The Nautilus

THE NAUTILUS

®.L.

HOI

JlNI/Z-

VoluDie 128, Numbers
September 30, 2014
ISSN 0028-1344

A cjuarterUj devoted
to malacology.

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......

• ‘’I .

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Dr. lose H. Leal

Tlie Bailey-Mattiiews Shell .Vluseuni
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Sanibel, EL 33957

EDITOR EMERITUS
Dr. M. G. Harasewycli
Department ol Invertebrate Zoology
National Museum of
Natural History
Smithsonian Institution
\\’ashington, DC 20560

CONSULTING EDITORS
Dr. Rudiger Bieler
Department of Invertebrates
field Museum of
Natural Historv
Chicago, 11.60605

Dr. Arthur E. Bogan
North Carolina State Mnsemn of
Natural Sciences
Raleigh, NC 27626

Dr. Philippe Bouchet
Eaboratoire de Biologie des

Invertebres Marins et Mcilacologie
Museum Nationiil d’Histoire Naturelle
55, rue Buffon
Paris, 75005 France

Dr. Robert H. Cowie
Center for Conservation Research
and Training
University of Hawaii
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Honolulu, HI 96822

Dr. Robert T. Dillon, Jr.
Department of Biology
College of Charleston
Charleston, SC 29424

Dr. Eileen H. jokinen
8234 E. North Shore Road
Sank Ste. Marie, MI 49783

Dr. Douglas S. Jones
Florida Museum of Natural History'
University of Florida
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Dr. Hany G. Lee
4132 Ortega Forest Drive
Jacksonville, EL 32210

Dr. Charles Lydeard
Biodiversity and Systematics
Department of Biological Sciences
Univ'ersity of Alabama
Tuscaloosa, AL 35487

Dr. Bnice A. Marshall
Museum of New Zealand
Te Papa Tongarewa
PO. Box 467

Wellington, NEW ZEALAND

Dr. James H. McLean
Department of .Malaeolog)'

Natural History Museum
of Los Angeles County'

900 Exposition Boulevard
Los Angeles, CA 90007

Dr. Paula .VI. Mikkelsen
Paleontological Research
Institution

1259 Trumansburg Road
Ithaca, NY 14850

Dr. Diarmaid O Foighil
Museum of Zoology ;uid Department
of Biology

University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1079

Dr. Gustav Paulay
Florida Museum of Natural Histoty'
Universitv of Florida
Gainesville, EL 32611-2035

Dr. Gary' Rosenberg
Department of Mollusks
The Academy of Natural Sciences
1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway
Philadelphia, PA 19103

Dr. Angel Valdes
Department of Malaeolog}'

Natural Histor}’ .Museum
of Los Angeles County'

900 Exposition Boulevard
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Dr. Geerat J. Vermeij
Department of Geology
University' of California at Davis
Davis, CA 95616

Dr. G. Thomas Watters
Aquatic Ecology Laboratory
1314 Kirmear Road
Columbus, OH 43212-1194

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THE

CONTEXTS

G. Thomas Watiers

M.G. Harasewveh
F.G. Tlionipson

Book Review

N A U T I

L U S

VoliDiie 12H, Number 3
Sej)teniher 30, 2014
ISSN 0028-1344

A preliininan-’ re\’ie\v ol the Annulariidae (Chistropoda: Eittoriiioidea)

of the L esser Antilles 65

Bdiischia pedrUie, a new species ol c()lul)rariid

(Gastropoda: Coluhrariidae) from the tropical western Atlantic 91

Two new giant carnivorous snails of the genus Eu<4(i)i4in(i

(Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Spiraxidae) Ironi Honduras 97

101

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THE NAUTILUS 128(3):65-9(), 2014

Page 65

A preliminary review of the Annulariidae
(Gastropoda: Littorinoidea) of the Lesser Antilles

G. Thomas Watters
Museiun of' Biological Diversit)’

Ohio State University, 1315 Kiiniear Road,

Columbus, OH 43212 USA

ABSTRACT

The Annulariidae of the Lesser Antilles, including the Virgin
Islands, Lsla de Vieques, and Isla Culel)ra, are renewed. Eleven
species are recognized in three genera. IVith rare exceptions, all
occur in the Lime.stone Caribbees. One species, Parachondria
hasicarinatus (Pfeiffer, 1855), from St. Croix, may be e.xtinct.
All are believed to be related to Puerto Rican taxa.

Additional Keywords: Caribbean, operculate, land snails

INTRODUCTION

The Annulariidae are a speciose group (ca. 700 species)
of caleiphile land snails endemic to the Caribbean region
(Watters, 2006). Although they have been extensively
reviewed for Cuba (Torre and Bartsch, 1938; 1941),
Hispaniola and the Bahamas (Bartsch, 1946), Puerto Rico
(van der Schaiie, 1948), Central America (Soleni, 1961),
and South America (Solem, 1960), no such review exists
for the Lesser Antilles. As such, the systematics of
this group in the Lesser Antilles was far from settled.
This preliminary review examined >2200 specimens in
>170 lots. Of the 19 nominal taxa described from the
Lesser Antilles, the types are presumed lost for 13 (68%),
the tyqies have never been illustrated for seven (37%), and
for five (26%) the types were both never illustrated atul
are presumed lost. The type locality for six (32%) does not
mention any particular island.

The Virgin Islands, Lsla de Vieques, and Isla Culebra
are variously considered members of either the Greater
or the Lesser Antilles. They are here included in the Lesser
Antilles and are part of this report. The Netherlands
Antilles (Aruba, Bonaire, and Curasao) and Trinidad,
also sometimes included in the Lesser Antilles, are not
included here; their fauna does not seem to be related to
the other Lesser Antillean annulariids discussed here.

Despite their abundance in the Greater Antilles,
annulariids are not widely distributed in the Lesser
Antilles. Their presence or absence on any island appears
to be dictated by large-scale ecological constrtiints.
These constraints are tied to the geological history of

the regi{)n. The largest part of the Lesser Antilles con-
sists of a volcanic arc of islands on the eastern edge of the
east-moving Caribbean Plate extending from Puerto
Rico to South America. Many of these volcanos remain
active today and are dispersed along tlie arc from Sa!)a
to Grenada. At approximately halfway on the arc, near
Martinique, the arc splits to the north into two closely
diverging secondary arcs. The eastern arc, the Limestone
Caribbees, is the older (possible Eocene) and no longer
lias active volcanoes. The younger western arc (the
Volcanic Caribbees, Miocene) has numerous volcanoes
(Bouysse et ah, 1990). Guadeloupe, near the split, is
actually two islands, Basse-Terre in the western are and
Grand-Terre in the eastern arc, connected by an isthmus.
Although the islands of the Lesser Antilles are largely
igneous, the older islands of the eastern arc have been
overlain with carbonate deposits. It is not sur|irising
therefore that these caleiphile snails occur almost exclu-
sively on the islands of this eastern arc. With very rare
exceptions, none occur in the western arc and none
occur south of Martinique until Trinidad. These snails
are therefore limited to noii-actively volcanic, carbonate
islands - the Limestone Caribbees and Trinidad. Althougli
portions of St. Lucia and all of Barbados are sedimentary;
no annulariids are recorded from there.

Northwest of these arcs, adjacent to Puerto Rico, are
the Virgin Islands, Isla de Vieques, and Lsla Culelrra.
Except for St. Croix, all are part of the Puerto Rico-
Virgin Island Platform and are geologically separate from
the rest of the Lesser Antilles. This limestone platform
dates from the Oligoeene (van Gestel et al., 1998). During
the Last Glacial Maximum all were connected iyy diy
land and all could have shared the same snail fauna. Tliis
division between the Virgin Islands and the rest of the
Lesser Antilles is evident in the distributions of the spe-
cies covered here as well. There is no overlap between
the two groups.

St. Croix constitutes its own platform and may have
moved from the forearc to the backarc in the Paleogene
(Speed, 1989). It is separated from Puerto Rico and tlie
remaining Virgin Islands by tlie Virgin Islands Basin
(4500 m deep) and tlie Anegada Passage (1800 m deep)
and was therefore never connected with tliem during

THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 12S, No. 3

Page 66

tlie La.st Ulacial M;L\imum. Thi.s island has the highest
di\’ersitv of annulariids of the Lesser Antilles, hnt at
least one species appears to he extinct and others inav
he confined to small areas of the island. Most species
occnr in the uplands in the northeastern part of the
island. St. (Jroix is perhaps the most dev'eloped of the
Lesser Antilles hnt the npland region has not been
extensivelv altered.

Unlike Jamaica and portions of Hispaniola, the Lesser
Antilles are not rafted portions of a proto-Central America
hnt are x’olcanic islands that arose de novo. While the
ammlariid fauna of Jamaica and Hispaniola may have
ex'olved in place, the fauna of the Lesser Antilles must
have originated elsewhere. Two routes are available:
from Puerto Hico or from South America (or a combina-
tion of both). Itnrralde-X'inent and MacPlu'e (1999), in
their C.AAPlandia theoiA', Inpothesized that the biota of
the Antilles in general had originated in South America
and dispersed through the Lesser Antilh's on a dn' land
bridge thev termed the Aves Arch. If this is the case
then, with the exception of offshore Trinidad, all
animlariids have vanished from the Lesser Antilles from
South America to Martini(jne leaxing only tiLxa in the
northern half of the arc. However, few (perhaps none)
of the species in South America or Trinidad are conge-
iieric with those in the I,,esser Antilles. But all of the
genera in tlu' Lesser Antilles may be found in Puerto
Hico {Cdio)i(lroj)onui, Diploponui, Para('lioiidria). It is
apparent that the dispersal pattern is from Puerto Rico
to the adjacent Virgin Islands and from there to a few
select islands in the northern Lesser Antilles, eventuallv
dissipating in diversity by Martini(|ue. Onlv three species
occur south of the N'irgin Islands to Trinidad. Only
Trinidad appears to have derived its fauna from South
America, onlv 1 1 km awav.

Radiation within the Lesser Antilles probably has
involved several mechanisms. Dispersal over land during
lower ocean levels nndoubtetlly accounts for distribu-
tions in the X'irgin Islands (except St. Croix) and between
Antigua and Rarbnda and betxveen Anguilla and Saint
M; irtin. Rut dispersal over water by either rafting or air
borne must be invoked for radiations to St. Croix and
Cuadeloupe, both of which are separated from the next
nearest source by distances of over 50 km and deep
channels, the latter of which would preclude connections
during tlie Last Glacial Maximum. Rafting might be
most likely due to hurricanes dislodging vegetation con-
taining the snails, which then drifted to other islands.
Such dispersal has been recorded for iguanas rafted from
Gnadelonpe to Anguilla by Hurricane Luis, a distance of
over 200 km (Censkv’ et ah, 199S). Annulariids, which can
sumve long periods htdiind nearly hermetically sealed
opercula if not immersed, are good candidates for
rafting. Rafting could also explain the patchy distribution
of annulariids in the Lesser Antilles. Because rafting to
islands of the western arc from the eastern arc would be
just as probable as anywhere else, the absence of
annulariids on those islands seems to be due to the eco-
logical factors previously mentioned.

Shuttleworth (IS58), Bland (1861), Maze (1890), and
Wrnhout (1914) listed species records from localities
that cannot l)e confirmed here. Some of their records
seem out of the expected range of these species. Given
the uncertainty of species identification at that time I
view these records with skepticism until additional col-
lections uphold them.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Descriptions and measurements were made on shells
oriented with the spire up and the aperture facing the
v’iewer. fjcngth was measured from the tip of the
protoconch (or teleoconch of decollate specimens) to
the opposite anterior-most extension of the outer lip,
perpendicular to the coiling axis. Width was measured
from the left edge of the adnlt whorl to the opposite
maximum right e.xtension of the outer lip. Subsets of
specimens were measured to determine the minimum,
maximum, and average lengths. The number of whorls
was determined using the 1 D method of Van Osselaer
(f999) in which the starting point is tangential to the
suture. Numbers in parentheses in Type Material and
Other Material refer to the number of specimens in the
lot. CnKE,s<)NVMiE.s (all references) are given instead of
synonymies (onlv priman’ changes); unless attributed to
another author, svnonvms are based on this review.

Abbrex iations used in the text are: GTW: Collection of
the author; MNHG: Museum d’Histoire Naturelle,
Geneve, Switzerland; OSUM: Ohio State University
Museum of Biological Diversity, Columbus, Ohio, USA;
SMF: Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main,
Germany; LIE: Florida Museum of Natural History,
Gaine.sxille, Florida, USA;ZMB: Mu.seum fiir Naturkunde
Berlin, Germany.

SYSTEMATIC'S

Family Annnlariidae Henderson and Bartsch, 1921
Subfamily Chondropomatinae Henderson and Bartsch,
1921

Genus Chondropoma PfcifTer, 1847a

Subgenus Cdiondropoma Pfeiffer, 1847a

T)pe Specie.s: Cijdostoma sa^ra d’Orbigny, 1842, by
subsecjuent designation of Petit de la Saussaye, 1850.

Chondropoma {Chondropoma) julieni Pfeiffer, 1866
(Figures 1-10, 135)

Chre.so\tmy

cdiondropoma jnlieni Pfeiffer, 1866: 89; Pfeiffer, 1876a:
192; Mcize, 1890: 32; Wnihout, 1914: 183, 187;
Coomans, 1967: 126; Watters, 2006: 319.
Choanopoma jidieni (Pfeiffer, 1866). — Tiyon, 1867: 99.
Cdiondropoma {Chondropoma) julieni Pfeiffer, 1866. —
Henderson and Bart.sch, 1921 : 62; \\ alters, 2006: 28, 319.

G.T. Watters, 2014

Page 67

Figures 1-24. Chondropoina species. 1-10. ChondwjMina juUeni Pfeiffer, 1866. 1-6. Prolrable synUpes of Cdioitdroponui jitlieiii
Pfeiffer, 1866, Sombrero Island, ZMB 65674. 1-2. Ca. 10.5 mm. 3—4. Ca. 9 mm. 5-6. Ca. 7 inm. Photos courtesy Christine Zorn,
ZMB. 7. Sombrero Island, UF 216657, 11.1 mm. 8-9. Sombrero Island, UF 216657, 10.9 mm. 10. Somlu'ero Island, UF 216656,
9.0 mm. 11-24. Chondropoma pupifonne (Sowerby, 1843). 11. Type figure of Cijdostoma pupifonne Sowerby, 1843: 102, pi. 24,
fig. 43. 12. Type figure of Chondropoma igneum Reeve, 1863b: pi. 11, fig. 88. 13. Ci/clostoiim pupifonne Pfeiffer, 1847c: pi. 14,
figs. 15, 16. 14-15. W of South Hill Village, Anguilla, UF 48725, 15.2 mm. 16-17. Anguilla, OSUM 4143, 13.0 mm. 18. Near
Philipsburg, Sint Maarten. OSUM 4129, 10.3 mm. 19. Anguilla, GTW 14639a, 12.3 mm; 20. The Valley, Anguilla, UF 48727, 10.7 mm;
21. The Valley, Anguilla, UF 48727, 10.5 mm. 22. Katouclie Bay Viilley, Anguilla, UF 48714, 9.6 mm. 23. Isaacs Cove. Blackgarden
Bay, Anguilla, UF 48715, 10.0 mm. 24. Isaacs Cove, Blackgarden Bay, Anguilla, UF 48715, 10.2 mm.

Page 68

THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 128, No. 3

Figiire.s 25-37. CJiotulrojwma nifilaijre (Potiez and Michaud, 1838). 25-26. Type figure o\ CA/cIostoina nifilahnnn Potiez and
.Michaud, 1838: pi. 24, fig,s. 20, 21. 27. CJiondropoma nifilal)re ("Beck”) iu Reeve, 18631): pi. 10, fig. 73a. 28-29. St. Croix, OSUM
36197, 10.6 lum. 30. St. Croix, OSUM 36212, 11,1 uiiu. 31. St, Croix, UF 7597, 10.3 mm; 32. St. Croix, UF 216802, 10.3 mm;
33. Hu.st op Twi.st, St. Croix, UF 279621), 1 1.8 mm; 34. St. Croix, UF 7597, 13.2 mm. 35. St. Croix, UF 1 18887, 9.9 mm. 36. Rust op
'I’wist, St. Croix, UF 279621). 12.1 inm. 37. Daxi.s Bav, St. Croix, UF 27957, 9.2 mm.

Description: Shell small for genus (smallest=9 mm,
largest=ll.l, average=]().3, decollated), elongate conic,
whorls adnate [attached to previous whorl] except for
verv' short length just before lip. Umbilicus open but
narrow, partially obscured bv outer lip. Protoconch lost
in all examples seen; Pfeiffer (1866) mentions “three
obtuse whorls.” 3. 7.5-4 decollated whorls remmning. Spiral
sculpture of nnmerons, ven’ fine threads (ca. 20), each
separated by a space ecjual to width of thread. Snbsntural
and umbilical tlireads strongest but threads rnav be
indistinct over most of whorl surface. Axial sculpture of
numerous, veiw fine, closely spaced lamellae, best devel-
oped over spiral sculpture. Intersections of itxial and
spiral threads form a minutely scalloped, almost frosted,
sculpture. Suture deeply incised, sutural tufts absent.
Aperture composed of an inner and an outer lip, oval,
barely adnate to previous whorl. Inner lip smooth, incon-
spicuous, flush with outer lip. Outer lip narrowly laterally
expanded, narrowest toward umbilicus, slightly auricnlate.
Base color of shell white to tan. Most spt'cimens patterned
with fiiint, broken, brown spiral bands; usually one or
txvo darker, unbroken bands occur half way between
periphery’ and umbilicus. First remaining whorl dark
brown to reddish. Lip white, unpatterned. Interior of
aperture tan to a greater or lesser degree. Operculum,
radula, and anatomy unknowai.

Type Material: Three speciTuens, ZMB 65674, col-
lected by Alexis B. Julien from Sombrero Island, from
the Pfeiffer collection, generally match Pfeiffer’s overall
description (Figures 1-6). None are the stated size of
12 mm in lengtli, the largest being appro.\imately 10 mm.
They probably are sxiitxpes but this Ciumot be showm with
certainty. Additionally, Pfeiffer’s material was not located
by me at NHMUK in 2(X)4.

Type Locality: insulae Sombrero.”

Type Figure: Unfignred.

Other Material (Specimen.s Examined: 3): Sombrero
Island, UF 2166.56 (1), UF 216657 (2).

Distribution: Sombrero Island: This species is proba-
bly endemic to the island. It was reported from Saint
Martin by Vernhout (1914) and from Guadeloupe by
Maze (1890) but these are undoubtedly misidentifications
for the superficially similar Diplopomu creniilatum
recorded from both islands. Sombrero Island is now
uninhabited but was intensively mined for guano prior
to 1890. During hurricanes, waves may completely wash
over the island, which is only 12 m above sea level.

Habitat: Not reported.

G.T. Watters, 2014

Page 69

Figures 38-55. Parachondria basicarinatus (Pfeiffer, 1855). 38-39. Tyjre figure oi' Cijdostoma hasicarinatutn Pfeiffer, 1855, in
Pfeiffer, 1855: pi. 4, figs. 2, 3. 40. ?Chondr()poim basicarinaturn (Pfeiffer, 1855) in Reeve, 1863a: pi. 8, fig. 58. 41-45. Possible
syntypes of Cijdostoma basicarinaturn Pfeiffer, 1855, ZMB 96810, all ca. 19 mm, photos courtesy Christine Zorn, ZMB. 46. T)pe
figure of Cijdostoim chordifenim Pfeiffer, 1855, in Pfeiffer, 1855: pi. 4. fig. 1. 47-50. Possible synty|ies of Ci/dostonw chordifetmn
Pfeiffer, 1855, ZMB 1231, photos courtesy Christine Zorn, ZMB. 47-48. ZMB 1231-1, 22 mm. 49-50. ZMB 1231-2, 17 mm.
51-52. St. Croix, UF 27927, 23 mm. 53. St. Croix, UF 18318, 19.6 mm. 54. Frederiksted, St. Croix, UF 27890, 16.4 mm.
55. St. Croix, UF 27922, 20.2 mm.

Variation Among Specimens: There wa.s little varia-
tion in sculpture in the few specimens seen. The greatest
variation was in color, which varied from a base color of
tan to white, with or without spiral brown lines.

Comparison with Other Species: This species dif-
fers from all other Lesser Antillean annulariids by its
small size, feeble sculpture, pale coloration, and lack of
sutural tufts.

Original Description (translated from Latin): “Shell
subperforated, oblong turret, truncate, solid, with
obsolete (rarely distinct) spiral lirae and very/ dense
longitudinal plicate sculpture, opaque, yellowish perhaps
whitish, upper smokw, base sometimes lined with some
red bands; spire gradually attenuated (lost apex of three
obtuse whorls) truncated at top; suture impressed, rather
simple; reiriciining four whorls moderately convex, front
of last barely solute, base rounded; aperture subvertical.

THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 12S, No. 3

Page 70

Figiire.s 5(>-81. Fanichondria lineoJatiis (Lamarck, 1822). 5(>-59. S\mt%pe.s (){ C.ijclostoma litieolata Lamarck, 1822, MHNC 1093/31,
now accc.s.sioned a.s MI1NC-1N\'F,-51228. Photos courte.sy ol Dr. Peter Sclmchert (MNHG). 56-57. ca. 17 mm. 58-59. ca. 16 mm.
60. 1 x-ctohpe ol Ci/clos1o)na iieicconiJnaiiuin Adams, 1849, MC7/ 275708. Photo courte.sy ol A. Biildinger (MCZ). 12.6 mm. 61. Possible
SMiKpe o{ Ci/closioiiius fallax Pleifler, 1851, Nll.VlUK, unnumhered, 17 mm, 62-63. Probable holohjye oi CJtomIrojMma tortolense
Pleiller, 1857, ZMB 65673, ca. 15 mm, photos courte.sy Christine Zoru, ZMB. 64-65. Chondropoma nexvcoiidnanum (Adams, 1849) iu
Heeve, 1863a; pi. 3, figs. 16a, h. 66. Cdiondroponui toiioleuse Pfeiffer, 1857, iu Reev'e, 186.3a: pi. 4, fig. 31. 67. Presumed tvpe figure ol
Ct/clostoinus fallax Pfeiffer, 1851, from Pfeiffer, 1854d: pi. 45, figs 21. 68-69. Ciuuamou Bay, St. John, C71A\’ 7303b, 13.3 mm. 70. Zion
Hill, Tortola, UP 28691, 13.9 mm; 71. Great 'rhatch Island, UP 202918, 17.5 mm. 72. Guana Island, UP 210990, 14.8 mm. 73. Tortola,
OSUVl 36864, 12.9 mm. 74. Guana Island, UP 183233, 14.4 mm. 75. Ginger Island, UP 202923, 13.8 mm. 76. Grand Camanoe Island,
UP 210981, 16.8 mm, 77. Beef Lsland, UP 28703, 15.4 mm. 78. ILiliia Corcho, Isla de Vieques, UP 193999, 12.3 mm. 79. Pish Bay Gut,
St. John, UP 2471 14, 16.9 mm. 80. Galvaiy Bay, St. John, UP 27958, 13,2 mm. 81. Anegada, UP 202925, 17.9 mm.

G.T. Watters, 2014

Page 71

Figures 82-93. Parachondria {Parachondria) santacnizensis (Pfeiffer, 1855). 82. Chondropoma santacnizense (Pfeiffer, 1855),
from Reeve, 1863a: pi. 7, fig. 50. 83. Teague Point, St. Croix, UF 216876, 12.6 mm. 84. St. Croix, UF 27923, 12.7 mm. 85-86. St. Croix,
UF 27923, 13.0 mm. 87. St. Croix, UF 27923, 12.2 mm. 88. Teague Point, St. Croix, UF 216876, 11.8 mm. 89. DaUs Bay, St, Croix,
UF 27956, 10.7 mm. 90. St. Croix, UF 158945, 13.6 mm. 91. Bellexme, St. Croix, UF 27949, 12.5 mm. 92. Estate Rattan, St. Croix, UF
426186, 11.7 mm. 93. Virgin Islands, GTW 7303a, 12.2 snm.

subangiilate oval; peristome simple (rarely somewhat
double), continuous, everywhere narrowly expanded,
upper angle narrowly produced.” 12 mm length.

Discussion; None of the specimens examined of this
rarely seen species have retained the operculum. Based
solely on other shell characteristics, I have placed it in
Chondropoma. It is not similar to any species from
Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, or the Bahamas.

Etymology; Alexis A. Julien (1840-1919), geologist,
chemist, natural historian, who studied Sombrero Island.

Chondropoma (Chondropoma) pupiforme (Sowerby, 1843)
(Figures 11-24, 148-149)

Chresomymy

Cijclostonia pupiforme Sowerby, 1843: 102, pi. 24,
figs. 43, 44; Pfeiffer, 1847a: 105; Pfeiffer, 1847c: pi.
14, figs. 15, 16; Pfeiffer, 1848: 121; Petit de la
Saussaye, 1850: 46; Watters, 2006: 424^25.
Cyclostoma pupinifomies [.sic] Sowerby, 1843. — Pfeiffer,
1846a: 43^4.

Cistula pupiformis (Sowerby, 1843). — Gray, 1850: 59-
60; Guppy, 1864: 247.

Tudora pupaefonnis [.sic] (Sowerby, 1843). — Pfeiffer,
1851: 167; Pfeiffer, 1852a: 249-250; Pfeiffer, 1852b:
39; Pfeiffer, 1853: 174-175; Pfeiffer, 1858: 127; Bland,
1861: 355; Pfeiffer, 1865: 136; Bland, 1866: 141.
Cistula (Tudora) pupaefonnis [sic] (Sowerby, 1843). —
Adams and Adams, 1856: 294.

Chondropoma igneum Reeve, 1863b: pi. 11, fig. 88;
Pfeiffer, 1865: 149; Pfeiffer, 1876a: 193; Vernhout,
1914: 187; Cooinans, 1967: 126; Watters, 2006: 299.
Tudora pupfonnis (Sowerby, 1843). — Pfeiffer, 1876a:

183; Kobelt, 1880: 277; Crosse, 1891: 177.

Tudora pupaefonnis [.sic] van B (Sowerby, 1843). — Maze,
1890: 31; Vernhout, 1914: 183, 187.'

Chondroponw (Chondropoma) ignea Reeve, 1863. —
Henderson and Bartsch, 1921: 62.

Parachondria (Parachondria) pupaefonnis [.sic]
(Sowerby, 1843). — Henderson and Bartsch, 1921:
66; Watters, 2006: 44, 424-425.

Chondropoma (Chondropoma) pupiforme (Sowerliy,
1843). — Clench and Aguayo, 1937: 66.
Chondropoma (Chondropomoms) ignaeum Reeve,
1863. —Bartsch, 1946: 199.

Chondropoma (Chondropomoms) pupaefonne [sic]
(Sowerby, 1843). —Bartsch, 1946: 199. '

THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 128, No, 3

Page 72

Figures 94-122. Diplopoiiia creuuJatinn (Potiez ant! Michaud, 1838). 94. Type figures ol’ Cifclostotna crenulattim Potiez and
Michaud, 1844, pi. 24, figs. 3, 4. 95. Chomlwponui piiadehnipense Pfeiffer, 1847, from Reeve, 1863a: pi. 7, figs. 49a, h. 96. Clumdwpoma
(intioiieme (Pfeiffer, 1858) from Reeve, 1863h: pi. 10, fig. 72. 97. Presumed t\pe figures oi Clioudropoma giiadeloiipense Pfeiffer, 1847,
from Pfeiffer, 1849: 176, pi. 28, figs. 9-11. 98. Cdiondropoimi atitigueme (Pfeiffer, 1858) from Reeve, 1863h: pi. 10, fig. 72. 99. T\pe
figures o{ Cdwdtiopoma occidentaJe Pfeiffer, 1861: 216, pi. 3, figs. 11-13. 100-101. HoloKpe oi Adaimiella (AdaimietJops) cremdata
iiwrtinensis Coomans, 1967, 12.0 mm, photo courte.sy of U.S. National Museum of Natural History. 102. Grands Fonds, Guatleloupe,
UF 259784, 10.1 mm. 103. Mome-a-l’Eau, Guadeloupe, UF 260049, 11.3 mm. 104. 5 km SE of Grand-Bourg, Marie-Gakmte, UF
259937, 9.6 mm. 105. Prestjulle tie la Caravelle, 3 km Woflartane, Maitinitjue, UF 258449, 13.4 mm. 106. 3 km N\\’ of Grelin,
Marie-Galante, UF 2.59938, 1 1.4 mm. 107. Guadeloupe, UF 216.56.5, 1 1.3 mm. 108-109. Prestju lie de la Caravelle, 3 km W’of Tartaue,
.Vlartinitjue, UF 258449, 13. 1 mm. 1 10. Prestju'ile de la Caravelle, 3 km WofTartane, Martiuitjue, UF 258449, 12.0 mm. 111. 2.5 km E
of Trois-Rivieres, Guadeloupe, UF 25i8460, 8.6 mm. 112. Ruhhish Bav, Barbuda, OSU.M 36916, 10.2 mm. 113. Bull Hole, Barbuda.
OSUM 36917, 12.1 mm. 114. St. Mary Parish, Antigua, OSU.M 4155, 10.5 mm. 115. 9.7 km NNE of St. Johns, Antigua, UF 258450,
12.0. 1 16. between Codrington and The Caves, Barbuda, UF 21 1003, 8.3 mm. 117. Sainte-Aime, Guadeloupe, GlAV 1 1473a, 1 1 .0 mm.
118. Le Motile, Guadeloupe, GlAV 7()64lr, 10.5 mm. 119. Bale de Nord Ouest, 2.5 km \V' of Le Motile, Gtiadeloupe, UF 259940,
9.2 mm. 120. 6 km SE of Anse-Bertrand. Guadeloupe, UF 258455, 9.3 mm. 121. 3 km NE of Port-Louis, Guadeloupe, UF' 258454,
7.8 mm. 122. 3 km NF, of Port-laiuis, Guadeloupe, UF' 258454, 7.7 mm.

G.T. Watters, 2014

Page 73

Figures 123-134. Parachondria sp. St. Croix, GTW 10099a, 15.9 inin [operculum glued into aperture backwards by collector].
125. Parachondria cf. salleanus (Pfeiffer, 1850). Sombrero Island, UF 119118, 14.3 mm. 126-130. Diplopoma decnssatnm
(Lamarck, 1822). 126. Monte Pirata, Isle de Vieques, UF 28647, 14.0 mm. 127. Cayo Luis Pena, UF 23271, 14.0 mm. 128. Monte
Pirata, Isle de Vieques, UF 28668, 13.7 mm. 129-130. Playa Caracas, Isle de Vieques, UF 28670, 13.6 mm. 131-134. Diplopoma
sulculosum (Pfeiffer, 1852). 131. NHMUK, unnumbered, possible synty|ie, 15.0 mm. 132-133. Isaac’s Cliff, Blackgarden's Bay,
GW 1 1473b, 10.7 mm. 134. E edge of Katouche Bay Valley, UF 48713, 9.6 mm.

Chondropoma pupifomie (Sowerby, 1843). — Clench,
1950: 271. '

Chondropoma pupaeformis [.sic] (Sowerby, 1843). —
Coomans, 1967: 126.

Parachondria (Parachondria) igneus (Reeve, 1863). —
Watters, 2006: 44, 299.

Parachondria (Parachondria) pupifomiis (Sowerby,
1843). — V/atters, 2006: 44, 424-425.

Description; Shell medium sized for genus
(smallest=8.3 mm, largest=15.8, average=12.0, decol-
lated). Elongate conic to bullet-shaped, whorls solute
[not attached to previous whorl] for last 1/8*'* of last whorl.
Umbilicus open but narrow, compressed. Protoconch of
1.5 smooth, rounded, yellowish whorls, rather prominent.
3.5-4.5 decollated whorls remaining; most specimens are
decollated. Spiral sculpture of numerous, widely spaced,
fine threads or cords (ca. 19 on final whorl). Umbilical
cords somewhat stronger than those elsewhere. Axial
sculpture of numerous, very fine, closely spaced lamellae,
best developed over spiral sculpture where it has a
scalloped appearance. Intersections of axial and spiral
sculpture form a minute scalloped, almost frosted, sculp-
ture. In a few specimens (Figures 14, 15) scalloped edges

appear to have a periostracum that is easily worn away.
Suture deeply channeled, bounded by minute sutural tufts.
Tufts composed of 1-2 individually, non-fused, expanded
axial lamellae, separated by 2^5 non-expanded lamellae,
usually forming a regular pattern of tufts/no tufts at
suture. Aperture composed of an inner and an outer lip,
teardrop-shaped, solute from previous whorl. Inner lip
smooth, barely erect from outer lip. Outer lip ver)-’
narrowly expanded, narrowest toward iiml)ilicus, sliaqily
auriciilate, somewhat thickened. Base color of shell pale
tan to red or dark brown on final 1-2 whorls. Earliest
remaining whorls usually darker. Most specimens pat-
terned with flint, broken, brown spiral bands. Lip white,
faintly or not patterned witli spiral markings on
adapertura! side. Interior of aperture tan, orange, or white;
spiral mai'kings may show tlirough. Operculum paucispiral
with a granulose covering. Radula and anatomy unknowi.

Type Material: Cyciostoma piipifonne Sowerby,
1843: ?NHMUK - not located; Chondropoma igneiim
Reeve, 1863: ?NHMUK - not located.

Type Localities; Cijciostonm piipifonne Sowerby, 1843:
Not given; Chondroponui igneum Reeve, 1863: Unknowai.

Page 74

THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 128, No. 3

Figure.s 135-151. 14istrihuti()Tis. 135. Cliondropoma julieni Pf'eifler, 1866, Lesser Aiitille.s. 136-137. Paraclumdria santacnizensis
(Pleiffer, 1855). 136. St. Croi.x. 137. Lesser .'\iitilles. 138. Parachotuhia c'f. salleanus (Pfeiffer, 1850), Lesser Antilles.
139-140. Parachondria Ixisicarinatiis (Pfeiffer, 1855). 139. Lesser Antilles. 140. St. Croix. 141-142. Cdiondwpnma nifihd>re
(I’otiez and Midland, 1838). 141. St. Croix. 142. l.esser Antilles. 143-144. Parachondria lineolatus (Lamarck, 1822). 143. Spanish
and \'irgin islands, St. Croix aiul .Anegada points are generic; 144. Lesser .Antilles. 145-147. Diplopoma cremdatuin (Potiez and
-Michaud, 1838). 145. Cuadeloupe, Marie-Cialante, lies des Saintes, and La Desirade (generic point). 146. Martinicjue. 147. Lesser
■Antilles. 148-149. Cdiondropoma pnpifonne (Sowerliy, 1843). 148. Lesser .Antilles. 149. Anguilla. 150. Diplopoma decussatum
(Lamarck, 1822). l.esser Antilles (also in Puerto Rico). 151. Dijdopoma sulcidosum (Pfeiffer, 1852). Lesser Antilles.

T>pe Figures: Ct/clostonia pupifornie Sowerhy, 1843:
Sowerhy, 1843: pi. 24, fig.s. 43, 44 (Figure 11);
Chondropoina iaiieiini Reeve, 1863: Reev'e, 1863h:
pi. 11, tig. 88 (Figure 12).

Other Material (Specimens Examined: 138): Sint

Maarten, OSUM 4129 (2), near Philipsburg; Angtiilla,
CT\\’ 14639a (2); OSUM 4143 (45); UF 48714 (33),
Katouclie Bav \7illev; UF 48718 (S), E edge ot Katonche

G.T. Watters, 2014

Fagt* 75

Bay Valley; UF 48707 (10), Isaac’s Cliff, Blackgarden Bay;
UF 48715 (14), Isaac’s Cave, Blackgarden Bay; UF 48725
(13), 4 km W ol South Hill Village; UF 48727 (11), Tlie
Valley [towi]-

Distribution; Saint Martin/Sint Maartin. Coomans
(1967) regarded this species as extirpated from this
island. However, fresh specimens collected near
Philipsburg in tlie 1950s (OSUM 4129) suggest this may
not be the case. Anguilla. Most records are from the
Katoiiche Bay Valley rain forest on the north-centra!
coast and surrounding areas.

Habitat: In rain forests, probably under rocks and logs.
One lot from a cave.

Variation among Specimens: Populations range
from dark, un-patterned specimens (Figure 19) to nearly
white, almost un-patterned specimens (Figure 24). How-
ever, intermediate forms (Figures 20-23) clearly connect
the two extremes. Pale specimens occur at Blackgarden
Bay and elsewhere and seem to be the form illustrated
by Pfeiffer (1847c) as C. pupifonne on his plate 14,
figures 15 and 16 (Figure 13). The types of C. pupifonm
and C. igneum were based on the dark, un-patterned
forms. In other regards, populations vaiy somewhat in
average size. Sculpture is constant.

Comparison with Other Species: The dark brown or
red, bicolored forms are unmistakable; the lighter, pat-
terned forms differ in having serrate, non-fiised tufts at
the suture.

Original Descriptions

Cyclostonia pupifonne Sowerby, 1843: “Shell nearly
cylindrical, very slightly acuminated, its apex truncated
or decollated; spire consisting of 4 turgid, very finely
decussated volutions; suture strongly marked; aperture
nearly round, angular at the upper part, peritreme very
slightly reflected; umbilicus very small.”

Chondropoma igneum Reeve, 1863: “Shell compressly
iimbilicated, cylindrically conical, rather solid, whitish,
tinged with fiery rose, whorls convex, very minutely
lamellarly decussated, finely denticulated in the sutures,
aperture pyriformly circular, lip scarcely reflected.”

Discussion: The type locality of Cijclostoma pupifonm
Sowerby, 1843, was not given in the original description,
Pfeiffer (1848: 121) was uncertain of its origin as well and
cautioned: “Remains uncertain. My example is said to
come from Mexico, otliers originate from Haiti” [trans-
lated]. Pfeiffer (1852b), Bland (1861), and Henderson
and Bart.sch (1921) also listed it from Hiiiti. But Clench
and Aguayo (1937: 66) stated “It is questionable whether
the species occurs in Hispaniola at all” and Bartsch
(1946), in his review of Hispaniohm annulariids, placed it
in Saint Martin.

Although Chondropoma igneum Reeve, 1863, like
Cyclostoma pupifonne, was described without local-
ity and the type cannot be located, it seems obvious

from the illustration that it is the same species
(Figure 12).

Etj'molog)': Cyclostonia pnpfornw Sowerby, 1843:
L. pupa, girl or doll, l)ut used iii eutoiuological sense of a
pupa, L.fonna, .shape; shaped like a pupa; Chondropoma
igneum Reeve, 1863: L. ignis, fire; colored like fire.

Chondropoma (Chondropoma) rtifilahre (Potiez and
Michaud, 1838)

(Figures 25-37, 141-142)

Chresonymy

Cijclostoma nfilahmm “Beck, monente” Potie'z and
Michaud, 1838: 241, pi. 24, figs. 20, 21; MOrcli, 1854:
10; Pfeiffer, 1855: 101; Watters, 2006: 449^50.
Cijclostoma mfilahnim “Beck.” — Sowerby, 1843: 106,
pi. 24, fig. 61; Pfeiffer, 1846a: 34; Pfeiffer, 1847a:
106; Pfeiffer, 1852b: 42 [in synonymy of Cyclostonia
bilahre Menke, 1843]; Pfeiffer, l453: 188 jin .synon-
ymy of Cijclostoma bilahre Menke, 1843]; Bland,
1858: 154.'

Cyclostonia nifilabre “Michaud.” — Petit de la Saussaye,
1850: 46. ■

Cistula mfilabmm “Beck” Sowerbv, 1843. — Gray,
1850: 59.

Cyclostonia bilahre Menke, 1843: 8; Petit de la Saussaye,
1850: 46; Gray, 1850: 59; Pfeiffer, 1855: 101; Bland,
1858: 154; Pfeiffer, 1858: 133; Shiittlewortli, 1858:
154; Reeve, 1863b: text to pi. 10; Jacobson, 1968: 21;
Watters, 2006: 175 [all, except for Menke, 1843, and
Petit, 1850, in synonymy of Cyclostoma mfilahnim
Potiez and Michaud, 1838].

Cyclostonia nfilahmm “Beck” Sowerby, 1843. — Pfeiffer,
1851: 170 [in possible synonymy of Cijclostoma
bilahre Menke, 1843]; Pfeiffer, 1852a: 268 fin sviion-
ymy of Cyclostoma bilahre Menke, 1843].

Cistula bilahre (Menke, 1843). — Pfeiffer, 1853: 188 [in
synonymy of Cyclostonia mfilahnim Potiez and
Michaud, 1838].'

Cisttda nfilahris (“Beck”). — Pfeiffer, 1851: 170; Pfeiffer,
1852a: 268; Pfeiffer, 1858: 133; Bland, 1861: 359;
Pfeiffer, 1865: 143; Pfeiffer, 1876a: 188; Kolielt,
1880: 281; Hinkley, 1885: 21.

Cistula ? bilahris (Menke, 1843). — Pfeiffer, lS52b: 42.
Cistula hilahris (Menke, 1843). — Pfeiffer, 1853: 188;

Adams and Adams, 1856: 293.

Tudora nfilahmm (“Beck”). — Morcli, I860: 12.
Chondnjjxmui mfilahre (“Beck”). — Reeve, lS63b: pi. 10,
figs. 73a, b.

Chondropoma (Chondropoma) mfilahre (“Beck” Potiez
and Michaud, 1838). — Henderson and Bartsch,
1921: 62; Watters, 2006: 28, 449^50.

Cistula nfilahris (“Pfeiffer”). — Baker, 1956: 31.
Chondropoma nfilahmm (“Beck” Potiez and Michaud,
1838). — Jacobson, 1968: 21.
non Cijclostoma bilahre “Menke” Pfeiffer, 1846b: pi. 6,
figs. 22, 23 fide Pfeiffer, 1847d: 52 [= ?].

Page 76

THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 128, No. 3

Description: Shell sinall-iiiediimi sized for genus
(smallest=6 iiini, largest= 13.8, average=l().8, decol-
lated). Short, compact, hullet-shaped, whorls adiiate.
Umbilicus closed or nearly so by outer lip. Protoconch
of 1.5 smooth, inflated whorls, barely demarcated from
teleocouch. 3. 5^. 5 decollated whorls, most specimens
are decollated. Spiral sculpture of numerous, widely
spaced, rounded cords (ca. 15-19 on final whorl). Umbil-
ical cords somewhat stronger than those elsewhere. A.\ial
scnlpture of nnmeroiis, yeiT fine, closely spaced lamellae,
best developed over spiral sculpture where it has a
scalloped or granulose appearance; slightly stronger at
suture in some specinums. Suture narrowly channeled
or sealed, rendered serrate hv ;L\ial sculpture; tufts
absent. Aperture composed of an inner and an outer lip,
oval, adnate to pre\’ions whorl. Inner lip smooth, erect
from outer lip, thickened. Outer lip e.xpandetl, narrowest
toward umbilicus, auriculate at 12 and 7 o’clock posi-
tions, thickened, composed of numerous lamellae, edge
slightly scalloped. Base color of shell pale tan to straw-
colored. Occasional pale specimens patterned with faint,
broken or continuous, brown spiral hands (Figure 31)
hut most specimens nn-patterned. Lip yellow, orangey
red, or dark purple, inner lip often more darkly colored
than outer lip. Interior of aperture orange or tan, colored
at margin with color of lip. Operculum pancispiral with a
granulose covering. Radula and anatomy unknown. Rarely
specimens seem to have a remnant of a periostracnm
(Figure 36).

Txpe Material: Ct/clostoiud mjiUihnim Potiez and
M ichand, 1838: Doiuii Museum. According to the website
of the Musee de la Ohartreuse Douai, the “natural
sciences collection [was] completely destroyed” during
\VA\’ II; specimens also in the Ferussac collection were
suhse(juently incorporated into the general collection of
the Museum national d’Histoire natnrelle, Paris (Dance,
1966); Ci/clostonia bilabrc Menke, 1843: Menke collec-
tion dispersed (Kohn, 1992).

Tj'pe Localitie.s: Ci/clostoma nifilal^niiii Potiez and
M ichand, 1838: “Les Indes? les Antilles” [Orient, fide
Gray (1850). St. Croix, fide Sowerhv (1843) and Bland
(1861). St. Croix and St. Thomas, fide Shnttleworth
(1858)]; Cyclostoiud l)il(ibre Menke, 1843: “in oni orienfali”
[Ostkiiste von Neuholland, fide Pfeiffer (1846h). Orient,
fide Cray (1850). Corrected to \3rgin Islands, Menke in
Shuttleworth (1858)].

Type Figure.s: Ci/clostoma nifilabnun Potiez and
Nlichand, 1838: pi. 24, figs. 20, 21 (Figures 25, 26);
Cijclostoiiia bil(d)re Menke, 1843: Unfigured.

Other Material (Speeimen.s Examined: 583): U S.
\’irgin Islands, OSUM 22088 (2); OSUM 36198 (3);
St. Croix, GT\V 8270a (1); OSUM 36197 (7); OSUM
36212 (2); OSUM 36213 (2); UF 7597 (131); UF 18317
( 1 ); UF 1 18887 (50); UF 158946 (6); UF 195527 (2); UF
195528 (7); UF 216802 (3); UF 216803 (6); CT\V 8270h

(1), noith shore; UF 27954 (33), North Star; UF 27957
(43), DaN'is Bay; UF 27962a,b (283), Rust op Twist.

Di.stributioii: U.S. Virgin Islands: This species is
probably endemic to St. Croix. Shuttlew'orth (1858)
listed St. Tliomas for C. bilabre Menke, 1843, but I have
not seen any specimens from there and given the uncer-
tainty of that taxon the record is regarded as (juestion-
ahle. Tlie majority of lots are labeled only “St. Croix”
without further information. The few' localized lots are
from a 6 km expanse on the northern coast from Davis
Bay to Rust op Twist, hut the actual extent of the species
on the island is unknow'u.

Habitat: No habitat information found hut apparently
limited to the hills on the north side of the island, w'here
it is locally abundant.

Variation among Speeimen.s: Populations vary' in
the number of spiral cords (15-19) and color of the
aperture and lip hut generally are (juite uniform in other
shell characteristics.

Compari.son with Other Species: No other annulariid,
in the Lesser Antilles or elsew'here, has the combination
of a small, compact shell, uniformly decussate sculpture,
and (usually) brightly colored aperture and peristome.
It most closely resembles Choiidropoma schalei Baker,
1950, from Puerto Rico, with which it may have a com-
mon ancestor.

Oricin.xi, De.scriptions

Cijelostoma nifilabniin Potiez and Michaud, 1838
(translated from French): “Shell oval-conic, perforated
or suhperforated, vellowlsh-w'hite and latticed; spire
composed of four convex w'horls; suture fairly well indi-
cated, especially in the variety A; lip reddish, hut the
same color as in the cavity' of the shell; aperture obli(jue
ovoid; summit truncated. We do not know the opercu-
lum.” \'ariety A “larger, perforated, lacking striae, suture
deep, lip yellow'-white.”

CAjclostoinxi bilabre Menke, 1843 (translated from
Latin): “Shell ovate-conic, apex decollated, imperforate,
solid; five convex w'horls, sides with a longitudinally
traverse, dense, elegant weave; peristome double: exter-
nally reflexed.”

Discussion; Cijclostoiiui bilabre Menke, 1843, has been
considered a junior .synonym of C. nifilabtiim by most
authors, despite a lack of illustration or adequate original
description (which makes no reference to the distinctly
colored peristome of this species). There is no indication
that any suhsefjuent author had seen the type specimen
or series. Cixen that the type is apparently lost and was
never illustrated, and the species cannot he identified
from the original description, it is best to consider this
taxon a noaieii dubiiiin.

EtjTmology: Cyclostoiua nifilabnim Potiez and
Michaud, 1838; L. mfus, red -f- L. labniin, lip; red lipped;

G.T. Watters, 2014

Page 77

Cifclostoma !)il(ibre Menke, 1843: L. l)i, two + L. labnim,
lip; two lipped.

Genus Parachondria Dali, 1905
SiihgeiiiLS Parachondria Dali, 1905

T>'|se Species: Turbo fascia Wood, 1828, by original
designation.

Parachomlria (Parachondria) hasicarinatus (Pfeiffer, 1855)
(Figures 38-55, 139-140)

Chke.sowmy

Clfclosioma basicarinatuin Pfeiffer, 1855: 101-102, pi. 4,
figs. 2, 3; Weinland, 1876: 174; Pfeiffer, 1876b: 234;
Weinland, 1880: 349.

Cyciostonia chordifenim Pfeiffer, 1855: 102, pi. 4, fig. 1;
W^einland, 1876: 174; Weinland, 1880: 349; Watters,
2006: 204-205.

Chondropoma basicarinatiim (Pfeiffer, 1855). — Morcli,
1860: 12; Jacobson, 1968: 20 [in synonymy of
Cyclostoma santacmzense Pfeiffer, 1855].
Cijclostomus chordifenim Pfeiffer, 1855. — Bland, 1861:
361; Bland, 1866: 139.

? Chondrcymma hasicarinatum (Pfeiffer, 1855). — Reeve,
1863a: pi. 8, fig. 58.

Chondropoma {Chondropomoms) hasicarinatum
(Pfeiffer, 1855). — Henderson and Bartsch, 1921: 61.
Chondropoma chordifenim (Pfeiffer, 1855). — Jacobson,
1968: 20 [in synonymy of C?/c/o.sfo?n// santacmzense
Pfeiffer, 1855).

Parachondria {Parachondria) hasicarinatus (Pfeiffer,
1855). —Watters, 2006: 44, 166.

Parachondria {Parachondria) chordifenis (Pfeiffer,
1855). — WGtters, 2006: 44, 204-205.

Description: Shell large for genus (smiillest=16.4 mm,
largest=23.0, average=19.3, decollated). Elongate conic,
whorls rarely adnate, more commonly solute for last 'A of
last whorl. Umbilicus open, narrow. Protoconch lost in
all examples seen. 4.5-4.75 decollated remaining whorls.
Spiral sculpture of numerous, closely spaced threads
(ca. 17-19 on final whorl). Those within umbilicus and
just before it are much stronger and more widely sepa-
rated, forming a basal carinae in some specimens. Axial
sculpture of numerous, very fine, closely spaced lamellae,
best developed over spiral sculpture where it has a
scalloped appearance; slightly stronger on basal cords.
Intersections of axial and spiral sculpture form a minute
scalloped sculpture. Suture deeply channeled to sealed,
rendered serrate by tufts. Tufts of 2—4 barely fused,
expanded axial lamellae separated by 1-8 unfused lamellae.
Aperture composed of an inner and an outer lip, teardrop-
shaped, solute from previous whorl. Inner lip smooth, erect
laterally and anteriorly from outer lip. Outer lip narrowly
expanded, narrowest toward umbilicus, auriculate at 12
and 7 o’clock positions, thickened, composed of numerous
lamellae, anterior-medial edge scalloped. All examples
seen are faded, heavily weatliered specimens. Specimens

patteriu'd with broken, brown sjiiral bands that form a
regular checkerl)oard pattern. Lip and aperture color
unknown. Operciihim, radiila, and anatoniv unknown.

Type Material: Cyclosloma basicariiialum Pfeiffer,
1855: Three specimens, ZMH 96810(1 )-96810(3), from
the Dunker collection miglit represent Pfeiffer’s material
and are labeled "Choanopoina hasicarinatum Pfr.”
(Figures 41^5). Although clearly tlie same species, none
closely matcli Pfeiffer’s 1855 plate 4, figure's 2 and 3 of
Cifclostoma hasicarinatum, presumably tlie figured tvpe.
Tliey probably are syntypes but this cannot Ix' sliown
with certainty. Additionally, Pfeiffer’s material was not
located by me at NHMLJK in 2004; Ci/clostoma
chordifenim Pfeiffer, 1855: Two specimens at ZMB, witli
an original number of 1231(1), 1231(2) from Pfeiffer’s
collection, are only labeled with “St. Croix” with no men-
tion of“Biil()ws Minde” (Figures 47-50). Neither closely
matches the presumed ty|ie figure. Althougli Pfeiffer
clearly had more tlian one specimen (he gave a range of
sizes), none at tlie ZMB can be associated witli the tvpe
lot with certainty altliough they probably are svntvpes.
Additionally, Pfeiffer’s material was not located l)y me at
NHMUK in 2004.

Type Localities: Ctjclosioma hasicarinatum Pfeiffer,
1855: “La Grange prope Frederiksted insulae St. Croix"-,
Cyclostoma chordifenim Pfeiffer, 1855: “‘Biilotvs Minde’
insulae St. Croix.”

Type Figures: Cyclostoma hasicarinatum Pfeiffer,
1855: Pfeiffer, 1855': pi. 4, figs. 2, 3 (Figures 38-39);
Ctjclostoma chordifenim Pfeiffer, 1855: Pfeiffer, 1855:
pi. 4, fig. 1 (Figure 46).

Other Material (Specimens Examined: 14): U.S.
Virgin Islands, St. Croix, UF 18318 (2), UF 27922 (2),
UF 27927 (3), UF 195459 (2); UF 27885 (2), Bellevue;
UF 27890 (3), Frederiksted.

Distribution: U.S. Virgin Islands: This species is
endemic to St. Croix, where it is possibly e.xtinct. Speci-
mens, including the type, have been recorded from
Frederiksted on the west coast and Bellevue/Bulows
Minde just west of Christiansted.

Habitat; Unknown. The type locality of C. hasicarinatum,
near Frederiksted, is adjacent to a remnant patch of min
forest and it is likely that this species once occurred in
similar habitat across the island. All of tlie know-ii sites for
this species are in hi!! country.

Variation Among Specimens: Specimens van-’ in tlie
strength of spiral sculpture and degree of separation of
the outer lip from the previous whorl.

Comparison with Other Species: Parachondria
hasicarinatus is very similar to the e.xtant P. santacmzensls .
They differ primarily in size: P. hasicarinatus averages
19.3 mm in length, P. santacnizensis averages 12.2 mm.

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THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 128, No. 3

Fardchoiulria h(i.sic(ni)i(itiis lues more spiral threads on the
final whorl (17-19) than does F. sdJiftK'mzeiisis (12-15).

Original Dk.scrifiions

(Ujclosfoiud bdsicdh)idtu))t Pleilfer, 1855 (translated
from Latin): “Shell harelv perforated, oblong turret,
truncate, spiral lirae, sciilptnre denselv ribbed, some-
wbat interrupted (3—1 bundles fornu'd), diseolored, faint
interrupted brown bands e\ident; spire ratber regnlarlv
att(Mmated; sntnre denseK’ denticnlated; remaining five
whorls slightly eoin’e.x, front of last barelv solute, base with
2-.3 strong, well-dexeloped earinae; aperture snbvertieal,
angnlate o\al; peristome double: inner barelv expanded,
external expanded, upper and left margin narrow.” 18-
19 mm length.

Cijclostomd chordifenii)} Pfeiffer. 1855 (translated from
Latin): "Shell \’en’ narrowly perforated, oblong-tnrret,
tnmeate, obsolete spiral liixu' and crowded ribs, dis-
eolored; spire ratber regnlarlv attenuated; sntnre with
crowded denticles; 4.5 remaining whorls, slightly convex,
front of last briefly solute, base with 6-7 elevated, strong
lirae; aperture angnlate-oxal; peristome double: inner
expanded, barelv projecting, outer snbe(|nallv expanded
ev('r\vvbere.” 19-23 mm lengtb.

Di.scus.sion: Both C. hdsicdtiiidluiu and its svnonv-
mons t;Lxon C. chordifenint were described from heaxilv
weatbered specimens. Reeve’s figured specimen, col-
lectt'd bv 1863, appears recent (Figure 40). However, this
figure may actually repre.sent tbe extant F. sdutd('nizensis\
but it is not sufficiently detailed to determine to wbich
taxon it applies and Reev-e does not indicate its size. No
more recent specimens are known.

Altbongh no examples retain an opercnlnm, the close
similarity of this species xvqth Fardchoiidtid sdiitdcnizciisis
indicates that it is a Fanichoudiid as well.

Etymolog)': Ci/clostodid hdsicdr'mdtnin Pfeiffer, 1855:
L. basis, base + L. cdiina, keel; keeled on the base;
Ctjclosfoiud chordifeniiu Pfeiffer, 1855: L. chorda,
cord + L. -far, earn'; bearing cords.

Parachomlrki (Parachondria) UneolatuH (Lamarck, 1822)

(Figure 56-81, 143-144)

ClIRK.SOm’MY

Cijclostoma lineolata Lamarck, 1822: 147; Deshaves and
Milne Edwards, 1838: 358-359; Delessert, 1841:
pi. 29, figs. 8a,b,c; Pfeiffer, 1852a: 418; Shnttleworth,
1854b: 91; Mermod, 1952: 49-51, figs. 114a-c;
W litters, 2006: 335.

Cijclostoina Uneolatum Lamarck, 1822. — Pfeiffer,

1847a: 105; Petit tie la Sanssave, 1850: 46.
Cd/clostoidd siviftidiiudi “Newcomb MMS, 1845” Adams,
1849a: 8 [uoinea luidain].

Cdjclostoina newcoiubiauiim Adams, 1849a: 8; Adams,
1849b; 15; Adams, 1851a: 2; Adams and Chittv,
1851a: 177; Adams and Chitty, 1851b: 101; Adams,
1851b: 180; Adams, 1854: 104; Adams, lS51c: 203;

Bland, 1852: 216; Bland, 1854: 74; Pfeiffer, 1854c:
278, pi. 37, figs. 25, 26; Jacobson and Boss, 1973:
390-391, pi. 59, fig. 1; Watters, 2006: 372.
Cijcldstoina troscheli Pfeiffer, 1850a: 64; Pfeiffer, 1851:
173 [in synonymy of Ci/clostoiaa neiccoaibiannin
Adams, 1849]; Adams, 18510: 203; Pfeiffer, 1852a:
288-289 [in sviionxinvof Cijclostoina newcomi)idnu]n
Adams, 1849]; Bland, 1852; 216 [in synonymy
of Ct/closloina uewcombiaimin Adams, 1849];
Pfeiffer, 1852b: 45 [in svnonvmv of Ci/clostom/i
neiL'co>)d)idiiudi Adams, 1849]; Reex'e, 1863a; text to
pi. 3 [in synonymy of Cijclostoma newcombiaiium
Adams, 1849]; Arango v Molina, 1865: 89; Arango v
Molina, 1867: 76; Arango y Molina, 1878: 11 [as
Pfeiffer, 1864]; Kobelt, 1880: 261; Jacobson and
Boss, 1973: 390-391; Watters, 2006: 521—522.
Cistida lineolata (Lamarck, 1822). — (fray, 1850: .58;
Adams and Adams, 1856: 294; Pfeiffer, 18.58: 1.34;
Bland, 1861: 358; Pfeiffer, 1862: 1.54; Pfeiffer,
1876a: 188; Gnndlach, 1878: 14-15; Crosse, 1891:
169; Dall and Simpson, 1901: 435.

Cistula? lineolata (Lamarck, 1822). — Pfeiffer, 1851: 170;
Pfeiffer, 1852a: 270, 418; Pfeiffer, 1852b: 42; Pfeiffer,
18.53: 188-189.

Cijclostomns fallax Pfeiffer, 1851: 171 [nomen nudum];
Pfeiffer, ■l8.52c: 68; Pfeiffer, 1858: 126; Bland, 1861:
.3.59; Pfeiffer, 1865: 1.34; Pfeiffer, 1876a: 182; Kobelt,
1880: 281; \\’atters, 2006: 260.

Chondropoma neivcombianum (Adams, 1849). — Pfeiffer,
1851: 17.3; Pfeiffer, lS52a: 288-289; Pfeiffer, 18521):
45; Atlams and Adams, 1856: 295; Pfeiffer, 1857; 1.58;
Bland, 1861: .3.58-.3.59, table 2; Reeve, 186.3a: pi. 3,
figs. 16a, 1); Pfeiffer, 186.5: 1.52; Pfeiffer, 1876a: 194;
Gnndlacb, 1878: 1.5-16; Kobelt, 1879: 198, pi. 62,
fig. .39; Kobelt, 1880: 279, 281; Fischer and Crosse,
1890: 203.

Chondropoma siviftianum “Newcomb” Pfeiffer, 1851:
173 [introduced in sxmonvmy of Cijclostoma
neivcombianum Adams, 1849]; Pfeiffer, 18.52a: 288-
289 [in svnonvmv of Cijclostoma neivcombianum
Adams, 1849]; Bland, 1852: 216 [in synonymy
of Cijclostoma neivcombianum Adams, 1849];
Pfeiffer, 18.52b: 45 [in svnt)nvmy of Cijclostoma
neivcombianum Adams, 1849]: Reeve, 1863a: te.xt to
pi. 3 [in .synonymy of Cijclostoma neivcombianum
Adams, 1849].

Cistula? fallax (Pfeiffer, 1852). —Pfeiffer, lS.52a; 273;
Pfeiffer, 1853: 192-193.

Cistula fallax (Pfeiffer, 1852). —Pfeiffer, 1852b: 43;

Adams and Adams, 18.56: 294.

Cijclostoma {Cistula?) fallax (Pfeiffer, 1852). — Pfeiffer,
18.54a: 6.5-66.

Cijclostoma fallax (Pfeiffer, 1852). — Pfeiffer, 18.54d:
pi. 45, figs. 21, 22; Pfeiffer, 18.54e: 369; Reeve,
1861b: pi. 12, fig. 71.

Cijclostoma {Chondropoma) neivcombianum Adams, 1849.
Shnttleworth, 18.54a: 71.

Cijclostoma {Chondropoma?) neivcombianum Adams,
1849. Shnttleworth, lS.54b: 92.

G.T. Watters, 2014

Page 79

Cliondropoma ioiiolense Pfeiffer, 1857: 158; Bland,
1861: 359; Reeve, lS63a: pi. 4, fig. 31; Pfeiffer,
1865: 152; Pfeiffer, 1876a: 195; Kobelt, 1880: 281;
Martens, 1882: 370-371; Clench, 1939: 288; van der
Sclialie, 1948: 35; Watters, 2006: 516.

Ciiondropoma lineolatnm (Lamarck, 1822). — Morch,
1860: 12.

CAsfula liiieolata (“Pfeiffer”). — Kobelt, 1880: 279.
Chondropoma (Chondropomonis) newcomhianum
(Adams, 1849). — Henderson and Bartscli, 1921: 61.
Cdiondwpoma {Chondropoinonis) tortolense Pfeiffer,
1857. — Henderson and Bartscli, 1921: 61.
Cydostonui linmtum [sic] Lamarck, 1822. — Merinod,
1952: 50.

Liciiia deatssata “Lamarck” Parkinson, 1987: 62, fig. 53,
bottom middle [misidentification].

Parachondria {Parachondria) fallax (Pfeiffer, 1852). —
Watters, 2006: 44, 260.

Parachondria {Parachondria) lineolatus (Lamarck,
1822). —Watters, 2006: 44, 335.

Parachondria (Paracondria) neivcomhiamis (Adams,
1849). —Watters, 2006: 44, 372.

Parachondria (Parachondria) tortolensis (Pfeiffer, 1857).
—Watters, 2006: 44, 516.

mm Choanopoma troscheli Pfeiffer, 1864. — Watters,
2006: 522 [in synonymy of Cijclostoma neiocomhkimim
Adams, 1849, in error].

non Cijclostoma lineolatnm “Lamarck” Pfeiffer, lS47d:
49, pi. 6, figs. 27, 28 [pi. 1846]; [= ?;fide Mermod,
1952:50].

Description; Shell medium-sized for genus (smaJlest=
10.1 mm, largest=17.5, average=14.2, decollated). Elon-
gate conic, last whorl nearly adnate to openly solute for
last 14 turn. Umbilicus open, narrow. Protoconch of
1.5 rounded, smooth whorls. 3.5-5 decollated remaining
whorls. Spiral sculpture of numerous threads (ca. 27-30
on final whorl). Threads widely separated below suture
but become less so as they progress toward umbilicus.
Axial sculpture of numerous, very fine, closely spaced
lamellae, best developed over spiral sculpture where it
has a scalloped or slightly fenestrate appearance. In
addition, some specimens have very regular, peculiar,
rrised axial ridges reminiscent of “varices” that divide
whorl into axial sections. Suture deeply channeled,
bounded by very regularly spaced, well-developed tufts.
Tufts composed of 2-5 fused or barely fused iixial lamel-
lae; tufts begin just after raised axicil ridges and individual
lamellae within tuft decrease in height as shell enlarges.
Aperture composed of an inner and an outer lip, oval to
teardrop-shaped, solute from previous whorl. Inner lip
smooth, inconspicuous. Outer lip narrowly expanded,
narrowest toward umbilicus, auriculate posteriorly,
thickened, composed of numerous lamellae, anterior-
medial edge scalloped in some specimens. Base color
pale tan to reddish brown overlain with a complex color
pattern. Dark brown axial markings may be solid scallops
(Figure 74), undulating lines (Figure 75), broken diagonal
lines (Figure 72), or absent (Figure 77). Dark spiral bands

may be present on base. Tufts and intersections of axial
and spiral sculpture mav Ix' white. Lip white, rarely
banded. Outer color pattern may show througli within
aperture. Operculum paiicispiral with a granulose deposit.
Radiila and anatomy unknown.

Type Material: Cyclosfoina lineolata Lamarck, 1822:
Syntyi^es: MHNG 1093/31 (11), now accessioiux!

a.s MHNG-INVE-51228 (Figures 56-59); Cijclostoma
newcomhianum Adams, 1849: Lectotvpt': MGZ 275708,
by subsecjueiit designation {)f Jac()!)son and Boss (1973)
(Figure 60); ? Paralect()ty{ie: SMF unnumbered;

Cijclostoma troscheli Pfeiffer, 1850: Not located and pre-
sumed lost; Cijclostomus fallax Pfeiffer, 1851: 'Fliree
specimens at NHMUK, unnuml^ered, from the Guming
collection bearing Pfeiffer’s liandwriting may l)e svntvpes
(Figure 61); Chondrojnima tortolense Pfeiffer, 1857: One
specimen, ZMB 65673, from tlie Pfeiffer collection, col-
lected at Tortola by Riise, matclies the description and
size of the specimen in Pfeiffer’s original description
(Figures 62-63). Pfeiffer described the c)perculuni,
which is also present in the ZMB specimen. I regard tliis
ZMB specimen as the holohpe.

Tj'pe Localities: Cijclostoma lineolata Lamarck, 1822:
“dans les Antilles.” Restricted here to St. John, U.S. Virgin
Islands Jsee remarks]; Cyciostoma newcomhianum
Adams, 1849: “Jamaica.” Originally believed to be from
Jamaica, but later corrected to St. Thomas by Adams and
Chitty (1851a); Cyciostoma troscheli Pfeiffer, 1850: “in ins.
St. Thomas’’; Cyclostomus fallax Pfeiffer, 1851: “hab.?”;
Chondroj)oma tortohme Pfeiffer, 1857: “in insulae Tortola’’
collected by Riise.

Type Figures: Cyclostoma lineolata Lamarck,
1822: Mermod, 1952: figs. 114a,b,c; Cyclostoma
newcomhianum Adams, 1849: Jacobson and Boss, 1973:
pi. 59, fig. 1; Cijclostoma troscheli Pfeiffer, 1850:
Unfigured; Cyclostomus fallax Pfeiffer, 1851: Pfeiffer,
1854d: pi. 45, figs. 21, 22 (Figure 67); Chondropoma
tortolense Pfeiffer, 1857: Unfigured.

Other Material (Specimens Examined; 325): Spanish
Virgin Islands, Isla Culebra, UF 23261 (1), S slope Gem)
Resaca; UF 23250 (6), UF 23252 (1), Cerro Resaca. Isla
de Vieques, UF 28670 (9), UF 193999 (3), Playa Garacas,
Fort Garcia; UF 28647 (11), UF 28668 (10), Monte
Pirata, near summit. British Virgin Islands, Anegada, UF
202925 (7). Beef Island, UF 28703 (2). Ginger Island. UF
202923 (3). Grand Camanoe Island. UF 210981 (18).
Guana Island. UF 183244 (1), UF 210990 (11); UF
210993 (5), ridge along NE end. Great Thatch Island,
UF 202918 (4), UF 202919 (7). Tortola, UF 119182 (2);
OSUM 36864 (5), GT\V 7063a (1), 488 m. Sage Mountain;
UF 27947 (2), UF 28696 (1), UF 28699 (5), Sage
Mountain; UF 28676 (16), UF 28683 (11), UF 28691
(15), Zion Hill; UF 183244 (1), West End, Belmont Pond.
U.S. Virgin Islands. St. Croix. GTW 10099b (1). St. John,
UF 259948 (3); UF 27975 (13), Bordeaux Mountain; UF
48872 (1), Calabash Bay; UF 27958 (2), Calvary' Bay; UF

Page SO

THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 128, No. 3

197916 (4), Carieei Bav; UF 197923 (1), Catherineherg
Sugar Mill; UF 27963 (2), Chocolate Hole; CTA\' 73031)
(3), UF 27979 (28), along Ciuuainon BavTr;ul, Cinnamon
Bav; UF 48862 ( 1 ), Butler's Cut, Coral Bav; UF 48759 ( 1 ),
Coral Bay; UF 247114 (2), UF 2471 15 (2), Fish Bay Cut;
UF 197945 (18), Josie Cut Sugar Estate ruins; UF 247126
(1), Creat Lameshnr Bav; UF 27968 (28), UF 247135 (2),
UF 247136 (2), Beef Bay; UF 27980 (74), W’ahoe Bay; UF
48851 (1), UF 259947 (2), Windherg Cut. St. Thonuts. UF
119180 (I), UF 119181 (2), UF 119183 (5), UF 216686
(1), UF 216687 (2); UF 113836 (1), W slope of monntiun
top, N of inter.section of h\ws. 33/40.

Distribution: Isla Cnlehra, Isla de \'ie(|nes, British and
U.S. \'irgin Islands. Pfeiffer (1851) reported Ci/clostoma
lineohitd from St. X’incent hut Mermod (1952) could not
verify this locality. It is highly unlikely that this record is
correct; no annnlariids are known from St. X'inccnt.

Habitat: Under rocks, logs.

Variation among Specimens: As may l)e expected
from a widespread species occurring on isolated islands,
there is significant xariation. Color patterns saiw greatK’
hut all have the same common elements and intermedi-
ates occur for any two extremes. Sculpture \aries from
scalloped to fenestrate depending on the strength of the
axial lamellae. The degree of “solnteness” of the ontc'r lip
also varies, from the ven’ solute form characterized hy
Ci/rlosfoiutis fallax Pfeiffer, 1851, to the nearly adnate
Cijclostoiiia Uneohita Lamarck, 1822. The types of
Ct/closfonia liiicolata Lamarck, 1822, are nnnsnal in
retaining the protoconch.

Comparison with Other Species: Tlie distinct and
regular color pattern and tufts of this species separate it
from most other Lesser Antillean taxa. The raised axial
ridges (“varices") of some specimens are nnicjue.

I)if)I()j)()»ia deciissatini}, witli which this species
co-occurs in the Spanish X'irgin Islands, is easily
discerned l)y its opercninm (mnltispiral and lamellate in
!). (lectissatiun and pancispiral watliont a lamella in
F. litwolafiis). However, lacking tlie opercninm the two
are nearly inseparable l)ased solely on shell cliaracteris-
tics. Diploponui dccussatiiin never has the “varices" of
P. Ihieolatus and tlie individual lamella of eacli sntnral
tuft do not decrease in size within the tnft. Nevertheless
specimens may he vei'v difficult to separate (e.g., tlie
proliahle liolohpe of Chondropoma toiioleme Pfeiffer,
1857, (Figures 62, 63) w'onld have been assigned to
D. decussdtiim if not for tlie opercninm),

OrIGI\.\I, DE,SCRIFri()\.S

Cijclostodid lineoldtd Lamarck, 1822 (translated from
Latin): “Shell ventricose-conic, somewhat perforated,
with thin longitudinal striations, yellowish-brown,
handed with interrupted white lines; with wavy longitu-
dinal reddish-brown little lines; seven remaining, convex;
margin of lip white, refle.xed.”

Cijclostodid netvcomhiduiim Adams, 1849: “Shell ninch
elongated, conic; very pale orange, elegantly decorated
with several spiral series of small brown ohlicjue spots
wdiich hax'e white shadows, the spots being in transverse
series; with nnmerons small hut strong transverse wiiitish
raised lines, w'hicli are mostly in groups of three to five
and at the summits are developed into minute sntnral
crennlations; spire with slightly convex outlines; apex
truncate with the loss of two or tliree wiioiis; five whorls
remaining, with a w'ell impressed suture; last wiiorl
detached from the penult w'hoii near the aperture; aper-
ture snhorhicnlar, (juite angular above; inner peritreme
slightly produced; outer peritreme moderately expanding,
shining, reflected exactly into the plane of the aperture,
rather thick, nearly w'anting opposite to the pennltimate
W'hoii, moderatelv produced above into a shaqrly angular
concave wing; nmbilicns veiw small.”

Ct/closloiud troscheli Pfeiffer, 1850 (translated from
Latin): “Shell slightly perforate, oblong turret, thin, sculp-
ture of elevated concentric lines and crossed ov'er bv
crow'ded longitudinal plications, delicate, somewiiat shiny,
yellowish browm, spire elongate, barely tnmcate; suture
denticulate; 5.5 slightly convex wiiorls, top smooth, for-
w'anl narrowiv solute, base witli distinct spiral striations,
crow'ded; aperture vertical, angnlate-ronnded; peristome
thin, somew'liat double, narrow' and horizontallv
expanded, top somewhat tongue-shaped, angled. Oper-
cninm membranous, fonr-w'horled, flat." 15 mm length.

Ci/clostomus fdlldx Pfeiffer, 1851 (translated from
Latin, from Pfeiffer, lS52a): “Shell umhilicate, oblong-
turret, truncate, thin, with ol)tnse spiral lirae, witli
crowded decussate longitudinal lines (eight sometimes
ten more or less w'ell-developed), not scaly, barely shin-
ing, w'liite, with w'av'v lines; marked with interrupted
vellowi.sh-hrow'ii; spire snbconvex-tnrret; suture minutely
fascicnlated-crennlated; 4—4.5 remaining w'horls slightly
convex, last rounded, ornated below' with medium
vellowisli-l)row'n liands, front solute for a long way,
around open nmliilicns slightly spirally snlcate; aperture
subvertical, oxal; peristome white, donl)le: inner a little
expanded, appressed, outer short, more or less e(jually
e.xpanded in all directions, top angnlated. Opercninm?”
14 mm length.

Cdwndropomd toiiolense Pfeiffer, 1857 (translated from
Latin): “Shell narrowly perforate, ovate-turret, tnmcate,
nnecjual spiral lirae, crowded ri!)s tliat cross, irregular
x’arices simulating decussations, w'liite-conieons, striped
with red angular lines; spire rather regularly attenuated;
suture vxith white bundles of crennlations; 4.5 reniiuning
W'horls moderatelv convex, front of last solute, carinate on
back, marked !)etween with medium red hands; aperture
vertical, angnlate-ox’al; peristome nearly double, outer top
angnlate, undulating.” 15 mm length. (German transla-
tion): “Closely related with Cdi. Neioc:onihidntim Ad.,
how'ever by the notched peristome and the opercninm,
w'hose nnclens is more eccentric, it is tlistingnished.”

Diseu,ssion: This species varies considerably in size,
coloration, development of the outer lip, and prominence

G.T. Watters, 2014

Page 81

of sutural tufts. This variahilitv has led to several ,syno-
iivuis. Speeiniens \'an’ not only lyv island hut !)y popula-
tions witliin an island.

Cijclostoma lineolafa Lamarck, 1822 was described
from “les Antilles.” A second lal)el accompanying the
s\'nt\pes reads "Portorico.” Mermod (1952) never men-
tioned this second label bnt, somewhat incongruouslv,
commented tliat \an der Schalie (1948) had not found
tliis species in Puerto Hico. Mermod also illustrated a
specimen (his figs. 114a, b), wliich lie stated was the
largest of the lot. As pointed out by I3r. Peter Schnchert
(in litt., Kov. 2013, MHNG) it is not. The tvpe seems
conspecific with specimens from St. John and the tvpe
localitv is herein restricted to St. John, U.S. \'irgin Islands.

Chondropomd toiiolen.se varieh' “major” was listed
from Puerto Rico liv Martens (1882) bnt was not men-
tioned in the review of Puerto Rican annulariids liv van
der Schalie (1948). However, van der Schalie (1948) did
suggest that C. foiiolense might be onlv a form or sub-
species of the Puerto Rican Parachoudria conseptus
(Martens, 1883), a conclusion with whicli I cannot con-
cur. Parachoudria conseptus (Martens, 1883) has much
coarser sculpture and a more solnte final whorl than does
P. lineolatns.

Cijclostonius fallax was described from an unknown
localitv. It closely resembles specimens from Anegada.

Etymolog}': Cijdostoina lineolata Lamarck, 1822:
L. lineola, small line; with small lines; Cijdostoina
neivcomhianuin Adams, 1849: Wesley Newcomb (1808-
1892), American physician, conchologist, Hawaiian tem-
perance leader; Chondropoina sivifiianiim Pfeiffer, 1851:
Robert Swift (~1795-1S72), collector in St. Thomas,
\4rgin Islands; Cijdostoina trosdidi Pfeiffer, 1850: Franz
Hermann Troschel (1810-1882), German conchologist,
ichthyologist at Universitat Bonn and Curator at
Zoologisches Museum Berlin; Cijdostomus fallax Pfeiffer,
1851: L. fallax - deceptive; derivation unclear;
Chondropoina toriolense Pfeiffer, 1857: Tortola + L.
-ensis, from; from Tortola.

Parachondria (Parachondria) species
(Figures 123-124)

A specimen from St. Croix (GTW 10099a) is closely
related to P. lineolatns. It differs in the adnate final
whorl, the attached outer lip to the previous whorl, tlie
patterned outer lip, as well as ha\lng a Irroad, dark band
within the umbilicus and a liigher, narrower spire with
one additional whorl. All of these characteristics are
outside the range of variation seen in P. lineolatns.
Annulariids are knowni for their liighly endemic taxa and
this specimen seems to represent an undescribed species.
But because it is known from a single specimen lacking
more precise locaility data, it is not descri!)ed here.

Parachondria (Parachondria) cf. nalleanus (Pfeiffer, 1850b)
(Figures 125, 138)

A single specimen from Sombrero Island (UF 119118)
appears to belong to this Hispaniolan species. It seems

unlikely that this specie's would natnrallv occur >525 km
away from the Dominican Republic, bypassing Puerto
Rico and tlie X'irgin Islands. Sombrero Island was mim'd
for guano and was visite'd on a n'gular basis bv ships and
workers; this record may Ix' an anthropogenic introduc-
tion or a mislabeled specimen. I do not re'gard it as a
natural part of the' Lesser Antilk'an fauna.

Parachondria (Parachotulria) santacnizensis (PfeilTer, 18.55)
(Figures 82-93, 136-137)

Chre.sontxiy

Cijdostoina santarnizense Pfeiffer, 1855: 101; Watters,
2006:461.

Chondropoina santacnizensis (Pfeiffer, 1855). — Morch,
1860: 12.

Chondropoina santacnizense (Pfeiffer, 1855). — Bland,
1861: 359, tal)le 2; Reeve, 1863a: pi. 7, fig. 50; Pfeifh'r,
1865: 154; Pfeiffer, 1876a: 196; Kobelt, 1880: 281;
Weinland, 1880: .349; Jacobson, 1968: 20-21.
Chondropoina {Chondrojioinonis) santacnizense
(Pfeiffer, 1855). — Henderson and Bartsch, 1921: 61.
Cijdostoina chordifeniin Pfeiffer, 18.55. — Jacobson,
1968: 20 [in svnonvmv of Cijdostoina santacnizense
Pfeiffer, 18.5.5].

Cijdostoina hasicarinatnin Pfeiffer, 1855. — jacobson,
1968: 20 [in svnonymv of Cijdostoina santacnizense
Pfeiffer, 18.55].

Cijdostoina kazika Weinland, 1876. — Jacobson, 1968:
20 [in synonymy of Cijdostoina santacnizense
Pfeiffer, 1855]; Watters, 2()()6: 319 [as nomen dubiuin].
Parachondria (Parachondria) ? santacnizensis (Pfeiffer,
18.55), —Watters, 2006: 44, 461.

Description: Shell medium-sized for genus (smallest=
10.7 mm, largest=14..5, average=12.2, decollated). Flon-
gate conic, last whorl adnate or veiy narrowly solnte
for last 'A turn. Umbilicus open, narrow. Protoconch of
1.5 rounded, smooth whorls. 3. .5-5 decollated remaining
whorls. Spiral sculpture of numerous rounded or flat-
tened cords (ca. 12-15 on final whorl). Several cords on
base are more prominent and widely spaced than else-
where. Axial sculpture of numerous, coarse, closely
spaced, erect lamellae, best developed over spiral sculp-
ture where it has a scallopetl appearance. Suture
deeply indented, bounded by irregular, widely spaced,
well-developed tufts. Tufts composed of 1-2 expanded
but unfused lamellae witli 2-.5 much smaller, une.xpanded
lamellae between tliem. Aperture composed of an inner
and an outer lip, teardrop-shaped, adnate or nearly so
with previous whorl. Inner lip smooth, usnally erect.
Outer lip nan'owly expanded, nanowest toward umbilicus,
auriculate posteriorly, thickened, composed of nnmerous
lamellae, anterior-medial edge scalloped in some speci-
mens. Base color pale tan to reddish brown. Patterned
with spiral rows of darker reddish or browm dots and
dashes, neatly aligned vertically. Tufts and intersections
of cLxial and spiral sculpture may be white. Lip white,
often with color pattern continuing onto front of lips.

THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 12S, No. 3

Page 82

Outer color pattern inav sliow through within aperture.
Operculuui pauci.spiral witli a granulose depo.sit. Radula
and auatoiuy unknown. Speciinen.s often are covered in a
ver\- fine adherent .sand or grit.

T\pe Material; ? Svnt\’pe: ZMlf 65692, not located
(Christine Zorn, in litt., Dec. 2013, ZMB). Additiosiallv,
Pfeiffer’s material was not located l)v me at NHMUK
in 2004.

Tjpe Localitv: Giitt pro))^ Chiistiaiisfed

insulae St. Croix."

Type Figure: Unfigured.

Other Material (Specimens E.xamined: 107): U S.
Virgin Islands, St. Croi.x, CTW 7303a (1), LIE 27923 (8),
UF 119184 (16), UF 158945 (5), UF 195541 (2); UF
27949 (55), Bellevue; UF 27956 (10), Davis Bav; UF
426186 (7), Estate Rattan, 166 ni; UF 216876 (24),
Teague Point; UF 216877 (2), “Santa Cruz Island,
Solomons.” British \7rgin Islands, Tortola, UF 1 19182 (1).

Distribution: U.S. \’irgin Islands, St. Croi.x; British
\'irgin Islands, Tortola, single record. One specimen,
UF 216878, is labeled onlv "Puerto Rico. " While it is not
impossihle that this species also occurs in Puerto Rico,
van der Schalie (1948) did not inc'Iude it in his rexision
of the annulariids of that island. It mav he a mis-
laheled specimen.

Habitat: U nder leal litter, logs, stones. Known sites
lor this species in St. Croix are all in the northern hills
of tl le isl and.

Variation among Speciinen.s: Specimens varx' pri-
marily in the strength of the color pattern and the
strength of the sutural tufts.

Compari.son with Other Specie.s: This species is
olixiouslv closely relatetl to P. basicarinatns-. both liax’e a
similar color pattern and enlarged basal cords. They differ
primarily in size {P. basicarinatns ayerages 19.3 mm in
length, P. sanfacnizensis averages 12.2 mm) aiul in the
number of spiral threads on the final xx'horl (17-19 in
P. basicarinatns, 12-15 in P. santacnizensis).

Original DESCRimoN

(Translated from Latin): “Shell perforate, ohlong-turret,
narrow, longitudinal membranous ribs, uudulatiug,
sculpture dense, not shinv, reddish horn, colored xx'ith
roxvs of reddish spots and one basal hand; spire rather
regularly attenuated, truncate; suture xxdth une(|ually dis-
tant crenulati'd denticles; 4.5 renuiining xvhorls moder-
ately conxex, front of hist briefly solute; aperture vertical,
oval, top suhangulate; peristome double: inner slightly
e.xpanded, outer expanded, from penultimate xvliorl
slightly detached, ahox'e and heloxv naiToxvly perforatetl.
Operculum flat, corneous.” 1 1..5-12 mm leugtli.

Discu.ssion: Both P. santacnizensis and P. basicarinatns
are similar to P. conseptns (Martens, 1882). That species is

knoxx'ii only from the Aguas Buenas region in east-central
Puerto Rico. Parachondria conseptns is a large species like
P. basicarinatns and the Kx'o may haye a common ancestor.
Parachondria santacnizensis appears to he a miniature
relative of the txx'o.

(acohson (1968) svnouymized Cyclostoma kaziha
Weinland, 1876 xxith P. santacnizensis. Cyclostoma kazika
xviLS described xxath doubt from Haiti. The figures by
Pfeiffer in 18761) are unrecognizable and the txpe is pre-
sumed lost. The specific name itself is enigmatic and gives
no clue as to its prox'euance (kazika is Latin for goat).
Watters (2006) regarded this taxon as a nomen dnbinm.

Etyinology': L. santacnizense , Santa Cruz + L. -ense,
from; from St. Croix.

Genus Diplopoma Pfeiffer, 1859

Suhgenus Dij)!opoma Pfeiffer, f859

Type Species: Di})lof)oma arcliitecioniaim Pfeiffer, 1859,
by original designation.

Diplopoma (Diplopoma) crenulatum (Potiez and
Michaud, 1838)

(Figures 94-122, 145-146)

CHRE.S()\YMY

Cyclostoma crennlatnm “Ferussac ex fide ipsa" Potiez
aud Michaud, 1838: 235, Atlas [1844] pi. 24, figs. 3,
4; Watters, 2006: 220-221.

Chondropoma piiadelonpense Pfeiffer, 1847b: 124;

Reeve, 1863a: pi. 7, figs. 49a, h [in svnonvmv of
Cyclostoma crennlatnm Potiez and Michaud, 1838].
Cyclostoma anadelonpense (Pfeiffer, 1847). — Pfeiffer,
1849: 176, pi. 28, figs. 9-11 [pi. 1848?]; Petit de la
Saussaye, 1850: 47; Pfeiffer, 1851: 173; Beau, 1852:
427; Pfeiffer, 1852a: 289-290; Pfeiffer, 1852b: 45;
Reex’e, 1863a: text to pi. 7; Watters, 2006: 283 [all,
except for Pfeiffer, 1849, in sxiionymy of Cyclostoma
crennlatnm Potiez and Michaud, 1838].

Cyclostoma crennlatnm “Michaud.” — Petit de la Saussaye,
1850: 47; Beau, 1852: 427.

Chondropoma crennlatnm ("Ferussac” Potiez and
Michaud, 1838). Pfeiffer, 1851: 173.

Chondropoma crennlatnm (“Ferussac”) Pfeiffer, 1852a:
289-290; Pfeiffer, 1852b: 45; Adams and Adams,
1856: 295; Bland, 1861: 354; Reeve, 1863a: pi. 7,
figs. 49a, b; Kobelt, 1880: 283; Vernhout, 1914: 183.
Cistnla antignensis “Shuttlexx'orth” Pfeiffer, 1858: 131;
Witters, 2006: 142-143.

Choanopoma occidenfale Pfeiffer, 1861: 216, pi. 3,
figs. 11-13; Bland, 1861: 358; Pfeiffer, 1865: 104-
105; Pfeiffer, 1876a: 157; Kobelt, 1880: 282; Maze,
1890: 32; Vernhout, 1914: 183; Watters, 2006: 384.
Cistnla anfianensis “Shuttlexvorth.” — Bland, 1861: 351;
Pfeiffer, 1865: 142; Pfeiffer, 1876a: 187; Kobelt,
1880: 282.

Chondropoma anti^nense (Pfeiffer, 1858). — Reex'e,
1863b: pi. 10, fig. 72.

G.T. Watters, 2014

Page 83

CJiondroma [.«c] crenulatum (“Fenissac”). — Maze,
1890: 32.

Cliondroponui {Chondropomoni.s) crenukita (“Fenissac”). —
Henderson and Bart.seli, 1921: 61.

Adamsiella {Adamsiellops) miiiffieme (“Shuttlewortli”). —
Henderson and Baitsch, 1921: 71.

Adamsiella (Adamsiellops) occidentale (Pfeiffer, 1861). —
Henderson and Bartscli, 1921: 71.

Adamsiella aiiiiffiensis (Pfeiffer, 1858). Baker, 1928: 48.

Liciiui (Choaiio])oinops) antipiiemis (“Shuttlewortli”). —
Baker, 1928: 48.

Cdiondropoma (Chondropomoras) antiguensis
(“Shuttlewortli” Pfeiffer, 1858). — Bartseh, 1946: 199.
Adamsiella antiguensis (“Shiittleworth”). — Clench,
1956: 69.

Adamsiella (Adamsiellops) crenulafa (“Fenissac”). —
Coomans, 1967: 126.

Adamsiella (Adamsiellops) crenulata inartinensis “Bartscli
MSS” Coomans, 1967: 126-128, figs. 39-41; Watters,
2006: 219—220.

Anmdaria (Annularia) occidentale (Pfeiffer, 1861). —
Coomans, 1967: 128.

Diplofxmia (Diplopoimi) crenulata martineme (Coomans,
1967). —Watters, 2006: 35, 219-220.

Diplopoma (Diplopoma) crenulatum crenulatum (Potiez
and Michaud, 1838). —Watters, 2006: 35, 220-221.
Diplopoma (Diplopoma) sp. Watters, 2006: 35.
Farachondria (Parachondria) antiguensis (Pfeiffer,
1858). —Watters, 2006: 44, 142-143.

Parachondria (Parachondria) occidentalis (Pfeiffer
1861). —Watters, 2006: 44, 384.

Diplopoma sp. Robinson et ah, 2009: 625-625, figs.
80, 9A,

Description: Shell small to medium-sized for genus
(smallest=8.1 mm, largest=15.8, average=11.3, decol-
lated). Elongate conic, last whorl barely adnate or more
commonly very narrowly solute for last ’4 turn. Umbilicus
open, narrow. Protoconch of 1.5 rounded, smooth, tan
whorls. 3.5-5 decollated remaining whorls, most speci-
mens are decollate. Spiral sculpture of numerous
rounded threads, often weakly developed or indistin-
guishable, but more prominent in some populations
(up to 19 on final whorl). Several cords on base are more
prominent and widely spaced than elsewhere. Axial
sculpture of numerous, fine, closely spaced, erect lamel-
lae, best developed over spiral sculpture. Where spiral
sculpture is better developed, surface has a scalloped
appearance (Figure 114). In specimens where spiral
sculpture is less developed or absent, surface has only
sinuous, axial lamellae (Figure 112). Suture deeply
indented to narrowly channeled, bounded by irregular
groups of tufts. Tufts composed of 1-5 ex{3anded
and loosely fused lamellae with varying numbers of
imexpanded lamellae between them. Tufts may be quite
prominent (Figure 100) or nearly absent (Figure 115).
Aperture composed of an inner and an outer lip, oval or
teardrop-shaped, usually narrowly solute with previous
whorl. Inner lip smooth, narrowly erect. Outer lip very

narrowly expanded, narrowest toward unibilieus, nar-
rowly auriculate posteriorly. Base eolor white to pale
tan. Un-patteriied or witli vague pale tan spiral spots
and hands; these are rarely prominent. Tufts and inter-
sections of iixia! ami spiral sculpture niav l)(‘ whiter Lip
white, rarely with color pattern eontiiiuing onto front
of lips. Aperture white or tan; outer color pattern may
show through within aperture. Opereulinn inuitispiral
with an obliepie, erect calcareous lamella. Hadiila and
anatomy unknown.

Type Material: Cyclostonui crenulatum Potiez. and
Michaud, 1838: Douai Museum. According to the website
of the Miisee de la Chartreuse Douai, the “natural
sciences collection [was] completely destroyed" during
WW II; Chondrojmma guadeloupense Pfeiffer, 1847:
Not located and presumed lost; CAstula antiguensis
Pfeiffer, 1858: Not located and presumed lost;
Choanoponui occidentale Pfeiffer, 1861: ? Syntvpe: ZMB
65671, not located (Christine Zom, in litt., Dec. 2013,
ZMB). Additionally, Pfeiffer’s material was not located
by me at NHMUK in 2004.

Adamsiella (Adamsiellops) crenulafa maiiinensis
Coomans, 1967: Holotype: USNM 389964 (Figures 100-
101); paratyiies: USNM 389961 (26); USNM 652968
(23); USNM 636106 (31); “some paraLpes have been
doiiated to the Zoological Museum in Amsterdam.”

Type Localities: Cpclostoma cremdatum Potiez and
Michaud, 1838: “La Guadeloupe, sur la pahniste”;
Chondropoma guadeloupense Pfeiffer, 1847:
“Guadeloupe”; Cistula antiguensis Pfeiffer, 1858: “in
insula Antigua”; Choanoponui occidentale Pfeiffer, 1861:
“in insulae Martinique”; Adamsiella (Adamsiellops)
crenulata nuirtinensis Coomans, 1967: “Hill top east of
Grande Case Bay, St. Martin.”

Type Figures: Cijclostoma cremdatum Potiez and
Michaud, 1838: pi. 24, figs. 3, 4 (Figure 94); Chondropoma
guadeloupense Pfeiffer, 1847: Pfeiffer, 1849: pi. 28, figs. 9-
11 [1848?] (Figure 97); Cistula antiguensis Pfeiffer, 1858:
Unfigured; Choanopoma occidentale Pfeiffer, 1861:
Pfeiffer, 1861: pi. 3, figs. 11-13 (Figure 99); Adamsiella
(Adamsiellops) crenulata martinensis Coomans, 1967:
Coomans, 1967, figs. 39^1.

Other Material {Specimen.s Examined: 967):
Antigua, UF 212344 (6); OSUM 4155 (19), Saint Maiy
Parish; GTAA^ 7064d (30), S of Veranda Resort, Siiint
Philip Parish; GTW 7064e (27), Half Moon Bay, Saint
Philip Parish; UF 211008 (10), Willikies; Barbuda, UF
79058 (14), GTW 7064e (3); OSUM 36916 (22), GTW
7062a (2), Rubbish Bay; OSUM 36917 (66), GTW 7064a
(3), Bull Hole; UF 258450 (35), 9.7 km NNE of St.
Johns, between Codrington and Tlie Caves; UF 211003
(21), UF 259949 (2), Codrington; Guadeloupe, UF
119152 (2), UF 216565 (2), UF 216566 (4); (Basse-
Terre) UF 258460 (49), 2.5 km E of Trois-Rivieres;
(Grand-Terre) UF 258452 (53), 2 km SW of Chateau-
Gaillard; UF 258455 (31), 6 km SE of Anse-Bertrand;

Page S4

THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 128, No. 3

UF 258458 (19), 2 km E of Petit-Canal; UF 258459 (22),
2 km S of Le Moiile; CT\\’ 70641) (5), Le Monle; UF
258451 (58), 258461 (17), 1 km SF of Vieu.x Bourg; UF
258466 (8), 2 km SF of Vieu.x Bourg; UF 258463 (12),
0.8 km S of Saux'ia; UF 258465 (6), 1 km N of
Chateauhniu; UF 260040 (10), Plage cle Babin, ca. 5 km
\y of Vieux Bourg, 200 m from .sea; UF 258456 (49),
7 km NF of Les .Abvmes; UF 258469 (10), 8 km ENF of
Les Ahymes; UF 259784 (5), Craucls Fouds; UF 260037
(26), near Bessons on SF outskirts of Poiute-;i-Pitre; UF
260049 (6), Morue-a-l'Fau, 3 km S of Cliasseau on rd. to
Jahrim-St. Cvr, 500 ni; UF 258457 (21), 2 km W’ of
Morue-a-l’Fau; UF 258453 (28), 3 km NW of Cosier;
UF 258464 (15), 6 km F of Cosier; UF 259942 (1),
Cosier; UF 258462 (19), 5 km W’SW’ of Saiute-Auue;
UF 258468 (8), 4 km W’SW of Saiute-Auue; UF 259941

(2) , 1 km F of Saiute-Auue; CTW 7064 (2), CTW’ 11473a

(3) , Saiute-Auue; Marie-Calaute, UF 259936 (7), Le Tron
;i Diable, 7 km NWof Capesterre-de-Marie-Calaute; UF
259937 (2), 5 km SF of Craud-Bourg; UF 259938 (17),
UF 259939 (7), 3 km NW of Creliu; CTW' 7064g (2), 10
km N of St. Louis; lies d('s Salutes, CTW 7064h (1),
Terre-de-Bas; Martiuicjue, UF 119137 (40), Saiute-Auue;
UF 258446 (16), UF 259946 (2), 1 km SF of Saiute-Auue;
11 F 258448 (47), 1 km N of Sainte-Anne; UF 248447 (84),
7 km S of Le Vaucliu; UF 258449 (15), Pres<ju4le de la
Caravelle, 3 km W'ofTartane.

Distribution: Antigua: W'idespread and often abuu-
dant; Barbuda: W'idespread and often abundant;
St. Martin/Sint Maartin: Recorded from St. Martin bv
N'ernhout (1914) but this mav apply to the Sint Maartin
portion of the island as well. Coomans (1967) described
Adfumiella iA(l(inisieIIoj)s) crennUitd nuniineiisis from
Crande Ca.se Bay, St. Martin; Cuadeloupe: widely dis-
tributed on Grand-Terre, \’en’ rare on Basse-Terre; of
the 43 lots from Cuadeloupe, only one was from Basse-
Terre: Marie-Galante: Apparently widely distributed; La
Desirade, fide Robinson et al. (2009); lies des Salutes;
Terre-de-Bas; Dominica: reported from the battlements
of Fort Shirley at Cabrit’s Point by Robinson et al. (2009;
see remarks below); Martiuicjue: coastal localities along the
eastern shore away from the mountains of the northwest.

Habitat: Potiez and Michaud (1838) mentioned tliat
this species occurred on palm trees. The author has
found it under coral debris, rocks, logs, and leaf litter in
sandy soil under shrul)s and trees in xeric conditions. In
contrast to many other Lesser Antillean aimnlariids, this
species prefers the lowlands, sometimes occurring within
meters of tlie .shore.

Variation among Specimens: Specimens yar\' not
only among islands but among populations on a single,
often small, island as well. Shells from Guadeloupe
(Figures 107, 111, 120) tend to be wider and less attenu-
ate than those from smaller islands (Figures 105, 115),
The strength and numbers of spiral tlireads are often
more deyeloped on smaller islands. Howeyer, this is not
always the case. On the small island of Barbuda, spiral

sculpture may yarx' from coarse (Figure 113) to absent
(Figure 112) between populations separated from each
otlier by only a few kilometers.

Comparison with Other Species: Tliis species super-
ficially re.sem!)le.s F. sautacnizerisis in shell shape and
sculpture. Parachondria saiitacnizeusis is often much
more colorful, with better defined sculpture. That species
has a chondropomine operculum (paucispiral in a single
plane) whereas D. crenulatiim has an annularine opercu-
lum (multispiral w'ith an erect lamella). There does not
appear to be any oyerlap in the distributions of the hx'o
species as well.

Origin.ai, Desckifpions

Ci/cl()st()i)i(i creiiiilatum Potiez and Michaud, 1838
(translated from French): “Shell subcvlindrical, umbili-
cate, of the color of bright horn, transparent, and coy-
ered on the surface with longitudinal grooyes joined in
bundles of three and three, or of four and four, tliese
which form the crenulations on the upper part of the
spire; in some indiyiduals the transverse grooves cut
others, and render the shell latticed; spire composed of
seven rather convex whorls; suture deep; opening nearly
round and detach(‘d from the second whorl; summit
nearly always truncate. Operculum forms a concentric
spiral, and the detached part is an elevated, projecting
lamella which produces a very attractive outward effect."
12-15 mm length.

Choiidropoma (^uadeloupense Pfeiffer, 1847, was
described in a footnote to an unrelated paper by Philippi
in the Z(dtschrift fiir MdUikozoologie and not in 1849 in
the St/sfeiudtisclie.s Coticlujlien-Cdbinet as given by
Watters (2006) (translated from Latin): “Shell narrowly
perforate, oblong turret, decollate, solid, with tran.sver.se,
acute, elevated longitudinal ribs, sculptured with trans-
verse lirae above, cinnamon; suture with well-developed
rather distant white denticles; four convex whorls; aper-
ture vertical, oval; peristome red, continuous, doul^le,
inner a little expanded, appressed, outer narrowly
expanded, slightly separated in pro.ximitv to penultimate
whorl. Operculum thin, cartilaginous. Related to
C. xdnlhosioino Sow., and certainly to C. crenuldto M,.
from both distinguished without trouble by sculpture.”
1 1 mm length.

Cisttild diitigueiisis Pfeiffer, 1858 (translated from
Latin): “Shell somewhat perforate, turret-oblong, trun-
cate, sculpture with obtuse spiral lirae, crossed over by
crowded longitudinal plications, somewliat bundled,
white, banded with interrupted obsolete red lines; suture
irregularly nodulose-crenulated; five remaining whorls
moderately convex, last not solute; aperture vertical, oval;
peristome simple, hardly adnate, top angulate, narrowly
expanded on all sides. Operculum tvpical.” 12 mm length.

Cdioduopoma occidentdle Pfeiffer, 1861 (translated
from Latin): “Shell nearly perforated, oblong turret,
solid, truncate, sculpture of obsolete bands of lirae and
rope-like longitudinal ribs nearly bundled, not shining.

(;.T. Watters, 2014

Page 85

yellowish, soiiietinies with indistinct marks of interrnptt'd
red hands; spire regnlaiiv attenuated; snturt' irregular
and strongly dentate; fix'c remaining wiiorls convex, front
of last solute; aperture suhvertical, o\al; peristome sim-
ple, narrowly expanded. Operculum with three w'liorls,
elevated margins produced.” 12.5-13 mm length.

Adain.siella (Adanisiellojis) cnnudata maiiinriisis
Ooomans, 1967: “Shell like cretudcitd, Imt smaller, maxi-
mum size 13 mm. The adult has four to five w'liorls, the
apical whorls l)eing decollated. The color is pale light
hrowm, the four spiral row's of reddisli spots are liardly
\ isil)le in the subspecies.”

Discus.sion: This is !)v far the most widespread of the
Lt'sser Antillean annulariids. The variation of this species
among islands has resulted in the creation of several
sx'nonvms. Its abundance in Guadeloupe on Grand-
Terre, in comparison to its great rarity on Basse-Terre,
highlights this species’ apparent habitat needs that are
furnished only in the Limestone Carihees, but not in the
\'olcanic Garibees. Robinson et al. (2009) reported it
(as Diplopomti sp.) from Gabrit’s Point in Dominica and
suggested it may have been introduced by anthopogenic
means at the end of the IS*'' centurv'. Howev’er, giyen this
species’ preference for the coastal plain on other islands,
it is also possible that this species naturally occurs on
Dominica and that Cabrit’s Point represents one of
the yeiT few' such habitats in mountainous Dominica;
D. crenulatnn} may be naturally eking out its existence
on an inhospitable island at this location.

Potiez and Michaud’s (1844) figure of Cijchistoina
crenidatum is a small and stvlized rendition that does
not match their description (Figure 94). It clearly does
not haye the seyen w'horls mentioned in the de.scription
or any indication of the sutural crenulations formed by
tliree or four fused ribs. In the original de.scription
(1847b) Pfeiffer compared his C. guadelotipeme to
C. crenulafum but asserted that it was “distinguished
without trouble by sculpture” [translated]; neyertheless,
by 1851 he regarded the two species as synonymous.
Howeyer, the description of C. cremdatuin clearly
describes a multispiral operculum w'ith an eleyated
lamella, whereas Pfeiffer described the operculum of
C. guadeloupense as tliin and cartilaginous, a difference
that cannot be reconciled at this time.

Adain.siella {Adain.siellops) crenulata maiiinen.si.s
Coonians, 1967, w'as distinguished primarily by its smaller
size. However, the holotyj^e is actually larger (12.0 mm)
than the average size of the species across its range
(11.3 mm). This subspecies falls witliin the range of
variation in size and sculpture and is not here consid-
ered distinct.

Etymology: Cijclostonia crenulafum Potiez and
Michaud, 1838: L. crenulatus, minutely crenulate.;
Chondropoma giiadeloupen.se Pfeiffer, 1847: L. Guadeloupe
-I- L. -ensls, from; from Guadeloupe; Cistula antigueiisis
Pfeiffer, 1858: Antigua + L. -en-sls, from; from Antigua;
Choanopoma occidentale Pfeiffer, 1861: L. occidentalism

w'esterii; (k'rivation unclear (this sjx'cies is one of the
eastern-most in tlu* family); Adain.siella {Adain.siellops)
creiudaia inaiiinensis Goomans, 1967: [St.] Martin f
L. -i'lisis, from; from St. Martin.

Diplopoma (Diplopoma) dectiHsatuni (Lamarck, 1822)
(Figures 126-130, 150)

Chrksonymy

Cijclostoma decussata Lamarck, 1822: 147; Deshayes
and Milne Edw'ards, 1838: 358; Delessert, 1841:
pi. 29, figs. 6a,b,c; Pfeiffer, 1852a: 417; Baker,
1924: 91; Baker, 1928: 48; Mermod, 1952: 48-49,
fig. 1 13.

Cijclostoma decussafum Lamarck, 1822. — Menk(', 1830:
40; Sow'erby, 1831: unpaginated; Reeve, 1862: pi. 22,
fig. 148.

Cijclostoma decussafum "Pfeiffer." — Adams, 1847: 23;

Pfeiffer, 1847a: 106; Pfeiffer, 1864: 159.

Cistula? decussata (Lamarck, 1822). Gray, 1850: 58.
Choanopoma decussatiiin (Lamarck, 1822). — Pfeiffer,
1851: 153; Pfeiffer, lS52a: 155; Pfeiffer, 1852b: 25;
Adams and Adams, 1856: 296; Pfeiffer, 1858: 99;
Bland, 1861: 358, 360; Pfeiffer, 1865: 100; Pfeiffer,
1876a: 156; Gundlach, 1878: 13; Kolrelt, 1880: 279,
280; Fischer, 1885: 748; Aguayo, 1966: 14.
Choanopoma decussatiiin (Lamarck, 1822). — Pfeiffer,
1853: 109.

Cijclostoma {Choanojkiina) decu.ssatiiin Lamarck, 1822. —
Shuttleworth, lS54b: 90.

Chondropoina decussatiiin (Lamarck, 1822). — Mbrch,
I860: 12.

Choanopoma decussata (Lamarck, 1822). — Dall and
Simpson, 1901: 435.

Annularia {Anniilaria) decussafum (Lamarck, 1822). —
Henderson and Bartscli, 1921: 73.

Licina (Choanojiomojis) decussata (Lamarck, 1822). —
Baker, 1924b: 2; Baker, 1962: 19.

Licina decussata (Lamarck, 1822). van der Schalie, 1948:
31, pi. 2, fig. 3, map 10.

Cijclostoma (Choanopoma) senticosum Shnttlew'orth, 1854.

— van der Schalie, 1948: 31 [in possible sviioiwmv].
non Cijclostoma decussatiiin “Lamarck” Sow'crbv, 1843:
165a, pi. 31 A, figs. 3()(), 301 [= Licina reeveana
Pfeiffer, 1852b, /iV/e Bartscli, 1946: 175].
non Cijclostoma decu.ssatiiin “Pfeiffer” Pfeiffer, 1849:
178-179, pi. 29, figs. 10-13 [pi. 1848'P]; Pfeiffer,
1854c: pi. 38, figs. 38, 39 [=?; fide Mermod, 1852: 48].
non Licina decussata “Lamarck” Parkinson, 1987: 62,
fig. 53, below middle [= Parachondria lineolatiis
(Lamarck, 1822)].

Description: Shell medium-sized for genus (smallest=
12.4 mm, !argest= 15.0, average= 13.6, decollated). Elon-
gate conic, last w'horl narrow'lv solute for last G turn.
Umbilicus open, narrow. Protoconch of 1.5 rounded,
smooth, tan w'horls. 4-4.5 decollated remaining whorls,
most specimens are decollate. Spiral sculpture of ca.
30 Flint threads, w'idelv spaced, particularK below'

Page 86

THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 128, No. 3

suture, slightly stronger in uinhilicus. A.xial sculpture of
numerous, fine, closely spaced, erect lamellae. At inter-
sections of spiral and axial sculpture, surface has a
scalloped or finely l)eaded appearance. Suture shallow,
not chauueled, hounded i)y irregular groups of tufts.
Tufts composetl of one (rarely hvo fused) slightly e.xpauded
lamella. Aperture composed of an inner and an outer
lip, o\al, narrowly solute with pre\’ious whorl. Inner lip
smooth, barely erect, inconspicuous. Outer lip narrowly
expanded, much narrower toward umbilicus, scalloped
on umbilical side in some specimens, with a small but
prominent, coucaye auricle posteriorly. Base color tan to
yellowish, with \ague, brown spiral liands (most com-
monly at base), and axial, brown zig-zags. Tufts and
intersections of axial and spiral sculpture white. Lip
white, rarely witli color pattern continuing onto front
of lip. Aperture tan; outer color pattern prominent within
aperture. Operculum multispiral with an oblicjue, erect
calcareous lamella, often eroded off. Badula and anat-
omy unknow'ii.

T)pe Material: Synhpc MNIKh, unnumbered.

Tjpe Locality: “dans file de Porto-Hicco. “

Type Figure: Mermod, 1952: fig. 113.

Other Material (Specimens Examined; 59): Span-
ish Virgin Islands, Isla de \ie(]ues, UF 28647 (11),
UF 28668 (10), Monte Pirata, near snmmit, 260 ni;
UF 28670 (9), Playa Caracas; Cayo Luis Pena, UF
23271 (29).

Distribution: Puerto Rico: W idely distril)uted, partic-
ularly in the northeastern part of the island (yan der
Schalie, 1948): Spanisli X'irgin Islands: Isla de Xierpies,
Cayo Luis Pena, and prolrably Isla de Culebra.

Habitat: In the Spanish Virgin Islands this species is
widely distributed from sea level to the summit of Monte
Pirata at 260 m, tlie highest point on Isla de Vieejues. Its
specific habitat is not recorded. Most of Isla de V'ieques
is a National Wildlife Refuge or a U.S. Naval restricted
area; Cayo Luis Pena is a wildlife sanctuary.

Variation among Specimens: Specimens varx' in the
intensitx’ of the color pattern anti the strength of the
suture sculpture but are otherwise tjuite uniform in
the Lesser Antilles.

Comparison with Other Species: See under
Partichontlrid liiieolaius.

Oricinai. Description

(Translated from Latin) “Shell swollen-conic, barely per-
forate, dt'cussate striations, yellowish-red; w'avy longitu-
dinal browm lines; six convex whorls; margin of lip white,
reflectt'd. 7 lignes” [ca. 15.8 mm].

Etymology': L. deenssatns, with crossed-Iines.

Diplopoma (Diplopoma) stilculosum (Pfeiffer, 1852)
(Figures 131-134, 151)

Chresonymy

Cijclostomus siilculo.sus “Ferussac” Pfeiffer, 1851: 166
[noiuen mit/m/i]; Pfeiffer, 1852a: 242; Pfeiffer,
18541): 94; Watters, 2006: 497.

Cifclostoiuiis suturale “Ferussac” Pfeiffer, 1851: 166
[introduced in synonymy of Ci/clostomus sulctilosm
Pfeiffer, 1851]; iTeiffer, 1852b: 38 [in synonymy of
Cijdostomus snlcxihmis Pfeiffer, 1851]; Reeve, 1861:
pi. 16, fig. 105 [in synonymy of Ciiclostoiiuis
sulcitlosiis Pfeiffer, 1851]; Watters, 2006: 498 ]in
synonymy of Ct/clostomu.s siilrnlo.sus Pfeiffer, 1851].
CAjclophotiis sulnild^tis ("Ferussac” Pfeiffer, 1852). —
Pfeiffer, 1852b: 38.

Ci/clostoDuis? sulctilostis “Ferussac” Pfeiffer, 1852. —
Pfeiffer. 1853: 169.

Cistula sidciilosa “Ferussac.” — Pfeiffer, 1854b: 95.
Cijclostovui stdctdosuin “Ferussac” Pfeiffer, 1854d:

pi. 41, figs. 15, 17, 22, 23; Pfeiffer, 1854e: 318.
Ct/cl()st()i)uis sidmlosus “Ferussac.” Adams and Adams,
1856:291.

Chodnopovui sidcidcmim (“Ferussac”). — Pfeiffer, 1858:
101; Bland, 1861: 358, 360, table 2; Pfeiffer, 1865:
103; Bland, 1866: 142; Pfeiffer, 1876a: 157; Kobelt,
1880: 280; Horst and Shepman, 1908: 356.
Cifclostoiiia stdcidosiim “Ferussac.” — Reeve, 1861:
pi. 16, fig. 105.

CduHniopoiiia siilcido.suni (Pfeiffer, 1852). — Kofielt,
1880: 282; Dali and Simp.son, 1901: 435.

Atnuilaria (Aituiilaria) sidciilosum (“Ferussac”). —
Henderson and Rartsch, 1921: 73.
juannidaiia ? sidndosa (Pfeiffer, 1852). — W7itters, 2006:
91, 497.

De.scription: Shell small for genus (smallest=9.6 mm,
largest=15.0, average=lL8, decollated). Sliort conic,
compact, solid, last w'horl narrow'lv solute for last l/8th
turn. Umliilicus open, narrow, occluded by outer lip.
Protoconch unknown. 3. 7.5-4 decollate rem;iining wdiorls.
Spiral sculpture of ca. 14 rounded, prominent cliords, of
equal strength. A.xial sculpture of numerous, fine, closely
spaced, erect lamellae. Suture deep, channeled, largely
concealed by sutural tufts. Prominent tufts compo.sed of
irregular groups of erect, weakly fused lamellae, strongly
concave adapertur;illy, often broken off Aperture com-
posed of an inner and an outer lip, oval, veiy narrowly
solute w'ith prev'ious w'horl. Inner lip smooth, barely erect,
inconspicuous. Outer lip w'idelv expanded, thickened,
lamellate, much naiTow'er tow'ard umbilicus, scalloped
on umbilical side in some specimens, w'ith a prominent
auricle posteriorly. Base color pinkisli but overkiiu with
white axial and spiral sculpture; bands alnsent. First
remaining whorl dark reddish-lirown. Lip white. Aper-
ture tan to chestnut. Operculum, radula, and anat-
omy unknow'ii.

(;.T. Watters, 2014

Page 87

T)pe Material: Six speeinieiis at NIIMUK, unnuin-
hered, labeled with Pfeiffer's liaiuKvriting, from the
(aiming eolleetion, are probahlv svnhpes (Figure' 131 ).

T}pe Locality: "in insula Guadeloupe.”

Txpe Figure: Pfeiffer. 1 854e: pi . 4 1 , figs. 1 5, 1 7, 22, 23.

Other Material (Specimen.s Examined: 3): Anguilla,
(iTA\’ 1 14731) (1); UF 48708 (1), hsaac’s (fliff, Blaekgarden’s
Bav; UF 48713 (1 ), E edge of Katonche Bav X'allev.

Di.stributioii: Anguilla: Eastern Katouehe Bav Valiev
and Blaekgarden’s Bav. Isla de N'leepies, Guadeloupe,
Saint Bartelemy, fide Bland (1861, 1866); however,
f have not seen specimens from these islands. It is
unlikelv that it occurs at Isla de \'ie(jues. This appears to
be a rare species.

Habitat: Not recorded.

Variation among Specimen.s: The few specimen.s
seen vaiw in the degree to which the sutural tufts are
developed or worn awav.

Comparison with Other Species: The heavy' spiral

cords and nnnsual scalloped sutural tufts are unicpie.

Okiginai. De.scription

(Translated from Latin) “Shell barely umbilicate, oblong,
solid, with elevated lirae, sculpture with crowded longi-
tudinal lines, with crossed lirae (four to five may l)e
strong), not shining, yello\rish-red; spire gradually attenu-
ated, tnincate; suture somewhat channeled, with irregular
and distant thickened crenulations; 4 reniciining wliorls
slightly conve.x, front of last slightly solute; aperture verti-
Ccil, oval, brovv'ii inside; peristome white, double: inner a
little expanded, appressed, outer narrowly expanded, top
of lip a triangular elevation, to penultimate whorl verv
narrow, left margin narrow. Operculum ?” 14 mm length.

Discussion: This peculiar species is placed in
Diplopoina \rith reservations. I have not seen the
operculum but Henderson and Bartsch (1921) placed
it in Annularia suggesting a multispiral, lamellate opercu-
lum. It strongly resembles the Cuban Juannularia but no
intervening forms occur between Cul)a and the Lesser
Antilles. It does not seem closely related to any other
Lesser Antillean form and may de.serv'e its owm genus.

Etymology: L. sulcus, wrinkled or furrowed.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am indebted to the following institutions and personnel
for the images and the loan of specimens: (7. Paulay,
J. Slapsinsky', F. Thomp.son, (UF); P. Schuchert (MNHG);
C. Zorn (ZMB); K. Way (NHMUK); A. Baldinger (MCZ).
The manuscript greatly benefited from comments by
T. Pearce (Carnegie Museum of Natural History,
Pittsburgh, Penn.syK'ania).

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(;.T. Watters, 2014

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Pfeiffer, L. 1849. Die gedeckelten Laingenschnecken. (Helicinacea
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Pfeiffer, L. [March] 1854a. Descriptions of si.xty-si.x new land
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Pfeiffer, L. 1854e. Die gedeckelten Lungenschnecken.

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Pfeiffer, L. 1855. Beitriige zur Mollnskenfauna Westindiens.

Malakozoologische Blatter 2: 98-107, pi. 4
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Malakozoologische Blatter 4: 1.5.5-1,58.

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249 pp.

Pfeiffer, L. 18.59. Zur Molluskenfaiina der Insel Culra.

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Pfeiller, L. 1865. Monographia pncnmonopomornm xiventinm.
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Pfeiffer, f,. 1866. Be.schreihnng neuer Landschneckim.

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THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 128, No, 3

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THE NAUTILUS 128(3):91-96, 2014

Pa<re91

Bartschia (Agassitula) peartae, a new species of colnbrariid
(Gastropoda: Colubrariidae) from the tropica! western Atlantic

M. G. Harase^yeh
Department of Invertebrate Zoolog)'
National Museum oi Natural llistoA'
Sinithsoniau Institution
P.O. Box 37012

Washington, D(> 20013-7012 USA
Harase\vveh@si.edu

ABSTRACT

A new western Atlantic species belonging to the “Metula"
group is described and assigned to the subgemis Agassitula,
whicl) is proxisiouallv included in the genus Bartschia. This
new species, Bartschia (Agassitula) peartac, is larger, tluTiner,
more fusiform, and more densely pigmented than other west-
ern Atlantic memlrers of the "Metula" group.

Additional Kei/tcords: "Metula" group, protoconch, lanal
development

INTRODUCTION

The genus Metula (H. and A. Adams, 1853:84) was first
proposed to include lour deep-water l)uccinoidean spe-
cies with fusiform, finely cancellated shells. Kol)elt
(1876: 38-39) subse(|uently designated Buccitium

clathratum A. Adams and Reeve, 1850, as the tvpe spe-
cies. As detailed in a review by Emersttn (1986), the type
locality originally reported as off South Africa was erro-
neous and had been corrected by Tomlin (1927: 160),
who concluded that the t\pe material came from the
Pacific coast of Colombia. Emerson (1986: 27) also noted
that that the binomen Buccinum clathratum had previ-
ously !)een used by both Kiener (1834: 101) and Anton
(1839: 91), and that Metida amosi Vanatta, 1913 is the
oldest available name for the type species of Mettila.

As the number of species described as Metida has
increased (> 40 Recent and fossil species), they have l)een
variously apportioned among severed supiaLspecific taxa
(Table 1) that have been proposed, svTionymized, or trans-
ferred between the families Buccinidae and Colubrariidae
largely based on interpretations of shell moiphology.

Several of these supraspecific tcixa have lieen referred
to the family Colubrariidae on the basis of anatomical
studies (e.g.. Ponder, 1974: 328; Vermeij, 2001: 297), but
most subsequent authors (e.g., Olsson and Bayer, 1972;
Killmm, 1975; Iloubrick, 1984; Emerson, 1986; Beu and
Miixwell, 1987) concurred with Cernohorskv (1971), plac-

ing Metula and related genera in the subfamilv Pisaniinae
of the Buccinidae. A recent molecular study (Olix erio and
Modica, 2009: 794, figs. 5, 6) included Metula amo.si, the
hpe species of Metida, witliin a strongly supported clade
as tlie sister taxon to four species of Coluhraria,
confirming its placement within Colubrariidae.

Among the specimens collected in tlie Bahamas using
the DSV Jounson-Sk.-x-Link research submersibles over
the past several decades xx'ere tliree crabbed indix iduals
of a distinctixe new species most similar to Metula
agas.sizi Clench and Aguayo, 1941, the tx'pe species of
Agassitula Olson and Bayer, 1972. More recently, an
additional cixibbed specimen was collected in traps off
the southxv'estern coast of the Dominican Republic. This
nexv species is described herein, and proxisionallv
assigned to Agassitula, xx'hich had been proposed as a
subgenus of Metula, and subse<|uently .svnonvmized xxith
both Metula (Bouchet, 2014) and Bartschia Rehder,
1943 (Beu and Ma.x'xx'ell, 1987: 62), Bartschia has been
recognized as a genus by some authors (Bayer and
Olsson, 1972: 924; Beu and Maxxx'ell, 1987: 62; Garcia,
2008:144), but considered to be a subgenus of Metula by
others (Bouchet, 1988; Bozzetti, 1993).

A rex'ision of the .systematics of this large and complex
lineage xxithin Colubrariidae is clearly needed. In the
interim, data are provided that seiwe to distinguish
Bartschia from Metula, and to differentiate Bartschia
from Agassitula.

SYSTEMATICS

Eamily Colubrariidae Dali, 1904
Genus Bartnchia Rehder, 1943

Txpe species, bv original designation. Bartschia siguificaus
Rehder, 1943. '

Diagnosis: Shell (Figures 17-19) large for the family
(to 55 mm), solid, xxath elexated conical spire, evenly
rounded xxTorls lacking a shoulder, and a .short, broad.

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THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 128, No. 3

Table 1. Siipraspecific ta.xa related to Metula in the chronological order.

Metula H. and A. Adams, 1853. Tvi^e species, by subsequent designation of Kobelt (1976), Biiccintiin cJaihnitian A. Adams
and Reeve, 1850 [not Biicciiiuin clallinituin Kiener (1934:101) or AntoTi (1839:91)] == Metula ainosi X'anatta, 1913, Recent,
eastern Pacitic,

Araniptochetu.s (lossmann, 1901. T\pe species, by original designation, Murex initraefonnis, Brocclii. 1814. Mio-Pliocene
Italy. = Metula (Emerson, 1986:27; Ren and Ma.xwell, 1987:62).

Autiiuitra Iredale, 1917. T\pe species, bv original designation, Pleurotoina aegrota Ree\'e, 1845. Recent, Singapore. = Metula
( Kilburn, 2004: 269).

Anteuwtula Relider, 1943. T\pe species, bv original designation, Bucciiiuiii metula Hinds, 1944. = Acamptoclietus (Cernoliorskv,
1971:151), = Metula (Emerson, 1986:27; Ren and -Maxwell, 1987:62).

Baiiscliia Relider, 1943. 'l\-])e species, bv original designation, Bai-tschia significans Relider, 1943. Recent, Elorida Keys. = Mettila
iBaiischia) (Rouchet, 1988:1.50; Ro/zetti, 1993:1 11); = Baiischia (Ren and .Maxavell, 1987: 62; (larcia, 2008:144).

Kauamania Kuroda. 1951: 59-70. 'IVpe species, bv original designation, dolus (Aulacofusus) adonis Dali. 1919. Recent, Japan.
[Originally described as a subgenus of Metida, transferred to Colubrariidae by Eraussen and lamiy (2008).]

Coliihrarina Kurmla and llabe in Kuroda, Habe and Ox'auia. 1971. 'I\pe species l)y original designation. Antemetula (Coluhrarina)
metulina Kuroda and llabe in Kuroda, Habe and Ovaina, 1971. Recent, N\\’ Pacific. = Metula (Emerson. 1986:27; Reu ami
MiL\A\’ell, 1987:62).

Minilula Olsson and Raver, 1972. 'Pvpe species, bv original designation, Metula (Minitula) minor Ohson and Rayer, 1972. Pliocene,
Pdoiida. ? = Oolumbellidae (Ren aiul Maxvveli. 1987:62).

Agassitula Olsson ami Raver, 1972. dvpe species, bv original ilesignatton, Metnia agassizi Clench and Agnavo. 1941. = Acamptoclietus
(Agassitula) (Honbrick, 1984: 42.3); = Mriula (Rouchet, 2014); = Baiischia (Ren and Maxwell, 1987:62).

Floritula Olsson and Raver, 1972. T\pe species, by original designation, Metula rohertsi Olsson, 1967. Pliocene, P’lorida. = Metula
(Ren and Maxwell, 1987:62).

Casei/ella MacNeil in MacNeil and Docken', 1984. T\pe species, bv original designation, Metula ( Casetjella) neptuneifonnis .VlacNeil
in -MacNeil and Dockei'v, 1984. Oligocene, ,SE L'nited States. = Baiischia (Reu and Max-well, 1987:62).

tlorsally deflected siplional canal tliat crosses the coiling
axis of shell. Protoconch (Figures 26, 27) large, dome-
shaped, increa.se.s in diameter from 22.3 pm to 2.4 mm in
3'/) smootli, ex’cnlv rounded whorls. Transition to teleo-
conch distinct, marked liv onset of S spiral cords, followed
after Vi wliorl hv appearance of axial rihlets (~.3() per
whorl). Stitiire adpressed. Spiral sculpture of roundc'd
cords that intersect with opisthocline axial rihlets of similar
prominence on early whorls, producing a cancellated pat-
tern. Spiral cords hecome stronger than axial rihlets after
4*'' teleoconcli whorl. Aperture ox’al, broad, about 14 shell
lengtli; anal canal accentuated by thickening along poste-
rior region of outer lip. Outer lip with thickened x’arix
with short denticles, most pronounced along central por-
tion. Parietal region and columella with thick callus.
Shell base color whitish yellow, with 4 hands of chestnut
brown maculations at the suture, shell periphei'v, ante-
rior to shell periphery, and along tip of siplional canal.
Aperture white.

Remarks: Baiischia may he readily distinguished
from Metula (Figures 1-3), as exemplified by their
respectix'e type species, in haxing a proportionally
broader shell with more evenly rounded whorls, a
shorter, wider aperture with more pronounced ilenticles
along the outer lip, slightly coarser sculpture with spiral
cords dominant, and a color pattern consisting of four
spiral brown hands. The spiral cord bordering the suture
is not enlarged. The protoconch o{ Baiischia is diagnos-
tic in being dome-shaped and consisting of 3‘A smooth,
rounded whorls that increase in diameter tenfold from
first to last whorl (Table 2).

Suhgenus Agassitula Olsson and Haver, 1972

Agassitula Olsson and Bayer, 1972. Type species, by
original designation, Metnia agassizi Clench and
Agnavo, 1941.

Diagnosis: Shell (Figures 7-9) of moderate size for
the family (to 39 mm), solid, with tall, elongated, conical
spire (about 14 shell length), evenly rounded whorls, nar-
row aperture, and a long, slender, attenuated, dorsally
reflected siplional canal that crosses the coiling axis of
shell. Protoconch (Figures 22, 23) increases in diameter
from 3.50 pm to 1.5 mm in about 2 smooth, glas.sy whorls.
Transition to teleoconcli distinct, marked by onset of 4-
5 spiral cords, followed within Vh whorl by iixial riblets.
Suture adpressed. Sculpture of weaker rounded spiral
cords and stronger opisthocline axial rihlets intersecting
to produce a cancellated pattern. Ribs and cords of equal
strength by .5*'“ teleoconcli whorl. Aperture oval, gener-
ally broadest posterior to midpoint. Outer lip thickened
to produce sinuate varix, lined with short denticles. Shell
color ivory, with traces of 4 browmish spiral bands in
some specimens.

Remarks: Agassitula (Figs. 7-16) may be distin-
guislied from Baiischia (Figs. 17-19) and Metula
(Figs. 1-6) in having a more elongated shell with a spire
that is generally equal to or greater than half the shell
length, an ovate aperture, and a more elongated siplional
canal that is distally attenuated and recurved. Pigmenta-
tion is v'ariable. The four bands may be barely discern-
ible, or pronounced to the point of overlapping. The

M.(J. llarasewTcli, 2014

Page 93

Figures 1-19. SlielLs oi' M etui a arid Bartschia species. 1-3. MetuJa ainosi Vanatta, 1913, USNM 518256, dredged in Panama Bay,
Panama. 4-6. Metula inetula (Hinds, 1844), USNM 824614, Tayabas Bay, Marinduque, Philippine Islands, trawled in deep water.
7-9. Bartschia {AgassituJa) agassizi (Clench and Aguayo, 1941), USNM 810504, 5 miles NE ol’ Alicetowai, North Bimini, Bahamas, in
45-115 1ms, RA'' Silver B.ay sta. 2488. 10-12. Bartschia (Agassitula) guppifi Olsson and Bayer, 1972, holotype, USNM 706729,
off Bocas de Drago, NW of Trinidad, in 137-143 m, RA' Pillsbury Sta. P-849. 13-16. Bartschia (Agassiiula) peartae new species.
13-15. HoloKpe, USNM 1004131. 16. Paratvpe 1, both off Fernandez Bay, San Salvador, Bahamas, in 271 m, DS\' Johnson-Sea-
Link I sta. JSL-1-2328. 17-19. Bartschia significans Rehder, 1943, holotype, USNM 516493, dredged off the Dry Tortugas, Florida
Keys. 1 cm scale bar applies to all images.

Page 94

THE NAUTILUS, Vol, 128, No. 3

Table 2. Measurements oi illustrated specimens. .AL = .Aperture length; AW’ = aperture width; SL = shell length; SW’ = .Shell
width. D initial = initial diameter ol the protoconch; D final = final tliameter of the protoconch.

Metula ainosi

Metula metula

Apciss itui a agass i zi

Agassitula peartae n. sp.

Ba rtsch ia sign ificaus

AiySL

0..50.3

0..521

0.492

0.517

0.519

SW’/SL

0.314

0.312

0.342

o.;3;34

0.401

.AWVAL

0.279

0.277

0..351

0.494

0.,380

Protoconch D initial

p

361 pm

350 pm

286 pm

223 pm

Protoconch D final

1 .3 mm

1 .5 mm

1 .3 mm

2.4 mm

Protoconch # whorls

p

2‘/2

2

iy4

3 'A

protoeoiicli oi A^assitiila most closely resemliles tliat of
Meiiiht ainosi (as extrapolated from iiieompletelv pre-
served examples) in size, shape and number of whorls,
hut these both differ from Indo-Pacifie spt'cies attrib-
uted to Meiulti (Figs. 4-6, 20-21 ).

BartHchia {Agassitiila) peartae new species
(Figures 13-16, 26-27)

Description: Shell (Figures 13-16) large for genus (to
71 mm), thin, biconical, fusiform, with tall, narrow spire
(spire angle 28-34°) comprising more tlian V2 total shell
length. Protoconch (Figures 24-25) increasing in diame-
ter from 268 pm to 1 .3 mm in lya glassy, rounded whorls,
with fine axial growih striae near teleoconch. Transition
to teleoconch (Figures 24-25, arrow's) marked bv forma-
tion of incised suture and 3 broad spiral cords (apical
most prominent and first to be formed) follow'ed by axial
ribs that become stronger and more regnlarlv spaced
within Va w'horl. Teleoconch with up to 8 evenlv rounded,
convex w'hoiis without distinct shoulder, with periodic

thickened varices beginning on third teleoconch w'horl,
occurring even' 14-1 whorl tliereafter. Suture adpressed
bv third teleoconch w'horl. Spiral sculpture of 35-37
ronnded cords on last whorl; 13-15 cords on siplional
canal, and 21-23 on penultimate w'horl, intersecting with
similarlv spaced, slightly ciin’ed, opisthocline axial ribs
(67-70 on final whorl) to produce a finely reticulated
pattern of scjiiarish nodes over the surface of the shell.
Spiral .sculpture more prominent on early whorls; axial
sculpture slightly dominant on later wiiorls. Aperture
large, narrow', deflected from coiling axis by 9-11°, with
a w'eaklv delimited anal canal. Outer lip with narrow',
thickened, rounded varix with 23-26 short denticles,
sharpest posteriorly, becoming broader, more rounded
and less distinct anteriorly, absent along siplional canal.
Parietal callus tliin along inductura, sliglitlv thicker along
smooth, axial columella. Siplional canal long, broad,
open, deflected dorsally and adaxially, witliout forming
fasciole or psendoumbilicus. Sliell base color w'liite to
light tan, with numerous small, elongated golden brow'ii
spots coalescing to form irregular, mottled patterns that

F'igure.s 20-27. .Scanning electron micrographs (apical and lateral xiew's) of the protoconchs of: 20-21. Metula mettda (Hinds,
1844), USNM 279906, Bntung Strait, 6.5 miles St) of Tikola Peninsula, Sulawesi, Indonesia, trawled in 68 111. 22-23. Bartschia
(A^a.ssittila) a^assizi (Clench and Aguayo, 1941) (Specimen in figures 7-9). 24-25. Bartscliia {Agassitula) peiiae new species,
holotxpe, USN.VI 1()()41.'31. 26—27. Batiscliia si^uificans Hehder, 194.3, USNM 450812, RV Koi.is sta. .323, 110 fins, off Sand Key,
Florida, 1916. 1 mm scale bar applies to all images. Arrows indicate transition from protoconch to teleoconch.

M.(^ HarasewTcli, 2014

Page 95

are darkest and densest in four spiral hands, the widest
along the shell periphery. Apt'rture wliite along peripherv;
hrowTiisli interioiiv (as a result of its l)eing translneent.)

T^pe Locality: Off Fernandez Bav, San SaKador,
Bahamas (24°' 1.7' K, 74° 32.65' \V),' in 271 in, DSV
)()h.\,s()\-Se.\-Link I, sta. JSL-1-2328.

T>pe Material: Holohpe, USNM 1004131, Paratspes
1-2, USNM 1250297, from the t\'pe loealiU; Paratvpe 3,
C. E\ erson collection, off Isla Beata, southwestern coast
of the Dominican Republic, in trap in 61-122 m.

Distribution: This species is presently known from
the central Bahamas and the SW' coast of the Dominican
Republic, at depths from 61-271 m.

Et^molog^': This species is named in lionor of Ms.
Marie Peart, in recognition of her contributions and ser-
\ice to The Bailey-Matthews National Shell Museum.

Comparative Remarks: Although much larger in
size, the sliape of this species most closely resembles
Meiiila miocenica Schmeltz and Portell, 2003, from the
M iocene Chipola Formation of Northern Florida, and
the Recent Batischia {A^assitula) agassizi, from compa-
rable depths off Florida and Cuba. It differs from both in
having a thinner shell, with much finer surface sculpture
and weaker dentition along the outer lip. The coloration
of this new species approximates that of Barfschia
significam and to a lesser degree Mefiila inetula (Hinds,
1844) (Figures 4-6). From the former, it differs in haxlng
a more fusiform shell with a proportionally tdler spire,
and finer, more eyenly cancellated sculpture. From the
latter, it differs in its larger size, more diffuse coloration,
and the lack of an enlarged spiral cord along the suture.
It may easily be distinguished from both on the basis
of significant differences in protoconch morphologv’. The
protoconch of Batischia (Agassitula) peatiae (Figures 24-
25) is far smaller and has fewer whorls tlian tliat of
Batischia (Batischia) sigtiificans (Figures 26-27). Although
more similar in size to the protoconch oi Mettda metula
(Figures 26-21), it lacks the pustules on the first half
whorl and subsequent spiral threads present on tlie
protoconch of that species.

DISCUSSION

Members of the “Metula” group (loosely defined as spe-
cies described in or subsecjuently referred to one of the
SLipraspecific taxa listed in Table 1) inhabit subtidal to
bathyal soft bottom substrates in tropical and temperate
oceans. Most are relatively rare in collections and known
only from their shells. Radulae have been described for
few species (Bouchet, 1988; Ponder, 1974). In addition
to the molecular studies of Oliverio and Modica (2009,
see above), Kantor et al. (2013: 2) included sequences of
Metula sp., which served as an outgroup in their studies
of deep-sea wood-dwelling buccinids.

Mncb work remains to be done to unravel the rela-
tionships among these' many taxa, a task made more
difficult by tl le ])aueit\' of anatomical and mok'cular
material. Altbough the majority of examined sjieeimens
had protoconchs that were either worn or broken, there
is nevertheless considerable' variatiein in jireiteiconch
morpholeigx' ameing the many spe'cie's ine-lnele'el in this
greiup. Altena (1949: figs. 1-7) maek' use eif elistinctive
pre)te)ce)nch meirpheikigies to elistinguish sjie'cie's anel lin-
eages e)f Inek)-Pacific t;L\a anel spe'cnlate'el that tlie'v elif-
fered ceinsielerably in their laiAal eceikigx’.

The pre>te)ce)nch of B. sip^tiificaiis eliffers from those' eif
either members eif the Metula greiiip in hax’ing a smaller
initial eliameter (inelicating a smaller egg size') that
increases tenfeikl prieir tei metameirjiheisis (sugge'sting
the presence eif nurse eggs in the' egg capsnk'). This
species appears te) have a limiteel geeigraphical range
ceimpareel tei species eif Aptissitula, which hax'e a
preiteiceinch tvpical eif species with elire^ct elevelopment.
Preiteiceinch meirpheikigv eif Metula tiiefula anel seime eif
the species treateel by Altena as Aitleiiiettila inelicates a
plankteinic laiwal stage feir seime Inelei-Pacific taxa.

ACKNOWLEDGM ENTS

1 thank Gene Eversein, eif Lemisville, Kentucky, feir
preniding pheiteigraphs anel informatiein about the speci-
men in his ceillectiein, which is paratxpe 3. The assistance
of Yeilanela Villacampa with the Scanning Ele-'ctrem
Micreigraphs is gratefully ackneiwleelgeei.

LITERATURE CITED

Aelains, 11. and A. Aelams, 1853. The Genera of Recent
.Vlollusca; arrangeel acceireling to their organization. John
van Voorst, London, vol. 1: 1-256, pis. 1-32.

Adams, A. anel L. Reex'e, 1850. Molln.sca, pt. 2:25-44, pis. 10-17,
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Altena, C.O. van R. 1949. The genus Aufetiietuhi Reheler in the
Indo-west Pacific Area, with the elescription ol txvo new
fossil species. Bijdragen tot de Dierknnde 29: 385-393.

Anton, H.E. 1839. Verzeichniss der ConchvHen welche sich in
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Ben A.G. anel P.A. Maxwell 1987. A rewisiein ol the lossil anel
living gastropods relateel to Plesiotritoii Fischer, 1884 (Fam-
ily Cancellaiiidae, Subfamily Plesiotiitoninae n. snblain.).
With an appendix: Genera of Buccinidae Pisaniinae related
to Colultraiia Schninacher, 1817. Nc'w Zealanel Geological
Surv'ey Paleontokrgical Bullehn 54: 1-140.

Bonchet, P. 1988. Twei new species of Metula (Gastropoda:
Buccinidae) with a elescription ol the radula ol the genus.
The Nautilus 102: 149-153.

Bouchet, P. 2014. Agassitula Olsson & Bayer. 1972. .Accessed
through: Worlel Register of Marine Species at http:/A\vv'w
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20 14-07-06

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Bozzetti, L. 1993. De.scriptlon of a new .specie.s of the genu.s
Metiihi H. & A. Adams, 1853 (Uastropoda, Frosobrancliia,
Buecinidae) from the we.steni Indian Ocean. Ape.x 8: 1 1 1-f f3.

Cernolior,sk\’. W’.O. 1971. Indo- Pacific Pisaniinae (.Mollusca:
Oastropoda) and related Imccinid genera. Records of th(“
Auckland Institute and Mnseinn 8: 137-167.

Olench, W.J. and C.O. Aguavo. 1941. Notes and descriptions of
new deep-water Mollnsca obtained by the Har\ard-f fa\ ana
pApeditioTi off Onba. 1\’. .Vlemorias de la Sociedad Cnbana
de llistoria Natnriil “Felipe Poev” 15: 177-180, pi. 14.

Oos.smann, M. 1901 . Fssais de paleonconchologir' comparee. 4.
Cossmann, Paris, 293 pp., 10 pis.

Emerson, W. K. 1986. On the t\pe species of Metula H. &
A. .'\dams, 185.3. Biicciniiin rlalhratinn A. .Adams and Reese,
18.50 (Ga,stropoda: Bnccinidae). The Nautilus 100: 27— .30.

F’ranssen K. and D. Lamv. 2008. Revision of the genus
Kinianuiina Knroda, 1951 (Gastropoda: Golnbraiiidae) with
the desciiption of two new species. Novapiw 9: 129-140.

Garcia, E.F. 2008. Four new bnccinid spc'cies (Gastropoda:
Bnccinidae) from the western .Atlantic. Novapex 9: 141-148.

Hinds, R.B. 1844 — 15. d’he z(X)l()g\’ of the vovage of lf.M..S.
■Snlplmr: under the command of Gaptain Sir Edward
Belcher, R.N., G.B., F. R.G.S., etc., during the years 1836-
42. \i)l. 11, .Mollusca. Smith. Flder and Go., fjondon, v 4-
72 pp., 21 pis.

ffoubrick, R.S. 1984. .A new "Metula" species from the Indo-
West Pacific (Prosobranchia: Bnccinidae). Iboceedings of
the Biological Society of Washington 97: 420—424.

Iredale, E.T. 1917. More mollnscan name changes, geTieric
and specific. Proceedings of the .Malacological Society of
Imndon 12: .322-3.30.

Kantor, 'i’.l., N. Pnillandre, K. Franssen, A.E. k’edosov, and
P. Bouchet, 2013. bleep-water Bnccinidae (Gastropoda:
Neogastropoda) from sunken wood, yents and seeps: molec-
ular phviogeny and taxonomy. Jonnial of the .Marine Biolog-
ical As.sociation of the United Kingdom 93: 2177-2195.

Kiener. L.C. 1834. Species General et iconographie des
cocjuilles vivantes. Genre Bnccin. J. B. Balliere, Paris, 9,
108 pp., 29 pis.

Kilbnrn, R.N. 1975. 'laxonomic Tiotes on South .African marine
.Mollnsca (5): including description of Tiew taxa of
Rissoidae, Gerithiidae, Tonnidae, Gassididae, Bnccinidae,
Fasciolariidae, Tnrbinellidae, 'I'urridae, Architectonicidae,
Epitoniidae, Limidae and 'I’hraciidae. Annals of the Natal
Mnsenm 22: .592—59.5, pi. 10.

Kilburn R.N. 2004. Tlie identities of Oiitouia and Antimitra
(Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conidae and Bnccinidae). African
Inv'ertebrates 45: 263-270.

Kobelt, W'. 1876. Illustrirtes CoTichylienbnch. Bauer and
Raspe, -Niirnberg, vol. 1, pp. 1-40, pis. 1-10.

Knroda, T, 1951. Descriptions of a new genus of a marine
gastropod, Kanauiania gen. n., and a Tiew species of a
bivalve, Ahra kanamanii. sp. n., dedicated to Mr. T.
Kanamaru on his 60''' birthday (The Celebration Number
of Mr. T. Kanamaru's 60th Birtliday). Venus 16: 68-72.

Kuroda, T, T. Ilabe, and K. Oyama. 1971. The Sea Shells of
Sagami Bay, collected by His Majesty d’he Emperor
of Japan. Maruzen, Tolrvo. 74 f pp. [JapaTiese text] 4-
121 pis. 4- 489 pp. [English text] 4- 51 pp. [index] 4- map.

MacNeil, F.S. aTid D.'f. Dockery, 111. 1984. Lower Oligocene
Gastropoda, Scaphopoda and Cephalopoda of the Vicksburg
Group in Mississippi. Mississippi Department of Natu-
ral Resources, Bureau of Geology, Bulletin 124: 415 pp. 4-
72 pis.

Oliverio, M. and M.V Modica. 2009. Relationships of the
haematophagons marine snail Colubraria (Rachiglossa:
Colnbrariiilae), within the neogastropod phylogenetic
framework. Zoological journal of the linnaean Society
158:779-800.

Olsson, .A., A. and F. M. Bayer. 1972. American Metulas
(Gastropoda: Bnccinidae). Bulletin of .Marine Science 22:
900-925.

Ponder. W’. F. 1974. 'Fhe Origin arid Evolution of the
Neogastropoda. Malacologia 12: 295-338.

Rehder, fU.A. 1943. New Marine Mollusks from the Antillean
Region. Proceedings of the United States National
.Mmseum 93(3161): 187-203, pis. 19-20.

Schmeltz, G.W’. and R.W’. Portell, 2003. A new species of
Metula (Gastropoda: Colnbrariidae) from the Lower
.Miocene Chipola Formation of Florida. The Nautilus
117: 12-14.

Tomlin, j.R. le B. 1927. The Mollusca of the “St. George”
Expedition, journal of Conchologv, 18: 153-170.

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shells. Proceedings of the .Academy of Natui'al Sciences
of Philadelphia 65: 22-27, pi. 2.

\ermeij, G.j. 2()01. 'f’axonomy, disti'ibntion and characters of
the pre-Oligocene members of the Caiithanis group of
Pisaniinae (Neogastropoda: Bnccinidae). journal of Pale-
ontology 75: 295-309, 1 pi.

THE NAUTILUS 128(3):97-1(){), 2014

Page 97

Two new giant carnivorous land snails of tlie genus Eiif^landina

(Gastropoda: Piilinonata: Spiraxidae) from Honduras

Fred G. Thompson
Florida Museum of Natural lliston^
Caiuesxille, FL USA 32611
rgt@nmnli.ufl.edu

ABSTRACT

'I'wo giant species of the gCTUis Eu^Iandiitd are described from
Honduras. Both have ver\’ restricted distributions at interme-
diate elevations oti Cerro Santa BaiTara. 'Hies’ belong to a
species group that includes five other remarkably large species
from Me.xico and Central America.

Additioiial Kei/word.s: New species, pulmonate, Central America,
Cerro Santa Barbara

INTRODUCTION

The Spincxidae is a large family of carnivorous land snails
found in tropical America and Mediterranean Europe.
Eiiglandina is a diverse genus. It is distributed from the
southern United Sates to Bolivia. Eortv-lour species are
recognized in Mexico and Central America, hut this is
undoubtedly an under-measure of the tcixonomic diversity’
of the genus, because most of the region remiiins poorly
explored for its molluscan fauna. Species vary’ in size from
the minute — EugUnidina (GuiUarmodia) hrachi/sti/la
Thompson, 1995, which reaches a length of 6.4 mm, to
the gigantic and ponderous Eu^hmdina {Euglandina) titan
Thompson, 1987, which attains a length of 112 mm.
Giant species of Euglandina comprise a group of extraor-
dinary large species within the subgenus Euglandina
from Me.xico and Central America (Thompson, 1987).
These include E. soiverbi/ana sowerhifana (Pfeiffer, 1846),
E. sowerhi/ana estephanae (Strebel, 1875), E. gigantea
Pilsbry 1926, E. aurata (Morelet, 1849), E. titan
Thompson, 1987, E. pan Thompson, 1987, and
E. vanuxeniensis (Lea, 1834). On the basis of color
patterns, which consist of incremental, rust-colored
flames and granular sculpture, it appears that the first
five species comprise a natural group. The last species is
more distantly related.

Giant Euglandina species are seldom found, judging
by the few specimens that have made their way into
malacological collections and on the basis of my field
experiences. Relatively few specimens are available for
taxonomic analysis, and seldom are more than one or

two specimens available from any single locality. The
discoveiT of txvo new giant species from Honduras is
worthy of notice. Molluscan suiweys of selected regions
of Honduras were made by the author during 1993-
1995. Tlie two new species were found on only a few
occasions, and these were from very restricted localities
on Cerro Santa Barbara, a mountain massif reaching
2700 m in altitude and consisting mostly of karst lime-
stone. The mountain has steep slopes on all sides making
access to higher elevations very' difficult. Much has yet to
be learned a!)()ut the molluscan fauna of there, as well as
of higher elevations elsewhere in Honduras.

No Central American countiw can be described as well-
known malacologically. Certainly Costa Rica has the best
documented fauna, and Honduras has the least. Most
areas in Honduras remain poorly explored for mollusks.
Only Kvo other species of Etiglandina are known from
there, E. (Singlet/a) canninemis (Morelet, 1849) and E.
iCAisinonenuis) cumingi (Beck, 1837) (Thompson, 201 1).

This study is prompted by the necessity to make
known two extraordinary species of land snails, and add
to our knowledge of the Honduran fauna.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Specimens are deposited in the Malacology' Collection at
the Florida Museum of Natural Histoiw (UF). Measure-
ments are standard. The shell length (SL) is from the
apex to the base of the peristome parallel to the shell
axis. The shell width (SW) is the widest part of the shell
peiirendicular to the shell axis. The aperture height (Apl 1 )
is the length of the aperture in a plane parallel to the
shell iLxis. The number of xvhorls (Wi) is counted from
the initial suture of the first xvhorl of the protoconch to
the outer peristome.

SYSTEMATICS

Euglandina (Euglandina) hyperion new .specie.s
(Figures 1-2, Table 1)

Diagnosis: Giant species of the subgenus Euglandina
with elongate-ovate shell up to 92 mm long and up to

Page 9S

THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 128, No. 3

Figures 1-5. New .specie.s ni Euglandina. 1, 2. Eiigkmdiua ht/perion new species. Holotvpe, UF 476155. 3-5. Euglandiiia encladus
new species. 3-4. Holoty}X“, UF 488668. 5. Paratyiie, UF 221542. Shell measurements in Tables 1, 2.

F.G. Thompson, 2014

Ihigo 99

Table 1. Eii^laiuliiia hi/j)eriou new species. Shell nieasnre-
inents ol liolohpe (UF 476155) and three paraKpes, all Iroin
t\pe localih’ (San Luis de Planes); in alt = altitude in meters,
other al)hre\iations explained in Materials and Methods.

Specimen

m alt

SL

.SW

ApH

Wh

S\\7SL

ApH/SL

Holotxpe

1300

92

45

47

7-t

0.49

0.51

UF 221084

1300

82

38

44

8.0

0.46

0..54

UF221()56a

1400

82

38

46

7.9

0.46

0.55

UF 2210561)

1400

79

38

45

7.8

0.48

0..57

Table 2. Eu^lniuliiui eiiclndns new species. Shell ineasnre-
ments ol holotxpe (11?’ 468668), two paratxpes (UF 221542), aiul
a specimen from 3 km west ol'Nueva Esperanza (UF 194565).
Abbreviations explained in Materials and Methods.

Specimen

SL

SM’

ApH

AM)

SAV/SL

,ApH/SL

Holotxpe

93

38

48

7.3

0.41

0.52

Para type

86

39

47

7.2

0.46

0.55

Para txpe

84

35

42

7.2

0.42

0.50

UF 194565

84

36

44

7.3

0.43

0.52

8.0 whorls separated by moderately impressed sntnre.
Shell light golden-brown with slightly darker spire aiid
narrow white sub-suturale zone demarcating cremilate
sculpture bordering suture. Suture crenulated with
enlarged white denticles. Shell sutdace sculptured with
fine incremental growih threads crossed bv spiral stria-
tions, producing vertically elongate granular tubercles
about as high as wide. Aperture about half shell length,
with short, strongly flexed columella.

Description; Shell moderately thick-w'alled and
opa(]ue, large, up to 92 mm long and 0.46-0.49 times as
wide as long. Shell longate-ovate with stniiglit-sided spire
and tumid body whorl. Shell color light-brown, with occa-
sional darker streaks along fracture zones and irregular,
narrow white sub-sutural zone. Upper w'horls darker.
Aperture interior livid-wiiite. Whorls 7.8-8. 0. Protoconch
smooth, slightly raised, consisting of 2.2 whorls only
weakly differentiated from teleoconch. First protoconch
w'horl raised. Whorls separated by strongly impressed
suture, distinctly arched. Protoconch smooth. First
teleoconch whorl with regularK' spaced, w'eak ;ixial
threads that become stronger costae on subsequent
whorls where they are decussated by sharp incised spiral
striations to produce vertically elongate granules slightly
higher than wide (Figures 1, 2). Granules strongest
above wliorls periphery, becoming slightly smaller
toward base. Along suture, clusters of 2-3 costae l)ecome
enlarged and coalesce forming strong, irregularly spaced
and irregularly sized white denticles that cremilate the
suture (Figure 2a). Band of denticles not demarcated
from incremental costae by an impressed spiral groove
along their bases. Aperture relatively narrow and sinu-
ous, widest near base, aperture length 0.51-0.57 times

shell length. Parietal wall neaiiv straight, weakly con-
cave in ontliiu'. Parietal callus thin, transluccmt wiiite.
Outer lip neaiiv uniformly arched. In lateral view,
outer lip slightly arciu'd fonvard below periphcrx’
(Figure 2). Golumella relatively short and strongly
twisted at a!)out 20-30° to sluil axis, (‘xtending
sliglitly fonvard.

Type Material: Holotxpe: UF 476155; collcct(“d
3 March, 1994 by Fred G. Thompson. ParatxiKxs:
UF 221084 (3 specimens), all from txpe locality; UF
221056 (2 specimens), a heavily foresti'd limestone sink
2.5 km southeast of San Luis de Planes, 1400 m alt.,
collected 2 March 1994 by Fred G. Thompson and
Steven P. Christman.

Txpe Locality: Honduras, Dept. Santa Barbara, San
Luis de PlanesM 14.9833° N, -88.1333° W); 1300 m alt.

Other Loealitie.s: Honduras, Dept. Santa Barbara,
north slope of Cerro Santa Barliara, 4 km south of
San Lin's de Planes, 1700 m. alt. 3 March 1994 (UF
221717 - a single specimen w'as accidently crushed bv
the author when stepped on).

Di.stiibution: Honduras, knowm only from the xicinitx'
of the txpe locality between 1300-1700 m alt.

Comparison.s: Efi^laiidiiia (£.) ^i^aiitea PilsbiT, 1926
from Costa Rica is similar in shape and in size. It mea-
sures up to 90 mm long with up to 7.3 whorls. The apical
whorl is flat, revolving in a plane, not elevated as in
E. ht/perion new species. The color of the shell is li gilt-
orange with irregularly spaced longitudinal dark orange
streaks. The suture is bordered by a band of nearly uni-
formly sized elongate denticles that w'eaklv cremilate
the suture. The decussated axial sculpture consists of
granules that are nearly as wide as high. Tlie denticles
along the suture are separated from the sculpture below
by a weakly impressed spiral groove. The aperture is
more elongated, 0.57-0.68 times the shell length (see
Thompson, 1987).

Etiolandina sowerJnjdnti sowerbijaua from eastern
Mexico has an elliptical-ovate shell with a conv'cx spire.
The subspecies E. soiverbijaiia estephaniae differs from
E. s. .soiuerbpana and E. }ujperion by its slenderer form
and smaller size.

Eu^landiiia cnirata from Guatemala also is smaller and
slender, lias a weakly lieaded suture and a nearly vertical
columella. Euglandina titan from (hiatemala is a x'ery
large obese species with nearly smooth incremental
threads that are not decussated bv spiral sculpture, and
has minute beads that w'eakly cremilate the suture.
Fji^landina h!f])eri()n new species is similar to the follow-
ing species, as discussed beloxw

Etymology': The species name, a noun in apposition,
honors Hip)ehon ( Yne.piov), a Titan god, son ol Gara and
Uranus, from the Classical C.reek mythology.

Page 100

THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 128, No. 3

Engl andina encladuH new species
(Figures 3-5)

Diagnosis: Giant species up to 93 uuu long, 0.42-
0.46 times as wide as long, and elongate-elliptical in
shape, with up to 7.3 whorls forming straight-sided
spire. VMiorls separated by deeply impressed suture.
Golor light-browTi with irregularly spaced, rust-colored
streaks and irregular, narrow white zone horderiim
suture. Sculpture of axial gro\\4h threads decussated hy
spiral striations to form elongate heads hvice as high as
wide. Suture crenulated by relatiyely small white denti-
cles. Aperture 0.50-0.55 times shell lengtli. Columella
nearly vertical.

De.scription: Shell is light brown in color with irregu-
larly spaced rust-colored vertical streaks most pro-
nounced on lower two or three whorls (Figures 3-4).
Suture bordered below by irregular narrow wliite zone.
Shell about 84-93 mm long in adult specimens, not pon-
derous in size, 0,41-0.46 times as wide as long. Shell
gracefully elongate-elliptical with straight-sided spire.
Body whorl not noticeably inflated. Mature specimens
with 7. 2-7. 3 whorls and strongly impressed suture that
descends gradually to aperture. Whorls mildly inflated
and uniformly rounded between sutures. Protoconch of
3.5 smooth whorls weakly differentiated from teleoconch.
First two protoconch whorls smooth. Subsecjiient whorl
bears weak a.\ial striations, which become progressively
stronger. Teleoconch sculptured with incremental stria-
tions decussated by spiral striation to form elongate
granules about hvice as high as wide. Spiral striations
nearly ecjuallv spaced. Decussated sculpture ecpiallv
developed to base of last whorl. Below suture clusters of
2-3 incremental threads coalesce to form band of white
denticles that creniilate suture (Figure 4a). Denticles
irregular in size and spacing. Band of denticles not
demarcated from sculpture below e.xcept in size. Aperture
elongate-auriculate. Parietal margin strongly arched and
vvath thin transparent callus. Columella truncated, short,
and nearly vertical, lying at about 5-10° angle to shell
;Lxis, and weakly advanced at base. Peristome slightly
arched fonvard in lateral profile (Figure 4).

Txpe Material: Holohpe: UF 468668; collected 25
May 1994 by Fred G. Thompson. Parahpes: UF 221542
(9 specimens); UF 221546 (6 specimens), same data as
the holohpe.

Type Locality: Honduras, Dept. Santa Barbara, east
slope of Cerro Santa Barbara 5 km northwest of San Jose
de Los Andes (14.9167° N, -88.1° W), 2100 m alt.

Other Loealitie.s: Honduras, Dept. Santa Barbara: the
east slopt' of Gerro Santa Barbara, above Las Quebradas,
3 km west of Nueva Esperanza (14.9333 N, —88.0 W),
1200 m alt. (UF 194565); Gerro Santa Barbara, 0.5 km
east of Ocotillo (15.1828 N, -87.9583 W), 2100 m alt.
(UF 194546, 194547). [Ocotillo is a small community on

the east slope of Cerro Santa Barbara. It is not to be
confused with El Ocotillo, Dept. Francisco Morazan
(13.8333 N, -87.25 W).]

Comparison: Euglandina endndiis is similar to
£. lujperion. It differs from the latter species by its elon-
gate-elliptical shape, by having a deeply impressed
suture, by its rust-colored streaked color pattern, by the
sculpture of the teleoconch and by the development of
the columella. The sculpture of E. encladiis has elongate
granules that are about hvice as long as wide. The parie-
tal margin of the aperture is arched into the aperture and
the columella is longer and it is more nearly vertical,
Eiiglaiidina Jiijperioii is ponderous with about 7.7-
8.0 whorls, has a tumid body whorl, a weakly impressed
suture, and a nearly uniformly colored shell that does not
have distinct rust-colored streaks. The granular sculp-
ture is nearly as wide as long. The parietal margin of the
aperture is very weakly ciiiwed and the columella is
shorter aiul strongly curved.

EtyTOoIogya The specific epitliet enceladiis (FvKszidnc),
honors the son of Gaia (Faith) and Uranus (Sky), a Giant
from the Glassical Greek mvtholog\’.

AG K N ( )\\ LF DG M E NTS

The following people assistetl with field work
in Honduras: Steven P. Ghristman, Quincy, Florida;
Eric Fernandez, Tampa, Florida; Harry G. Lee,
Jacksonville, Florida; john Polisar, Wildlife Conservation
Society, New York, NY. And the late J. Malcolm Pierson,
Montgomei'v, Alabama. Tlie author is grateful to hvo
anonymous rexiewers, wliose comments have improved
tliis paper.

LITFBATUBE CITED

Lea, I. 1834. (Observations on the naiads, and descriptions of
new species of that and other families. Transactions of the
.American Philosopliical Society 5: 2.‘3-85.

Morelet, A. 1849. Te.stacea novissima Insulae Cnbae et .Americae
Centralis 1: 1-92. Paris.

Pfeiffer, L. 1846. Diagnosen nener Ileliceen. Zeitschrilf fiir
Malakozoolgie 3: 158-160,

Pilsbiv, H.A. 1926. Costa Rican land shells collected by A. A.
Olson. Proceedings of the Academy ol Natural Sciences of
Philadelpliia 78: 127-131.

Thompson, F.C. 1987. Giant carnivorous land smiils from
Mexico and Central America. Bulletin of the Florida State
Mnsenm 30: 29-52.

Thompson, F.C. 1995. New and little known land snails of the
family Spiiwxidae from Central America and .Mexico
(Gastropoda, Pnlmonata). Bulletin of the Florida Museum
of Natural History. 39: 45-85.

Thompson, PfC. 201 1. An annotated checklist and Iribliography
of the land and freshwater snails of Mexico and Central
America. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural
History 50: 1-299.

THE NAUTILUS 128(3):101-103, 2014

Page 101

Book Review

Giving voices to mollusks, a review of
Shells on a Desert Shore: Mollusks in the
Seri World

Cdthij Moser Marlett. 2014. Shells on a Desert Shore:
Mollusks in the Seri World. Universitv of Arizona Press,
P.O. Bo.x 21(X)55, Tuc.son, AZ S5721 USA, 304 pages,
ISBN: 978-0-8 165-306S-7, US$75.

Mollusks aiul humans have made histor\- together for
a ver\- long time. One Inindred thousand years ago,
humans in South Afriea used the sliells of Ilaliotis muhie
Linnaeus, 1758 to mix an ochre pigment (HenshiKvood
et ah, 201 1). Excavations of midden mounds on soutliern
California’s Channel Islands (Erlandson et ah, 2011)
revealed that 12,000 years ago the Paleoindians were
seafaring, coastal foragers, consuming mussels {Mijtilus
califoniidims Conrad, 1837) and gastropods {Ildliotis
nifescens Swainson, 1822 and Teguld funebralis
(A. Adams, 1855), as Chlorostomd fiiuehrdlis). Far from
coastal shorelines, the buried ruins of Templo Mayor,
Tenochtitlan (Mexico Citv) have vielded ornaments
made from 15 species of Pacific (Panamic) and
Cari!)!)ean seasliells. These ritual offerings were only
encountered in Construction Phases V-YHI (1440-1520
C.E.) of the Templo, after tlie consolidation of their
builders’ empire from coast to coast (X'elazcjuez Castro,
2007).

The Seris have for millennia lived along tlie Culf of
California coastline of northwest Sonora, Mexico.
Althougli this culture is subtly and complexly
intertwined with mollusks, tlie archaeological record is
little studied; their midden mounds and ancient camp-
sites contain ceramics and w'orked stones, and shell
remains appear to be those primarily left after consump-
tion. Their unicjne status is in the people today who talk
of their hunter-gatherer parents and grandparents, and
how' they used, named and thought mvthologically of
mollusks — literally giving voices to mollusks. Where else
can we hear a song (this book, pp. 169-170) aliout a
yellow-footed gull (Ldnis livens Dwight, 1919) eating a
sea hare (Apli/sid cdUfoniicd J.G. Cooper, 1863)?

“The sea hare bursts.

The sea hare bursts,

lldtx cbcdzoj ijiutidptx
I burst it!

1 burst it!”

liijiii ilu/dnuiptx

sung by Angelita Torres in her native, endangered language!

Shells on d Desert Shore (Figure 1) is a magnificent
tour-de-force, a Inilliant combination of marine biolog)’,
linguistics, ethnomalacology, and cultural historx'. It

describes the w'oiid of tlu' Comcddc (the Seri pc'ople)
and their relationships with mollusks.

Author Cathy Marlett grew up among them, plaving
with her childhood friends on the st'ashore near her
familv’s home in the village of Ildxol lihoin. The vca'
name of this village refleets the Seri people’s inimediacv
with mollusks and tlieir desert/ocean environment. It
means, “the place of the luixol" [that is, “clams,” specifi-
cally Lenko/;ir/ grr/fr/ (Say, 1831)]. On Mexican maps it is
called El Desembo(jue, referring to the “mouth of the
river” (San Ignacio). Names and naming, uses and mean-
ings, essential to the evemlay life of these indigenous
Mexican people, are the heart and soul of this book.

Information is presented in three parts, with eight
appendices. Fait I, “The Setting,” introduces the Seri
people and their language and physical setting, with an
historical snmman' of previous descriptions of the Seri
uses of mollusks. Most formative for Marlett were the
decades she spent with lier parents, Edward and Mar\’
Beck Moser, living among the Seris. Based on decades
of friendships and conversations, thev recorded a w'ealth
of material on the Seri language and culture. In addi-
tion to her own extensive inteniew's, her father’s
detailed notes (written on 3x5 inch paper slips) on Seri
names with Englisli translations and a brief description,
form the oral history on wiiich this l)ook is based. She
w'lites, “My research method primarily involved show'-
ing shells to people, as touching something seemed to
be the best way to initiate recollections. . . .Nearly all
of my research w'as done in the Seri language, w'hich I
have spoken since cliildhood” (pp. 13-14). This
research methodolog\' makes this book unicjue — the
ethnographic, linguistic, biological, and cultural infor-
mation was obtained bv a “native speaking researcher, "
not one who had to learn an indigenous lifestyle nor
language as an outsider.

Part II, “Mollusks in the Seri Culture,” gives a the-
matic overview of Seri ethnography, including topics
such as classification and naming (including orthography,
grammar and meanings of Seri w'ords), nnthologx’ and
folklore, food, uteiisils (they did not shape the clam
shells to form spoons or drinking utensils, but used them
as is), medicine and recreation. A favorite bovs’ game
w'iis throwing Chione cdliforniensis (Broderip, 1835) clam
shells at a cordon cactus, the winner ha\ing the most
stuck in the cactus (Figure 2).

Part III, “Species Accounts,” comprises the majority of
the text. Most species described are bivaKes (80 species
in 26 families) and gastropods (104 species in 49 fami-
lies), but chitons and octopuses and other marine inver-
tebrates are also covered. All species are illustrated with
exquisite line drawings bv the author; the Latin binomial
is followed by a !)rief description of tlie shell and its
distribution or occurrence. Knowm Seri names are given

Paiie 102

THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 128, No. 3

Figure 1. Shells ini (i De.seii Share: Malhi.sks in the
Seii World

and translated, along with their etxinologw Known uses
are described, often in (jiiite personal terms: “Xax’ier
Moreno and several other men free-do\'e for the thorny
ovster iSpondi/liis liinbatus) (hiring the 198()s in areas to
the north of Desemlxxjue. . .Xavier described opening
its shell nndenvater witli a knife. . .[and] added rather
matter-of-factly that in order to dive with confidence he
had to decide beforehand that if the bivalve closed on his
finger, trapping liim nndenvater, he would be prepared
and willing to cut off his own finger in order to free
himself' (p. 102).

The large, x’ivid yellow Laevicanliiim ehitinn (G. B.
Sowerby I, 1833) (its Seri name xtiip is a priman’ name,
without a derived meaning) was the most heavilv used
shell in Seri culture. It was used as a food and pigment
container, as a tool for excax’ating a grave or groundwater,
as a dipper for water, cactus fruit wine or cooked sea
turtle oil mixed witli blood, as a cocoon rattle, and of
course it was eaten (pp. 106-109).

W’onien paddled balsa canoes with pen shells [e.g.,
PiiiiKi maosd (G.B. Sowerliv 1, 1835)] when crossing to
a nearby island for a pelican hunt. Pinna ni^osa byssal
fibers were sometimes sewn as hair to the head of a clotli
doll (p. 90).

The slipper shell Crepidnla onyx G.B. Sowerby I,
1824 was named cascpiun (piih iti ihiij, “where the pad-

Figure 2. Chione ealijoniiensis shells thrown by .Seri
children at a cardan cactus (Photo (C/CiM- Marlett).

(Her sits” (p. 141). Their name for Plicof)nq)nra pansa
Gould, 1853 translates as “ringworm medicine,” for its
medicinal use (p. 153). They spent a lot of time in the
intertidal zone under the hot, bright Sonoran sun, so
when they found the brilliant yellow-orange sing
Beiiludlina ilisiina Marcus and Marcus, 1967 under-
neath a rock it was appropriate to name it xepenozaah,
“sun in the sea” (p. 170).

Appendices 1-7 are scholarly linguistic charts, vari-
ously arranged for ea,sy reference. Appendix 8 is a mar-
velous biograpliical recognition of Cathy Marletts
consultants, manv with portraits of these kind people.

Shidls on a Deseti Shore combines the highest lin-
guistic (grammar, orthography, pronunciation, etc.)
scholarship with cultural and natural Ihstorv’ to explain
the role of mollusks in the Seri world. Footnotes
contain significant information, and are a “read in
themselves.” The book is a poem, a mnlti-sensoi'X’ expe-
rience of a disappearing lifestyle. Numerous photo-
graphs (historical and recent) illustrate the people,
places and mollusks.

It is an honor to review this book; it has also been my
privilege to have known and collaborated with Cathy
Marlett. Shells on a Desert Shore can be read cover-
to-cover, or selectively perused for a specific item of
interest. I have done both. For anyone interested in
the complex relations between mollusks and humans,
the Gulf of California, or tlie natural histoiw of living
mollusks, this book must not onlv be in vonr bookcase,
but it must also be well read and well used. In the
Creation Myth of the .Seri, Conns princeps Linnaeus,
1758 was sent out to test the newly-formed land to see
if it had liardened (p. 165). This book will lead you on
an e(]uallv engaging x’oyage of discoverw

n. Hertscli, 2014

Page 103

LITERATURE CITED

Krlaiulson, J.M., T.(>. Hick, T.|. Braje, M. (iasperson, B.
Culletoii, B. Fullfrost, T. Carcia, D.A. Cutlirie, N. Jew,
l).j. Keiniett, M.L. Moss, L. Heeder, (]. Skinner,]. Watts,
and L. Willis. 201 1. Paleoindian seafaring, maritime tech-
nologies, and coastal loraging on (aililornia’s (Channel
Islands. .Science 331(6021 ): 1181-1185.

Hensliilwood, C.S., F. d’Frrico, K.L. \an Niekerk, Y. Co(]nitiot,
Z. Jacobs, S.-E. Lauritzen, M. Menu, and R. Carci'a-
Moreno. 2011. A 100,000-vear-()ld ochre-processing vvork-
sliop at Bloinhos Cave, Sontli .'\frica. Science 334(6053):
219-222.

Vela/.qnez Castro, A. 2007. La prodnccidn especiali/.ada de los
ohjectos de concha del Teinjilo Mavor d(‘ 'fenochitlan.
Institnto Naeional dc‘ .Xntropologfa e llistoria. Mexico
Citv. 202 pp.

Han.s Bert sell

Institnto de Inxestigaciones Oceanoldgicas
Unixersidad .'\ntdnoma de Baja Calilornia
Ensenada, .Mexico
Mailing address:

192 Imperial Beach BKd. #A
Imperial Beach, CA 91932 USA
hansmar\'ida^>shcglol)al.net

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Sponsored in part by the State of
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