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NATURE STORIES

FROM

DARWIN

EDITED BY
HENRY W. WILBUR
it

PHILADELPHIA, PA.
PUBLISHED BY WALTER H. JENKINS
1912

CLA
Ws

E€OPYRIGHTED In 1912
BY HENRY W. WILBUR

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©ti.a330715

EDITOR’S PREFACE

It has been our aim in the stories
here given to in no way alter the
body of fact or warrantable infer-
ence as stated by the Great Natural-
ist.

In some cases Mr. Darwin’s own
language is used, and this will be
readily recognized in the text by
the quotation marks which enclose
a literal reproduction.

The references at the bottom of
the page indicate just where in Dar-
win’s books, the story in particular
may be found. This has been done
so that those who desire may read
the scientist’s statements in the

original, and follow up his clainis
and deductions which the story in
particular illustrates.

Darwin’s scientific and literary
habit was so marked in all that he
did, that it is perfectly safe to al-
ways infer that isolated stories are
not used by. him as mere proof texts,
but simply as impressive illustra
tions of traits and tendencies among
our animal friends. His case, if he
has been trying to make one, has.
already been established by an ar-
ray of scientific studies and deduc-
tions, the story always being a side
light, and not the main illumination
of any statement made by him.

The only object in this compila-

tion is to help develop respect and
reverence for all life, and especially
for those forms of life personified in
those creatures which in our conceit
we humans call the “lower animals.”
| HENRY W. WILBUR,
Swarthmore, Pa., _
November, 1912.

BIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION

The Darwin family was descended
from Robert of ‘Eston, who was
born in 1682, he being the father
of Dr. Erasmus Darwin, the famous
physician, poet and natural philoso-
pher. While undoubtedly an ad-
vanced thinker, it is quite likely
that the religious and other radical-
ism of Erasmus was greatly exag-
gerated by the prejudice of the time
in which he lived.

The father of the naturalist, Rob-
ert by name, and son of Erasmus,
was also a physician, and attained
considerable distinction in his pro-
fession. His far more famous son

had great appreciation for his abil-
ity, and reverence for his character.
Charles Darwin, the naturalist, was
born February 12, 1809. His father
set his heart on Charles being a
clergyman of the Church of Eng-
land, but this desire was complete-
ly frustrated when the young man
went on the voyage around the
world, as the naturalist on board His
Majesty’s Ship, the Beagle. Dar-
win would probably have made his
mark as a churchman had he tak-
en “holy orders.” After he had
become famous, a German psycho-
logical society solicited his photo-
graph, and spent a whole evening
studying and discussing the physi-
7

ognomy and phrenology involved in
the picture. The conclusion reach-
ed was that Darwin’s “bump of ven-
eration was developed enough for
ten priests.”

One of the great naturalist’s
strong traits was his regard for ab-
solute truthfulness. Any carelessness
of statement in dealing with facts,
greatly disturbed him, and he held
himself to the same rigid standard
which he applied to others. This
regard for the wunvarnished truth
gave to all of his utterances much
of their charm and value, —

A nature story from Darwin has
behind it the guarantee of absolute
reliability. The stories which he

used to illustrate his investiga-
tions, contain none of the element
of unwarranted exaggeration em-
ployed by the “nature fakirs.”
Mr. Darwin, in an autobiograph-
ical sketch prepared for his wife and
children, divided his life and labors
after his boyhood and his course at
Cambridge into four periods, First,
from the beginning oi the voyage
of the Beagle, in December, 1831,
to October, 1836. This really rep-
resented the time he was with this
expedition, studying the fauna and
flora of the world, and especially
that of South America and the Pa-
cific islands. The second period
covered three years, and ended with

his marriage in January, 1839. The
third period he made analogous with
the residence of the Darwins in
London, which lasted over four
years. The last period relates to
the time from the removal to Down,
September 14, 1842, to the close of
the biographical notes in 1876, six
years before his death.

It was during the first period that
his habit of scientific research was
formed, His reputation as a natur-
alist was established when his first
report regarding his work on the
Beagle was published. His origin-
al and unusually constructive work
was accomplished during the fourth
period. Exploiting the “develop-

ment theory,” which made him the
centre of biological and theological
controversy for nearly a generation,
had its intensification with the pub-
lication of the “Origin of Species,”
in 1859, and its climax in the ap-
pearance of the “Descent of Man,”
in 1874,

It is not necessary to go into the
details of these publications. They
involved long labor and painstaking
research, Darwin was a semi-inva-
lid nearly all of his life, so that he
was more or less hindered in his
literary work. Few of his books
were turned off at white heat, and
most of them involved years in their
preparation and revision.

In the stories herein given Dar-
win stands revealed as a student of
nature, and not as the originator
and expounder of theories. He
should also be taken as a very hu-
man person, gentle in mind and
manner; sensitive to pain and suffer-
ing to a remarkable extent, and re--
garding living things with the ado-
ration of a lover.

Few men were more harshly crit-
icised and unjustly measured by the
conservative elements in the Chris-
tian Church. Yet, in spite of this,
he was a steady church goer, and
a constant supporter of every efiort
for helping the world. The spirit
oi Christianity, as delivered by Je-
sus, was his spirit to a remarkable
degree.

SAMPLES OF MONKEY WISDOM*

Certain American monkeys, not
at all: noted for exceptional intelli-
gence, exhibit a rather remarkable
gift of foresight and calculation, and
also possess the ability to learn from
experience.

Some of these monkeys were
given eggs for food. The first time
the monkeys tried to eat the new
article of diet they roughly smash-
ed the eggs, thus losing much of
the contents. This waste finally ap-
pealed to the monkey’s sense of
economy as undesirable. Later on ~

*The Descent of Man. Vol. 1, pp.
45-46.

the monkey gently hit an egg
against some hard object, picked off
the broken parts of shell with his
fingers, and proceeded to enjoy the
entire inside of the shell.

The same type of monkeys seemi-
ed to learn from the things they
suffered. After cutting themselves
with any sharp tool, they either re-
fused to touch it again, or handled
it with extreme caution.

One of these monkeys was given
lumps of sugar done up in paper.
He lost no time in unwrapping the
package and appropriating the con-
tents. A practical joke was played
on this monkey. A live wasp was
put inside the paper with the sugar.

In his haste to get at the conterits
the monkey was stung. After that
experience Mr. Monkey grew cau-
tious, and placed each wrapped
package to his ear to detect the pres-
ence of any undesirable insect in-
side. In this way he avoided be-
ing the victim of the same joke
twice.

SOME MEMORY TESTS*
Many birds possess remarkable
powers of memory and the ability
to recognize not only other birds,
but also animals and man. The
mocking thrushes, who live in Lou-

* The Descent of Man. Vol. 2, p. 106.
1S

isiana the year ‘round, have no trou-
ble to tell their aristocratic neigh-
bors who go North in Summer,
Their “class consciousness” is also
acute. Those who stay at home do
not hesitate to attack the travel-
ers when they come back after a
summer’s wandering under less sul-
try skies. |

Birds, like many animals, exhibit
strong personal prejudices, and
sometimes with no apparent reason.
A tame partridge is referred to
which seemed to recognize “every-
body, and its likes and dislikes were
very strong.” He had an eye for
gay colors, and any one who ap-
peared thus garbed was seemingly

considered a superior being on sight.
Ducks easily discriminate between
dogs and cats kept on the premises,
as against strangers who come upon
the scene.

Darwin quotes Audubon’s story
of the wild turkey he reared and
tamed. This bird always ran away
from a strange dog, although friend-
ly and familiar with the dog kept
on the place. The turkey ran away
to enjoy the freedom of the woods.
Audubon seeing it, and thinking it
a wild bird, “made his dog chase it;
but to his astonishment the bird did
not run away, and the dog, when he
came up, did not attack the bird,
for they mutually recognized each
other as old friends.”

A CRAB THAT EATS COCOA:
NUTS*

Many curious crabs live around
the coral islands of the Pacific
Ocean. <A particular crab is won-
derfully equipped to get its living.
it has two pairs of legs. The front
legs termitiate in strong and heavy
pincets, while the lateral legs are
fitted with appliances of the sanie
sort, though much weaker and nar-
rower. This crab lives on a diet

of cocoanut, and he secures his food
himself without assistance. Pos-
sessing himself of a cocoanut he pro-

*Journal of Research into the Nat-
ural History and Geology of Countriés

Visited During the Voyage of H. M. S.
Beagle Round the World. Pp. 462-464.

ceeds to tear off the husks, fiber by
fiber, and always from the tight end,
where the three “eye-holes” are sit-
uated. Having removed the heavy
jacket from the top of the shell,
Mr. Crab proceeds to hammer one
of the “eye-holes” with his claws
till he has made an opening. He
then reverses his body, and with his
narrower pair of pincers extracts the
white, albuminous substance from
the cocoanut. His dinner being thus
ready, he eats to fulness in real epi-
curean fashion.

This crab also makes for himself
a rather comfortable house, which
he burrows underneath the roots of
a tree. He then makes his bed by

collecting a large quantity of cocoa- —
nut fibre. So plentifully are these
crab houses supplied with husks,
that the natives rob the homes of
the crabs, using the fibrous mass as
junk, |

It is related that the strength of
this crab’s front pincers was once
tested by confining one in a strong
tin box, the lid being secured with a
wire. Mr. Crab proved himself a
most successful jail breaker. He
punctured many small holes in the
tin, turned down the edge of the
box, and so escaped.

A CASE OF CAUSE AND EFFECT*

A female baboon, living as a pet
in captivity, developed a passion for
the ownership of smaller animals.
She not only bestowed her affec-
tions on baby monkeys, not of her
own family, but would steal puppies
and kittens, which she would carry
about with her as if they were her
own children. |

She did not, however, exhibit uni-
versal altruism in her conduct. At
no time would she share her food
with her stolen adopted progeny.
This trait surprised the observing

*The Descent of Man. Voi. 1, pp.
39-40,

Alfred Brehm, the African traveler,
as he found that his monkeys habit-
ually divided their food with their
own offspring. This particular ba-
boon may have been discriminat-
ing between alien puppies and kit-
tens, and the children of her own
flesh and blood. 3

On one occasion this baboon ex-
hibited an almost marvelous capa-
city to trace trouble to its real
source. One day one of her adopt-
ed kittens scratched the foster
mother badly. The baboon was evi-
dently both surprised and grieved.
But she determined to speedily know
all about it. Immediately she made
a careful examination of the naughty

kitten, spending considerable time
examining its feet. The source of
trouble was very soon located by the
monkey mother. She reached a per-
fectly logical conclusion, and at once
applied an equally logical line of
treatment for the case. Without
more ado she bit off the kitten’s of-
fending claws.

Not all boys and girls or men and
women go as systematically or in-
telligently about the task of find-
ing out what hurts them, or as

thoroughly proceed to remove the
cause of trouble as did this baboon.

SLAVE-HOLDING ANTS*

There are different species of
slave-holding ants doing business
in various sections of Europe and
North America, These ants differ
greatly in their characteristics and
methods. One species of slave-hold-
ers are singularly indolent and help-
less touching their ordinary affairs,
being absolutely dependent on their
slaves for the most personal and or-
dinary service. Apparently the only
effort these ants ever make on their
own account is the capturing of
their slaves. This done, they lie
back and take their ease. The task

* Origin of Species. Pp. 213-215.

of making the nests for the family
and feeding the young is performed
by the slaves. If it becomes neces-
sary for the community to migrate,
the slaves direct the moving, even
carrying their masters in their jaws:
while in transit. So lazy are these
slave-holders that they will not feed
themselves even when food is with-
in easy reach. Without the slaves
the whole family would starve to
death. The act of capturing the
slaves must be a very vivid mem-
ory with them or they would not
be held in bondage by such lazy
task-masters.

With another species of slave-
makers the case is entirely different.

The slaves and their masters of this
species live in separate apartments,
the inferior ants being carefully seg-
regated. In case of disturbance or
danger, masters and slaves work to-
gether. When migrating, the prac-
tise of the other kind of ants, as
stated above, is reversed, the mas-
ters always taking the lead, and
even carrying their slaves.

The slave ants in Switzerland are
really household servants, their
principal work being domestic. Part
of their business is to open and shut
the doors of the ant-houses morning
and night. For it must be remem-
bered that these social ants protect
their domiciles with doors.

This species of ant seems to re-
spect the social and other laws of
the insect world. In their acts of
preying and conquest they nicely
discriminate between the ants that
belong to the recognized servile
class and those of the free folk, and
seldom if ever capture the young of
the kind of ants not held in serv-
itude.

ANTS THAT KEEP A DAIRY*

Among the curious things in the
insect world are the aphides. To be
perfectly plain, these insects are

plant parasites, or lice. While them-
selves living off the juices of trees

* Origin of Species. Pp. 203-214.
27

or plants, nature makes them an un-
conscious part of a game of give and
take, for they afford a means of lux-
urious living to other insects.

Near the abdomen of the aphides
are small, almost microscopic tubes,
from which a sweet liquid is emit-
ted, which is greatly enjoyed by ants.
The liquid secretion of the aphis is
called honey-dew.

The aphides are captured and kept
as food producing insects, very
much as men keep cows for their
milk. The ants milk the aphides by
rubbing their antanae over the tubes
of the insects containing the honey-
dew, when it is emitted and greed-
ily devoured by the ants. It is re-

corded that an artificial disturbance
of the tubes did not cause the
aphides to give up their sweet
liquid.

While the aphides do not seem to

object to the milking process of the
ants, it is not claimed by Darwin
that they give up their honey-dew
simply for the benefit of the ants.
‘The secretion of sweet fluid, (if not
removed by the ants) is after a time
voided by the aphides. It is an in-
teresting fact, however, that the ap-
pearance of the ants on the scene
with their milking performance re-
lieves the aphides, and of course
feeds the ants. This arrangement,
in which both sides are benefited,
seems to be a bit of ideal reci-
procity in the insect world.
29

CASES OF BIRD VANITY

It is affirmed by Darwin and oth-
er naturalists, that birds of gorge-
ous plumage do not always use
their fine feathers for lovemaking
purposes. The peacock “evidently
wishes for a spectator of some kind,
and will show off his finery, as I
have often seen, before poultry or
even pigs. All naturalists who
have closely attended to the habits
of birds, whether in a state of na-
ture, of under confinement, are unan-
imously of the opinion that the
males delight to display their beau-
ty.”
" Wibeacknt of Man. Vol. 2. Pp. 838-84.

But at the mating season, a

display of bird vanity seems to be
particularly in order.

The rock-bird of South America
is said to be the most beautiful crea-
ture in the bird world. The male
delights to display his plumage. He
spreads his wings, throws up his
head, and opens his tail like a fan.
The bird struts about with a hop-
ping gait until tired, when he is
relieved by another. ‘Thus three
of them successively took the field,
and then with self-approbation,
withdrew to rest.”

A HEROIC BABOON*

Onesunshiny morning in far-away
Abyssinia a troop of baboons were
crossing a broad valley, possibly
emigrating in semi-human fashion
from one section of country to an-
other. Part of the company had
passed over the low-land, and were
ascending the safer rocky mountain-
side.

That part of the company still in
the valley were attacked by dogs,
representing a group of human hunt-
ers near by. No sooner was the
attack begun than the old males
came down from the mountain, and

* The Descent of Man. Pp. 72-73.
32

made stich a fearful noise with their
mouths that the dogs were fright-
ened, and beat an inglorious retreat.
The hunters encouraged the dogs,
and then tried to force them to re-
new the attack, but during the pe-
riod of delay, all the baboons but
one had made a safe escape to the
rocks,

In the haste and confusion of the
demonstration, a young baboon not
more than six months old had been
left behind. He was able to climb
on a piece of rock, when he was
quickly surrounded by the dogs. The
little fellow in his fear set up a pit-
eous appeal to his fellows for help.

“Now one of the largest males,

a true hero, came down again from
the rocky retreat, and slowly went
to the young one, coaxed him, and
triumphantly lead him away.”
This exhibition of monkey cour-
age so much astonished the pack
of dogs that they had no ability to

attack the deliverer, leading his lit-
tle charge to safety. An exhibition
of the same sort of moral courage
by men generally disconcerts the
noisy, belligerent human brute and
bully.

BIRD BOWER BUILDERS*

The Bower-birds, of Australia,
have an over-developed aesthetic

*The Descent of Man. Vol. 2, pp:
66-68.

sense. The bowers they build are
purely for ornamental and attractive
purposes, as the nests of these birds
are always built in the trees. In the
main the bowers are built by the
male bird and to make them ex-
tremely attractive the bowers are
highly decorated with feathers,
shells, bones, leaves and other mate-
rial which he considers beautiful.
It is believed that these bowers are
built solely as places of assemblage,
serving the purpose of a sort of
bird ball-room. Both sexes assem-
ble in them, the theory of the natur-
alist being that the main purpose of
the bowers is to afford a place for
lovemaking. Some species of Bow-

ér-birds build bowers several feet
in length and eighteen inches high,
raised on a thick platform of sticks.
Much labor and pains are bestowed
upon the bowers, which seem to
be forgotten after the mating season
is over.

AN AQUATIC BALLOON®*:

The Diodon is a strange fish that
inhabits the tropical South American
ocean, which possesses a singular
power of self-inflation. The air is
swallowed and forced into the cay-

* Journal of Researches into the Nat-
ural History and Geography of the
Countries Visited During the Voyage

of H. M. S. Beagle Around the World.
Pp. 13-14.

ity of the body, its return being pre-
vented by muscular contraction
which amounts to a stop valve.
Water, which also assists in the in-
flation process, enters as a gentle
stream through the mouth. The
fish remains distended for a short
time, when the air and water are
expelled with considerable force
through the bronchial aperatures
and the mouth. A portion of the
water is expelled at will, the appar-
ent reason for it being taken in is
for the sake of regulating the spe-
cific gravity of the body.

Like many other living things,
the Diodon possesses several means
of defense. It can quite serenely

eject water from its mouth some
distance, at the same time making a
curious noise with its jaws, such
demonstration apparently being
made to frighten its undesirable
neighbor.

The Diodon also has the ability
to secrete from its skin, when han-
dled, a beautiful carmine fibrous
matter, which will stain ivory and
paper with a permanent color. Mr.
Darwin says: “I am quite ignorant
of the nature and use of this secre-
tion.”

Darwin mentions on the author-
ity of another naturalist, that the
Diodon may be frequently found
floating alive and distended in the

stomach of the shark. “On several
occasions it has been known to eat
its way not only through the coats ©
of the stomach, but through the
sides of the monster, which has thus
been killed. Who would ever have
imagined that a little soft fish could
have destroyed the great and savage
shark?”

THE CONQUEST OF THE CORAL

Darwin describes the persistence
of the coral builders as they rear
their structures in spite of winds
or waves. Intensified by the per-
petual and prevailing trade-winds,
no periods of repose come to coral
walls. These trade-winds cause

breakers as forceful as those raised
by a heavy wind on the rocky shores
of the temperate ocean. “It is im-
possible to behold these waves with-
out feeling a conviction that an
island, though built of the hardest
rock, let it be porphyry, granite or
quartz, would ultimately yield and
be demolished by such an irresist-
ible power. Yet these low, insig-
nificant coral-islets stand and are
victorious, for here another power
as an antagonist, takes part in the
contest. The organic forces sepa-
rate the atoms of carbonate of lime,
one by one, from the foaming break-
ers, and unite them into a symmet-
rical structure. Let the hurricane

tear up its thousand huge frag-
ments; yet what will that tell
against the accumulated labor of
myriads of architects at work night
and day, month after month? Thus
do we see the soft and gelatinous
body of a polypus, through the agen-
cy of the vital laws, conquering the
great mechanical power of the waves
of an ocean which neither the art
of man nor the inanimate works
of nature could successfully resist.”

THE PORCUPINES’ WARNING
QUILLS*

Shakespeare knew something
about porcupines, as this quotation
from Hamlet shows:

“Make thy two eyes like stars,

Start from their spheres,

Thy knitted and combed locks to part,
And each particular hair to stand on

Like auilts upon the fretful porcupine.”
But he probably did not know
that the porcupine has two kinds of
quills, both showing, in their struc-
ture, a wonderful adaptation of
means to ends.
Darwin tells us that the quills on

*Expression of the Emotions in
Animals and Man. Pp. 93-94.

the porcupine’s tail are very differ-
ent from those on the body. The
tail quills “are short, hollow, and
thin like a goose-quill.” Their ends
are open like a tube, and look as
ii they had been evenly cut off.
“They are supported on the body
by long thin elastic foot-stalks. Now,
when the tail is rapidly shaken,
these hollow quills strike against
each other, and produce a peculiar
continuous sound.

Porcupines are animals that de-
light to prowl about at night, and
these noise-producing quills seem
to serve a wise purpose of warning.
Mr. Darwin assumes that when por-
cupines hear “a prowling beast of

prey, it would be a great advantage
to them in the dark to give warn-
ing to their enemy what they were,
and that they were furnished with
dangerous spines. They would thus
escape being attacked.”

THE DOG WITH THE fae
HOUSE FACE*

Among Darwin’s pet dogs was a
large black and white half-bred re-
triever. This animal was the de-
lighted companion of the naturalist
in his walks about the home and

neighborhood. Bob, for this was the
dog’s name, had but one fear in the

* Expression of the Emotions in Ani-
mals and Man. Pp. 59-60.

jaunts which he took with his mas
ter. This fear was that the walk
would be too short.

When the pair started out, Bob
generally led the way, and he was
an elated leader. Stepping high,
with head much raised, erected ears,
and tail carried aloft, but not stiffly,
he was the picture of four-footed
pleasure.

But Darwin was interested in liv-
ing things besides dogs. Not far
from the residence was a hot-house,
where the naturalist cultivated
plants for experimental purposes.
This was reached by a path which
branched to the right, near the
dwelling. When Darwin would

turn down this path, Bob show-
ed disappointment to the point
of dejection, for his dog mind made
him fear that the hot-house would
really be the end of the walk. The
instantaneous and complete change
in Bob’s expression formed one of
the naturalist’s favorite studies of
the emotions in animals. So alert
was the dog that any swerving of
his master towards the hot-house
brought on the symptoms of dejec-
tion. It worked the same when an
inclination to turn down the path
was shown, simply to experiment
with Bob’s emotions. When this
feeling came the ears fell to the side
of the head, the attitude of the whole

body changed and the eyes lost
their sparkle. The case of Bob be-
came so well known to all the Dar-
win family that he was called by
them the dog with the “hot-house
face.”

A MATTER OF MEMORY.*

“It is almost superfluous to state
that animals have excellent memo-
ries for persons and places.” ‘The
case is cited of the Cape of Good
Hope baboon, which recognized Sir
Andrew Smith with manifestations
of joy aiter an absence of nine
months,

*Descent of Man. Vol. 1, p. 44.
47

Mr. Darwin had a dog who was
savage to strangers, and exhibited
strong dislike to persons he did not
know. After an absence of five
years Mr. Darwin tested the dog’s
memory by going near the stable
where he lived, “and shouted to him
in my old manner; he showed no
joy, but instantly followed me out
walking, and obeyed me, exactly as
if I had parted with him an hour

before.” Evidently the sound of the
familiar friendly voice aroused re-
collections that had been in the
background for years.

Ants, we are assured, are able to
recognize their fellow-ants, mem-
bers of the same community, after
being separated for months.

DO ANIMALS DREAM? *

Darwin was quite sure that ani-
mals are not entirely devoid of im-
agination. He quotes without criti-
cism Jean Paul Richter’s remark that
“the dream is an involuntary act of
poetry.” He then refers approving-
ly to Dr. Jerden’s opinion that birds
dream. Darwin intimates that dogs,
cats and other animals dream; and
these dreams are vivid as impres-
sions to the animals that have them.
He says, “We must admit that they
possess some power of imagination.”

Without feeling sure that dreams
are the stuff of which poetry is

*The Beccent of Man. Vol. 1, p. 44.
49

fade, or that even the iniaginatior
of animals is fortified by judgment,
ot the power of combining impres-
sions enjoyed by them, the imagina-
tion of our pets, helps to establish
the common kinship which we have
with them.

THE POT WOULD NOT COOK.

While in the Cordillera Moun-
tains, Mr. Darwin had a demonstra-
tion of the fact that a boiling pot
will not always cook vegetables. On
account of the great elevation, and
the diminished pressure of the at-
mosphere, water boils at a much
lower temperature than on the low-

er levels. A pot of potatoes was
left on the fire all night, and the
next morning boiled again, but the
tubers were not cooked. Two per-
sons in the party not up in physics
came to the conclusion that the pot,
which was a new one, simply did
not choose to boil potatoes,

A SEA-ISLAND LIZARD.*

The Galapagos Archipelago is the
home of land lizards which have a
number of peculiarities. They
seem to thrive in the dry and sterile

*Journal of Researches into the Natu-
ral History and Geology of the Countries
Visited During the Voyage of H. M.S.
Beagle Round the World. pp. 388-389.

sections of the islands. Individual
specimens frequently weigh as
much as a dozen pounds.

They live in burrows, which they
excavate, and so numerous are they
that in many cases the land is near-
ly underniined by these somewhat
subterranean creatures. In digging
their burrows they work with first
one side and then the other side of
their bodies. The digging is done
with one fore paw, which loosens
the earth and tosses it back, when
the corresponding hind foot heaves
it beyond the mouth of the hole.
“That side of the body being tired,
the other takes up the task and so
on alternately. I watched one for

a long time, till half its body was
buried; I then walked up and pulled
it by the tail; at this it was greatly
astonished and soon shuffled up to
see what was the matter; and then
Stared me in the face, as much as to
say, ‘What made you pull my tail?”

These lizards seem to have some
dramatic skill, for they will act very
fierce, although they are quite in-
offensive and harmless. They seem
able to live practically without wa-
ter, getting their liquid refreshment
from the succulent plants, upon
which they feed. They eat very de-
liberately, but do not chew their
iood.

The birds and smaller animals of

the region understand very well how
harmless the land lizard is. Birds
and lizards are often seen nibbling
at the same piece of cactus; and it
is not uncommon for the little birds

to perch themselves on the lizard’s
back,

POLLY THE .FOX-TERRIER

Mr. Darwin’s favorite dog was
Polly, a rough, white fox-terrier.
She is described as particularly af-
fectionate and sharp-witted. Be-
tween this little animal and her mas-

ter a great affection existed, and

*The Life and Letters of Charles Dar-
win. Vol. 1. pp. 92 and 107-8,

they understood each other perfect-
ly.

Polly was always able to antici-
pate Mr. Darwin’s journeys. She
noted every step in the preparation,
and as the time for his departure ap-
proached became more and more de-
jected. She was equally able to an-
ticipate her master’s return home.
His son, in his biographical sketch
of Mr. Darwin, says: “He used to
greatly enjoy the welcome he got
from his dog Polly, who would get
wild with excitement, panting,
squeaking, rushing ’round the room
and jumping on and off the chairs;
and he used to stoop down, press-
ing her face to his, letting her lick

him, and speaking to her with a pe-
culiar tender caressing voice.” It
must surely have been a touching
sight to see the great lover of nature
thus bend to receive the caresses of
his little four-footed friend.

Polly performed many _ clever
tricks, such as catching biscuits off
her nose. She knew and coveted
certain stock things Mr. Darwin
would say to her. When let out of
the door, and her master would say
it was done so that she might bark
at “naughty people,” she was filled
with delight, and always kept the
contract so far as the barking was
concerned. A few days aiter Mr.
Darwin’s death, Polly had to be

killed, as she was very sick, beyond
the hope of recovery. .

THE TRICKY CUCKOO.*

The English cuckoo has a habit
of laying her eggs in the nest of
some other bird, thus shirking the
task of hatching) them. This, of
course, also means that the cuckoo
parents transfer the task of caring
for the young to the bird who has
unwittingly, if not unwillingly,
hatched them.

Be that as it may, naturalists are

not agreed as to the real cause for
the cuckoo thus imposing her re-

*Origin of Species. pp. 109-10.
oT

sponsibilities upon some other bird,
As the cuckoo does not lay her eggs
daily, but at intervals of two or
three days, it may be that her
strange habit is not due to laziness
or indifference, but to avoid having
unhatched eggs and live birds on
her hands at the same time. When
the cuckoo thus deposits her eggs
in the nest of her neighbors she di-
vides her enforced labor by laying
only one egg in a particular nest.

Naturalists are puzzled over the
conduct of this bird, for the Ameri-
can cuckoo makes her own nest, has
eggs and young successively on her
hands at the same time, and does
not seem to have any trouble in

dealing with the situation. While
this is the usual habit of the native
bird, there are cases which warrant
the belief that occasionally the
American cuckoo plays an English
trick on its neighbors by laying an
egg in the nest of some other bird.

The. Australian cuckoo seems to
follow the conduct of her English
relative. This bird endeavors to se-
lect the nest of a bird whose eggs

are most nearly the color of her
own, thus apparently intending to
deceive the bird whose nest she has
invaded. The youne cuckoos seem
to be absolutely deficient in grati-
tude, for they proceed, when they
get large enough, to eject the chil-
dren of their foster parents, _

BIRD PROUD OF HIS BEAUTY.*

The goldfinch is one of the most
handsome of English birds. His
wings are unusually beautiful. The
shoulders are a shiny black, “while
the dark-tipped wing-feathers are
spotted with white, and edged with
golden yellow.” When the male is
in his courting mood, he employs all
of his arts of persuasion. Swaying
his body from side to side, he slight-
ly expands his wings, first one side
and then the other; the sunlight re-
flects on the golden wing-feathers,
ceiving them a most striking effect.
It would hardly be right to call the

*The Descent of Man. Vol. 2, p. 91.
60

goldfinch a fop, yet he knows how
to put his best side to the front as
successfully as any of the men folks
among the human species.

WOOING OF THE KATY-DID.*

Our American Katy-did is a
strange and also a cute insect, and
in this respect he is resembled by
the entire cricket family. The noisy
tree-tops, where the Katy-dids
dwell, simply resound with the
notes of rival gentlemen of the spe-

cies, who are determined that no
challenging chirp from a neighbor-
ing limb shall go unanswered. It
is this effort of ardent lovers to

*Descent of Man. Vol. 1, p. 342.
61

eclipse each other which makes up
the insect concert.

The field cricket’s note is also a
love song, and he is artful to a high
degree in making himself agreeable
to his lady-love. In the evening he
places himself at the entrance to his
underground abode, and loudly pro-
claims his presence and purpose.
When the object of his affection ap-
proaches, he lowers his voice, and in
gentler mood presents his claim.
He does the best he can to be a
palaverer.

JEALOUS BIRD SINGERS.*

Mr. Darwin and other naturalists
agree in the opinion that certain
male birds sing out of a spirit of
tivalry or a sense of vanity, and not
always to please the opposite sex.
Birds have been known to literally
sing themselves to death, impelled
by pure delight. at their own per-
formance,

We are told of a case where a
canary bird sang enthusiastically
while viewing himself in a mirror.
At last thinking he was facing a
rival bird, he dashed himself against
his own wings.

*Origin of Species. Vol. 2, pp. 50-51.
63

The jealousy of birds in song has
been taken advantage of by bird-
catchers. “A male, in good song, is —
hidden and protected, while a stuffed
bird, surrounded by limed twigs, is
exposed to view. In this manner a
man, as Mr. Weir informs me, has
caught in the course of a single day,
fifty, and in one instance seventy,
male chaffinches.” The stuffed bird
and the hidden singer served as de-
coys for the other birds.

THE EAGLE AND THE MONKEY.*
A small monkey in a tree-top was

attacked by an eagle, the evident

- *Descent of Man. Vol. 1, p. 73.
64

purpose being to carry the little fel-
low away to be food for the young
eagles. The monkey, however,
clung tenaciously to the limb, and
cried lustily for assistance. Many
members of the monkey band came
enthusiastically to the rescue. With
loud voices and united action they
attacked the common enemy. Their
mode of attack was unique, for they
proceeded to pull out the eagle’s
feathers. The desired effect was
produced, for the king of the air for-
got his prey and thought only how
to escape from his tormentors. His
pride as well as his person may have
been wounded in this experience.
Brehm, the naturalist, quoted by

Darwin, remarked, “This eagle as-
suredly would never again attack a

monkey in a troop.”

THE SINGER AND HIS SORG

It appears that while the love-
making among birds is generally
done by the male, it is the privilege
of the female to do the choosing.
In many cases it is found that the
lady bird selects the singer with the
most musical voice. It is said that
in other cases the canary always
chooses the best singer, and “in a
state of nature the female finch se-
lects that male out of a hundred
whose notes please her most.”

*Descent of Man.. Vol. 2, p. 50.
66

That birds pay attention to each
other’s song is not doubted. A cer-
tain bullfinch had been taught to
pipe a German waltz. This bird
was finally introduced into “a room
where other birds were kept.”
When he began to sing ali the oth-
er birds ranged themselves on the
nearest side of their cages, and were
delighted and appreciative patrons
of the bird recital.

A SEAL WITH A HOOD.*

The sea elephant is a most curious
beast. His nose is strangely flexible,
and can be lengthened at will, es-
pecially during certain seasons of
the year, and at these times it can
be erected. The voice of the male
is particularly loud and strong, and
can be heard at a great distance, at
least three or four miles. Natural-
ists believe that the voice is very
much strengthened by the singular
proboscis.

An allied kind of seal, known as
the “bladder nose,” has the head cov-

*Descent of Man. Vol. 2, pp. 264-265.
68

ered by a great hood. This hood can
be inflated until it more than equals
the whole head in size. Scientists
are not agreed whether this hood is
given the seal as a protection against
accidents, or whether its purpose is
simply to strengthen the voice. The
fact that whenever this strange crea-
ture is agitated the hood or bladder
is inflated, might fortify either sup-
position. Whatever the purpose,
this bladder is one of the wonderful
provisions which nature makes in
the development of animals.

MONKEYS AND DRINK.*

Monkeys are apt learners, and
seem to be able to be taught bad
habits as well as good ones. They
rapidly develop a taste for tea, coffee
and liquors. Mr. Darwin says that
he has seen them smoke tobacco
with evident pleasure.

Brehm, the naturalist, declares that
he has seen monkeys captured in
northeastern Africa, after having
first been made drunk by the natives.
He also tells of monkeys kept in
confinement being intoxicated.
These animals had all the symptoms

*Descent of Man. Vol. 1. p. 12.
70

of men “the day after.” They held
their aching heads in their hands,
and were as sick and penitent as any
drunkard. When in this condition
the monkeys turned away from li-
quor with distrust, but took the
juice of lemons gladly.

The story is told of an American
monkey, who, after getting drunk
on brandy, would never touch it
again. Mr. Darwin sagely remarks
that he was “thus wiser than many

men,

A CASE OF RACE PREJUDICE.*

Some birds have well-developed
race prejudices. On the Faroe Isl-
ands there is a variety of pied ra-
vens. These birds, instead of being
jet black, have the head and breast
white, with the tail feathers tipped
with the same color.

In spite of their evident right to
a home in the land of their birth,
they are considered “undesirable
citizens” by the members of the reg-
ular raven family. The more aris-
tocratic if not more numerous fra-
vens make life miserable for their

*Descent of Man. Vol. 2, p. 121.
72

unpopular relatives, as they are pur-
sued and persecuted with much
noise by the more common birds.

THE MAGPIE MARRIAGE.*

Delamere Forest in England used
to be the annual rallying point of
the magpies. To this spot the birds
came in great numbers. They gen-
erally divided themselves into flocks
or groups, and indulged in more or
less prolonged confabs.

These annual affairs had some
rather human characteristics. The
chattering was confusing, and the
bustling about and jostling of each

*Descent of Man. Vol. 2. p. 98.
73

other led to rather disorderly out-
breaks. It was not uncommon for
a few fights to get under way during ©
the “fair,” if such it was.

These gathernigs always came in
the spring, and the country folk call-
ed this the “great magpie marriage.”
At any rate when the “party” broke
up the birds separated, and then
departed by twos, apparently as
husband and wife for the season.

INTEREST AND KINDNESS OF
BIRDS. *

Birds have been known to exhibit

sympathy and extend care to or-

. *Descent of Man. Vol 2 p.1052
74

phans of their own, and sometimes
of distinct species. Under this kind-
ly impulse little birds that have been
deserted for any cause by their nat-
ural parents are regularly fed.

Darwin refers to Mr. Buxton’s
story of the parrot “which took care
of a frost-bitten and crippled bird
of a distinct species.” The feathers
of the crippled bird were cleaned,
and she was defended from the at-
tacks of birds not so kindly as her
well-disposed friend.

It is also claimed that birds not
only sympathize with their fellows
in trouble, but also rejoice in their
pleasure and good fortune. A case
is told of a pair of cockatoos who

made a nest in a near-by tree, and
“it was ludicrous to see the extrava-
gant interest taken in the matter by ©
others of the same species.”

BIRDS. ATTRACTED TO (Fe
BEAUTIFUL

Other stories illustrate the admi-
ration of many birds for the beauti-
ful. There are cases, however,
where Darwin and other naturalists
are not certain whether the attrac-
tion of birds to bright and beautiful
things is due to admiration or curi-
osity. In either case these birds ex-
hibit intelligence and some judg-

*Descent of Man. Vol. 2, p. 107.
76

ment in their attraction for the
beautiful. The Rue bird of the Ion-
ian Islands “will dart down to a
bright-colored handkerchief, regard-
less of repeated shots.” Larks are
often brought to earth and caught
“by a small mirror made to move
and glitter in the sun.” The mag-
pie and raven have been known to
steal and hide bright objects, such
as silver articles or jewels. The dec-
orations employed by many birds in
building their nests, beautiful pieces
of plants or feathers being neatly
woven into the nests and sometimes
so placed that the ornaments “stand
out beyond the surface,” can hardly
it

be due to curiosity, but rather to a
manifest taste for the beautiful.

ANIMALS AS LEARNERS.*

It seems to be a pretty well estab-
lished fact that animals not related
to each other learn certain acts from
association. Two kinds of wolves
reared by dogs learned to bark like
their foster parents, and the jackal
has been known to also be an apt
learner in the same line.

There are cases where puppies
which were nursed by cats learned
to lick their paws and wash their
faces like the felines. The supposi-

*Descent of Man. pp. 42-43.
78

tion is that whenever dogs thus
wash their faces the performance
was learned from their cat friends.

Just how many cases of this kind

can be credited to voluntary imita-
tion is not stated by the scientist.

BIRDS WITH SPRING SUITS.* |

- Tennyson was both poetically and
scientifically correct when he wrote
in Locksley Hall:

“Tn the spring a fuller crimson
Comes upon the robin’s breast;
In the spring the wanton lapwing

Gets himself another crest.”

Darwin tells us that certain birds
become more bright colored in the

*The Descent of Man. ‘Vol. 2. pp.
82-83.

spring, but not because of the shed-
ding of old feathers and getting new
ones. It is not certain whether this
transformation is the result of an
actual change of color in the feath-
ers, or because their more obscure
margins fall away, leaving the
brighter parts exposed.

A variety of pelican which has a
beautiful rosy tint, and lemon-color-
ed marks on the breast, is a good
sample of the change of plumage.
These lemon-colored marks over-
spread the whole breast ‘in the
spring, but they disappear in about
two months after they have been at-
tained. “Certain feathers become
more bright-colored in the spring,”

and a number of American birds un-
dergo the same transformation. Not
all birds of the same class, however,

thus put on a spring suit by chang-
ing their plumage.

Reaeeo OF SURPRISE AND
CURIOSITY.*

Darwin asserts that “all animals
feel wonder.” But that is not all.
They all exhibit curiosity in a mark-
ed degree. Some very fine samples
of the way this quality even over-
shadowed fear are given. A stuffed
and coiled-up snake was taken into a
monkey house in a Zoological Gar-

*Descent of Man. Vol. 1. pp. 41-42.
81

den. The excitement which this
strange intruder caused is described
as ludicrous. Some of the monkeys
“dashed about their cages and utter-
ed sharp signals of danger, which
were understood by the other mon-
keys.” The animals became very
nervolis, so much so that when a
familiar object like a ball was intro-
duced under the straw and tiade to
move they all started away. A live
snake was then placed in a paper
bag atid deposited in a monkey cage.
The mouth of the bag was only
loosely closed, when one of the
monkeys peéped in, had a view of
the uncanny visitor and beat a re-
treat, But monkey curiosity had

become contagious, and not one was
willing to be satisfied with the ex-
perience of the original adventurer,
for each monkey proceeded to take
sly, but momentaty peeks, at the
“dreadful object lying at the —
of the paper bag.”

A SMART SEA GULL.*

Real naturalists do not negatively
dogmatize. They do not assert with
positiveness that the creatures be-
low man have no reasoning facul-
ties. While it is admitted that rea-
son in birds and animals is of a low
form, Mr. Darwin felt that there

*The Descent of Man. Vol. 2. p. 104.
83

are tany instarices where the ffeti-
tal processes are of such a quality as
to rank as reason. He quotes Yar-
nell in his work on “British Birds”
as fufnishing a case in point.

A gull, presumably in ¢aptivity,
was given a small bird for his din-
ner, but he was unable to swallow
the morsel. We are told that the
gull “paused for a moment, and then
as if suddenly recollecting himself,
ran off at full speed to a pan of wa=
ter, shook the bird about in it until
well soaked and immediately gulped
it down.” After that when the por-
tion of food was too large and hard
to be comfortably managed by the

gull he promptly repeated his “‘soak-
ing” experiment.

A MONKEY SAVED HIS FRIEND."*

In the London Zoological Garden
a large and fine baboon attacked the
keeper and inflicted serious wounds
on his body. In fact had the attack
been prolonged it is likely the keeper
would have been killed.

A small American monkey, noted
for its timidity, saw the attack. He
was very fond of the keeper, and
seeing his friend’s peril he bravely
rushed to the rescue, and by biting
the baboon and screaming loudly he

*Descent of Man. Vol, 1. p. 75.
85

so distracted the assailant that he
quit his assault on the keeper.
This little animal gave the finest ©
evidence of friendship in that he
risked his own life for his friend.

SLEEPING PLANTS*

It seems to be a universal law that
all living things must have their pe-
riods of sleep, when they experience
rest and recuperation, Even the
leaves on plants sleep. It used to
be the theory that leaves only
move when either going to sleep or
when waking from their slumbers.
But investigations have demonstrat-

*The Movements of Plants, pp. 408, 47.
86

ed that leaves move both day and
night.

The leaves and twigs of plants
have movements of their own, not
caused by the wind, but apparently
self-impelled. It is thought these
movements may have been inherited
in some cases,

While the leaves of plants move in
their waking as well as in their
sleeping hours, it is known that
leaves move more quickly when go-
ing to sleep and when waking than
at other times,

THE VALUE OF ATTENTION#

The faculty of attention is just as
important in the development of ani-
mals as it is in the education of
men. In spite of the great function
which has been assigned instinct, ani-
mals vary as much as men in their
gifts. Mr. Darwin assures us that
those who train monkeys find that
success in this accomplishment de-
pends as mttch upon the animal’s
power of attention as it does upon
the skill of the trainer.

A man who trained monkeys, and
who bought them in the market, was

*The Descent of Man, Vol. 1, p. 43.

quite willing to pay twice the or-
dinary price if he might test them
out two or three days before the
final decision. Monkeys which were
easily distracted, and whose attention
was given to outside matters, made
poor pupils, and training them be-
came a hopeless case. Such monk-
eys could not be corrected by pun-
ishment, each effort only making
them more sullen and obstinate. On
the other hand, monkeys which gave
careful attention to the trainer, made
good pupils, and became expert per-
formers of tricks. Attention to the
thing in hand seems universally nec-
essary to success,

MOTHERLY MONKEYS*

Maternal care is exhibited by the
females of all the higher animals, and
many exhibitions of this sort are
akin to human conduct. The Cebus
is a particularly intelligent Ameri-
can monkey, The mother of this
species watches her baby when
sleeping, and has been known to
drive away the flies which disturbed
her infant.

A monkey mother of another kind
was phenomenally intelligent and
thoughtful regarding the care of her
offspring. One day she took her

*Descent of Man, Vol. 1, p. 39.
90

children to a stream, and energeti-
cally and carefully washed their
faces. We are not told whether the
young monkeys entered the same
protest as boys sometimes do under
like circumstances,

ARTISTIC BEES*

Bees are social insects, and en-
gage in co-operative labor, In mak-
ing their wonderfully geometric
cells, they work together. It often
happens that a score of bees may
begin on a single cell. They do
not, however, finish one cell before

*Origin of Species, p. 222.
91

they begin another. But they never
forget where they leave off a partic-
ular piece of unfinished work, going
back and completing the task in ac-
cordance with an arrangement all
their own.

Mr. Darwin notes not only the
mechanical ability of bees, but also
their artistic skill, When he put a
thin layer of melted vermilion wax
on a rim of unfinished comb, the bees
made use of the gift to color the
cells. He says, “I invariably found
that the color was most delicately
diffused by the bees, as delicately as
a painter could have done it with
his brush, by atoms of the colored

wax having been taken from the spot
on which it had been placed, and
worked into the growing edges of
the cells all around.”

INDEX a

A CAs& or Birp Prejupice, 72.

A CASE OF CAUSE AND EFFECT, 21.

A Cras Tuat Eats CocoAnuts, 18.

An AguatTic BALLOON, 36.

A Heroic BABOON, 32.

ANTS THAT Keep A DAIRY, 27.

A Marter oF Memory, 47.

A Monkey SAvep His FRtienp, 85.

AuDUEON, ON WILD TurRKEY, 17.

AUTHOR'S PREFACE, 4.

Ants that hold slaves, 24; make slaves do
work, 25; as household servants, 26;
milk aphides, 28; have memory, 48.

Artistic Bess, 91.

A Sea-Istanp Lizarp, 51.

A Smart SEA GULL, 83.

Baboon, steals puppies and kittens, 21;
bites toes from kitten, 23; plays the
hero, 34.

Balloon, an aquatic, 36.

BtoGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION, 6.

Birp Bower Buivpers, 34.

Brrps ATTRACTED TO THE BEAUTIFUL, 76.

Birds sing from pure delight, 63; jealousy
of, 64; attracted to the beautiful, 76; as
decorators, 77. .

Biro Proup or His Beauty, 60.

CASES OF SURPRISE AND Curiosity, 81.
94

Coral, how wails are made, 40.0,
Crab that eats cocoanuts, 18; breaks jail,

20.

Cricket, his song, 62.

Cuckoo, how she lays her eggs, 57; the
Atistralian, 59; the American, 58; young
of, wiigrateful, 59.

Do ANIMALS DREAM? 49,
iodon, a fish balloon, 364.
Dog, Darwin’s Companion, 45; shows dis-
appointment, 46; faculty of memory, 48.
Dreams of Animals, 49.

Gcldfinch, has powers of persuasion, 60;
his beauty, 60,

INTEREST AND KINDNESS OF Birps, 74.

JeaLous Bird SINGERS, 63.

Katy-did, love-song of, 61.

Lizard, lives in burrows, 52; how he digs
his hole, 52; friendly to birds, 84.

MonKEYS AND DrinxK, 70. |

Monkey, breaks eggs carefully, 13; learns
from suffering, 14; fot deceived twice,
15; small attacked by eagle, 65; defends
ed by other monkeys, 65; made drunken,
70; abstained after first case of intoxi-
tation 71; washes baby’s face, 91; has
the gift of attention, 89.

95-

MotHERLY MoNKEys, 90.

Peacock, desires spectators, 30,

PoLLy THE Fox-TERRIER, 54.

Polly, Darwin’s Fox-Terrier, 54; affection
for her master, 55; she welcomes him

_ home, 55; she plays tricks, 56.

Porcupine, has two kinds of quills, 42;
how quills make a noise, 43; noise of
acts as warning, 44.

Pot-boiling would not cook, 50.

Puppies, learn from cats, 78.

SLAVE-HoLbING ANTS, 24.
SLEEPING PLANTS, 86.

THe CoNQuEST OF THE CoRAL, 39.

THe Doc Witnh tHe Hot-Houst Face, 44.
THE EAGLE AND THE MONKEY, 64.

Tue Macpre MArriaceE, 73.

THE PorRCUPINE’S WARNING QUILLS, 42.
THE Pot Woutp Not Coox, 50.

THE SINGER AND His Sone, 66.

THE Tricky Cuckoo, 57.

THE VALUE OF ATTENTION, 88,

Wootnc or Katy-D1n, 61.

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