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A
I
VIRO NOBILISSIMO
FREDERICO HOWARD,
COM in DE CARLISLE,
NOBILISSIMI ORDIKIS PERISCELIDIS EQUITI,
&C. &C. &C.
CUI
ARRIDET SUMMOPERE
QUICQUID EST
HUMANIORUM STUDIORUM,
SEPTIMUM HUNC,
NATURE VIVARII
FASCrCU.LUM,
D. D. D.
GEORGIUS SHAW,
FREDERICUS P. NODDER.
TO
THE RIGHT HONOURABLE
FREDERICK HOWARD,
EARL OF CARLISLE,
KNIGHT OF THE MOST NOBLE ORDER OF
THE GARTER,
&C. &C. &C.
THIS SEVENTH VOLUME
OF THE
naturalist’s, miscellany,
1 s
MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED,
B Y
GEORGE SHAW,
FREDERICK P. NODDER.
I
EMBERIZA SCHOENICLUS.
Character Genericus.
Rojlrum conicum.
Mandtbulce ball cleorfum a fe invicern difcedentes:
infcriorc lateribus inflexo-coarddata, fuperiore
angultiore.
Lin. Syjl. Nat. p. 308.
Character Specificus, ^c.
EMBERIZA caflaneo nigroque varia, capite ni-
gro, collari albo.
EMBERIZA capite nigro, corpora grifco ni¬
groque, reddricibus extimis macula alba cu-
neiformi.
Lin. 5 \y?. Nat. p. 311.
PASSER TORQUATUSf. ARUNDINACEUS.
Raj. fyn. p. 93. A. 3.
Juxta aquas, ut plurimum, verfatur, et in arundi-
netis nidificat nido arundinibus affixo Emberiza
Schoeniclus, in confpecdum prcecipue venicns lef-
tivo tempore. Non raro ctiam infidet fcpibus, cc
more congenerum, feminibus vefcitur.
A
I
THE
REED BUNTING.
'Gene:.ic Character.
Bill conical: Mandibles fcparating a little" from
t];e hafe downwards: the lides of each man¬
dible bending rather inwards.
Specific Character, Gfr .
EMBERIZA variegated with chefnut and black;
with black head and wliite collar.
GREATER REED SPARROW.
Rail Syn. p. ^3. A. 3.
Jim. orn. p. 269.
Br. Zool. 1. p. 277.
'I'his bird, which is by no means uncommon du¬
ring the fummer months, is mofi: frequently to be
found near waters, and in the neighbourhood of
reeds, amongft which it fallens its neh. It is alfo
often feen in hedges, and feeds, like the reft of its
congeners, principally on feeds.
MURtENA meleagris.
Character Genericus.
Caput loeve. Nares tubulofae. Oculi cute com-
muni tcd;i.
Corpus teretiufculum, lubricum. Pinna caudre
coadunata dorfali analique.
Spiracula pone caput vel pinnas pedlorales.
Character Specific us.
MURENA nigricans, maculis crebcrrimis albis
irrorata.
Fufca eft pene nigricans elegantilUma Iijec Mu-
rjena, maculis parvis albis rotundatifque creberrimc
guttata, quae verfus caput colluinque non fecernun-
tur sequalibus intervallis, fed confluunt magis quam
in caeteris partibus. Longa confpicitur circa duos
pedes, et in oceano auftrali innafeitur.
\
A 2
THE
SPECKLED EEL.
Generic Character.
Head fmootli. Nojirils tubular.
Body ferpentiform, fmooth, mucous.
Dofjal, anal, and caudal fins united.
Specific Character.
BLACKISH EELj very thickly fpecklcd with
white.
Th is moft elegant fpecies is of a deep brown or
blackifli color, and is very thickly befet on all
parts with innumerable fmall round fpots of white;
which towards the head and breafl are fomewhat lefs
regular, or more confluent than on the other parts
of the animal. It is found of the length of about
two feet, and is a native of the fouthern ocean.
— xAt'^t. ie^ii^r ‘i, /S.C^rVu'^r- i
DORIS RADIATA.
Character Genericus.
Corpus repciis, oblongum, fubtus planum.
Os antice fubtus.
A?ius pollice, fupra cinclus ciliis.
Tentacula duo, fupra corpus antice, intra fora¬
mina rctradtilia.
Lin. Syjl. Nat. p. 1083.
Character Specificus, &c.
DORIS ex argenteo ca:rulea, fubtus alba, papillis
lateralibus fafciculato-radiatis.
DORIS RADIATA.
' Lin. Sjpl. Nat. Gmel, p, 3105.
Ad qiiam familiam revera pertineat marinum hoc
animal difficile eft primo vifu pro certo ftatuere;
mira adeo ei et ambigua eft facies. Generi tamen
Doris conjuncTiius videtur quam alii alicui, in quo
etiam ordinatur a Gmelinio, in aiicftiore fua editione
Syftematis Linnaeani. Formae ftngulari acccdit co¬
lor pulcherrimus, fcilicet ca-Tuleo-pallens argento
quaft obduiftus, margine corporis et apicibus omni¬
bus tentaculorum fummopere cyaneis. Magna eft
ei contraftionis vis, unde fit ut ad libitum nunc
magis, nunc minus, extenfum videatur. Longitudo
communis unciam paulo fuperat. Oftenditur ani-
fnal in tabula paulo auftum microfcopio, ut variee
partes dilucidius appareant. Ut folent plcraque
hujus generis, vel innatat fummo mari, vel prope
fuperficiem. Confpicitur praecipue in oceano Indies
occidentalis.
«
2ZJ
THE
RADIATED DORIS.
Generic Character.
Body repent, oblong, flat beneath.
Mouth placed below, towards the anterior end.
Vent behind, lutrounded by a fringe.
Bentacula two, feated on the upper part of the
body in front, retradtile.
Specific Character^ &c.
SILVER-BLUE DORIS, white beneath, with
lateral extenfile radiato-fafciculated papillae. ,
DORIS RADIATA.
Lin. Nat. Gmel. p. 3105.
Phil. Lranf. Vol. 53. p.57. t.3..
So very fingular is the appearance of this curious
marine animal, that at firft view it is not eafy to
guefs to what tribe of beings it fhould with the
greateft propriety be referred. The genus, however,
to which it feems mod: nearly allied, and in which
it is placed in the enlarged edition of the Syftema
Naturae, by Dr. Gmelin, is that of Doris. Thp
Angularity of its form is equalled by the elegance
of its color, which is a beautiful pale blue, with a
glofs of filver, while the margin of the whole body,
and the tips of all the procefles w'ith which it is be-
fct are of the richeft deep blue. It polTefles a high
degree of mufcular power, and appears occafionally
in various ftatcs of contradion and extenfion. Its
general length is fomewhat more than an inch, the
figure being flightly magnified, in order to Ihew the
feveral parts with a greater degree of diftincfinefs.
Like others of this genus it fwims principally on or
near the furface of the fea, and is chiefly found in
the Weft-Indian ocean.
TROCHILUS FORFICATUS.
' t < i t» i'
Character Genericus.
Rojlrurn fiibulato-filiforme, apice tubulate, ca¬
pita longius: Mandibula fuperior vaginans
inferiorem.
Lingua filiformis, filis duobus coalitis tubulofa.
Pedes ambulatorii.
Lin. S)^. Nut. p. i 8 g.
Character Specificus, &c.
TROCHILUS curviroftris viridis, reftricibus
lateralibus longiffimis, pileo reftricibufque
caeruieis.
Lin. Syji. Nat. p. igo.
MELLISUGA JAMAICENSIS, cauda bifurca.
BriJJ'. av. 3. p. 728. No. 18.
POLYTMUS MAJOR NIGRICANS, aureo
varie fplendens, pennis binis uropygii lon-
Bro^dsn. yum. p. 475.
FormoiilTiiuae hujus avis, orbem occiduum inco-.
lenas, in inlula autem Jamaica praecipue reperta;,
B gemmeos
\
gemmeos fulgidofque colores (quibus etiam fuper-
bit fere totum genus) non fatis ad vivum exprimere
poteft ars pidtoria. Caudam admodum forficatam
gerit h^c fpecies, reftricibus validioribus quam funt
aliorum trochilorum.
•f ‘
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THE
FORK-TAILED HUMMING-BIRD.
Generic Character.
BUI flender, tubular, the upper mandible flieatb-
ing the lower.
Tongue very long, miffile, formed of two con¬
joined cylindric tubes. •
Toes three-forward, one backward. '
Specific Character, &e.
GREEN HUMMING-BIRD, with fbining-
blue forked tail; the exterior feathers ex¬
tremely long; the top of the head blue.
The LONG-TAILED GREEN HUMMING¬
BIRD.
Edzz>. pi. 33'
OISEAU-MOUCHE a longue queue, or, vert
et bleu.
Buff. 6 . p. 38 .
This beautiful native of the Weflern hemifphere
is principally found in the ifland of Jamaica, and,
B 2 like
like i-nofl others of its genus, pofTefTes a radiancy of
color which is but ill cxpreired by theutmoft efforts
of art. It is principally diftinguiffed as a fpecies
by the remarkable fork-fnaped appearance of the
tail, the feathers of which are ftronger than in the
reft of the Humming-Birds.
ECHINUS ESCULENTUS.
Character Genericus.
Corpus fubrotundum, criifta oiTea tedium, fpinis
mobilibus fiepius aculcatum.
Os quinquevalve fubtus.
Lin. Syjl. Nat. p, 1102.
Character Specificus, &c.
ECHINUS fubglobofus, fpinis brevibus violaceis.
ECHINUS hemifphacrico-globofus ambulacris
denis, areis obfolctc vcrrucofis,
Lin. S}pi. Nat. p. 1102.
ECHINUS fubglobofus, verticc piano.
Lin. Faun. Succ. 1. 1289.
ECHINOMETRA.
AIL. aq. p. 405. 409.
Diverfa admodum fpecieruni eft turn forma turn
magnitudo quas compledlitur echinorum mannorum
numerofiflimum genus. Reperiuntur aliqua; in li-
toribus noftratibus; plures autem exoticae funt.
Illam reprjefentavimus quas fpecierum Bricannica-
riim vulgatior eft. Conftat animal ipfuu e nioIH
fubftantia,
fubilantia, corpore in fegmenta, eodem fere modo
quo malum aurantiam, divifo. Osj fuperius fitum,
quinque continet dentes validos et acuminates. Sto-
machi aliorumque vifeerum fere circulatim difpofi-
torum multa eft longitude. Fulcitur totum corpus
oftium eredlorum columnis in medio pofitis. Teftam
exteriorem contegunt innumerre fpinre, mobiles, et
acutfe, quae ftnguire miro modo cum tuberculis fu-
perficiariis articulatim connexce funt, et epidermidi
teftam veftienti fortiter alligatse, Harum ope ad
libitum progreditur animal j tantaque illis infita eft
vitalitas, ut echino ipfo divulfo feu dilfedto, partes
ipfius teftte non raro hue illuc diffradtte obambu-
lent. Inter fpinas, quarum feries in longitudinem
dudla varias teftte divifiones occupat, innumera funt
foramina, totidem tentaculis fupra litis mfponden-
tia, quorum ope affigit fe animal rupibus, aliifque
id generis, eodem fere modo quo hirudo cauda;
polTunt enim tentaculorum extremitates ad libitum
vel contrahi vel dilatari.
Color fpeciei, quam depinximus, cum fpinis ob-
tegitur, plerumque eft violaceo-lividus; interdum
tamen dominatur magis color fubvirefeens. Tefta
ipfa fpinis et epidermide denudata, pallido-nifefcit;
tuberculis quibus accreverunt fpinte fuperficiem
quali margaritiferam reddentibus. Speciem de qua
loquimur in cibis lautioribus habuerunt Romani;
illamque prtecipue commemorat garrulus quidam
Epicuri de grege porcus, quern lepide irridet Ho-
latius.
Notandum
Notandum eft, licet inter echinum marinum, et
echinum vulgarerh terreftrem, feu Erinaceum Euro-
p£um Linnasi, nulla fit vera et genuina affinitas,
fimilem tamen efie fpinarum turn internam turn ex-
ternam conformationern, nifi quod erinacei velut
corneae, marini quafi calcarite feu lapideae fint
fpinas.
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THE-
ESCULENT ECHINUS.
/Generic Character.
Body covered with a futured cruft, generally fur-
nilhed with moveable fpines.
Mouth quinquevalve, placed beneath.
Specific Character, (^c.
SUBGLOBOSE ECHINUS, with fliort violet-
coloured fpines.
The COMMON ECHINUS, or SEA-URCHIN.
The Echini, or Sea-Urchins, as they are fome-
times called, form an extremely numerous genus, of
which the fpecies differ greatly from each other in
point of fliape and general appearance. Several are
natives of our own country, but by far the major
part are exotic animals. Of the Britifh fpecies the
moft common is that reprefented on the plate, which
is very frequently found on many of our coafts.
The animal is of a foft fabric, and the body is
marked as it were into a certain number of parts or
divilions, not ill refembling thofe of an orange :
the mouth is fituated at the lower or under part,
and
and is armed with five ftrong teeth, of a fharpened
form : the ftomach and inteftines, which are of con-
fiderable length, are difpofed in a fomewhat circu¬
lar diredlion, and the Avhole body is fupported in¬
ternally by a fet of upright bones or columns. On
the outfide of the fhell are feated a prodigious num¬
ber of fharp, moveable fpines, curioufly articulated
with the tubercles on the furface, and connecled by
ftrong ligaments to the fkin or epidermis with which
the fhell is covered. Thefe are the inftruments of
motion, by the afliflance of which the animal con¬
veys itfelf at pleafure to any particular fpot; and
fo tenacious are they of the vital principle, that on
opening the animal, it is no very uncommon cir-
cumftance to obferve the feveral parts of the broken
fhell walk off in different direcftions. Between the
fpines, difpofed in a continued longitudinal feries
on the feveral divifions or regions of the fliell, are
an infinite number of very fmall foramina, com¬
municating with an equal number of tentacula,
placed above them. Thefe are the inftruments by
which the creature affixes itfelf to any objecfl, and
flops its motion. They are polfeffed of a very high
degree of contracilile power, and are furnifhed at
the extremities with an expanfile part, which may
be fuppofed to operate as a fphincler, or as the
tail of a leech, and to faflen the animal fecurely to
rocks, or other fubflances to which it choofes to
adhere.
The general color of the common echinus, when
covered with its fpines, is a dull violet; though
fome-
NATIONAL MUSn iM OF VICTORIA
fometimes a greenifh tinge predominates. The fhell
itfelf, when deprived of its fpines, is of a pale rcd-
difli tinge, the tubercles on which the fpines were
mounted appearing like fo many pearly protuberances
on the furface. The fpecies here reprefented is ef-
culent, and is confidered as no unpleafant article of
food. It was alfo a didi well known amongft the
ancient Romans, and is commemorated, amongft
other delic;acies, by the loquacious epicure defcribed
by Horace.
It is remarkable, that though there is not the leaft
real affinity between the two animals, yet the fpines
of the Echinus are of the fame general ftruclure,
both internally and externally, with thofe of the
Hedge-Hog; except that thofe of the Echinus are
. of a calcareous or ftrong nature, while thofe of the
rtedge-Hog are of a horny fubftance.
I
224.
MEDUSA CEPHEA.
Character Genericus.
Corpus gelatinofum, orbiculatum, depreffum.
Os fubtus, centrale.
Lin. Syji. Nat. p. 1096.
Character Specificus, &c.
MEDUSA hemifphjcrico-deprella fufco-rufefcens,
fubtus brachiis oclo apice villofis, tentacu-
lifque novem filiformibus longiffimis.
MEDUSA hemifphccrica tuberculata fufco-rufef¬
cens, marginc crenato, brachiis fubtus odlo
lanatis.
Lin. SyJI. Nat. Gmel. p. 3158,
Forjk. Fn. Acgypt. Arab, p, 108. n. 22.
Medufa Cephea, quae inter majores numeratur,
pellucida admodum eft, et gelata, palletque fufco-
rufefcens, in nonnullis partibus obfcurior et fere
fubcterulea. Circa litora mans rubri, non infre-
quens reperitur.
/
t
THE.
f
CEPHEAN MEDUSA.
Generic Character.
Body gelatinous, orbicular, commonly depreiled. |
Mouth central, beneath. t
Specific Character, &c.
HEM ISPI lERIC - DEPRESSED REDDISH -
BROWN MEDUSA; furnilbed with eight
arms, villous at their extremities, and with
nine very long filiform tentacula.
This is one of the larger Mediifse: it is extremely
pellucid, of a gelatinous coniiftencc, and of a pale
.reddilh-brown color, tinged in fome parts with a
darker hue, approaching nearly to blueilh. It is
not uncommon towai'ds the coafts of the Red Sea.
PICUS MINOR.
Character Genericus.
polyedrum, redlum: apice cuneato.
Nares pennis fetaceis recumbentibus obtedlaj.
Li?jgua teres, lumbriciformis, longifTima, mu-
cronata, apice retrorfum aculeata fetis.
Pedes fcanforii.
Lin. Syji. Nat. p. 173.
Character Specificus, &e.
PICUS albo nigroque varius, vertice rubro, crifTo
teflaceo.
Lin. S}Jl. Nat. p. 176.
PICUS varius minor.
BriJ. 4. p. 41. 15.
PICUS varius tertius.
Paii Sjn. p. 43. 6.
Perpulchram pici fpeciem magnitudine naturali
oftendit tabula, illorum quotquot in Britannia vel
etiam in Europa generantur, minimam. Vel hac
tamen m nores funt qusedam fpecies exoticas. Ra-
rius longe venit in confpedluni hominum quam pi-
cus major mediufque Linnaei: ex avibus fcilicet eft
quas pauciores alit Britannia. Coccineo rubore
quo caput maris ornatur caret femina.
C
THE
LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER.
Generic Character.
Bill angular, ftrait, cuncated at the tip.
Nojlrils covered with refledted fetaceous feathers.
Tongue c}dindric, worm-flraped, very long, fliarp-
pointed, and generally aculeated at the tip
with reflex briftles.
Feet fcanforial.
Specie ic Character, &c.
BLACK and WHITE WOODPECKER, with
the top of the head crimfon j the vent pale
brown.
The LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER.
IVill. orn. 138. pi.
Le PETIT EPEICHE.
Buff. oif. 7. p. 62.
P/. enl. 598.
The beautiful fpecies of Woodpecker here figured
in its natural fize, is the fmallcft of the genus
which our own country produces, or even the reft of
C 1 Europe.
I
/
Europe. Some exotic fpecies are, however, ftill
fmaller. It is numbered amongft the rarer Englifh
birds, and is not fo often feen as the picus major
and medius, or larger and middle fpotted Wood¬
pecker. The female wants the rich crimfon which
ornaments the head of the male.
/
i
LACERTA IGUANA.
/
Character Genericus.
Corpus tetrapodum, caudatum, nudum.
Lin. Syji. Nat. p. 359.
Character Specificus, &c.
LACERTA cauda tereti longa, dorfo ferrato,
crifta gulae denticulata.
LACERTA cauda tereti longa, futura dorfali
dentata, crifta guise denticulata.
Lin. Syjl. Nat. p. 366.
LACERTA LEGUAN.
Bont. “Jav. 56.
YUVANA.
Cluf. Exot. 116.
LACERTUS SENEMBI & IGUANA.
Raj. ^adr. 265.
LEGUANA.
Seb. Muf. 1. t. 95, 96, 97,
In generc Lacertfe plurima funt exempla formje
miras et pecuiiaris; qua fane prae caeteris eminere
videtur fpecies quam repr^fentat tabula. Americce
eft incola; in variis etiam Indite Occidentalis in-
fulis frequentiffime occurrit; Indiam quoque Ori-
entalem inhabitat. In magnam faepe crefcit mo-
lem; nec raro invenitur pedes tres, quatuor, vel
etiam quinque longa. Color ejus generalis eft vi-
ridis, in diverfis fpeciminibus magis minufve vi-
vidus, et in aliquibus corporis partibus fufco adum-
bratus; interdum etiam color fufcus dominatur.
Dorfum illi valde ferratum, cum facco qui in gula
eft, quemque pro arbitrio poteft inflare donee fum-
mopere extendatur, efficit ut animal mite et inno-
cens dirum prorfus et terribile videatur. Loca
faxofa et fylvofa incolit haec lacerta, infefta et ve-
getabilia devorans. Caro ejus pro efca falubri et
nutritia habetur, licet ftomachis nonnullis male
conveniat. Capitur communiter laqueo circa col-
lum jafto, cujus ope a fitu fuo detrahitur; non
enim cum primum afpicitur, in fugam fe recipit,
fed intentis oculis confpeeftores intuetur, faccum
fimul, quern fub gula habet, miro modo ad fum-
mum inflans. Non raro hiEc animalia fale condita
in doliis alfervant infulte Jamaicte aliarumque infu-
larum Occidentalium incola;. Htec lacertje fpecies
a variis aubtoribus deferipta eft, a quibufdam etiam
depibta; nullibi tamen pulchrius quam in Sebte
thefauro rerum naturalium, qui omnes ejus charac-
teres optime exprelTit.
*
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THE
GUANA.
Generic Character.
Body four-footed, tailed, naked.
Specific Character, &c.
LIZARD with long round tall, ferrated back,
and denticulated gular creft.
The IGUANA or GUANA.
The GREAT AMERICAN GUANA.
The Lizard tribe affords numerous examples of
ffrange and peculiar form; and fcarce any fpecies is
more eminent in this refpecd; than the Guana. This
animal is a native of America, and is found in many
parts of the Weft-Indian iflands in great plenty, k
is alfo found in the Eafl Indies. It grows to a very
confiderable fize, and is often feen of the length of
three, four, or even five feet. Its moft general
color is green, but with much variation in the tinge
of different individuals ; and it is fliaded with brown
in fome parts of the body; and fometimes the
brown is the predominating color. The back of the
Guana is very ftrongly ferrated; and this, together
with
with the gular pouch, which it has the power of
extending or inflating to a great degree, gives a for¬
midable appearance to an animal otherwife harm-
Icfs. It inhabits rocky and woody places, and feeds
on infers and vegetables. It is reckoned an ex¬
tremely nourifliing and delicate food, but is obferved
to difagrce with fome conflitutions. The common
manner of catching it is by calling a noofe over its
head, and thus drawing it from its lituatioii; for it
feldom makes an effort to efcape, but hands look¬
ing intently at its difcoverer, inflating its throat at
the fame time in an extraordinary manner. Guanas
are fometimcs faltcd and barrelled up for ufe in Ja¬
maica and other Weft-Indian iflands in conliderable
quantities. This fpecies of Lacerta has been de-
fcribcd and figured by feveral authors; but the moll
exprcflive figures are thofe given by Seba in his
Thefaurus rcrum naturalium.
DENTALIUM ELEPHANTINUM.
Character GenerIcus.
Animal Terebella.
^ejla univalvis, tubulofa, refta, monothalamia,
utraque extremitate pervia.
Lin. Syjl. Nat. p. 1263.
Character Specific us, &c.
DENTALIUM tefta deccm-angulata fubarcuata
firiata.
Lin. Syjl. Nat. p. 1263.
DENTICULUS ELEPHANTIS.
Rumph. muf. t. 41. f, 1.
DENTALIS.
Argenv. conch, t. 3. {. H.
Licet aliiE fint IjEves, aliae angulis ftriatae, per
diverfas tamen Dentaliorum fpecies pervafit generalis
qua;dam fimilitudo. Speciem angulatam depinxi-
mus, qua; maxima eft totius generis. Color com¬
munis viret, Maria Europaea et Indica inhabitat
Dentalium elephantinum. Dat nomen gencri forma
non longe abfimilis denti prominenti et elongate.
\ ••
220
THE
ELEPHANTINE DENTALIUM.
Generic Character.
Animal refembling a Terebella.
Shell univalve, tubular, with undivided cavity,
pervious at each extremity.
Specific Character, &c.
SLIGHTLY CURVED GREENISH DEN¬
TALIUM with ten longitudinal ribs.
The GREAT RIBBED TOOTH-SHELL.
The LARGE GREEN DENTALIUM.
In the genus Dentalium, fo named from its tooth¬
like form, there prevails a confiderable degree of
general fimilarity between the different fpecies; of
which, however, fome are fmooth, while others are
marked by longitudinal angular proceffes. In this
latter divifion ranks the fpecies reprefented on the
plate, which is the largeft of the genus. Its gene¬
ral color is a dull green. It is found both in the
European and Indian feas.
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PSITTACUS TERRESTRIS.
Character Generic us.
Rojlruni aduncum : niandibula fuperiore mobili;
cera infl;rud;a.
Nares in roftri bafi.
Lingua carnofa, obtufa, integra.
Pedes fcanforii.
Lin. Syjl. Nat. p. 139.
Character Specific us, &c.
PSITTACUS MACROURUS VIRIDIS, nigro
flavoque maculatus, capiftro rubro, cauda
flava fafciis numerofis nigris.
Ungues pojlici redliujcuh, elongati.
PSITTACUS TERRESTRIS.
Mufeum Leverianum, No. 5. t. 5.
PSITTACUS FORMOSUS.
Lath, ind, orn. p. 103.
Avem qua vix pulchriorem jatflat genus plittaci-
num in tabula depinximus. Turturem aequat ipfa
D avis.
avis. Terreftris dicitur quia rarius arboribus infi-
det, fed more ralli fuper terras in locis praecipue
juncofis et cariceis curfitat. Auftralafiam incolit
hiec fpecies.
223
THE
GROUND PARROT.
Generic Character.
i?///hooked: upper mandible moveable.
Nojirils round, placed in the bafe of the bill.
T’ongue flellry, broad, blunt at the end.
Feet fcanforial.
Specific Character, &c.
LONG-TAILED GREEN PARROT, fpotted
with black and yellow ; the frontled red;
the tail yellow with numerous black bars.
Fhe bind claws are long and JiraitiJlo.
The GROUND PARROT.
Miffeum Lcveriamm, No. 5. pi.
Zool. of Nezn) Hollwd, p. g, pi. 3.
The bird reprefented on the prefent plate is one
of the mofl: beautiful of its tribe: its fize is equal
to that of a turtle: it is called the ground parrot,
from its rarely perching on trees, but being gene¬
rally feen on the ground, efpecially in fedgy and
rufliy places, running along in the manner of a rail.
It is a native of Auftralafia.
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S SQJJALUS TIBURO.
Character Generic us.
Spiracula quinque ad latera colli.
Corpus oblongum teretiufculum.
Os in anteriore capitis parte.
Lin. Syjl. Nat. p. 397.
Character Specific us, &c.
SQUALUS capite latiflimo cordato.
Lin. Syjl. Nat. p. 399.
ZYGyBNAL affinis capite triangulo.
Will. icht. 55.
TIBURONIS fpecies minor.
Marcgr. bras. 181.
Squalo Zygaenze Linnsei affinis admodum Squalus
Tiburo ab eo pr^cipue differt quod caput non utrin-
que in longitudinem produdlum fit, fed potius fub-
triangulum, fronte rotundata. Maria incolit Ame¬
rica Auftralis, rarior multo quam Zygzena, cujus
eum meram efle varietatem nonnulli falfo opinati
funt.
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THE
ROUND-HEADED ZYG^NA.
Generic Character,
Spiracles five, on each fide the neck.
Month fituated beneath, in the fore part of the
head.
Body oblong, fomewhat cylindric.
Specific Character, (s'c.
SHARK with very broad fubtriangular head,
rounded in front.
The ROUND-HEADED ZYGyENA.
PANTOUFLIER.
Broujfon adl, Paris. 1780. p. 662. n. 12.
The Squalus Tiburo, which is extremely nearly
allied to the Squalus Zygaena or Hammer-Headed
Shark, differs from that fpecies principally in the
form of its head, w'hich, inftead of being produced
on each fide into a long procefs, is rather of a fub¬
triangular appearance, rounded off in front. It is
a native of the South American feas, and is a much
rarer fpecies than the Squalus Zygaena, of which it
has been fometimes confidered as a variety.
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PHAL^NA ERYCINA.
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Character Genericus.
Antenna fetaceae, a ball ad apicem fenfim atte-
nuatae.
Ala (fedentis) facpius deflexae (volatu nodlurno.)
Character Specificus, &c.
PHAL^NA pedtinicormis, alis fubfalcato-ro-
tundatis luteo ferrugineoque variis, macula
feneftrata folitaria.
PHALi5:NA HESPERUS ?
. Cin. Syjl. Nat. p. 809.
Si revera lit haec eadem ac phalfena Hefperus
Linnaei, (quod valde dubitem), miror fane fagacem
jllum et acutum phyficum phalaenas Atlanti adeo
affinem earn, putafle, ut ab ilia, quad diftincla fpe-
cies dilTociari non polTet, Atlanti fimilem effe earn
certiflimum eft; illico tamen percutit obledlatque
oculos longe major elegantia et pulchritudo. Ad
omnem igitur, quantum potui, confufionem evi-
tandam, phalcenam hanc elegantem nomine penitus
diverfo diftinxi, quod turn fpeciem a prasdicfta fatis
fejungit, turn infolitam ipfius infecti venuftatem
quodammodo. exprimit. <
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E R YC I N A.
Generic Character.
Antenna fetaceous, gradually decreafing from the
bafe to the tip.
Wings (when fitting) generally deflex: flight
no(fturnal.
Specific Character, &c.
PHALi^NA with feathered antennae, wings
rounded and very flightly inclining to the
falcated form: varied with yellow and fer¬
ruginous, with a large ovate tranfparent fpot
on each.
La VITREE de CAYENNE.
D'Aubent. pi. enl. 66 .
If this infed: be really the Phalaena Hefperus of
Linnaeus, which I am greatly inclined to doubt, it
feems furprizing that he fhould have conceived it fo
very nearly allied to the Phalaena Atlas, as fcarce to
admit of a fpecific reparation. To the Phalaena
Atlas it indeed bears a general refemblance, but is
an infed of ftill greater elegance and beauty than
that
that magnificent fpecies: in order, therefore, to
prevent as much as pofTible, all confufion on the
fubjeft, I have affixed a new name, which will at
once fufficiently diftinguifh it from the former, and
at the fame time will ferve in fome meafure to ex-
prefs the fuperior elegance of the aninnal itfelf.
TURDUS ROSEUS.
Character Genericus.
Rojlrum tereti-cultratum : mandibula fuperiore a-
pice deflexo, emarginato.
i^ares nudae fuperne membranula femited*.
Faux ciliata.
Lingua lacero-emarginata.
Lin. SyJ}. Nat. p. 291.
Character Specificus, &c.
TURDUS ROSEUS, capite alis caudaque nigris,
occipite criftato.
TURDUS fubincarnatus, capite alis caudaque ni¬
gris, occipite criftato.
Lin. Syjl. Nat. p. 294.
MERULA ROSEA.
Aldr. orn. 2. p. 626.
- - - _ ^ ^ - ■ ■
Non modo in Italia et reliqua mitiori Europa, fed
et in aliis mundi partibus innatus, raro admodum
in Angliam defertur Turdus rofeus. yEqualis fere
fturno eft magnitudine, fumma notabilis elegantia ;
capite nimirum, collo, cauda alifque nigrantibus, va-
riata luce, fplendide viridi-purpureis; reliqua avL
E pul-
pulcherrime rofeo-pallente. Infeftis, ut plurimum,
vefcitur htec avis: maxime autem faevit in varias
gryllorum fpecies; eamque quafi facram habent non-
nulli Orientis incolae, Hierapolitas praseipue, quod
minuat quodammodo diram animalculorum formi-
doloforum fegetem. Pulchrum turdi rofei fpecimen,
in agro Oxonienfi anno proximo elapfo fcloppeto
confeclum, amiciffime nobifeum communicavit Do-
minus Jenner, militum clafficorum dux.
2ii •'!
THE
ROSE-COLOURED OUZEL.
Generic Character.
Bill ftrait, obtufely carinated at top, bending a
little at the point, and flightly notched near,
the end of the upper mandible.
Nojlrils oval.
Tongue flightly jagged at the end.
Specific Character, &c.
ROSE-COLOURED, CRESTED THRUSH,
with the head, neck, wings, and tail black.
The ROSE-COLOURED OUZEL.
Will. orn. p. 194.
Le MERLE COULEUR de ROSE.
Brijf. 2. p. 250. n. 20.
Buff. oif. 3. p. 348. pi. 22.
The rofe-coloured ouzel, a native of Italy and
the warmer regions of Europe, as well as of many
other parts of the globe, in England appears only as
an occafional vifitant: its fize is nearly that of a ftar-
ling; it is highly remarkable for the elegance of its
E 2 colors:
colors: the head, neck, wings, and tail being*black,
with varying glolTes of green and purple, while the
remainder of the bird is of a beautiful pale rofe-
color. It feeds, in general, on infecfls, and efpeci-
ally on the different kinds of locufts; for which
reafon it is confidered as a kind of facred bird in
fome of the Eaffern countries, where it contributes
greatly to the deftrudlion of thofe noxious animals.
This is faid to be particularly the cafe in the neigh¬
bourhood of Aleppo. A beautiful fpecimen of this
bird was fhot in the courfe of the laft year in Ox-
fordftiire, of which an account was politely commu¬
nicated by Captain Jenner, of the marines.
SALPA MAXIMA.
Character Genericus.
Corpus liberum, gelatinofum, utroque apice aper-
tum, intus vacuum: inteftino oblique.
Lin. Syji. Nat. Gmel. p. 3129.
Character Specific us, &c.
SALPA utroque apice appendiculato.
Lin. Syjl. Nat. Gmcl. p. 31291
Forjk. Fn. Aegypt. Arab. p. 12. n. 130.
A quo tempore publicata eft fyftematis Linnieani
duodecima editio, audios eft in tantum zoologite
campus, ut in plerifque animalium divifionibus, in
nuilis vero magis quam in Mollufcis nova genera
inftituere necefle eftet. Inter base eminet genus
Salpa, quod animalia continet forma, ut plurimum,
fubquadrata et elongata, quorum corpus tubulatum
et gelatum, apice utroque aperto, vifeerum ramofo-
rum veftigia fubobfeura intus oftendit: qute tamen
in nonnullis fpeciebus evidentius cernuntur. Gre-
gatim eunt Salpte, celerrime natantes, pofluntque
extremitates utrafque ad libitum vel contrahere vel
dilatare. Perlucidte admodum funt, et interdum
fplendide
fplendide varieque verficolorcs. Multas fcepc cer-
nereeft fibi invicem adhjerentes, lateribus conjundlis,
Videtur fumma elTe affinitas Salparum generi cum
Dagyzis, prime detedis a Jofepho Banks, et Solan-
dro, prope littora Hifpanica. PolTent fortalTe hjec
duo genera rede fatis confociari, Salp$ fere omnes
in mari Mediterranco nafeuntur.
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THE
GREAT SALPA.
Generic Character.
Body tubular, nayant, open at each extremity,
furniflaed with an oblique inteftine.
Specific Character.
SALPA with an appendicle at each extremity.
The field of zoology has been fo much enlarged
by the difcoveries made fince the twelfth edition of
the Syftema Naturae of Linnaeus, that it has been
found necelfary to inflitute a variety of new genera
in moft of the divifions of the animal kingdom. In
the divifion Mollufca thefe new genera are particu¬
larly confpicuous, and form not the leaft curious
additions to the hiftory of Nature. The genus Salpa
may be numbered amongfi: the moft ftriking. The
Salpte, in general, are of an elongated and fome-
what fquarhh form, and confift of an oblong, tu¬
bular body, open at each extremity, and marked in
the interior ftrudlure with fome obfcure appearance
of ramified vifcera; which are much more apparent
in fome fpecies than in others. They are of a gre¬
garious nature, and fwim with great facility: pof-
fe fling
feffing the power of contrafting or opening at plea-
fure the cavity of their extremities; they are very
tranfparent, and fometimes exhibit a rich appearance
of varying colors. Several are frequently found ad¬
hering clofely together in a lateral diredlion. It may
not be improper to add that the animals of the ge¬
nus Salpa feem extremely nearly allied to thofe of
the genus Dagyza, firft difcovered by Sir Jofeph
Banks and Dr. Solander, near the coafts of Spain.
Perhaps the two genera of Salpa and Dagyza might
be incorporated without any violation of propriety:
the Salpae, in general, are natives of the Mediterra¬
nean fea.
•MANTIS GONGYLODES.
Character Genericus.
Caput nutans, maxillofum, palpis inflrudtum.
Antenna (plerifque) fetacein.
Ala quatuor, membranaceae, (plerifque) convo-
^ luta;; inferiores plicatac.
Pedes ant id compreffi, fubtus ferrato-denticulati,
armati ungue folitario et digito fetaceo laterali
articulate. Pi^/r/quatuor laeves, greflbrii.
Thorax linearis, elongatus, anguftatus.
Lin. Syji. Nat. p. 68 g.
Character Specificus, &c.
MANTIS thorace lineari utrinque dilatato, femo-
ribus anticis fpina terminatis, reliquis lobo.
MANTIS GONGYLODES.
Lin. S)Jl. Nat. p. 690.
GAAYRA.
Marcgr. bras. 246.
In generanda Manti gongylode pene putemus pri-
mo vifu lufilTe Naturam, membraque ei non ad aux-
ilium fed ad impedimentum dedilTe. At ulterius
quae rentes
quaerentes benigiie ei confultum fuiffe fatebiinur;
tantuin enim abefl: ut incommodo fit monftrofa hcec
et inconveniens, quae videtur, partium difpofitio,
nt exinde etiam magna utilitas exoriatur. Praeda
vivit more reliqui generis, cui facilius arripiendae
infervit brachiorum magna longitudo, latetque inter
ramos ipfa Mantis fecurior vifuque difficilior ob ala¬
rum colorem et quafi foliatam fimilitudinem, ne
quid dicam dicam de crurum et thoracis fumma exi-
litate. Antennae, quae in plurimis fpeciminibus
fimplices omnino et more fili deduclae, in nonnullis
pulchre pefi;inantur. Utrum differentia fit vere
fpecifica, an fexualis tantum, (quod verfimile vide¬
tur) difficile eft pro certo ftatuere. Notandum porro
eft in vSebae figuris non modo hujus fpeciei fed et
Mantis ftrumariae antennas interdum pecftinari. Si
viva polfet infpici Mantis gongylodes, color fortafle
ei longe eflet vividior : mortuae idem plerumque eft
ac in tabula. Innafcitur in variis partibus Afiae et
Africae.
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LONG-BREASTED MANTIS.
Generic Character^
Head unfteady; mouth armed with jaws, and
furniflaed with palpi.
Antennce fetaceous, (fome few fpecies excepted.)
V/ings four, membranaceous, in moft fpecies con¬
voluted: the lower ones (generally) plicated.
Feet anterior compreffed, ferrated beneath, armed
w’ith a lateral folitary claw and jointed pro-
cefs; pojierior four, fmooth, formed for
walking.
Thorax (in moft fpecies) elongated and narrowed.
Specific Character, &c.
MANTIS wdth linear thorax dilated on each lide,
the fore thighs terminated by a fpine, the
other lobated.
Roes. inf. 2. gryll. t. 7.
D'Aubent. pi. enl. 65. f. 2.
Drury inf. \. pi ^6. f. 2.
The Mantis gongylodes is an infedl of fo fingular
an appearance, that it feems, at firft view, as if
formed
formed by a caprice of Nature, and appears to be
incommoded by the ftrange and uncouth difpropor-
tion of its limbs, and the aukwardnefs of its form.
All thefe feeming incongruities, however, are in re¬
ality calculated for the natural habits and modes of
life to which the animal is deftined; and, inftead of
proving a difadvantage to it, are, on the contrary,
the powerful means of its fupport. Like the reft of
its congeners, it is of a predacious nature; and the
great length of its fore-legs enables it readily to
feize and manage the fmaller^infefts on which it
feeds; while its color and the leaf-like appearance of
its wings, with the extreme gracility of its thorax
and legs, make it lefs eafily diftinguifhed amongft
the vegetables on which it refides, and thus give it
the advantage of obtaining its prey the more readily.
The antenna, which in moft fpecimens are fimple
and filiform, are in others elegantly pedlinated;
wLether this be really a fpecific difference, or merely
a fexual one, it is not eafy to determine. It is alfo
to be obferved, that in the figures of Seba, this
fpecies, as well as the Mantis ftrumaria, is fome-
times reprefented with pectinated antennas. Tho’ the
Mantis gongylodes is generally of the color repre¬
fented in the plate, yet when living it is probably
of a much greener caft: it is a native of many parts
of Alia and Africa.
NAT.'Oi\*/\i- VIOIOKIW
TANAGRA BRASILIA.
Character Generic us.
Rojlrum conicum, acuminatum, emarginatum,
ban fubtrigonum, apice declive.
Lin. Syji. Nat. p. 314.
Character Specific us, &c.
TANAGRA COCCINEA, alis caudaque nigris.
Lin. SyJi. Nat. p. 314.
MERULA BRASILICA.
Bell. av. 319.
TIJEPIRANGA.
Raj. fyn. p. 87. 13.
Will. orn. p. 184. 185.
CARDINALIS.
BriJ)'. av. 3. p. 42. n. 24. t. 3. f. 1.
Pulcherrima haec avis, cujus magnitudinem natu-
ralem oftendit tabula, amat omnem Americam Auf-
tralem, prsecipue autem Brafiliam.
F
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THE
BRASILIAN TANAGER.
Generic Character.
Bill conic, lliarp-pointed. Hoping at the tip and
flightly emarginated j fomewhat trigonal
towards the bafe.
Specific Character, &c.
SCARLET^ TANAGER with black wings and
tail.
Le CARDINAL.
Brijf. orn. 3. p. 42. 24. pi. 3. f. 1.
BRASILIAN TANAGER.
Lath. Syn. 1. p. 215.
This highly elegant fpecies is a native of South
America, and is principally found in Brafil. The
plate reprefents it in its natural fize.
F 2
TEREBELLA FLAVICOMAw
Character Gen eric us,
4
Corpus oblongum, repens, nudum, penicillis
branchiifque lateralibus.
Tentacula capillaria, ciliata.
Character Specificus, &c.
TEREBELLA depreffa, branchiis utrinque 37,
cauda bifurca.
Lin. Syjl. Nat. Gmcl. p. 31141
APHRODITA FLAVA.
Pall. Mifc. Zool. p. 97. t. 8. f. 7.—11.
Animalium iftorum marinorum, quae Terebellse
vocantur, accedit prope forma generalis ad Nereidum
et Aphroditarum fimilitudinem. In cavis rupium
degunt nonnullae fpecies: aliae tubos quofdam inco-
lunt flexiles et quali coriaceos, fua arte fabricatos.
E maximis eft generis Terebella flavicoma, et'in
oceano Indico innafcitur. Veram magnitudinem
repraefentat tabula.
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A A'
THE
YELLOW-HAIRED TEREBELLA.
Generic Character.
Body oblong, repent, with lateral fafcicles and
branchiae.
Tentacula capillary and ciliated.
Specific Character, Gfc .
DEPRESSED TEREBELLA, with about 37
branchiae on each fide, and forked tail.
The Terebcllas are marine animals, in their general
appearance refembling thofe of the genus Nereis.
They are alfo pretty nearly allied to the Aphrodita?.
Some fpecies inhabit the cavities of rocks, and
others a kind of flexible or leather-like tubes of
their own compofition. The fpecies here reprefented
in its natural fize is one of the largeft of the genus,
and is a native of the Indian ocean.
SALPA DEMOCRATICA.
Character Genericus.
Corpus liberum, gelatinofum, utroque apice aper-
to, intus vacuum j inteftino oblique.
Liti. Syjl. Nat. Gmel. p. 3129,
Character Specificus, &c.
SALPA fafeiata, pollice aculeata.
SALPA puneftata, fafeiata, aculeis pone 06I0.
Lin. Syjl Nat. Gmel. p. 3129.
^Forjk. F?i. Aegypt. Arab. p. 113. n. 32.
Natat, ut plurimum, base fpecies nullo certo tra-
mite, agmine quaquaverfum confufo, fine ullo duce
aut confilio ; quam ob caufam conjicio Dominum
Forfkal, qui forfan primus earn deferipfit democrati-
cani nominafle. Salpas fere omnes in mari mediter-
raneo nafeuntur, democratica autem praecipue in
mari rubro.
THE
DEMOCRATIC SALPA.
Generic Character,
Body tubular, nayant, gelatinous, open at each
extremity, furnilhed with an oblique intelline.
\
Spec IF 1 c Cha ra c ter •
FASCIATED SALPA, aculcatcd behind.
The fpecies of Salpa here rcprcfcntcd is generally
feen in large groiipcs or multitudes, fwimming
confufedly in all directions, without any leader,
plan or order; for which reafon Mr. Forfkall, its
firft defcribcr, feems to have applied to it the title
by which it is at prefent diflinguifhed. Almofl all
the Salpsc arc natives of the Mediterranean, but
this is principally found in the red fea.
MOTACILLA SUTORIA.
Character Genericus.
Rojlruni fubulatum, red;um: mandibulis fuboe-
qualibus.
Nares ovatae.
Lingua laccro-emarginata.
Lin. Syjl. Nat. p. 328.
Character Specificus, &c.
MOTACILLA tota flava minima.
MOTACILLA futoria.
Zool. Ind. p, 17. t. 8.
SYLVIA futoria.
Lath. ind. orn. p. 551.
MOTACILLA futoria.
Lin. S)Jl. Nat. Gmel. p. ggj.
Avium in nidificando varium et admirandum in-
genium fuave eft philofopho contemplari. Aliae,
Fringilla nempe coelebs, Fringilla Carduelis, et va-
rias Parorum fpecies, non fine magno labore nidos
conftruunt concinnos et elegantes-; aliae nullo fere
G ncgotio
A,
negotio receptaculum fibi rude ct incompofitum
comparant: aliiE nidum fere nullum facientes fatis
putant fi cavum aliquod in arbore nadlae fupcr molli
et putrido ligno ova depofuerint: funt etiam quae in
gramine pariunt vel inter lapides. Hirundininum
genus arte quadam caementitia cunabula e luto com-
padla affigunt muris caminifque; et parvula eft fpe-
cies in Sina Indicifque infulis probe cognita, quae
cum ab aquis vicinis fatis material gelat^ collegerit,
firme nidificat de indurato glutine. In Indiae et
Americae rcgionibus calidioribus altius quiddam fa-
pcre videntur aves, quarum multa;, Orioli fcilicet et
aliae, cubilia de arborum ramis fufpendunt modo
vafis chemici cui collum rctortum et elongatum,
ventre capaci. Generat etiam Europa Parum pen-
dulinum et alias paucas quae prolem educant in cu-
nis pendentibus, quarum margines mira folertia arun-
dinibus alligaverunt. At his omnibus longe ante-
cellit illarurn avium acumen, quae ad recipiendos
pullos folium vcl folia confuunt fibris vegetabilibus.
Elujufmodi infigne exemplum oftendit tabula belle
adeo et affabre contextum, ut artis potius humanae
t
I
quam aviculae ccvroSiSocKTov opus videatur. Finito
futorio opere, confternitur nidus plumis molli-
bus, et lanugine e variis plantis colledta. Longa
eft avis circiter tres uncias, pondere levillimo. Ova,
nifi errent qui fe ea vidifle profitentur, formica-
rum ovis (ut falfo vulgoque vocantur, funt enim '
revera chryfalides} vix majora. Motacillae futoriae, ,
quam fide piclorum novimus (licet enim nidus fepe I
in mufaeis inveniatur, ipfam avem vix unquam vidit J
phyficus aliquis Europaeus) color flavo-pallet. Va- i
rias 1
rias Indite partes incolit. In nido conflruendo in-
terdum margincs advcrlbs cjufdcm folii confiiit, in-
tcrduni aridum viridi conncOilit, ut fit in nido quern
cernerc efl: in opcrc celcbcrrimi Pennanti cui titu-
lus " Zoologia Indica.” Supra notaviinus aves In-
dicas ingeniolius nidificarc. Pauca & Icvia funt peri-
cula qu!E aves Europene tempore incubationis fub-
eunt: at Indicas, quarum in pcrniciem fub omni fere
arbullo latet ferpens, & inter arbores ludo procaci
invigilat infidiofa fimiarum curiolitas. Naturae vifum
eft majore quodam & acutiore injlinflu donare, ut af-
tutia aftutia: par eftet.
23J
■V
THE
TAILOR WARBLER.
Generic Character.
.B///fubulate j flirait: mandibles nearly equal.
Nojlnls nearly oval.
Tojagged or lacerated towards the tip.
Specific Character.
Very fmall MOTACILLA, entirely yellow.
The TAILOR BIRD.
Ind. Zool. p. 7. pi. 8.
The TAILOR WARBLER.
Lath. Syn. 2. p. 515.
The nidification of birds, or varied inftindt ex¬
erted by thofe animals in providing proper and con¬
venient receptacles for their future brood, is a fubjeifl
highly worthy the attention of a philofophic mind.
Some, as the Chaffinch, the Goldfinch, and the dif¬
ferent fpecies of Pari or Titmice, are remarkable
for conftrudling nefts of peculiar neatnefs and ele¬
gance; while others exert little diligence in this re-
fpecl, and arrange their materials in a far more care-
lefs
lefs manner; and fome can fcarce be faid to form
any regular neft, but content themfelves with a con¬
venient cavity in a tree, and depofit their eggs on
the foft furface of the decayed wood. Others lay
their eggs on the ground, amongft grafs, or even
amonf^ft ftones. Birds of the Swallow tribe pradlife
a fpecies of mafonry, and attach their nefts, formed
of foft mud, to the lides of walls and chimnies; and
a fmall fpecies of this genus, not uncommon in
China and the Indian iflands, colledls gelatinous
materials from the furface of the neighbouring wa¬
ters, and conftrudls wdth them a nefl: of a very du¬
rable nature, and confiding entirely of hardened
gluten. In the hotter regions of India and Ameri¬
ca, where a higher fpecies of inftinft Teems to pre¬
vail amongft birds, feveral fpecies form nefts which
are fo difpofed as to hang from the branches of trees
in the form of retorts or long-necked bottles, as the
Orioli and fome others. In Europe alfo the Parus
Pendulinus and a few other birds attach their tempo¬
rary habitations, at three or four places on the edge,
to the adjoining reeds amongft which they build,
and thus, with exquifite contrivance, form their
“ pende7it bed and -proo'eant cradle.” Laftly, fome
birds exert a ftill more curious fpecies of inftineftive
ingenuity, and adlually few together, with vegetable
fibres, the edges of one or moie leaves, in order to
form a convenient and unfufpeefted receptacle for
their young. Of this very Angular mode of nidifi-
cation, the little bird, whofe neft, wdth the young
included, is reprefented on the annexed plate, af¬
fords perhaps the moft eminent example; and few
with
with fuch dexterity the edges of the leaves feleded
foi* this purpofe, that they feem rather to have been
connecfted by human art, than that of an uninftruded
animal. When the operation of fewing the leaves
is finifhed, the cavity is lined M'ith feathers, and
down colleded from various vegetables. The fize of
this bird is very fmall: its length fcarce exceeding
three inches, and its weight proportionally light.
The eggs, if there be no miftake in the reports of
thofe who have feen them, arc faid fcarce to exceed
the fize of what arc commonly, but crroneoufly,
termed ant*s eggs, (which in reality are the cafes in¬
cluding the aurelise or pupne of thofe infedls.) The
color of the bird is a pale yellow. It is, however,
principally on the faith of drawings that we are ena¬
bled to dcfcribe the bird itfelf, which, though the
neft is often feen in mufcums, does not yet appear
to have been in the polTeflion of any fcientific Eu¬
ropean naturalift. It is an inhabitant of feveral parts
of India. In forming its nefl: it fometimes makes
ufe of a dead or withered leaf, which it connecfls to
a living one; at other times ufcs but one leaf, fewing
together the oppofite edges. A nefl: of this bird has
been figured in Mr. Pennant’s Indian Zoology, in
which the former of thefe methods has been praftifed.
It has been already obferved, that it is chiefly
amongfl: the birds of India that thefe extraordinary
inftances of ingenuity occur. In Europe, the dan¬
gers to which thefe animals are liable during their
ftate of incubation are comparatively few; while
in India, where every thicket conceals the gliding
ferpent.
ferpent, and tribes of reftlefs animals of the mon¬
key kind are perpetually wandering about the woods,
fuch an increafe of forefight in the feathered tribe
is the more neceflary, in order to guard them from
the numerous dangers to which they would otherwife
be expofed.
PLEURONECTES ROSEUS.
Character Generic us.
Caput parvum: Oculi in eodem capitis latere.
Corpus comprefTum, altero latere fubconvexo dor-
fum, altero piano pallidiore abdomen refe-
rente.
Character Specificus.
PLEURONECTES oculis dextris, corpore rofeo.
Finn: pe^: rad: 12. ventr. 7, dorf. 60. an.
caud. 20.
Continet genus Pleuroneftes pifces qui vulgo com-
prejji nominantur. Huic fere nullus eft colorum
pulchriorum decor. Sunt fane fpecies aliquot exo-
ticae qute variatum jaftant fplendorem. Europaea-
rum vix ullam novimus prteter Pleuronedlem Pla-
teflam hoc nomine dignam memorari; ft excipiamus
fpeciem de qua jam agitur, non quidem rutilam, fed
certe elegantem, fuaviter nempe rofco-pallentem,
partim fubflavam, partim argenteo-albentem; infe-
rius pallidiorem longe, feu fere albidam. Pinnae
caudaque pallent fufeo-flavefeentia, Squams nul-
Ite funt, fed fquamis fimilia luinuta quaedam reti¬
cula.
cula. Caret quoqiie fere omni afperitate turn linea
lateralis, turn origo feu bafis pinnte dorfualis. Inter
Pleuronedles reponendus ell pifeis, quorum oculi a
dextro latere liti funt. Pleuronecli Flefo Linnaei ad-
modum alTinis ell, cujus forfan primo vifu varietas
haberi poflit. Verifimilius tamen cll fpeciem elTe
revera diverfam, nee antea deftriptam. In Mufeo
Leveriano exflat fpecimfen ipfilTimum, quod in Tha-
mefi captumeft, triennio jam abhinc elapfo.
J
THE
ROSE-COLOURED FLOUNDER.
Generic Character.
Head finall: Eyes both feated on the fame fide of
the head.
Body comprelTed; fomewhat convex and coloured
on one fide; flat and paler on the other.
Specific Character.
ROSE-COLOURED FLOUNDER, with eyes
towards the right.
Ohf. In the peBoral jins about 12 rays, in the ven¬
tral 7, in the dorfal 60, in the anal 42. In
the tail about 20.
The genus Pleuronedles, which contains the fifli
commonly known by the title of flat-fifh, is in ge¬
neral not remarkable for elegance of color: fome
few indeed of the exotic fpecies are beautifully va¬
riegated ; but of thofe which are natives of Europe
the Pleuronedfes Platelfa or Plaife is perhaps the moft
decorated. The filh here reprefented, (if indeedit
be really a diftimft fpecies, and not a variety of fome
other,) feems to afford an exception to this rule, and
is
is of a color which, if not radiant, muft at leaft be
confidered as highly elegant; viz. a moft delicate
rofe-color, which in feme parts is flightly tinged
with yellowillt, and in others with filvery white.
The lower furface of the fiflr is flill paler, or very
nearly white, and the fins and tail arc of a pale yellow
brown. It is deftitute of fcales, though marked by
very minute fcale-like points or reticulations. It is
alfo nearly void of all afperity, either on the fide-
line, or at the origin of the back-fin, &c. It
feems moft allied to ,the Plcuronedles Flefus, of
which it might perhajrs on a curfory view be fup-
pofed a variety. There is, however, great reafon
to believe it a totally new and hitherto undeferibed
fpecies. It was taken in the Thames about three
years ago, and is now in the Leverian Mufeum.
ASCIDIA PEDUNCULATA.
Character Genericus.
Corpus fixum, teretiufculum, vaginans.
Apcrturce binac ut plurimum ad lummitatem.
Lin. Syjl. Nat. Gmel. p. 3127.
Character Specificus, &c.
ASCIDIA Ilipite longiffimo, capitulo ovato, apcr-
tura utraque tcrminali.
ASCIDIA Ilipite fenlim attenuato, capitulo fufi-
formi, apertura utraque terminali.
Lin. Syji Nat. Cmcl. p. 3x27.
#
VORTICELLA OVIFERA.
Lin, S^, Nat. Edit. 12. p. 13 ^ 9 *
Afcidiam clavatam, qua rariorem nullam continet
genus, in hoc opere antea defcripfimus. Species
de qua jam agitur, licet illi valde fit afliiiis, non
modo corpus habet multo rotundius, fed et foramina
ambo tenninalia, feu non in lateribus lita. Corpus
fubrubrum et laeve. Stipes fufeo-rubet, fcaber, fe-
tulis parvulis feu fpiculis obfitus, Maria incolit
Septentrionalia Afcidia pedunculata, rupibus, lapU
dibus, conchifque majoribus plerumque afiixa.
5^. ' . s
PEDUNCULATED ASCIDDL
Generic Character.
Body fixed, approaching more or lefs to a cylin-
dric fliape •, in fome fpecies feflile; in others
fupported on a pedicle.
Apertures in mofi: fpecies two: fituated towards
the upper part.
Specific Character.
LONG-STALKED ASCIDIA with oval body
and two terminal apertures.
The Afcidia clavata, one of the rareft and mod
curious animals of its genus, has already been de-
fcribed in the prefent work. The fpecies now re-
prefented is much allied to it in general appearance,
but differs in the fliape of the body, which is much
rounder, and in the lituation of the apertures, which
are terminal inftead of lateral, as in the former ani¬
mal. The body is of a reddiili color, and fmooth;
the ftem of a darker red, and rough, or befet with
minute bridles or fpicula. It is a native of the
Northern fcas, and is generally found affixed either
to dones, rocks, or large lliells.
L O X I A ORIX.
Character Generic us.
Rojlrum conico-gibbuin, frontis bafi rotiindatum
verfus caput: Mandibula inferior margiiie
laterali inflexa.
Nares in bafi roftri minutae rotundae.
Lingua intcgra.
Lin. S\Ji. Nat. Gmel. p. 843*
Character Specificus, ^c.
LOXIA GRISEA, roflro, fronte abdomineque
nigris, collo uropygioque fulvis.
Lin. Mant. 1771. p. 527.
EMBERIZA ORIX.
Lin. Syji. 1. p. 309.
CARDINALIS capitis Bona; Spei.
3 - P- 114 -
LOXIA ORIX.
Lin. S)i/i. Nat. Gmel. p. 863.
In bonae fpei promontorio generata hac avis, fe-
dem fibi praecipue quaerit in locis aquofis, nidum
ponens inter arundines. Oftendit tabula veram avis
magnitudinem.
H
2^0
THE
GRENADIER GROSBEAK.
Generic Character.
Bill ftrong, and convex above and below, very
thick at the bafe.
Nojlrils fmall and round.
‘Tongue as if cut off at the end.
Pennant.
Specific Character, &c.
BROWN GROSBEAK, with the face and un¬
der part of the body black; the neck, back,
and rump orange-fcarlet.
GRENADIER GROSBEAK.
Lath. Syn. 2. p. 120.
Le CARDINAL du Cap de Bonne Efperance.
Brijf. orn. 3. p. 114.
3 - P- 49 ^-
This bird is a native of the Cape of Good Hope,
where it frequents watery places ; building its neft
among reeds; it is figured in its natural fize.
H 2
T^NIA VULGARIS.
Character Generic us.
Corpus deprefllim, articulatum.
Caput ofculis fu(ftoriis quatuor, duplicique fei'ic
uncinorum exfertilium et retradlilium.
%
Character Spec incus, &c.
TANIA longiffima, articulis latis brevibus.
TANIA VULGARIS.
Lin. Syji. Nat. p. 1323.
TANIA orificio ovorum duplici: altero in tergo
ovarii pundliformi, altero ante illud pofito
papilliformi expreflili.
Lin. Syjl Nat. Gmcl. p. 3065.
Habitu et conformationc totius corporis, ct vi-
vendi modo, nefcio annon mirabilior fit immenfa
ifta cohors nomine vcrmium phyficis cognita, quam
ipfa etiam majora animalia. Auxit in tantum hanc
zoologiae partem indomita hodiernorum philofopho-
rum diligentia, ut major longe fit vermium nume-
rus
rus quam antea potuit cogitari. Ttedio tamen effet
plerifque ledtoribus eos qui vifcerales vulgo vocantur
minurius enumcrare: funt enim nonnulla in naturEe
inveftigatione quae fcire forfan infelicius fit quam
nefcire: nec fine perturbatione animi contemplari
poffumus foedam ifiam et odiofam animalculorum
turbam, quae, quantum adhuc compertum efl, ad
hoc ipfum nata videntur ut per aliorum animalium
vifcera pererrcnt, ibique fedem habeant quafi pro-
priam et fibi defiinatam; nufquam enim alibi con-
fpiciuntur; immo nec carere iis animalia recens nata
pro ccrto cognitum efi: quod jam olim nec Hippo-
cratem latuit. Scd dc his fatis. De taenia jam
fpeciatim tradiabimus quam oftendit tabula.
Tceniarum, qua? corpus humanum infefiare fo-
lent, praecipu.T funt taenia vulgaris, et taenia Solium
LinnEsi; quarum interdum penc incredibilis longi-
tudo dirilTima intulit fymptomata. Harum priorem
depinximus. Difiiciiimum eft fpecimen perfedum
et integrum nancifci, cum difirada plerumque fir
vcl ima vel fuperior pars; eo fiepius quod magna fit
iis repullulandi vis, et infitum fit in fingulo corporis
fegmento vitae principium, adeo ut fponte fe contra-
hat feu extendat unum aliquod a caeteris avulfum,
quafi nullam omnino fenferit injuriam.
FiguiEe fuperiores capita taeniarum demonftrant
microfcopio aucha, eo magis notatu digna quod
Linnaeum plene refellant, qui in fyfiematis nature
editione duodecima alTerit nullum efle iis caput re-
vera
vera diverfum a corpore, et crrafle vult Tyfonum
ariofque, qui caput notarunt depinxeruntque.
Addendum porro eft taenias efle oviparas, et e fo-
raminibus quee funt in lateribus corporis ova nume-
rofifiima excludere.
-r, , ,
t
''S
I'
5 .
-4
>
ir
if,
M
>
4 -
'1
i-
241
THE
BROAD^JOINTED TAPE-WORM,
Generic Character.
Body depreffed, jointed.
Head furnifhed with four orifices for fudlion, and
(generally) with a double feries of retrailile
hooks or holders.
Specific Character, &l.
Very long TAENIA, with broad, fliort joints.
The broad T^NIA.
The fliort-jointed TAPE-WORM.
The numerous tribes of beings diftinguiflied in
modern natural hiftory by the title of Fcrmes, exhi¬
bit perhaps more curious and ftriking particularities
in their conformation, habits, and general appear¬
ance, than even the fuperior orders of the animal
kingdom.
»
The additions to this branch of zoology by the
pcrfevering refcarches of modern Naturalifts, are in
the higheft degree curious, and prove the number
of
of thefe wonderful animals to be far greater than
before imagined.
To the generality of readers, however, a too par¬
ticular enumeration of the vifceral vermes, though
abounding in curiofity, might be unpleafing; and
it is perhaps one of the few cafes in which an igno¬
rance of natural hiftory contributes, in fome degree,
to our happinefs; fince it mull be allowed that a full
furvey of the modern difeoveries on this fybjedl ex¬
cites ideas unfavourable to our own repofe; nor is it
pofTible to furvey, without a mixture of horror and
aftonifhment, the numerous lift of thofe difgufting
inmates, which, for reafons uninveftigable by human
wifdom, arc permitted to take up their abode in the
internal parts of different animals; and which feem,
fo far as the utmoft refcarch of Naturalifts has been
capable of difeovering, to be intended for the real
and proper inhabitants of thofe fituations, being un-
difcoverable in any other place. As a convincing
proof of this, it is certain, that in animals recently
born^ their exiftence has been afeertained; an obfer-
vation which did not efcape the attention of Hip¬
pocrates.
But to return to the immediate fubjeift of the pre-
fent paper; of the Ta?niae which infeft the human
fpecies the moft remarkable are the Taenia vulgaris,
and the Taenia Solium oi Linnaeus; each of which
has fometimes been found of an incredible length,
and produdlive of the moft diftrelling fymptoms.
It
It is the former of thefe which is reprcfented on the
prefent plate. It is not often that a complete fpeci-
men can be feen, as it generally happens that either
the upper or lower part is broken off; a circiimflance
which is extremely common in thefe animals, which
poffefs a high degree of reprodudfive power, and
may be confidered as poireffing the vital principle in
every joint or fegment, which, when feparated from
the refl-, continues to move in various diredlions, as
if uninjured by its diflalfociation from the general
chain.
The upper figures reprefent the heads of Taeniae,
{IS they appear when magnified, and which are the
more worthy of obfervatioii, as they fo completely
demonftrate the abfurdity of the dodlrine delivered
by Linnaeus in the twelfth edition of the Syftcma
Naturae; viz. that thefe animals are deftitute of a
diftindl head, and that Tyfon and others, who had
deferibed them with one were entirely miftaken.
It fhould be added, that the Ttenite are oviparous
animals, and difeharge their numerous eggs from
the lateral foramina of their bodies.
-i
!
'
•J
•I
.i
■^1
/ ■
A
CORYPHiENA HIPPURUS.
Character Generic us.
Caput maxime truncato-declive.
Membrana branchiojlega radiis quinque.
Pinna dorfalis longitudine dorfi.
Lifii
Character Specific us, Cic.
CORYPHi^NA THALASSINA, aurantio-gut-
tata, dorfo caeruleo, cauda bifida.
CORYPH^NA cauda bifida, radiis dorfalibus
fexaginta.
Lin. S)i/i. Nat. p. 446.
CORYPHiPNA pinna ani radiis viginti quinque.
Bloch, aujl. Fifch 2. p. 143. t. 174.
,Generi Coryphrenae, ut plurimum, obtigit info-
litus colorum fplendor; cujus varis fpecies vel ipfis
pulcherrimis Labris Zeifque non cedunt, immo
etiam nec auratis fulgentifTimifque Cyprinis. Spe¬
cies, quamjam memoravimus, in mari Mediterra-
neo non raro invenitur; illamque interdum gravi
errore
errore Delphinis nomine vocaverunt nonnulli. In
longitudinem quatuor vel etiam quinque pedum
crefcit. Perniciffimus eft pifcis et pradando vitam
fuftinet.
THE
COMMON CORY PH.^:NA.
Generic Character.
Head Hoping fuddenly downwards.
Gill-covers five-rayed.
Dorfal Fin the length of the back.
Specific Character, &c.
SE.4-GREEN CORYHyENA, fpotted with
orange, w'ith blue back and forked tail.
The COMMON CORYPH/ENA.
The SEA-GREEN SPOTTED CORYPHENE,
popularly called the Dolphin.
The genus Coryphjena is diftinguiflicd in general
by a more than ufual gaiety of color; many of the
fpecies being equal in brilliancy to the richefbof the
Labri and Zei, or even to the golden fplendor of
fome of the Cyprini. The particular fpecies here
reprefented is not unfrequently found in the Medi¬
terranean, and has fometimes been moll erroneoufly
called by the title of Dolphin. It grows to the
length of four, or even five feet. It is extremely
fwift and vigorous, and of a predacious nature.
p
ORIOLUS XANTHORNUS.
Character Generic us.
Rojinm conicum, convexiim, acutiffimum, rec¬
tum : mandibula I'uperiore paulo longiore,
obfolete emarginata.
Lingua bifida, acuta.
Pedes ambulatorii.
' / Lin. Syi/l, Nat. p. l6o.
Character Specificus, &c.
ORIOLUS LUTEUS, gula, remigibus rccftrici-
bufque nigris.
Lin. SyJI. Nat. Gmel. p. 391.
XANTHORNUS MEXICANUS.
BriJ'. av. 2. p. 118. t. 11. f. 2.
AVIS AYOQUANTOTOTL.
Hern. mex. 54.
Seb. Muf. 2. p. 102, t. 96. f. 4.
Oriolus
invenitur:
primit.
Xanthornus in infula Jamaica prrecipue
tabula avis magnitudinem naturalem ex-
I
THE
LESSER BANANA-BIRD.
Generic Character.
Bill conic, convex, very fharp-pointcd, flrait:
the upper mandible rather longer than the
lower, and flightly emarginated.
I’ongue bifid, fliarp-pointed.
Feet formed for walking.
Specific Character, &c.
GOLD-YELLOW ORIOLE, with black throat,
quills, and tail.
The LESSER BONANA-BIRD.
Lath. Syn. i. p. 438.
LE CAROUGE.
BriJ). orn. 2. p. 118. pi. 11. f. 2.
olf. 3. p. 247.
PI. enl. 535. f. 1.
The Oriolus Xanthornus or lefler Banana-Bird is
chiefly found in the Ifland of Jamaica: it is repre-
fented on the plate in its natural fize.
w
•24-J
\
Character Genericus.
Animal Limax.
Tejla unilocularis, fpiralis.
Apert lira ecaudata fubeffufa.
Colutnella plicata: Labio Umbilicove (ut pluri-
mum) nullo.
Lin. S)Jl Nat. Gmel. p. 3459.
VOLUTA EPISCOPALIS.
Character Specificus, &c.
V'OLUTA tefta laevi, anfradluum margine intc-*
gro, columella quadriplicata.
VOLUTA EPISCOPALIS.
Lin. Syji. Nat. Gmcl. p. 3459.
VOLUTA MITRA epifcopalis.
Lin. Syjl. Nat. p. 1194.
MITRA EPISCOPL
Rumph. muf. t. 29. f. K.
Seb. muf. 3. t. 51^ f. 8 .— 15 .
VOLUTA PAPALIS.
Character Specificus, &c.
VOLUTA tefta tranfverfim flriata, anfraduura
margine labroque Jenticulatis, columella qua-
driplicata.
VOLUTA PAPALIS.
Lim. Sy/i. Nat. Gmel. p. 3459.
VOLUTA MITRA papa/u.
Ltn. Syjl, Nat. p. 1195.
MITRA PAPALIS.
Seb. mi^'. 3. t. 51, f. 1.-5.
Rumf. t. 29. f. 1.
Adeo inter fe affines funt conchte in tabula de-
pidltE, ut Linnaeus in editione duodecima Syftema-
tis Naturte dubitafle omnino videtur, llntne fpecies
revera diverfae ; cum ambas eodem nomine communi
defignaverit, nempe Voluhe Mttrce. Speciem Ite-
vem, mitram fcilicct epifcopalem decorant plerum-
que maculae pulchre rubentes, fed palliduls, forma
fere quadrata. Mttra papalis e contrario maculis
afpergitur, quarum forma inaequalior, colorque
li.Uito faturatior, et rubro-ferrugineus. Inveniun-
tur
tur ambae in mari Indico, et recentes cooperiuntur
epidermide, feu pellicula tenui fufco-flavefcente.
Quod incolit eas animal venenatum efle dicitur, et
mucrone quodam feu probofcide acuminata tan-
gentes vulnerare.
THE
MITRE VOLUTES.
Generic Character.
Animal refembling a Limax or Slug.
Shell unilocular, fpiral.
Pillar or Column twilled or plaited.
THE
EPISCOPAL VOLUTE.
Specific Character, &c.
Smooth white Volute with fquarilh red fpots;
the edges of the fpires entire; the pillar with
four wreaths.
The SMOOTH MITRE-SHELL.
La MITRE.
Argenv. conch, pi f. C.
La MITRE EPISCOPALE.
Knorr. 1. pi. 6. f. 2.
THE
PAPAL VOLUTE.
Specific Character, &c.
\
rraiifverfely ftriated white Volute with irregular
dark-red fpots; the edges of the fpires
toothed ; the pillar with four wreaths.
The ROUGH or TOOTHED MITRE-SHELL.
The PAPAL MITRE.
La TIARE.
Argcnv. pi. g. f. E.
La COURONNE PAPALE.
Knorr. i. pi. 6. f. i.
The two fliells at prefent figured, are fo very
nearly allied, that Linnaeus, in the twelfth edition
of the Syftema Naturae, feems to have confidered
them as fcarce fpecifically diftindt; and has there¬
fore included them both under the common title of
Valuta Mitra. In the fmooth fort, or M. epifcopalis,
the fpots are commonly of a bright, though fome-
what pale red, and of a fiiapc much inclining to
fquare:
fquare: on the contrary, in the M. papalis they are
of a very deep or brownifh red, as well as much
more irregular in their form. Both are natives of
the Indian ocean, and, when recent, are covered
with a thin, yellowilh-brown epidermis or cuticle.
The inhabiting animal is faid to be of a poifonous
nature, and to w^ound thofe who touch it with a kind
of pointed trunk.
LOPHIUS HiSTRlO.
Character Gen eric us.
Caput (corpufquc plerifque) deprelTumi
Dentes plurimi, acuti.
Oculi verticales.
Corpus fquamis nudum, informer
Character SPECiricust ^c.
LOPHIUS fubflavefeens, corpore comprefTo tu-
mido, maculis irregularibus nigricantibus
variato.
LOPHIUS HISTRIO.
Lin. Sy/Ii Nat. p. 403.
Bloch, ichth. t. 111.
Ob formam quam fortitus eft fingularem et inufi-
tatam, putemus potius hunc pifeem inonftrum quod-
dam feu pidloris lufum quam iplius nature artifi-
cium. Maria Americani Auftralis incola eft et prope
oras Braftlienfes plerumque confpicitur. Peculiarc
quiddam et infolitum eft in tuberibus illis elongatis
qu;c ex capite excrefeunt, nec fatis adhuc patet cui-
nam ufui inferviant. Pinnae anteriores, pedibus
K, fimillimae.
rimillima:, inutiles feruntur ad progredlendum, Ni
fallor tamen, audlor cujufdam operis icthyologici,
(Dominus Renard?) fe vidifle Lophium afferit, qui
ex aqua captus per tres dies fcrvaretur, circa domum
more canis ambulantem. Raro pede longior eft, et
Jonge minora funt fpecimina, quotquot vidi, inEu-
ropam adveda. Color fufco-flavefcens, fubtus pal-
Jidior, totumque corpus maculis plurimis fufco-ni-
gricantibus indifcriminatim notatum. Prasdando
vitam fuftentat Lophius Hiftrio.
I
• * • i
1
THE
HARLEQUIN LOPHIUS.
Generic Character.
Head (and body in moft fpecies) deprcfTed.
Eyes vertical.
Teeth numerous, minute, fliarp.
Body deftitute of fcales.
Shape uncouth.
Specific Character, &c.
YELLOWISH LOPHIUS, with comprefled tu¬
mid body, variegated with irregular blackifli
The SPOTTED FROG-FISH.
The HARLEQUIN FROG-FISH.
The fhape of this animal is fo highly Angular as
to refemble at firft view fonie fanciful produdtion
of the pencil rather than any real cxiftence. It is a
native of the South-American ocean, and is chiefly
found near the coafls of Brafil. The lengthened
procefTes on the head are of a very peculiar and un-
ufual ftrudlure, and their ufe is not perfectly clear.
The
The anterior fins bear a ftrong general refemblance
to a pair of feet: yet it is faid the animal has not
the power of ufing them as fuch. If, however, I
am not miftakcn, a certain author, (Monf. Renard?)
in his Hiftory of Fifh, declares that he faw an in¬
fiance of a fifii o ' this fpecies being kept for three
days out of the water,, and walking about the houfe
in the manner of a dog. Its fize is not large, very
rarely exceeding the length of a foot; and the fpe-
cimens fcen in our mufeums are in general far fmal-
ler. The color is a yellowifh brown, paler beneath,
and the whole body is covered with numerous irre¬
gular blackifh-brown marks or fpots. It is a fiih of
a predacious nature.
LANIUS BARBARUS.
Character Generjcus,
Rojlrum redliufculum, dente utrinque vcrfus api-
cem, bafi nudum.
Lingua lacera.
Lin. Syji. Nat. p. 134.
Character Specificus, &c.
LANIUS NIGER, fubtus ruber, vertice femo-
ribufque fulvis.
Lin. S)^. Nat. p. 137.
Bn]/', av. 2. p. 185. t. 17. f. 2.
In Africa fuperiori nafcitur Lanius Barbaras, in
Senegala praecipue confpeftus. Tabula ilium mag-
nitudine deminutum et fere dimidiacum monftrat.
Coloribus interdum variat; vertice nempe ferrugi-
neo potius quam luteo, corporeque fubtus minus vi-
vide rubro.
L
THE
BARBARY SHRIKE.
Generic Character.
Bill flraitilli, with a tooth or fmall procefs on
each {ide near the tip.
Tongue jagged.
Specific Character, &c.
BLACK SHRIKE, red beneath, with the top
of the head deep yellow.
Le GONOLEK.
Buf. oif. 1 . p. 314.
PIE-GRIECHE dll SENEGAL.
P/. enL 56.
The Barbary Shrike is a native of the fuperior
parts of Africa,^ and is principally found in Senegal,
The plate reprefents it diminirtied to near half the
natural fize. In color it fometimes varies; the top
of the head being rather ferruginous than yellow,
and the red on the under parts of a lefs vivid ap¬
pearance.
Sfo
MEDUSA NAVICULA.
(
Character Generic us.
Corpus gelatinofum, orbiculatum, deprelTum.
Os fubtus, centrale.
Lin. S)Jl. Nat. p. 1096.
Character Specificus, &c.
MEDUSA ovalis caerulea, oblique criftata, crifla
bipartita, fubtus tentaculis numerofiflimis.
HOLOTHURIA fpirans.
Lin. Syji. Nat. Gmel. p. 3143.
Forjk. Fn. jFg. Arab. p. 104. n. 15.
Pulcherrimum animal in tabula depicflum in mari
Mediterraneo frequentilTimeconfpicitur, fuper aquas,
more Medufse Velellae, cui admodum affine eft, ve-
lilicans. Veram ejus magnitudinem cernere eft in
tabula.
THE
SKIFF MEDUSA.
Generic Character.
Body gelatinous,•'•orbicular, commonly deprefled.
Mouth central, beneath.
Specieic Character.
OVAL BLUE MEDUSA, with oblique, di¬
vided creft, and very numerous tentacula
beneath.
The beautiful animal here figured is very fre¬
quently obferved ni the Mediterranean fea, failing
on the furface of the water in the manner of the
Medufa Velella, to which it is extremely nearly al¬
lied: it is reprefented in its natural fize.
2^7
BULLA ACHATINA.
/
Character Genericus.
Animal Limax.
'Tefla univalvis, convoluta, inermis.
Apertura fubcoard:ata, oblonga, longitudinalis,
bafi integerrima.
Columella obliqua, laevis,
hin. Syjl Nat. p. 1181.
t
Character Specificus, &c.
BULLA tefta ovata, apertura obovata apiceque
fanguineis, columella truncata.
Lin. Syjl. Nat. p. 1186.
BULLA GALLICA.
Seb. Muf. 3. t. 71. 1. 2. 3, & 7. 8.
BUCCINUM cauda brevi, ore expanfo.
Argenv. t, 10. f. E.
Perpulchram hanc concham parit America, et
Americae adjacentes infulae. Variat colore, qui in-
terdum fiifcus, undis obfeurioribus, interdum multo
fplendore infignis quern cernere eft in tabula. Spe¬
cies
cies h£EC terreftris ? eft et tenuis. Diftinguitur va-
rietas depicfta apertura laete purpurea. Quod earn
incolit animal limaci fimillimum eft. Non omnino
perfuafum mihi habeo debere banc teftam generi
quod Bullam vocat Linnaeus annumerari, cujus inter
formam generalem et charaderes huic non plene
convenit.
r
V
■I.id
A .r
THE
AGATE BULLA.
^44 4 4 4 * 1 *
Generic Character.
Aninial refembling a Limax or Slug.
Shell univalve, convoluted.
Aperture fomewhat ftraitened, oblong, longitu¬
dinal, entire at the bafe.
Column oblique and fmooth.
Specific Character, &c.
Ovate, pointed, wide-mouthed BULLA, with
broad fafciae, crimfon mouth, and truncated
column.
The AGATE BULLA.
The CRIMSON-MOUTHED BULLA.
This moft elegant fliell is a native of America and
the Weft Indian iflands. It varies confiderably in
point of color, being fomecimes of a dufky brown,
with deeper variegations; at other times ornamented
with the beautiful hues repcefented on the annexed
plate. This is commonly called the purple-mouthed
variety.
variety. It is a land? fliell, of a thin fl:ru(n;ure, and
the inhabiting animal bears the moft ftriking refem-
blance to the common fnail. It may be added that
it feems fcarce allowable to rank this fliell under the
Linnaean genus Bulla, with the general form and
characfters of which it does not perfectly agree.
PIPRA AUREOLA.
Character Generic us.
Rojlrum capite brevius, bafi fubtrigonum, intc-
gerrimum, apice incurvum.
Pedes grefforii.
Lin. Syjl. Nat. p. 338.
Character Specificus, &c.
PIPRA NIGRA, capite pedlorcque coccineis aut
luteis.
PIPRA NIGRA, capite peAoreque coccincis,
rfimigibus antrorfum macula alba.
Lin. SyJ}. Nat. p. 339.
PARES AUREOLA.
Lin, S)Ji. Nat. eJ. 10. p. igi.
PARES RUBER et NIGER.
L'dzc’. av. 2. p. 109. t. 261.
MANAGES RUBER.
Prif. av. 4. p. 452. t. 34. f. 3.
M
Coloribus variat Pipra aureola; interdum enim
capite pedoreque coccineis, interdum luteis confpi-
citur. Americam incolit calidiorem et in Cayana
prfficipue invenitur. Magnitudinem veram expri-
mit tabula.
4
I
2-40
thp:
RED-AND-BLACK MANAKIN.
Generic Character.
Bill Ihorter than the head, fomcwhat triangular
at the bafe, bent at tip.
Feel grclTorial.
Specific Character.
BLACK MANAKIN with the head and breaft
either I'carlet or gold-yellow.
The RED and BLACK MANAKIN.
Ed-W. t. 261. f. 2.
Le MANAKIN rouge.
Buff. oif. 4. p. 415.
Le MANAKIN orange.
Buf. o/J/l 4. p. 417.
Bl. enl. 34. f. 3. 5 c 302. f. 2.
The Pipra aureola varies in color, being fomc-
times feen with the head and breaft of a rich fcarlet,
at other times of a gold-yellow. It is an inhabitant
of the hotter parts of America, and is principally
found in Cayenne. The plate reprefents it in its
natural fize.
M 2
I
!CT0R1A
MEDUSA VELELLA.
Character Generic us.
Corpus gclatinofum, orbiculatum, deprelTum.
Os fubtus, ccntralc.
Character Specificus, ^c.
MEDUSA ovalis caerulea, oblique criflata, crifla
fimplici, fiibtus tcntaculis numerofiflimis.
MEDUSA OVx\LIS, concentrice ftriata, mar-
gine ciliato, fupra velo membranacco.
Lin. S\pl. Nat. p. logS.
Lin. SyJ}. Nat. Gmel. p. 3155.
VELUM marinum colons caerulei.
Imperat. nat. 912.
2 -
O ____-
<
MedufiE VelelljE cujus magnitudinem naturalem
oftendit tabula, facies non modo fingularis verum
etiam eft elegans. Conftat animal c corpore com-
planato, tenui, ovato. lineis feu fibris plurimis con-
ccntricis pulchre notato. Lineis fimiliter duiftis
aflurgit quafi velum latum et eredlum quod fuperius
oblique extenditur. Cingitur corpus ferie tentacu-
lorum
Jorum parvorum quae pluriina ab ima parte protru-
duntur. Mare incolic Mediterraneum et Atlanti-
cum bella liaec Medufa. Colons efl: caerulei, velo
quad vitreo feu pellucido, Figura inferior fulcrum
internum, feu cartilaginem membranaceam denuda-
fam monftrat.
z5o
THE
SAILING MEDUSA.
Generic Character.
Body gelatinous, orbicular, commonly dcprelTeJ.
Mouth beneath, central.
Specific Character, &r.
OV^/ L BLUE MEDUSA, with oblique fimplc
crefl, and very numerous tentacula bencatli.
The BLUE SAILING MEDUSA.
The Medufa Velella, which is here reprefented in
its natural fize, is an animal of a very lingular as
well as elegant appearance. It conlids of a Hat
thin body, of an oval form, and beautifully marked
by a great number of concentric lines or fibres.
On the upper part is fituated, in an oblique direc¬
tion, an upright broad procefs or fail, marked in a
fimilar manner with numerous concentric ftriar.
The body is furrounded by a ferics of tentacula or
fmall procefTcs, a great number of which arife from
the lower part. This curious Medufa is found both
iu
in the Mediterranean and Atlantic feas. It is of a
blue color, except the fail, which is pellucid, and
of a glaffy appearance. The lower figure ihews the
internal fulcrum or membranaceous cartilage, the
gelatinous part being taken off.
GRYLLUS CRISTATUS.
Character Generic us.
Caput inflexum, maxillofiim, palpis inftrudlum.
Antennce fetacecC, feu filiformes.
Alee quatuor, deflexce, convolutae: inferiores pli¬
cate.
Pedes poftici faltatorii. Ungues ubique bini.
Lin. Syjl Nat. p. 693.
Character Specificus, &c.
GRYLLUS MAGNUS, corporc rufo, thoracc
criftato, carina quadrifida, alis variegatis
apice fufeis.
GRYLLUS thorace criflato, carina quadrifida.
Idn. Sy/l. Nat p- fipp-
GRYI LU5 ex iLGYPTO.
Clear, muf. t. 17. f. 5.
GRYLLUS ARABICUS.
Hajfelq. it. 413.
LOCUSTA INDICA.
Roes 2. t. 5.
N
Cum de Gryllo, migratorio Linnaei in hoc opere
difleremus, fpeciem longc majorcm memoraVimus,
in variis Orientis regionibus cum reliquis fui ge¬
neris pro cibo fumi folitam. Hanc ipfam magni-
tudine naturali jam depinximus. Color imus fufco-
viridis, interdum ruber, maculis notifque tenebri-
cofis variatus. Crura tantum non rubra. Alai
inferiores in nonnullis fpeciminibus rubent, in aliis
fufco-pallcnt, maculis multis fagittatis viridibus vel
nigricantibus, notatas.
/. \
THE
EGYPTIAN LOCUST.
Generic Character.
Head infledted, armed with jaws, and furniflied
with palpi or feelers.
Antennae either fetaceous or filiform.
Wings four, defiedted, convolute; the lower ones
plaited.
Hind-Feet formed for leaping. Claivs on all the
feet double.
Specific Character, &c.
GREAT RED or BROWN LOCUST, with
crefted thorax and variegated wings.
The GREAT ARABIAN LOCUST.
The EGYPTIAN LOCUST.
In the defeription of the Gryllus migratorlus, or
wandering locufl, deferibed in a former number of
the prefent work, I mentioned a fpecies of far fu-
perior magnitude, which, together with others of
the genus, is frequently ufed as an article of food in
the
the Eaftern nations. This fpecies is now reprefented
in its natural lize. Its general color is a brownifh
green, fometimes red, varied with dulky fpots and
marks: the legs incline much to red: the under
v.'ings are in fome fpecimens reddifh; in others of
a pale brown, with numerous arrow-ihaped blackilh
or grcenilh fpots.
TANAGRA DUBIA.
Character Genericus.
^oJlruM conicum, acuminatum, emarginatum,
bafi fubtrigonum, apice declive.
Lin. Syjl. Nat. p, 313.
Character Specificus.
TANAGRA ? nigra, humeris coccincis flavo
margiaatis.
a 4 n varietas Orioli phoenicei?
Oriolum phoeniceum Linncei facile diceres hanc
avem, formae et colorum ambigua quadam fimili-
tudine deceptus, nifi quod paulo minor roflri ha-
beat bafin magis depreffam, apicem minus acumi¬
natum ; ideoque hac ex parte Tanagras potius quam
Oriolos referat, Americam feptentrionalem incolit
Oriolus phoeniceus; hsc autem avis creditur in
Africa innafci. Minuitur paululum in tabula na-
turalis magnitudo.
O
THE
RED-SHOULDERED TANAGER.
Generic Character.
Bill conic, acuminated, a little inclining towards
the point; the upper mandible llightly ridged,
and notched near the end.
Specific Character.
BLACK TANAGER? with red Ihoulders edged
with yellow,
Var. Oriol. phoenic. PP
So extremely fimilar is this bird in its general
appearance and colors to the Oriolus phoeniceus of
Linnaeus, or red-winged Oriole, that it is fcarce to
be diftinguiihed from it, except by its being of a
fomewhat fmaller fize, and having the beak fome-
what flatter at the bafe, as well as lefs fliarp at the
tip; fo that it more refembles the Tanagers than
the Orioles. The Oriolus phoeniceus is a native of
North America, but the bird here figured is be¬
lieved to be an inhabitant of Africa, The plate
reprefents it rather fmaller than the natural fize.
I
OSTRACION MELEAGRIS.
Character Genericus.
Dentes teretes, porreili, obtufiufculi.
Branchiarum apertura linearis.
Corpus olTe integro loricatum.
Character Specific us.
OSTRACION fubquadratus nigricans albo punc-
tatus.
Facillime dignofcitur haec fpecies a reliquo ge-
nere, maculis innumeris albis et rotundis imo co¬
lor!, qui niger, belle et aequaliter fuper-impofitis.
Rarior cR, et oceanum incolit auftralem. Variat mag-
nitudine; interdum tamen longa eft fex vel ofto
uncias.
THE
SPECKLED OSTRACION.
Generic Character.
"teeth cylindric, blunt, pointing forwards.
Branchial Aperture linear.
Body mailed by a complete bony covering.
Specific Character.
BLACKISH OSTRACION, of a fomewhat
fquare form, fpeckled with white.
This fpecies is readily diftinguilhed from all
others of its genus by the regular and beautiful
manner in which it is marked with innumerable
round fpots of white on a black ground. It is a
rare fpecies, and is a native of the Southern ocean.
In lize it varies, but is fometimes feen of the length
of fix or eight inches.
COLUBER DOLIATUS.
Character Generic us.
Scuta abdominalia.
Squamce fubcaudales.
Lin. Syjl. Nat. p. 275.
Character Specific us, &c.
COLUBER LACTEUS, annulis in dorfo nigris
ovatis approximatis.
Scut, abdom. 164. Squam.fubcaud. 43.
Fulcher hie ferpens, magnitudine natural! in ta¬
bula depi(fl:us; peculiar! quadam concinnitate, et
colorum fimplicitate diftinguitur. Ladlese eft albe-
dinis, per totum dorfum annulis ovatis nigerrimis
notatae, quorum extremitates fibi invicem appro-
pinquantes, in fummo dorfo, fafeias duplices refe-
runt. Spatia tria prima his annulis inclufa propc
caput, funt coloris fub-gilvo flavefeentis. Inter-
dum ad latera ventris inter fingulum annulum ni¬
grum macula confpicitur nigricans. Inter ferpentes
innoxios numeratur hie ferpens, et in Carolina auf-
trali praecipue invenitur.
THE
MAGPIE SNAKE.
Generic Character.
Tranfverfe hamella; under the abdomen.
Broad alternate Scales under the tail.
Specific Character, &c.
4
MILK-WHITE SNAKE, marked on the back
with large approximated ovals of black.
Abdominal Lamcllce about 164. Suhcaudal fcales
about 43.
The elegant little fnake here reprefented in its
natural lize, is diftinguiflied by the remarkable
neatnefs of its appearance, and the fimplicity of its
colors. It is milk-white, and marked down the
whole length of the back with large oval rings of
jet-black, the ends of which approaching each
other on the top of the back, give the appearance
of double bars: the three firft fpaces included by
the ovals nearcft the head are of a cream-color; and
it fometimes happens that the fides of the body are
marked by blackifh fpots between each of the oval
rings. This animal is one of the harmlefs ferpents,
and is a native of South Carolina.
2.^*4
INDEX.
INDEX.
Vl. a
239. -ZjLSCIDIA peduncu-
lata.
C548. Bulla achatina.
254, Coluber doliatus.
242. Coryphxna Hippums.
226. Dentaiium elcphantinum.
221. Doris radiata.
219. Emberiza Schoeniclus.
223. Echinus efciilentus.
251. Gryllus crillatus.
227. Lacerta Iguana.
246. Lanius Barbarus,
245. Lophius Hiftrio.
240. Loxia Orix.
220. Mura:na Mcleagris.
224. Mcdufa Ccphea.
223. Mantis gongylodes.
247. Mcdufa Navicula.
250. Mcdufa Velella.
237. Motacilla futorla.
243. Oriolus Xanthornus.
253- Oftracion Mcleagris.
225. Picus minor.
230. Phalaena Erycina,
249. Pipra Aureola.
238. Pleuroneftcs rofeus.
228. Pfiltacus tcrreftris.
229. Squalus Tiburo.
232. Salpa maxima.
236. Salpa democratica.
234. Tanagra Brafiliana.
252. Tanagra dubia.
241. Txnia vulgaris.
235. Tcrebclla flavicoma.
222, Trochilus forficatus-
231. Turdus rofeus.
244. V^oluta Mitra.
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
❖
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Pl.
239-
-i^LSCIDIA peduncu¬
lated.
Bulla agate.
Banana-Bird lefler
Bunting reed.
Coryphasna common.
226. Dentaiium elephantine.
221. Doris radiated.
Echinus cfculent.
Eel fpeckled.
Flounder rofe-coloured.
Guana.
Grofsbeak Grenadier.
Humming-bird fork-tailed
Lophius Harlequin.
Locuft Egyptian
Mcdufa Cephean.
Mcdufa Skiff.
Mcdufa failing.
Mantis long-breafted.
Manakin red-and-black.
Moth Erycina.
Ouzel rdfe-coloured.
Oftracion fpeckled.
Parrot ground.
Salpa great.
Salpa democratic.
Shrike Barbary.
Snake Magpie.
4 234, Tanager Brafilian.
4 2!;2. Tanager red-lhouldcrcd.
Tape-Worm broad-jointed
Tcrcbella yellow-liaircd.
Volutes Mitre.
Warbler Tailor.
Woodpecker Icffer fpotted.
Zygxna round-headed.
248.
243.
219,
242.
223.
220.
238.
227.
240.
222.
245 -
251.
224.
247.
250.
233*
249.
230.
231-
253*
228.
232.
236.
24.6.
254.
234.
252.
241.
235-
244 *
237'
225.
229.
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