sheet 316, was fortunately able once
more to give his services. In the present volume he has not only
summarised what was already known of the local Geology, but has con-
tributed many valuable observations made by himself.
British Birds, written and illustrated by A. Thorburn, F.Z.S. With
eighty plates in colour, showing over four hundred species. In four
volumes. £6 6s. net. Longman, Green & Co., 1915, Vol. I., large 4to,
143 pages and 20 plates. In recent years naturalists have taken a par-
ticularly great interest in bird life, and enormous numbers of volumes
of varying merit have been placed on the market. Some have been of
altogether exceptional worth. But, for life-like coloured representations
of the various species we have seen no publication to compare with the
present work. Each species has a page, usually filled, devoted to a
description of its habits and characteristics, distribution, nesting, etc. It
is in the illustrations however, where the value of the work lies. The
artist-author has taken scrupulous care in portraying the colours and
attitude, and even to some extent the typical surroundings of the various
species, and as a number of allied forms occur on each plate a comparison
is readily made. For instance on plate 10 are representations of the
Long-tailed, Marsh, Great, Bearded, Coal, Crested and Blue Titmouse.
With the aid of this plate the identification of the various species is a very
simple matter. And the drawings do not suffer from being over-coloured,
which is a usual fault in books of this sort. Among so many excellent
plates it is perhaps difficult to choose, but for artistic merit we think that
plate 20, on which are representations of the Magpie, Raven and Jackdaw,
would be difficult to beat. We must say, however, that the plates, being
tinted, right to the trimmed edge, seem to lack ‘finish.’ One feels almost
inclined to cut each plate out and paste it on a larger mount! Perhaps
this is done in the large paper edition; if so, it must be perfect. But,
its price is £12 12s., more than the cost of 40 years’ subscription to The
Naturalist! We should like to congratulate Mr. Thornburn and his pub-
lishers on the excellence of the work, and we can only hope that the
present unfortunate times will not unduly interfere with its sale.
Life Histories of African Game Animals. By Theodore Roosevelt and
Edmund Heller. London: J. Murray, 1915, 2 vols., 798 pp., 42s. net.
In these magnificent volumes the ex-president of the United States,
together with his companion Mr. Edmund Heller, describe in great detail
and in a very fascinating manner the life histories (and death) of many
African game mammals which they encountered during their well-known
journey in the Dark Continent. In their opinion the life histories of these
game mammals offer an almost virgin field for investigation and study,
and certainly the authors have taken great pains to record the various
observations they made. Probably a better idea of the enormous field
covered by these volumes can be obtained from the following headings of
the chapters :—The Country and Its History; Derivation of the Fauna,
Geographically and Paleontologically; The Flora of East and Middle
Africa and its Relation to the Fauna; Concealing and Revealing Colora-
tion and their Relation to Natural Selection; Game Preserves; Lion;
Leopard and Cheetah; Spotted Hyena, Striped Hyena and Hunting
Dog; Pigs; Hippopotamus; Reticulated and Common Giraffes; Roan,
1915 Noy. 1.
372 News from the Magazines.
Sable and Oryx; Wildebeest, Damaliscus, and Hartebeest; Buffaloes ;
Bushbucks, Sitatungas, Koodoos, Bongos, and Elands; Waterbucks and
Reedbucks; Duikers and Small Antelopes; Gazelles and their Allies ;
Dikdiks ; Hook-Lipped or Black Rhinoceros ; White or Square-Mouthed
Rhinoceros ; Common Zebra or Bonte-Quagga ; Grévy Zebra; Elephants ;
Equipment, Arms and Preservation of Specimens. There is also a valuable
bibliography of East Equatorial Africa. As illustrative of the magnitude
of scientific research by Americans we may say that the expedition was
fitted out at the instigation of the Smithsonian Institution, Mr. Roosevelt
himself paying 2ths of the expenses. As a result of the expedition ‘ the
biological collections in the National Museum from East Africa, are
probably the most complete of any in the world.’ The following is a list
of the specimens obtained :—
= = Specimens.
Mammals .. os Be as 5,013
Birds : 53 oa 4,453
Birds’ Eggs ‘and Nests .. $e PRL
Reptiles ‘and Batrachians Rs 2222
Fish : ; Bs 447
Plants hs eas a6 oe 5,135
ImSECGts eae 40 aS be 3,500
Shells ae he 1,500
Miscellaneous Invertebrates... 650
Total” sane 23 hss:
The volumes are remarkably well produced and illustrated, and form
quite a picture gallery of photographs of African game. The spelling, of
course, 1s American. :
————9 6) 9
The Lvish Naturalist for October contains a summary of ‘The Clare
Island Survey ’ by Dr. R. F. Scharff.
The Geological Magazine Nos. 615-616 contain an ticle On aslhemlice
Age in England’ by Dr. Nils Olof Holst.
In The Zoologist for August, Dr. J. M. Dewar writes on ‘ The Relation
of the Oyster Catcher to its Natural Environment.’ _
The: Geological Magazine for August contains an account of ‘A New
Oxfordian Plesiosaur,’ by Wim.-R. Smellie, and ‘ Notes on the River Tyne
Drainage Area,” by E. Merrick.
British Birds for September contains ‘ Notes on the Breeding Habits
of the Asiatic Golden Plover,’ by Maud D. Haviland. There is also a
remarkably good crop of rare birds “seen in the flesh,’ in Sussex.
Sir Thomas Holland’s address to the Conference of Delegates attending
the meeting of the British Association, on ‘ The Organisation of Science,’
referred to in these columns last month, is printed in extenso in Natuve
for Sept. 16th.
The Scottish Naturalist for October includes papers by Wm. Eagle
Clarke on ‘ The Wren of St. Kilda: its Status, Plumages, and Habits’ ;
by Wm. Taylor on ‘The History of the Triassic Reptile Scleromochlus
taylovi’; and by W. E. Collinge on ‘Some Observations on the Life
History and Habits of the Terrestrial Isopoda (Woodlice).’
In The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine for September, Mr. R. S.
Bagnall appeals for specimens of British Campodeidae (Thysanura). From
the limited specimens already available he has found three additions to
our known fauna, some being from Northumberland and Durham. In
the same journal Mr. M. G. L. Perkins states that the specimen which he
previously recorded as Rhynchites auratus Q turns out to be merely a Q
of Byctiscus betulett.
Naturalist,
4
,
a
#
-
;
WATKINS & DONCASTER
NATURALISTS,
36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.
(Five Doors from Charing Cross),
Keep in stock every description of
APPARATUS, CABINETS, BOOKS, AND SPECIMENS
for Collectors of
BIRDS’ EGGS, BUTTERFLIES, MOTHS, ETC.
Catalogue (96 pages) sent post free on application.
The Story of the
East Riding of Yorkshire
By HORACE B. BROWNE, M.A.
368 pages Crown S8vo, printed on Art Paper and bound tn Art Cloth
Boards with 170 illustrations. Price 3/= net.
A BOOK OF GREAT INTEREST TO YORKSHIRE PEOPLE
showing the wealth of Archeological, Architectural, Civic and
Commercial matter which lies in their midst.
A work which aims at stimulating mental comparison between
the conditions of life of our forefathers and those enjoyed by
ourselves.
LONDON
A. BROWN & SONS, Ltp., 5 FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.C.
AND ALL BOOKSELLERS. :
THE IRISH NATURALIST
A Monthly Journal of General Irish Natural History.
BOTANY. ZOOLOGY. GEOLOGY.
EDITED BY
GEO. H CARPENTER, B.Sc., R. LLOYD PRAEGER, B.A., AND
ROBERT PATTERSON, F.Z.S., M.R.I.A.
This MAGAZINE should be in the hands of all NaTuRALISTsS interested in the distribution of
animals and plants over the British Islands.
6d. Monthly. Annual =< arash (Post free) 5s.
DUBLIN :—EASON & SON, 40, LOWER SACKVILLE STREET, to which address
Subscriptions should be sent.
_ BELFAST :—EASON & SON, 17, DONEGALL STREET.
LONDON :—SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & Co.
peo
THE COUNTY OF
THE WHITE ROSE
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY
AND ANTIQUITIES OF YORKSHIRE
BY
A ae Ra Te Vine
Formerly Scholar of Pembroke College, Oxford
Author of ‘‘ Leeds and its Neighbourhood,” etc
415 pages, crown 8vo, with upwards of 70 illustrations and a
folding map of the three Ridings, tastefully bound in Art
Cloth Boards lettered in gold with rose in white foil and gilt
top. 3s. 6d. net.
ConTENTS.—The Land, The Early Inhabitants, Yorkshire
under Roman Rule, The Anglian Kings, The Danes,
The Norman Conquest, The Yorkshire Barons, Churches
and Abbeys, Medieval Towns, The Tudors, The ete
Modern Yorkshire.
oS work has been compiled to assist the large number
of persons—residents and visitors—who take interest
in Castles, Abbeys, Churches, Battlefields, etc., but from
want of a proper historical basis, fail as a rule to understand
the allusfons and technicalities in the ordinary guide books.
It will also help intelligent boys and girls who desire to study ©
the history of their County, on the lines advocated by the
Board of Education. The book is the only one of a reason-
able size which deals at all adequately with the history of
Yorkshire as a whole. Many of the illustrations have
been reproduced from photographs by Mr. Godfrey Bingley,
Mr. A. C. Parry and Mr. R. Stockdale. Toseveral chapters,
notes are appended to guide readers who might wish to
extend their studies, and the value of the book is further
enhanced by the provision of a very exhaustive Tee of
names and places.
London: A. Brown & Sons, Ltd., 5 Farringdon Avenue, ‘EC.
And at Hull and York.
}
Printed at BROWNS’ SavILE PRESS, 40, George Street, Hull, and published by
A. Brown & Sons, Limited, at 5 Farringdon Avenue, i in the City of Fonday
. Nov. 1st, 1915.
797
(No. 484 of current series)
URALISTS
A MONTHLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF
NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.
4
. EDITED BY
4 -T. SHEPPARD, M.Sc., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.S.A.Scot.,
a Tue Museums, HULL;
% > ~ AND
4 T. W. WOODHEAD, Ph.D., M.Sc., F.L.S.,
a TECHNICAL CoLLEGE, HUDDERSFIELD.
. WITH THE ASSISTANCE AS REFEREES IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF eta’
. J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S. F.L.S., GEO. T. PORRITT, F.L,S., iP ee. fate
Prof. P. F. KENDALL, M.Sc., F.G-S., JOHN W. TAYLOR, M-Sc.,
_-s-'¥. H. NBLSON, M.Sc., M.B.O.U., RILEY FORTUNE, F.Z.S.
ie EG a. FS
4 - — a
A Contents :—
“a + paGe
~ Notes and Comments (illustrated) :— Watsonian Vice-Counties ; Sheffield Archaeologists +
Liverpool Geologists ; Apes to Modern Man; Fossil Reptilia; Flint ‘ Bones’ Another
ps
‘4 View ;
A Yorkshire Dene Hole (lllustrated)—T. Sheppard, M.Sc., F.G.S. aa ay ie ... 379-381 —
Notes on the Flora of Eskdale and Wasdale—Joseph Fry Pickard .. aa a _.. 382-384
~ The Guests of Yorkshire Ants (Illustrated)—T. Stainforth, B.A., B. Se. sae | . 385-397
y
y The Psyllidz of the Clevelands—J. W. H. Harrison, B.Sc. f _ 400-401
~ Notes on Some Yorkshire Coleoptera—T. Stainforth, B.A., B.Sc. ... a . 402-404
- Field Notes :—Hen Harrier and Stonechats at Hebden Bridge; Black Cawie near - Selby:
Black Game in Wharfedale ; Megabunus peers Meade, a Harvestman new to the East
Riding; Pistillaria furcata Sm. in Yorkshire.. 4 i ee Ae an ... 405-406
jo ae
2
_ Proceedings of Provincial Scientific Societies us 399
; Beviows: and Book Notices.. .. B97, 404
381, 401, 406
"Northern News ...
; “{Mastrations
3 ‘Title-page, List of inbabutora” and Index to this Volume.
373, 374, 375, 380, 387, 388, 399
LONDON: ;
A. Brown & Sons, Lim ITED, 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, AG.
And at Hutt and Yorx.
Printers and Publishers to the Y.N.U.
_————_—
Prepaid Subscription 6/6 per annum, post free.
t
ed
A Reply ; Former Leeds Professor honoured ; A Skeleton of Elephas antiquus ... 313-378 ——
2 Acari from Birds’ Nests, with description of a New Species (Illust.)—Rev. J. F. “Hull 398-399,
AL ete yt oy | AY Ease ee
pre} +
PUBLICATIONS. OF
The Workshire ae a
,
BOTANICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION, ‘Volume |
8vo, Cloth, 292 pp. (a few copies only left), price 5/= net.
Contains various reports, papers, and addresses on the Flowering Plants, Mosses, and Fungi of the
Complete, 8vo, Cloth, with Coloured Map, published at One Guinea. Only a few copies left, 10/6 net.
THE FLORA OF WEST YORKSHIRE. By FREDERIC ARNOLD LEES, M.R.C.S., &c. |
This, which forms the 2nd Volume of the Botanical Series of the Transactions, is perhaps the moi
complete work of the kind ever issued for any district, including detailed and full records of 1044 Phanero.
aca and Vascular Cryptogams, 11 Characez, 348 Mosses, 108 Hepatics, 258 Lichens, 1009 Hoan and 4
reshwater Alge, making a total of 3160 species.
READY SHORTLY: Supplement to The Flora of West Yorkshire, by F. Arnold Lees, M.R.C. S. ;
vy
680 pp., Colouved Geological, Lithological, &c. Maps, suitably Bound in Cloth. Price 15/- net. : ;
NORTH YORKSHIRE: Studies of its Botany, Geology, Climate, and Physical Geogr. |
By JOHN GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., M.R.I.A., V.M.H.
And a Chapter on the Mosses and Hepatics of the Riding, by pe sume B. ‘SbaxER. F-LS.N BRIS Volume
forms the 3rd of the Botanical Series. erie ¥)
: 396 pp., Complete, 8vo0., Cloth. Price 10/6 net. ;
THE FUNGUS FLORA OF YORKSHIRE. By G. MASSEE, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., & C. CROSSLAND, F. L.S
This is the 4th Volume of the Botanical Series of the Transactions, and contains a complete « annotated lis!
‘of all the known Fungi of the county, comprising 2626 species.
Complete, 8vo, Cloth. Price 6/« post free. anoey
THE ALGA-FLORA OF YORKSHIRE. By W. WEST, F.L.S., & GEO. S, WEST, BA., A. RCS, PLS
This work, which forms the 5th Volume of the Botanical Series of the Transactions, enumerates 1044
species, with full details of localities and numerous critical remarks on their affinities and distribution. % |
Complete, 8vo, Cloth. Second Edition. Price 6/6 net.
LIST OF YORKSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA. By G. T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S.
The First Edition of this work was published in 1883, and contained particulars of 1840 species of
_ Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera known to inhabit the count of York. The Second Edition, with Supplement)
contains much new information which has been Eccamlaral by the author, including over 50 additiona|
species, together with copious notes on variation (particularly melanism), &c.
In progress, issued in Annual Parts, 8vo.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION.
The Transactions include papers in all departments of the Yorkshire Fauna and Flora, and ate issued i: in
separately-paged series, devoted each to a special subject The Parts already published are sold to the public
as follows (Members are entitled to 25 per cent. discount): Part I (1877), 2/3; 2 (1878), 1/9; 3 (1878), 1/6; 4 (1879),
2/- ; 5 (1880}, 2/-; 6 (1881), 2/-; 7 (1882), 2/6; 8 (1883), 2/6; 9 (1884), 2/9; 10 (1885), 1/6; 11 (1885), 2/6; 12 (1886), 2/6 ;
18 (1887), 2/6; 14 (1888), 1/9; 15 (1889), ‘2/6; 16 (1890), 2/6; 17 (1891), 2/6; 18 (1892), 1) 9; 19 (1893), 9d. ; 20 (1894), 6/- ;
21 (1895), 1/-; 22 (1896), 1/3; 23 (1897), 1/3; 24 (1898), 1/-; 25 (1899), 1/9; 26 (1900), 5/-; 27 (1901), Q)-; 28 Senior 1s ;
29 (1902), 1/-; 30 (1903), 2/6; 31 (1904), 1/-; 32 (1905), 7/6; 38 (1906), 5/-; 34 (1908), 2/6.
THE BIRDS OF YORKSHIRE. By T. H. NELSON, M.B.O. U., WILLIAM EAGLE CLARKE, F.L. Ss.
M.B.O.U.,and F. BOYES. 2 Vols., Demy 8vo 25/- net. ; Demy 4to 42/- net.
Annotated List of the LAND and FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA KNOWN TO INHABIT (one.
\ SHIRE. By JOHN W. TAYLOR, F.L.S., and others. Also in course of publication in the Trans-|
actions. . S|
\ : |
THE YORKSHIRE CARBONIFEROUS FLORA. By ROBERT KIDSTON, F.R.S.E., F.G.S. Parts 14,
18, 19, 21, &c., of Transactions. 5
= |
» |
LIST OF YORKSHIRE COLEOPTERA. By Rev. W.C. HEY, .A. ;
THE NATURALIST. A Monthly Illustrated Journal of Natural Ponte the North of England. ae
by T. SHEPPARD, F.G.S., Museum, Hull; and T. W. WOODHEAD, F.L.S., Technical Coll
Hiddidecatield with the assistance as referees in Special Departments of J. GILBERT BAKER, F. RS.
F.L.S., Pror. PERCY F. KENDALL, M.Sc., F.G.S., T H..NELSON, M.B.O.U., GEO. T. PORRITT,
F.L.S., F.E.S., JOHN W. TAYLOR, WILLIAM WEST, RES, and R. FORTUNE, F.Z.S. (Annual
Subscription, payable i in advance, 6/6 post free).
a]
FOR SALE.—‘ Naturatist,” in parts, 1890-1903; 3 parts missing. Offers. —
T. Carter, Wensleydale, Mulgrave Road, Sutton, Surrey. Ty ee
JAS
NGTES AND COMMENTS.
WATSONIAN VICE-COUNTIES.
| The map of Yorkshire given herewith will enable our readers
to readily record their captures according to the Vice-Counties
as given in Watson’s Topographical Botany. It has been
F prepared with the assistance of Mr. W. Denison Roebuck.
7 V.C. 61, York S.E., is the East Riding, and includes a
J small portion of York City.
Renee a We
¢ aw
i he MIDDLESBROUGH
», cs
WESTMD *5
‘
'
ee *STOKESLEY
ay aa)
ro s eREETH «—-_S RICHMOND ah 62
4 "YORK NORTA-WES
7. *SeDBERGH
_ *HAWES—___ —~_,
\t YORK NORTH-EAST
*PICKERING
eTHIRSK “HELMS LEY
SS
NFLAM BOROUGH
Bs SesetTLe 64
YORK MID-WEST
= &
*®HARROGATE
él *DRIFFIELD |
on YORK SOUTH-EAST
@ POCKLINGTON
TADCASTER® @ MARKET .
‘ 1. WEIGHTON
coune ¥ cAwooo tess *BEVERLEY
a
a
} SecBy %
! *eHOWDEN
‘e *RALIFAX peo~6 —s
\ “topmoroeNn : R AIRES. BOLE 1
“So-7 PONTEFRACT
ae
LA N 1G iS} H *HUDDERSFIELD
A 63 wpa
/ ¢
7 OLDHAM® we oS * BARNSLEY =pponcasrega ;
‘ a Fas.
s.2 “\ YORK SOUTH-WES s
£ .
; Mee: e
’ - wy!
\ so
’ =e a BAW TRY
’
> @ SHEFFIELD ,
i /NOTTS '
——-
N-- . ~ t
\ -
DERBY.
The Watsonian Vice-Counties of Yorkshire.
| V.C. 62, York North-East, is divided from V.C. 65, York
North-West, by the line of the Rivers Wiske and Swale. The
| line starts from the southernmost bend of the Tees to the bend
; of the Wiske and thence down that river and the Swale to the
| ‘latter’s junction with Ure.. It includes part of York City
east of the River Ouse.
64 York Mid-West and 63 York South-West are separated
from each other by the Leeds and Liverpool Canal from Foul-
1915 Dec. 1.
;
|
2A
;
374 Notes and Comments.
bridge to Leeds, and thence by the Aire below Leeds, which in
practice is taken to be the Aire and Calder Navigation, i.e., the
canalized portion of the River Aire, from Leeds down to the
junction with the Ouse. The part of York City which lies
west of the Ouse is in V.C. 64, York Mid-West.
65 York North-West includes also the Sedbergh and Dent
area of the West Riding, cut off by the watershed line from
Gragreth across the summit of Whernside to near Newby
Head.
SHEFFIELD ARCHAOLOGISTS.
We are glad to see that Sheffield now has its Archeological
Society, viz., the Hunter Archeological Society, named after
Joseph Hunter, the historian. The first part of its Transactions
(134 pages) contains many papers of local antiquarian interest,
some of which are illustrated. There are figures of some fine
examples of old furniture collected by the late Reginald Gatty ;
and Mr. Thomas Winder in his account of ‘ Archeological Finds
in and around Hallamshire,’ figures some bronze axes, etc., one
of which is of a very unusual type. We have not seen the
original specimen, but from the illustration given, which we
are kindly permitted to reproduce herewith, it seems likely
that the axe may be made from the lower part of a ELST.
such as is figured on page 100.
LIVERPOOL GEOLOGISTS.
The Proceedings of the Liverpool Geological Society, vol.
XII., part 2, recently to hand, is an exceptionally valuable
number and contains some important contributions to geo-
logical science. Mr. W. A. Whitehead gives his presidential
address on ‘The Formation of a Sandstone’; Mr. J. W.
Dunn writes on ‘Skiddaw and the Rocks of Borrowdale’ ;
Mr. H. W. Greenwood on ‘ An Example of the paragenesis ot
Marcasite, Wurtzite, and Calcite, and its Significance,’ and a
Naturalist,
Noles and Comments. 375
‘Note on a Boring at Vauxhall Distillery’ ; Mr. F. T. Maidwell
writes on ‘Some Sections in the Lower Keuper of Runcorn
Hill,’ ‘Geological Notes on Some Recent Excavations at
West Bank Dock, Widnes,’ the latter with Microscopic Notes
by Mr. J. E. Wynfield Rhodes ; and Mr. T. A. Jones writes
on ‘ The Presence of Tourmaline in Eskdale Granite.’
APES TO MODERN MAN.
We have received from Mr. M. F. Hopson a remarkably well
illustrated account of ‘ Apes to Modern Man,’ which contains
some of his contributions to the British Dental Journal (8vo.
38 pages). The author deals very fully with the subject. His
first illustration is of ‘ Flint Implement found in Gray’s Inn
Lane,’ and he concludes with figure 66 showing the ‘ Mandible
of a Gorilla, lateral view.’ Mr. Hopson refers in detail to
the question of the dentition of the various species enumerated,
and pays particular attention to the remarkable find at Pilt-
down. Through Mr. Hopson’s kindness we are able to show
side views and occlusal surfaces of the jaws of ‘ Chimpanzee,
Piltdown, Heidelberg, and Modern Man.’
1915 Dec, 1.
376 Notes and Comments.
FOSSIL REPTILIA.
We learn from the press that at the opening lecture at the
Brighton and Hove Natural History and Philosophical Society
Mr. A. M. B. Anderson gave a lecture on ‘Some Remains of
Fossil Reptilia and their State of Mineralization. Mr.
Anderson prefaced his remarks by handing the Chairman for
circulation a British Museum guide-book, in which were
figures of the fossil reptiles whose remains he proposed to
describe, and pointing to the large number of specimens placed
before them said that, at present, he could not recognise more
than four Orders of the Reptilia represented by them; these
were the Crocodilia, Ichthyoperygia (sic), Sauropterygia, and
Chelonia. Ot the first he had undoubted ilia, and other bones,
provisionally attributed to Steneosaurus. Of the second he
had undoubted coracoids, and many other bones of a form
resembling Opthalmosaurus. Of the third he had hundreds
of specimens of vertebrae, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and
limb-bones, of forms allied to Plisoaurus (sic), Peloueustes (szc),
Cimoliosaurus, and Plesiosaurus, all of which he exhibited
and explained at length. Of the fourth, he had a few remains
of a turtle, provisionally referred to Chelone hoffmanni. He
then shewed specimens of vertebre in which the neural canal
was open, and in some, closed by silica. From the cervical
to the candal vertebre, many specimens were exhibited,
some of the sacrals of very large dimensions. There were also
long-bones split Jengthwise, in which the medullary. cavity
was exposed, and some other bones, with doubtful traces of
integument upon them. It was possible that other remains
of Mosasaurus gracilis, than those recorded by Owen, would
occur (those were vertebre from~-Lewes, and from Kemp
Town, Brighton, found in the chalk).
FLINT “ BONES.’
Finishing his descriptions of the bones, he said he had now
arrived at the second, or subsidiary stage of his lecture, which
was to call the attention of his audience to the startling fact
that the whole of his collection—without exception—consisted
of silicified .remains ; being in point of fact absolute flint ;
some of it black and shining, some chalcedonic, some porce-
laneous, some partly ferrous, and lastly a few unmistakably
cherty. In some instances he had tound traces of the former
cancellated structure of the original bone, but, usually the
whole was silicified, whether by infiltration, or replacement
of the calcium phospate and carbonate by colloid, or any other
form of silica, he could not say ; but he called upon any chemi-
cal expert present, or one known to the Society, to collaborate
in the elucidation of this vexed problem. He then briefly gave
the views of others upon the formation and development of
flint.
Naturalist,
Notes and Comments. 377
ANOTHER VIEW.
Mr. H. S. Toms, Curator of the Brighton Museum, said
that while admiring the energy of the lecturer and recognising
the enormous amount of work entailed, often lasting until
the small hours of the morning, he, nevertheless, totally
disagreed with Mr. Anderson’s conclusions, and said, em-
phatically, that not one of the specimens handed around, nor
those lying on the table, nor those in the large exhibition case
behind the lecturer, shewed the smallest trace of organic struc-
ture; they were simply lumps of flint of curious shapes, such
as were found abundantly in the county; especially those
showing a median fracture, which he, himself, had found.
There were many such accidental forms in the Museum and
some like Mr. Anderson’s so-called ‘bones.’ Often were
brought to him flints, which resembled cats’ heads, birds’
heads, horses’ heads, and the like, and personally he considered
the Museum should collect and exhibit such curious mimicry
of living objects. On a further survey of the specimens
exhibited he stated, still more emphatically, that all the
specimens were accidental and amorphous and that Mr.
Anderson was entirely wrong in his attempt to reconcile them
with any kind of bones.
A REPLY.
The Lecturer, in replying, charged Mr. Toms with coming
there with mind and motive fully prepared to smash what he
did not understand and what he considered a misleading and
erroneous theory and this in spite of wealth and material,
which any paleontologist would recognise at a glance. He
was surprised that Mr. Toms, after twenty years installation
in the Museum, should not yet know his ‘bones.’ ‘ Did Mr.
Toms, or anyone else in that room, imagine that he, Mr. Ander-
son, would imperil his reputation, no mean one, as a paleon-
tologist and geologist, by coming before them with an ill-
digested, ignorant theory ! This was no theory but the plain
fact of the existence of silicified bones, and he was prepared
to defer to “the opinion of any scientific body which did know
something.’ Or if the greatest minds in the geological world
or the great palzontologists of the British Museum, or of any
other State Museums abroad, said he was wrong, he was pre-
pared to hide his diminished head and never more lay claim
to being what the scientfic men of the old and new world
considered him to be!’ They evidently have interesting
meetings in the south! Anyway, Mr. Anderson evidently
impressed the reporter, for we read that: ‘ Hearty applause
greeted a well-balanced and erudite lecture, delivered entirely
without notes, by a speaker evidently an expert in all geo-
logical matters.’ All we can say is that if Mr. Anderson’s
conclusions are correct, he has found, in flint, remains of
1915 Dec. 1.
378 Notes and Comments.
animals which ought to have been dead millions of years
before the formation of the Chalk Sea !
FORMER LEEDS PROFESSOR HONOURED.
Reuter announces that the Royai Academy of Science,
Stockholm, has awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for
1915 to Professor A. R. Willstaetter, of Berlin, and that the
prize for Physics should be divided between Professor W. H.
Bragg, formerly of Leeds, and his son, W. L. Bragg, of Cam-
bridge, ‘ for examination of the formation of crystals by X-rays.’
This announcement gives great satisfaction in Leeds, for until
September last the Professor was Cavendish Professor of
Physics at the University of Leeds, where he carried out a
good deal of that research work into the formation of crystals
by X-rays, which has gained for him and his son their signal
honour. The Professor now occupies the Quain Chair of.
Physics in London University. His son is at present in France
as an officer in the Leicestershire Royal Horse Artillery (Terri-
torials). The value of the Nobel Prize is £8,000.
A SKELETON OF ELEPHAS ANTIQUUS.
At a recent meeting of the London Geological Society, Dr.
C. W. Andrews, F.R.S., gave an account of the discovery and
excavation of a very large specimen of Elephas antiquus near
Chatham. The specimen was originally discovered about three
years ago by a party of sappers who were digging a trench. The
attention of the British Museum was drawn to this find by
Mr. S. Turner, of Luton, Chatham. The extraction of the bones
was delayed until the past summer. A great part of the
skeleton has now been collected, owing largely to the skill of
Mr. L. E. Parsons, Junr. The skull, unfortunately, was in a very
bad condition, but two complete upper and one lower second
molars were obtained. One tusk, about 7 or 8 feet long,
was also found. The lower ends of both femora were des-
troyed in the original trench, but of the other limb-bones,
nearly complete specimens from one or both sides have been
obtained, as well as a sufficiently large series of bones of the
feet to allow of their reconstruction. Many vertebre were
also collected. The animal, which was adult, must have been
of very large size, having stood about fifteen feet at the highest
part of the back, or more than three-and-a-half feet higher
than the large African Elephant mounted in the Entrance
Hall of the Natural History Museum. The molar teeth show
conclusively that the species represented is Elephas antiquus,
and from the thickness of the enamel and some other characters,
it may be inferred that the animal was probably of a type as
early as, or earlier than, that found at Grays. It is the first
British example of this species in which the skeleton has been
found directly associated with the teeth.
Naturalist,
379
A YORESHIRE’ DENE’ HOLE:
T. SHEPPARD, M.Sc., F.G.S.
Tue Hull Corporation has recently purchased what is known
as the Cottingham Castle Estate* at Cottingham, near Hull, for
the purpose of a sanatorium. With the object of obtaining
chalk for the roads, a disused chalk quarry on the hill top near
the road leading from Willerby to Skidby was opened out.
When the rubbish which covered the old quarry tace had
been cleared away, the entrance to a cave was found at a
depth of 13 feet from the surface. This was 5 feet high,
the floor of the cave being 18 feet deep. At the entrance was
a heap of chalk rubbish, which had accumulated in it some
time previously. It is necessary to scramble down this before
reaching the level floor, which is a distance of about 40 feet
from the entrance, and at a depth of 7 feet below the quarry,
or approximately 25 feet from the surface of the ground.
This entrance tunnel varies from 5 feet to 63 feet in width,
and is 9 feet g inches high. It then bifurcates, the two branches
meeting again at a distance of about 4o feet, and from this
tunnel “three shafts are driven in different directions. The
tunnel and shafts vary from 4 feet to 6 feet in width.
Over most of the excavation there is a fairly thick bed of
hard chalk, forming a roof, which is about 15 feet below the
surface of the ground. Nothing was iound in the excavation
beyond some branches of trees and pieces of wood, which,
however, were quite rotten, and almost fell to dust on being
touched.
In different places the chalk has been blacked by lamps or
candles, and various signatures of earlier visitors, dating from
1848 to 1854, occurred.
On looking at the section outside the entrance there is a
bed, 9 feet or over, of reddish boulder clay (Hessle Clay),
containing few pebbles, mostly of chalk. Occasionally a Lake
District Andesite or Carboniferous sandstone occurred. The
clay is blue-jointed, but is remarkable for its great thickness at
its position at the top of the hill. Below the clay is a bed of
rubble or grut, about a foot in thickness, composed of sand and
chalk mixed together. This is very hard, and has to be re-
moved by crowbar and pickaxe.
Below this for three or four feet the chalk is much crushed
and ground by the action of the moving ice which deposited the
boulder clay. Below this again the chalk is fairly hard and in
beds about a foot in thickness, with here and there a band of
*This must not be confused with the old Cottingham Castle of the Wake
family, which was within the village itself.
1915 Dec. 1.
Surveyed Sept. 17th, 1915.
380 Sheppard: A Yorkshire Dene Hole.
flint 3 inches to 5 inches in thickness, and interspersed among
the chalk are nodules of flint, in many cases obviously formed
around sponges. The chalk contains few fossils.
=V
av
o
of
oY
3
S
=
v
c
3
°
e
o
mo ;
S e
= 8,
3
18)
y H
Y
os
| “yy
Yiddidild ‘aeun wy
ty Y, 2
' Ye
, ,
H H ;
; '
‘ ' k
‘
, H
: ‘,
4 ‘
j : Z |
‘ \ ° |
i ¢ | $
\
\ ~
‘ a
H 5
| Wy % <q *
. Z
4, (xoiddo) 4
‘ a eae c 4 0 -s2—-4 2
—9-9— 'F CS ¢ t+}
ice sige Q
= reas 3 2 ¥
5 : ee) 2
SW ie on a a. , = wi;
2 : Ss u Y u
EX \ iS y, %
zo RCE CK) - - 4
ee aa é mauusuz«:,
o es : s Ba) '
. t i" \ . & ' '
{ =} Z . \ or a ‘ !
ane ’ \ n o © ‘ '
I ' . x 1 ' °
1 u iY ‘ - = 1 4 °
y Hq ‘ ty ty 0 4 4
' ‘ y Ue 7s >¢ 4 H
H ‘ ’ \ =P t
1 \ y i
Z ‘
, ‘ . wf ; '
; ‘ A of \ '
, Noses, hill Z ‘ ‘ &
i oP
eee ‘. . A ' \
H H ‘S . a 1 \
‘ 4 ‘ . ‘ Z ' ‘
ae
5 " Ga
oe eas 9% ;
‘ ‘ i , ~
:
., \ s 4
’ *, ’ ’ Y.
“5° Sens ‘ A y
S } in eae ” ZL,
« i aee / Z,
\ ee ‘o i
eo ae o °
* cleo beeerne cs Y
\ > ; * S Zs
s E Tat pages
0) ON ite “
x ECs ! y
Cyn ite fe A
° Gy 2
Y
—£ 6
3
“
At the present time an enormous quantity of clay has to
be removed and carried away before the chalk can be quarried.
It is fairly obvious that the cave was made in the form of
a tunnel in order to extract as much chalk as possible without
removing the mass of clay which covered it. With regard to
Naturalist,
Plan and Section of Dene Hole, near Cottingham. East Yorks.
Sheppard: A Yorkshire Dene Hole. 381
the origin of the excavation, I am informed by Mr. Witty, of
Cottingham, that his father, who was agent for the late Thomas
Thompson, the former owner of Cottingham Castle estate, had
given him an account of it.
It seems that in the winter cf 1812, in order to relieve local
distress, Mr. Thompson employed a number of men to excavate
this chalk for the purpose of repairing his roads, etc., and there
seems to be no reason to question this statement, though the
various local rumours in regard to the origin of this cave are
both extensive and peculiar.
The most interesting fact with regard to the find, however,
seems to be that this is the first example in Yorkshire of chalk
being quarried in this underground manner, after the plan of
the well-known ‘dene holes’ of the south-east of England.
All our Yorkshire chalk quarries are made on the surface, and,
of course, some of them go to an enormous depth. A recent
visitor to the quarry, who is now 82 vears of age, remembers
playing in it as a boy of ten. It is marked on the old ordnance
plan as a ‘ cave.’
I am much indebted to the City Engineer at Hull for the
accompanying plan and section, which he kindly made at my
suggestion.
3 O:
The Zoological Society of London has issued a valuable handbook
entitled ‘ Practical Advice on the Fly Question’ which is sold at the
extremely low price of 1d.
Old- Love Miscellany, Vol. VILL. » part 3, has been issued by the Viking
Society, and includes an article on ‘ A Tour through Orkney in 1778,’ by
the Rev. George Low. This includes some interesting botanical nGteS.
We learn from The Brighton and Hove Graphic that a party of nat-
uralists recently paid a pilgrimage to the grave of Richard Jefferies. It
is reported that ‘the pilgrims numbered some twenty odd ladies and
gentlemen.’ <A photograph of the party is given, but some of the ‘ odd’
ladies, at any rate, look quite charming !
From Mr. Joseph W. Gray we have received some valuable notes on
“The Pleistocene Geology of the Area around Worcester,’ reprinted from
the Proceedings of the Worcestershive Naturalists’ Club. It is interesting
to notice how far afield Mr. Gray has gone in order to account for the
glacial conditions in the Worcester district.
The Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, Vol. XXVI., part 3,
contain an interesting paper on ‘ The Structure of the Eastern Part of
the Lake District,’ by J. F. N. Green. It is illustrated by some coloured
sections. The same publication has a lengthy account of ‘ The Geology
of the Glasgow District,’ by Prof. J. W. Gregory and others.
The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, No. 281, contains the
following papers of interest to our readers:—Dr. A. Vaughan on the
Correlation of Dinantian and Avonian; Mr. C. T. Trechmann on the
Scandinavian Drift of the Durham Coast and the General Claciology of
South East Durham; Mr. C. Dawson and Dr. A. Smith Woodward ona
Bone Implement from Piltdown, Sussex.
1915 Dec. 1.
NOTES ON
THE FLORA OF ESKDALE AND WASDALE.
JOSEPH F.Y PICKARD,
I was at Boot, South-West Cumberland, towards the latter
end of August of this year, and found that the flora of the dis-
trict gave ample room for investigation. The absence of a
lake in the immediate valley of the River Esk, together with
some degree of inaccessibility, has had considerable effect in
checking the rush of tourists to its solitudes, in the season
when most other portions of the Lake country are besieged with
visitors. During the nine days I stayed there I noted up-
wards of three-hundred wild flowers, grasses and ferns in the
neighbourhood. I examined the country extending from
the sand dunes at Drigg and Ravenglass across the compara-
tively flat lands of the Lower Esk and It, and up the windings
of these rivers to the heart of the hills; Wastwater, the western
slopes and summit of Scawfell, and the heads of the dales
themselves ; with observations around the shores of numerous
small tarns and drying up pools, and their associated bogland,
situated among the fells. I have consulted principally the
late Wm. Hodgson’s ‘ Flora of Cumberland,’ as to the compara-
tive rarity of some of my finds, and have also had access to
Mr. J. G. Baker’s ‘ Flora of the Lake District.’
The’ presence of granite together with the slate in the soil,
and the harder volcanic ash of the Scawfell heights, assist
the variety of plant life, while the thorough wildness of most
of the woodland, in the higher valleys and adjacent becks
afford shelter for rare species. One of the most important
plants observed was Vicia Orobus, which is a confirmatory
record. It is mentioned in the appendix of Hodgson’s Flora
as having been found some years ago here, by Mr. Harold
Adair, of Whitehaven, who wrote me in October, 1913, to say
he was afraid it was an error owing to too hasty examination.
Y found it in good fruit, and it must be reckoned not only as a
new divisional record, but one of the rarest plants in the
north of England, so Mr. Adair is to be congratulated on his
discovery.
Another interesting plant is Tilia cordata (parvifolia),
which was growing practically out of rocks at the foot of Hard-
knot Pass, and by Whillan Beck near Boot. It is in a flourish-
ing condition, and looks quite native. It is not recorded in
Hodgson’s Flora, and Mr. Baker mentions it as a denizen for
one locality, Borrowdale.
On the Dunes between Drigg and Seascale, I noticed a
form of Viola Curtisii in some plenty, probably to be
Naturalist.
Notes on the Flora of Eskdale and Wasdale. 383
associated with the variety Peseanit Lloyd, found on Walney
Isle, if not new to Cumberland, at least unrecorded for the
South-West Division.
At Wasdale Head in pools difficult of access, owing to
immediate bog, and their depth, if I am not very much mis-
taken occurs Ceratophyllum aquaticum (the hornwort), another
addition to the County Flora, though needing further con-
firmation to place the variety on record. For this, good
fruit is required.
The upper portion of the Esk from Yeastyrigg Crags under
Bowfell, to Boot village, is for the most part very wild, native
scrub abounds of oak, mountain ash, holly, Prunus Padus,
birch, and hazel, which diminish in quantity as the valley
becomes narrower. The undermentioned plants were observed
in the upper portion of the river area, either in the valley
itself, or in its immediate neighbourhood :—.
Hypericum Androsemum, Geranium sylvaticum, Cytisus,
Corydalis, Sedum anglicum, Sanicula, Myrrhis, Carlina, Jasione,
Anagallis tenella, Empetrum, Juniperus, Rhynchospora alba,
Polypodium Phegopteris, and the four less rare Lycopodiums.
The comparative dryness of the stony slopes may explain the
absence of Polypodium Dryopteris. I also noticed ff ymeno-
phyllum unilaterale only in one place, Dale Garth Force, where
it was abundant. Myrica Gale, one of the most characteristic
of the Bogland species, was to be found. extending from 1,500
feet almost to sea level. Osmunda, where some protection
is afforded it, grows to a large size, but in the open country it
is becoming very rare; the time is past when the Eskdale
farmers used it to protect their potato carts on the way to
Whitehaven market.
As we descend the Dale the flora changes, and a few
plants occur wh’ch are absent h’gher up. Stellaria nemorum,
in the boggy woods, Potentilla procumbens on dry banks at
Eskdale Green, and where Muncaster and Irton Parks border
the lanes, Spiraea salicifolia and Berberis are established in
hedges. The luxuriant growths of the planted trees near
Santon Bridge and the foot of Wastwater, add greatly to the
grand scenery, and the profusion of Fvica cinerea and Ulex
Galli, a mass of purple and gold over the red granite rocks as
a foreground, with the peaks and crags around the shores of
the lake, especially at sunset, must be seen to be fully appreci-
ated. Lysimachia Nummulania, Lepidium Smithu and Sedum
Fabaria grow in the vicinity, while lower down and nearer the
sea, Galium mollugo was found, a rather unusual occurrence,
off limestone. Geranium sanguineum, and Convolvulus Soldan-
ella were noticed near Seascale, and Bidens tripartita in the
ditches near the shore at Drigg. On the north-west shores of
Wastwater many sub-alpine aquatics are to be found, while
1915 Dec. 1.
384 Notes on the Flora oj Eskdale and Wasdale.
the very local Lycopodium inundatum is plentiful in stony
bogs, Ranunculus Flammula variety pseudo-reptans is found
and Drosera wmtermedia grows with the round-leaved species.
Potentilla fruticosa grows in Devil’s Sledgate, a ravine of the
Screes, and is reported from near Ulpha, which locality may
possibly be in Lake Lancashire.
I found a large quantity of Stachys ambigua, a well-known
hybrid, in one locality near Boot, and a form of one of its
parents Stachys palustris, with paler flowers, affecting dryer
ground than the usual ditch loving form, in the same vicinity.
The slopes of Scawfell were too dry, above 2,000 feet, for
Alpines, though small specimens of Saxifraga stellaris occurred
as hgh as 3,000 feet. This and S. aizoides were the only two
species observed in the district. Oxyria reniformis, and dwarfed
Alchemulla alpina occurred, while according to Rev. E. S. Mar-
shall, the rare form of Deschampsia cespitosa var. alpinus =
var. brevifolia was found at 2,4co0 feet. Two Euphrasias also
examined by him are E. Rost oviana and E. stricta from
Wasdale Head. One feature was the abundance on Scawfell’s
summit ridge at 2,600 feet, of Vaccinium Vuitis-id@a, barren
examples only, an inch or two in height, with rather narrower
leaves than usual and more pointed, though evergreen, suggest-
ing at first sight the Arctic Willow which occurs under similar
conditions on Scawfell Pike and Helvellyn. Parsley Fern
descends to Boot village at 300 feet, and is reported from Black
Combe at nearer sea level.
Mention must be made of the mountain tarns, where many
interesting species occur, and especially of Birker Tarn, a mere
pool under Green Crag and east of the road from Boot to Ulpha.
Its elevation is about goo feet. It contains Menyanthes, Phrag-
mites, Equisetum limosum, Sparganium affine, while S. minimum
and one or two Carices grow in the stream watering it from
the moss. Isoétes, Littorella lacustris, and Lobelia all occur
here, and in many other tarns, and I have little doubt some
still more valuable discoveries might be made rather earlier in
the season.
Two solitary Yews, old trees, can be seen high up the Esk
Valley, reminders of the famed Seathwaite, Borrowdale, and
Duddon examples, the three localities in practically a straight
line from north to south.
When in Eskdale on this occasion I was unaware that Mr.
Percy H. Grimshaw contributed some ‘notes’ on this very
district to The Naturalist ot Nov. 1890. His observations were
wholly made, however, in early June, with the result that
many species he saw were ‘ over’ when I was there; per contra,
many of those I noted, being late or autumnal in their maturing,
may fairiy be regarded as usefully supplemental to the already
published very full list.
Naturalist,
385
THE GUESTS OF YORKSHIRE ANTS.
T. STAINFORTH, B.A., B.Sc.
OF the various modi vivendi adopted by our indigenous insect
fauna, none is more interesting than that of inhabiting ants’
nests as welcome or unwelcome guests. Between seventy
and eighty species of British Coleoptera, besides other classes
of animals, have been recorded from ants’ nests, and, while
in many instances the relationship is purely accidental, in
the greater number of cases there is an actual association
between the beetle and the ant. This association may be one
of friendliness, toleration, or hostility; and though these
relationships merge into one another, it is possible to classify
our myrmecophilous fauna under three main heads: (1) true
guests, (2) indifferently tolerated tenants, and (3) actively
pursued tenants. These are respectively the symphiles,
synoeketes, and synechthrans of Wasmann, who also particu-
larises parasites (ento- and ecto-), and trophobionts or food-
producing animals of the ants.*
TruE Guests.—In our British beetle fauna six species
occur under such conditions that they may be considered as
true and welcomed guests, or symphiles, in the nests of various
ant species, viz.:—Lomechusa strumosa F., Atemeles emar-
ginatus Pk., A. paradoxus Gr., Claviger testaceus Preys., C.
longicornis Mill., Amphotis marginata F.
Of these, only one species, Atemeles emarginatus, has hitherto
been recorded for Yorkshire, and to this may now be added
Claviger testaceus (foveolatus Miull.). This latter species, per-
haps the most interesting of our myrmecophilous insects, [I
found at Robin Hood’s Bay in September, 1911, when I secured
two examples on the underside of a half-embedded boulder
forming the roof to a nest of a colony of the Yellow Ant,
Donisthorpea (Lasius) flava.
The Clavigers are in structure remarkable among beetles.
Their mite-lke form, small size (2 mm.), thick antennae, and
abdomen furnished with a peculiar depression and tufts of
vellow hairs, render them easily recognisable. C. testaceus
is rarely found elsewhere than within the nest of a species of
Donisthorpea usually D. flava, but occasionally D. aliena or
D. nigra. Our two British Clavigers are probably the most
specialised of our indigenous coleoptera for a myrmecophilous
life. They are blind, fed as a rule by their hosts (but Donis-
thorpe and Prof. Hetschko have proved experimentally that
they are capable of feeding themselves on the larve of ants
* See ‘The Ants and their Guests,’ P. E. Wasmann, Smithsonian
Rep., 1912, pp. 455-474; and ‘Ants, their Structure, Development and
Behavior,’ W. M. Wheeler, Columbia Univ. Biol. Ser. IX., 1910, p. 380.
1915 Dec. 1.
386 Stainforth: The Guests of Yorkshire Ants.
and on dead flies), and secrete from the abdominal hair-tufts
a sweet substance, to ants both palatable and stimulating.
C. testaceus has been taken in many places in the south
and west of England, as in the Isle of Wight, Somerset, Oxford
and N. Wales; and in north, in the Tweed and Forth districts.
Its discovery in the intervening area of Yorkshire could thus
have been prophesied, and careful search in nests of Donis-
thorpea spp., will probably prove its occurrence in other districts
in Yorkshire. I regret that a search during the present year
in numerous nests of D. flava, in Holderness and the Wolds
district of the East Riding, has had a negative result, but I
have not yet given up hope of finding it there.
Atemeles emarginatus, the remaining true ant-guest recorded
for Yorkshire, has been found near Doncaster. This is appar-
ently the northernmost record, as Fowler* says he knows ‘ of
no locality further north than Lincoln,’ where he took it with
Formica fusca. It is possible that this species is extending
its range northward, and if so we may be hearing of its occur-
rence in other parts of the county. I have not been successful
in my search for it in the Hull district, which unfortunately,
is somewhat out of the main stream of migration from the
south.
The remaining four British symphiles have a southerly
distribution, and unless a northward spread of the species takes
place before the increase of coal mines and the greater extension
of agricultural and industrial areas raise an insuperable barrier
to their advance, it is scarcely probable that these will ever
become Yorkshire species. I have shown on the accompanying
sketch maps the relative distribution of the six British true
ant-guest beetles. It should be added that Claviger longicornis
has only recently been added to the British list on the authority
of specimens captured near Oxford by Commander Walker in
1906.
: We may, perhaps, include among true guests, the species of
aphides which are the normal inhabitants in the nests of many
ant species, such as D. flava. I found aphides in abundance in
the nests of this ant at Weedley, and submitted specimens to
Prof. F. V. Theobald who kindly informs me that they are the
ground form of the Elm Gall Aphid Tetraneura ulmi. These
occurred, clustered round the grass roots which penetrate the
tunnels of the nest, in company with groups of ants.
INDIFFERENTLY TOLERATED TENANTS.—Of the ‘ indiffer-
ently tolerated tenants’ (synoeketes), or, in Donisthorpe’s
phrase, ‘indifferently treated lodgers,’ several have been
* Coleoptera of the Brit. Isles, vol. II., 1888.
+ See ‘The Myrmecophilous Coleoptera of Great Britain,’ by H. St.
J. K. Donisthorpe, Col. Brit. Isles, vol. VI., 1913, pp. 320-330; and
Rep. of the Lancs. and Ches. Ent. Soc., for 1905, pp. 35-44.
Naturalist,
Stainforth :
DANG
A
1915 Dec. 1,
The Guests of Yorkshire Ants.
Fer peer
RNBRP2Gnad
Claviger longicornis.
Amphotis marginata.
388 Stainforth: The Guests of Yorkshire Ants.
recorded for the county. In this division are included beetles,
etc., more or less immune from harm owing either to their
activity, small size, hard integument, or some other property,
which causes ants to look upon them with indifference. :
One of the commonest examples of these, at any rate in
East Yorkshire, is the small white woodlouse (Isopod) bearing
the name of Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii Brandt. I have
found this animal during the past year occurring abundantly
“hea uie ot. <
& y SS
we ¢ o roster
1 ra =
WESTIMD 4) tes | WS
‘ SON”
ae 65 uy *sTonesiey \))
¢ Senn sf. eee a s 62 \
A 1 -WES A \
Joe YORK NOE yy ORK NORTH-EAST: Ay
~S “pen te ~ Lae “dD y \ SCARBOROUGH
“ae enee Mere. \ oS
i) - asnam fh #THIRSK “AELmSLeY PICKERING a
a= e ~ a 7 wenn! TFiLey
’ an Pies ne SY ra ee —
oo’ TINGLETON weer x TS
1 x - RIPON 2. Ys ALTON SrlamBonoucn
—. ; : 4 ec BRIDLINGTON © =e
pane 64 sc F, "
ad YORK MID B WEST, bs he, : él tee
esnipton “syen"| YORK SOUTH-EAST \\
rita e q @POCKLINGTON \
ORNSEA
Sauce Biren eee res TADCASTER® CARE \
*coune ¥ cawoostsss ®@ @BEVERLEY
r eae sevey MS & a
BY =r smowoeEN ame CHERASEA
¢ *HALIFA Sa oF Ese SS. Se ZA. \
y \ — 4a
ORE are a eheraril be ae) Wo \
te So } PN PUR
} or SS Heap
OLDHAM® i os SPARNEE SS oncasTeg, aa XX
oF YORK SOUTH-WEST "5 e S =
r -
3 at < Po NGS \
on} ‘
on ro *aawrey i & \\\
> @ SHEFFIELD : bY
any ete Z IN'O Tio: i
~- of =
DIRE — '
1
The ascertained distribution of Platyarthrus in Yorkshire
and bordering areas.
in the nests of various ant species in many parts of the East
Riding, as at Weedley, near South Cave, in the nests of Formica
fusca, Donisthorpea flava, species of Myrmica and D. nigra ;
near Hull and at Kelsey Hill in Holderness with D. flava and
Myrmica; Hessle Chalk Quarries in nests of Myrmica; in
the Lias. pits at North Cave with F. fusca, D. flava, and D.
nigra ; and at Holme-on-Spalding-Moor with JZyrmica laevin-
odis and D. flava. It is also recorded* for Spurn, Scarborough,
Barnscliffe, Monk Friston, and Adel Moor (near Leeds). Stan-
* The Naturalist, 1910, pp. 176, 203, 370.
Naturalist,
Stainforth: The Guests of Yorkshire Ants. 389
den* records it from Linton and Wetherby, and Stebbing}
from Naburn, near York. In Lincolnshire it occurs at South
Ferriby where I found it on October 16th, with D. nigra and
F, fusca, and at Cadney, Louth, Mablethorpe and Willoughby.
In a paper on ‘The Distribution and Habits of Platyarthrus
hoffmanseggit Brandt., with special reference to West Lan-
cashire, Standen{ writes that in his experience the nest of
Donisthorpea flava is its principal habitat, and that he can
only find one solitary record of its occurrence with another
species, viz., Myrmica rubra. This is difficult to under-
stand seeing that the discoverer of the species in England,
the Rev. A. R. Hogan,§ observed it near Weymouth ‘in as
many as thirty nests of the common red, yellow and black
ants. Donisthorpe|| records it for F. rufa, fusca and sanguinea,
D. flava, fuliginosa, nigra, umbrata and aliena, Myrmica
scabrinodis, laevinodis, and_ sulcinodis; while Wasmann4]
records it on the Continent for an even greater number of
species.
My own experience coincides with this, as I have found it
occurring indifferently in the nests of all the ant species I have
yet observed in the East Riding. Near Weedley Springs,
where at least four species live in proximity to one another,
the isopods occurred freely with each, but I think in the greatest
abundance in the nests of F. fusca where they offered a pro-
nounced contrast in colour and movement to this dark and
active ant.
Every observer is struck by the obvious impunity with
which the little unarmed crustacean walks among the crowded
ants. I have never seen an ant take the slightest notice ot it.
A Platyarthrus’s one desire seems to be to escape from the
light, and although its movements are comparatively slow it
is remarkable how soon it “ makes itself scarce’ by disappear-
ing into the innermost recesses of the nest. Specimens may
be taken from the nest of one ant species to another and still
the same mutual indifference is, in my experience, to be ob-
served. If the ants, however, are similarly transported there
is bound to be trouble.
A nest of D. flava, consisting, as it does, of a complicated
ramification of tunnels, affords a very suitable retreat for
many small subterranean animals besides the one just des-
cribed. A week ago (October 23rd), I came across a mound
* The Lancashire Naturalist, Nov., 1909, pp. 239-242.
t Vict. County Hist. Yorks., I., p. 312.
£ loc. cit.
§ Nat. Hist. Rev. VI., p. 109; and Bate and Westwood, ‘ Brit. Sess.
Eyed Crustacea,’ vol. II., p. 465.
|| Ent. Rec., 1902, p. 70; and ‘ British Ants,’ 1915.
4| ‘ Die Gaste der Ameisen und Termiten,’ 1898.
1915 Dec. 1.
N
io)
390 Stainforth: The Guests of Yorkshire Ants.
nest of this species at Kelsey Hill, in Holderness, which
measured about three feet by two and half feet, and about a
foot in depth through the tunnelled portion. I made as care-
ful a calculation as the circumstances would permit and arrived
at the result that there would be about 2,300 feet of tunnels in
the nest. This particular example abounded in various
subterranean animals, all of them resembling Platyarthrus
in being of a pure white colour, and some like this animal
also belonging to the group of ‘ indifferently tolerated tenants.’
Besides Platyarthrus, there was the active little blind ‘ spring-
tail’ (Collembolan), Cyphoderus albinos Nic. (also called Beckia
albinos by Lubbock in his ‘ Ants, Bees and Wasps’); the
‘ bristletail’ (Thysanuran), Campodea staphylinus, and Scuti-
gerella immaculata, one of the Symphyla.
Exactly the same association occurred in the nests of D.
flava at Weedley Springs, on the Wolds, with the addition,
however, of a white ‘ springtail’ I have not yet been able to
identify. I have carefully compared the Scutigerella from
Weedley with the descriptions in Bagnall’s valuable “ Synopsis
of the British Symphyla,’* and it is certainly immaculata. I
am hoping that among material still to examine there may be
other species. Almost the same association is to be found in
Scandinavia, for Schott, writing of Cyphoderus albinos, says
that he “has; iound ate echt ent ain pee Streifziigen in
nordlichen Upland, dann immer unter Steinen zusammen mit
Scolopendrella ammaculata, Campodea staphylinus und einer
roten Ameisen-Art.’+ Platyarthrus is not mentioned. Whether
the isopod occurs in Scandinavia or not I am unable to say.
At any rate it is not represented there in Scharff’s map of the
geographical distribution of P. hoffmannseggi, given in his
‘European Animals’ (1905), although it is shown to occur in
Denmark.
Leaving aside Platyarthrus, of these subterranean animals
Cyphoderus is the only true myrmecophile, inasmuch as it is
consistently found only in association with ants. It probably
occurs throughout the county. I have always found it when I
have searched specially for it in the East Riding, usually with
Domnisthorpea flava, as at Weedley, Kelsey Hill, and North Cave,
but also with Leptothorax acervorum at Holme-on-Spalding-
Moor, and with Formica fusca at South Cave. Bagnallf says it
= Trans) Nat, Elist; soc, Ny D> and N&@a(Ness); vol. [Ves partitapps
17-41.
+ ‘Frequently on expeditions in northern Upland, and always under
stones, together with Scolopendrella immaculata and S. staphyiuinus and a
red ant species.’ © Zur Systematik der Collembola,’ Kongl. Sv. Vet. Akad.
Handy; Bdi25; Wi; 1892) ING. tr p44.
t ‘Short Notes on Some New and Rare British Collembola,’ Trans.
Nat. Hust. Soc; N., D:s,"and NIC, (N:S.), vol wm, part'2, ro09, pp: 504):
Naturalist,
Stainforth: The Guests of Yorkshire Ants. 391
is common wherever he has searched for it in Northumberland
and Durham. The species is widely distributed throughout
Europe and occurs even in North America. Its association
with ants seems to have been recorded very early, as Tullberg,*
writing of the species, says that O. Fabricius (1783) found it in
Norway ‘under stenar tillsammans med réda myran.’+ Cyphod-
erus is a bustling little beast and difficult to catch, even with
a camel hair brush and a tube of alcohol, as he quickly dis-
appears out of sight. This horror of light he holds in common
with all his white subterranean associates.
Campodea staphylinus is abundant everywhere in dampish
places, under stones, under pots in greenhouses, among decaying
vegetation, etc. The name, however, as used here, probably
covers a number of species; as Bagnall, who is now working
at the Campodeidae, has already demonstrated that several
closely allied Campodeas exist in the north of England.
Scutigerella spp. are also similarly distributed. Under the
name immaculata have -been included several closely allied
species. It is of course, possible that certain forms of Campodea
and of the Symphyla may be normally associated with ants.
I have found Scutigerella together with Campodeas and D.
flava at Kelsey Hill, Weedley, North Cave, and Holme-on-
Spalding-Moor. At South Ferriby, in North Lincolnshire,
the same association is to be found not only with D. flava
but also with D. nigra.
In the mounds of D. flava at Weedley I noted the abundance
of two species of earthworm. The Rev. Hilderic Friend, to
whom | sent them, tells me they are the Green Worm, A/lolo-
bophora chloritica and the Mucous Worm, A. mucosa (Eisenia
rosea). There were also a number of Diplopoda which I have
not yet had determined.
About twenty-five beetles of the ‘indifferently treated
lodger’ class have been recorded for Britain, and of these the
following eleven species have so far been noted in Yorkshire :—
Microglossa pulla Gyll., Scarborough, Studley, West Ayton,
Wetherby.
Oxypeoda formiceticola Mark., Scarborough.
O. haemorrhoa Sahl., Scarborough.
Dinarda mdrkeli Wies., Scarborough.
Homalota parallela Man., Scarborough.
Batrisus venustus Reich., Studley.
Trichonyx mdrkeli Aub., Scarborough.
Ptilium myrmecophilum All., Scarborough.
Myrmetes piceus Pk., Scarborough, York.
* “Sveriges Podurider,’ Kongl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl., Bd. 10, 1871,
NO: NOM pass:
+ ‘Under stones, together with red ants.’
1915 Dec. 1.
392 Stainforth: The Guests of Yorkshire Ants.
Monotoma conicollis Aub., Scarborough, York.
M. formicetorum Th., Scarborough, York.*
Seven of these occur exclusively with the Wood Ant,
Formica rufa. As 1 have yet to see the first nest of this
species in the East Riding, my search in this particular area
has not yet been very successful. I was delighted, however,
on visiting Weedley with Mr. E. Bilton, on September 5th, to
discover a specimen of the interesting Pselaphid, Trichonyx
médrkelt. This occurred in a nest of D. flava. Besides being
the first record for the East Riding, it is the second for the
whole county. It has been previously found at Scarborough,
about fifty years ago.
Of the remaining British beetles of this class, several have
a distribution south and north of the county, and therefore
should occur in Yorkshire. For example, Oxypoda vittata
has been found with D. fuliginosa in the south, the midlands,
Scotland and Ireland. The five species immediately following
occur with F. rufa. Of these, Oxypoda recondita occurs in
the south, Leicestershire, and Scotland; Scydmaenus godarti
as far north as Sherwood Forest and Manchester ; Ptenidium
myrmecophilum in the Northumberland district as well as in
the south; P. kraatzi as far north as Leicestershire, and is
also said to occur at Rannoch; and Dendrophilus pygmacus
in the south, Northumberland district and Scotland.
Six or seven beetles of this class are of a strictly southern
distribution. In a thickly populated, highly cultivated and
industrial area as England, it is only remotely possible that
these will ever spread as far north as Yorkshire, but will
persist as more or less isolated colonies.
Among the ‘ indifferently tolerated lodgers’ are included a
few spiders. The best known type is Thyreosthenius biovatus
Camb., which lives in the nests of Formica rufa. Mr. W.
Falconer has taken it at Danby Dale, near Huddersfield, and
it will probably be found wherever the host ant occurs. It isa
* It will be noticed that many of these records are for the Scarborough
district. They are based on a brief note by T. Wilkinson, of Scarborough,
which appeared in the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine for June, 1865,
page 14. As this early number is not so easily accessible, it may be worth
white reprinting the paragraph referred to, which is as follows :—
‘Ants’ NEsT BEETLES AT SCARBOROUGH.—On the 28th April, I
made my first essay at examining some nests of Formica rufa, which
are plentiful in woods near this place, and soon found several specimens
of their beetle tenants, some of which were in abundance. I send a
list of their names, thinking it may be of interest to some ‘of the readers
of The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, as showing the northern
prevalence of our southern forms. Thiasophila-angulata, Dinarda
Markell, Oxypoda formiceticola, Oxypoda haemorrhoa, Homalota
flavipes, Homalota anceps, Homalota parvallela, Leptacinus formicetorum,
Monotoma angusticollis. 1 also met with other species which are not
peculiarly ants’ nest beetles.’
Naturalist,
Stainforth: The Guests of Yorkshire Ants. 393
common species not only in the south, but also in the northern-
most counties of England. Evansia moerens Camb., another
spider of this class, has been found in the Huddersfield district,
Cleveland district, and at Redcar. It usually occurs with the
host species, D. nigra and F. fusca. Tetrilus arietinus Thor.
and Cryphoeca diversa Camb. are two myrmecophilous spiders
which may possibly be found in Yorkshire. The former
associates with F. rufa and D. fuliginosa, and has been cap-
tured at Oxshott (Surrey), and in Wales. The type female
of Cryphoeca diversa was taken at Carlisle, and the species
has also occurred at Oxshott and in Berkshire. The host ant
is Formica rufa.
HostTiL—E PERsEcUTED LopGers.—The third class includes
the unwelcome guests, the ‘ hostile persecuted lodgers.’ About
two dozen British species live by their wits or by superior
strength at the expense of ants, and eleven of these have up
to the present been observed in Yorkshire. These are :—
Altéochara ruficoynis Gr., Studley, Copgrove, Scarborough
and Saltburn.
Thiasophila angulata Er., Scarborough, York.
Myrmedonia humeralis Gr., Scarborough.
Drusilla canaliculata F., common generally.
Notothecta flavipes Gr., Scarborough.
N. anceps Er., Scarborough.
Lamprinus saginatus Gr., Scarborough.
Quedius brevis Er., Scarborough.
Leptacinus formicetorum Mark., York, Scarborough, Don-
caster.
Othius myrmecophilus Kies., Filey, Scarborough, Hackness,
Saltburn, Ingleton, Stanghow Moor, Hutton Moor, Lunedale
and Edlington.
Clythra quadripunctata L., Scarborough, Kirkstall Woods
and Wentbridge.
Drusilla canaliculata | have captured on many occasions
during the year, invariably in the neighbourhood ot an ant
colony, as at Hessle, Kelsey Hill, South Cave and North Cave.
It appears to have a preference for species of Myrmica, but one
example occurred near a nest of D. flava. Dr. W. J. Fordham
informs me that F. rufa occurs at Wentbridge, whence he has
a specimen of Clythra.
Of the remaining thirteen beetles in this group, ten are
rigidly southern species, and there is only likelihood of three
being eventually discovered in Yorkshire. These are Myrme-
dona collaris Pk., found witb ants of the genus Myrmica in the
south and south-east, in Leicestershire and in the Tweed
district ; Myrmedonia limbata Pk., found in the south, in
Lincolnshire, and in the Northumberland district and Scot-
land; and Xantholinus atratus.Heer., found chiefly in the
1915 Dec. 1.
394 Stainforth: The Guests of Yorkshire Ants.
south, but occurring in Leicestershire and near Liverpool.
In one case, that of the rare Myrmaecia plicata Er., the ant
host, Tapinoma evraticum does not occur in Yorkshire, any
chance of finding the guest being thus precluded.
A number of spiders may be placed in this class, except that
the phrase ‘hostile persecuted lodgers’ should rather be
‘hostile persecuting lodgers.’ Muicariosoma festivum C.K.,
occurs with F. rufa, F. sanguinea, F. fusca, Donisthorpea
fuliginosa, D. nigra and D. brunnea. On October 16th I came
across dozens of immature examples (identified by Mr. W. Fal-
coner) of both sexes in a chalk quarry at South Ferriby in
North Lincolnshire in a nest of D. nigra, within sight of the
Yorkshire shore. lt seems to have been taken only once in
the county, Mr. W. P. Winter recording it for Wilsden.* By
some, this spider is not looked upon as a true myrmecophile,
but I feel confident from my own observation that Donis-
thorpe’sf estimation of the relationship between this spider
and the ants, near or with which it is found, is the correct
one. The examples at South Ferriby were mingled with the
ants, and were not at all dissimiliar to them in appearance.
Hahnma helveola E.S., also occurs in association with a
species of ant, D. fuliginosa, and has been taken in the Hudders-
field and Bradford districts. An association of Harpactes
hombergi Scp., with the same ant has been noted by Wasmann
and Donisthorpe. It has also occurred with Formica fusca.
I have taken this spider fairly frequently during the year in
various parts of the county as at Selby, Hessle, Hornsea,
Houghton Woods, and Holme-on-Spalding-Moor, but on no
occas sn have observed any close association with ants. This
species appears to be uniformly distributed throughout the
county’ in suitable places. Syedra innotabilis Camb. and
Microneta viaria Bl.,are said to occur with F. rufa and D.
fuliginosa, the former apparently being only recorded for
Skelton in the north-east ot the county, while the latter is
widely distributed in Yorkshire, and has occurred in Holderness,
the Wolds district, Scarborough, Huddersfield and Leeds.
Personally I have not observed any association with ants.
SPIDER, ETC. ANT-Mrmics.—-A number of spiders fall into
a special class, including species that mimic ants in form and
movement. Donisthorpe (loc. cit.) says that ‘ they hunt their
prey in the neighbourhood of ants’ nests, and are protected
from outside enemies by their resemblance to ants.’ There is
only one common English species which falls under this cate-
gory, namely Micaria pulicaria Saund. On October 17th I
took a specimen and observed others in a nest of D. migra at
* “The Spiders of the Bradford Area,’ 1908.
* “Notes on Myrmecophilous Spiders,’ Zool., 1908, p. 423.
Naturalist,
Stainforth: The Guests of Yorkshire Ants. 395
South Ferriby, and have noticed the proximity of ants when
capturing this species on the Humber shore at Welwick and
Saltend Common, near Hull. The species is generally dis-
tributed throughout the county. Its resemblance in form and
movement to an ant is sufficiently striking as to deceive the
unfamiliarised eye, and I personally incline to the view that
there is an association between the spider and ants. With the
exception of an introduced species found at Kew, there are
only two other ant-mimics among our indigenous spiders,
and both occur so sparingly in the extreme south that we shall
unfortunately never have the pleasure of welcoming them in
our Yorkshire fauna.
While on the subject of the mimicry of ants by other
animals it is interesting to note that Wasmann considers the
beetle, Clerus (Thanasimus) formicarius as an example of
true mimicry. This insect, several examples of which were
captured in Hull about fifteen years ago, and which has also
occurred at York, Scarborough, and Wath-on-Dearne, is in no
way a guest in ants’ nests.
DOUBTFULLY MYRMECOPHILOUS SPECIES.—Quite a number
of beetles are recorded whose claim to the title of myrmecophile
is doubtful. Donisthorpe* enumerates nineteen species, of
which eight have been found in Yorkshire. These are :—
Homalota analis Gr., Heterothops nigra, Staphylinus stercorarius
Ol., Leptinus testaceus Miill., Trichonyx sulcicollis Reich.,
Ptenidium turgidum Th., Abraeus globosus Hoff., Corticaria
serrata Pk. I took a specimen of Staphylinus stercorarius in
a nest of Myrmica scabrinodis at Weedley on September 15th.
It appeared to be quite at home in the nest.
This capture is more interesting than may appear at —.st
sight. In the ‘Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Insvi.en-
biologie,’ for IgI0, is a paper by Wasmann on ‘ Staphylinus-
Arten als Ameisenrauber ’ (Staphylinus species as Ant-Robbers),
which deals fully and especially with the status of S. stercorarius
as a myrmecophile. His opening paragraph has _ sufficient
bearing upon the occurrence noted above to be worth
quoting. He writes: ‘Interesting as are the higher stages
of adaptation which we find among the normal guests of ants
and termites, in both a morphological and a biological sense,
we must not on this account overlook the initial stages of
adaptation which appear in many so-called “ accidental guests.”
These are often the forms which furnish us with the key to the
understanding of the first stages of those processes of adapta-
tion of which we find the complete expression in normal myrme-
cophiles and termitophiles. Many a one, who has turned his
attention to the special study of ants’ guests, upon seeing a
* Col. Brit. Isles, VI. p. 330.
1915 Dec iE
396 Stainforth: The Guests of Yorkshire Ants:
Staphylinus stercorarius under a stone in an ants’ nest, says
with a certain amount of contempt, “Oh, that common
fellow is only an accidental guest ; he’s of no interest to me.
The genus Staphylinus is not even referred to as a myrme-
cophile in Wasmann’s ‘ Critical List of Myrmecophilous and
Termitophilous Arthropods,’ of 1894; therefore I'll let him
go.”’ Yet it would be a pity if we did not carefully note down
our observations on the occurrence of species of Staphylinus in
ants’ nests. Through my finds in the Grand Duchy of Luxem-
bourg I have come to the conviction that in the case of Staphy-
linus stercorarius especially, and perhaps also for other species
in the same genus, we are confronted with a local adaptation
towards a robber life in ants’ nests, and a commencement
of “synechthry.”’’ The writer then goes on to give a critical
account of his observations on Staphylinus species in the field,
and of experiments carried out in observation nests of various
ants. He clearly proves that these beetles are able to “ make
a living’ in ants’ nests at the expense of the inhabitants.
Terrestrial isopods occur frequently in ants’ nests which
they doubtless find to be suitable harbourage, their hard
integument rendering them immune from the attentions of
the ants. Their occurrence (with the exception of Platyarthrus)
is, however, doubtless accidental. In the same situation I
have also frequently found the Pill Millepede, Glomeris margin-
ata. This was especially the case at Weedley.
The symbiotic relationship existing between ants and other
arthropod animals is a subtle and far-reaching ecological
problem worthy and needy of more attention than has usually
been accorded to it in our county. If in this paper the beetles
and spiders have been mainly dealt with it is because these
particular orders have been more fully studied than others
equally important and interesting. It is only bya careful search
in ants’ nests that many of the rarer of our coleoptera and arach-
nida can be obtained. It is a subject also which appeals to
some extent to the lepidopterist, for among the myrmecophilous
symbionts are the caterpillars of some of the Lycaenids which
are sought after by ants, who lick them and protect them for
the sake of the sweet secretions they supply. The butterfly
collector in search of a rare ‘ blue’ finds out first whether
the ants are there; if they are, the butterfly may be.* It is
quite possible that the scarcity or disappearance of * blues’ in
Yorkshire localities has depended upon the scarcity of ants.
It is often difficult to decide whether an animal is truly
myrmecophile or whether its occurrence in proximity to a
colony of ants is accidental. Most cases can be settled by
umerous independent observations and this is work that can
arse “limi, Intceee leo)? wos), qo, 217).
Naturalist,
Reviews and Book Notices. 397
easily be done by members of field clubs. It is quite evident
that numbers of ant guest species are still awaiting discovery
in Yorkshire. The evidence of distribution in other parts of
the country leads to this assumption, as does that afforded by
a comparison of averages. I estimate that 56 per cent. of
the British coleoptera fauna have been recorded for the county,
while of the known myrmecophilous forms only 44% have yet
been found. At least another 8 per cent. advance should be
expected.
As in the case of other insect families, there is evidently
a diminution of ant life going on in the British Islands. In the
case of ants there is little doubt that game preservation is a
potent agent in their destruction, especially in the case of
Formica rufa, and to this cause, as well as to the non-occurrence
of extensive woodlands, I attribute the scarcity of this ant in
the East Riding. Some species of ants, however, are able to
hold their own fairly well even against very adverse conditions
of cultivation. Such are Donisthorpea flava and the Myrmicas.
The specimens referred to in this paper have been placed
in the collections at the Hull Museum. The nomenclature
adopted for ant species is that of Donisthorpe’s recent book
on ‘ British Ants.’
7-O:
Greek, Etruscan and Roman Bronzes. By Gisela M. A. Richter, Litt.D.
I’'cap, 492 pages. We have always looked upon the publications of the
American museums as ideal, in. the magnificent way in which they are
brought out. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, has recently
issued a splendid volume. It contains particulars of nearly two thousand
valuable specimens, many of which are figured. It seems remarkable
that this comparatively modern museum should possess so many historic
and artistic relics relating to these early civilizations.
How to Lay Out Suburban Home Grounds. by Herbert J. Kellaway.
London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd., 134 pages, 8s. 6d. net. The fact that
this work has reached a second edition is some indication of its value. It
shows very clearly by the aid of a large number of illustrations, the way
in which human habitations may be made picturesque and to harmonize
with their surroundings. The author is a professional landscape-architect
and lives in Boston, Mass., and all his illustrations are drawn from America.
Lists of suitable plants, etc., are given, but these, of course, do not necessar-
ily apply in this country. The price seems sufficient.
Reptiles and Batrachians. By E. G. Boulenger, F.Z.S. London:
J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., 278 pages, 16s. net. The author of this work
is the Curator of Lower Vertebrates in the Gardens of the Zoological
Society, and consequently has exceptional facilities for studying reptiles
and batrachians, which he so ably describes in this volume. The book
contains a very useful Classification of these animals, and there is much
first-hand matter in regard to their habits. The first part of the book
deals with Rhynchocephalia, Chelonia (Turtles, Terrapins and Tortoises),
Crocodilia (Crocodiles, Alligators, etc.), Lacertilia (Lizards), Ophidia
(Snakes), and the second part with Anura (Tailless Batrachians), Urodela
(Tailed Batrachians) and Apoda (Limbless Batrachians). A conspicuous
feature in the volume is the wealth of illustrations, there being nearly
200, mostly from photographs by W. S. Berridge.
1915 Dec. 1.
ACARI FROM BIRDS’ NESTS,
WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES.
Rev. J. E. HULL.
In June last, Mr. H. B. Booth of Ben Rhydding kindly sent
to me two Tits’ nests from which the brood had just flown.
Both nests had a fair complement of mites, but the number of
species was not above the average. The species were as
follows :—
t. Nest of Coal Tit.
ORIBATIDAE.
Damaeosoma denticulatum Can., D. clavipectinatum
Mich., Tectocepheus velatus Mich., Oribates cus-
pidatus Mich., Oribates sp. n.
GAMASIDAE.
Cillibano minor Berl.
2. Nest of Blue Tit.
TYROGLYPHIDAE.
Glycyphagus spintpes Mich., Aleurobius farinosus
Koch.
TROMBIDIIDAE.
Cheyletus eruditus Koch.
It will be noticed at once that these two assemblages are
totally different, so much so that there is not even an over-
lapping of families. As a matter of fact, the species in the
second nest are all of them characteristically fodder-feeders,
which may be found at any time in barns, granaries, stables,
and similar places; in the nests of sparrows, starlings, etc.,
as also in those of rats and mice. I did not, unfortunately,
make a note of the materials of which the nest was composed.
The nest of the Coal Tit was largely made of moss, and the
mites it contained belong to the group of moss-feeders ; but
this is true only in the general sense. The first two on the list,
for instance, are not usually found in moss, though they
belong to a genus that affects moss more than anything else.
There seems to be some curious association between these
two species, as I have found them together on several occasions
—hbut always under stones in grassy places, and usually near
the sea. I have no record of them from any locality so far
inland as Ben Rhydding, or so high above sea level. They are
distinctly local species, and their association may be simply
a matter of similarity of taste.
Tectocepheus velatus is perhaps more addicted to lichens
than to mosses, but is found pretty commonly in both. O7i-
bates cuspidatus is a very common species, occurring freely
everywhere in moss, lichens, and detritus of all sorts. Of
the other Ovibates I give particulars below.
Naturalist
Hull: Acari from Birds’ Nests. 399
Cillibano minor Berl. is a species not too clearly defined,
but the present identification is, I think, reasonably certain.
Its usual habitat is among dead leaves, and I have specimens
from all the northern counties except Lancashire.
ORIBATES BOOTHIANUS N. SP.
Length, 530p; greatest breadth, 390p.
Colour, dark chestnut brown. The cuticle is quite smooth
and glossy without any hairs. Chaetotaxy of legs and cephal-
othorax normal, but the bristles of the latter are shorter and
weaker than usual.
Cephalothorax rather short, with well-developed but not
large lamellae, converging rapidly forward where they terminate
in a very short but acute cusp. Translamella absent. First
tectopedia normal, but the
second comparatively large.
Pseudostigmatic organs
erect, short, gradually clav-
ate, the clubbed extremity
adorned with short straight
bristles. The tarsus has one
claw only.
I have much _ pleasure
in naming this species in
y honour of Mr. Booth. It
belongs to the monodactyle
group of the genus Ovzbates
Oribates boothianus. (Ovibata Michael). Its near-
Body (without legs), and pseudo-stigmatic est ally is perhaps O. fur-
organ: catus P.& W.., also described
from Yorkshire types, by
Messrs. Pearce and Warburton (P.Z.S., 1905). It is, however,
much smaller than furcatus, of which I have examples from
Cumberland and Westmorland, and is readily distinguished
from all the rest of the group by the erect pectinate pseudo-
stigmatic organs.
7 O;
Vol. XV. of The Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland
Antiquarian and Archaeological Society have just been received, and are
largely occupied by reports of excavations of Roman sites, including a
report of the ‘Exploration of the Roman Fort at Ambleside,’ by Prof.
R. G. Collingwood. In this he figures an object described as ‘ of doubtful
use, shaped at one end like a pair of forceps, and having a hole and slot at
the other as if to hinge on a transverse metal bar like the beam of a pair
of scales. It was found in the commandant’s house, room A, lower floor.’
We feel sure some mistake must have occurred here as the object is pre-
cisely similar to a pastry maker’s implement in use in the early part of
the last century, the ‘ hole and slot’ described in the Transactions being
for the reception of a rivet for a wheel used to decorate the outside of the
pastry.
1915 Dec. i:
400
THE PSYLLIDZ OF THE CLEVELANDS:
J. W. H. HARRISON, B.Sc.
Tue following list of the Psyllids of a limited section of the
Cleveland area is neither exhaustive nor final, for it compares
badly with that for Durham, in which county an equally
limited area has been worked. It is hoped, however, that
many of the missing species will turn up when districts further
afield’ are worked ; there is little prospect of their discovery
in the Middlesbrough neighbourhood, as they are chiefly feeders
on low plants of which there is but little variety here and, what
is more important, those that are present refuse, after per-
sistent working, to yield anything further than the ubiquitous
Trioza urtica.
Livia juncorum Latr. A rush feeder distorting rushes
in most localities, but curiously local everywhere, sometimes
occurring on a single patch of rushes in one field, and apparently
absent from what seems an equally suitable bed in the next ;
also locally plentiful on the moors.
L. crefeldensis Mink. Rare on sedges around an old estab-
lished pond near Stainton.
Rhinocola ericae Curt. A tiny species not 2 m.m. in length,
formerly supposed to be rare but recently proved to be abun-
dant throughout Durham, Northumberland and North York-
shire, on heather, Calluna vulgaris; is especially numerous
on Great Ayton Moor where it is dimorphic.
Aphalara calthae Lin. Fairly common on larch and spruce
in November, although its food is knotgrass. | Marton, etc.
Psyllopsis fraxinicola Forst. Everywhere common on ash.
P. fraxint Linn. Almost as common as the last and equally
widespread—also on ash. .
Psylla pyricola Forst. A single specimen beaten from
mountain ash, Lonsdale.
P. salicicola Férst. Not common, on sallow, Hemlington,
Nunthorpe.
P. ambigua Forst. Very common on sallow in May and
June, Nunthorpe, Marton, etc.
P. hartigii Flor. A few beaten from birch in June, Great
Ayton.
P. pineti Flor. Common, beaten from conifers at Eston,
Gunnergate and in Lonsdale.
P. melanoneura Foérst. Common late in the year—not on
its reputed food-plant hawthorn—but on oak, conifers, etc.
Generally distributed.
P. costalis Flor. Common, obtained from blackthorn,
hawthorn, mountain ash, oak, etc., throughout the district.
P. peregrina Foérst. In multitudes from every hawthorn.
Naturalist
Northern News. 401
Psylla mali Schm. Not uncommon from crabapple, Gun-
nergate, Middlesbrough, Marton.
P. alni Linn. Common on alder, Lonsdale, Great Ayton,
Eston ; is green in summer but red and black in the autumn
brood.
P. forsterc Flor. With P. alni but much rarer—exactly
the opposite to what holds in North Durham. In Mid-Durham
the two are equally abundant. Both feed on alder, causing
the unsightly cottony secretion which is such a nuisance when
one is beating that tree ; occasionally both favour birch.
P. buxit Linn. Common on box in July; in millions on
the boxes in Middlesbrough Park.
spart Guér. Sparingly on broom in Lonsdale.
Arytaena genistae Lat. Plentiful on broom in Lonsdale.
Trioza urticae Linn. Abundant on all low plants in Septem-
ber and October, but beaten quite freely from elm, blackthorn,
GUC.
T. albwentris Férst. Sparingly in October and November
from sallow and silver fir. Nunthorpe’
Ol = aa
Mr. R. Standen has been elected President of the Conchological Society
Great Britain. :
Mr. E. Heron-Allen has kindly sent us a copy of the late Prof. E. A.
Minchin’s address to the Zoological Section of the British Association.
We have received the 4nnual Reports of the Huddersfield Naturalists,
and Photographic Society for 1914-15 (8 pages, 8vo), which includes notes
on the year’s work by H. C. Ellis, C. Mosley, J. H. Carter, E. Fisher and
T. W. Woodhead.
The Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, volume XXVI., nate
4, contains the presidential address of Mr. G. W. Young, F.G.S., entitled :
“The Geological History of Flying Vertebrates.’ It is an exceptionally
interesting contribution, and, zntey alia, refers to a specimen from Whitby.
In Vol. XVII., No. 81 of The Mineralogical Magazine, which was issued
in September, we notice a paper on ‘ The Garnet and streaky rocks of the
English Lake District’ by Mr. J. F. N. Green. Mr. Green concludes that
the garnets, pyrites, and streaky alteration have been formed by circulating
solutions under high hydrostatic pressure, probably during the solfataric
stage of the Borrowdale volcanic episode.
The Chester Society of Natural Science, Literature and Art has issued its
Forty-fourth Annual Report and Proceedings, which contain an account
of the society’s work during the year, as well as particulars of the additions
to the society’s library and museum. There are also the usual lists
of members, balance sheet, rules, etc. With the report has been issued,
separately, a lecture on ‘ Poems by Charles Kingsley,’ by the Rev. Alex-
ander Nairne, D.D.
“Over the whole basin of the Atlantic there is spread an enormously
thick covering of what seems to be mud, but is really a mixture of tiniest
shells, either perfect or in pieces, that need the microscope to be seen.
This is called Globigerina Ooze—just as if it were a girl.’—Cumberland
Evening Mail. To this Punch adds: ‘ We ourselves should never think
of giving a girl a name like that.’ We quite agree with Punch. Besides
ooze Globigerina ?
1915 Dec. 1.
402
NOTES ON SOME YORKSHIRE COLEOPTERA.
it. SEAINFORGH, B-A., Bosc:
AmonG the beetles I have taken in various parts of Yorkshire
during recent years, are six species not included in the county
list. The occurrence of some of these is of more than local
interest. Five are from the East Riding and one from the
North Riding, and two of them are estuarine forms.
Noterus sparsus Marsh. (capricornis Herbst., clavicornis de
G. teste Bedel).—On August 28th I paid a visit to the slightly
brackish ponds on Saltend Common, near the Humber foreshore
just to the east of Hull. They proved fairly rich in aquatic
life, the Water Spider, Argyroneta aquatica, and the water
beetles, Coelambus parallelogrammus, Agabus conspersus, Dytis-
cus punctulatus, D. marginalis, Philydrus maritumus, and other
insects occurring in more or less abundance. Among the
smaller beetles collected were a number of species of Noterus
which proved to be undoubtedly N. sparsus Marsh., the
characters defined by Sharp,* viz., prosterno medio carinato in
both sexes, and antennis ... . articulis 5° et 6° longitudine
subaequalibus in the male, being clearly discerned. Further
visits to Saltend during September and October proved that
the beetle was very common there.
Fowler} says he has ‘never found it in Derbyshire or
Lincolnshire and can find no record further north.’ Since this
was written it has been found in several localities in Lincoln-
shire.{ The Hull district, however, is the northernmost recorded
station of the species in Great Britain. Strictly speaking,
this is perhaps hardly a new record for the Hull area, as the
species was included in a list of beetles of the Hull district in
1907,§ but without precise locality, and was possibly over-
looked by the compilers of the Yorkshire list in the Victoria
County History, or perhaps further confirmation of the record
may have been considered desirable. As I have been unable
to trace the specimen or specimens whereon this record was
based, which, in the light of its re-discovery, was probably
correct, it seems advisable to look upon the species as an addi-
tion to the Yorkshire fauna. I have re-examined the Noterus-
taken at Hornsea Mere and find that it is the remaining British
species of the genus, viz., N. clavicornis de Geer (crassicornis
Miill.).
* Dr. D. Sharp ‘ On Dytiscidae,’ Trans. Roy. Dub. Soc., Vol. II. (S. 2),
p. 205. +41
+ Coleoptera of the British Isles, I., 1887, p. 160.
+ Linc. Nat. Union, Trans., 1908, p. 276.
§ ‘Second List of Coleoptera occurring near Hull,’ Trans. Hull Sci.
and Field Naturalists’ Club., Vol. I., part 4, p. 241.
Naturalist,
Notes on Some Yorkshire Coleoptera. 403
It is somewhat unfortunate that doubt exists as to which of
our species of Noterus de Geer gave the name of clavicornis.
English authors have assumed it to be the cvassicornis Miill.,
and capricornis Herbst. ; while on the other hand continental
authorities have followed Bedel as /estis that it was the sparsus
Marsh, semitpunctatus F., and crassicornis Sturm. Here are
fine ingredients for a nomenclature mix. In the list of British
Coleoptera just compiled by Messrs. E. A. Newbery and W. E.
Sharp the present continental nomenclature is adopted, and
the two species of Noferus are given as crassicornis Miill.,
clavicornis de G., (sparsus Marsh).
This is doubtless quite correct and strictly in accordance
with the laws of priority, but it means that we shall be puzzled
to know which of our species is referred to by anyone recording
N. clavicornis de Geer, without a synonym.
Helophorus mulsantt Rye.—In the same brackish pools at
Saltend Common in which N. sparsus was found, Helophorus
mulsanit Rye also occurs. I obtained my first specimens there
in June, 1908, when it was fairly abundant, and I have since
seen odd specimens on several occasions. Mr. E. Bilton and
I obtained a few examples there on June 7th last. A critical
description of the species is given in the October number of
the Entomologist’'s Monthly Magazine (p. 274). Dr. W. Wallace
of Grimsby has taken this beetle in brackish pools on the
south Humber shore at New Holland, in Lincolnshire. It also
occurs in the south, at Brighton, Deal, Sheppey, etc., and in
the brackish water pools of the Nith at Dumfries. It will
probably occur wherever suitable conditions prevail.
Bryaxis helfert Schmidt.—Mr. E. Bilton and I took several
examples of this Pselaphid by searching at the roots of Atriplex
portulacotdes on the Humber shore between Welwick and Skeff-
ling on July 25th. This is one of several salt marsh species
whose northernmost limit in England appears to be the Hum-
ber estuary. Fowler says that it seems to be confined to the
south-eastern and southern coasts, but since he wrote an
example has been taken at East Halton Skitter in Lincolnshire.
Claviger testaceus Preyss (foveolatus Miill.), is perhaps the
most important addition made to the Yorkshire beetle fauna
during the past few years. I obtained two specimens from a
nest of the yellow ant, Donisthorpea flava, at Robin Hood’s Bay,
in September, 1911. A more complete account of this insect
and its distribution is included in a paper dealing generally
with the guests of ants’ nests, which appears in the preceding
pages (385-397). The species will doubtless be found in other
parts of Yorkshire.
Corylophus cassidioides Marsh.—This little Corylophid oc-
curred among dead reeds at Hornsea Mere on May 30th. Only
a few specimens were captured, together with a number of tiny
1915 Dec. 1.
404 Notes on Some Yorkshire Coleoptera.
Trichopterygidae, though more were seen, and it would pro-
bably have proved common if specially searched for. The
specimens were obtained by shaking the reed rubbish over
sheets of paper. It has hitherto been recorded for the south
and London district, the Fen district, Evesham and near
Dublin. .
Cartodere filum Aubé.—About a year ago a Hull chemist
presented to the local museum a collection of preserved
xerophilous plants from Australia. Recently, while examining
these I captured about a score of tiny pale yellow beetles which
proved to be Cartodere filum Aubé, a species easily distinguished
from the other three British members of the genus by a dis-
tinct round impression on the anterior half of the thorax. It
has occurred very rarely in Britain, and invariably in herbaria.
In other countries it has sometimes been found in fungi. The
only previous records for the British Isles are Burton-on-Trent,
in herbarium ; on dried Aconite in the herbarium of the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh; Gumley, Leicestershire, and in
the Glasnevin Herbarium, Dublin. It is difficult to conceive
how any beetle could pass through all its stages on such dry
pabulum as that on which they were found in the Hull Museum.
The Curator is now left to decide whether to kill the beetles
and save the plants* or vice versa. All the four British species
of Cartodere have now been recorded for Yorkshire.
-O.;
Animal Communities in Temperate America, as [Illustrated in the
Chieago Region: a Study in Animal Ecology. By Dr. Victor E. Shelford,
University of Chicago Press, 362 pages, 12s. net. Many friends of Dr.
Shelford will welcome this substantial contribution to our knowledge of
the lower forms of animal life in a very interesting district in Amercia.
The volume appears as Bulletin No. 5 of the ‘Geographic’ Society of
Chicago, and illustrates in a remarkable degree the great extent of the
geographical field on the other side of the Atlantic. The author points
out that courses in field zoology usually lack the convenient background
of organization which one finds in the doctrine of evolution when pre-
senting the animal series from a structural standpoint. The need of some
such logical and philosophical background into something more unified
than haphazard discussions of such animals as were encountered in chance
localities, was keenly felt at the beginning of the author’s experience as
a teacher of field zoology. Evolutionary background was tried, but
failed, and was rejected; genetics and faunistics proved inadequate.
Behaviour as presented and studied by zoologists was incomplete. Plant
ecological methods were, when unadapted, applicable only in part, while
much of physiology dealt with organs and internal processes. The organi-
zation here presented has, in the main, grown out of three lines of thought ;
the physiology of organisms as opposed to the physiology of organs ; the
phenomena of behaviour and physiology, much of the data of which can
be related to natural environments ; and the organised comparable data
of plant ecology. Of course the actual species being American makes the
book not quite so valuable as it might otherwise be to English readers,
but the methods adopted are certainly worthy of consideration.
* He will probably do both !—Ep.
Naturalist,
405
FIELD NOTES.
BIRDS.
Hen Harrier and Stonechats at Hebden Bridge.—A
Hen Harrier 9, was shot on Langfield Moor, near Hebden
Bridge, on October 11th. It is only at intervals of years that
this species is seen in the district now. On the previous day,
Matthew Barr, of Walsden, discovered two Stonechats on the
heath slopes of Jumble Hole Clough, the first authentic record
for Hebden Bridge since 1889, when a single bird occurred in
the Spring.—WALTER GREAVES.
Black Game near Selby.—On October 26th, Mr. R.
Biddick unwittingly brought down a female of this species,
which is an unusual event for this district. A possible solution
as to the occurrence of such a local bird here, may be accounted
for by the fact that the late Lord Wenlock turned several down
on Skipwith Common, and asked the local gunners to respect
the fact, in order to give them a chance, but I believe nothing
came of the venture, and I can trace no record of this bird
being indigenous to the suitable localities in this neighbourhood
in former days. One may take it as probable that this example
is a straggler from the above quoted attempt to establish them
at Skipwith.—J. F. MusHam.
Black Game in Wharfedale.—lIt is interesting to note
that Black-Game have nested on one of the Wharfedale Moors
this year. A party of Harrogate sportsmen when Grouse
shooting shot several birds on October 22nd, with which they
were not familiar. They turned out to be young of the Black
Grouse.—R. FORTUNE.
— 0 :—
ARACHNIDA.
Megabunus insignis Meade, a Harvestman new to the
East Riding.—I have obtained this quaint Harvestman at
Houghton Woods near Market Weighton. It does not appear
to be by any means abundant in this locality, as repeated
searches during the year have only resulted in the capture of
three examples. The first was taken among dead bracken
near a pine wood, on May Ist, and the remaining two under
dead heather in a birch and oak plantation, on May 24th, The
species was first found in Yorkshire, previous to 1855, by
Dr. Rk. H. Meade, who, however, gives no definite locality, and
it has since been recorded for the Huddersfield district and
Middleton-in-Teesdale by Mr. W. Falconer, and for Malham
and the Rawthey Valley by Mr. W. P. Winter. Megabunus
mmsignis is distinguished from all other British Phalangids by
its very large eye-eminence which is armed on each side by
five long divergent spines, . With this species fifteen of the
twenty-four species of British Harvestmen have now been
recorded in the East Riding.—T. STarnrortru, Hull.
1915 Dec. 1.
406 Northern News.
FUNGI.
Pistillaria furcata Sm. in Yorkshire.—Early in Octo-
ber Mr. W. Pearson found on Seamer Moor, specimens of an
interesting fungus, Pistillaria furcata Sm., which is new to
Yorkshire. The specimens are from 4 to 1} inches in height.
The ‘clubs’ vary very much in shape from cylindric-clavate to
spathulate and even to broadly cuneate or deltoid. Some-
times they are very broad at the apex and up to about 12 mm.
across there. Occasionally they are somewhat forked at the
apex and remarkably compressed. In colour they are waxy-
white or with a pale yellowish tinge. The spores are elliptic-
oblong, continuous, smooth and coloured grey, and in size
about 10-14 X 4-6. The basidia are remarkably large and
turgid. The specimens were growing among the stones of
a cart-track on the moor.—T. B. RoE, Scarborough.
103
We regret to note the death of George Thomas Egglestone, of Con-
sett, at the age of 64. He was at one time President of the Consett
Naturalists’ Field Club.
It is pleasing to find that an anonymous benefactor has sent £1,368 to
the Manchester University to pay off the debt on the new extension of
the museum, recently made to contain the Egyptian antiquities and local
minerals.
We regret to record the death of Sir Arthur William Ricker, the
famous scientist. He was born in 1848, was the eldest son of Mr. D. H.
Ricker, and after a distinguished career at Oxtord, became Professor of
Mathematics and Physics at York College in 1874. He was Professor of
Physics, Royal College of Science, London, 1886-1901, and Principal of
the University of London r901-8. From 1891 to 1898 Sir Arthur was
Treasurer of the British Association, and was President in I902. Other
offices included President of the Physical Society 1893-95, and Secretary
of the Royal Society 1896-1901. Sir Arthur was a member of several
Royal Commissions.
At a recent meeting of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological
Society, Mr. F. N. Pierce exhibited Pevonea fissuyvana and Halonata
littovalana and two new species of Tortrices discovered by examination
of the genitalia, and read descriptions of the species. Mr. A. W. Hughes
showed a series of Tviphena fimbria from Delamere, one example being
of the scarce mahogany-red form. Dr. A. Randell Jackson brought an
exhibit of humble bees and their parasites captured in his garden at Chester,
comprising some forty species. Mr. H. B. Prince’s exhibit contained
long series of many local insects, prominent among them being Bombyx
tvifolit from the Lancashire coast : Lycena covydon and var. semisyngvapha:
Vanessa urtice, several specimens having the usual orange-red colour
replaced by fuscous-ochreous: and Carterocephalus palemon. Mr. W.
Mansbridge shewed Lyc@na @gon, a series from Witherslack, Westmorland,
with var. masseyi, and a male in which the orange spots on the underside
were dark fuscous-ochreous, while the hind-wings on the upper side were
slaty-grey: from Simonswood several specimens of Acyonycta leporina
var. melanocephala: Hyyia muricata, moss form, and Ennychia octoma-
culata from Witherslack: Rhodaria sanguinalis from Wallasey: Pevonea
comparvana, P. variegana and Depressaria assimilella from Delamere
Forest, the last named being new to the county list. Mr. W. G. Clutten
sent a specimen of Gelechia scalella taken at Burnley: this insect is new
to the county list and an extension of its distribution towards the north.
Naturalist,
407
CEASSIEIED INDEX.
COMPILED BY W. E. L. WATTAM.
It is not an index in the strictest sense of that term, but it is a
classified summary of the contents of the volume, arranged so as to
be of assistance to active scientific investigators ; the actual titles
of papers not always being regarded so much as the essential nature
of their contents.
CONTRIBUTORS.
Andrews, Miss C. E., 294
Barnes, R., 25, 91-94
Barraclough, W., 16
Bennett, Arthur, 95
Booth, H. B., F.z.S., M.B.0.U., 207-208,
298-299, 301, 338, 365-366
Bradshaw, C.. F.G.S., F.C.S., 45-46
Brown, J. M., B.Sc., F.L.S., F.C.S., 157-
159
Burrell, W. H., F.L.S., 293-294, 301-302
Burton, J. J., F.G.S., 46-47, 122-124,
3597995)
Butterfield, Rosse, F.E.S., 41-42, 175,
259-260, 295-296
Carter, C. S., 147-148
Carter, J. W., F.E.S., 104
Castle, Thomas, 260
Cheetham, C. A., 43-44, 67-70, 115,
168-170, 192, 234-235
Clarke, W. J., F.Z.S., 339
Corbett, H. H., M.R.C.S., 5, 175, 209
Cooper, Miss C. A., 367-368
Crossland, C., 44-45, 99-103
Drake, H. C., F.G.S., 64-66
Edmondson, F. H., 61
Falconer, W., 42-43, 201-204, 225-230,
286-287, 296-297, 363-364
Fordham, W. J., M.R.C.S., F.E.S., 41,
164-167, 198-200, 287-288
Fortune, Riley, F.z.S., 35-36, 37-39,
147, 211, 405
Fysher, Greevz, 39, 265-206, 293
George, C. F.. M.R.C.S., 6
Gibson, E. B., 295
Greaves, Walter, 210, 293, 405
Greenwood, J. Henry, 294,295
Harrison, J. W., Heslop, B.Sc., 26-27,
78-81, 403-404
Hartshorn, J., 261
Hawkesworth, Edwin, 51-52, 206-207
Holmes, John, 45-46, 261-262
1915 Dec. 1.
Hope, L. E., F.L.S., 187-191, 238-243
Hull, Rev. J. E.,. 398-399
Ingham, W., B.A., 44, 174, 175
Jefferies, Rev. T. A., F.L.S., 307-308
Johnson, H. E., 115
Johnson, J. W. H., M.sc., F.L.S., 47-49
Johnstone, Mary A., B.SC., F.L.S., 31-32
Laughton, G., 368
Lumby, A. Haigh-, 82-84, 265
Mason, W. W., 16
Margerison, Samuel, 96-98
Morley, B., 40-41, 105,108, 266
Mosley, Charles, 284-285
Murray, J., 175, 300, 369
Musham, J. F., F.E.S., 40, 270, 405
Nelson: iE. Hi, M:SC.) J.P.) 32 8-0-.U-, 37
Peck, A. E., 222-224, 235-236, 290
Pickard, J. F., 382-384
Porritt, G. L.,F.L.S., F.E.S:., 27, 42, 210,
266, 343-344
Ramsbottom, I., 147
Robinson, J. F., 43
Roe T B., 406
Roebuck, W. Denison, M.SC., F.L.S.,
231-232
Selous, Edmund, 139-141, 160-163,
193-197, 217-221, 253-257, 281-284,
358-362
Sheppard, Thomas, M.SC., F.G.S., F.S.A.
(ScoT.), 17-25, 28-30, 50, 63, 71-77,
109-114, 131-138, 142-144, 145-140,
176-179, 207-269, 290-291, 301,
303-306, 338, 369, 379-381
Smith, Sydney H., 147
Stainforth, T., B.A., B.SC., 385-397, 402-
404, 495
Stiles, M. H., F.R.M.S., 62-63
Thomas, H. Hamshaw, M.A., F.G.S.,
7-13
Thompson, M. L., F.E.s., 376
408 Classified Index.
CONT RIBUTORS—continued.
Wade, E. W., M.B.0.U., 36-37, 205 Winter Weel insc. 232-233, 300
Wattam, W. E. L.,°14-16, 33-52, 205- | Woodhead, T. W., m.sc., PH. Dien oe
208, 231-237, 258-262, 263, 266, 286- 33-52, 44
291, 292-297, 334-337, 365-368 Woods, Rev. F. H., 3.p., 40
Whitaker, A., 39 Wray, D. A., B.Sc., F.G.S., 125-128
Whitaker, F. W., 360
BOOK NOTICES.
ARCHEOLOGY. MAMMALS.
Williamson-Freeman, J.p.—Field Arch- | British Mammals, Part XVI., 53, Part
eology, 370 XVI 552 76
Birps. Roosevelt, T. and Heller, E.—Life
Bolam, George—The Birds of North- Histories of African Game Animals,
umberland, 89
371
Thorburn, A., F.z.s.—British Birds, 371 Shelford, Dr. V. E.—Animal Com-
munities in Temperate America,
DIPTERA. as illustrated in the Chicago Region ;
Hewitt, C. G.—Musca domestica Linn., a Study in Animal Ecology, 402
its structure, etc., 185-186 Mo.uusca.
FLOWERING PLANTs. Taylor, J. W.—Land and Freshwater
Brown, N. C., 8.4. and Moon, F. F., Mollusca of the British Isles, 54
B.A.—Elements of Forestry, 302 Museums.
Grove, W. B., m.a.—The Families of
British Flowering Plants, 224 British Museum, Report on Cetacea
Horwood, A. R.—Plant Life in the Stranded on British Coasts during
British Isles, 197 1914, 250
fy ernie Tease of Trees, 307 Doncaster Art Gallery and Museum,
Reynolds, Bernard.—Whitby Wild Annual Report of, 270 i
Flowers, 224 Hull Museum, Publications of (No.
Woodhead, T. W., M.sc., PH.D., F.L.s.— 103) 7397 Aen ae
The ac ein Bla an Intro- | Hull Museum of Fisheries and Shipping
duction to Botany and Plant Ecol- Catalogue of, 357
ogy, 307 Stockport Museum, Report of, 357
2 Warrington Museum, Report of, 357
GEOLOGY AND PAL@®ONTOLOGY.
PAL#x0-BoTANY.
British Antarctic (‘Terra Nova’) Ex-
pedition, 1910, Memoirs of, 58-59
Stopes, M. C., Dr.—Catalogue of the
Mesozoic Plants in the British
Museum (Natural History), 342
British Antarctic (‘Terra Nova’)
Expedition, 1910, Memoirs of, 58-59
Chapman, F.—Australasian Fossils,
I
nave G. M.—Geological Excursions
Round London, 144
Gardiner, C. J., M.a., F.G.s.—An Intro- REPTILES, ETC.
2 toa Geolosy, 209. Boulenger, E. G., F.z.s.—Reptiles and
Gregory, J. W., ¥F.R.s—Geology of Batrachians, 397
To-Day, 197
Smith, H. G., F.G.s.—Minerals and the SOCIETIES.
Microscope: an Introduction to British Association, 184-185
the Study of Petrology, 269 Bradford Historical and Antiquarian
W hite, ist. ile Ox F.G.S.—The Geology Society, Journal of, 53
of the Country near (ymungton ‘and | cpoieict iNaturaliss Wnicld dela
Portsmouth, 371 ceedings of, 57
Burton-on-Trent Nat. Hist. and Arch.
Society, Transactions of, 270
Pierce, F. N., F.E.s.—The Genitalia of | Cheltenham Natural Science Society,
the British Geometridae, 2 Proceedings of, 108
LEPIDOPTERA.
Naturalist,
Classified Index.
409
BOOK NOTICES—continued.
Chester Society of Natural Science,
etc, Proceedings of, 404
Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club, Pro-
ceedings of, 1912-13, 90
Cumberland and Westmorland Anti-
quarian Society, Trans. of, Vol.
XV., 399
Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural
History, etc. Society, Transactions
of, 1913-14, 114
East Anglia Pre-historic Society, Pro-
ceedings of, 1913-14, 57
East Riding Antiquarian Society,
Transactions of, Vol. XX., 59
Geological Society, Quarteriy Journal
Or NO: 25m, 3or
Geologists’ Association, Proceedings
of, Vol. XXVI., 381, 404
Hertfordshire Natural History Society,
Transactions of, Vol. XV., 108
Huddersfield Naturalist and Photo-
graphic Society, Annual Report,
T1914, 54 ; 1915, 404
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological
Society, Proceedings of, 53
Leeds Astronomical Society, Trans-
actions of, No. 21, 55, 362
Leeds Geological Association, Trans-
actions of, 1911-13, 55
Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union, Trans-
actions of, 1914, 183
Liverpool Biological Society, Trans-
actions of, Vol. XXVIII., 87
Liverpool Geological Society, Pro-
ceedings of, 56, 374
Liverpool Naturalists’ Field Club,
Proceedings of, 1914, 186
London Entomological Society, Trans-
actions of, 186, 209
Manchester Field Naturalists’ and
Archeological Society, Proceedings
of, 270
Manchester Geological and Mining
Society, Transactions of, 362
Manchester Literary and Philosophical
Society, Memoirs of, 252, 340, 362
Manchester Microscopical Society, An-
nual Report of, 270.
Northumberland and Durham Natural
History Society, Annual Report of,
558
North Staffordshire Field Club, Annual
Report of, 252
Perthshire Society of Natural Science,
Transactions of, 252
Scottish Marine Biological Association,
Annual Report, 1914, 251
Scarborough Phil. and Arch. Society,
Annual! Report, 1914, 362
Sheffield (Hunter) Archzological So-
ciety, Transactions of, 374
South-Eastern Union of Scientific
Societies, Transactions of, 1914, 57,
347
Viking Society, Transactions of, 98, 381
Whitby Literary and Phil. Society,
Report of, 276
Yorkshire Dialect Society, Transactions
of, 163
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, Trans-
actions of, Part 35, 54
Yorkshire Philosophical Society, An-
nual Report of, 1914, 340
MISCELLANEOUS.
Bagshaw, W., F.R.M.s.—Elementary
Photo-Micrography, 370
Country Life, 86
Essex Naturalist, 348
Greenwood, G. G.,
Rivers, 307
Hall W. H.—Spencer F. Baird: a
Biography, 370
Herdman, T.—Some Geographical
Factors in the Great War, 170
Hopson, M, F.—Apes to Modern
Man, 375
Johnson, J. W. H., m.sc.—A Contri-
bution to the Biology of Sewage
Disposal, 90
Kearton, Richard, F.z.s.—Wonders of
Wild Nature, 224
Kellaway, H. J.—How to lay out
Suburban Home Grounds, 397
MacBride, J. W.—Text-Book of Em-
‘bryology, 192
Micrologist, The, 341
Mitchell, P. C.—Evolution and the
War, 370
Rawnsley, W. F.—Highways and By-
ways in Lincolnshire, 173
Record, S. J.—Mechanical Properties
of Wood, 13
Richter, G. N. A., Lirr.p.—Greek*
Etruscan and Roman Bronzes, 397
Sollas, W. J.—Ancient Hunters and
their Modern Representatives, 192
Vasculum, The, 214, 346
M.p.—Rain and
ILLUSTRATIONS.
ARCHZOLOGY.
Axe, Bronze, found in Hallamshire, 374
1915 Dec. 1.
ARACHNIDA,
Bryobia pratensis, Garman, 6.
410
Classified Index.
ILLUSTRATIONS—continued.
Centromerus incultus, sp. nov. 2, 228
Centromerus arcanus Cambr., 228
Maro sublestus sp. nov. 9, 228
Oribates boothianus, n.sp., 399
BrrDs.
Chick after 11 days Incubation, 341
Tern, Lesser, Sitting, 184
Tit, Long-Tailed, Nest of, 89
Tit, Great, Curious Nesting Site of, 270
Botany.
Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis, Leaves of, 9
COLLEMBOLA.
Podura aquatica, 85
CTENOPHORA.
Ctenophore, Pleurobranchia pileus, 87
FIsH.
Rabbit Fish (Chimera monstrosa), 338
FUNGI.
Cordyceps capitata Fr., 223
GEOLOGY.
Coal, Haigh Moor in Robin Hood
Quarry, Leeds, 55
Coast Erosion at Skinningrove, 336
Estuarine Rocks, near Hayburn Wyke,
Yorks., 90 ‘
Oolitic Limestone, Structure of, 62
Rhyncosauroid Footprints from Run-
corn Hill, 56
MAMMALIA.
Deer-Antler Picks from
Graves, Norfolk, 357
Jaws of (side views and_ occlusal
surfaces of) Chimpanzee, Piltdown,
Heidelberg and Modern Man, 375
Grime’s
MOLLUSCA.
Helix nemoralis, Deformed Specimen
of, 347
MossEs AND HEPATICs.
Apical Region of Branch and Stem
Leaves of the Thuidia, 168
PorTRAITS, VIEWS AND Maps.
Ants and their guests, Maps showing
distribution of Coleopterous and
Isopod guests in the British Isles,
387, 388
Bolling Hall, Bradford, 345
Bunker, Thomas, 176
Calderdale, Map of, 125
Cash, William, F.G.s., 28
Cottingham Dene Hole,
Section of, 380
Holgate, Benjamin, F.G.S., 145
Marine Collecting Ground, 251
Plan and
Mitchell, Second-Lieutenant George,
208
Naturalist, The, Blocks of, 132, 135,
137, 138
Practical Naturalists’ Society, Fac-
simile of Membership Card of, 72
Spurn Lights in 1895, 182
Skulls, 149
Surfleet Windmill, 173
Taylor, J. W., Facsimile of Title Pag
of Address to, 151
Upper Standson Pond, 154
Watsonian Vice-Counties, Map of, 373
Woods, Rev. F. H., B.D., 143
Yorkshire Naturalists, near Ripon, 205
Yorkshire Naturalists at Hambleton,
263, 264
RHIZOPODA.
chromatophora
Paulinella (Lauter-
born), 157
SPECIES AND, VARIETIES NEW TO SCIENCE
DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME.
ARACHNIDA,
Figures and descriptions of Centrom-
erus incultus sp. nov., and Maro
sublestus sp. nov., found at Wicken,
W. Falconer, 226-230
Oribates boothianus, sp. nov., ob-
tained at Ben Rhydding, figured
and described, J. E. Huil, 398-399
SPECIES AND VARIETIES “NEW TO BRITAIN BROUGHT
FORWARD IN
ARACHNIDA.
Bryobia pratensis, Garman, found at
Grantham, figured and described,
C. F. George, 6
FUNGI.
Description of Lactarius lividus Zamb.
and Peniophora pallidula Bres. in
THIS VOLUME.
Bourd. and Galz., found in Mulgrave
Woods, C. Crossland, 99-100.
MossES AND HEPATICS.
Aplozia lanceolata (Schrad.) Dum. var.
prolifera Breidler, found in the woods
between Kirkby Knowle and Cowes-
by, near Thirsk, R. Barnes, 129
Naturalist,
Classified Index. 411
NOTES AND COMMENTS.
January.—Mr. Riley Fortune, F.z.s.—
The Plumage Bill—Vapourer Moth
on Heather—The Paull Museum,
Holderness—The Story of a ‘ New’
Bird—A Yorkshire Record—A Hali-
fax Dealer—A Halifax Record—A
Little Bunting—Sold—Further In-
vestigation—A Memory—Value of
Records, 1-5.
February—A History of British Mam-
mals—Lancashire and Cheshire En-
tomologists—The Bradford Anti-
quary—Taylor’s Monograph of Mol-
lusca—Huddersfield Naturalists—
Yorkshire Naturalists—Leeds Geolo-
gists—Leeds Astronomers—Liver-
pool Geologists—East Anglian Pre-
Historians — Belfast Naturalists—
The South Eastern Naturalist—The
Newcastle Museum--Antarctic Fossil
Plants—A Glossopteris Flora in the
Antarctic—Wealden Floras—
Absence of Flowering Plants—East
Riding Antiquaries—More about the
“New ’ Bird—The Police—An Apol-
ogy—Moral, 53-60
Mareh.—Sewage Disposal—Bolling
Hall, Bradford—Frogs in Coal—
Georgina Thompson’s Frog—Coun-
try Life—Liverpool Biologists—The
Amber Trade—The Striation of
Flint Surfaces—Photographing Birds
Nests—The Birds of Northumber-
land—Cleveland Naturalists, 85-90
April.—The British Association—
Phenological Observations—Records
of New British Birds—The Late
Professor James Geikie, F.R.S.—
James Geikie’s Books—His Honours
—The Taming of Streams—In In-
habited Countries—Bronze-Age In-
vaders of Britain—Different Land-
ing Places—Newspaper Archeology
— Cone-in-Cone Structure — Prof.
Bonney on Cone-in-Cone, 117-121
May.—Fossil Remains of Man—Dr. A.
Smith Woodward’s Address—The
War and Second-Hand Books—
Presentation to Mr. J. W. Taylor—
Flints—The Ashgillian Succession—
Effect of Smoke on Lichens—Geolo-
gists in Bowland—Ingleborough and
Bowland Limestones—In vestigation
of Yorkshire Rivers—Dew Ponds—
Dew Ponds on the Yorkshire Wolds
—Their Sites—Their Construction—
Action of Light upon Chlorophyll—
Experiments on Oxalis acetosella—
1915 Dec. 1.
Lonsdaleia and Dibunophyllum rug-
osum, 149-156
June.—Honorary Degrees for York-
shire Naturalists—Honour for Leeds
Professor—Mr. W. N. Cheesman, J.P.
—Spurn Lights in 1895—Arcadia—
Gun-Flints—Lincolnshire Nat-
uralists—Cumberland Nature Re-
serve Association—Blakeney Point
—Corresponding Societies’ Commit-
tee—The British Association—The
House Fly—A Monograph—Its Con-
tents—Hibernation of ‘ Musca dom-
estica ’—Fat Flies, 181-186
July—War Names — The Age of
Oysters—Winkles and Fish v. Law—
The Law and Prawns—The Vas-
culum—British and German Steel
Metallurgy—tThe ‘ Ideal Curator ’—.
British Association—Sections of Coal
Strata—Sinkers Terms—The Cross-
land, Collection of Fungi, 213-216
August.—Recognition of Natural His-
tory Work—A ‘Field Day ’—The
Leeds University and Yorkshire
Naturalists — Harold Wager —
Thomas Hudson Nelson—William
Denison Roebuck—Thomas Shep-
pard—-John William Taylor—John
Grimshaw Wilkinson—Thomas Will-
iam Woodhead—-Notes on Cetacea—
Lord Avebury—A Popular Scientist
—Marine Biology-—Accessory Min-
erals in Lake District Granites—
Rare Minerals—Detection of Access-
ory Minerals, 245-252
September.—American Grey Squirrel—
Harvest Mice—Forms of Sand—
Ravens on Bempton Cliffs—Ecology
of the Purple Heath Grass—Phy-
logeny and Relationships in the
Ascomycetes—Curious Phenomenon
in Pigeon Breeding—Bird Migra-
tion at Scarborough—Changes in
Coleoptera Fauna, 277-280
October.—British Association — The
President—The Scientific Mind—
The Work of the British Association
—Its early years—Science and Hu-
manity—The Handbook—Is Europe
“Settled ’"—The Greatest Change—
Prof. W. R. Scott’s Address—Mr.
R. H. Rew’s Address—Major H. G.
Lyon’s Address—Prof. W. H. Lang’s
Address—Mrs. Henry Sidgwick’s Ad-
dress—Prof. W. M. Bayliss’s Address
—Prof. E. A. Minchin’s Address—
Protocyte, Cytode, Micrococcus and
Biococcus—Sir F. W. Dyson’s Ad-
tse
HH
i)
Classified Index.
NOTES AND COMMENTS—continued.
dress—Prof. C. G. Seligman’s Ad-
dress — Museums — The Place of
Museums in General Education—
Scheme of Arrangement—Local
Museums — And Their Duty —
National and Provincial — Local
Museums’ Duty — Introductory
Collections — ‘ Discussion !* —
Provincial Societies—German and
English Methods—A Danger—Lon-
don v. Provinces—The Amateur
Naturalist—The Antiquity of Man—
Geological Evidence in Britain—
Piltdow
the Continent—Early Man—In East
Anglia—Distribution of Bronze Age
Implements—Classification of Ter-
tiary Strata by Means of Eutherian
Mammals—Glacial Geology of the
Western Slopes of the Southern Pen-
nines—Erratics — One Glaciation—
The Carboniferous Limestone Zones
—Of N.E. Lancashire—An Old
Battle Fought Over Again—Origin
of Reef Knolls—The Middle Tees and
Its Tributaries—A Study in River
Development—Tertiary Elevation—
— The Avonian Shore Line — The
Classification of Land Forms, 309-333
November.—The Micrologist — Meso-
zoic Plants — Paleontographical
Society—Survival and Extinction of
Insects—Scillies’ Seals—Insects at
Lighthouses—Dasypolia Templi —
Wilberforce Museum, Hull—A Brad-
ford Museum—Preserving Plants—
Earth Movements in Sheffield—The
Vasculum—A Curious Helix—The
South Eastern Naturalist — The
Essex Naturalist—Mr. C. Cross-
land’s Collection—Of Halifax Mosses
—Leyland’s Mosses—The Use of
Fossil Fishes in Stratigraphical
Geology—Grime’s Graves—Fauna of
the Limestone Beds—At Treak
Cliffs and Peakshill, Castleton, Der-
byshire—Zonal Determination—The
Tsolation of the Directions-Image—
Of a Mineral Rock-Slice—Norweg-
ian Granite—The Heterangiums of
the British Coal Measures—Heter-
angium lomaxii—Polydesmic Heter-
1] Fossil Fungi and Fossil
Bacteria—The Aptian Flora of Brit-
in—Early Angiosperms and Their
Contemporaries— Boys and the War,
341-357
December.—Watsonian Vice-Counties
-—Sheffield Archzologists — Liver-
pool Geologists—Apes to Modern
Man— Fossi] Reptilia—Flint ‘Bones’
—Another View—A Reply—Former
Leeds Professor Honoured—A Skele-
ton of Elephas antiquus—373-378
CHESHIRE:
Geology and Palzwontology: Biblio-
graphy with respect to the Geology |
and Paleontology of the North “of
England (Yorkshire excepted), during
1914, I. Sheppard, 271-274, 303-306
Societies: Lancashire and Cheshire
Entomological Society, Proceedings
| of, 53; Exhibits at 406; Chester
Society of Natura! Science, ete.,
| Proceedings of, 404
CUMBERLAND.
Birds: List of Birds Seen in Kingmoor
Nature Reserve, 1914, 189-190
Coleoptera: List of Species noted in
Kingmoor Nature Reserve, 238-240 ;
Sermyia halensis var. cuprina Weise
at Carlisle, J. Murray, 300
Flowering Plants: List of Species noted
in Kingmoor Nature Keserve, T.
Scott Johnstone, 240-243: Notes
on the Flora of Eskdale and Wasdale,
J. F. Pickard, 382-384
Geology and Paleontology: Biblio-
graphy with respect to the Geology
and Palxontology of the North ‘of
England (Yorkshire excepted),during
1914, IT. Sheppard, 271-274 ; 303-306
Lepidoptera: List of Lepidoptera noted
in Kingmoor Nature Reserve, F. H.
Day, 190-191
Mammalia: List of Species noted in
Kingmoor Nature Reserve, 190
Mosses and Hepaties: Seligeria recur-
vata B. and S. found near Gilsland, J.
Murray, 175; List of Species noted
in Kingmoor Nature Reserve, 243
Rhizopoda: Paulinella chromatophora
(Lauterborn) tound in Sprinkling
Tarn, J. M. Brown, 157-159
Scientific History: Report of the
Cumberland Nature Reserve Associa-
tion, L. E. Hope, 187-191, 238-243
Societies: Cumberland and Westmor-
land Antiquarian, etc., Society,
Trans. of, Vol. XV., 399
Naturalist,
Classtfied Index. A413
DERBYSHIRE.
Geology and Paleontology: Biblio- 1914, T. Sheppard, 271-274, 303-300 ;
graphy with Respect to the Geology
and Paleontology of the North of
England (Yorkshire excepted) during
Notes on the Fauna of Treak Cliff
and Peakshill, Castleton, 350-352
DURHAM.
Coceide: List of Coccid&a noted in
Durham and North Yorkshire, J. W.
H. Harrison, 78-81
Crustacea: Platyarthrus hoffmann-
segeliin S.E. Durham, T. Stainforth,
388
Geology and Paleontology: Biblio-
graphy with respect to the Geology
and Paleontology of the North of
England (Yorkshire excepted), dur-
ing 1914, T. Sheppard, 271-274, 303-
306
Societies: Northumberland and Dur-
ham, etc., Natural History Society,
Annual Report of, 58
Mosses and Hepatics: New Records
and Additional Localities for the
Moss-Flora of Yorkshire and Dur-
ham, including first British record
of Aplozia lanceolata (Schrad.) Dum.
var. prolifera Breidler, R. Barnes,
QI-94, 129-130
LANCASHIRE.
Geology and Paleontology: Biblio-
graphy with respect to the Geology
and Paleontology of the North of
England (Yorkshire excepted) during
1914, LT. Sheppard, 271-274, 303-306;
Notes on Dr. Albert Jowett’s Address
at the Manchester Meeting of the
British Association upon Glacial
Geology of the Western Slopes of the
Southern Pennines, 328-329; Notes
on Dr. Albert Wilmore’s Address at
the Manchester Meeting of the
British Association upon the Carbon-
iferous Limestone Zones, 329-330
Rhizopoda: Paulinella chromatophora
(Lauterborn), found in a tarn on
Claife Heights, and in Highlow Tarn,
J. M. Brown, 157-159
Rhynchota: Berytus montivagus Fieb,,
etc., found at Hest Bank, J. Murray,
309
Societies: Jancashire and Cheshire
Entomological Society, Proceedings
of, 53 ; Exhibits at, 406 ; Liverpool
Biological Society, Transactions of,
Vol. XXVIII., 87; Liverpool Geo-
logical Society, Proceedings of, 56,
374; Liverpool Naturalists’ Field
Club, Proceedings of, 1914, 186;
Manchester Field Naturalists’ and
Archeologists’ Society, Proceedings
of, 270 ; Manchester Geological and
Mining Society, Transactions of, 362;
Manchester Literary and _ Philo-
sophical Society, Memoirs of, 252,
340, 362 ; Manchester Microscopical
Society, lransactions of, 270
LINCOLNSHIRE.
Arachnida: Bryobia pratensis, Gar-
man, from Grantham, figured and
described, C. F. George, 6; List of
Mites presented to Hull Municipal
Museum by Dr. C. F. George, Kirton
Lindsey, T. Sheppard, 63; Spiders
in Ants’ Nests at South Ferriby, T.
Stainforth, 394-395
Crustacea: Occurrence of Platyarthrus
hoffmannseggil in Lincs (with map),
T. Stainforth, 388-389
Fungi: Note on a Fossil Form, Phy-
comycites frodinghamii, found in
the Frodingham Ironstone, 355
Geology and Palewontology: JBiblio-
graphy with respect to the Geology
and Paleontology of the North of
1915 Dec. 1.
England (Yorkshire excepted), dur-
ing 1014, T. Sheppard, 271-274, 303-
306; Note on a Fossil Form. of
Fungi, Phycomycites frodinghamii,
found in the Frodingham Ironstone,
355,
Mollusca: List of Marine Shells from
the Ancient Beach at North Somer-
cotes, C. S. Carter, 147-148
Museums: Scunthorpe Museum, Ac-
quisition of the late Fred Brown’s
Collection, 275
Societies: Lincolnshire Naturalists’
Union, Transactions of, 1914, 183
Symphyla: Scutigerella immaculata,
with Ants at South Ferriby, T.
Stainforth, 391
AIA Classified Index.
NORTHUMBERLAND.
Geology and Palzontology: Biblio-
graphy with respect to the Geology
and Paleontology of the North of
England (Yorkshire excepted), dur-
ing 1914, T. Sheppard, 271-274, 303-
306
Societies: Northumberland and Dur-
ham, etc., Natural History Society,
Annual Report of, 58
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.
Geology and Palzontology : Biblio-
graphy with respect to the Geology
and Palxontology of the North of
England (Yorkshire excepted), dur-
ing 1914, T. Sheppard, 271-274, 303-
306
WESTMORLAND.
Geology and Paleontology: Biblio-
graphy with respect to the Geology
and Paleontology of the North of
England (Yorkshire excepted), dur-
ing 1914, T. Sheppard, 271-274, 303-
305
Rhizopoda: Paulinella chromatophora
(Lauterborn), found in Windermere
Lake and Easedale Tarn, J. M.
Brown, 157-159
Societies: Cumberland and Westmor-
land Antiquarian Society, Trans. of,
Vol. XV., 399
YORKSHIRE.
Arachnida: On New and Rare York-
shire Spiders captured in North
Worsley Ihe |f, Wis JBL
Harrison, 26-27; Annual Report of
Arachnida Committee of Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union, for 1914, W.
Falconer, 42-43; Species noted in
visit of Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union
to Sawley and Eavestone, W. P.
Winter, 232-233; Species noted on
visit of Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union
to Hambleton, near Selby, W.
Falconer, 286-287; Species noted
on visit of Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union to Hebden Bridge, W. Fal-
coner, 296-297; Species noted on
visit of Yorkshire Naturalists Union
LOM SeCotLE NN VE ele \Vinliter ames Oo.:
Arachnida of the Sawley District, W.
Falconer, 363-364 ; Acari from nests
of Tits obtained from Ben Rhydd-
ing, with description and figure of
Oribates boothianus, n. sp., J. E.
Hull, 398-399; Spiders in Ants’
Nests in Yorkshire, T. Stainforth,
392-395; Argyroneta aquatica near
Hull, T. Stainforth, 402 ; Megabun-
us insignis Meade, found near Market
Weighton, T. Stainforth, 405
Birds: The efforts of the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union in regard to the
Plumage Bill, 1-2; The Story of a
New Yorkshire Bird, 3-5, 60; Hen
Harriers near Doncaster, H. H.
Corbett, 5; White Blackbird Shot
at Barnsley, W. Barraclough, 16;
Annual Report of Vertebrate Section
of Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, for
1914, as to West Riding, by R.
Fortune ; as to East Riding by E. W.
Wade; and as to North Riding by
T. H. Nelson, 35-37 : Annual Report
of Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union
Wild Birds’, etc., Protection Com-
MUGkee, On LOmfle ike | HOLuin emmy =
39 ; Notes on the Merlin, being paper
read at a meeting of the Vertebrate
Section of Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union’, 22) Ho) Edmondson 6m,
Report of meeting of Vertebrate
Section of Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union held at Leeds, November 1914
A. Haigh-Lumby, 82-84 ; The effect
of gun fire on Pheasants and other
birds during the German bombard-
ment of the Yorkshire Coast in
December, 1914, S. Margerison, 96-
98; Misdeeds of a Kingfisher, R.
Fortune, 147; Report of meeting of
Vertebrate Section of Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union held at Leeds,
February 1915, A Haigh-Lumby,
171-173 ; Bird life observed on visit
of Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union to
Sawley and Eavestone, H. B. Booth,
207-208; Grasshopper Warbler at
Mytholmroyd, W. Greaves, 210;
Early Arrival of Swifts at Harrogate,
R. Fortune, 211; Bird life observed
on visit of Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union to Settle, R. Butterfield, 259-
260; Bird life observed on visit of
Naturalist
Classified Index. 415
YORKSHIRE—continued.
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union to
Hambleton, near Selby, E. W.
Wade and A. Haigh-Lumby, 265 ;
Curious Nesting Site of Great Tit at
Selby, J. F. Musham, 270; Ravens
at Bempton, 278 ; Note on Unusual
Migration of Sea-Birds at Scar-
borough in July, 280 ; Bird life noted
on visit of Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union to Hebden Bridge, W. Greaves
293; Early reference to the Plover
in Yorkshire, T. Sheppard, 301 ;
Note on the Heronry in Kirkgill
Wood, near Hubberholme, H. B.
Booth, 301; Mistle Thrush falling
down Chimney, H. B. Booth, 338 ;
The first record of the Surf Scoter
in Yorkshire, W. J. Clarke, 339;
Bird life noted on visit of Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union to Saltburn, H.
B. Booth, 365-366; Note on an
Immature Gannet captured at With-
ernsea, I. Sheppard, 360; Hen
Harrier and Stonechat at Hebden
Bridge, W. Greaves, 405; Black
Game near Selby, J. F. Musham,
405; Black Game in Wharfedale,
R. Fortune, 405
Coccidae: List of Coccidae noted in
Durham and North Yorkshire, J.
W. H. Harrison, 78-81
Coleoptera: Annual Report of York-
shire Naturalists’ Union Coleoptera
Committee, for 1914, W. J. Ford-
ham, 41; Lesteva luctuosa, Fauv.,
taken in a mountain stream near
Malham, second British record,
J. W. Carter, 104; Exhibits and
Reports made at meeting of Ento-
mological Section of Yorkshire Nat-
uralists’ Union in October, trg91t4,
B. Morley, 105-108; Report upon
the most noteworthy captures of
Yorkshire Coleoptera in t914, with
full list of species, W. J. Fordham,
164-167, 198-200; Coleoptera ob-
tained from Indian hides at Doncas-
ter, three new West Riding Records,
H. H. Corbett, 209; Species noted
on visit of Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union to Sawley and Eavestone,
232 ; Note on Changes in Coleoptera
Fauna, having reference to the
Humber and Yorkshire Wolds, 280 ;
Species noted on visit of Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union to Hambleton,
near Selby, W. J. Fordham, 287-288 ;
Species noted on visit of Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union to Saltburn,
1915 Dec. 1.
M. L. Thompson, 366; Yorkshire
ants and their nests, having special
reference to Yorkshire Coleoptera
found in the nests of ants, with
maps, T. Stainforth, 385-397 ; Notes
on six species of Yorkshire Coleop-
tera, first county records, T. Stain-
forth, 400-402
Collembcla: Cyphoderus albinos with
Ants, E. Riding, T. Stainforth, 390-
391
Crustacea: Platyarthrus hoffmann-
seggii with Ants in Yorks. (with
map), T. Stainforth, 388-389, 396
Diplopoda: Glomeris marginata with
Ants at Weedley, T. Stainforth, 396
Diptera: Annual Report of Diptera,
etc., Committee of Yorkshire Nat-
uralists’ Union, for 1914, R. Butter-
field, 41-42 ; Exhibits and Reports
made at meeting of Entomological
Section of Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union in October, 1914, B. Morley,
105-108 ; Species observed on visit
of Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union to
Hebden Bridge, R. Butterfield, 296
Euplexoptera: Apterygida arachides,
new county record, captured at
Doncaster, H. H. Corbett, 209
Fishes: Presentation of a specimen of
Chimera monstrosa (Rabbit Fish)
to the Hull Fisheries and Shipping
Museum, T. Sheppard, 338
Flowering Plants: Annual Report of
Botanical Committee of Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union for 1914, J. F.
Robinson and C. A. Cheetham, 43-
44; Annual Report of Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union Botanical Survey
Committee for tg914, T. W. Wood-
head, 44 ; Confirmation of Deyeuxia
neglecta Kunth., occurring in Mr.
F. J. Hanbury’s herbarium, from
Castle Howard Woods, A. Bennett,
95 ; Gagea fascicularis Salisb. (lutea)
L.) as a garden weed at Doncaster,
H. HW. Corbett, 175; Report on
Flowering Plants noted on visit
of Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union to
Sawley and Eavestone, W. E. L.
Wattam, 233-234; Report on the
Flowering Plants noted on visit of
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union to
Settle, J. Hartshorn, 261; Note on
the ‘ Ecology of the Purple Heath-
Grass,’ based on Observations of an
area of Slaithwaite Moors, near
Huddersfield, 278-279; Report on
the Flowering Plants noted on
Fungi:
Geology and
416
Classified Index.
YORKSHIRE—continued.
visit of Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union
to Hambleton, near Selby, W. E. L.
Wattam, 288-290; Report on the
Flowering Plants noted on visit of
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union to
Hebden Bridge, C. E. Andrews, 294 ;
Report on Flowering Plants noted
on visit of Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union to Saltburn, W. E. L. Wattam
3606-367; Notes on the Alien Plants
ot the Calder Valley, F. Whitaker,
309; Map of Watsonian Vice-
Counties of Yorkshire, 373-374
Annual Report of Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union Mycological Com-
mittee for r914, C. Crossland, 44-45 ;
Annual Report of Micro-Botany,
etc., Committee of Yorkshire Nat-
uralists’ Union for 1914, J. W. H.
Johnson, 47-49; the Eighth Supple-
mentary List of Additions to York-
shire Fungus Flora, enumerating
51 species, four of which are new to
the British Flora; two corrections
also noted, C. Crossland, 99-103 ;
Phoma acicola (Lev.) Sacc., and
Hormiscium pithyophilum (Wallr.)
Sacc., both new county rceords,’on
dead ™ leaves jot Scopss Eines trom
Sawley High Moor Plantation ; also
Phoma herbarum on rasp canes at
Grantley, J. Ramsbottom, 147;
Report on the meeting of the York-
shire Naturalists’ Union Mycological
Committee at West Ayton, with list
of chief species noted, and illustra-
tion of Cordyceps capitata letras ANG 18.
Peck, 222-224 ; Report on the Fungi
noted on visit of Yorkshire Nat-
uralists’ Union to Sawley and Eave-
stone, A. E. Peck, 235-236} Report
on the Fungi noted on visit of
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union to
Hambleton, near Selby, A. E. Peck,
290; Report on Fungi noted on
visit of Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union
to Saltburn, C. A. Cooper, 367-368 ;
Pistillaria furcata Sm., new county
record, found on Seamer Moor,
De Bo eRoe A406
Paleontology: The
Thinnfeldia Leaf-Bed of Roseberry
Topping, with illustrations, H. H.
Thomas, 7-13; Coal Measure Plant
Records, being paper read at meet-
ing of Geological Section of the
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at
Hull, Mary A. Johnstone, B.sc.,
F.L.S., 31-32; Annual Report of
Geological Section of Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union for 1914, C.
Bradshaw and John Holmes, 45-47 ;
Annual Report of Jurassic Flora
Committee of Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union, for 1914, J. J. Burton, 46;
Annual Report of Glacial Committee
of Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, for
1914, J. J. Burton, 46-47; Annual
Report of Coast Erosion Committee
of Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, for
to14, J. J. Burton, 47; Structure of
Oolitic Limestone, M. H. Stiles, 62-
63; Ammonites of the Yorkshire
Cornbrash, being paper read at
meeting of Geological Section of
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at
Hull, H. C. Drake, 64-66; Coast
Erosion, having especial reference
to Yorkshire, being paper read at
meeting of Geological Section of
We orkshire Naturalists’ Union at Hull,
J. J. Burton, 122-124 ; New Record
of Glacial Drift near Wakefield, with
map, D. A. Wray, 125-128; Notes
on Yorkshire Geologists in Bowland,
152-153; Notes on Dew Ponds of
the Yorkshire Wolds, 154-155 ; Geol-
ogy noted on visit of Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union to Sawley and
Eavestone, E. Hawkesworth, 206-
207; Geology noted on visit of
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union to
Settle, J. Holmes, 261-262 ; Geology
noted on visit of Yorkshire Natural-
its’ Union to Hambleton, near Selby,
T. Sheppard, 290-291; Geology
noted on visit of Yorkshire Natural-
ists’ Union to Hebden Bridge, J. H.
Greenwood, 294-295; Notes on Dr.
Albert Wilmore’s address at the
Manchester Meeting of the British
Association upon ‘The Carboni-
ferous Limestone Zones, 329-330;
Notes on Mr. C. B. Fawcett’s address
at the Manchester meeting of the
British Association upon ‘ The Mid-
dle Tees and its Tributaries,’ 331-
332; Geology noted on visit of
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union to
Saltburn, with illustration, J. J.
Burton, 335-337; Earth Movements
in Sheffield, note thereon, 346: Map
of Watsonian Vice-Counties of York-
shire, 373-374.; Investigation of a
Dene Hole, near Cottingham, with
plan and section, JT. Sheppard,
379-381
Naturalist,
Homoptera:
Hymenoptera:
Lepidoptera:
Classified Index. 417
YORKSHIRE—continued.
Hemiptera: Annual Report of Hemip-
tera, etc., Committee of Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union, for 1914, R.
Butterfield, 41-42; Exhibits and
Reports made at meeting of En-
tomological Section of Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union in October, rg14,
B. Morley, 105-108
Tetraneura ulmi with
Ants at Weedley,,T. Stainforth, 386 ;
List of, and notes upon the Psyllide
of the Cleveland area, J. W. H.
Harrison, 403-404
Annual Report of
Hymenoptera, etc., Committee of
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, for
Tore ak. Busterield) 4-42) x
hibits and Reports made at meeting
of Entomological Section of York-
shire Naturalists’ Union in October,
1914, B. Morley, 105-108 ; Stenich-
neumon pictus found hibernating
in Sawley High Moor Plantation,
near Ripon, R. Butterfield, 175 ;
Species noted on visit of Yorkshire
Naturalists’ to Settle, R. Butter-
field, 260; Species noted on visit of
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union to Heb-
den Bridge, R. Butterfield, 295-296 ;
The Guests ot Yorkshire Ants, with
Maps, T. Stainforth, 385-397
Note on the Vapourer
Moth feeding on Heather on a
Yorkshire moor, 2; Annual Report
of Lepidoptera Committee of York-
shire Naturalists’ Union for 1914, B.
Morley, 40-41 ; Exhibits and Report
made at meeting of Entomological
Section of Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union in October, 1914, B. Morley,
105-108; Noteworthy Records of
Lepidoptera in the Neighbourhood
of Scarborough, G. T. Porritt, 210;
Species observed on visit of York-
shire Naturalists’ Union to Hamble-
ton, near Selby, B. Morley, 2606 ;
Species observed on visit of York-
shire Naturalists’ Union to Hebden
Bridge, E. B. Gibson, 295
Lichens: Report on Species noted on
visit of Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union
to Sawley and Eavestone, W. E. L.
Wattam, 236-237
Mammalia: Annual Report of Mam-
mals, etc., Committee of Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union for tIg14, A.
Whitaker, 39; Note on Porpoise
captured at Low Acaster, S. H.
Smith, 147; Investigation of the
1915 Dec. 1.
Marine Biology:
Mollusca
Mollusea (Marine):
Mosses and Hepatics:
habitat of the Lesser Horse-Shoe
Bat at Eavestone, on visit of York-
shire Naturalists’ Union, H. B.
Booth, 207; Note on the American
Grey Squirrel at Scampston Hall,
Rillington, 277
Annual Report of
Marine Biology Committee of York-
shire Naturalists’ Union for I9r4,
F. H. Woods, 40; Annual Report of
Micro-Botany and _ Micro-Zoology
Committee of Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union for 1914, J. W. H. Johnson,
i=)
(Land and Freshwater),:
Annual Report of Conchological
Committee of Yorkshire Naturalists
Union for tory, as to West Ridine
by G. Fysher; as to East Riding
byl Be Musham, 39-40 3) List<of
Species noted on visit of Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union to Sawley and
Eavestone, W. BD. Roebeck, 231- B22):
List of Species Beet on visit of
Yorkshire Naturalist Union to
Settle, Thomas ue PAOVOVE. latent
of Species noted on visit of York-
shore Naturalists’ Union to Hamble-
ton, near Selby, G. Fysher, 265-266:
Species noted on visit of Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union to Hebden Brid ge,
G. Fysher, 293
Trochus occiden-
talis found at Withernsea (noted) 2 75
List of Rare
Mosses and Hepatics found in new
Yorkshire localities, R. Barnes, 25 ;
Annual Report of Yorkshire Nat-
uralists’ Union Bryological Com-
mittee for 1914, W. Ingham, 44 ;
On Mosses from Pre- Carboniferous
Rocks around Austwick and Helwith
C. A. Cheetham, 67-70; New Re-
cords and additional Localities for
the Moss-Flora of Yorkshire and
Durham, including first’ British
record of Aplozia lanceolata (Schrad)
Dum. var. prolifera Breidler, R,
Barnes, 91-94, I29-130; Dicranum
strictum Schleich, fount near Bing-
leva Ey Johnson, 115; The same
Moss found on Sawley High Moor,
with notes on its British distribution,
C. A. Cheetham, 115 ; Catoscopium
nigritum Brid., found on Silurian
Rocks near Gordale Beck on Malham
Moor, C. A. Cheetham, 115 ; Report
of meeting of Yorkshire Bryologists
at Austwick with mention of ‘best
418 Classified Index.
YORKSHIRE—continued.
species noted, and especially with
regard to the species of Thuidia
found, with illustrations, C. A.
Cheetham, 168-170; Yorkshire Bry-
ologists at Castle Howard, with list
of species noted, W. Ingham, 174 ;
Lepidozia sylvatica, Evans, first
county record, found in a wood
near Strensall Common, W. Ingham,
175; Grimmia Hartmani Schp.,
first county record, found in Crum-
mock Dale, C. A. Cheetham, 192 ;
Report on the Bryology noted on
visit of Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union
to Sawley and Eavestone, C. A.
Cheetham, 234-235; Report on the
Bryology noted on the visit of
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union to
Hebden Bridge, W. H. Burrell,
293-294; Tortula cernua Lindb.
noted in two localities near Leeds,
W. H. Burrell, 301-302 ; Notes on
Mr. C. Crossland’s Collection of
Halifax Mosses, and also Leyland’s
Mosses, deposited at Halifax Mus-
eum, 348-349
Museums: Bolling Hall Museum,
Bradford (with illustration), 344-346;
Doncaster Art Gallery and Museum,
Annual Report of, 270; Hull
Museum, List of Mites, presented by
Dr. C. F. George, Kirton Lindsey,
T. Sheppard, 63, Publication (No.
103), 357; Hull Museum of Fisheries
and Shipping, Catalogue of, 357;
Paull Museum, Holderness, Sale of
Effects of, 2-3 ; Wilberforce Museum
Hull, 344.
Neuroptera, ete.: Annual Report of
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union Neu-
roptera, etc., Committee for I914,
G. T. Porritt, 42 ; Species observed
on visit of Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union to Hambleton, near Selby,
G. T. Porritt, 266
Oligochaeta: Earth-worms in Ants’
Nests at Weedley, T. Stainforth, 391
Orthoptera: Phillodromia germanica
captured at Doncaster, H. H. Cor-
bett, 209
Pale -Botany: The Thinnfeldia Leaf-
Bed of Roseberry Topping, with
Illustrations, H. H. Thomas, 7-13 ;
Coal Measure Plant Records, being
paper read at meeting of Geological
‘Section of the Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union at Hull, Mary A. Johnstone,
B.SC., F.L.S., 31-32; Annual Report
of Jurassic Flora Committee of
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union for
1914, J. J. Burton, 46
Plant Associations and Ecology: Ann-
ual Report of Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union Botanical Survey Committee
for 1914, TIT. W. Woodhead, 44 ;
Note on the ‘ Ecology of the Purple
Heath-Grass,’ based on observations
of an area of Slaithwaite Moors, near
Huddersfield, 278-279
Personal Notices: Mr. Riley Fortune,
F.Z.S., I; In Memoriam Notice of
William Cash, F.G.s., Halifax, with
portrait, T. Sheppard, 28-30; In
Memoriam Notice of Rev. F. H.
Woods, B.D., with portrait, T,
Sheppard, 142-144; In Memoriam
Notice of Benjamin Holgate, F.G.s.
with portrait, T. Sheppard, 145-146;
In Memoriam Notice of Thomas
Bunker, with portrait, T. Sheppard,
176 ; In Memoriam Notice of William
Simpson, F.G.S., T. Sheppard, 177; In
Memoriam Notice of Harry Speight,
T. Sheppard, 177; In Memoriam
Notice of Joshua Rowntree, T.
Sheppard, 178; In Memoriam Not-
ice of Thomas Whitham, T. Shep-
pard, 178; In Memoriam Notice of
Edward Peacock, J.P., F.S.A., T.
Sheppard, 178-179 ; Note on Honor-
ary Degrees conferred upon York-
shire Naturalists, Mr. Harold Wager,
F.R.S., F.G.S. ; Mr. Thomas Sheppard,
F.G:S% ERiG:Ss ISA s(Scot,) Evie
J. W. Taylor; Mr. T. W. Wood-
head, PH.D., F.L.S. ; Mr. T. H. Nelson,
j.p.; Mr. W. Denison Roebuck,
F.L.s., and Mr. John G. Wilkinson, by
Leeds University, 181; Award of
Barnard Gold Medal to Prof. W. H.
Bragg, F.R.s., 181; In Memoriam
Notice of Joseph Horsfall Turner,
Idle, 204; In Memoriam Notice,
with portrait, of Second-Lieutenant
George Mitchell, H. B. Booth, 298-
299; Award of Nobel Prize for
Physics to Prof. W. H. Bragg and
his son, W. L. Bragg, 378
Psyllide: List of, and notes upon
the Psyllide of the Cleveland area
J. W. H. Harrison, 403-404
Scientific History: Yorkshire’s -Con-
tribution to Science, being Presi-
dential Address to the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union, 1914, by Thomas
Sheppard, F.G.s., etc., with illustra-
tions, 17-25, 71-77, 109-114, 131-138;
Journal of the Bradford Historical
“Naturalist,
Societies :
Symphyla:
Thysanura :
Classified Index. 419
YORKSHIRE—continued.
and Antiquarian Society, 53 ; Spurn
Lights in 1895, with Photograph,
182; Acquisition by Halifax Cor-
poration of the late J. Horsfall
Turner’s Collection of local books
and pamphlets, 333
Bradford MHistorical and
Antiquarian Society, Journal of, 53 ;
Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club,
Transactions of, 1912-13, 90; East
Riding Antiquarian Society, Trans-
aGtons | poten VO) XexXs 59;
Huddersfield Naturalist and Photo-
graphte Society, Annual Report,
1914, 54; Leeds Astronomical Soci-
ety, Transactions of, No. 21, 55,
362 ; Leeds Geological Association,
Transactions of, I91I-13, 55; Scar-
borough Phil. and Arch. Society,
Annual Report of, 1914, 362;
Sheffield (Hunter) Archeological
Society, Transactions of, 374 ; Whit-
by Literary and Phil. Society, Re-
port of, 276; Yorkshire Dialect
Society, Transactions of, 163 ; York-
shire Naturalists’ Union, Transact-
fons Ole bane 35,545 Vorkshire
Philosophical Society, Annual Re-
port of, for 1914, 340
Scutigerella immaculata
with Ants in E. Riding, T. Stainforth
390-391
Campodea_ staphylinus
with Ants in E, Riding, T. Stain-
forth, 390-391
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: The
President for 1915, Mr. Riley For-
tune, F.Z.S., 1; The efforts of the
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union in
regard to the Plumage Bill, 1-2 ;
Annual Meeting at Leeds, Ig914,
W. E. L. Wattam, 14-16; York-
shire’s Contribution to Science,
being Presidential Address to the
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, 1914,
by Thomas Sheppard, F.G.s., etc.,
with illustrations, 17-25, 71-77, 100-
114, 131-138; Coal Measure Plant
Records, being paper read at meet-
ing of Geological Section of the
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Hull,
Mary A. Johnstone, B.SC., F.L.S.,
31-32 ; Annual Report of Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union, and Balance
Sheet for 1914, T. W. Woodhead
1915 Dec. 1.
and W. E. L. Wattam, 33-52 ;
Transactions of, Part 35, 54; Notes
on the Merlin, being paper read at
meeting of Vertebrate Section of the
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, F. H.
Edmondson, 61 ; Ammonites of the
Yorkshire Cornbrash, being paper
read at meeting of the Geological
Section of Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union at Hull, H. C. Drake, 64-66 ;
Report of meeting of Vertebrate
Section of Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union held at Leeds, November,
1914, A. Haigh-Lumby, 82-84 ;
Report of meeting of Entomological
Section of Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union held at Leeds in October, 1914,
B. Morley, 105-108 ; Coast Erosion,
having special reference to York-
shire, being a paper read at meeting
of the Geological Section of York-
shire Naturalists’ Union, at Hull,
J. J. Burton, 122-124; Yorkshire
Bryological Committee meeting at
Austwick, C. A. Cheetham, 168-170 ;
Vertebrate Section Meeting of York-
shire Naturalists’ Union held at
Leeds, February, 1915, A. Haigh-
Lumby, 171-173; Yorkshire Bryo-
logical Committee Meeting at Castle
Howard, W. Ingham, 174 ; Election
of Mr. W. N. Cheesman, J.P., F.L.s.,
as President for 1916, 181; York-
shire Naturalists’ Union at Sawley
and Eavestone, near Ripon, W. E. L.
Wattam, 205-208, 231-237; Honor-
ary Degrees conferred by Leeds
University on Harold Wager,
Thomas Hudson Nelson, William
Denison Roebuck, Thomas Shep-
pard, John William Taylor, John
Grimshaw Wilkinson, Thomas Will-
iam Woodhead, 245-249; York-
shire Naturalists’ Union at Settle,
W. E. L. Wattam, 258-262 ; York-
shire Naturalists’ Union at Hamble-
ton, near Selby, W. E. L. Wattam,
263-266, 286-201; Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union at Hebden
Bridge, W. E. L. Wattam, 292-297 ;
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at
Saltburn, W. E. L. Wattam, 334-
337, 365-368
Zoology: Annual Report of Micro-
Zoology, etc., Committee of York-
shire Naturalists’ Union for 1914,
J. W. H. Johnson, 47-49
420
Arachnida: The Spiders of Wicken,
Cambridge, with descriptions and
figures of two species new to science
—Centromerus incultus and Maro
sublestus, and lst of additional
species, 201-204, 225-230
Birds: Note on a Heron killing a
Kestrel, W. W. Mason, 16; A Diary
of Ornithological Observations in
Brittany, E. Selous, 139-141, 160-
163, 193-197
Botany: Notes on the action of light
on Chlorophyll, 155-150; Note on
Pollination of Garden Plants, G.,
Laughton, 368
Crustacea: The Moulting of Oniscus
asellus Linne., C. Mosley, 284-285 ;
Isopods in Ants’ Nests, T. Stain-
forth, 389, 396
Geology and Paleontology: The Fo sil
Flora of the Antarctic Regions,
being comments on the Memoirs of
the British Antarctic (‘ Terra Nova ’)
Expedition, 1910, 58-59; Structure
of Oolitic Limestone, M. H. Stiles,
62-63 ; Coast Erosion, J. J. Burton,
122-124 ; Note on Lonsdaleia and
Dibunophyllum rugosum, 156 ; Note
on the excavations of Grime’s
Graves, Weeting, Norfolk, with
illustration, 350
Lepidoptera: Insects at Lighthouses,
Notes thereon, G. T. Porritt, 343-344
Classified Index.
MISCELLANEA.
Magazine Notes: 95, 116, 156, 179, 212,
221, 257, 200, 275, 285, 337, 340, 369,
372
Mammalia: Observations on the Grey
Seal, E. Selous, 217-221, 253-257,
281-284, 358-362; Scillies’ Seals, Note
on, 343: Note on Elephas antiquus
obtained near Chatham, 378
Mollusea: A Curious Helix nemoralis
(with illustration), 347
Museums: Museum News, 103, 128,
167, 216, 230, 318-322, 344-345, 357;
Museums and Education, T. Shep-
pard, 267-269
Northern News: 25, 32, 66, 70, 84, 90,
98, 104, 124, 138, 159, 180, 200-204,
208,°2U1, 244.9262) 270m 280" m20o.
333, 368, 404, 406
Paleo-Botany: The Fossil Flora of the
Antarctic Regions, being comments
on the Memoirs of the British
Antarctic (‘Terra Nova’) Expedi-
tion, 1910, 58-59
Personal Notices: In Memoriam Notice
of the late Professor James Geikie,
F.R.S., 117-118
Reptilia: Notes on Fossil Reptilia,
BHO: 377.
Societies: British Association, Notes
on the Manchester Meeting, 309-333 ;
339-240, 350-357
CORRIGENDA.
,
Page 237, line 4, for ‘“‘tiliacea ‘
309, » 5
substitute
**scortea.””
», 55, delete “P. tiliacea, Ach.”
from bottom, for “‘ President ’’ substitute ‘‘President-elect.””
Naturalist,
i
The Birds of Yorkshire.
By T. H. NELSON, M.B.O.U.,
aK,
‘e
a
b2 With the co-operation of W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.R.S.E., and F. Boyes.
a Demy Svo, containing gor pages of letterpress and upwards of 200 .
illustrations beautifully printed wn double tone tnk on best Art Paper,
trom photos by R. Fortune, F.Z.S., and other well-known naturalist
. photographers, also three-colour plates and specially designed title pages
in colours, strongly bound tn fast coloured cloth binding. Bi
25,- net for 15/- net.
Mr. Kearton, F.Z.S., in his review of this work for the Dazly Chronicle writes :—
‘* Having been born and brought up amongst the birds in one of the wildest parts
of the ‘ County of Broad Acres,’ 1 found myself more or less qualified to test the
accuracy of the author's statement when his two handsome volumes came into my
possession, and I am bound to confess that he does not in the least overstate the
claims of the work. I have again and again put its accuracy and fulness to the ay
severest of tests, and in each instance it has come out triumphant. Mr. Nelson
and his literary and pictorial helpers have placed all British ornithologists under a
deep debt of gratitude by the production of one of the best and completest county
histories of birds ever published.”
Lonpon: A. BROWN & SONS, Lap., 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.C.
AND AT HULL AND YORK. eehg | cae
WATKINS & DONCASTER ~
NATURALISTS,
36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.
(Five Doors from Charing Cross), ;
Keep in stock every description of ik i fs
APPARATUS, CABINETS, BOOKS, AND SPECIMENS ~ Ge
Q for Collectors of tert:
; BIRDS’ EGGS, BUTTERFLIES, MOTHS, ETC. ata
Catalogue (96 pages) sent post free on application. oy
~ we"
tssued Monthly, illustrated with Plates and Text Figures A
To Subscribers, 6s. per annum; Post Free, 6s. 6d. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S MONTH LY 4 ae
The Scottish Naturalist
: with which is incorporated
_ ‘*The Annals of Scottish Natural History ’”’
A Monthly Magazine devoted to Zoology
Edited by William Eagle Clarke, F.R.S.E.,
F.L.S., Keeper Natural History Dept., Royal
Scottish Museum; William Evans, F.R.SE.,
Member of the British Ornithologists’ Union; and
MAGAZINE. yt
PRICE SIXPENCE MONTHLY. 3
Edited by G. C. Champion, F.Z.S., J. E. Collin, ,
E.S., G. T.. Porritt, F.L.S:, |) RW. Lioyd;
F.E.
W.W. Fowler, D.Sc., M.A., F.L.S., J.J. Walker,
M:A., R.N., F.L:S. Bate
Percy H. Grimshaw, F-R.S.E., F.E.S., Assistant-
_ Keeper, Natural History Dept., Royal Scottish
Museum. Assisted by J. A. Harvie-Brown,
F.R.S.E.,F.Z.S.; Evelyn V.Baxter, H.M.B.O.U. ;
Leonora J. Rintoul, H.M.B.O.U. ; Hugh S. Glad-
stone, M.A., F.R.S.E., F.Z.S.; James Ritchie,
M.A.,D.Sc. A. Landsborough Thompson, M.A.,
\ M.B.O.U. ~ ;
‘Edinburgh: OLIVER & BOYD, Tweedale Court
‘Lond.: GURNEY & JACKSON 33 Paternoster Row
Printed at BROwNs’ SavILE Press, 40, Gearge Street, Hull, and published by iad
A. BROWN & Sons, Limited, at 5 Farringdon Avenue, in the City of London.
Dec. Ist, 1915- :
o : \
This Magazine, commenced in 1864, contains
Standard Articles and Notes on all subjects —
connected with Entomology, and especially on
the Insects of the British Isles.
Subscription—6s. per annum, post free
GURNEY & JACKSON,
1, Paternoster Row,
London. ee 4
THE COUNTY OF |
THE WHITE ROSE |
INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY
» AND) ANTIQUITIES, “OF “YORKSHIRE
BY
Pens WP Ral GOH IMEe ax
Formerly Scholar of Pembroke College, Oxford
Author of “‘ Leeds and tts Neighbourhood,”’ etc
415 pages, crown 8vo, with upwards of 70 illustrations and a
folding map of the three Ridings, tastefully bound in Art
is Cloth Boards lettered in gold with rose in white foil and gilt
Eee | top. 3s. 6d. net.
mat + ConTENTS.—The Land, The Early Inhabitants, Yorkshire
seth under Roman Rule, The Anglian Kings, The Danes,
‘nen The Norman Conquest, The Yorkshire Barons, Churches
nee and Abbeys, Medizeval Towns, The Tudors, The Stuarts,
_ Modern Yorkshire.
< oe work has been compiled to assist the large number
of persons—residents and visitors—who take interest
in Castles, Abbeys, Churches, Battlefields, etc., but from
- want of a proper historical basis, fail as a rule to understand
the allusions and technicalities in the ordinary guide bocts.
It will also help intelligent boys and girls who desire to study
the history of their County, on the lines advocated by the.
_ Board of Education. The book is the only one of areason- — |
able size which deals at all adequately with the history of
Yorkshire as a whole. Many of the -illustrations have
been reproduced from photographs by Mr. Godfrey Bingley, Ie
Mr. A. C. Parry and Mr. R. Stockdale. To several chapters, |
notes are appended to guide readers who might wish to
_ extend their studies, and the value of the book is further |
enhanced by the provision of a very exhaustive Index of
names and places.
London: A. Brown & Sons, Ltd., 5 Farringdon Avenue, ‘EC ‘
And at Hull ao) York. |
.
4h
ht
mi _ 3: 9088 01206 3087
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11