I
THE
NAUTILUS
A QUARTERLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS
OF CONCHOLOGISTS
VOL. XL VII
JULY, 1933 to APRIL, 1934
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS
HENRY A. PILSBRY
Curator of the Department of Mollusks and Marine Invertebrates
Academy of Natural Sciences
H. BURRINGTON BAKER
Aasociate Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia
Sfcf <^
CONTENTS
OF
THE NAUTILUS, XLVII,
Names of new species and new genera in italics.
Alaska, Remains from kitchen middens 100
American Malacological Union 37, 152
Amnicola hendersoni Pils 10
Amnicola idahoensis Pils 11
Amnicola robusta (Wkr.) 9
Amnicolidae from Wyoming and Idaho 9
Asolene (Surinamia) fairchildi Clch 71
Atea Pils. & Cooke 62
Bismarck Archipelago, land shells of 23
Boston Malacological Club 109
Bulimulus dealbatus (Say) 4
Burnett, William Everett (obituary) 143
Cepolis (Jeanneretia) torrei Clch. & Aguayo 22
Cerion ramsdeni Welch 105
Cerion r. portillensis Welsh 105
Cerion r. turgidum Torre & Welch 106
Chattanooga, Tenn., Mollusks of 147
Chersina Beck 147
Chloritis (Sulcobasis) atalanta Clch 23
Cingula eyerdami Willett 103
Cingula forresterensis Willett 103
Chamidae, West American 81
Choanopoma pilsbryi Welch 135
Choanopoma uncinatum indivisum Welch 133
44688
4 THE NAUTILUS
Chondropoma textum hooneae Welch 107
Corbicula in South Rhodesia 77
Coretus Adanson 77
Cuban land Shells 104, 130
Dermestid beetles 149
Drepanotrema anatinum (Orb.) 65
Drymaeus pilsbryi Zetek 93
Endodonta (Thaumatodon) cookei Ckll 58
Endaphnella Bartsch 76
Fontigens, new genus 12
Fusus bicolor Say 118
Glycymeris delesserti Reeve 85
Goniobasis and Anculosa eggs 35
Gulf of California, At the Head of 45
Gyraulus annectans Chamb. & Berry 27
Gyraulus mono car inatus Chamb. & Berry 27
Gyraulus vermicularis albolineatus Hend 78
Gyrineum perca edgerlyi Richards 57
Haminoea virescens (Sowb.) 37
Haminoea virescens var. rosacea Spicer 52
Helicina orbiculata tropica Jan 147
Helisoma hemphilli Baker 141
Helisoma occidentale depressum Bkr 140
Helisoma, West American 86
Helix nemoralis Miill, Hot Springs, Va 96
Laevirostris Simpson 75
Lamellidea Pils 60
Lamellidea adamsoni Pils. & Cooke 62
Lamellidea mumfordi Pils. & Cooke 62
Lamellidea uahukana Pils. & Cooke 62
Lampsilis jonesi Vander Schalie 125
Libera again 34
Liguus fasciatus solisoccasus DeBoe 68
Liguus solidus dohertyi Pflr 121
Lithasia verrucosa Raf 151
Loricates, Abnormal 136
Lymnaea magister Baker 124
Lymnaea mazamae J. L. & R. I. Baily 33
THE NAUTILUS 5
Lymnaea, see Stagnicola
Lymnaeidae, western 122
Mackinac Island, Michigan, Land Mollusks of 138
Mangelia albivestis Pilsbry 146
Mangilia pura Pils 146
Megalonaias gigantea (Barnes) 29
Meioceras bermudezi Pils. & Aguayo 112
Melongena corona L 117
Melongena corona altispira P. & V 119
Melongena corona bispinosa Phil 120
Melongena corona inspinata Richards 57, 118
Melongena corona perspinosa P. & V 120
Melongena subcoronata Heilpr 119
Mesomphix subplamis planus Banks 70
Moose Factory Mollusks 7
Naiades, The pedal protractor muscle scar of 72
Nassa bailyi P. & L. PL 8, f . 5.
Nassa m. leucops P. & L. PL 8, f . 4.
Neptunea (Sulcosipho) eatoni Grant & Quayle 92
Neritina virginea L. in Jamaica 50
Oliva reticularis bollingi Clench 142
Ootomella Bartsch 76
Opisthosiphon andrewsi Welch 130
Opisthosiphon cunaguae Welch 132
Opisthosiphon torrei Welch 131
Paludestrina nanna Chamb. & Berry 28
Paludina humerosa Anth 151
Parapholyx eff usa Lea 90
Parapholyx effiisa nevadensis Hend 90
Parapholyx solida Dall 90
Partula, Studies in the Variation etc 113
Partula paravicinii Clench 24
Pecten (Chlamys) suteri Hertl 63
Pecten, Record sizes of 36
Pecten vaun var. flabellum Cooke 63
Pecten vaun var. wythei Hertl 63
Pecten waluensis Hertl 62
Periploma alta C. B. Ad 85
6 THE NAUTILUS
Physa halei Lea, Self fertilization of 35
Pitys Beck 61
Pleurocera acuta, The young of 48
Planorbis anatinus Orb 64
Polygyra columbiana oria Berry 15
Polygyra dorfeuilliana (Lea) 4
Polygyra hapla Berry 14
Polygyra loricata nortensis Berry 13
Polygyra trachypepla Berry 12
Polygyra tridentata frisoni F. C. Bkr 58
Proserpina, animal of 151
Psammodulus mexicanus Collins 127
Pseudochama granti Strong 137
Pseudochama inermis Dall 83
Pteropoda from Louisiana 54
Stagnicola elrodi Bkr. & Hend 30, 124
Stagnicola hemphilli Baker 124
Stagnicola impedita Baker 124
Stagnicola palustris nuttalliana Lea 124
Stagnicola palustris wyomingensis Bkr 124
Stagnicola proxima buttoni Bkr 124
Succinea sanibelensis Rehdr 20
Surinamia Clench 71
Texas shells 16
Thomas Bland Collection 79
Tornatellinidae, Notes on 59
Tornatelloides Pf r 61
Tremper, Robert Haines (obituary) 110
Unio (Elliptio) sanctorumjohanium Wright 17
Unio (Elliptio) webbianus B. H. Wright 94
Unio (Elliptio) webbianus hartii B. H. Wright 95
Unio quadrans Lea 74
Unio stagnorum Dautz 75
Utah, Mollusks of Pliocene at Collinston 25
Viviparus contectoides goodrichi Archer 19
Vorticifex laxiis Chamb. & Berry 26
Yellowstone Park Region 1
THE NAUTILUS 7
INDEX TO AUTHORS
Aguayo, Carlos Guillermo 21, 64, 112
Andrews, E. A 50
Archer, Allan F 18, 138, 149
Baily, Joshua L. and Ruth Ingersoll 33
Baker, Frank C 4, 30, 35, 58, 140
Baker, H. Burrington 151
Banks, Gilbert S 70
Bartsch, Paul 76
Berry, Elmer 25
Berry, S. Stillman 12
Brooks, Betty Watt 96
Brooks, Stanley T 96, 143
Burkenroad, Martin D 54
Chace, E. P. and E. M Ill
Chamberlain, Thomas K 29
Chamberlin, Ralph V 25
Cheatum, Elmer P 147
Clench, Wm. J 21, 23, 71, 79, 142, 151
Cockerell, T. D. A 58, 77
Collins, R. Lee 127
Cooke, C. Montague 59
De Boe, Mizpah Otto 68
Eyerdam, Walter J 36, 100
Goodrich, Calvin 7
Grant, M. S 91
Henderson, Junius 1, 30, 78, 86, 122, 149
Hobb, Howard R 110
Iredale, Tom 136
Kutchka, Gordon M 149
Lowe, Herbert N 45, 83
Marshall, William B 72
Pilsbry, Henry A.. .9, 34, 59, 77, 83, 112, 113, 117, 146, 147
Pflueger, Al 121
Quayle, E. H 91
Rehder, Harald A 20
Richards, Horace G 57, 147
8 THE NAUTILUS
Robertson, Imogene C 37
Spicer, V. D. P 52
Strong, A. M 137
Tomlin, J. R. LeBrocton 37
Vanatta, E. G 16, 117, 149
Van Cleave, Harley J 48
Vander Schalie, Henry ; . . . 125
Welch, D'Alte Aldridge 104, 130
Willard, Theodora 108
Willett, G 103
Wright, Berlin Hart 17, 94
Zetek, James 93
The Nautilus. ^^
Vol. XLVII JULY, 1933. No. 1
MOLLUSCA OF THE YELLOWSTONE PARK, TETON PARK AND
JACKSON HOLE REGION
BY JUNIUS HENDERSON
Notwithstanding the great area covered by Yellowstone
National Park, Teton National Park and Jackson Hole,
Wyoming, and the fact that each year for many years past
the region has been visited by thousands of people, including
many naturalists, surprisingly little has been published
about the mollusks of the region. My notes mention only the
following published records : Jackson Lake is the type local-
ity of Pomatiopsis robusta Walker, 1908, Lymnaea jack-
sonensis F. C. Baker, 1907, and Carinifex jacksonensis
Henderson, 1932. Lymnaea caperata warthini Baker, 1923,
was described from hot springs just below the Upper Yel-
lowstone Falls, and has been reported nowhere else. The
type locality of Oreohelix cooperi maxima Pilsbry, 1916, is
the northern part of Yellowstone Park, ten miles southwest
of Jardine, Montana, though it was also reported from Grade
Canyon, near Cokeville, Wyoming. Brues, in his paper on
the mollusks of hot springs (Proc. Natl. Acad, of Science and
Arts, LIX, 416-418, 1924), reported an imperfect shell of
Amnicola sp. in a caddis case from a hot, sulphurous pool
near Junction Butte; Physa heterostropha (dwarf form
same as described by Lea as P. aurea from a hot spring at
Bath, Virginia) in water of a temperature of 96° Fahr.,
heavily charged with silica, at the outlet of Firehole Lake;
and Lymnaea palustris Miill. from a spring with a tempera-
ture of 80° to 96° Fahr., near Mary's Bay, on the north shore
of Yellowstone Lake; all in Yellowstone Park. His Physa
was almost certainly incorrectly determined. To check the
2 THE NAUTILUS
identification we visited the locality in 1932, but failed to find
any mollusks there for determination. His Lymnaea was
probably the subspecies nuttalliana, as that is the common
form in the Yellowstone drainage and the only one likely to
be identified as palustris, except possibly Wyoming ensis.
Stearns, 1893, reported that Lymnaea bulimoides Lea was
found in Yellowstone Park by the Hayden Survey. This may
be doubted. In my report on the mollusks of Colorado, Utah,
Montana, Idaho and Wyoming, 1924, 1 reported Physa blandi
Lea (as identified by Bryant Walker) and Lymnaea palustris
haydeni Lea (as identified by Baker), from the Madison
River, a few miles within the western edge of Yellowstone
Park. The latter should be referred to L. binneyi Tryon, as
is true also of material from several Idaho localities which
was recorded as haydeni, with which view Mr. Baker now
agrees. The true haydeni seems to be an exact synonym or
scarcely distinguishable form of nuttalliana, which is com-
mon throughout Montana. In the same publication I re-
ported also VaUonia cyclophorella Ancey, Zonitoides ar-
bor eus Say and Gonyodiscus cronkhitei anthonyi (Pilsbry),
all from seven miles north of Moran, east of Jackson Lake,
Wyoming.
Since 1924, with various assistants, I have made several
hasty trips through the region. As a result I can now report
the following : Slough on Yellowstone River about six miles
south of Canyon Junction, Lymnaea palustris nuttalliana
Lea (not typical, according to Baker). Swamp near Gard-
iner River, east of Mammoth Hot Springs, Pisidium con-
cinnulum Sterki (identified by Sterki), Aplexa hijpnorum
(L.) , Lymnaea palustris nuttalliana Lea (not typical) , Agri-
olimax agrestis (W. G. Binney) and Gonyodiscus cronkhitei
anthonyi (Pilsbry) . Aspen grove a mile or so northwest of
Mammoth Hotel, Euconulus fulvus alaskensis (Pilsbry),
Gonyodiscus cronkhitei cronkhitei (Newcomb) , Pupilla mus-
corum L., VaUonia cyclophorella Ancey, Vertigo sp., Vitrina
alaskana Dall, Zonitoides arboreus Say and the Rocky
Mountain species which has been generally known as Oreo-
helix cooperi ( W. G. Binney) , but which has been found to be
THE NAUTILUS 3
distinct from the true cooperi of the Black Hills, South Da-
kota, and is called Oreohelix suhrudis (Pfr.) by Dr. Pilsbry.
This Oreohelix occurs also in abundance under the heavy
leaves of Balsamorrhiza and other plants, along the south
margin of Jupiter Terrace and along the mountain slope
west of the terraces from south of Orange Spring to and up
Clematis Gulch, west of Mammoth Hotel, and thence north-
ward. At one place in Clematis Gulch it occurs associated
with Oreohelix herriji Pilsbry but perfectly distinct there-
from, the two showing no tendency toward cross-breeding or
intergrading. We have received from Professor Vasco M.
Tanner several small specimens which seem referable to
Lymnaea stagnaUs jugularis Say, obtained in Swan Lake,
Yellowstone Park.
North of Yellowstone Park, Lymnaea hiyineyi occurs in
Yellowstone River, four miles south of Livingston. We
found Lymnaea caperata Say in a slough three miles south of
Livingston and another 22 miles south, along the Yellow-
stone River, so it may be expected in the Park.
South of the Park, in Jackson Lake at Moran, in addition
to the three species originally described from there, as here-
inbefore indicated, we found a single specimen of Valvata
hiimeraUs calif ornica Pilsbry. Several miles north of Moran
we found Physa traskii Lea (as identified by Bryant Walker)
and Gyraulus vermicularis (Gould). In a slough just north
of Jackson we obtained Aplexa hypnorum (L.) and Lymnaea
palustris wyomingensis Baker. On the mountain slope above
this slough Oreohelix depressa (Cockerell) was found in
quantity by Mr. Hugo G. Rodeck, assistant curator of the
University of Colorado Museum. At Jenny Lake, in Teton
National Park, Mrs. Henderson and I found Lymnaea re-
lated to L. montana Eirod, and large, undetermined Physa.
A display collection of the shells of the region has been pre-
pared at the University of Colorado Museum and donated to
the Museum at Mammoth, Yellowstone Park.
'^^^^S^
. "-■■■:. y
4 THE NAUTILUS
POLYGYRA DORFEUILLIANA AND BULIMULUS DEALBATUS
IN ILLINOIS*
BY FRANK C. BAKER
Several years ago Dr. George E. Ekblaw, Geologist of the
Illinois State Geological Survey, collected a number of mol-
lusks on Fountain Bluff, Jackson County, Illinois. Among
these were bleached shells of two species not before reported
from Illinois territory, Polygyra dorfeuilliana (Lea) and
Bulimulus dealbatus (Say). As the condition of the speci-
mens received was similar to that of many Pleistocene fos-
sils it was thought that these hitherto exotic species to the
state might be evidences of a former geographic extension
northward and eastward. Fountain Bluff was visited during
the 1931 field work but no specimens of these species were
found. In 1932 special search was carried on at Fountain
Bluff, with the result that the two species were found in one
location, the same as that visited by Dr. Ekblaw, but in no
other place on this bluff. Polygyra dorfemlliana, however,
was found in abundance on other bluffs bordering the
Mississippi River. The occurrence of these two species so
far from their recorded limits is deemed of enough import-
ance to warrant special consideration.
Bulimulus dealhatus (Say). The specimens from Fountain
Bluff', Union County, belong to the typical form and are not
the form called ozarkensis by Pilsbry. Sampson, in his Mol-
lusca of Missouri (Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, XXII, p. 100,
1913) refers all Bulimuli in Missouri to the race ozarkensis,
giving the most northern and eastern locality as Hannibal,
Marion County, near the Mississippi River. This locality is
opposite Adams County, Illinois, but no Bulimuli have been
found in this region of the state. The nearest Missouri
record observed for Bulimulus is Rivermines, St. Francois
Co., about sixty miles west of the Fountain Bluff locality.
It is probable that not one of the Bulimulus in Missouri be-
long to the race ozarkensis, which Pilsbry restricts to the
* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of
Illinois, No. 70, and the Illinois Natural History Survey in co-operation.
THE NAUTILUS 5
northern and western outliers of the Ozark system, includ-
ing southwestern Missouri. The Fountain Bluff dealbatiis
without doubt crossed the Mississippi River from Missouri,
and the species will probably be found on the Missouri side
of the Mississippi River. The Illinois specimens are like
Pilsbry's figure 13, plate VI, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Phil, 1906,
and described on page 136 of that paper. The typical form
has been collected in Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, and
west to Kansas (Shawnee County). It is not known from
Indiana and appears to reach its most northern distribution
in Missouri. Although special search was made for this
species in southern Illinois, in the eastern extension of the
Ozarkian uplift, not a vestige of it could be found.
Fountain Bluff is an isolated outlier of erosion, four miles
west of the main bluff escarpment in Illinois and separated
from the Bluffs in Missouri by a mile of Mississippi River
flood plain, including this stream which is here a quarter to
half a mile wide. The bluff is four miles long and three-
quarters of a mile wide. Its greatest elevation is about 680
feet or 320 feet above the river. The Bulimulus were found
only on a topographic node east of the pov/er station at a
height of about 620 feet. (See the Alto Pass and Altenberg
topographic sheets of the U. S. Geol. Surv.) While all of the
specimens collected were without the animal, many of them
retained the original color markings indicating that the own-
er was in possession quite recently.
Polygyradorfeuilliana (Lea). The presence of this species
in Illinois is quite surprising. The specimens are typical and
like the type of Lea, supposed to come from some Kentucky
locality. They are also like a specimen in the Philadelphia
Academy supposed to have been received from Dorfeuille,
the original collector (according to Pilsbry). The typical
form has a lip-callus ending in front of the upper tooth, and
this feature is well 'shown in the Illinois specimens, but is
rare in the shells from more western localities. The dis-
tribution of dorfeuiUiana is well shown by Pilsbry (Proc.
Phil. Acad., 1906, p. 536) who indicates a wide range in
Missouri and Arkansas, the nearest states to Illinois. The
6 THE NAUTILUS
Missouri locality nearest to the Illinois localities is Fern
Glen, St. Louis Co. (Sampson, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis,
XXII, p. 99, 1913) , which is only some 25 miles north of the
Illinois localities and not far from the Mississippi River. In
Illinois, dorfeuilliana was found abundantly in the area
south of East St. Louis in Monroe County, from Valmeyer
south to Prairie du Rocher, in Randolph County, a distance
of some twenty miles. It was not found in the hills at
Chester, Randolph County, and does not again appear until
the Fountain Bluff region is reached, about forty miles
southward. Of course, there may be isolated colonies be-
tween these points which were not found by the Illinois
survey party.
The local distribution of the colonies is noteworthy. The
species was extremely abundant on the bluffs bordering the
Mississippi River but, as far as observed, was not found on
the landward (east) side of these bluffs, in ravines or de-
pressions in the escarpment. The dissected bluffs in this
area attain a height of 740 feet or more above sea level or
350 feet above the level of the bottom land of the Mississippi
River. This species does not occur until a height of about 700
feet is reached. Here it occurs on very steep inclines, buried
in the earth, at the base of rock outcrops, or under debris of
various sorts. The ground was literally paved with dead
shells in some places. At all localities in this area the species
appeared to occur under the same conditions. At Fountain
Bluff, Jackson County, the species is rare and is found only
in one place in company with Bulimulus dealbatus. Here the
colony is dying out, or may be already extinct, since only
bleached, empty shells could be found. P. dorfeuilliana is
now known to occupy a strip of territory about seventy miles
in length bordering the Mississippi River, from Monroe
southward to Jackson County.
In spite of the presence of this species in western Illinois,
its occurrence in Kentucky is still an anomaly, especially as
far east as the Cincinnati region. The Illinois colonies un-
doubtedly came across the Mississippi River from eastern
Missouri, a fact strengthened by the presence of the species
THE NAUTILUS 7
in St. Louis County, Mo. As far as known it is not found
in northeastern or eastern Arkansas. There is a gap of
more than 300 miles between the supposed type locality and
the nearest eastward range in Illinois. The species positive-
ly does not occur in any part of eastern or southern Illinois,
for the writer and two other competent zoologists (Dr. Van
Cleave and Mr. Foster) have collected in this area during
three seasons, 1930-32, thus eliminating the possibility of a
migration across southern or central Illinois. Further, it
has not occurred in any of the very abundant fossil ex-
posures studied by the Illinois State Geological Survey. It
appears probable, therefore, that Dr. Pilsbry's statements
in Proc. Phil. Acad., 1906, pp. 537, 538, still hold true and
the solution of the Kentucky locality record is still as far
away as before. If the species lives in either Kentucky or
Tennessee at the present time it surely w^ould have been
found by the efficient collectors who have searched this
prolific area for its land snail fauna.
I am indebted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry for verifying the identi-
fications of the two species in question, to Mr. Thural Dale
Foster for assistance in collecting the material, and to Dr.
T. H. Frison, Chief of the Illinois State Natural History
Survey for the opportunity of collecting and studying the
material.
MOLLUSKS OF MOOSE FACTORY
BY CALVIN GOODRICH
Scattered through Dall's report on the land and fresh
water mollusca of Alaska are references to Moose Factory,
the old Hudson's Bay Company's post at the head of James
Bay. Twenty-seven species are credited to the locality.
The collections that Dall examined were no doubt made by
several travelers and the name Moose Factory was meant,
in some instances, to cover an area of several hundred
square miles.
8 THE NAUTILUS
Whiteaves (Nautilus, XIX, 1905, p. 4) gives a list of
thirteen species of land and fresh water shells for three
localities — Moose Factory, the mouth of Albany River and
two miles above the mouth of Harricaw River. Albany
River is about one hundred miles north of Moose Factory
on the west side of James Bay and Harricaw River is fifty
or sixty miles to the east. Four species among the thirteen
are not among the Dall citations.
In August, 1932, I spent several days at Moose Factory.
The post is on an island in Moose River about three miles
above salt water. Because of good drainage through De-
vonian clays which are seamed with thin strata of lime-
stone the vegetation is rather that of the Height of Land,
far to the south, than of the mainland muskeg nearby. Ter-
restrial shells were fairly common in a grove to the north of
the settlement, mostly under rotting birch logs, and among
sticks and boards on the declivity between the post build-
ings and the river. Two bivalves were found in the river
and three species of Lymnaea occurred plentifully on the
shores, in pools and in small springs oozing from the banks.
All the mollusks of the river and the lower river banks must
have a considerable degree of resistance to marine condi-
tions since, because of the low gradient, the salt water is
driven up the river during northerly storms. The number
of species taken was eighteen. Allowing for differences in
identification of the same mollusks, six of these represent
additions to the lists of Dall and Whiteaves. The names
follow :
Discus cronkhitei anthonyi (Pilsbry). This is probably
the Pyramidula striatella of Dall and Whiteaves.
RetineUa hammonis (Strom). New.
Zonitoides nitidus (Muller). New unless some of the
specimens determined as Z. arbor eus (Say) by Dall and
Whiteaves are of this species.
Cochlicopa lubrica (Muller).
Euconulus fulvus (Muller). New.
Pupilla muscorum (L.). New.
Vertigo pygmaea CDrsiip.) . New.
THE NAUTILUS 9
Vertigo ventricosa (Morse) . New.
Sitccinea haydeni Lea. S. retusa Lea is cited by Dall and
Whiteaves.
Lijmnaea arctica Lea. From a study of this lot, Mr. F. C.
Baker has concluded that arctica is specifically distinct from
L. vahlii Beck, Miiller, with which he linked it as a sub-
species in his monograph of the Lymnaeidae.
Lijmnaea rustica Lea.
Lijynnaea perplexa Baker and Henderson. "The speci-
mens are nearly typical." — ^Baker.
Helisoma antrosum (Conrad).
Physa ancillaria Say.
Physa heterostropha Say.
Valvata tricarinata Say.
Sphaerium stamineiim (Conrad). New. The specimens
were compared with examples identified as stamineum by
Dr. Victor Sterki, but my determination is possibly wrong.
Lampsilis siliquoidea (Barnes).
Among the loose boards near the post were numbers of a
grayish-white slug which I believe was Agriolimax agrestis
(L.) . I cannot be certain of the identification because vials
containing a score or two of the slugs were lost somewhere
on the journey.
I am indebted to Messrs. Allan Archer, F. C. Baker and
W. J. Clench for aid in identifications.
AMNICOLIDAE FROM WYOMING AND OREGON
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY
Some western Amnicolidae received from Professor
Junius Henderson give occasion for the following notes.
Amnicola robusta (Walker). Plate 2, figs. 1, 7, 8.
Pomatiopsis robusta Walker, 1908, Nautilus, vol. 21, p.
97, text fig.
The type of this species was an unique shell from Jack-
son Lake, in northwestern Wyoming. Specimens taken
there by Junius Henderson have been examined. Most of
10 THE NAUTILUS
them are somewhat wider than Walker's type, which
measured, length 6 mm., diam. 3.5 mm. The two specimens
now figured measure: length 5.2 mm., diam. 3.2 mm., and
5.9x4 mm.
The radula is that of Amnicola, and it is certainly not a
Pomatiopsis. The central tooth has strongly trilobed basal
margin, a single basal denticle on each side, and a cusp with
9 denticles. Lateral teeth with 7 denticles, the body with a
median boss and prominent inner-basal angle. The spatu-
late outer uncinus has much smaller denticles than the re-
flected edge of the inner uncinus, and owing to foreshorten-
ing, the number of denticles was only approximately
4.1 4
counted. Denticle formula ^j =-, 2.1.4, 20^ , 20-j .
Professor Henderson writes that ''the lake was formerly
very much smaller, before the erection of the great dam at
Moran, and Hinkley almost certainly collected the type be-
fore it was enlarged. The most likely place for him to have
found mollusks was at the southern end of the lake, near the
present dam.. I found our specimens not far inside the dam
when the lake was nearly drained for irrigation, with
Lymnaea jacksonensis, the types of which were also ob-
tained by Hinkley. I had searched the same place several
times at high water without finding any mollusks, as the
shore line at that stage is not favorable, being too new."
Amnicola hendersoni, new species. Plate 2, figs. 2, 9, 10.
South of Burns, Oregon. Type 145951 ANSP., paratypes
145951a; and in Univ. Colo. Mus. and M.C.Z., collected by
Mr. Geo. M. Benson ; received from Junius Henderson.
The shell is perforate, long ovate, buffy olive. Spire
rather short, conic, the apex a little obtuse. Whorls moder-
ately and evenly convex, sloping from the moderately im-
pressed suture. The surface is rather dull, nearly smooth,
with very weak growth lines. Umbilicus quite narrow. The
ovate aperture occupies somewhat less than half the total
length. The peristome is thin, very slightly or not recurved
at the columella, adnate above the umbilical fissure.
Length 4.7 mm., diam. 2.7 mm., aperture 2.2 mm. long;
41/^ whorls. Type.
THE NAUTILUS H
Length 4.4 mm., diam. 2.6 mm., aperture 2.1 mm. long;
41/2 whorls.
The radula is similar to that of A. robusta (Wkr.) except
that the central tooth (fig. 2) is much shorter, with more
numerous denticles. The other teeth are much alike in the
two species. Formula of denticles ' ' , 1.1.4, 20^ ,
20H . Possibly the lateral tooth has the formula 2.1.4,
but none of the teeth are in position to show this clearly in
the two radulae mounted.
This species is about the size of Paludestrina longiqua
(Gld.), but is quite different owing to the far less convex
whorls, the less impressed suture and the closely adnate
parietal margin of the peristome above the umbilicus. It is
not nearly related to any of the western Amnicolidae
enumerated in Nautilus, vol. 12, p. 121.
A specimen of A, longinqua Gld. is drawn in fig. 6 for
comparison. It is from Indio, Cal. No. 61939.
Amnicola idahoensis, new species. PI. 2, figs. 3, 4, 5.
Homedale, Owyhee County, Idaho. Type and paratypes
152677 ANSP., paratypes in Mus. Univ. Colorado. Col-
lected by Mr. H. C. Tucker, and received from Prof. Junius
Henderson.
The shell is rimate, elongate ; buffy olive, fading to whit-
ish at the summit. Apex slightly obtuse but not flattened ;
whorls at first strongly convex, the convexity gradually di-
minishing, the last two or three moderately convex in the
upper part, becoming strongly convex below the periphery
of the last. Surface smooth except for weak lines of
growth. Aperture broadly ovate, oblique.
Length 7.7 mm., diam. 3.4 mm., aperture 2.6 mm. long;
6 1/2 whorls. Type.
Length 5.4 mm., diam. 2.9 mm., aperture 2.3 mm. long;
5l^ whorls. Paratype.
Operculum ferruginous, fading towards the outer and
basal edges, the nucleus at about the lower third and at the
inner fourth of the width.
Radula generally similar to that of A. robusta (Wkr.),
4 14
the denticle formula ' ' , 2.1.4, 20H , 30H . In
(^-^ .V-. .... ^
12 THE NAUTILUS
some rows the lateral tooth has 2.1.5 denticles. The notch
at the outer end of the denticle row of the inner imcinus is
not so distinct as in A. rohusta, and the outer uncinus has
somewhat finer denticulation (fig. 3).
While related to A. rohusta (Wkr.) this species is dis-
tinct by the more slender shape and smaller aperture. The
generic classification of such forms depends upon the form
of the verge or external male organ, which is unknown in
this species, A. rohusta and A. hendersoni; but for the pres-
ent they are considered to be Amnicolae of the subgenus
Marstonia F. C. Baker, type A. lustrica Pils.
The eastern ''Paludina" nickliniana Lea is more slender
than A. idahoensis, with a deeper suture. According to
F. C. Baker the verge differs from that of Paludestrina and
Hydrohia, and he has revived for it the name Stimpsonia
Clessin, 1878. As this is preoccupied in Crustacea and
Vermes I propose to substitute Fontigens, type Paludina
nickliniana Lea.
THREE NEW POLYGYRID SNAILS FROM CALIFORNIA
BY S. STILLMAN BERRY
Redlands, California
A very interesting new Polygyra which has just come to
hand from nothern California impels me to submit in con-
nection with it two other forms which I have had in manu-
script for a considerably longer period of time.
Polygyra trachypepla, new species. PI. 2, figs. 12, 12a.
Description: Shell small, depressed, thin, imperforate.
Embryonic whorls with first half-turn smooth and vitreous,
the second half -turn less transparent and showing a few
weak concentric wrinklings together with a gradually de-
veloping system of minute papillae which on succeeding
whorls become much larger, elongate, then almost conflu-
ent, and eventually somewhat crescentic and bearing more
or less deciduous scale-like excrescences above; there is evi-
dence of a double arrangement of these in forward-slanting
series on the one hand and approximately axial or con-
THE NAUTILUS 13
centric lines on the other, but it does not proceed quite far
enough for the formation of actual ribs ; papillae numerous
on base of shell as well but there more minute. In
cleaned specimens which have lost the scales traces of a
weak spiral striation may be observed. Whorls 5, narrow,
convex, with the suture deeply impressed. Body-whorl
subangulate at the shoulder, strongly tumid below, only
slightly descending to the aperture, behind which it is
abruptly and narrowly constricted. Aperture ovate, the
peristome only moderately thickened, flattened below, and
bearing two small whitish denticles, one basal and one above
it on the outer lip, in addition to the slightly larger, oblique
and high-placed parietal denticle. Color of periostracum
snuff brown, the lip pale brown to whitish.
Max. diam. 7.6, min. diam. 7.4, alt. 4.3 mm.
Holotype: Cat. No. 6170 of the writer's collection. Type
Locality: Vicinity of Bridge Creek Lumber Camp, south of
Scotia, Humboldt County, California; James Cunningham
collector, July-August, 1926.
Remarks: This species somewhat resembles germana but
the shell is a trifle larger and flatter, imperforate, and the
parietal tooth smaller, while the very different periostracal
ornamentation suggests an approach toward loricata. I
know nothing closely like it in our western fauna.
POLYGYRA LORICATA NORTENSis, new subspecies. PI. 2, figs.
14, 14a.
Description: Shell small, depressed, thin, perforate.
Whorls 4% to 514. Embryonic shell weakly concentrically
wrinkled, the wrinkles much broken, soon becoming closer
and heavier, and eventually passing into the general sculp-
ture-system of many low, closely placed, crescentic tuber-
cles, trending like the growth-lines which are otherwise hard
to make out, and overlying the very close and fine spiral
striation. Body-whorl tumid, subangulate at the shoulder,
weakly descending and abruptly and deeply constricted be-
hind the lip. Aperture ovate, the peristome hardly thick-
ened except for two small teeth (sometimies not more than
whitish thickenings), one basal, the other above it on the
outer lip. Parietal tooth a small oblique whitish denticle
which may be represented by a mere trace. Umbilicus nar-
row, nearly straight-walled, partly covered by the per-
istome. Color of periostracum near tawny-olive of
Ridgway.
14 THE NAUTILUS
Max. diam. 6.4 mm., min. diam. 5.6 mm., alt. 3.6 mm.,
diam of umbilicus 0.5 mm.. Whorls 5.
Holotype: Cat. No. 7456 of the writer's collection. Para-
types: Cat. No. 7457 of same collection, and No. 2220, col-
lection of Allyn G. Smith. Type Locality: Terwah, near
Requa, Del Norte County, California ; 5 specimens, Allyn G.
Smith, collector, August 4, 1921.
Remarks: This seems a reasonably well defined race dif-
fering from typical loricata of the San Francisco region in
being smaller, with a thinner lip, less open umbilicus, and
reduced apertural dentition, the parietal tooth often indeed
no more than a trace. The sculpture is altogether finer,
more even, and less crude than the rough scaly ornamenta-
tion of the typical form.
POLYGYRA HAPLA, new species. PI. 2, figs. 13, 13a.
Description: Shell small, depressed-conic, thin. Growth-
lines numerous, irregular and somewhat coarse. Embryonic
whorls transparent, polished, smooth except for the very
weak growth-lines. Later whorls with rather large distant
papillae, each bearing a stout periostracal hair when first
formed, but the hairs eventually becoming generally de-
hiscent in the later stages. Spire low, the slopes nearly
straight. Whorls about 5l^, strongly convex, with deep
sutures. Body whorl slightly shouldered, weakly descend-
ing to the aperture, and suddenly narrowed just back of the
peristome by a furrow-like constriction; base moderately
tum.id. Lip light brown, rather narrow, well reflected an-
teriorly and below, but only moderately thickened; angled
and slightly narrowed below the pillar. Umbilicus perme-
able to apex, but narrow, contained 8 to 9 times in the
major shell diameter; only slightly encroached upon by the
columellar reflection. Color of shell near snuff brown of
Ridgway.
Holotype: max. diam. 12.2 mm., min. diam. 10.3 mm., alt.
7.2 mm., diam. umbilicus 1.4 mm. ; 514 whorls. Paratypes
measure: 11.8x10.1x6.6 mm., umb. 1.4 mm.; 51/1. whorls.;
11.6x9.7x7.2 mm., umb. 1.4 mm.; 514 whorls; 11.4x9. 6x
6.5 mm., umb. 1.2 mm.; 5i/i whorls; 11.1x9.3x6.3 mm.,
umb. 1.2 mm.; 5 whorls; 10.9x9.2x6.4 mm., umb. 1.4 mm.;
514 whorls; 10.3x8.6x6.2 mm., umb. 1 mm.; 514 whorls.
Holotype: Cat. No. 7440 of the writer's collection. Para-
types: Cat. No. 7436 of same collection. Type Locality:
THE NAUTILUS XLVII
PLATE 2
Pilsbry: Amnicolidae from Wyoming and Oregon
Berry: Polygrid Snails from California
THE NAUTILU XLVII
PLATE 3
Figs. 1-3. Viviparns contectoides goodrichi. 4- Succinea sanibelensis.
5. 6. Partula paravicinii. 7, 8. Cepolis torrei. 9. 'o- Chloritis atalanta
THE NAUTILUS 15
Butte Creek Canyon, about 10 miles from Chico, Butte
County, California; 12 living adults, 6 juveniles, Jan. 14,
1933; 18 living adults, 32 juveniles, 4 dead shells, Feb. 5,
1933 ; Prof. L. G. Ingles collector.
Remarks: This quite distinct little Polygyra appears to
require no especially close comparison with any of the Cali-
fornian representatives of the genus hitherto known. In
general effect one may picture it as a small, depressed, nar-
row-lipped, umbilicate, toothless columbiana, without the
fine close pelage possessed by southern forms of the latter
species, but the umbilicus is of entirely different type from
what we see there as is the periostracal ornamentation, and
I think it at best doubtful whether it is in that direction
that its near affinities properly lie.
Polygyra columbiana oria, new subspecies. PI. 2, figs.
11, 11a.
Description: Shell low-conic, narrowly umbilicate, the
umbilicus partially covered by the columellar reflection;
aperture rounded, flattened basally, without teeth; per-
istome of moderate width, narrowed and somewhat angled
below the columella ; parietal callus usually simple and but
weakly arcuate. Periostracum finely but rather weakly
pilose, lustrous, the color a nearly uniform Saccardo's
umber.
Holotype: Max. diam. 14.7 mm., min. diam. 12.4 mm., alt.
10.3 mm., diam. umbilicus 12 mm. ; 6 whorls. Paratypes
measure: 16.4x14.3x11-5 mm., umb. 1 mm.; 61/4 whorls;
15.1x13x11 mm., umb. 1,2 mm.; 61/8 whorls; 14.7xl2.3x
9.3 mm., umb. 1 mm.; 5% whorls; 14.6x12.2x9.3 mm.,
umb. 1.1 mm.; 5% whorls; 14.3x12x9.1 mm., umb. 1.2
mm.; 5% whorls; 13.1x10.8x8.5 mm., umb. 1 mm.; 5%
whorls.
Holotype: Cat. No. 7441 of the writer's collection. Para-
types: Cat. No. 6137 of same collection, others in collection
of Allyn G. Smith. Type Locality: South fork of American
River Canyon, near Riverton, Eldorado County, California ;
Allyn G. Smith collector, July 4, 1925.
Remarks: The mid-Sierran shells of columbiana type are
not very strongly differentiated, but in their own way the
characters appear constant throughout the considerable
16 THE NAUTILUS
series seen and it is believed that a name for the race will
be found of service. From all Californian coastal forms
seen oria differs in its darker and browner coloring, weaker
and more distinct pilosity, and polished surface.
A series taken by Mr. Smith in the vicinity of Riverton,
May 21, 1916 (Cat. No. 3734) and another collected by him
near Camp Creek, 3 miles east of Pleasant Valley, Eldorado
County, July 11, 1926, average considerably smaller than
the material described but otherwise seem essentially
similar.
TEXAS SHELLS
BY E. G. VANATTA
The following species were picked from two samples of
river drift collected by Doctor Julia Gardner. Specimens
are in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.
Frio River one mile above Frio, Frio Co., Texas
Helicina orbiculata tropica Pupoides marginatus (Say)
Pfr. Gastrocopta contracta (Say)
Polygyra texasiana (Moric.) Gastrocopta pentodon (Say)
Thysanophora hornii (Gabb) Gastrocopta procera (Gld.)
BuUmulus dealbatus G. pellucida hordeacella
mooreanus (Pfr.) (Pils.)
BuUmulus alternatus mariae Strobilops texasiana P. & F.
(Alb.) Succinea luteola Gld.
Holospira roemeri (Pfr.) Pseudosuccinea columella
Retinella indentata (Say).
paucilirata (Mrl.) Helisoma trivolvis lentum
Hawaiia minuscula (Binn.) (Say)
Haivaiiam. alachuana (Dall) Tropicorbis liebmanni (Dkr.)
Helicodiscus singleyanus Planorbula obstructa (Mrlt.)
(Pils.) Co.rychium exiguum (Say)
Helicodiscus nummus (Van.)
THE NAUTILUS 17
Rio Grande, Maverick Co., about eight miles above the
Webb Co. line
Polygyra texasiana (Moric.) Pupoides marginatus (Say)
P. t. texasensis Pils. Gastrocopta contracta (Say)
Tlujsanovhora hornii (Gabb) G. procera (Gld.)
Ilolosvira mesolia Pils. G. cristata (P. & V.)
Holospira roemeri (Pfr.) G. pellucida hordeacella
Rctinella indentata (Pils.)
paucilirata (Mrl.) G.pentodon (Say)
Hawaiia minuscula (Binn.) Gyraulus earns (P. & F.)
H. m. alachuana (Dall) Drepanotrema cultratum
Helicodiscus singleyanus labrosum Pils.
(Pils.) Planorbula obstructa (Mrlt.)
Helicodiscus nummus (Van.)
A NEW SPECIES OF FLORIDA UNIO
BY BERLIN HART WRIGHT
Unio (Elliptio) sanctorum johanium, sp. nov. Plate 1.
Shell uniomorphic, reddish, polished, smooth but with
bluntly rounded growth ridges. Disc all covered with
bright dark green rays collected in ribbon-like bands, al-
most obscuring the basic epidermal color, especially in the
younger, translucent individuals. Epidermis extremely
glaucous throughout and glabrous. Form inequilateral,
oval, slightly but distinctly biangulate behind and posterior
or umbonal ridge well defined but not sharp, and beak sculp-
ture prominently and irregularly sinuate and deeply corru-
gate. Dorsal margin slightly arched, ventral and posterior
margins gracefully rounded, and blunt in front. Cardinal
teeth oblique, pointed, finely corrugate, double in left and
single in right valve as are also the arched laterals which
are well separated from the cardinals and are beautifully
and finely sculptured. Pallial impressions distinctly marked
and very regular. Posterior cicatrix narrow and smooth
posteriorly, and deep auxiliary cicatrix. Anterior cicatrix
shallow, poorly defined and smooth. Umbonal cavity fairly
deep with four cicatrices in a row at its roof. Nacre bril-
liantly irridescent with bright coppery hues throughout.
18 THE NAUTILUS
Dimensions: Length 65 mm., altitude 40 mm., diameter
25 mm.
Habitat: Lake Druid, near Floral City, Florida, on which
front are located the winter homes of the brothers Robert
and Edward St. John, in whose honor this extremely lovely
naiad is named since they are both students of nature and
brought the species to our notice.
Observations: The natural place in the family lies be-
tween U. hinkleyi Wright and U. pinei Wright, both east
Florida forms. It has the outline of the first and nacrous
and epidermal brilliancy of the last. It comes from a water
surcharged with lime and yet there is never any calcareous
deposit on the shells.
The type is the collection of the United States National
Museum, No. 424738, also a paratype. No. 424739. Other
paratypes are in the Academy of Natural Sciences at Phila-
delphia, No. 161016, and in the collection of Walter F. Webb
of Rochester, N. Y., who has entered upon the collection and
study of the Unionidae with characteristic zeal and thor-
oughness. Still other paratypes have been placed in the
Buffalo Academy of Sciences and the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology.
A NEW VARIETY OF VIVIPARUS CONTECTOIDES
(W. G. BINN) FROM JACKSON CO., FLORIDA
BY ALLAN F. ARCHER
In a sending from 0. C. VanHyning, the Museum of
Comparative Zoology received two species of Viviparidae.
They were collected in streams in the vicinity of Marianna,
Jackson County, Florida. Campeloma floridense ''Call"
Pilsbry was collected in a creek tributary to the Chipola
River, 5 miles northeast of Marianna, and in Spring Creek,
3 miles southeast of Marianna. In the former locality it is
rather elongated, much like Campeloma lewisii Walker. In
this respect it is like the specimen from the R. E. Call col-
lection now in the M.C.Z. (No. 4476). However, it exhibits
THE NAUTILUS XLVII
PLATE I
Unio (Elliptio) sanctorumjohanium B. H. Wrighl
THE NAUTILUS 19
even more strongly incised spiral lines at least in some
specimens, although others differ little in that respect. The
examples from the other locality mentioned above are some-
what shorter spired. The label accompanying Call's shell
gives East Florida as the locality. The description of this
species first appeared in the literature by Dr. Pilsbry
(Nautilus 30, 1916, pp. 42-43).
ViVIPARUS CONTECTOIDES GOODRICHI, var. nov. PI. 3, figS.
1-3.
Description: Shell elongate-globose, imperforate or very
narrowly rimate, dextral. Exterior of shell dark brown.
Three very dark brown bands visible in some individuals,
one central one at the periphery and one above and below it.
The entire edge of the aperture black, this color continuing
along the edge of the parietal callus. Th interior of the
aperture purplish brown, with the bands often showing
through. The texture of the interior of the aperture slight-
ly nacreous. Whorls about 41/2- Nuclear whorls prom-
inent, but usually badly corroded and pitted; succeeding
whorls moderately increasing, quite convex and definitely
shouldered ; body large and broadly shouldered, the area
beneath the shoulder bulging but slightly. Aperture sub-
circular, oblique. Palatal lip thin and unexpanded and
merging directly with the columellar lip. Parietal callus
present with an exterior border continuous with the col-
umellar lip and connecting directly with the superior inser-
tion of the palatal lip. Suture impressed. Sculpture con-
sisting of closely crowded axial lines which at irregular in-
tervals on the body whorl are interrupted by raised growth
lines. Surface texture rather smooth and in younger speci-
mens somewhat shiny. Operculum subcircular, oblique,
horny, somewhat transparent, with concentric lines and
subcentral nucleus.
Altitude 46 mm., diameter 37 mm., aperture length 25
mm., width 18.5 mm. Holotype, M.C.Z. In two paratypes,
M. C. Z., the dimensions are: 46x38x24x19.5 mm., and
43.5X38X22.5X18.5 mm.
HoloUjpe: M.C.Z. 92432 (fig. 3) ; spring fed stream
tributary to the Chipola River, 5 miles northeast of Mari-
anna, Jackson Co., Fla., 0. C. VanHyning collector, Novem-
ber 16, 1932. Paratypes: M.C.Z. 92433.
Remarks: This variety may readily be distinguished from
20 THE NAUTILUS
V. contectoides W. G. Binn. in the following respects. It is
larger and more globose. The whorls are broadly should-
ered instead of being rounded and convex. Moreover it is
not umbilicate as in V. contectoides. The color is dark
brown instead of the apple green of the typical form of the
species. The aperture is less circular and more oblique. It
more closely resembles V. contectoides impolitus Pils., a
form from Alabama. It may be distinguished from it in
the following points. The shell is somewhat larger and
stouter. The whorls are more broadly shouldered. The
umbilical perforation is absent, and the umbilical region
bulges outward more. The surface is smoother instead of
being rough and malleated. The aperture is less circular.
V. contectoides limi Pils. is smaller, much more elongate
with more compactly coiled whorls.
A NEW SUCCINEA FROM FLORIDA
BY HARALD A. REHDERi
While going over the collection of Succinea at the
Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University,
several lots were found from the west coast of Florida that
seem to belong to a new form that is here described.
Succinea sanibelensis, new species. PL 3, fig. 4.
Description: Shell elongate, slender for the genus, with
an acute spire; glossy, whitish yellow or straw-yellow in
color, the shells with the former color being quite thin and
fragile, while those of a straw-yellow color are somewhat
less fragile. Whorls 3% to 4, generally 4, only slightly con-
vex, so that the sides of the shell above the periphery of the
last whorl seem almost flat ; suture moderately deep. Sculp-
ture consists of minute growth lines, and fine, low, irregular
wrinkles. Aperture narrowly ovate, practically vertical,
and almost symmetrical.
Length 14.4 mm., breadth 7.3 mm., length of aperture
9.6 mm. Holotype. 16.3 mm., 7.9 mm., 10.4 mm. Para-
type. 15.0 mm., 6.8 mm., 9.5 mm. Paratype.
1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian
Institution.
THE NAUTILUS 21
Holotype: M.C.Z. No. 59645, from Sanibel Island, Lee
County, Florida, collected by W. F. Clapp in 1911. Para-
types are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology and in the
United States National Museum, No. 424706. There are
other lots from the same locality, and one lot of large,
straw-yellow specimens labeled merely "Sawgrass swamps,
Southeastern Florida."
Remarks: This form can not be mistaken, after a little
study, for any other species. S. retusa has practically al-
ways a much shorter spire and longer aperture. S. luteola
has a more broadly ovate aperture, due to the fact that
typically the columella makes a more or less definite angle
with the parietal wall. ^S. sanibelensis has also some slight
resemblance in color and texture to S. concordialis, but here
again the more flattened whorls give sanibelensis a more
slender appearance.
A NEW FOSSIL CEPOLIS FROM CUBA: WEST INDIAN
MOLLUSKS NO. 6
BY W. J. CLENCH AND C. G. AGUAYO
The following species of Cepolis was collected by Dr.
Thomas Barbour in a cave of the Sierra de Hato Nuevo, a
low range of hills about 5 km. southwest of Marti, Matan-
zas, Cuba. The single specimen was found associated with
some mammal bones. Dr. Barbour reports that the region
of the cave is considered late Pliocene or early Pleistocene.
No closely related recent species occurs anywhere near this
area. The nearest form is Cepolis (Jeanneretia) subtus-
sulcata C'Wr." Pfeiffer) from Vinales and Guira de Luis
Lazo, west central Pinar del Rio, which is about 300 km. to
the west. No other fossil species in this subgenus is known
to occur. It is possible that this species is the ancestral
form of the present C. subtus sulcata, which at this time is
localized in the western end of the island.
22 THE NAUTILUS
Cepolis (Jeanneretia) torrei, sp. nov. PI. 3, figs. 7-8.
Description: Shell globose, imperforate, solid. Whorls
61/2) convex, body whorl very indistinctly angled. Spire
dome-shaped, very slightly obtuse and produced at an angle
of 96°. Aperture rounded, cast at an angle of 41° with the
horizontal plane. Lip well reflected. No apparent col-
umella as the basal area of the lip ascends at a sharp angle
toward the columellar region. The incomplete folding of
the lip leaves a rather long but not deep rimation, which,
however, does not penetrate the axis. Sutures well im-
pressed. Sculpture showing but very indistinctly the fine
thread-like spiral incised lines characteristic of the sub-
genus Jeanneretia. No trace of color remaining. A rather
deep, crescent-shaped pit is located midway on the basal
area of the body whorl between the columellar region and
the outer margin of the shell. This is produced by infold-
ing and the production of a corresponding raised tooth well
within the aperture. It is 11 mm. long between its points
of insertion.
Length 20.5 mm., greater diam. 21 mm., lesser diam. 19.5
mm., aperture length 9.5 mm., width 9 mm. Holotype.
Holotijpe: M.C.Z. No. 59730, cave in the Sierra Hato
Nuevo, near Marti, Matanzas Province, Cuba. T. Barbour,
collector, 1917.
Remarks: This species is best compared with Cepolis
(Jeanneretia) subt us sulcata. Proportionately C. torrei is
far more globose, much smaller, and has a less obtuse spire.
Comparative measurements of certain angles are:
C. torrei
C. subtussulcata
Spire
96°
103°
Aperture
41°
34°
This last measurement is the cast of the angle produced
by the face of the aperture with the horizontal line drawn
at right angles with the axis of the shell at its extreme base,
as seen in right profile.
C torrei is named for Dr. C. de la Torre, the well known
Cuban malacologist.
THE NAUTILUS 23
TWO NEW LAND SNAILS FROM THE BISMARCK
ARCHIPELAGO
BY WILLIAM J. CLENCH
The following new species were recently received from
Dr. E. Paravicini among a series of shells submitted for
naming. This collection had been made by Dr. Paravicini
during a collecting trip in the Western Pacific.
Chloritis (Sulcobasis) atalanta, sp. nov. PI. 3, figs. 9-10.
Description: Shell widely umbilicated, rather solid, dis-
coidal, and somewhat shining. Color mahogany brown.
Whorls 5, body whorl broadly angled above the mid-area.
Below the angle, the whorl is convex, above it is flat to
slightly concave, with the extreme upper portion of the
body whorl shouldered. Spire completely depressed, hardly
showing above the body whorl. Lip reflexed, thickened and
colored a pale purplish brow^n. Parietal wall very thinly
glazed. Aperture reniform to auriculate, cast at an angle
of 48 "" from a horizontal line. Umbilicus deep and slightly
tapering. Columella exceedingly short, expanding above
and covering about a third of the umbilical opening. Sculp-
ture on exposed portions of early whorls of very fine and
numerous growth lines. Body whorl other than shouldered
and basal areas coarsely malleated, the malleations set
somewhat obliquely and crossed by the fine growi;h lines.
Shouldered and basal areas crossed only by the fine and
slightly irregular growth lines.
Height 26 mm., greater diam. 54 mm., lesser diam. 48.2
mm., aperture diam. 26 mm. Holotype.
Holotijpe: M.C.Z. No. 59844, New Hanover Island, Bis-
marck Archipelago, E. Paravicini collector. Paratype in
collection of E. Paravicini.
Remarks: This species differs rather notably from all
other members of this genus known to occur within the re-
gion of eastern New Guinea, the Bismarcks and the Solo-
mon Islands. It is most nearly allied to Chloritis (Sulco-
basis) majuscula Pfr. from Bougainville Island in the Solo-
mon group. From this species it differs by being very much
larger, more heavily malleated and having a much darker
color. The umbilicus in this form tapers within rather
gradually, paralleling the condition found in Chloritis (Sul-
24 THE NAUTILUS
cobasis) isis Pfr., and not so definitely obconic as in C,
majuscula. From C. isis, the only other form to which it at
all approaches, it differs in possessing the heavy malleated
sculpture, much darker and more uniform coloration, a flat-
ter spire and being very much larger.
Partula paravicinii, sp. nov. PL 3, figs. 5-6.
Description: Shell rather thin, umbilicate, shining. Color
deep red-brown on the first II/2 whorls then shading rapidly
into yellow-brown and finally to light yellow-brown on the
last whorl. Whorls 5, quite convex, regularly enlarging to
the body whorl. Spire attenuated and acute. Lip white
and well reflexed. Parietal wall thinly calloused. Aperture
ovate and slightly obliquely set, cast at an angle of 65° from
a horizontal base line in right profile. Columella bearing
slightly to left, expanded above and inwardly, reflected por-
tion completely covering the umbilical orifice when viewed
from the face of the shell. Sculpture of numerous and
rather deeply incised wavy, spiral lines, crossed by irregu-
larly spaced and somewhat inconspicuous growth lines.
Measurements: Height 18.7 mm., width 10.3 mm., aper-
ture 8.1x4.8 mm. Holotype. Three paratypes measure:
18x9-3 mm., ap. 7x4 mm.; 18.2x9.6 mm., ap. 8.8x4.5
mm.; and 17.6x9.1 mm., ap. 8.8x4.4 mm.
Holotype: M.C.Z. No. 59854, St. Matthias, Bismarck
Archipelago, E. Paravicini collector. Paratypes, M.C.Z. No.
59855; ANSP. and the collection of E. Paravicini.
Remarks: Closely allied to P. gerardensis Soos from
Gerard de Nys [Gerret Denys] Island and P. carterensis
Q. & G., from Port Carteret, New Hanover, in the Bis-
marcks. It differs from both species by being proportion-
ately less elongated, having a sculpture throughout of much
heavier axil lines and possessing a deep, brown-red nuclear
whorl. This new species is a member of the Solomon-Bis-
marck Island complex of the genus Partula, sl group of more
or less very closely allied forms having rather slender shells,
and usually fine spiral sculpture.
THE NAUTILUS 25
MOLLUSKS OF THE PLIOCENE DEPOSITS AT
COLLINSTON, UTAH
BY RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN AND ELMER BERRY,
University of Utah
Of the post-Eocene lake deposits so widespread in the
west, those of the Great Basin region were first and are
still chiefly known from King's reports in the U. S. Geo-
logical Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel. King indicated
certain extensive deposits of Pliocene age as having been
laid down in a great sheet of water lying chiefly in Nevada
to which he applied the name Shoshone Lake. The margins
of this lake touched southeastern Oregon, eastern and
southeastern California, and the western half of Utah. The
deposits made in this lake, the limits of which have never
been definitely plotted, have commonly been designated as
the "Humboldt Group." Frank B. Meek as long ago as
1870 reported extensive studies on the molluscan fauna of
the extinct lake, particularly from deposits at Fossil Hill,
Kawsoh Mts. of Nevada, and from Cache Valley, Utah.
The writers have devoted considerable time to an in-
vestigation of the molluscan fossils of this formation in
various exposures in Utah and Idaho ; and the present paper
is a report upon our findings in a conspicuous outcropping
at Collinston, Utah. This deposit seems clearly continuous
with that at Mendon, in Cache Valley, thus Pliocene strata
bending about the north end of the Wasatch Range from
one locality to the other.
The tertiary outcropping in Collinston, Utah, is similar
in formation and fauna to that occurring further east near
Mendon, Utah, the locality visited by Meek. The Collinston
outcropping is several hundred feet in height and is com-
posed chiefly of conglomerates and oolitic sands. Unfortun-
ately the molluscan remains at most levels are composed of
molds and casts in the conglomerates, making identification
of the species very difficult. We found a stratum, however,
situated about midway between the base and the summit of
the mountain, which is composed of fine, unconsolidated
sands and yielding fossil shells in good condition and in
26 THE NAUTILUS
large numbers. The majority of the specimens of this
stratum are species which are small in size or immature
shells of larger species. It is from this stratum that most
of the species listed in this paper were obtained. Types of
all new species are in the museum of the University of
Utah.
We wish to extend our thanks to Dr. Walter P. Cottam
for aid in photographing the specimens.
PisiDiUM COMPRESSUM Prime. PL 5, fig. 1.
A number of valves of this species were found in the fine
sand. Occasionally both valves were found intact.
Sphaerium pilsbryanum Sterki. PI. 5, fig. 2.
A few specimens found. They are of smaller size than
the adult forms found living at the present time. The larg-
est found is 10.4 mm. long by 8.7 mm. high.
Stagnicola kingi (Meek). PI. 5, fig. 3.
Several molds and a few well preserved casts have been
discovered in the consolidated oolitic sands and conglomer-
ates. No actual complete shells were found, however, at
this locality. This species became a dominant form during
the Pleistocene in Lake Bonneville. It is living at present
in two widely separated districts, one in Utah Lake on the
west shore, the other in northern Utah near Promontory.
Physa sp. PI. 5, fig. 4.
This is a juvenile form. Although it appears to be dif-
ferent from any described species, we think it advisable to
postpone giving it a name until better material makes pos-
sible an adequate description.
VORTICIFEX LAXUS Sp. nov. PI. 5, fig. 5.
This species, although common in the conglomoritic de-
posits, was absent in the sands. The description of the
species is taken from the aspects which the mold and the
casts reveal. Specimens with the shell present have not
been taken by us.
Description: Shell large and varying from a depressed
spire to a low spire. Whorls 31/2 to 4. The sutures evident-
THE NAUTILUS 27
ly deep causing the mold to be loosely coiled. The last whorl
large but lacking the terraced shoulder that is present on
Carinifex newherryi (Lea) which it somewhat resembles.
There is no evidence of a sharp carina surrounding the um-
bilicus as is present on C. newberryi. Aperture is triangu-
lar-ovate, large and expanding, having its widest dimen-
sions at the periphery. Umbilicus very narrow. Size: 21.8
mm. wide; 21 mm. high; penultimate whorl 11.4 mm. wide;
aperture 16 mm. high, 12.3 mm. wide.
This species appears to be related to Vorticifex binneyi
(Meek) but differs from that species in that the whorls in-
crease less rapidly in size, in the shape of the aperture
(binneyi's aperture being widest above), in the height of
the spire, and in the width of the umbilicus.
Vorticifex tryoni concava Meek. PI. 5, fig. 6.
Three specimens of this form were found in the fine
sands. All three have the characteristic transverse costae,
but are not fully mature shells. The largest specimen had
3l^ whorls and measured 3.4 mm.
Gyraulus monocarinatus sp. nov. PI. 5, figs. 7 and 8.
Description: Shell small, discoidal, composed of 2V2 to 3
whorls which increase rapidly in size. Nuclear whorl
round and non-carinated. The last two whorls are strongly
keeled above the periphery causing the upper portion of the
whorls to slope downward to the sunken spire. The upper
portion of the body whorl is channeled between the keeled
body whorl and penultimate whorl. Below the carina the
body whorl is well rounded. The umbilicus is excavated
allowing all the whorls to be seen from beneath. Aperture,
angulate, large, and wider than high. Size: 3.8 mm. wide,
1.9 mm. high.
This species, with its characteristic keel does not seem to
be closely related to any species that we are familiar with.
It was found to be rather common in the fine sand strata
and also in the coarse, unconsolidated sands.
Gyraulus annectans sp. nov. PI. 5, figs. 9 and 10.
Description: Shell small composed of 214 to 21/0 whorls
which increase very rapidly in size, the last comprising
most of the shell. The whorls are loosely coiled and sculp-
tured with evenly placed transverse costae. Spire sunken,
28 THE NAUTILUS
protoconch extremely small, gradually increasing in size
with the younger whorls. Body whorl abruptly rounded.
Umbilicus wide and circumscribed with a well defined
carina. Aperture obtusely ovate, wider than high, slightly
everted on adult forms. Size: 4.5 mm. wide, 1.6 mm. high;
penultimate whorl 1.3 mm. wide; aperture 2.5 mm. wide,
1.6 mm. high.
This species has combined characteristics of the genera
Gyraulus and Carinifex not fitting perfectly into either one
as they are now established. It differs from Gyraulus in
having a carina surrounding the umbilicus, but differs from
Carinifex in not possessing a terraced spire and in the
shape of the aperture. The species was well represented in
the fine sand strata and in the coarse sand directly above
associating with the last species described, Gyraulus mono-
carinatus.
Lanx undulatus (Meek). PL 5, fig. 11.
Several specimens of this species were found, none, how-
ever, being as large as that of the type species as described
by Meek from Fossil Hill, Kaw-soh Mountains, Nevada.
The largest specimen found measured 9.1 mm. long; 7.6
mm. wide; and 6.4 mm. high. Undulations were well de-
veloped on most of the specimens and the contour of the
shell including the position and shape of the apex are
similar to the species as described by Meek. It is no longer
living in the Great Basin.
Amnicola limosa (Say). PL 5, fig. 12.
A few well preserved specimens were found of this
species in the coarse, unconsolidated sands. This species is
still living in a few isolated districts of Utah, e.g.. Salt
Springs, Utah.
Paludestrina nanna sp. nov. PL 5, figs. 13 and 14.
Six specimens of this species were found in the fine sands
and in the strata directly above. Only two had their shells
remaining. The other specimens had some portions of the
shell present but were mostly composed of the molds.
Description: Shell small, rimate, narrowly elongate.
Whorls 41/^ to 5, somewhat shouldered, convex, nearly
THE NAUTILUS XLVII
PLATE 4
k..-^-
> "
1 -«i. ^k :^.
'-%
Upper— Hill at Collinston, Utah.
Lower— Nearer view of a portion of the hill to show the
characteristic dip and the sandy layers between more con-
solidated strata.
THE NAUTILUS XLVII
PLATE 5
THE NAUTILUS 29
smooth, and separated by a well impressed suture. Aper-
ture sub-circular, continuous; apex blunt. Size: 2.7 mm.
high, 1.4 mm. wide.
This species resembles Paludestrina protea in general
shape, but differs in being much smaller, in the rimate um-
bilicus, and in lacking the revolving ridges and longitudinal
folds.
Valvata humeralis californica Pilsbry. PL 5, fig. 15.
This was a comparatively common form during the Pli-
ocene time. We have found this to be widely distributed in
our collections of the Pliocene Mollusca in the Great Basin
Area. This species was found as molds in the lower de-
posits of Collinston and perfect specimens were taken from
the fine sands and unconsolidated strata from the same
locality.
AGES AND SHELL MEASUREMENTS OF TWO LARGE
SPECLMENS OF MEGALONAIAS GIGANTEA (BARNES)
BY THOMAS K. CHAMBERLAIN,
U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Laboratories,
University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.
During the past year the writer has had the opportunity
to study two very large specimens of the Washboard,
Megalonaias gigantea (Barnes). One of these mussels was
collected by Lionel Goldfrank in the Ohio River, near
Metropolis, Illinois, in 1902. The right valve of this speci-
men measured 218x138 mm. (8.58x5.43 inches) and
weighed 688.5 grams (1.52 pounds). The thickness of the
shell at the palial line was 20 mm. (0.79 inch). Similar
measurements for the left valve could not be made, as but-
ton blanks had been cut from this valve and its posterior
margin broken, but judging by the right valve the combined
weight of the two valves must have exceeded 1350 grams,
approximately 3 pounds.
The left valve of another specimen of the same species
collected by T. K. C. in the spring of 1932 from the East
Fork of White River, at Bono, Indiana, measured 209x146
mm. (8.23x5.75 inches) and was 16 mm. thick at the
30 THE NAUTILUS
palial line. The left valve weighed 565 grams, and the
right valve 540 grams, giving a total v^^eight of 1105 grams
or approximately 2.5 pounds for the two valves.
Applying the annual ring method as described by Cham-
berlain (1932) the age of the Metropolis mussel at the time
of its death was found to have been 54 years and the age of
the Bono shell 36 years.
The measurements of these two specimens of Megalonaias
gigantea compare very favorably with those of other large
specimens of this species as listed in the existing literature.
Simpson, p. 875 (1914) , describes a specimen of this species
measuring 210x113 mm. from the Little Miami River near
Cincinnati, Ohio, and states that Lea's specimen was 8
inches long and weighed 2 pounds 9.5 ounces; Strode, p.
115 (1896), mentions another measuring 8.5 inches in
length from the Spoon River, Illinois; and Marshall, p. 25
(1922), reports a specimen from Eagle Creek, Kentucky,
measuring 216 mm. in length, the left valve of which
weighed 723 grams. It is also evident that the age of the
Washboard mussel may exceed 50 years.
Bibliography
1931. Chamberlain, T. K. Annual Growth of Fresh-water
Mussels. Bull. Bureau of Fisheries, vol. XLVI, pp.
713-739, for 1930.
1922. Marshall, W. B. A large Quadrula heros Say.
Nautilus, vol. 36, pp. 25-27.
1914. Simpson, C. T. A Descriptive Catalogue of the
Naiades. Bryant Walker, Detroit, Part II.
1896. Strode, W. S. The Size of Mussels. Nautilus, vol.
9, pp. 115-116.
A NEW STAGNICOLA FROM MONTANA
BY FRANK C. BAKER AND JUNIUS HENDERSON
STAGNICOLA ELRODI, new species. — Shell large, fusiform,
rather thin, light to dark horn color ; surface shining with
well marked growth lines crossed by incised spiral lines;
whorls 6I/2, well rounded with deep sutures; nuclear whorl
THE NAUTILUS 31
dark wine colored; body whorl large, convex; spire very
acute, forming a well marked pyramid; aperture ovate in
adult, elongate ovate in immature sheils;outer lip thin, with-
out variceal thickening; inner lip wide, flattened, emargin-
ate, reflected over the umbilical region leaving only a very
small umbilical chink; columellar axis with strong plait;
color of aperture light brownish or pinkish.
Length 24.5 mm., diam 13.6 mm., aperture length 15 mm.,
diam. 7.8 mm. Holotype. Adult. Two immature para-
types measure: 18x9-5 mm., 10x5.1 mm., and 18x9.8 mm.,
11.5X5.6 mm.
Type Locality: West shore Flathead Lake, 13 1/2 miles
north of Poison, Montana. Types: Museum Natural His-
tory, University of Illinois, No. Z33780; University of
Colorado Museum, No. 19134.
The chief features distinguishing this species are its fusi-
form shape, long, acute spire with rounded whorls, wide
aperture and body whorl, and the flattened, emarginate
columellar lip with a well developed plait. It bears a strik-
ing resemblance to Currier's Stagnicola intertexta, a
variety of Stagnicola catascopium living in Black Lake,
Michigan, but the adult form of elrocli has a larger, more
patulous aperture and the inner lip is more like that of
emarginata, in which group it probably belongs. There is
a slight resemblance, also, to the recently described Pleisto-
cene fossil Stagnicola couleensis F. C. Baker, but in that
species the spire is much shorter, more dome shaped, the
aperture is smaller and the inner lip is not wide and
emarginate. There is no Lymnaeid in the western states
which closely resembles this species.
S. elrocli was at first thought to be a variation of Stagni-
cola montana (Elrod), an abundant species in McDonald
and St. Mary's lakes, but in S. montana the shell is more
elongated, larger, the spire whorls are very irregular, the
penultimate whorl being larger and somewhat "puffy," the
body whorl is smaller, narrower, and the aperture is smaller
and rounder. The columellar region is different, the plait
heavier, and there is a decided umbilical chink or umbilicus.
The two forms appear to be quite distinct. S. montana is
figured on plate 46, figs. 5-8 of the Lymnaeidae of Middle
32 THE NAUTILUS
and North America. The figure of intertexta, plate 40,
fig. 35, of the same work somewhat resembles elrodi.
Two lots of this species were found in Flathead Lake, one
the type lot, the other I6V2 miles north of Poison. The lat-
ter consists of bleached specimens, almost like fossils in
their appearance, the whorls a trifle more globose than in
the type lot, but without doubt only local variations of
elrodi. One specimen with a broken spire must have
measured 29 or 30 mm. in length. Specimens 13-15 mm. in
length, with 41/2 whorls, found in McDonald Lake, are evi-
dently the young of S. montana which occurs abundantly
in this lake.
It appears probable that the fresh water pulmonates
show the same tendency to vary in the lakes of the moun-
tain regions of the western states that they do in the lake
regions of the northern part of the United States and south-
ern Canada. Each lake appears to have faunal characteris-
tics different from those of nearby lakes and it would ap-
pear probable that some of the lakes have species confined
only to one body of water. Elrodi is a species of this
nature, evidently, since none have been seen from the other
lakes in this vicinity. In the past most of the large Stagni-
cola-like Lymnaeids in the west have been referred to the
all-embracing palustris. More systematic exploration such
as the junior author is carrying on in the mountain region
and more analytical studies of the material collected will
doubtless add a number of species and races to the aquatic
pulmonate fauna of the western states.
The species is named in honor of Professor Morton Elrod,
of the University of Montana, who has studied the region of
the Mission Mountains for many years.
THE NAUTILUS 33
A NEW SPECIES OF LYMNAEA FROM OREGON
BY JOSHUA L. DAILY, JR., AND RUTH INGERSOLL BAILY
Lymnaea mazamae, sp. nov. Plate 6, fig. 4.
Shell thin and brittle, elongated, the dimensions of the
aperture being slightly greater than half those of the entire
shell; periostracum corneous and chestnut colored, smooth
and shining when fresh, but quickly becoming dull when dry,
nearly always showing some degree of erosion, probably the
result of carbonic acid in the water; nucleus of about one
whorl obtusely rounded, and generally more eroded than the
rest of the shell; body whorl large and flaring, frequently
with very prominent malleations, and with lines of growth
sloping backward from the suture ; spiral whorls about 4 in
number, rapidly increasing in size, and so inflated that they
meet at the suture at an angle of approximately 120° ; aper-
ture large and flaring, rounded below and obtusely angled at
the suture; outer lip sharp, thin, and regular; columellar
lip white, completely covering the umbilical region, and so
appressed as to form a continuous surface with the body
whorl ; columella twisted forming a distinct plait, most con-
spicuous when viewed in profile. Anatomy of soft parts not
known.
Length 20 Breadth 12 mm. Aperture 11 x 6 mm,
20 " 12 mm. " 10.5x6 mm.
19 " 11mm. '' 13 x 7 mm.
19 " 11mm. " 10.5x5.5 mm.
Type locality. Crater Lake, Oregon. Cotypes in the collec-
tions of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia and
the California Academy of Science in San Francisco.
This species bears a close resemblance to L. mighelsi, Bin-
ney, which F. C. Baker considers a variety of L. emarginata
Say. In L. mighelsi, however, there is a distinct umbilical
fissure beneath the reflected margin of the columellar lip,
and the columella itself appears straight when viewed in
profile.
Crater Lake, in southwestern Oregon, occupies the crater
of an extinct volcano. The water is about seven thousand
34 THE NAUTILUS
feet above sea level, the crater rim about one thousand feet
higher. The lake is about tv^o thousand feet deep, and is
fed entirely by melting snow. As the quantity of water so
received is in excess of that lost by evaporation, the exist-
ence of a subterranean outlet is indicated.
The purity of the water is such that the configuration of
the bottom can be plainly seen at a depth of about twenty
feet, and its azure color has long made it a favorite with
artists.
The quantity of lime in the water must be very minute, for
the shells are thin and brittle and in many instances so com-
pletely eroded that large areas of the viscera are exposed.
In fact, we saw a single specimen in which the shell had en-
tirely disappeared.
The specific name given to this species is to commemorate
Mt. Mazama, the volcano in whose crater it was found.
NOTES
Scientific literature is now being produced far in ad-
vance of the facilities for publication by the societies and in
the natural history journals of the country. We want to en-
courage everyone having interesting observations or im-
portant material to write them up, but we earnestly beg
them to cultivate brevity. In descriptive articles we would
suggest that a summary be substituted for long tables of
measurements, and that locality records be presented as con-
cisely as possible, without repetition of data. It is better
for the author to do the condensing than to leave it to the
editors.
Libera Again. — On page 70 I mentioned my inability to
find Libera in Paetel's "Catalog". Mr. H. C. Fulton has
kindly called my attention to the entry : ''Libera D Haan Gen.
fgehort] zu Octopoda Leach." which appeared in another of
Paetel's w^orks, ''Die bisher veroffentlichten Familien und
Gattungsnamen der Mollusken" (1875), p. 109. This book
contains an alphabetical list of names compiled without dis-
THE NAUTILUS 35
crimination and abounding in errors in the rank and equiv-
alence of the names, as well as misspellings. Paetel was
wrong in calling Libera a genus, as it was not proposed as
generic, and of course it has nothing to do with the Octopoda.
Such errors are common in the book ; Dentale Lister is given
as a genus ; Dentaliidae H. and A. Ad. is also said to be a
genus. So far as I can see, the presence of Libera in Paetel's
list has no effect on nomenclature. — H. A. P.
The Eggs of Goniobasis virginica and Anculosa
CARINATA have been examined by Charles P. Winston
( Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., vol. 23, p. 34-36, figs. 1-4) . There
is a general agreement with those of Goniobasis livescens
and of Pleurocera.
Self Fertilization and Nidification In Physa Halei.
— Recently an immature Physa halei Lea was introduced
into an aquarium containing the viviparous tropical fish
Guppia. On November 12 the glass sides of the jar were
observed to have several of the characteristic egg capsules
of Physa attached to them. A count gave 14 egg capsules
ranging in size from 11 mm. to 18 mm. in length, and each
capsule containing from 56 to 135 eggs in various condi-
tions of development. In all, 1354 eggs were counted in the
14 capsules. The adult snail measured 15 mm. in length.
All eggs were fertile and developing. The locality from
which the Physa came is not definitely known but it was
somewhere in southern Illinois. It was accidentally intro-
duced into the aquarium. While all of the aquatic pul-
monates are believed to occasionally reproduce by self-
fertilization, actual recorded examples of this condition are
rare in the literature. — Frank C. Baker.
Victims of what my old entomological friend Henry
Skinner used to call the "mihi-itch" sometimes suffer curi-
ous complications of that malady. One of its distressing
manifestations is the mania for renaming genera in groups
the person knows nothing about, and would not recognize if
he saw them. This is not really larceny, as custom has sanc-
tioned the practice ; one cannot avoid it in dealing with pre-
36 THE NAUTILUS
occupied names of past authors; but where the name in
question was by a living author the courteous procedure is,
as Dr. Stiles has pointed out, to inform the author of a
homonym that he has tised an inadmissible name, and allow
him to make the necessary correction. A case of superflu-
ous naming by an author not acquainted with the group is
that of the genus Alexandria Tomlin, 1926 (a homonym of
Alexandria Pfeffer, 1881). This was renamed Alexania E.
Strand, 1928. Without assigning any reason the same
author has again renamed the genus Tomlinula (E. Strand,
Folia Zool. et Hydrob. IV, p. 193, 1932) , not mentioning his
own former name. It is a South African group referred to
Acteonidae. — H. A. P.
Two Record Sizes of Pecten.— There are two pectens in
my collection of West Coast shells that I believe are record
sizes. The species are Hinnites gigantevs Gray and Pecten
caurinus Gould. The former often assumes rough and in-
definite shapes somewhat as some oysters do ; they seem to
reach a ripe old age for a mollusk. The specimen at hand is
a lower valve which was dredged in 1918 in the San Juan
Islands from a rocky bottom. The upper valve was lost,
although the animal was taken alive. This individual
shows over 30 distinct presumably annual lines of grov^h
in the region of the byssal plug furrow. It is covered with
the usual commensal growths such as worm tubes, barn-
acles, bryozoa and boring sponges. The live shell has been
perforated by several hundred pin holes of a boring sponge
without apparent injury to the animal. The dimensions
are as follows: Greatest length 222 mm. (8% inches) ;
width 168 mm. (61/4 inches) ; thickness of valve near byssal
plug 64 mm. (2% inches) . Weight of lower valve 3 pounds
1 ounce.
The second shell Pecten caurinus Gould, was dredged out-
side of Wrangel Narrows, Alaska, in 1918. It is very thin
and fragile for so large a shell. About % i^^ch of the lips
of the valves were trimmed off but the present dimensions
are as follows : Length 228 mm. (9 inches) ; width 198 mm.
(71/2 inches).
THE NAUTILUS 37
Six inches in considered quite a large size for this species.
Dr. Marshall kindly showed me the largest specimen at the
National Museum in 1927. It is in Ball's collection of
Alaska shells and measures 6I/2 inches in length. — Walter
J. Eyerdam.
Haminoea virescens (Sowerby). — When I saw your
note on H. viresc€7is on p. 140 of the last Nautilus I went
to our shell gallery and dug out the tablet in the Cuming
collection referred to, labelled "Pitcairn's Island," 5 ex-
amples. I have compared them with series received from
several Calif ornian collectors as ''H. virescens'' (e.g., from
Chace, Brown and Fred Baker) , and I find them absolutely
identical. Shape, size, and especially the extremely fine
axial sculpture which gets more or less covered with trans-
parent callus, tally exactly. If I can give you any further
information towards settling the point, please command me ;
but I hardly think it is needed. — J. R. leBrocton Tomlin,
in letter to Editor.
the third annual meeting of the american
malacological union
That The American Malacological Union founded two
years ago (1931) has become an established and recognized
factor among students of malacology was evidenced by the
splendid attendance at the Third Annual Meeting held in
Cambridge, Massachusetts, Thursday, Friday and Saturday,
May 25, 26 and 27.
From California, Colorado, Michigan and Florida, as well
as from other states south and west, members were drawn
to the malacological feast arranged by William J. Clench and
the Boston Malacological Society ably represented by their
secretary. Miss Theodora Willard.
The sessions were held at the Biological Institute of Har-
vard University to which Dr. Thomas Barbour welcomed the
38 THE NAUTILUS
delegates in a cordial address. The opening program Thurs-
day afternoon comprised a historical sketch of the enormous
collection of mollusca in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
by William J. Clench, after which Dr. Paul Bartsch pre-
sented the presidential address, "Experimental Breeding of
Cerions.''
This was followed by "Studies of the Naiad Fauna of the
Huron River, Michigan" illustrated with slides by Henry
Vander Schalie. "Tertiary Arcidae of the Pacific Slope''
by Philip W. Reinhart also illustrated with slides, and read
by Mrs. Ida S. Oldroyd.
Thursday evening Dr. Bartsch spoke on "The Cruise of
the * Caroline ' " showing a number of reels of film taken on
the recent expedition to explore the Atlantic deeps. Tribute
was paid to Mr. Johnson who made this exposition possible
by donating his yacht for the service.
Friday morning the program included "The Systematic
Position of the Genus Septifer Reclus" by Joshua L. Baily,
Jr. "Esthetic and Economic Relations of Mollusks'' by
Junius Henderson. " The Varieties of Melongena corona''
by H. A. Pilsbry. "The Peculiar Naiad Fauna of a South-
ern Michigan Lake " by Henry Vander Schalie. "Classifica-
tion of Nuculid Pelecypods " by Hubert G. Schenck, read
by Mrs. Oldroyd.
Friday afternoon concluded the papers which were as
follows: "New Species of South American Pomacea" by
WiUiam B. Marshall. "Notes on Some of the West Coast
Veneridae " illustrated with sHdes, by Ida S. Oldroyd. "The
Winter Habits of Certain Lake Dwelling Naiades " by Henry
Vander Schalie. " Planorbidae of Florida" by Henry A.
Pilsbry. "Mollusks of Monterey Bay" by MacKenzie
Gordon, Jr.
A business session followed for the election of the Council
resulting as follows: Junius Henderson, President; Ida S.
Oldroyd, Vice President; Norman W. Lermond, Correspond-
ing Secretary ; Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary.
Additional to officers: William J. Clench, Paul Bartsch,
Calvin Goodrich, Henry A. Pilsbry.
THE NAUTILUS 39
The invitation from Stanford University to hold the meet-
ing of 1934 in California was accepted.
An invitation from the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences
for 1935 was presented ; also one from the San Diego Shell
Club for 1938.
Mr. Robertson urged the formation of more local clubs as
a strengthening of the Union and was later authorized to
undertake an extension program of encouragement in this
direction.
At the conclusion of the program members were invited to
the home of Prof, and Mrs. Francis N. Balch in Jamaica
Plain. Here refreshments were served on the lawn under
splendid old trees. Of great interest was the exhibition of
colored plates of nudibranchs, many of which were original
paintings by Mrs. Balch.
Professor Balch's entertainment was concluded by a visit
to the magnificent gardens of Mr. and Mrs. Lars Anderson
who were cordial in their welcome to the visitors by whom
the privilege of an inspection of the grounds was much
appreciated.
The annual dinner was held on Friday evening at the Hotel
Continental in Cambridge.
At this time Dr. Pilsbry spoke feelingly of the members
lost by death during the year— Charles Torrey Simpson,
Victor Sterki, Charles W. Johnson and Tom Oldroyd. At
the conclusion of his remarks Dr. Bartsch asked that mem-
bers rise and pay silent tribute with bowed heads to these
departed friends.
Speeches, ' ' wise and otherwise, ' ' enlivened this last evening
together.
Professor Henderson presented a resolution of thanks which
was adopted unanimously to be sent to all who have helped to
make this meeting so enjoyable : To Harvard University and
the Museum of Comparative Zoology for the use of rooms and
other facilities necessary to the success of the meeting; to
WilHam J. Clench and his assistants. Miss Theodora Willard
and other members of the local committee for the excellent
arrangements for the comfort and enjoyment of visiting
40 THE NAUTILUS
members and the orderly presentation of the program; to Pro-
fessor and Mrs. Francis N. Balch for the courteous opening
of their home and grounds to those attending the convention ;
to Mr. and Mrs. Lars Anderson for the rare privilege of view-
ing their beautiful estate and the wonderful collection of
trees and flowers; all of which courtesies have contributed
to the success of the convention and the enjoyment of all
attending members.
Saturday afternoon brought the three days meetings to a
close with a field trip to Little Nahant Beach. Here hunting
shells on the beach and social intercourse served to cement
more firmly the bonds of friendship formed on these occasions.
IMOGENE C. Robertson.
LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN
MALACOLOGICAL UNION
Adams, Charles C, New York State Museum, Albany, N. Y.
Adams, Paul J., Alpine, Tenn.
Adelmann, Gertrude A., 245 North St., Buffalo, N. Y.
Aguayo, Carlos Guillermo, Mus. of Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.
Alabama Museum of Natural History, University, Ala.
Aldrich Museum, Box 155, Bay Island, Balboa, Calif.
Allen, C. C, 650 36th Ave. S., St. Petersburg, Fla.
Allen, W. R., Dept. of Zoology, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky.
Anderson, Malcolm C. Bremerton, Washington
Andrews, Mrs. James N., Somerset, Va.
Andrews, John E., 50 Orton Place, Buffalo, N. Y.
Archer, Allan F., Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Awl, Mrs. Aime M., U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.
Babson, Mrs. Stanley M., Ludington Road, W. Orange, N. J.
Bailey, John Wendell, Dept. of Biology, Univ. of Richmond, Va.
Bailey, Harold H., 206 Exchange Bldg., Miami, Fla.
Baily, Joshua L., Jr., 2329 Pine St., San Diego, Calif.
Baker, Frank Collins, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, 111.
Baker, Fred, Point Loma, Calif.
Baker, Horace B., Zool. Lab., Univ. of Penna., Philadelphia, Pa.
Baker, Myrtle, 369 Humboldt Ave., Buffalo, N. Y.
Balch, Francis N., 60 State St., Boston, Mass.
Banks, Gilbert S., Norfolk St., Holliston, Mass.
Barone, Vincent, 278 7th St., Buffalo, N. Y.
Bartsch, Paul, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.
Bates, Byron E., R. F. D. No. 1, Pierrepont Manor, N. Y.
Bedell, Gilson, 1073 Lafayette Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Bequaert, Joseph, Biological Institute, Cambridge, Mass.
Berkeley, W. N., 30 Fairview St., Yonkers, N. Y.
Bermudez, Pedro J., Apartado 10, Matanzas, Cuba
THE NAUTILUS 41
Berry, S. Stillman, 1145 W. Highland Ave., Redlands, Calif.
Blake, Charles H., Dept. of Biology, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Boston
Bolton, Beatrice E., Paleon. Lab., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.
Bov^^LES, Edgar Oliver, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.
Bov^TMAN, Mrs. Paul, 813 Wilson Blvd., Clarendon, Va.
Brock, Clarence L., Houston Museum of Natural History, Texas
Brooks, Stanley T., Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Brooks, Mrs. Stanley T. Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Brown, A. J., Sulphur City, Ark.
Bullock, Charles W., 23 Winston Road, Buffalo, N. Y.
Burnett, W. E., 264 N. Corydon St., Bradford, Pa.
Caruthers, Morris E., 120 E. Chestnut St., Glendale, Calif.
Caster, Kenneth E., Paleon. Lab., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.
Cheever, Austin W., 472 Commonwealth Ave.. Boston, Mass.
Chippendale, Frances H., 39 Emery St., Medford, Mass.
Clark, Bruce L., Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Clench, William J., Museum of Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.
Cockerell, T. D. a., 905 10th St., Boulder, Colorado.
Conrad, A. H., 780 Main St., Glen Ellyn, 111.
Conrad, Mrs. A. H., 780 Main St., Glen Ellyn, 111.
Contreras, Francisco, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, la Calle
del Chopo No. 10 Mexico, D. F. Mexico
Cooke, C. Montague, Jr., Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii
Cottam, Clarence, Bureau of Biological Survey, U. S. Dept. of Agri-
culture, Washington, D. C.
Crane, Will E., 208 13th St., N. E., Washington, D. C.
Cummins, John A., Indiana Central College, Indianapolis, Ind.
Dalton, H. Clark, 512 E. 24th St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Darbaker, L. K., Pittsburgh College of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Deckert, Richard F., 553 N. W. 64th St., Miami, Fla.
Dranga, Theodore, T., Box 2214, Honolulu, Hawaii
Drury, Ralph, Cincinnati Society Museum and Library, Cincinnati,
Ohio
Eggleston, Harla Ray, Marietta College, Marietta, Ohio
Emery, D. L., 226 7th Ave. N., St. Petersburg, Fla.
ESHNAUR, Mrs. W. H., 938 Flower St., Bellflower, Calif.
Eyerdam, Walter J., R. F. D. 12, Box 744. Seattle, Wash.
Faustino, Leopoldo a.. Bureau of Science, Manila, Phil. I.
Fluck, William Henry, 706 Cornelia St., Utica, N. Y.
Fowler, Mrs. Marvin Edward, 3737 Van Ness St. N. W., Washing-
ton, D. C.
Frampton, Henry, Miami Daily News, Miami, Fla.
Eraser, Charles Mclean, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C.
Frizzell, Don L., 5638 12th Ave. N. E., Seattle, Wash.
Frykland, L. S., Rosseau, Minn.
Gardner, Julia, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.
Gary, Lester B., 31 Berkley PI., Buffalo, N. Y.
Gaylord, Mrs. Ilsien Nathalie, Hotel Commander, Cambridge, Mass.
GiLLHAM, Bert A., 1517 3rd Ave. E., Cedar Rapids, Iowa.
Glenn, L. C, Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville, Tenn.
Goodrich, Calvin, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Gordon, Mackenzie, Jr., 2832 Jackson St., San Francisco, Calif.
Grant, Mrs. Avery D., 1210 Shattuck Ave., Berkeley, Calif.
42 THE NAUTILUS
Grant, U. S. 4th, 1137 Oxford Rd., Burlingame, Calif.
Gray, Arthur F., 20 Fayette St., Watertown, Mass.
GuiTART, Raul P., Carles de la Torre School, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba.
GuRLEY, William F. E., 6151 University Ave., Chicago, 111.
Hall, Mrs. J. A., Route 2, South Paris, Maine.
Hand, Edwin E., 6138 Kimbark Ave., Chicago, 111.
Hanham, a. W., Duncan, Vancouver Is., B. C.
Hanna, G. D., Calif. Acad, of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Fran-
cisco, Calif.
Harrison, Anne, 151 W. Susquehanna Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.
Harris, G. D., Paleon. Lab., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.
Harris, Wray, Naval Hospital, Mare Island, Calif.
Hart, Cecil, 132 N. 3rd St., Montecello, Calif.
Heath, Harold, Hopkins Marine Sta., Pacific Grove, Calif.
Henderson, Junius, Stanford University, Calif.
Henderson, Mrs. Junius, Stanford University, Calif.
Herrick, Stephen M., Paleon. Lab., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.
Hill, Howard R., Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles, Calif.
Hoffman, Mrs. Fred St. John, 390 Depew Ave., Buffalo, N. Y.
Hume, Mrs. William, 32 Queen St., Charleston, S. C.
Humes, Arthur, R. F. D. 4, Attleboro, Mass.
Jackson, Ralph W., Route 1, Cambridge, Md.
Jaume, Miguel L., Calle 6 No. 24 1/2, Vedado, Habana, Cuba.
Johnson, J. M., 293 S. Pleasant Ave., Ridgewood, N. J.
Jones, David T., Box 419, Bloomington, Ind.
Jones, J. W., 818 E. 15th St., Vinton, Iowa.
Kincaid, Trevor, Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Wash., Seattle, Wash.
KOFOID, C. A., Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Ladd, Henry S., U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.
Lane, J. M., 147 S. Roosevelt Ave., Pasadena, Calif.
La Rocque, a.. Natural History Museum of Canada, Room 8, Ottawa,
Canada.
Lermond, Norman W., Knox Acad, of Arts and Sciences, Thomaston,
Maine.
Lowe, Herbert N., Long Beach, Calif.
MacNeil, F. Stearns, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.
Malone, J. G., 108 E. 17th St., Portland, Ore.
Mant, Charles F., Alakea St., Honolulu, Hawaii.
Mantle, J. G. C, 111 Ames Ave., Leonia, N. J.
Marks, E. Sidney, 655 Kearney Ave., Arlington, N. J.
Marshall, William B., U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.
Mazyck, W. G., Equitable Fire Ins. Co., Charleston, S. C.
McGlamery, Winnie, Alabama Museum of Natural History, Univer-
sity, Ala.
McGregor, Richard C, Bureau of Science, Manila, Phil. Is.
McLean, North, Dochgarroch Farm, Shrub Oak, N. Y.
McLean, Mrs. North, Dochgarroch Farm, Shrub Oak, N. Y.
McMiLLiN, Harvey C, Nat. Hist. Museum, Stanford University, Calif.
McWain, Mary M., 20 Ross St., Batavia, N. Y.
Mickey, A. B., Univ. of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyo.
Miner, Roy W., American Museum of Nat. Hist., New York, N. Y.
THE NAUTILUS 43
Mitchell, Mrs. Sarah J., 86 M St., South Boston, Mass.
Morgan, Richard F., 139 W. Oakwood Ave., Buffalo, N. Y.
MozLEY, Allan, Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Md.
MULLER, SiEMON, Geological Dept., Stanford University, Calif.
Newcomb, W. a., Provincial Museum, Victoria, B. C.
Newton, J. Edward, 02 Barnett St., New Haven, Conn.
NiCHOLLS, Mrs. Burr H., 188 Franklin St., Buffalo, N. Y.
Norman, Mrs. Mary, Box 663, Sarasota, Fla.
Nylander, Olaf O., R. F. D. 4, Caribou, Maine.
Oldroyd, Mrs. Ida S., Stanford University, Calif.
Parks, H. B., Texas Acad, of Science, Route 1, Box 368, San Antonio,
Texas.
Parks, H. B., Jr., 2501 Neuces, Austin, Texas.
Partridge, Alsa, 369 Humboldt Ave., Buffalo, N. Y.
Pate, Vernon S. L,, Entomological Dept., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.
Perry, Mrs. Louise M., The Manor, Albemarle Park, Asheviile, N. C.
Phillips, William L., 759 Richmond Ave., Buffalo, N. Y.
Pietroski, John, Box 118, Milford, Mass.
PiLSBRY, Henry A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.
Post, E. J., 12730 Chandler Blvd., North Hollywood, Calif.
Powers, Arthur C, Box 270, Colorado Springs, Colo.
Price, Mrs. Elizabeth Hoyt, 370 S. 5th St., San Jose, Calif.
Proctor, Beatrice, Banyan Road, Palm Beach, Fla.
Proctor, Hope, Banyan Road, Palm Beach, Fla.
Proctor, Mrs. Rodney, Banyan Road, Palm Beach, Fla.
Ramsden, Charles T., Box 146, Guantanamo, Cuba.
Raymond, W. J., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.
Read, Capt. W. A., Slip 54, Yacht Basin, St. Petersburg, Fla.
Rehder, Harald, 1827 Park Road, N. W., Washington, D. C.
Richards, Horace G., 509 Woodland Terrace, Philadelphia, Pa.
Ritchie, John, 115 Washington St., Maiden, Pvlass.
Robertson, Harold R., 136 Buffum St., Buffalo, N. Y.
Robertson, Mrs. Harold R,, Buffalo Museum of Science, Humboldt
Park, Buffalo, N. Y.
Russell, L. S., Dept. of Mines, Ottawa, Canada.
Schenck, Hubert G., Dept. of Geology, Stanford Univ., Calif.
SCHEVILL, W. E., Museum of Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.
Schmeck, Eugene, 8409 W. Rivershore Drive, Niagara Falls, N. Y.
Schmeck, Mrs. Eugene, 8409 W. Rivershore Drive, Niagara Falls,
N. Y.
Seymour, Mildred, 283 Highland Ave., WoUaston, Mass.
Sheldon, Pearl G., Triphammer Road, Ithaca, N. Y.
Shields, Beulah E., U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.
Shimek, B., State Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
Smith, Allyn G., 722 Santa Barbara Rd.,, Berkeley, Calif.
Smith, Burnett, West Lake St., Skaneateles, N. Y.
Smith, Walter H., 1541 Kemble St., Utica, N. Y.
Snfller, Charles D., 319-22 Jefferson Bldg., Peoria, 111.
Snyder, N. Stanley, 92 Indian Church Rd., Buffalo, N. Y.
Snyder, Mrs. N. Stanley, 92 Indian Church Rd., Buffalo, N. Y.
Snyder, W. E., 309 Clark St., Beaver Dam., Wis.
44 THE NAUTILUS
Spalding, Irwin W., Box 2787, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Spicer, V. D. P., U. S. S. Rig-el, U. S. Destroyer Base, San Diego,
Calif.
Squires, Capt. Karl B., 268 Halcyon Arcade, Miami, Fla.
Stephens, Mrs. Frank, 3746 Park Blvd., San Diego, Calif.
Stenzel, H. B., Argicultural and Mechanical College of Texas,
Colleg-e Station, Texas.
Stewart, Ralph B., U. S. Museum, Washingrton, D. C.
Strong, A. M., 812 Subway Terminal Bldg., Los Angeles, Calif.
Thaanum, D., Box 2214, Honolulu, Hawaii,
TissoT, A. F., 4069 Elmwood Court, Riverside, Calif.
ToBLEMAN, Fred, 114 McWhorter St., Newark, N. J.
Torre, Carlos de la, Museo Poey, Universidad de la Habana, Cuba.
Truitt, R. v., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, Md.
Tucker, Helen I., Paleon. Lab., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.
Troxell, Edward L., Trinity College, Hartford, Conn.
Vanatta, E. G., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.
Van Hjyning, T., Florida State Univ., Gainesville, Fla.
Vaughan, T. Wayland, Director, The Scripps Inst, of Oceanography,
La Jolla, Calif.
Vander Schalie, Henry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Ward's Natural Science Establishment, Inc., Box 24, Beechwood
Station, Rochester, N. Y.
WatermaNj G. H., 250 Beacon St., Boston, Mass.
Webb, Walter F., 202 Westminster Road, Rochester, N. Y.
Webber, F. S., 27 Sycamore St., Holyoke, Mass.
Weeks, W. H., 508 Willoughby Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Wheeler, H. E., Birmingham Public Library, Alabama.
WiLLARD, Theodora, 34 Irving- St., Cambridg-e, Mass.
Williams, Mrs. Franklin D., 24 Dean St., Taunton, Mass.
Wilson, Miss E. N., 7753 Prospect Place, La Jolla, Calif.
Wright, Berlin Hart, 1123 S. Johnson Ave., Lakeland, Fla., May-
Oct.; Penn Yan, N. Y., Oct.-May.
Wright, Mrs. Christina, Zool. Dept., Indiana Univ., Blooming-
ton, Ind.
Wright, W. S., Natural Hist. Museum, Balboa Park, San Diego, Calif.
CORRESPONDING MEMBERS
Prof. Shintaro Hirase, Zoological Institute, Seikeigakuen, Kichijoji,
Tokyo, Japan.
Dr. Sohtsu G. King, Pekin Laboratory of Natural History, 11 Kaka
Tungsze Pailou, Peiping China.
HONORARY MEMBERS
Dr. Thomas Barbour, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Mass.
*Dr. Charles Torrey Simpson.
*Dr. Victor Sterki.
Dr. Bryant Walker, 91 Alfred St., Detroit, Michigan.
*Deceased.
The Nautilus.
Vol. XLVII OCTOBER, 1933. No. 2
AT THE HEAD OF THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA
BY HERBERT N. LOWE
The upper end of the Gulf of California had long been
practically a terra incognita to the majority of the Conchol-
ogists collecting in the Gulf. Discouraging reports on
the terrible condition of the roads did not deter us from
making a try at San Felipe, one hundred and thirty-five
miles below the international boundary and the only settle-
ment in the upper reaches of the Gulf.
On May 6 of this year my friend, Mr. E. H. ('Tat")
Quayle of the University of California, L.A., and I took our
two cars, with camp equipment, extra gasoline and drink-
ing water, and set out over the desert south of Mexicali.
For about thirty miles we traversed an irrigated country
similar to the Imperial Valley and then out in the open
desert for twenty-seven miles to El Mayor on the Hardy
river. On the ninety mile stretch from there to San Felipe,
not a drop of water is to be found according to a road sign.
Some distance below here "El Desierto de los Chinos"
(named from a grim desert tragedy of long ago) extends
for forty miles or more. It is a vast stretch of Colorado
River silt, level as a floor, but so impregnated with salt as
to render it unfit for cultivation. When dry it is easily
traveled but utterly impassable in the wet season when the
high water from the Gulf overflows the whole country. El
Desierto in its entire length boasts not the slightest vestige
of vegetation.
About midway, alongside a well of salt water, is seen the
46 THE NAUTILUS
old condenser used by the long abandoned Pinta mine to
furnish drinkable water. ^
Every few miles along the trail over these interminable
mud flats are seen the skeletons of wrecked automobiles
stranded in the mud, mute reminders of the unfortunate
experience of some luckless travelers. As they stand there
in the fierce blistering heat they are almost as startling as
the bleaching bones of some ox train along the old overland
trail of the forty-niners. For long distances the road is
merely a pair of ruts so deep that only a truck could nego-
tiate the high centers. From the southern end of El Desierto
stretch mile on mile of white desert sand with a sparse
growth of ocatilla and creosote bush.
Our first camp was at "El Aroyo de las Almejas" or m
common English "Clam Gulch," about ten miles north of
San Felipe. The sand flats at a spring tide are uncovered
for a good mile from shore. We had good collecting at the
three A. M. tide, and again in the afternoon. Chione flucti-
fraga Val. and Paphia grata Sby. may be taken here by the
sack, which gives the name to the place On some of the
sand bars at lowest tide an occasional Lingula palmeri was
found. „ T i. 4.1.
The settlement of San Felipe, which literally lies at the
end of the trail, is a heterogeneous collection of Yaqui
Indian fishermen's shacks made from ocatilla stalks placed
in the sand for sides, and roofs constructed of discarded
gasoline tins and pasteboard cartons. Back of the village
in the sand hills is a shallow well which furnishes the only
drinking water in the vicinity.
On the tide flats in front of our camp, a few days before
our arrival had been discovered a small bed of Panopea
globosa Ball, and El Chino and Jesus Maria Carramba had
rival claims staked out at the diggings. They are very de-
licious either as a chowder or fried. As the shells are very
thin and live at considerable depth in the soft sandy mud,
we were able to secure only three perfect pairs, even at a
reward of a peso each.
At the time of our- visit the full moon tides had a range
THE NAUTILUS 47
of eighteen to twenty feet which uncovered vast stretches
of sand bars. On the rocky jDoint to the north, three tidal
zones could easily be drawn : zone one, covered a short time
twice each day at high tide, inhabited by Littorinas, Acmaea
mesoleuca Mke; Acanthino. angelica Oldroyd; Tegula
rugosa A. Ads. ; rock oysters, etc. In zone two, uncovered
twice each day at low tide, among the small stones could be
dug Semele flavescens Gld. and the rare Semele guay-
masensis Piis. and Lowe. Fusinus cinereics Rve., Tegula
calif ornica A. Ads., Marginella calif ornica Tomlin; four
species of Anachis and on the sand bars Oliva incrassata
Sol., Olivella zanoeta Duch., 0. gracilis and 0. anazora,
Polynices reclusiana Petit, Solen rosaceits Cpr. Oliva in-
crassata w^ere very abundant at this time, and about one in
fifty showed a yellow tinge; a single golden yellow^ speci-
men was taken.
Zone three is uncovered only for a short time at the low-
est of the spring tides. Many of the rocks were covered
with a rank growth of coarse yellow sponge; on this w^e
took some Cerithiopsis assimillata; on the sides of the rocks
where the sponge left off, we found a fine species of Cal-
liostoma, an occasional Crassispira nymphaea Pils. and
Lowe; large Chama buddiana C. B. Ads. (with their usual
resident population of small species), and on the sand flats
an occasional Calliostoma palmeri Dall, Crassispira ater-
rima Sby., Chione purpurissata Dall, Cardium procerum
Sby., Cardium elatuin Sby., Pilar concinna, Mactra, Peri-
ploma pleniuscula Sby.
Below zone three, at the end of the rocky point, in four
or five feet of water at lowest tide, were taken a red and a
white gorgonian, each with different species of Ovula, The
Acanthina angelica seems to be a very active species for
their slime trails give an appearance of veinings in the
rocks.
We returned with a good representative collection of the
mollusks of this region, besides many species of barnacles,
Crustacea, echinoderms and corals to repay us for our ten-
day expedition.
48 THE NAUTILUS
STUDIES ON SNAILS OF THE GENUS PLEUROCERA
IL THE YOUNG OF P. ACUTAi
BY HARLEY J. VAN CLEAVE
For several years the writer has been conducting a field
study of Pleurocera acuta in the Sangamon River about
three miles northeast of Mahomet, Illinois. Population
samples have been taken regularly in the hope that analysis
of periodic samples might lead to an interpretation of the
life history. In the course of this study the eggs were dis-
covered and the egg laying habits were described in the
initial article in this series of notes.^ In the routine method
of population sampling employed to date, the smallest in-
dividuals retained by the nets and graded screens were 5.7
mm. in length and 2.5 mm. in diameter. Following the
discovery of the eggs it became apparent that newly hatched
young were not being secured by the apparatus used in tak-
ing the population samples. Individuals under 7 mm. in
length were so infrequently represented in the samples
secured by washing sand, mud, and gravel as to suggest the
possibility that the very young snails occupy a habitat dis-
tinct from that chosen by older snails. Attention was there-
fore directed to the securing of observations on the newly
hatched young.
On June 3, 1933, numerous egg masses, identical in all
respects with those of P, acuta secured under laboratory
conditions, were discovered on stones in the bed of the river
at the field station mentioned above. Stones containing
these masses were removed to the laboratory for observa-
tion. The sand-encrusted egg masses were badly obscured
by vegetation covering the stones. A number of the masses
were removed from the stones and placed in a watch glass.
Within each mass the embryos were in approximately the
same state of development though in different masses the
conditions varied from late veligers to shellbearing young.
1 Contributions from the Zoological Laboratory of the University
of Illinois, No. 442.
2 See Nautilus, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 29-34.
THE NAUTILUS 49
About twelve hours after the eggs were placed under
observation, two very minute snails were found crawling
actively over the bottom of the dish. These w^ere studied
alive and were later preserved for further study. The shell
of the newly-hatched P. acuta has but a single whorl, with a
maximum diameter of 0.4 mm. Because of the minuteness
and fragility of the shell, measurements of the length were
not obtained.
One of the two specimens kept under observation had the
region of the aperture damaged, though the other possessed
the prominently rhomboidal aperture distinctive of mem-
bers of this genus. The shell in the region of the aperture
carried very fine spiral sculpturing with a few fine longi-
tudinally directed growth lines crossing the spiral mark-
ings. Except for shape of the aperture, the young of P.
acuta closely resembles the young of Goniohasis livescens
which Mrs. Jewell described and figured (NAUTILUS, Vol.
64, page 115). In this study the possibility of confusion is
eliminated by the fact that Goniobasis does not occur in the
Sangamon River and P. acuta is the only species of Pleuro-
cera which is present in the upper waters of this stream.
The egg laying season apparently extends over several
months, since eggs have been taken in the field in April and
in June. No information about the length of the embryonic
period is available. It seems probable that the 6 mm. young,
representing the smallest size group present in the routine
population samples, were probably hatched in May or June
and thus were about seven months old. After hatching
these shells had increased in diameter from 0.4 mm. to
2.5 mm.
The difficulty of recognizing minute shells barely visible
to the naked eye, occurring in sand and in masses of algae,
explains why the young of Pleurocera have not been re-
corded previously. The writer is not acquainted with any
method of isolating and concentrating shells of such minute
size from muddy detritus and sand.
50 THE NAUTILUS
NERITINA VIRGINEA IN TOWN CREEK AT MONTEGO BAY,
JAMAICA, B. W. I.
BY E. A. ANDREWS
Montego Bay is a growing town of some thousands of
inhabitants ; in the west part is a very large spring covered
by an old, ornate brick pillar with iron railings about
the water exit; from this the large stream runs straight to
the sea about a quarter of a mile between stone retaining
walls, bounded on the west by a street and on the east by
private properties, houses, the city mule-and-cart yard, and
the large churchyard. The stream is about 20 feet wide
with water one to three feet deep and considerable current.
Two or three bridges cross it; the one nearest the sea lets
pass the main road from east to west of the island with all
the traffic ; it receives surface drainage. The spring serves
as water supply for washing, and in 1910 a covered wash-
house near it ran its suds back into the stream; this has
disappeared. Originally the spring was a large supply of
drinking water but the city now has its own piped water.
The water front is not public, but walled or fenced off as
private yards for the few large merchants whose grounds
and buildings serve to accumulate logwood, sugar, etc., till
date of shipment. The stream enters the sea or harbour
between two such properties and its mouth is isolated ex-
cept by passage through one of these yards, closed at night.
In July, 1910, in a flat bottom skiff we ascended the
stream to near the spring and found bottom and side walls
covered with countless small, 13-131/2 i^i^- dark Neritina
virginea with very many egg capsules, 3,005 N. virginea
and 90 N, punctulata, small, and 37 Neritilia succinea,
dwarf, were collected.
In 1932, not one Neritina could be found; natives said
they used to be plentiful; one boy found just one dead shell
jammed in at the spring. Men at work cleaning out one to
two feet of sand from stream bottom could find no shells.
In 1931, there was a cloudburst and some houses were swept
away and floors inundated.
THE NAUTILUS 5I
The boy who found one dead shell knew of some small
shells at the mouth of the creek. These proved (July 6 and
8) to be as follows: on the west the wall at the mouth had
been washed under so as to fall over backwards at a con-
siderable angle. On this concrete slope, at the water's edge,
were many very small dark snails variously blotched with
yellow or white, with white apex and operculum, said to go
up and down with the tides. Snails stand along 20 ft., a
few to each square inch, as a scattered linear crowd. The
tides are small and the harbour so protected that but a few
inches pulse of ocean swell is visible at mouth of creek,
leaving snails now 2 inches deep, now exposed to air. The
fresh but dirty water runs out over the salt, and one can see
it as a layer beneath which in the salt water corals still live
with fresh water as their sky. Collected 212 nerites,
strongly adherent.
Low down on the inclined cement grows a filamentous
green alga, Entomorpha erecta (Lyng.) J. G. Agardh, and
lower down small red algal tufts, and the snails were
amongst this at times but at other times they crawled up on
bare, apparently sterile, cement, going up and down with
the tide and remaining only covered by a few inches of the
fresh outflowing stream of water.
Density measurements showed a difference between sur-
face and below as follows (to be corrected for temperature)
July 8 ; at noon at surface.
Air
Water Density
Air Water Density
29.9 C. 1.013
29.8 C. 1.132
29.6 1.018
30.4° C. 29.0 1.020
29.0 1.022
30° 29.8 1.0136
3s below surface
the densities were: 1.023,
30° C.
Ten inches
1.0235, 1.0202, 1.023.
Are these snails remnants of the N. virginea formerly so
abundant ?
52 THE NAUTILUS
REPORT ON A COLONY OF HAMINOEA AT BALLAST POINT,
SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA
BY V. D. P. SPICER
On the May 12 field trip of the recently formed San Diego
Shell Club a colony of Haminoea was found on Ballast
Point, San Diego Bay. When I reached home and compared
the specimens I had taken with the Haminoea which I had,
I found them distinctly different from any in my collection.
I immediately consulted with Dr. Fred Baker, who has
been the Dean of San Diego shell collectors for many years,
and found no similar shells in his collection. It is proposed
to call this form Haminoea virescens var. rosacea.
Sunday, June 11, 1933, with a minus 1.1 ft. tide offered
the first opportunity to establish the limits of the colony
and determine the ecological features.
The colony occupies a limited area on the leeward or bay
side of Ballast Point, at the entrance to San Diego Bay. It
extends about three hundred feet along the shore and from
about six-tenths feet above mean low water to beyond minus
one and eight-tenths feet. The marginal boundaries are
sharply delineated; the inner limit being established by a
mud flat area ^^ith scattered stones, the outer by the spot
where the strong ebb tide currents impinge. This area is
very sheltered, the only disturbance being caused by the
waves of passing vessels. The bottom is of small round
stones, approximately six to twelve inches in diameter and
everywhere closely overgrown with Aletes squamigerus and
sea weed. The water carries a considerable amount of sus-
pended mud. The Haminoea were quite abundant through-
out the area. The only other molluscs occuring in quanti-
ties within the boundaries of the colony were Murex festivus
and Conus calif oriiicus.
For comparison I chose a colony of typical Haminoea
virescens with which I was familiar. This typical colony is
on the seaward side of Point Lonia in a series of shallow
tide pools in the sandstone, wiiich at high tide are beneath
heavy surf. I secured my specimens at a plus 3.0 ft. tide
THE NAUTILUS 53
and at plus 2.0 ft. the pools are nearly all completely sep-
arated from the sea. The other mollusca abundant there
were Nuttallina calif ornica and among the rocks which mar-
gined the pools, Tegula funehralis, Acmaea patina and
scabra.
No other colonies of Haminoea could be located in the
areas adjacent to Ballast Point, even where similar environ-
mental conditions seemed to prevail.
On June 11, 1933, fifty specimens were taken for study.
Though no selection was made they were found to be very
uniform in size, ranging from eighteen to twenty-two mm.
length of shell. They were kept alive in a large shallow pan
of sea water. Showing no alarm, they explored the limits
of the container, deposited three clutches of eggs, and copu-
lated during a forenoon's observation. They showed dis-
tinct phototropism, clustering at the side nearest the strong
light used for their observation, and when the light was
moved the regrouping near its new position was soon
apparent.
The eggs were extruded from the right side in a gelatin-
ous ribbon about five-sixteenths inch wide and an inch long.
The eggs appear as minute yellow dots in close-set rows
across the ribbon, about forty-two thousand in a set. As
the ribbon of eggs touched the bottom it adhered and re-
mained standing on edge as the mollusc wandered away.
The adhesion was found to be quite strong even before the
egg depositing was completed. The total time required to
deposit a set of eggs was about ten minutes.
For comparison a number of typical Haminoea virescens
(Sowb.) from Point Loma were added to the pan. There
was no difficulty in separating the Point Loma Haminoea
from the Ballast Point specimens as they were all much
smaller, the shells showed a greenish color, and though the
markings of the body were similar, the Point Loma molluscs
were distinctly darker.
Haminoea virescens, variety rosacea. — Shell thin,
transparent, globose, pale rose in color, color slightly deeper
about the upper extremity. Aperture dilated and showing
54 THE NAUTILUS
only moderately the constriction about the upper third
which characterizes the typical form. Sculpture consists
of closely set sinuous incremental lines which appear
slightly granose under a strong glass. Epidermis thin,
corneous. Otherwise the description of the typical H.
virescens applies. Altitude 21 mm. greatest diameter
14 mm.
Animal a mottled brown closely flecked with white, the
markings of the body within showing through the shell.
Eyes very dark blue. When fully extended the body length
was 42 mm., the greatest width 22 mm., width of head
19 mm.
Type in my collection. Paratypes No. 161206 A. N. S.
Phila. and in Dr. Fred Baker's collection.
PTEROPODA FROM LOUISIANA
BY MARTIN D. BURKENROAD
During an exploration of Louisiana coastal waters, from
1929 to 1931, nine species of euthecosomatous pteropods
and one undetermined larval gymnosome were taken. The
local and seasonal distribution of these forms was as
follows :
None were taken in the brackish estuarine area inside the
shoreline proper of the Gulf. Creseis conica (Eschscholtz)
alone appeared sporadically in the shallow, variably brack-
ish to fairly salt inner littoral waters extending fifteen or
twenty miles offshore from the Gulf beach. These records
are based on year-round tov^dngs. The remaining forms
were taken on the two occasions when a penetration of the
outer, more oceanic littoral area was feasible, in August,
1930, and in May, 1931. The limited material available
from the former occasion contains several specimens of
Creseis acicula (Rang) and Cavolinia longirostris (Le-
sueur) . The series of tows from the latter contains all the
species listed, with the exception of Creseis acicula. Both
collections are from the same area : thirty-five to forty miles
off Grand Isle and about thirty miles W.S.W. of the South-
west Pass of the Mississippi River, in the westward flowing
THE NAUTILUS 55
countercurrent to the east-flowing Gulf Stream which be-
comes perceptible further south and east. The gently slop-
ing sea-bottom is here at a depth of a few hundred feet.
The pteropod fauna of the Gulf of Mexico has been the
subject of little record except in the region of the Florida
Keys. Three of the Louisiana pteropods Creseis acicula, C.
conica, and Hyalocylis striata (Rang) are not listed from
the Gulf by Meisenheimer, 1911, in his discussion of dis-
tribution.
Spiratellidae
Spiratella trochiformis (d'Orbigny).
S. bulimoides (d'Orbigny).
Cavoliniidae
Creseis virgula virgula (Rang).
C. V. conica (Eschscholtz).
C. acicula acicula (Rang).
Hyalocylis striata (Rang).
Cavolinia longirostris (Lesueur).
Cuncinata (Rang).
C. inflexa inflexa (Lesueur) .
The nomenclature of Tesch, 1913, and Thiele, 1931, has
been followed.
A note on certain of the species may be added :
'^Limacina lesueuri variety" of Vayssiere, 1915, seems
close to or identical with Spiratella trochiformis as here
determined. The identification by Bonnevie, 1913, of S.
trochiformis with S. retroversa (Fleming), from the latter
of which she distinguishes S. balea (Moller) seems not to
resolve the confusion involving this group of forms. The
S. retroversa group of snails as defined by Tesch have the
columella arched to right rather than to left as in S. trochi-
formis, an operculum of quite different outline, and a tentac-
ular lobe on the fin which is absent in S. trochiformis.
These differences are not discussed by Bonnevie in her
definition of S. retroversa.
The material here determined as S. bulimoides possesses
very fine, closely spaced spiral lines of punctures on the
56 THE NAUTILUS
shell, while Tesch and Vayssiere describe the species as un-
sculptured. In other characters the Louisiana specimens
are identical with the descriptions, and distinct, especially
in operculum, umbilicus, and absence of tentacular lobes on
the fin, from the S. retroversa group with which they might
be confused. The species was much less abundant than S.
trochiformis.
A single specimen of the form variably considered as a
distinct species or as the typical variety of C. virgula was
taken together with numerous C. conica, none of which
latter showed any variation in the direction of C. virgula,
A number of young stages of a Cavolinia were taken
which appear attributable only to C. uncinata, the larvae of
which have not been previously reported.
The material examined has been deposited in the collec-
tions of the American Museum of Natural History and of
the United States National Museum, to the authorities of
which institutions the writer wishes to express his thanks
for the facilities made available.
Literature Cited
Bonnevie, K. 1913. "Pteropoda." Rept. Sci. Res. "Michael
Sars" North Atlantic Deep-Sea Exp., Zoology, III, 1.
Meisenheimer, J. 1911. *Tteropoda." Wiss. Ergeb.
Deutschen Tiefsee.
Tesch, J. J. 1908. "Pteropoda." Das Tierreich. XXXVI.
Thiele, J. 1931. Handbuch der Systematischen Weich-
tierkund. II. Jena.
Vayssiere, A. 1915. "Mollusques Eupteropods." Res.
Camp. Sci. Monaco, XLVII.
Boas, J. E. V. 1886. Spolia Atlantica. Bidrag til Ptero-
podernes. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 6. Raekke, nat. o. math.
Afd. IV, 1. Kjobenhavn.
Eydoux et Souleyet. 184-1. Voyage autour du monde sur
la Bonite. II, 1. ; and Atlas. Paris.
Pelseneer, P. 1888. Report on the Peteropoda collected
by H. M. S. Challenger. The Gymnosomata. Challenger
Reports, Zoology, XXIII, Pt. LVIII. London. The
Thecosomata. LXV.
Pelseneer, P. 1906. Mollusca. A Treatise on Zoology, Pt.
V (E. R. Lankester) , London.
THE NAUTILUS XLVII
PLATE 6
"KV
/
m
1. Melongena corona inspinala Richards. 2. Gyrineum perca edgerlyi
Richards. 3. Gyraulus vermicularis albolineatus J. Henderson.
4. Lymnaea mazamae J. L. & R. I. Baily. 5, 6. Liguus fasciatus
solisoccasus DeBoe.
THE NAUTILUS 57
Peck, J, I. 1893. Report on the Pteropods and Heteropods
collected by the Albatross on the voyage from Norfolk,
Va., to San Francisco, Cal. Proc. U. S. N. M., XVI (943) .
Washington.
Smith, E. A. 1888, Report on the Heteropoda collected
by H. M. S. Challenger. Challenger Reports. Zoology,
XXIII, Pt. LXXII. London.
Vayssiere, A. 190 A. Heteropodes provenant des cam-
pagnes des yachts Hirondelle et Princesse-Alice. Res.
Camp. Sci. Monaco, XXVI.
Vayssiere, A. 1915. Eupteropodes. XLVII.
NEW VARIETIES OF MELONGENA AND GYRINEUM
BY HORACE G. RICHARDS
While identifying the mollusk collection of Mrs. E. R.
Edgerly, of Trenton, N. J., last winter, I noted two shells
that appear to be distinct.
MELONGENA CORONA INSPINATA, n. var. Plate 6, fig. 1.
Similar to the typical M. corona Gmelin except that the
spines on the edges of the square shoulders are entirely
absent; no traces of knobs are present in the place of the
spines. A few (six in the type, eight in the paratype) sub-
basal spines are present.
Type, length 10.1 cm.; width 6.2 cm.
Paratype, length 7.4 cm. ; width 4.6 cm.
Type in the collection of Mrs. E. R. Edgerly, of Trenton,
N. J.; collected by J. R. Holmes from the Gulf of Mexico
near Sarasota, Florida. Paratype in the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (cat. no. 160997) ; col-
lected by C. B. Lungren from Palma Sola, Florida. A
similar specimen is in the United States National Museum,
Washington, D. C, from Sarasota, Florida.
Gyrineum perca edgerlyi, n. var. Plate 6, fig. 2.
Similar to the typical G. perca Perry except that the
wing-like projections of the shell are more rounded and the
spines less pronounced. A few small spines of the type
specimen have been broken. Length 6.6 cm. ; width 3.7 cm.
Type in the collection of Mrs. E. R. Edgerly, of Trenton,
N. J.; locality, Japan.
58 THE NAUTILUS
A NEW ENDODONTA FROM THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL
On July 16, 1924, I found several specimens of an Enclo-
donta in a dead tree-fern on Mt. Tantalus, Oahu. Submit-
ting them to Dr. C. Montague Cooke, I was surprised to
learn that they represented a new species. I divided my
material with Dr. Cooke, who intended to describe the
species. Recently I have received a letter from him, advis-
ing me to do this, as he is fully occupied with other matters.
ENDODONTA (Thaumatodon) cookei, n. sp.
Shell 2.2 mm. diameter, alt. about 1 mm. ; the wide um-
bilicus with a diameter of about 0.6 mm. Color nearly
white, suffused with reddish, with only very faint traces of
flammulate markings. Whorls 4%, convex, the periphery
broadly rounded, the aperture rather narrow, not very
oblique; sutures incised; surface with strong riblets, about
65 on last whorl and 53 on penultimate. Apex smooth. Two
very strong, acute parietal lamellae, a rounded obtuse, quite
large basal lamella, and four blunt short plicae on outer
wall, rather remote from the aperture. The uppermost
outer tooth is above the level of the first parietal, the sec-
ond stands between the parietals, the third a little lower
than the second parietal, and the fourth is rather crowded
between the one above and the basal lamella.
This has much resemblance to E. derbesiana Crosse, from
New Caledonia, and, indeed, it agrees well enough with
Hedley's description of his Australian genus Rhophodon.
Type 158823, Philadelphia Academy Nat. Sci. Others
still in my hands and with Dr. Cooke.
A NEW FORM OF POLYGYRA TRIDENTATA FROM ILLINOIS
BY FRANK C. BAKER
POLYGYRA TRIDENTATA FRISONI, new var.
Shell about the size of typical tridentata but differing in
the position of the upper lip denticle which is placed lower
on the lip, near the base, giving a distinct ''dished" appear-
THE NAUTILUS
59
ance to the aperture; the parietal denticle is large and
massive, very long, pointed at the upper lip denticle and ex-
tending downward to meet the reflected lip near the um-
bilicus. Sculpture and umbilical region as in typical
tridentata.
Height 7.7; greater diam. 15.5; lesser diam. 13.6 mm.
Holotype.
Height 7.5; greater diam. 15.5; lesser diam. 13.0 mm.
Paratype.
Height 7.0; greater diam. 14.5; lesser diam. 12.2 mm.
Paratype.
Height 7.0; greater diam. 14.0; lesser diam. 12.0 mm.
Paratype.
Type locality: South end Fountain Bluff, Jackson Co.,
Illinois. Holotype, Z34983, paratype Z34982, Museum of
Natural History, University of Illinois; paratypes, Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phil., No. 161146.
This form of tridentata is related to both the juxtidens of
the eastern states and the discoidea of the Ohio River. It is
flatter, the sculpture is not as coarse, the umbilicus is wider
and the lip denticles are differently placed in comparison
with juxtidens, which it greatly resembles in the position of
the parietal denticle. It is most nearly related to discoidea,
but has a narrower umbilicus besides being much smaller.
It replaces discoidea in the Ohio valley in Illinois and ex-
tends up the Mississippi Valley as far north as Randolph
County. P. t. discoidea occurs at Mt. Vernon, Posey Co.,
Indiana, but none have been seen from Illinois. Specimens
from the Ohio Valley in Illinois are larger than those from
the Mississippi Valley. The variety is named for Dr. Theo-
dore H. Frison, Chief of the Natural History Survey of
Illinois.
NOTES ON THE LAND SNAIL FAMILY TORNATELLINIDAE
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY AND C. MONTAGUE COOKE, JR.
The classification of the family Tornatellinidae as under-
stood by us in 1915 ^ has been materially altered by the ex-
1 Tornatellinidae, by H. A. P. and C. M. C, Manual of Conchology,
vol. 23.
60 THE NAUTILUS
cellent work of Nils Hj. Odhner on the snails of Juan
Fernandez.- The genus Tornateilina was based on a species
of that island, the relationship of which with Polynesian
and Hawaiian forms was hypothetical when we wrote.
Odhner has shown that Juan Fernandez forms differ at least
generically from the ordinary Pacific tornatellinid snails,
and so widely from Auriculella that he advocates the re-
moval of that Hawaiian genus and its allies to a separate
family, Auriculellidae.
He has further shown that the genus Fernandezia Pils.,
which we had put in the Amastridae, in the absence of any
anatomical information, is really closely related to Torna-
tellina, and undoubtedly a member of the Tornatellinidae.
The restriction of Tornateilina to the Juan Fernandez
group leaves the generic allocation of the mid-Pacific
species unsettled. The senior name for any Polynesian
form is Strobilics Anton, 1839, based upon a very peculiar
species of the island of Rapa. It is anatomically unknown,
but as nothing much like it has been found elsewhere we
consider it best to let Strohilus stand as a monotypic genus.
The first valid name based on a tornatellinid of the ordinary
Pacific type is Lamellidea Pils., 1910, type ''Pupa" pep-
onuni Gld. This covers forms not generically distinguish-
able, conchologically, from Pacificella variabilis Odhner, of
Easter Island. Indeed, we consider this species an intro-
duction in Easter Island, doubtless brought by the Poly-
nesians, as we have found shells completely identical with
those of Easter Island in several Polynesian localities.^ The
2 The Natural History of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island, 3,
Zoology, 1922.
3 The synonymy of Lamellidea variabilis (Odhner) is as follows.
Pacificella variabilis Odhner, 1922, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez
and Easter Island, vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 249, pi. 8, figs. 15-17.
Tornateilina impressa normalis Pils. and Cooke, in part, specimens
from Palmyra Island only, Man. Conch., vol. 23, p. 175.
This species is somewhat widely distributed, probably carried with
food plants by the Polynesians; but its original habitat was doubtless
in Polynesia proper, not in such outlying islands as Palmyra or
Easter. We possessed this form when preparing our monograph,
but at that time confused it with T. impressa norm,alis, which sub-
sequent study with a series of all ages has shown to be a form of 7".
pusilla (Old.), and belonging to Lamellidea proper, while variabilis
from Easter and Palmyra belongs to the section Tomatellinops.
THE NAUTILUS 61
genus Lamellidea will include species No. 2 to 46 described
in our monograph of 1915, pp. 140 to 186.
A provisional but very probable addition to the Tornatel-
linidae is the genus PiTYS Moerch/ containing the single
species P. pagodiformis (E. A. Sm.) of the island of Rapa.
This has been associated by all former authors with the
Endodontidae ; but on going over Rapa shells in the British
Museum last year one of us (C.M.C.) noticed that the
apertural armature is tornatellinid in character. Speci-
mens in the collection of the Academy in Philadelphia which
we studied together confirm this observation, and we can
add that no endodontid snail at all resembles it. Pending
an examination of the anatomy we do not hesitate to place
Pitys in the Tornatellinidae.
The solution of another enigma of the Pacific was found
in the course of investigation of Polynesian snails at the
British Museum. The genus Tomatelloides with the species
achatinoides (Pfr.) was said on Cuming's authority to be
from the Gambler Islands. There are three specimens, in
the Museum, presumably the types, as the original label
reads ''Strobilus achatinoides. Gambier I. M.[useum]
C.[uming]." They had been relabelled ''Ferussacia eremi-
ophila Bgt., loc?" (probably by E. A. Smith). There can
hardly be any question that these are the types, as Pfeiffer
stated that his description was based on specimens in the
Cuming collection. Tomatelloides will therefore become a
synonym of Ferussacia, its type being very close to, or
identical with, the Algerian F. eremiophila Bgt. Pilsbry's
surmise is thus verified (Man. Conch. 23:191).
In the Marquesas Islands at elevations of 2,500 feet up,
tornatellinid snails which appear to form a new subgenus
were collected by Mr. A. M. Adamson and Dr. E. P. Mum-
ford of the Pacific Entomological Survey.
4 The synonymy of Pitys is as follows.
Pitys "Bk." Moerch, 1852, Catal. Conchyl. Yoldi, 1, p. 6, for Helix
bilamellata Pfr., not Sowerhy =:2Dagodiformis E. A. Smith. (? Pitys
Beck, 1837, Index Moll. p. 9, for P. ojmrana; both nude names.)
Diaglyptus Pils., Man. Conch., vol. 8, p. 86; not Diaglypta Foerst.
Diglyptus Pils., ibid., vol. 9, p. 22, new name for Diaglyptus.
62 THE NAUTILUS
Atea, new subgenus of Lamellidea. Shell slender, turrite,
of numerous (7 to 9) slowly increasing whorls, the aper-
tural armature as in Tornatellinops. Type L. adamsoni.
Lamellidea adamsoni, n. sp. The shell is slender, pale
brown, somewhat transparent, glossy, of 9 convex whorls,
the apex acute; smooth, with some irregularly spaced
growth marks. Aperture narrowly oblong, the parietal
lamella large, columella thickened, sinuous, bearing a small,
somewhat receding, steeply oblique lamella; outer lip thin.
Length 7.2, diam. 2.4 mm. Hakahetau, Uapou. Cotypes
108448 Bishop Mus. and 161691 A.N.S.P.
Lamellidea mumfordi, n. sp. Similar but smaller, of 71/2
less convex whorls, the apex rather obtuse, striation more
developed, especially below the suture. Aperture wider.
Length 5.2, diam. 1.9 mm.; length 4.7, diam. 1.75 mm.
Ponaohumu, Hivaoa. Cotypes 94877 B.M. and 161692
A.N.S.P.
Lamellidea uahukana, n. sp. Shell more slender, of 7 to
71/2 moderately convex whorls, which are finely costulate
below the suture. Apex somewhat obtuse. Length 4.5,
diam. 1.45 mm.; length 4.4 mm, diam. 1.4 mm. Hane,
Uahuka. Cotypes 161693 A.N.S.P. and 104972 B.M.
These species will be figured in a supplement to the
monograph of Tornatellinidae now in preparation.
THREE PREOCCUPIED NAMES IN THE PECTINIDAE
BY LEO GEORGE HERTLEIN
1. Pecten waluensis, new name for P. thomasi Mans-
field, not Sowerby.
A pecten from the late Miocene or early Pliocene of the
Fiji Islands was described as Pecten thomasi by Mansfield
(Papers Dept. Marine Biol. Carnegie Inst. Washington, Vol.
23, Publ. No. 344, 1926, p. 90, pi. 5, figs, la and lb. "Type
locality, Walu Bay, Fiji Islands." Near Suva, Viti Levu,
Fiji Islands.).
There is an earlier Pecten thomasi described by G. B.
Sowerby (Proc. Malacol. Soc. London, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1897,
p. 138, pi. 11, fig. 2. The type locality was unknown. The
species it was stated, resembles P. natans Philippi.). Ac-
cording to Melvill and Sykes (Proc. Malacol. Soc. London,
THE NAUTILUS 63
Vol. 3, No. 1, 1898, p. 46) P. thomasi Sowerby appears to
be the adult form of the species described as P. corneics
Sowerby and P. natans Philippi. The species from the Fiji
Islands described by Mansfield, can take the name Pecten
waluensis, from the type locality.
2. Pecten (Chlamys) suteri, new name for P. radi-
atits Hutton, not Gmelin or Bosc.
Hutton (Catalogue New Zealand Marine Moll., 1873, p. 82,
Stewart's Island, 13 fathoms) used the name Pecten radi-
atus for a New Zealand species. According to Bavay (Bull.
Mus. d'Hist. Nat, Vol. 15, 1909, p. 278) Ostrea radiata
Gmelin (in Linn. Syst. Nat. Ed. 13, Vol. 1, 1790, p. 3320) is
a pecten and can be referred to Pecten opercularis Linnaeus.
There is also a prior Pecten radiatus Bosc (Hist. Nat. Coq.,
s. a. Deterville, Ed. Buffon, Moll, Vol. 2, 1801, p. 264. *^0n
ignore son pays natal." A reference is given to Gaultieri,
Test. tab. 74, fig. G.). The name Pecten (Chalmys) suteri
is therefore proposed for the New Zealand species to which
Hutton applied the name radiatus.
Iredale (Trans. N. Z. Inst., Vol. 47, 1915, p. 486) men-
tioned that the name is preoccupied but chose to retain the
name radiatus by considering Chlamys as a genus. The
combination Pecten radiatus having been used, it seems best
to follow the International rules of Nomenclature in this
case and consider Hutton's later usage as untenable. (See
International Rules of Nomenclature, Article 36, in Proc.
Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 39, 1926, p. 87.) Even if
Chlamys were considered as having the status of a genus,
Hutton's specific name would be preoccupied, because the
species described by Gmelin and Bosc, both fall under the
classification of Chlamys.
3. Pecten vaun, var. wythei, new name for Pecten
vaun, var. flabellum Cooke, not Gmelin, Bosc, nor Defrance.
The name Pecten flabellum has been used for a species
named by Gmelin, and it has also been used by Bosc and
by Defrance. The variety named flabellum by Cooke can
therefore take the name Pecten wythei in honor of Dr. C.
Wythe Cooke of the U. S. Geological Survey.
64 THE NAUTILUS
The Cuban form originally described as flabellum by
Cooke will apparently take the following synonymy :
Pecten vaughani, var. flabellum Cooke, Carnegie Inst.
Washington, Publ. 291, 1919, p. 134, pi. 8, figs. 6a, 6b, 7.
*'La Cruz and Santiago, Cuba." ''Oligocene."
Pecten vaun, var. flabellum Cooke, Nautilus, Vol. 34,
No. 4, April, 1921, p. 137. ''La Cruz marl (middle Mio-
cene), La Cruz and Santiago, Cuba."
[?] Chlamys (Aequipecten) , sp. cf. C. (A.) flabellum
(Cooke), Woodring, Geol. Republic of Haiti, Repub. Haiti,
Dept. Publ. Works, 1924, p. 156. Port de-Paix, Tortue
Island. Upper Oligocene.
Pecten kunkumana, var. flabellum Cooke, Maury, Bull.
Amer. Paleo., Vol. 10 (Bull. 42), 1925, p. 241 (Bull. p. 89).
''La Cruz and Santiago, Cuba." [P. kunkumana Maury,
1925, is an exact synonym of P. vaun Cooke 1921=P.
vaughani Cooke, 1919, not P. vaughani Arnold, 1906.]
Not Ostrea flabellum Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat. Ed. 13,
1790, pp. 3320, 3321. \_=Pecten flabellum.'] According to
Bavay (Jour, de Conch., Vol. 58, No. 4, 1911, p. 319) this is
P. gibbus of Lamarck, not P. gibbus Linnaeus. Bavay also
considered that "P. Tissotii Bernardi=P. flabellum Gmelin,
juvensis." According to Dall (Nautilus, Vol. 38, No. 4,
1925, p. 113), Ostrea flabellum Gmelin is a synonym of P.
gibbus Linnaeus.
Not Pecten flabellum Bosc, Hist. Nat. Coq., s. a. Deter-
ville, Ed. Buffon, Moll., Vol. 2, 1801, p. 266. "On ignore son
pays natal." A reference is given to Regenfuss, Conch. 1,
tab. 9, fig. 33.
Not Pecten flabellum Defrance, Diet. Sci. Nat., Vol. 38,
1825, p. 265. [According to Sherborn.]
ON THE SYNONYMY AND DISTRIBUTION OF
PLANORBIS ANATINUS ORBIGNY
BY CARLOS GUILLERMO AGUAYO
While studying the Planorbidae of Cuba for a paper in
preparation on the fresh water mollusks from, that Island,
the v^riter has found it necessary to synonymize as Drepan-
otrema anatinum (Orb.) several of the described species
belonging to this genus hitherto considered as different
THE NAUTILUS 65
forms, a fact that shows the wide distribution of this Neo-
tropical planorb. Believing the following notes may prove
useful to those interested in West Indian freshwater shells,
I am publishing them at Dr. Pilsbry's suggestion, in ad-
vance of the above mentioned paper.
I wish to thank Dr. Pilsbry for his help in checking some
of the synonyms as well as for obtaining Major M. Con-
nolly's comparison of Cuban P. esperanzensis with the type
lot of P. anatinus.
Drepanotrema anatinum (Orbigny)
Planorbis anatinus Orb., 1835, Mag. de Zool., Vol. 2, CI.
5, No. 62, p. 28 (Rio Parana, Argentina) ; 1837, Voyage
dans TAmerique Meridionale, Vol. 5 (3), Moll., p. 351, pi.
45, f . 17-20 ; Clessin, 1885, Syst. Conch. Cab., Vol. 17, p. 70,
pi. 15, f. 5 (Brasilien, Inseln des Panama bei Bajada).
Drepanotrema anatinum H. B. Baker, 1930, Occ. Pap.
Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 210, p. 51 (Bejuma, Venezuela).
Planorbis haldemanl C. B. Adams, 1849, Contr. to Conch.,
p. 43 (Jamaica) ; Shuttle worth, 1854, Mitth. der Naturf.
Ges. Bern, p. 97, (Pto. Rico) ; Crosse, 1892, Journ. de
Conch., Vol. 42, p. 36 (Pto. Rico) ; E. A. Smith, 1895, Pr.
Malac. Soc. London, Vol. 1, p. 320, pi. 21, f. 22 (Trinidad) ;
E. A. Smith, 1896, Journ. de Conch., Vol. 8, p. 245 (Trini-
dad) ; Dall & Simpson, Bull. U. S. Fish. Com., Vol. 1, p. 370
(Pto. Rico).
Planorbis esperanzensis Tryon, 1866, Amer. Journ. of
Conch., Vol. 2, p. 10, pi. 2, f. 11-13 (Esperanza, Cuba) ;
Arango, Contr. Fauna Malac. Cuba, p. 278 (Plantatione
Ingenio Esperanza, Pinar del Rio, Cuba) ; Crosse, 1890,
Journ. de (5onch., Vol. 42, p. 261 (Plantation Esperanza,
Pinar del Rio, Cuba).
? Planorbis isabel Morelet, in H. and A. Adams, 1858,
Gen. Moll., Vol. 2, p. 264 (nom. nud.).
Planorbis isabel '"Morelet" Sowerby, 1879, Conch. Icon.,
Vol. 20, gen. Planorbis, pi. 12m, f. 101 a-b, sp. 101 (Mus.
Brit.) ; H. B. Baker, 1923, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich.,
No. 135, p. 2 (Laguna de Catemaco, southern Vera Cruz,
Mexico).
Planorbis yzabalensis Crosse et Fischer, 1879, Journ. de
Conch., Vol. 27, p. 342 (lake Yzabal and river Usumasinta,
Guatemala) ; Clessin, 1885, Conch. Cab., Band. 1, Vol. 17,
p. 217 (Guatemala et Mexico) ; Fischer and Crosse, 1894,
66 THE NAUTILUS
Miss. Scient. Mex., part. 7, Vol. 2, p. 75, pi. 33, f. 2-2c
(Tabasco, Mexico; Izabal and Usumasinta, Guatemala).
Von Martens, 1899, Biol. Centr. Amer., Mollusca, p. 397
(Guatemala and Mexico).
? Planorbis aracasensis Gundlach, 1857, Malak. BL, 4, p.
179 (Aracas, Trinidad, Cuba), (sine desc.) ; Arango, 1880,
Fauna Malac. Cuba, p. 136 (Trinidad, Cuba), sine desc;
Crosse, 1890, Journ. de Conch., Vol. 42, p. 260 (Lagunes de
Trinidad), sine desc.
Planorbis aracacensis ''Gundl" Clessin, 1884, Conch.
Cab., Band 1, Vol. 17, p. 143, pi. 15, f. 7 (Plantacion Esper-
anza, Pinar del Rio, Cuba) .
Planorbis involutus ''Dunker" Clessin, loc. cit. (as syn-
onym of PL aracacensis).
Description. — The following is the original description
of PL anatinus Orbigny. ''Testa discoidea, globoso-com-
pressa, tenui, laevigata, lucida, cornea, superne subtusque
convexa, centro solum perforata; umbilicata, ad peri-
pheriam rotunda; quatuor anfractibus, spiris cunctis am-
plexantibus; apertura compressissima, arcuata, obliqua,
semi-lunari. Alt. 1 millim., amp. 2 millim. Habit, ripis
Parana (Republica Argentina)."
The type locality was not well specified in the original de-
scription, but later on (1835 ?, Voyage dans TAmerique
Meridionale, Moll. p. 351), Orbigny remarked: ''Nous avons
recontre cette espece dans I'estomac des canards que nous
avons tues sur les iles memes du Rio Parana, un peu au
dessous de la ville de la Bajada, capitale de la province
d'Entre Rios. Nous I'avons recherchee dans les memes
lieux; et, apres beaucoup de peine, nous I'avons recontree
au sein des lacs du centre des iles, parmi les plantes
aquatiques. Elle parait y etre rare."
Remarks. — A study of the type lots of P. haldemani
Adams and P. esperanzensis Tryon, now in the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, shows the complete
identity of both species. The last has also the spiral punc-
tures described by Adams for haldemani, though more or
less obsolete in some specimens, as found likewise in Adams
species.
Dr. H. B. Baker, who has studied some Planorbis from
THE NAUTILUS 67
Venezuela identified as P. anatinus, considered them ident-
ical with the above-mentioned species. For this reason, co-
types of P. esperanzeiisis were sent to Major Connolly of
London, with the request that he compare them with the
cotypes of P. anatinus in the British Museum. Major Con-
nolly kindly sent the following information : ''I have care-
fully compared your examples of Plan, esperanzensis Tryon
with the remains of the type set of Plan, anatinus Orb. and
find them absolutely identical, except that the latter are in-
finitesimally less mature; there is no use entering into de-
tails, because there is no difference whatsoever between the
two species."
The PL aracacensis "Gundl" Clessin, described from the
sugar Plantation *'Esperanza," Pinar del Rio, Cuba (also
the type locality for P. esperanzensis) shows by its descrip-
tion, figures and type locality its identity with the last
species.
It seems convenient to remark here that the lots of PL
aracasensis Gundl. ms., which I have seen in several collec-
tions, belong to two different species: Some specimens
(U. S. National Museum), from Trinidad, Cuba, are un-
questionably D. anatinum Orb., but other sets, also from
Trinidad, Cuba (Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia and American Museum of Natural History), be-
long to an entirely different species of the genus Planorbula.,
which is near Planorbis arakanensis ''Gould" Sowerbj^
(Reeve, Conch. Icon., Vol. 20, Planorbis, pi. 12, f. 100. a, b,
sp. 100), from Trinidad. I am convinced that the name
used by Sowerby was the result of an unfortunate three-
fold mistake in copying a label of P. aracasensis Gundl.,
from Trinidad, Cuba.
Planorbis isabel "Morelet" Sowerby (misspelling for
Yzabal), shows by its figures and description its similarity
to P. anatinus Orb. It was considered by Clessin (op. cit.
p. 143) as a synonym of P. aracacensis, though erroneously
giving priority to his species, which was described five years
later. Clessin remarked also its similarity to P. anatinus.
The identity of P. yzabalensis Crosse and Fischer, de-
68 THE NAUTILUS
scribed from Morelet material, with P. Isabel ''Morelet"
Sowerby has been suggested by von Martens, 1899 {loc.
cit.)
Localities. — In addition to the localities mentioned in the
synonymic references given above, the following records
may prove useful :
Cuba: Rio Guaso, Guantanamo, Ramsden coll. (Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila.) ; Marianao, Habana, S. N. Rhoads coll. (Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila.).
Haiti: Rio Guayubin, Sabaneta, Santo Domingo, Olsson
coll. (Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Lake Miragoane, Haiti, Eyer-
dam coll. (Mus. of Comp. Zool. Harvard).
Panama: Gamboa, Canal Zone, Zetek coll. (Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila.).
Brazil: Para, Dr. Fred Baker coll. (Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.).
This species seems to be the most widely spread planorbid
of the Americas, as its range of distribution so far known
covers Argentina, Venezuela, northeastern Brazil, Panama,
Guatemala, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico and
Trinidad. It has been found very frequently associated
with Drepanotrema lucidum Pfr., and may sometimes have
been confused with young specimens of that species. It is
therefore quite possible that D. anatinum will be found
within the whole area of distribution of D. lucidum.
A NEW COLOR FORM OF LIGUUS FROM A NEW AREA OF
THE FLORIDA EVERGLADES
BY MIZPAH OTTO DE BOE
LiGUUS FASCIATUS SOLISOCCASUS, nov. Subsp. PI. 6, figS. 5, 6.
Shell: Small, thin, elongate, polished. Whorls 6I/2 to 7i/2»
slightly convex. Columella thin, very slightly twisted, and
in a few specimens slightly truncated. In the holotype the
columella is perfectly straight. Palatal lip emarginate.
Parietal wall thinly calloused. Sutures moderately well im-
pressed. Sculpture of the shell consists of very narrow
growth lines. Coloration: Ground color ochraceous yellow
THE NAUTILUS 69
to pale ivory. There is always a subsutural band of very
dark brown and a supra and infra peripheral band of the
same color. These bands are usually broken up into squar-
ish blotches. They continue in a more or less broken series
on the fifth, fourth, and third whorls becoming" paler brown
towards the top. Beginning at the basal area there is al-
ways a series of brown, purplish, or bluish streaks radiating
upward on the basal whorl, running through the subsutural,
supra and infra peripheral bands, breaking them into the
squarish blotches mentioned above. This creates a pattern
of alternating yellow and darker rays. In these characters
it differs radically from Liguiis fasciatus clenchi. There is
always a reddish peripheral band which shows faintly on
the palest shells. The holotype and some of the paratypes
have eight distinct green lines on the basal whorl. Traces
of these lines will be found on all shells with but few excep-
tions. Tip is pale, fleshy pink. The columella itself may
be white but there is a broad rich reddish purple area which
in many of the shells also covers the columella. There is
always a horny-brown basal band from 3.5 mm. to 4.5 mm.
wide which is almost always over-run by the purple. In
some specimens the ground color is covered by a distinct
wash of smoky blue. These shells differ from L. /. clenchi
in their decidedly striated appearance as distinct from the
banded appearance of clenchi.
Length 40.4 mm., width 21 mm., aperture length 18.6
mm., width 12.5 mm.
Holotype: P. C. deB. coll. No. 876, Hammock No. CC 6,
Collier County, central Everglades, Florida. In private col-
lection of Dr. M. P. deBoe. Collector George R. Waldeck,
January, 1933. Paratypes in collections of George R.
Waldeck, Dr. M. P. deBoe, R. F. Deckert, and Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., Pa., No. 161281.
Remarks: This is a new area from which Liguus has not
been collected before. In the hammock "CC 6," 45 per cent,
of the Liguus are of the fasciatus type (pink apex and col-
umella) , 55 per cent, are crenatus type. Sixteen per cent.
of a large series taken are the new form described above.
70 THE NAUTILUS
MESOMPHIX (MICROMPHIX) SUBPLANUS PLANUS,
SUBSP. NOV.
BY GILBERT S. BANKS
PI. 7, figs. 5, 6, 7
Description: Shell about 18.5 mm. in maj. diam. ; dis-
coidal ; very thin and translucent ; surface shiny. Greenish
horn color. Whorls, 6 ; quite flat above, but evenly rounded
on the body-whorl. Spire, completely depressed. Suture
slightly indented. Aperture expanding transversely,
lunate ; peristome simple. The sculpture consists of closely
set microscopic radial ridges and very fine spiral lines, both
of which extend, although fading, to the umbilicus. Um-
bilicus, narrow and deep ; showing no whorls, and contained
in the shell diam. from 9 to 12 times (the smaller number
being for young shells) .
Holotype: M.C.Z. No. 94334, G. S. Banks collector, Sept.
4-7, 1930. Paratypes, M.C.Z. Nos. 82573, and 86437; and
in the collections of A F. Archer, and G. S. Banks.
Type Locality: Steps Gap, Mt. Mitchell, Yancey Co.,
North Carolina. The subspecies was also found in the
Black Mts., between Pt. Lookout and Ridgecrest, N. C, at
an altitude of about 3,000 ft.
Rewarks: The main difference between Mesomphix suh-
planus, and M. s. planus are the discoidal appearance of
planus, the transversely placed aperture (which is oblique
in subplanus), and the conspicuous umbilicus (which is
even more conspicuous in young specimens) . The colum-
ella does not tend to cover over the umbilicus in adult speci-
mens, as in M. subplanus.
To further illustrate the difference, I will compare the
measurements of the holotype of M. s. planus, with a typical
specimen (of the same size) of M. subplanus from New
Found Gap, Great Smoky Mts.
M. subplanus, gr. diam. 18.0, less. diam. 15.9, alt. 8.9,
width ap. 8.7; width last wh. at ap. 7.1 mm.
M. s. planus, gr. diam. 18.2, less. diam. 15.7, alt. 6.6
width ap. 8.5 ; width last wh. at ap. 6.0 mm.
Mesomphix s. planus seems to be confined to high
elevations.
THE NAUTILUS 71
SURINAMIA, A NEW AMPULLARIID FROM DUTCH GUIANA
BY WILLIAM J. CLENCH
SURINAMIA, new subgenus of Asolene Orb.
Differs from Asolene proper by possessing strong spiral
sculpture, being imperforate and having a very dark ma-
hogany color, a color materially different from the usual
greenish or greenish-yellow of most Ampullariidae. From
the subgenus Pomella it differs in its color, in its type of
sculpture, and lacks the peculiar neritoid aperture of this
latter subgenus. Pomella has a rough and somewhat mal-
leated surface, not however, similar to the usual smooth
malleations in Pomacea, but slightly elongated and oblique
sculptural depressions. Genotype, Asolene (Surinamia)
fairchildi.
Asolene (Surinamia) fairchildi, species nov. Plate 7,
figs. 1, 2.
Description: Shell rounded, solid, imperforate. Color
more or less uniformly mahogany brown. No trace of band-
ing. Interior of aperture brown, orange-brown to grayish.
Color usually more intense just within the lip, lighter just
below, and then much darker well within the aperture.
Columella light brownish orange. Whorls convex, probably
3 or 4 (all specimens corroded) . Spire depressed. Palatal
lip simple. Parietal wall rather heavily calloused and with
a slight additional thickening at the insertion of the lip on
the body whorl. Aperture rounded-ovate, entire palatal
area somewhat flaring. Face of the aperture cast at an
angle of 70° from the horizontal line. Outer edge of lip
somewhat sigmoid in a profile view. Columella heavy,
arched smoothly into the parietal area. Sculpture of
numerous, generally fine spiral incised lines, cut at right
angles to the finer, more irregular and less sharply ridged
growth lines. Under an eight power lens (PI. 7, fig. 2)
there appears a series of very fine, spiral wrinkles, most
numerous on the superior portion of the body whorl. Suture
well depressed but not indented. Operculum unknown.
Measurements: Holotype, height 49, with 44.5, aperture
41 X 28.5 mm. Average measurements of five specimens :
height 48.9, width 46, aperture 41.2 x 26.8 mm. (loss of
5-7 mm. in height through corrosion of spires) .
72 THE NAUTILUS
Holotype: M.C.Z. No. 80515. On rocks in the cataract of
the Surinam River below Kedjo, Dutch Guiana (100 miles
up river from Paramaribo), David Fairchild collector,
March 3, 1932. Additional paratypes, M.C.Z. No. 80516;
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., and the University of Michigan.
Remarks: Surinamia is provisionally placed in the genus
Asolene until more definite knowledge relative to its soft
parts is known. Asolene is without a breathing siphon, the
lack of which is the main differential generic character
from other Ampuliariids. If Surinamia is found to possess
such a siphon, its taxonomic position would then not be in
Asolene but in Pomacea, and probably near to the subgenus
Limnopomus. A recent paper by Pilsbry (Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1933, 85, p. 74-75), summarizes our knowledge
of Asolene and lists all of the known forms. This is the first
record of any member of this genus north of the Rio de la
Plata drainage.
THE PEDAL PROTRACTOR MUSCLE SCAR IN SHELLS
OF NAIADES
BY WILLIAM B. MARSHALL
United States National Museum
One object of these notes is to call attention to the fact
that the relation of the position of the protractor scar to
the position of the anterior adductor scar is of more im-
portance than is generally known.
Lea, in his description of ''Unio" quadrans, stated that it
came from Texas, is nearly allied to berlandierii, and has
the anterior cicatrices confluent. Simpson (1900) ex-
pressed doubt that the shell came from Texas and thought
that it was a South American shell allied perhaps to
Diplodon apprimus, D. uruguayensis, and possibly to Hupe's
''Unio*' orbignyi. He classified it as a Diplodon, making it
the only member of the group of D. quadrans. In dealing
with this species (1914) he made the following statement:
"This shell, which is in the Wheatley collection [now No.
THE NAUTILUS XLVII
r
PLATE 7
xS
1, 2. Asolcue (Surinamia) fairchildi Clench.
5, 6, 7. Mesomphix subplanus planus Banks.
THE NAUTILUS 73
125601 A.N.S.P.], is supposed to have come from Texas.
Nothing like it has been reported by any one else from that
State, and there seems to be nothing from the Texan or
Mexican region that is in any way related to it. The um-
bonal region is so eroded that no traces of beak sculpture
remain, but the character of the teeth, the general appear-
ance, color and sculpture seem to ally it to the forms of
South America."
In both 1900 and 1914, Simpson in his definition of the
group of Diplodon quadrans stated that the anterior cica-
trices are confluent, but as shown in his remarks quoted
above, he did not use this character to differentiate the shell
from the naiads of Texas and Mexico. Recently I had occa-
sion to determine, if possible, whether quadrans really came
from Texas as stated by Lea, or is a South American shell
as believed by Simpson. At first it seemed that it was
closely related to Lampsilis berlandierii, as indicated by
Lea, and by a little stretch of characters it appeared to al-
most fit that species. But the confluence of the protractor
scar with the anterior adductor scar, did not agree with any
Texan naiad, and upon comparing the character of these
scars in Diplodon with those in the North American naiads
it became apparent at once that qitadrans did not come from
North America but probably from South America, as sup-
posed by Simpson. It is almost certain that this is the case.
Nearly all the naiads which have cardinal and lateral teeth
and which come from North America, or from nearly any
part of the world except South America and the Australian
region, have the protractor scar distinctly separated from
the anterior adductor scar, and they are nearly always a
considerable distance apart, or if near together, they are
divided by a distinct barrier which keeps them separated.
Every species of Diplodon, whether it comes from South
America or from the Australian region, has the protractor
scar confluent with the anterior adductor scar, and in the
animal these two muscles evidently lie against each other.
What part of the combined scar was formed by the pro-
tractor and what part was formed by the adductor is usu-
74 THE NAUTILUS
ally indicated in some way. As a rule, the surface of the
protractor scar is a little elevated above that of the adduc-
tor scar. Sometimes they are on the same level, but a dif-
ference in looping of the growth lines of the two scars will
point out which is which. Other times there is merely an
optical difference showing where the two muscles lay in
contact on the surface of the shell.
Haas (1930, p. 37) also considers ''Unio" quadrans Lea a
Diplodon and treats is as a synonym of Diplodon fontain-
ianus Orbigny. He places also ''Unio" rnfofusciis Lea in
the same synonymy. In this treatment of these three
species, Haas has been as unfortunate as he was in his
treatment of the synonymy of many other species, as for
instance Anodontites crispata Bruguiere in 1931. In the
present instance all three of the guesses involved were in-
correct. U. fontainianus is not the same as either of the
other two species, and they are not the same as each other.
U. fontainianus is a typical Cyclomya and has a very round
shell. U. quadrans is not a Cyclomya, has a form which
may be described as rhomboid or quadrate, and is probably
related to Diplodon apprimus Lea, as suggested by Simp-
son. U. rufofuscus is a much smaller shell ; it also is quad-
rate or rhomboid; its beaks are granosely radiately orna-
mented to such an extent that probably some of this orna-
mentation would show on quadrans if its beaks were sim-
ilarly ornamented. Another difference between the two is
that in rufofuscus the pallial line anteriorly terminates
where the protractor scar joins the anterior adductor scar,
while in quadrans it runs to the anterior side of the adduc-
tor scar. The differences between fontainianus and ruf-
ofuscus are self -revealing and need not be pointed out.
As in several other cases in which I have called attention
to the value of apparently unimportant details, the remarks
about the relative position of the protractor scar indicate
that it, too, is of considerable importance.
In this connection it is interesting to note that Simpson
did not give particular attention to the relation of the posi-
tion of the two scars to each other. He did not use it as a
THE NAUTILUS 75
generic character in describing the genus Diplodon, and in
his 18 subdivisions of the genus into subgenera, sections
and groups the anterior cicatrices are mentioned in the de-
scriptions of only four, thus: Group of D. parallelopipedon:
** Anterior scars smooth, distinct." Group 0/ D. quadrans:
"Anterior cicatrices deep, confluent." Subgenus Cyclomya:
*'Two lower anterior scars deep, united." Subgenus Laev-
irostris: "Anterior muscle impressions small, well marked."
The statement regarding the scars of the group of D,
parallelopipedon is not exactly accurate. Many specimens
have the scars confluent and in those in which they are not
distinctly confluent the barrier between them is not bold as
in the North American naiades. While the scars of the
group may be said to be somewhat aberrant, they have more
the nature of confluent scars than of separate scars.
To his subgenus Laevirostris Simpson referred only one
species, "Unto" stagnorum Dautzenberg. Pilsbry and Be-
quaert (1927, p. 404) transferred the species to the genus
Caelatura, retaining the subgeneric name Laevirostris.
Habitat and conchological features show that this classifica-
tion is probably correct. Were it a Diplodon it would be the
only African species. Dautzenberg in his description of
stagnorum did not mention the protractor scars and they
are not clear in his figures. Pilsbry and Bequaert, who had
specimens of the species, say (1927, p. 405), "The anterior
adductor scar is well impressed, the scar of the foot pro-
tractor small, separate."
Dr. Pilsbry has generously presented to the U. S. Na-
tional Museum two specimens which show that they are un-
doubtedly stagnorum and that the scars are separated as
stated, offering another evidence that the species is not a
Diplodon. Were it a Diplodon the scars should be confluent.
In all respects the scars in stagnorum are similar to those
of other species of Caelatura and help to confirm the alloca-
tion of the subgenus Laevirostris to genus Caelatura.
References
1900 C. T. Simpson: Synopsis of the Naiades * * * (Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. XXII, No. 1205).
76 THE NAUTILUS
1914 C. T. Simpson: A Descriptive Catalogue of the
Naiades * * * *.
1927 Pilsbrv & Bequaert: The Aquatic Mollusks of the
Belgian Congo * * * * (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
vol. 53. art. 2, p. 404).
1931 F. Haas: Versuch einer kritischen Sichtung der
Siidamerikanischer Najaden * * * * (Sencken-
bergiana XIII, No. 1, p. 37; Ibid, No. 2, p. 92).
NOTES
Owing to the absence since June of Dr. Pilsbry in Hawaii
and of Dr. Baker in Jamaica, the October issue of Nautilus
has been delayed.
Correction. — By a printer's error after the proof was
read, the entry: Harbison, Anne, 151 W. Susquehanna
Ave., Philadelphia, Pa., on page 42 of July Nautilus, was
printed ''Harrison."
OOTOMELLA, NEW NAME FOR OOTOMA Koperb. — In 1931
E. J. Koperberg described in the Jaarboek van het Mijn-
wezen in Nederlandsch Indie, on page 48, the genus Ootoma
for two new species : 0. jonkeri and O. martini, without
designating a type. Unfortunately the generic name
Ootoma Koperberg proves twice preoccupied:
1833. Ootoma P. Dejean, Catalogue des Coleopteres de
la collection de M. C. Comte Dejean, ed. 3, p. 163.
1850. Ootoma E. Blanchard, Catalogue de la Collection
Entomologique, Classe des Insectes, Ordre des Coleopteres,
tome I, p. 120.
As the name Ootomella appears not to have been used, I
now propose it for Ootoma Koperberg, with Ootoma jonkeri
Koperberg as its type. — Paul Bartsch.
EUDAPHNELLA, a new generic name. — In the Proceedings
of the United States National Museum, 1931, volume 79,
article 15, page 3, I gave the name Euduphne to a group of
small Turritid mollusks, designating Eiidapluie allemani
Bartsch as type. My attention has been called to the fact
that this name has been employed before for Lepidoptera
THE NAUTILUS 77
(Eudaphne [subgenus to Dryas C. & R. Felder] Reuss,
1922, Arch. Naturg., vol 87 A, No. 11, p. 221) . It is for this
reason that I now propose the use of Eudaphnella, with th'e
same type, to replace my Eudaphne. — Paul Bartsch.
CORBICULA IN S. Rhodesia. — Apparently no Corbicula
has been recorded from S. Rhodesia. On May 8, 1932, Miss
Alice Mackie found a species of Corbicula common in the
Ingezi River, Shangani, S. Rhodesia. A valve of Unio
(Cafferia) caffer Kr. (somewhat corrugated but far less so
than the variety natalensis Lea), and Planorbis pfeifferi
Kr. were found at the same place. The smaller specimens
of the Corbicula appear to agree well with C. oliphantensis
Craven, P.Z.S., 1880, and with specimens from Burnup in
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., from the Transvaal. The pinkish
color of the umbones is conspicuous, and the radiating mark
or marks of C. radiata (Phil.) are absent. Yet the shell
grows to a larger size, length 18 mm., than Craven indi-
cates, and varies in depth of color, so the distinction from
C. africana Krauss may not be valid. — T. D. A. Cockerell.
Bruguiere's connection with the name Coretus. — As
a rule I give no attention to ill-founded criticisms of my
writings. I am making an exception in the case of a recent
attempt (in Folia Zoologica et Hydrobiologica 4:113,
1932) to controvert my statement that Coretus, as used
by Bruguiere, has ''no significance in nomenclature"
(Nautilus, 44: 100) I take up this matter again because
if Coretus were accepted as of the date of Bruguiere
(1789), as my critic contends, it would displace the name
Gyraulus, everywhere in use for a nearly cosmopolitan
genus of Planorbidae.
Under the article Conchyliologie in the "Encyclopedie
Methodique," Bruguiere gave a historical review of conch-
ological systems prior to his time, beginning with Lister,
1685. On p. 545-6 he gave a summary of the "Method de
Adanson," 1757, in which Coretus appears \^ath the rest of
Adanson's names. In these reviews Bruguiere collated the
classification and names applied to shells by the various Pre-
78 THE NAUTILUS
Linnaean authors and down to Miiller. He discusses each
work in a general way, without expressing any opinion
about the merits of individual names used. He nowhere
adopted Coretus. Now, the International Commission on
Nomenclature has considered such cases in Opinion 5 of the
Code . "A Pre-Linnaean name ineligible because of its pub-
lication prior to 1758, does not become eligible simply by
being cited, or reprinted with its original diagnosis, after
1757. To become eligible under the Code, such names must
be reinforced by adoption or acceptance by the author pub-
lishing the reprint." Coretus and all the rest of Adanson's
names, as well as those of Tornef ort, Klein and others men-
tioned by Bruguiere, come under this ruling. If one name
is accepted, many others must be. This would entail whole-
sale changes in nomenclature. I believe that any malac-
ologist who looks into the matter will agree with me that
Coretus cannot properly be dated from Bruguiere, and
that the name as used by him has "no significance in
nomenclature."
Whether anyone who seeks to mislead zoologists in such
matters is a "pest" is, of course, a matter of opinion. How-
ever, I am willing to withdraw the offending epithet, for,
after all, it may be argued that every man has a right to
his own views on nomenclature. To disagree with the
International Commission Code may be thought antisocial,
but it is hardly unethical. As I remarked in another con-
nection (Nautilus 30:109) : "Science is democratic; fool,
lunatic and savant have the same consideration in nomen-
clature."—H. A. P.
Gyraulus vermicularis albolineatus, new subspecies.
Plate 6, fig. 3. This form differs from typical vermicularis
only in the presence of a number of white lines on the last
whorl parallel with the growth lines On the type (largest)
specimen there are eight of these lines. They suggest the
sutures of an exfoliated specimen of a minute fossil naut-
iloid, but do not form partitions or apparently even internal
calluses. The white lines are due to periodical changes in
THE NAUTILUS 79
pigmentation, not to accidental discoloration. The type
measures 4 mm. in width. I obtained six specimens from
the Weiser River at Starkey, Idaho, in 1930. They are in
the University of Colorado Museum (No. 17475). It is
interesting to note that a single specimen of Lymnaea
(Fossaria) ohrussa from the same locality exhibits the
same characteristic. — Junius Henderson.
Snails of the Marnock Plantation. — Among the
effects of the late John K. Strecker was the manuscript of a
paper, written in 1931, that described a visit to the old
homestead of Gabriel Marnock in Bexar County, Texas.
The paper is principally herpetological, and that part of it
is to be published in Copeia. To save bibliographical con-
fusion, it has seemed advisable to print here that which
deals with shells. In connection with reptiles, amphibians,
scorpions and centipedes, Strecker speaks of collecting
"hundreds of snails including good series of Holospira
roemeri Pfr. and Microceramus texanus Pilsbry,'' later
writing : ''Both days at least a third of our time was devoted
to collecting snails, and in addition to the two species previ-
ously mentioned we obtained specimens of Euglandina
singleyana W. G. Binney, Helicina orbiculata Say, Bull-
mulus dealbatus mooreanus W. G. Binney, Praticolella
herlandieriana Moricand, Polygyra mooreana W. G. Binney,
Polygyi'a texasimm Moricand, Retinellla indentata Say, and
some small Pupidae. The Marnock hill is very rocky and in
many places is covered by growths of cedar, scrubby decidu-
ous trees and shrubs, Opuntias and other flora. A number
of goats get most of their subsistence on its slope and sum-
mit, and it is surprising that it is still inhabited by so many
species of small native animals." In the nearby Helotes
Creek were taken Planorbis lentus Say and P. liebmanii
Dunker.
The Thomas Bland Collection of American Land
Shells.— Mr. L. P. Gratacap pubHshed in 1901^ a catalogue
of the Binney and Bland collection which had come into the
possession of the American Museum of Natural History in
80 THE NAUTILUS
1882. This catalogue lists the species, localities and number
of specimens received. In the prefatory remarks several
statements are made which would lead one to believe that
the major collections of W. G. Binney and Thomas Bland, as
well as the elder Amos Binney, had all been brought together
to form this collection. I cannot say just what portion of the
individual collection of W. G. Binney made up this composite
collection, but the specimens supplied by T, Bland were
apparently his duplicates and not his major collection at all.
The Museum of Comparative Zoology purchased the entire
collection of Bland's North American shells in 1868. The
following extract is from the Annual Report of J. G. Anthony,
Curator of Mollusks at that time^ : *' One of the most impor-
tant additions made to our collection of mollusks during the
past year has been by purchase from Mr. T. Bland of New
York of his large and carefully labelled collection of North
American Land Shells, the result of many years of patient
labor on his part, and embracing 260 species and 2,494
specimens.''
The above statement is set forth because Gratacap (loc,
cit. p. 336) states that in addition to the material used by A.
Binney, W. G. Binney and G. A. Gould in the preparation of
their several papers, the collection also contained
"the cabinet of his Hfe-long co-worker and friend Thomas
Bland." It was apparently assumed by Gratacap that the
entire collection of T. Bland was thus included and not only
a selected series of duplicates as was actually the case.
The following is extracted from the notes in the cata-
logue of T. Bland, furnished with the collection now in the M.
C. Z. "The collection was made between the years 1853
and 1868 inclusive .... The arrangement was intended to
be, and is, so far as circumstances permit, the same as that
adopted by Mr. W. G. Binney in the catalogue, of which he
is the author, now being printed by the Smithsonian Institu-
tion The red line under the name of the author of
any species indicates that the specimens are authentic types.
New York, October, 1868." (Signed) T. Bland.
This collection contains several lots and species not listed
by Gratacap in the "Binney and Bland Collection," and in
addition Bland's types as well as many of those of Binney,
Cooper, Gould, Lea, and other contemporaries. These
"types" are cotypes in modern usage and consequently
several of our larger museums possess type lots from the
original series. — W. J. Clench.
1 1901, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 14, pp. 335-403.
2 1869, Annual Kept., Mus. Comp. Zool., p. 20.
The Nautilus.
Vol. XLVII JANUARY, 1934. No. 3
WEST AMERICAN CHAMIDAE, PERIPLOMA AND GLYCYMERIS
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY AND HERBERT N. LOWE
Having recently reviewed the West American Chamidae
in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences and the
Lowe collection, we think that a list of the species we con-
sider valid may be of interest. In place of bibliographic
references we may mention here that Broderip's species
were first fully described and illustrated in the Transactions
of the Zoological Society of London, vol. I, 1835; after-
ward, with some changes, in Reeve's Conchologia Iconica,
vol. IV, 1846-7, where Reeve also made some additions to
the list.
1. Cham A buddiana C. B. Adams (Panama Cat. p. 253,
1852, Guaymas and Panama). A well marked species with
irregular whitish subtubular spines on a reddish ground,
the interior white. We have seen it from as far north as
Concepcion Bay, Lower California. ''Chama ? frondosa
var. fornicata" of Carpenter's Mazatlan Catalogue was said
by him in 1863 to be identical with buddiana.
2. Chama frondosa Brod. Type loc, Isle of La Plata,
W. Colombia. The typical form with broad, frond-like
spines, as in Tr. Zool. Soc, pi. 38, fig. 1, and Reeve, fig. la,
seems to be exceedingly rare northward; single specimens
were taken by one of us at the Tres Marias, Cape St. Lucas
and La Paz. Tryon (Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1872, p. 117)
placed Chama puvpurascens Conrad as a synonym of
frondosa. So far as we know, Conrad never described this
form. His specimens, in the collection of the Academy, are
the var. mexicana Cpr.
82 THE NAUTILUS
3. Chama frondosa mexicana Cpr. (Mazatlan Cat,
1855, p. 87) is the var. b of Reeve, pi. 1, fig. lb, described
from the Gulf of Tehuantepec. This seems to be the com-
mon form along the west Mexican coast including the Gulf
of California. It grows to huge proportions and is often
riddled by boring mollusks and covered with marine
growths until none of the original sculpture is visible.
Carpenter's minute shells "from Chama and Spondylus
washings" were doubtless from this species. Probably the
unfigured Chama parasitica Rochebrune (Bull. Mus. Nat.
Hist. Paris, I, 1895, p. 243) is this form. It was found on
submerged branches of mangrove in the "Lagunes de Tile
San Jose."
4. Chama echinata Brod. Type loc, Puerto Portrero,
C. A. It is common along the Mexican coast, where the
attached lower valves are often conspicuous by their purple
interior and light coral red hinge, this bizarre color combi-
nation making even a worn valve easily recognizable.
Reeve's pi. 7, fig. 35, is evidently a young shell with spines
in perfect condition. His Chama coralloides, from the type
locality of echinata, has been considered a worn specimen
of this species.
5. Chama pellucida Sowb. (See Tr. Zool. Soc. I, p. 302,
pi. 38, fig. 3). Type loc, Iquiqui, Peru; has been reported
as far north as Oregon. Young specimens have sometimes
been identified erroneously as C. spinosa Brod., a species
which does not occur on the west American coast.
6. Chama sordida Brod. Type dredged by Cuming in
18 fathoms at the Island of Cuha, Central America. The
only specimens taken by the junior author were brought up
by a tangle in 15 fathoms off Carmen Island, Gulf of Cali-
fornia, with Spondylus and Area pacifica. It is a very well
marked species of uniform reddish color, with irregularly
spaced stout spines.
7. Chama squamuligera Pils. & Lowe. (Proc. A. N. S.
Phila., 1932). Has been taken at San Juan del Sur, Nic-
aragua; Manzanillo, Mazatlan, Tres Marias and Cape St.
Lucas. This small delicately spinose shell was formerly
THE NAUTILUS 83
often identified as C. spinosa Brod. by West Coast conch-
ologists.
8. Chama venosa Reeve. Type loc. unknown. So far
as we know, it has been taken only in Gulf of California.
Our specimens were found on piling of an old wharf at
Ensenada de los Muertos. According to Lamy a synonym
of this species is Chama digueti Rochebrune, 1895, 1. c. p.
243, which came from ''Lagunes de Tile San Jose," and is
said to be related to C. fibula Rve. It has not been figured,
measures 35 x 17 mm., and is striolate with brown and rose.
PSEUDOCHAMA Odhner.^ These are the ''inverse"
chamas, attached by the right valve. It was formerly be-
lieved that the same species might be attached by either
valve, with corresponding inversion of the hinge teeth
analogous to dextral and sinistral gastropods; but accord-
ing to Odhner, ''no case of real inversity among the Lamelli-
branchs is known .... nothing but slight dislocations of
the hinge elements."- Chama and Pseudochama are thought
by Odhner to be descendants of sinistral and dextral stocks
of Diceras, respectively.
Pseudochama inermis (Dall.). (Amer. Journ. Conch.,
vol. 7, p. 148.) In the original description this shell is said
to measure 3.1 x 2.1 inches. It is rugged, sinistral, obscure-
ly three-sided; smooth except for the lines of growth, cov-
ered with a strong, light yellow epidermis. Interior white ;
margin smooth ; the posterior edge of the left valve with a
narrow band of purple, etc.
The junior author on examining the type (No. 24108
U. S. N. M.) when in Washington in October, was reminded
of the Australian Chamostrea. The total absence of spines
and the strong, wrinkled, buff epidermis is like no other
Chama of our coast. The following note by Dr. Carpenter
is in the tray: "I wrote a diagnosis of this queer shell as
Chama inermis, but have suppressed it as it may be a queer
1 Nils Hj. Odhner, "Studies . . of Recent Chamidae," in Kungl. Sv.
Vet. Akad. Handl., Bd. 59, No. 3, p. 20. Type Chama exogyra Conr.
2 Loc. cit. p. 8. See also in this connection: W. F. Popenoe and
W. A. Findlav, "Transposed hinge structures in Lamellibranchs," in
Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., vol. 7, p. 301. 1933,
84 THE NAUTILUS
growth of something else. It is certainly not Puget Sound
from the parasites, which are tropical. It is not unlike C,
iostoma Conr., w^orn smooth."
Rev. J. Rowell presented the specimen, with the locality
*Tuget Sound." He went to California by way of Panama.
Dall gave the locality "Central America," but he had no
information save that given by Rowell and Carpenter.
Though described over 60 years ago the species does not
appear to have been collected again until 1930, when one of
us (H. N. L.) found a specimen on Maria Madre Island of
the Tres Marias group. This shell, figured in Plate 8, figs.
1-3, measures 47 x 67 mm., diam. 32 mm., being smaller
than the type. The periostracum is from cream buff to
cinnamon buff, with a wide crescentic streak of purple on
the upper valve. The interior is white with olive-buff
muscle scars. This is the first authentic habitat for one of
the most distinct of all chamas, as the other localities
assigned were mere guesses.
10. PSEUDOCHAMA CORRUGATA (Brod.). Type loc, Real
Llejos. The only specimens taken were on rocks in Monti jo
Bay, R. P. It is readily recognized by the dark purple in-
terior with white border.
11. PSEUDOCHAMA EXOGYRA (Conrad). Upper California
(Journ. A. N. S. Phila., vol. 7, p. 256). Very common on
the California coast, and reported as far south as Panama.
A closely allied but apparently distinct small species has
been dredged in deep water by H. N. L. and others off Cata-
lina Island. It will shortly be described by A. M. Strong.
12. PSEUDOCHAMA JANUS (Reeve). Galapagos Islands,
Cuming. Known only from the type locality, where one of
us took specimens at Seymour Bay, Indefatigable Island
(Pinchot Exped.). The two patterns of sculpture on the
upper valve (which suggested the name) make it easy to
recognize, even in very dead specimens.
13. PSEUDOCHAMA PANAMENSIS (Reeve). Panama, Cum-
ing. We have not seen this species, although both of us
collected at Panama.
ECHINOCHAMA comprises a few nearly equivalve species
THE NAUTILUS 85
with small or transitory attachment, otherwise allied to
Pseudochama.
14. ECHINOCHAMA CALIFORNICA Dall. Gulf of California.
One of us dredged this in 20 fathoms off Manzanillo and off
Acapulco, one specimen considerably larger than the type.
It is a very rare form, seldom seen. This is the species re-
ported from Panama as Chama arcinella L. (the common
West Indian species), collected by the St. George Expedi-
tion.
Species reported in error from West America
Chama iostoma Conrad is a Hawaiian species.
Chama imbricata Brod. From ''Lord Hood's Island"=
Marutea, Tuamotu Group.
Chama spinosa Brod. Same locality. (=C. asperella Lam.,
a widely spread species of Australia, East Indies and
Polynesia.)
Chama pacifica Brod. Lord Hood's Island=Marutea,
Tuamotus.
Chama broderipi Rve. Same locality.
Periploma alta C. B. Adams
This Panamic species has been placed in the synonymy of
P. planiuscula Sowb. by several authors, but it is really a
distinct and valid species. It is much more closely related to
P. discus Stearns, from which it differs by the larger size
and the outline of the posterior end. The mistake arose
from a typographical error in Adams' description, the
''height 1.35 inch" should read 1.55 inch. The type speci-
men is a single left valve, still preserved in the Amherst
collection, with Adams' autograph label.
Whether P. lenticularis Sowb. is specifically identical
with P. planiuscula cannot be affirmed without an examina-
tion of the type, which has not been figured.
Glycymeris delesserti (Reeve)
This species, of which the locality was unknown to Reeve,
was collected at Maria Madre, Tres Marias Islands, in ex-
cellent, typical specimens during the Lowe trip of 1929. It
86 THE NAUTILUS
is a handsome shell, related to G. inaequalis Sowb., but hav-
ing many more primary ribs. It was reported as G.
assimilis in Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1932, p. 141. In G. deles-
serti the radial ribs are cut by deep radial grooves into
little ridges, which are crenulated by concentric furrows,
this being especially marked on the outer ridges of each rib.
The spaces between ribs do not have radial grooves. In G.
inaequalis the radial grooves are as well developed in the
intervals as on the ribs.
SOME WESTERN FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS
BY JUNIUS HENDERSON
Helisoma occidentale (Cooper). PI. 9, fig. 1. This
species was briefly described by Cooper, without figure, in
1870. He designated no type and no type locality, but gave
its range as from Washington to Kern Lake and San Jose,
California. His description and measurements, with his
statement that it has been called both trivolvis and tenuis,
and his subsequent statement (1890) that ''many intermedi-
ate forms now prove that it is only the mature form of P.
tumens," indicate that he confused two very different
forms; but anyone who has examined large collections of
Helisoma from CaHfornia can see how he should have been
so confused. His material is said to have been destroyed.
Hence it is desirable to select a neotype. A form which
could have furnished the basis for his description is com-
mon at Klamath Lake, Oregon. He probably had specimens
of Helisoma from there, as he mentioned other species of
mollusks from that lake. I have selected as neotype a speci-
men from Klamath Lake, No. 17737-a, University of Col-
orado Museum, which I figure, together with two others in
the same collection from the same place. The neotype
measures 27.5 mm. in diameter and 15 mm. in altitude just
back of the slightly everted lip, approximating Cooper's
maximum measurements. The last whorl is not carinate,
THE NAUTILUS 87
but is shortly rounded above and more broadly below.
These specimens are from a lot identified by Dr. Bryant
Walker as H. binneyi and published by me under that name,
which is clearly incorrect. Specimens from the same lake
are in Stanford University collection, as well as from the
eastern shore of Rhett (Tule) Lake in northeastern Cali-
fornia and other localities. Though somewhat resembling
H. binneyi (Tryon) in the strap-like whorls, occidentalis
differs markedly in the less pronounced sculpture and the
disappearance of the carina at an early stage of growth.
Specimens from various western localities resemble this
form except in the fact that the altitude is less in propor-
tion to the width. Two such examples from Likely, South
Pitt River, California, in the Stanford University collec-
tion, have many small indentations on the last whorl and
sharp striae widely spaced, as represented by Binney, 1865,
fig. 193, of a ''form of PL corpulentus" from the West
Coast, but they have not the characteristics of that species
or its western analogue, binneyi, nor are they typically
occidentalis. Cooper referred to that figure as "a form of"
occidentalis, and Tryon, 1867, said it is a form of amnion,
which is less likely.
Helisoma binneyi (Tryon). PL 9, fig. 2. Planorbis
corpulentus (Say) was described from Manitoba and
Ontario in 1824. In 1844, Haldeman redescribed what he
considered Say's species, under the same name, and figured
a specimen from "Lewis River," taken by Nuttall. There is
a Lewis River in southwestern Washington, which may be
his locality, as Nuttall's route took him close to, if not on,
that stream, but in his account of the plants collected on his
trip he made frequent use of that name for the Snake River,
Idaho and eastern Washington, as did also Townsend in his
narrative. Nuttall does mention "arid plains of Upper Cali-
fornia on Lewis River," but, though California was then an
indefinite region, the boundary not having been definitely
fixed at Lat. 42 N. until several years later, Nuttall's refer-
ences show that he knew the territory later organized into
Oregon, including Washington, by the name Oregon, not
88 THE NAUTILUS
California. I have seen no true binneyi or corpulentus from
the Snake River, formerly called the Lewis. Again, in 1852,
Gould described and figured what he took to be Say's
corpulentus from Columbia River, Oregon, taken by Dray-
ton of the Wilkes' Exploring Expedition. In 1885, Binney
declared the West Coast form to be distinct, but did not sug-
gest a name, and intimated that corpulentus is merely a
form of trivolvis, which is erroneous. In 1867, Tryon named
the West Coast form binneyi, without description or figures,
but referred to Haldeman's and Gould's descriptions and
figures, which is sufficient to validate the name, under the
rules. Haldeman's Lev/is River being uncertain and Gould's
Columbia River very indefinite, there seems to be no real
type locality known. F. C. Baker informs me that Gould's
type is in the U. S. National Museum, No. 5530. Dr. Pils-
bry writes that Haldeman's specimens from Lewis River,
in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, No.
131581, measures 15 x 23 mm., and adds that "Haldeman's
figure is good." The specimen figured herewith, from
Whatcom Lake, Bellingham, Washington, in the University
of Colorado Museum, No. 13989-a, middle figure, measures
23 mm. in diameter, altitude 14 mm. just back of the slight-
ly everted lip.
Helisoma traskii (Lea). PI. 9, fig. 3. This species, de-
scribed from Kern Lake, California, was declared to be
''the most remarkable Planorbis yet observed in the United
States," an inch and a half in diameter, 86/100 inch high,
the growth striae ''among the finest and closest of the
various species." The proportions given, height about 57%
of width, do not agree with the figure, which shows a shell
proportionately much higher, but the measurements were
based upon a specimen with part of the aperture broken
away, and the figure does not correctly represent the type.
The largest of three specimens from Kern Lake in the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, received
from Trask, measures 20 x 26.3 mm., "almost exactly the
size of Lea's figure" (letter from Dr. Pilsbry). The type,
U. S. National Museum, No. 121000, has part of the last
THE NAUTILUS 89
whorl, including the aperture, broken off, the remaining
portion of the shell measuring one inch in diameter. "If
complete, I think the shell would have the diameter given
by Lea in his description" (letter from Wm. B. Marshall).
The largest specimen I have seen, middle fig. 3, that may be
assigned to this species, is from Stockton, California, in
Stanford University collection, and measures only 26 mm.
in greatest diameter, height 19 mm. at the aperture. The
resemblance of this species to hijineyi is notable, but it is
more nearly barrel shaped, considerably higher proportion-
ately, and the sculpture less pronounced, especially on the
last whorl, where the striae are very fine, but just in front
of the aperture they are coarser, and the apical whorls are
deeply sunken. Young specimens of ammon from the same
region much resemble traskii, but they soon begin to lose
their barrel shape and take on the truncated cone shape of
ammon, the carina is not so sharp and the apex not so deep-
ly sunken.
Helisoma ammon (Gould). PI. 9, fig. 4. Described,
probably as a fossil, from the Colorado Desert, Southern
California, it is found also in the Sacramento and San
Joaquin River drainage and near Watsonville, California.
An important character is the strong slope of the lateral
outline, giving the shell somewhat the shape of a truncated
cone. This is shared by most Helisoma species, but is more
marked than usual in this species. Many much depressed
specimens of similar diameter from California might easily
be assigned to ammon, and there seem to be some inter-
grades, but I am inclined to believe there is no close rela-
tionship between them. I have seen no specimens that can
be called ammon from the Colorado Desert, and Dr. Pils-
bry writes: "1 have been in doubt about PL ammon Gld., if
the assigned locality is correct." The type is probably lost.
F. C. Baker writes that a cotype in the U. S. National
Museum, No. 120951, is so fragile he did not try to photo-
graph it, and measures 21.9 mm. in diameter and 13 in
height, labelled "Ancient Lake, Colorado Desert, Blake" col-
lector, in Lea collection.
90 THE NAUTILUS
The shell characters indicate that occidentalism binneyi,
traskii and ammon form a natural group, and F. C. Baker
has informed me that ''those examined agree in genitalia
and general radula formation." There appear to be sev-
eral undescribed Helisomas in the western states.
Parapholyx solida (Dall). PI. 9, fig. 5. Described
from White Pine, Nevada, H. Hemphill, collector. A large
series in the Hemphill collection at Stanford University,
from which the examples figured were selected, are very
uniform in size and show but little variation in shape. It is
a perfectly good species, not closely related to any other. It
was recorded from this locality as P. effusa by Ingersoll,
and as solida, probably erroneously, from Pyramid Lake, by
Stearns.
Parapholyx effusa effusa (Lea). PI. 9, fig. 8. I have
collected this species at many localities in Oregon and Cali-
fornia and examined material from other localities in Stan-
ford University collection. While it varies considerably in
form at some localities, usually it has a very low spire, the
left side rather shortly rounded and transverse diameter
much greater than the altitude. The largest one I have seen
is 15.5 mm. wide and 11.5 high, another one 14.5 x 11,
both from Klamath Falls, Oregon. Usually they are
smaller. At many localities two slightly differentiated but
easily recognized forms, costata (Hemphill) and diagonalis
Henderson, occur with the typical form. They are seldom,
if ever, found without the typical form. I have just re-
ceived from Professor H. M. Tucker, specimens obtained
from Homedale, Idaho, a new State record for the genus.
Parapholyx effusa nevadensis, new subspecies. PL 9,
figs. 6, 7. This form differs from typical effusa chiefly in
the fact that the width is usually little if at all greater than
the height, sometimes even less, and would be less in many
others except for a peculiar spread of the aperture, which
appears to be a deformity due perhaps to adverse environ-
mental conditions ; and the further fact that the left side of
the last whorl is flattened into a broad curve instead of
rounding into the base by a rather short curve. Many ex-
THE NAUTILUS XLVII
if
PLATE 9
^$1
#*
ud #•
# ^
4, • •
^ •#■
/
J
8
% W 9
Junius Henderson : Western Freshwater Mollusks
THE NAUTILUS 91
amples are almost scalariform. The type, fig. 6, second
from left, is 7.25 mm. in diameter, 7 mm. high. It is No.
5843 in the type collection, Geology Department, Stanford
University, and, with the figured paratypes, all bleached, is
from Winnemucca Lake, Nevada, where dead, probably
fossil, shells are abundant on the shore. They occur
abundantly in the same condition at Pyramid Lake, all
bleached shells. It was recorded from Pyramid Lake by
Call and Beecher, as Pompholyx effusa, and by Stearns as
P. effiisa and varieties in ''a calcareous deposit." I have
seen none from either lake that can be considered typical
effusa, but at Klamath Lake, Oregon, I found some effusa
showing a tendency to intergrade with nevadensis.
Plate 9
Fig. 1. Helisoma occidentale (Cooper). Upper Klamath
Lake, Oregon. Neotype, middle figure. University
of Colorado.
Fig. 2. Helisoma binneyi (Tryon). Whatcom Lake, Bell-
ingham, Washington.
Fig. 3. Helisoma traskii (Lesi). Antioch, California.
Fig. 4. Helisoma ammon (Gould). Lake near Watson-
ville, California.
Fig. 5. Parapholyx solida (Dall). From type lot, White
Pine, Nevada.
Fig. 6. Parapholyx effusa nevadensis, n. sp. Winnemucca
Lake, Nevada. Stanford University collection.
Holotype, second figure from left, others para-
types.
Fig. 7. Parapholyx effusa nevadensis, n. sp. Pyramid
Lake, Nevada.
Fig. 8. Parapholyx effusa effusa (Lea). Upper Klamath
Lake, Oregon.
A NEW MIDDLE MIOCENE NEPTUNEA FROM CALIFORNIA
BY U. S. GRANT AND E. H. QUAYLE
During September, 1933, Messrs. J. E. Eaton and Gordon
A. Macdonald spent a fortnight in the Caliente Range of
92
THE NAUTILUS
eastern San Luis Obispo County, California, doing geologic-
al field work and collecting fossils from the thick Tertiary
sediments exposed there,
which were submitted to
which appears to be new.
Neptunea (Sulcosipho) eatoni Grant and Quayle, sp.
nov. Text figures 1, 2.
Shell large, ventricose, with an elevated spire; whorls 4
In the collections of Mollusca
us the following species occurs
I cm.
or 5 (incomplete) , nuclear whorls unknown, the upper two-
fifths of each spire whorl with a prominent sloping tabula-
tion and two or three broad, low, rounded, almost obsolete
spiral ribs below; body-whorl with about nine larger spiral
ribs becoming coarser and more prominent anteriorly. All
whorls slightly convex below the tabulation. Body whorl
about 1% length of spire. Aperture large, anterior canal
rather long (incomplete). Width of body- whorl, 72 mm.;
of penultimate whorl, 62 mm.; total length about 130 mm.
(incomplete).
THE NAUTILUS 93
Tijpe Specimen: A fine grained sandstone cast (Univ.
Calif, at Los Angeles, Cat. No. 3385) collected by J. E.
Eaton and G. A. Macdonald from a megafossil zone desig-
nated ''MF20" by J. E. Eaton, in Earnest's Canyon, Cal-
iente Mountains, eastern San Luis Obispo County, Cali-
fornia (Univ. Calif, at Los Angeles locality No. 477). This
fossil zone is apparently in the upper part of the middle of
the Temblor horizon, middle Miocene.
This new species is closely related to Neptunea {Sulco-
sipho) stantoni (Arnold)^ of the Purisima and Merced
formations of the coastal regions of middle California but
it is considerably larger and has a relatively much lower
spire. It belongs to the section Clinopegma Grant and
Gale,- which includes in addition to ''Buccinum" unicum
Pilsbry,'^ the genotype, Neptunea (Sulcosipho) magna
(Dall)"^ and stantoni (Arnold). It recalls Buccinum viri-
dum Dall,-^ a living whelk from deep water off the Channel
Islands of southern California, but the new Miocene species
has a longer canal and is very much larger. The new
species is named in honor of Mr. J. E. Eaton whose en-
thusiastic field work has added much to our knowledge of
California stratigraphy.
A NEW DRYMAEUS FROM BARRO COLORADO ISLAND,
PANAMA CANAL ZONE
BY JAMES ZETEK,
Balboa, C. Z.
DRYMAEUS PILSBRYI, n. sp. PI. 13, fig. 1. The shell is
excessively thin and fragile, imperforate, ovate, of 4.5
whorls, glossy, translucent, having four narrow chestnut-
brown bands on a pellucid-whitish ground, the bands situ-
1 Chrysodomus stantoni Arnold, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, p.
386, pi. 37, fig. 4, 1908.
-' Mem. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 660, 1931.
3 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 57, p. 102, 1905; vol. 59, p. 244,
pi. 20, fig. 7, 1907. Japan.
•* Chrysodomus {Ancistrolepis) magnus Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 17, p. 709, pi. 29, fig. 5, 1895.
5 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 12, p. 320, pi. 6, fig. 9, 1889.
94 THE NAUTILUS
ated close below the suture, above and below the periferal
region and on the base; apex dark. The first IV2 whorls
have characteristic Drymaeus sculpture, followed by about
two whorls with unequal wrinkles of growth and a micro-
scopic sculpture of pits in spiral series, much less close and
regular than those of the embryonic whorls. On the last
whorl these are obsolete and the surface smooth except for
the wrinkling; there being strong wrinkles at wide inter-
vals with smaller ones between them. The aperture is
large, ovate, the lip thin, unexpanded. Columella thin,
straight above.
Length 11 mm., diam. 8 mm., aperture 6.3 mm. Type,
162124 A.N.S.P.
Length 9.8 mm., diam 7.5 mm., aperture 6.5 mm. 25296
Zetek coll.
This species differs from D. translucens by the excessive
tenuity of the shell, hardly thicker than tissue paper, by the
spaced wrinkles of the later whorls and by the details of
the color pattern. Named for Dr. H. A. Pilsbry who has
contributed so much to our knowledge of Panama land
shells.
This species has also been collected near Pedro Miguel,
Canal Zone, on mango trees, and one specimen was collected
by me on a leaf of the coconut palm on the mainland close
to Ustupu (Portogandi), San Bias coast (Atlantic side).
The San Bias shell is more slender than the type, but has
the same sculpture and color pattern. It measures, length
8.3 mm., diam. 5.7 mm. The type was collected on an
avocado tree on Barro Colorado Island, Gatun Lake, Pan-
ama Canal Zone.
NEW FLORIDA PEARLY MUSSELS
BY BERLIN HART WRIGHT
Unio (Elliptic) webbianus, sp. nov. PI. 10, figs. 1, 2.
Shell thin, ovate, polished, epidermis reddish, growth
lines smoothly rounded and a trifle darker than the disc.
Rayless in all stages of growth. Beaks not prominent,
sculptured by a series of double loops and much eroded.
Umbonal ridge prominent but not sharply angled. Umbones
THE NAUTILUS XLVII
PLATE 10
(
\
2, Unio fElliptio) webbianus Wright. 3, 4, U. w. hartii Wright.
THE NAUTILUS 95
covered by radiating ridges and furrows, which, intersect-
ing the growth lines, give a decussate or more or less reticu-
late surface, reaching to near the middle of the disk. Dorsal
margin straight, the anterior portion being thin, flat and
wing-like. The dorsal notch is very unusually elongated,
shallow, and uniformly rounded. Anterior margin bluntly
pointed; gracefully rounded below and posteriorly. Nacre
is iridescent, pink or flesh colored. Cardinal teeth blunt,
thin and very oblique ; laterals almost straight. Pallial im-
pressions very indistinct as also the anterior scar. Shell
cavity well developed. Length 52 mm., alt. 30 mm., diam.
18 mm.
Habitat, Lake Consuelo, Citrus Co., Fla., near Floral City.
Observations : Named in honor of our long-time friend,
Walter F. Webb, whose well-known zeal as a working conch-
ologist has only recently been directed to the naiades for
special study. The affinity is with E. sanctorum johanium
Wright, but this species is smaller, thinner, less polished,
more elongated, and the dorsal notch is longer and more
pointed posteriorly. The radiating ridges and grooves are
a prominent, distinguishing feature. It is found in prac-
tically the same water, an offshoot of Lake Consuelo, con-
nected by a narrow channel with the main body. The type
is in the United States National Museum, No. 424923, also
paratypes in the following museums: Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia, No. 161594; the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Boston; Buffalo Museum of Natural
History, Florida University at Gainesville, and collection of
Walter F. Webb, Rochester, N. Y.
Unio (Elliptic) webbianus hartii, nov. subsp. PL 10
figs. 3, 4.
Smooth, no radiating ridges and grooves, and is uniform-
ly of lighter color, more solid and somewhat smaller. Its
uniform straw-colored epidermis amply distinguished it
from the darker, more polished and larger E. sanctorum-
johanium Wright, though from practically the same lake.
Length 43 mm., alt. 24 mm., diam. 15 mm.
The type and paratypes are in the same depositories as
the above new species. Named for R. E. and D. L. Hart
who have aided me greatly in many ways to make this col-
lecting possible.
96 THE NAUTILUS
A NEW COLONY OF HELIX NEMORALIS
WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THEIR COLORi
STANLEY T. BROOKS, PH.D., AND BETTY WATT BROOKS, M.A.
The latest contribution from Miss Mary Johnston, author
of 'To Have and To Hold," and numerous other articles and
novels, is not from her illustrious pen, but from her garden.
Dr. George H. Clapp, well-known as a student of the ter-
restrial mollusca, while on a visit to Hot Springs, Virginia,
in November, 1931, heard from some friends of a "plague
of snails" that had descended upon a neighboring estate.
Immediately, thereupon. Dr. Clapp proceeded to investigate
and found a new colony of Helix nemoralis. It was a very
healthy and apparently well-established colony. The gar-
deners reported that they had been killing them ''by the
thousands," though this slaughter had hardly made any
impression. It seems that the ancestors of this group were
imported from Holland in the earth surrounding the roots
of box trees. For this reason, it is assumed that this colony
has no connection with any other colony within the United
States. It marks an entirely new and different importation.
In studying the banding of the specimens collected by Dr.
Clapp, the authors naturally began their study by looking
up the descriptions of the various color phases which have
heretofore been described. After struggling with the des-
ignations and descriptions of Taylor- and of CockerelP for
some time, and trying to fit the descriptions of color given
by them to the various shells, identification proved to be
impossible. In the descriptions given by Taylor and
Cockerell there proved to be shells which were described as
"olivaceous" and colored figures which never could be called
"olivaceous." The ambiguity of the method of identifica-
tion employed by these authors finally decided the case. The
1 A contribution from the Laboratory of Recent Invertebrates of
the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- "Monograph of the Land and Fresh- Water Mollusca of the British
Isles," John W. Taylor, vol. Ill, pp. 274-325.
3 "Notes on the Variations of Certain Mollusca Introduced from
Europe," T. D. A. Cockerell, Nautilus, 3, 1889, p. 86.
THE NAUTILUS 97
arrangements of shells under the categories given by
Taylor and Cockerel! with no accompanying color-chart
proved to be most unsatisfactory as well as a natural har-
bor for human error. The authors of this paper accordingly
sought out color-charts and began their work anew. It is
not claimed that in the following paragraphs the authors
have wholly avoided error, nor is it claimed that they have
made a new application of a known system. They, however,
do claim that the method herein employed will enable the
student to distinguish the various color-phases in a system-
atic manner, and that it will eliminate the errors that might
be existent in any written designation of color. They have
applied a system of nomenclature that is available to all.
Due to the fact that the present ''scientific" nomenclature
designating color-phases has no taxonomic standing in
conchology, the authors do not feel that the results of this
paper are in any degree retrogressive, but that they are for
the benefit of taxonomy in their simplicity and in their lack
of confusing elements.
Technique. — In determining the various colors of the fol-
lowing lists the authors used the well known "Color Stand-
ards and Nomenclature" by Robert Ridgway. It will be un-
necessary to go into any great detail of the book as it is a
laboratory manual in most of our institutions.
It may be necessary to point out the variation of the
shell color through the systems of numbering. The shells
are all found to be represented in the (") series. This
group is so designated because of the presence of 42% of
pure color admixed with 58% of neutral grey. All of the
shells in this collection (275) had the basic ground color
illustrated by that portion of the chromatic scale on Ridg-
way's plates XXIX and XXX. The colors ranged in hue
from 13"0Y-0 (91% orange plus 9% yellow) to 21"0-YY
(25% orange plus 75% yellow) and in tint from normal
(undiluted with white or black) to /. The shades ranged
from the normal to m.
In determining the tint or shade of a shell the basic
ground color was compared with the various illustrations.
98
THE NAUTILUS
Any deviation of this color due to the proximity of bands
will be indicated in the following discussion. North light
was used and the colors noted only during the best period
of the daylight.
Series 00000.
13"0Y-0 Specimens 15"Y-0 Specimens 17"0-Y Specimens
0 Pale Pinkish 0 Pale Pinkish
Cin. Buff
0 Light Pinkish 0 Pinkish Buff
Cin.
norm,
i
k
0 Pale Cinnamon-
Pink
0 Light Vinaceous-
Cin.
0 Vinaceous-
Cinnamon
4 Orange Cinnamon
1 Mikado Brown
8 Verona Brown
Pinkish
Cinnamon
Cinnamon
Sayal Brown
Snuff Brown
m 12 Warm Sepia
21"0-YY, normal 45
0 Bister
specimens
0 Cinnamon
2 Clay Color
1 Tawny Olive
1 Sarccardo's
Umber
0 Sepia
Olive Ocher
In any of the following discussion the notations may be
compared with the above chart to place the different color
symbols.
It is interesting that in this group, only, do we have the
color running into the shades. If one will note in the later
paragraphs every banded form occurs either in the normal
or in the tints. The forms i, k, and m of 13", 15" and 17"
if listed according to variety and subvariety may be new in
respect to the already recorded color phases. Not knowing
the colors as they are described, the authors can make no
more rigid statement to this effect.
Series 00300.
normal 23 specimens.
b 1 specimen.
normal 4 specimens.
b 3 specimens.
normal 10 specimens.
b 1 specimen. Deep Colonial Buff.
normal 117 specimens.
In all of the banded forms as well as in this series the re-
flected lip presented a color usually close to 69""RV-R,
Aniline Black. The bands also were close to this shade but
13"0Y-0,
15"Y-0,
17"0-Y,
21"0-YY,
THE NAUTILUS 99
are not listed in this paper on account of their constancy
and seeming unimportance to the general scheme of color-
ing. In some, an area of 23" Yellow d, Primrose Yellow
occurred next to the bands. This area being contiguous
with the sutures give the latter an edging of yellow. The
space between the bands, in many cases, bears the color
Cinnamon buff of hue 17"0-Y. 6. The apertures show the
dark color of the lip with a recession within to the Pale
Laelia Pink (67"V-R), characteristic of the 13", 15", and
17" forms. None of these accessory colors are taken as
important as separation of the color phases can be made
entirely upon the ground color plus the band formula.
Series 003:0,
Only three specimens of this formula occurred and they
in the normal of hue 21"0-YY.
Series 003^5.
15"Y-0, b 4 specimens.
17"0-Y, b 1 specimen, approaching d.
21"0-YY, normal 4 specimens.
Series ::300.
Two specimens in the normal of hue 21"0-YY.
Series 003(^5).
15"Y-0, b 1 specimen.
17"0-Y, b 2 specimens.
Series 003^0.
One specimen in the normal of hue 21"0-YY.
Series 02300.
One specimen in b of hue 15"Y-0.
Series 122300.
One specimen in h of hue 15"Y-0, but approaching d of
hue 17"0-Y at band 3.
Series [123] (45)...
One normal of hue 21"0-YY.
Series (12)3(Jf5).
17"0-Y, d 1 specimen,
b 7 specimens.
21"0-YY, normal 6 specimens.
Series 1(23) (45).
One specimen of hue 17"0-Y, b.
100 THE NAUTILUS
Series 1123(45)].
One specimen of hue 13"0Y-0, normal, and one normal of
hue 15"Y-0.
Series 12S(U5).
13"0Y-0, normal 2 specimens.
17"0-Y, f 2 specimens.
b 3 specimens.
21"0-YY, normal 7 specimens.
Series 123J^5.
One specimen of normal, hue of 21"0-YY.
Series 12345.
17"0-Y, d 2 specimens.
b 9 specimens.
21"0-YY, normal 75 specimens.
Summary. — It would be a fatal mistake to draw any con-
clusions upon such a study as this. This paper, however,
points a way to the elimination of the taxonomic absurdities
that have been applied to the various color phases within
one species. Instead of trying to apply the principles of
specific nomenclature to the field of color, we have applied
the color nomenclature. This in itself, if it bears fruit of
further study, is sufficient excuse for our time and labor.
INVERTEBRATE REMAINS DUG FROM KITCHEN MIDDENS OF
AN OLD ALEUT STONE AGE VILLAGE NEAR
DUTCH HARBOR, ALASKA
BY WALTER J. EYERDAM
While engaged in a botanical survey of the Aleutian
Islands during the Spring and Summer of 1932, the author
and his colleague, Dr. Hulten, curator of the Botanical
Museum of Lund, Sweden, found a number of old stone age
village sites on some of the islands.
Such evidence of a former culture were noted on the
Alaska Peninsula, Unimak, Amoknak, Unalaska, Kagamil,
Amlia and Atka Islands. Nearly every large island has
been the home of a numerous population in former times.
There are large and extensive ancient village sites on
THE NAUTILUS 101
Kagamil Island in the Four Mountain group and on Amlia
Island, which probably have never been dug into by the
archaeologists' spade. Neither of these islands is now in-
habited except by occasional native winter trappers.
The site of a stone age village in the Aleutians can gen-
erally be recognized quite easily in the Spring and Sum-
mer by the predominating presence of two perennial plants.
The most conspicuous of these is Heraclium lanatum, the
wild rhubard or putschka of the Russians. The other one
is the deadly poisonous monkshood, Aconitum kamtschat-
icum, the powdered tubers of which were formerly used to
poison arrows. The Ainus of northern Japan still use this
plant for that purpose. The Kamchadals also did the same
in the early days of Russian occupation.
Ten days were spent during the month of May, 1932, at
digging in a stone age village on Amoknak Island, about a
quarter of a mile from Dutch Harbor. The exact spot is
between the spruce grove and the sea.
About 200 artifacts and implements of various kinds
were collected. All of these were made of bone and stone
and only one specimen, a kind of awl, seemed to be of ivory.
The workmanship on most of the artifacts is crude and
very simple, with almost no attempt at decoration.
A list of all forms of animals remains found in these
kitchen middens on Amoknak Island will appear in the
"Murrelet" in November, published by the North West
Bird and Mammal Society, University of Washington,
Seattle, Wash.
Following is a list of Echinodermata and Mollusca found
in the kitchen middens.
Two Echinodermata were found, Strongylocentrotus
franciscana, a few, and Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis,
very common, and an important food of the old Aleuts.
Mollusca : All species not otherwise noted were common
or very common.
102
THE NAUTILUS
Pelecypoda
Saxidomus giganteus Desh.
Paphia staminea Conr.
Pecten islandicus Miilier.
Few.
Pododesmus (Monia)
macrochisma Desh.
Mytilus edulis Linn.
Modiolus modiolus L.
Entodesma saxicola
Baird. Few.
Mytilus calif ornianus Conr.
Few.
Cardium corbis Martyn.
Co.rdiv.m calif orniense Desh.
Serripes groenlandicus
Gmelin. Few.
Macoma iniddendorffii Dall.
Macoma inquinata Desh.
Few.
Tellina lutea Gray. Few.
Siliqua patula Dixon. Few.
Spisula polynyma alaskana
Dall.
Mya truncata L.
Mya intermedia Dall.
Saxicava arctica L.
Gastropoda
Beringius crebricostatus
Dall. Few.
Chrysodomus liratus
Martyn. Few.
Acmaea cassis Esch.
Acmaea c. pelta Esch.
Acmaea scutum Esch.
Acmaea s, patina Esch.
Acmaea s. pintadina Gould.
Acmaea digitalis Esch.
Natica aleutica Dall.
Littorina grandis Dall.
Littorina sitchana Phil.
Mopalia ciliata wossnessen-
skii Midd. Few.
Mopalia muscosa Gould?
Few.
Katherina tunicata Wood.
Cryptochiton stelleri Midd.
Rare.
I was able to identify 19 pelecypoda, 11 gastropoda and 4
amphineura or 34 species of shells. These represent nearly
all of the more or less common shells which can be found in
the vicinity of Dutch Harbor and Unalaska with the excep-
tion of very small forms and the extremely common species
Argobuccinum oregonense Redfield, a rather large snail,
and the several species of Thais which abound. The old
Aleuts seemed to have been very indiscriminate in their
choice of animal food, but Argobuccinum and Thais are too
bitter to eat.
The present day Aleuts eat practically the same animals
THE NAUTILUS 103
as their ancestors did with the addition of imported food,
but they are rather particular on the whole, because they
have become civilized and have more choice. Nearly every
kind of mollusk over half an inch was food for the old
Aleuts. They were mostly eaten raw.
These old middens were in two layers shovdng an ancient
and a more modern culture. In the oldest layer which was
about 3 feet thick there were mostly clam shells and fish
bones and almost no artifacts while in the more recent layer
there were many remains of large marine animals and
many artifacts of stone and bone.
TWO NEW CINGULAS FROM ALASKA
BY G. WILLETT
CiNGULA EYERDAMI, new species (PI. 8, fig. 9).
Shell elongate-ovate, grayish, except for the nuclear
whorls, which are dirty white. Whorls rounded, appressed
at the summit. Suture strongly constricted. Base well
rounded, narrowly umbilicated. Aperture rounded an-
teriorly, angled posteriorly. Post-nuclear whorls and base
smooth to the naked eye, but under a strong lens show very
faint, fine spiral striations.
The type. No. 1037 collection Los Angeles Museum, with
numerous additional specimens, were collected by Walter J.
Eyerdam on Elrington Island, Alaska, and were sent to
A. M. Strong of Los Angeles. The type has five whorls, and
measures in millimeters: Length, 2.3; diam., 1.2. Para-
types in collections of A. M. Strong and the writer.
This species is similar in general outline to Cingula
aleutica Dall, but differs from it in much smaller size,
posterior angulation of aperture, and presence of spiral
striations.
CiNGULA FORRESTERENSIS, new species (PL 8, fig. 8).
Shell elongate-conic, white. Post-nuclear whorls appressed
at the summit, moderately rounded, finely spirally striated.
Last whorl elongated, with very narrov/ umbilical chink.
Aperture rounded anteriorly, angled posteriorly.
104 THE NAUTILUS
The type, No. 1038 collection Los Angeles Museum, and
eight additional specimens, were collected by the writer at
Forrester Island, Alaska. The type measures in milli-
meters : Length, 3 ; diam., 1.2.
This species is the most slender of west American
Cingulas so far described.
NEW CUBAN LAND SHELLS FROM ORIENTE AND
CAMAGUEY PROVINCES
BY D'ALTE ALDRIDGE WELCH
During the summer of 1928 the author had the good
fortune to accompany Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry on a collecting
trip to Cuba. There, due to the collecting ability of Dr.
Pilsbry and the advise of Dr. Carlos de la Torre who told
us where to go, we were able to return to the United States
with many new forms. I especially wish to thank Dr. de la
Torre for having introduced me to the Cuban shell fauna
by his unrivaled enthusiasm and generosity, when on my
previous visit to Havana in 1927.
A preliminary notice of the operculates from Camaguey
province was published in The Nautilus.^ In the present
paper descriptions of these forms are supplied; also de-
scriptions of some new species from Ensenada de Mora in
Oriente province, where the sugar central of the Cape Cruz
Company is located. Among the latter is a certain species
of Cerion discovered by Dr. de la Torre some years previous
to our visit, and which he named in MS. Cerion ramsdeni.
Due to the fact that the other Cerions found at Ensenada
de Mora were subspecies of C. ramsdeni, and the expected
description not being received from Dr. Torre, I am here
describing it under his name.
Ridgway's "Color Standards and Nomenclature" was fol-
lowed in describing colors. All measurements and counts
of ribs were made on the last whorl of the shell unless other-
1 Welch, d'A. A. "Some Operculate Snails from Northwestern
Camaguey, Cuba." The Nautilus, vol. XLII, January, 1929, p. 98.
THE NAUTILUS XLVI
PLATE 8
1-3, Pseudochama inermis ^Dall). 4, Nassa moesta lencops P & L
5, Nassa bailyi P. & L. (Vol. 46, p. 51;,. 6, 7, Pseudochama granti Strong X3.
8, Cingula forresterensis Willett. 9, C. eyerdami Willett.
THE NAUTILUS 105
wise stated. All types were placed in the collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Paratypes,
besides being in the said collection, are also in the collec-
tions of Dr. de la Torre and of the author.
Cerion ramsdeni Torre, new species. PI. 11, figs. 1, a-e.
The shell is cylindric with conic summit, having 10-101/2
whorls, the last three being of about equal size, the rest
forming the cone, the umbilical chink is deep. The em-
bryonic shell of 2 whorls is smooth, the remainder of the
shell is sculptured axially by ribs irregularly spaced. The
intervals are roughened by weak axial wrinkles. The color
is pallid quaker drab, darkened by splotches of brownish
drab, located on the cone and on the ventral sides of the
shell. The aperture is ovate, the peristome smooth, heavy
and reflected. The interior of the throat is cinnamon drab.
The parietal lamella ascends about 1/2 a whorl, the axial
lamella about 2 whorls. Length 24.2 mm., diam. 11.7 mm.
Four paratypes measure: 28.5x12.8 mm., 25.7x11 mm.,
22.4 X 11.5 mm., 19 x 6 mm.
Cerion ramsdeni shows great variation, ranging from
specimens strongly ribbed to those only faintly and sparsely
marked by weak striations, the latter being rare. The color
may be gull grey or purplish grey. The throat may be
white.
Habitat: Playa Rincon, Ensenada de Mora, Oriente,
found in large numbers on the sea grape (Coccoloba) trees,
approximately a dozen to the square meter, by Welch,
August 15, 1927. These were identified by Dr. de la Torre,
and I learned he had been there previous to my visit.
Further series were collected by Pilsbry and Welch, August
3, 1928.
Cerion ramsdeni portillonis, new subspecies. PI. 11, fig. 2.
The shell is similar to Cerion ramsdeni differing from it
in size, being constantly smaller. The ribs are more closely
set and more evenly spaced. The color is white but speci-
mens may be marked splotches of army brown but this is
fairly rare. Length 19.4 mm., diam. 9.7 mm. Paratypes
(h<l) measure from 15 x 8.4 mm. to 21 x 10 mm.
The locality is along the shore road about 10 kilometers
east of Ensenada de Mora, near Portillo, Oriente province.
106 THE NAUTILUS
They were found in great abundance, about a dozen to the
square foot, on grass and trees. Collected by Pilsbry and
Welch, August 11, 1928. Specimens collected by us from
Aguada, 4 kilometers east of Ensenada de Mora, on August
11, 1928, are intermediate between C. r. portillonis and C.
ramsdeni. They were also abundant, about a dozen to the
square meter. They measure from 20 x 9.5 mm. to 22.8 x
10.8 mm. (PI. 11, figs. 2 e, /.)
Cerion ramsdeni turgidum Torre & Welch, new sub-
species. PL 11, figs. 3, a-d.
The shell is cylindric, having 9V^ whorls, the last 5 of
w^hich are of about equal size and decrease slightly in diam-
eter towards the aperture giving the shell a topheavy ap-
pearance ; the remaining whorls form the very short, blunt
apical cone. The suture is impressed for the first 3 whorls,
then it becomes squeezed out into a ridge which reaches its
maximum protrusion on the 5th and 6th whorls, after that
the ridge becomes more and more pushed in until on the last
whorl the suture is slightly impressed. Thick, white, regu-
larly set ribs ornament the shell axially. Between and
parallel to these the almost perfectly smooth ground is
roughened by occasional wrinkles, often obsolete. On the
dorsal anterior surface of the last whorl a raised ridge ap-
pears. The color is pale ecru-drab, deepening in places. The
throat is light buff. The umbilical chink is deep. The
parietal lamella enters about Vs of a whorl, the axial lamella
about 2 whorls. In some specimens the suture is impressed
for the last 4 whorls, the exact beginning of the impression
of the sutures and the degree vary in different specimens.
Length 27.8 mm., diam. 13.2 mm. Type, 148229 A.N.S.P.
Paratypes measure:
Length
Diam.
Length
Diam.
20.7 mm.
12.0 mm.
27.8 mm.
12.0 mm.
22.0 mm.
10.5 mm.
28.8 mm.
13.0 mm.
26.1 mm.
14.4 mm.
Habitat: The west slope of the hill west of the Toro
River about 1 kilometer from the beach or '*Ojo del Toro,"
west of Ensenada de Mora, Oriente. The mollusks were
very rare, for only 2 live specimens were found and not
more than a dozen dead specimens. Those found alive were
on trees. At Ojo del Toro Cerion ramsdeni was found on
THE NAUTILUS 107
the east side of the river, while on the west side intermedi-
ate forms between C. ramsdeni and C. ramsdeni turgidum
were found. Collected by Pilsbry and Welch, August 8,
1928.
Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) textum booneae, new
subspecies. PI. 11, fig. 4.
The shell is ovate conic, truncate, consisting of 4-41/2
whorls, the umbilicus is narrow, the last whorl very shortly
solute. The color is pinkish buff with chocolate spots in
spiral bands. The sculpture is made up of spiral and axial
threads both equally high and smooth. At their junction
the threads become thickened into roundish knots thus giv-
ing the surface a reticulated appearance. The suture is
well impressed and ornamented by roundish blade-like
nodules, which give it a crenulated aspect. These nodules
on the earlier whorls are more blade-like and pointed than
the later ones, for these are quite blunt. About the um-
bilical region the spiral threads become much thicker, form-
ing veritable cords rising quite above the ground, so that
flat valleys are made. The peristome is double. The inner
peritreme protruding above the outer only along the outer
margin, for nearing the umbilicus it fades from view and
becomes part of the outer peritreme, then it becomes
separated again by a faint line under the penultimate
whorl. The outer peritreme is narrowly expanded along
the outer margin, becoming increasingly broad near the
umbilicus where it is very slightly deflected backwards.
Thus the umbilicus is excluded from view by the expanded
lip, but is entirely left open. Beneath the penultimate
whorl, of which it stands free, the outer peritreme is ex-
ceedingly thin. The aperture is vertical, ovate, obtusely
pointed. No breathing device was found. The operculum
is typical of the genus. Length 16 mm., diam. 8 mm. Para-
types measure from 11.8 x 6.8 mm. to 16.4 x 8.4 mm.
This subspecies differs from Chondropoma textum
Gundlach in that it becomes solute at the aperture, has a
narrower outer peritreme, the sculpture is smoother and
less sharp, the axial threads are weaker, wider and more
widely spaced, the knot-like junctions of the threads are
flatter and less pointed, the suture is crenulated by less
pointed tubercles or nodules.
Habitat: This mollusk was found in dry weather among
108 THE NAUTILUS
leaves close to the ground and under stones. After a rain,
although many could be obtained in the above mentioned
way, most of them could be picked off the bark of trees and
rocks. The type locality is La Vigia, a general name for
the hills north of the site of the stables of Mr. Alfred
Harrison, Jr., who lived at Ensenada de Mora, Oriente
Province, for many years. No. 150746 A.N.S.P. The shell
is named in honor of Miss Lee Boone, a distinguished stu-
dent of zoology.
(To be continued)
BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB
The Boston Malacological Club held its regular meetings
during the season of 1932-33 on the first Tuesday evening
of each month from October to May, inclusive, in the lec-
ture-hall of the Boston Society of Natural History.
At the business meeting of May, 1932, the club had
elected Mr. Charles W. Johnson, president, and his death,
which occurred in July following, was deeply felt by the
members.
The October meeting was given over to summer collecting
experiences by members, and to forming plans for the next
meeting.
This, the November meeting, was devoted to honoring
the memory of Mr. Johnson, a charter member of the club,
who had always had its interests keenly at heart, and who
had twice served as its president.
The programme on this occasion included addresses by
six speakers, each of whom brought his tribute of appreci-
ation of some phase of Mr. Johnson's work and interests.
Dr. Glover M. Allen told of his able and efficient work as
curator, both in Philadelphia, and at the Boston Society of
Natural History, and Mr. William J. Clench spoke of his
great distinction in the field of conchology, calling attention
to his monumental list (as yet unpublished) of the shells of
the Atlantic coast, from Labrador to Texas.
THE NAUTILUS XLVII
PLATE 1 I
f
C 2
d
8
'■^s\
1)3
0
■ Til
e
F
1
,3
>)
#
c
d
Welch : New Cuban Land Shells.
THE NAUTILUS 109
Mr. S. N. F. Sanford dealt with Mr. Johnson's philosophy
of life, and his views on the qualifications necessary for a
true scientist — qualifications which he himself possessed in
ample measure — and emphasized the keen wisdom and fore-
sight which caused him to see the great and increasing im-
portance of a knowledge of insect life, from an economic
standpoint, and therefore to make this study his specialty.
Prof. Francis N. Balch spoke warmly of him as both a
friend, and a scholar — with high praise of his standards of
scholarship; and Mr. J. Henry Blake told of his long and
close connection with the Boston Malacological Club during
its twenty-two years of existence.
Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert, the last speaker, dwelt upon
many phases of Mr. Johnson's work in entomology — his
field-work, his enthusiasm, his wide knowledge and aston-
ishing memory, and the fact that he had become, since
1893, a leading authority on the Diptera.
Letters from Dr. Pilsbry and Dr. Lewis concluded the
evening, and thus the Malacological Club paid its tribute of
honor and remembrance to a valued member.
At this meeting the office of president was filled by the
election of Dr. Bequaert.
In December, the speaker was Dr. Hubert L. Clark of
Harvard, who told of collecting on the coast of Australia,
and at Lord Howe Island, a scrap of terra firma but seven
miles in length, and some five hundred miles from Sydney,
N. S. W. ; and at the January meeting Dr. Bequaert gave a
paper compiled by himself and Mr. Clench, on "The Fresh-
water Mollusks of Africa," these being divided into three
classes — the coastal or estuarine species, the fluviatile, and
the lacustrine.
In February, Dr. Charles H. Blake, of Massachusetts In-
stitute of Technology, spoke on the Invertebrate Life of
Mt. Desert Island, telling of the results of seven seasons of
dredging, in and around Frenchman's Bay, while the
March meeting was given over to exhibits and exchanges.
The members brought choice specimens from their own col-
110 THE NAUTILUS
lections, and several informal talks were given concerning
the exhibits.
In April the club was addressed by Mr. Graham B. Fair-
child, who spoke on variations in Liguus, and exhibited a
fine collection of these shells. In May, Dr. Hervey W.
Shimer, of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, gave a
paper on the ''Mesozoic-Cenozoic Transition," illustrated by
charts and lantern slides.
The final meeting was the club's annual field day, which
was held at Plum Island, Mass., on June 2nd. It proved not
as good a collecting place as are many other localities, but
the day v/as a beautiful one, and all those who attended en-
joyed the occasion.
Theodore Willard, Secretary.
ROBERT HAINES TREMPER
In the passing of Robert Haines Tremper, the Conch-
ological Club of Southern California loses one of its best
loved and most enthusiastic members. Dr. Tremper died of
heart disease in his eightieth year, at his home in Los
Angeles on the 26th of October, 1933. A pioneer among
the shell collectors of the Pacific Coast, he had a wide
acquaintance with early conchologists and developed his
collection until it was considered one of the finest in Cali-
fornia. His home in Los Angeles was a veritable museum
and he took great pleasure in showing his beautiful shells
to visitors. He also enjoyed helping young conchologists
who often came to him for aid in identifying specimens.
Dr. Tremper spent his childhood in New Richmond,
Ohio, and from there went to the University of Michigan
where he not only received a medical education but also
completed the dental course. About fifty years ago he moved
to Ontario, California, where he began dental practice.
After twenty-five years of active service, he retired and be-
gan to devote his time to his hobby, the study of shells. Part
of his collection is on display in the Los Angeles Museum
THE NAUTILUS 111
where he has been Honorary Curator of Conchology since
he moved to Los Angeles, twelve years ago.
Some years after the death of his first wife, Dr. Tremper
married Miss Belle Briggs, a life-long friend. The six
years of their married life was spent in constant companion-
ship, taking many trips to the beach together and working
on his valuable collection. Mrs. Tremper was also a lover
of shells and a member of the Conchological Club. Upon
hearing of her husband's death, Mrs. Tremper suffered a
stroke and died the following day. They were buried to-
gether in Bellevue Cemetery, Ontario, California. Dr.
Tremper leaves one daughter, Mrs. W. J. Franklin, of Los
Angeles.
A number of rare and interesting shells of the Pacific
Coast, discovered by Tremper, have been named in his
honor by the late Dr. W. H. Dall, one of his personal
friends, and others by Dr. Paul Bartsch. His collection in-
cluded many sets and series showing variation in species.
His specimens were alv/ays carefully selected and cleaned,
and neatly mounted. He posessed a keen sense of observa-
tion, which, with his expert knowledge and thorough train-
ing, stamped him as an outstanding conchologist. His pass-
ing is mourned by a large circle of friends and especially by
those who were associated with him in the field of
conchology.
Howard R. Hill.
NOTES
Some Range Extensions in Northern California and
Southwestern Oregon. — In studying the land and fresh-
water material which we have collected during the past two
years in Del Norte County, California, and along the coast
of Oregon between the state line and the mouth of the
Umpqua River, we find that we have a number of things
not hitherto reported from this region. We are glad of this
opportunity to make our notes available to those interested.
112 THE NAUTILUS
Polygyra germana germana Gld. Previous record,
Eugene, Ore.; new localities, Scottsburg (on the Umpqua
River), Empire (on Coos Bay), Ophir. Somev^here in the
60 miles between Ophir and the Oregon-California line this
species seems to be replaced by P. loricata nortensis Berry,
but we did not find the meeting point.
Vertigo columbiana "Sterki" Pils. Previous record,
Douglas County, Ore. Specimens v/hich may be this species
were found at Enderts Beach (5 miles south of Crescent
City, Calif.). Klamath, Calif., many young specimens were
found in late June.
Pristiloma lansingi Bland. Previous record, Eugene,
Ore.; new localities, Empire, Ore., Endert's Beach and
Klamath, Calif.
Pristiloma stearnsi (Bland). Previous record, Portland,
Ore. ; new locality. Empire, Ore., with P. lansingi,
Carychium occidentalis Pils. Previous record, Springfield
Junction, Ore. ; new localities, Ophir, Ore. ; Endert's Beach
and Klamath, Calif. Always in mixed maple and alder
leaves, fairly abundant but the colonies very limited in
area.
Ferrissia caurina Cooper. Previous record. Ten Mile
Lake, between Bandon and Coos Bay, Ore.; new locality,
mill pond at Crescent City.
We are indebted to Mr. Allyn Smith for his assistance
both in looking up old records and in comparison of speci-
mens.— E. P. AND E. M. Chace.
Meioceras bermudezi, new name for M. constrictum P.
& A., Nautilus, vol. 46, p. 122, not Caecum constrictum
Gabb, also a Meioceras. Mr. Bermudez has kindly called
our attention to the preoccupation of the name constrictum,
which we here change to bermudezi. — PiLSBRY AND Aguayo.
'HE NAUTILUS 113
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED
Studies in the Variation, Distribution and Evolu-
tion OF the Genus Partula: The Species Inhabiting
MOOREA. By Henry Edward Crampton. (Carnegie Institu-
tion of Washington Publication No. 410, 335 pp., 24 plates.)
This is the third installment of Professor Crampton's mag-
nificent work on Partula, the first treating of the species of
Tahiti, and the second those of the Mariana Islands. A
large part of the work is occupied by the descriptive and
biometric data. This material is deeply interesting to all
concerned with Partula, or with Pacific Island faunas; but
the general results of Crampton's study, which concern all
who deal with problems of variation and evolution, are al-
ready so condensed in his summaries that no brief state-
ment can cover the ground. The species of Moorea were
studied in five visits, from 1907 to 1924. Over 60,000 adult
shells and nearly as many immature and embryonic shells
were collected. The island was thoroughly covered and im-
portant localities visited more than once. It was found
that noticeable changes had taken place in the snail popula-
tions, not only since the time of Garrett, over 60 years ago,
but even in the years between Crampton's visits.
To the three species with 8 varieties^ found by Garrett
in Moorea, Crampton's explorations added no less than 7
new species and one variety. In treating of the numerous
color-classes he has recognized that the conventional
nomenclature is incapable of expressing the grades of vari-
ation which have to be considered, and has adopted a
terminology applicable to all grades below the subspecific
(pp. 185-6), many of the color-classes being common to
different specific and varietal stocks. This seems to us the
wisest course with a situation frequently encountered in
mollusks.
The ten species of Moorea are unequally related. Cramp-
ton recognizes 7 fundamental stocks of former times. Four
of these have persisted without differentiation, but three
1 Crampton uses "variety" in the sense of subspecies of most
systematists.
114 THE NAUTILUS
became split into two descendants each, now ranked as
species. Some have further split into varieties, of which
P. taeniata has 6, each with its characteristic distribution
and variation. In some other species the differentiation has
not reached the degree sufficient for varietal rank, though
similar in kind. These give the picture of an early stage in
the evolution of such complexes as P. taeniata. "The essen-
tial point is that the components of a species are genetic
groups of various grades." There are some species which
represent a single colonial element, and seem not to have
become differentiated into races, or to have spread much
beyond their place of origin; and, as Crampton demon-
strates, some formerly widely spread forms are now re-
duced by extinction to narrow limits.
Relations with Tahitian species indicate that the Moorean
forms are not descendants of a single primitive species,
but arose from several stocks. '*We are compelled to
postulate prior land-connections between islands of the
same group, and between now-isolated archipelagos to
account for the present existence of undoubted relatives
upon separated islands" (p. 196). As the writer advocated
this view years ago- partly from the evidence afforded by
Partula, it is a pleasure to find that Crampton's studies,
which are based upon far more extensive and exact data,
have led him to a similar conclusion.
Evidence is given showing that new mutations occur in-
dependently, such as sinistral embryos in dextral mothers,
and dextral in sinistral mothers, in areas where all adults
found are coiled in one direction, and the possibility of male
parents of different coil is practically nil. There is similar
evidence of color mutations. Data are presented showing
notable recent expansion of the ranges of certain species,
such as P. aurantia, since the time of Garrett.
As to the underlying causes of evolution, Crampton's
work in Moorea confirms his prior work, concluding that
"So far as the present material is concerned, the factors re-
sponsible for specific, varietal and lesser distinctions are
2 Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 568.
THE NAUTILUS 115
congenital in nature and location, and that environmental
circumstances produce no discernible effects upon the
course of organic differentiation." *'A11 efforts to discover
real effects of external conditions have proved futile."
It should be added that the typographic dress of the
Partula volumes is worthy of the subject matter. The eight
plates of shells by Hoen and Co., comprising 450 colored
figures, are among the most perfect and beautiful ever pro-
duced. We can only express our admiration of the volumes
Prof. Crampton has completed, and our hope that the vol-
ume treating of the leeward Society Islands will soon be
brought out. — H. A. P.
The Non-Marine Mollusks of Yucatan. By J. C.
Bequaert and W. J. Clench. ("The Peninsula of Yucatan:
Medical, Biological, Meteorological and Sociological
Studies," chapter 28. Carnegie Inst. Pub. No. 431.) The
State of Yucatan, occupying the northern half of the
Peninsula, is covered by this paper, which is based on col-
lections made by Dr. Bequaert in the region of Chichen
Itza, and numerous smaller lots taken by different natural-
ists elsewhere. The number of species is small for so large
an area, comprising 44 terrestrial, 12 fresh water and 10
brackish water shells; "and it is unlikely that future ex-
plorations will add much to it." "The relations of the fauna
are entirely Central American." The credentials of each
species reported from Yucatan have been carefully scrut-
inized, and references to former literature are given.
Spiraxis (Volutaxis) maya, Drymaeus shattucki and
Choanopoma gaigei are new species. Maps of the State of
Yucatan and of the entire peninsula accompany this useful
report. — H. A. P.
Notes and Descriptions of Land Mollusks from the
Bahama Islands . . . obtained during the "Utowana" Ex-
peditions of 1932-3. By William J. Clench. (Proc. New
England Zool. Club, vol. 13, pp. 77-100.) Besides notes on
various known species, some 9 species and 5 subspecies are
described as new, belonging to the genera Eutrochatella,
116 THE NAUTILUS
Opistho siphon, Succinea, Drymaeus and Cerion. Records
are published for the first time from Conception and
Mariguana Islands and East Plana Key.
Notes on the Brackish Water Bivalve Polymesoda
CAROLINIANA (Bosc). By Henry Vander Schalie. (Occ.
Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. No. 258.) Observations were
made on specimens from small creeks of the Newport and
Neuse drainages, near Beaufort, N. C. These clams tolerate
a wide range of salinity. Nine individuals of 14 kept in
normally saline running sea water survived at the end of
two weeks, w^hen the trial was discontinued. In some places
it inhabits water practically fresh, and elsewhere it lives
where the extremes of density change with the tides. The
range of P. caroliniana is mapped, the extreme points being
in Texas and North Carolina.
Land Mollusks from the Islands of Mindoro and
LUBANG, Philippines. By Wm. J. Clench and A. F. Archer.
Helicostyla (Calocochlea) monacha and H. (C.) aopta, new
species, and 7 new subspecies are described.
Transposed Hinge Structures in Lamellibranchs.
By W. P. Popenoe and W. A. Findlay, 1933, Trans. San
Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. 7, pp. 299-318, 1 plate. A trans-
posed lamellibranch hinge is defined as one that exhibits in
the right valve the hinge elements normally occurring in the
left valve, and vice-versa. The terms inverse and reversed
have also been used for the same condition. In examining
over 5000 valves a total of 26 were found with this variation,
in the genera Venericardia, Astarte, Transennella and Unio.
Approximately 2000 shells of other genera examined, mostly
common venerids and tellinids, yielded no examples of trans-
position. It may be noted in this connection that partial
transposition is rather common in the Sphaeriidae, as describ-
ed by Sterki, Nautilus 35 : 100. No shell was found show-
ing complete transposition involving cardinals, anterior and
posterior laterals. In all specimens possessing anterior
laterals, these have been transposed with the cardinals; if
posterior laterals are present they are either normal, while
the cardinal and anterior laterals are transposed, or trans-
posed, while the other teeth are normal. It is not considered
to be a pathologic condition.— H. A. P.
The Nautilus.
Vol. XLVII APRIL, 1934. No. 4
MELONGENA CORONA AND ITS RACES
BY H. A. PILSBRY AND E. G. VANATTA
Melongena corona is one of the commonest large shells of
the Gulf coast of Florida, everywhere variable, but at the
same time readily divisible into several fairly recognizable
racial strains, which though doubtless well known to shell
collectors, do not seem to be adequately noticed in the books.
In its several races M. cororia ranges from the Indian
River region on the east coast around the keys and up the
west coast somewhat further. We have not seen it from
the northern shores of the Gulf. It was reported from
Texas and Guadeloupe by Dall, but no definite place in
Texas was mentioned, and the Guadeloupe record certainly
needs confirmation. There is, we believe, no authentic West
Indian record. Frank C. Baker recorded specimens col-
lected by him in Yucatan (Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1891, p. 50) ,
but these belong to a strongly marked subspecies. For a
large shallow water shell the distributional data seem re-
markably incomplete, and we will be glad to have further
records, accompanied by specimens when possible, showing
the limits of the species on the Atlantic coast and in the
Gulf. Does it occur on the coast from Alabama to Texas?
Joseph Willcox wrote of its feeding habits in Nautilus
10:27,1896.
Melongena corona (Gmelin). PL 12, figs. 3, 4.
Gmelin's species was based on figures in Chemnitz which
represent the common form with erect (that is, backward
pointing) or incurved spines at the shoulder. It was the
form without a basal circle of spines (pi. 12, fig. 4) ; but
118 THE NAUTILUS
this varies individually, and these anterior spines may be
either present (pi. 12, fig. 3) or wanting among shells of
most colonies. The name Melongena belknapi Petit de la
Saussaye (Journ. de Conch., vol. 3, p. 65, pi. 2, fig. 5, 1852)
was proposed for the form exactly like the type but with a
basal circle of spines. It seems to have no racial value. The
spines at the shoulder are either erect or incurved typically,
but sometimes they flare outward more or less. An anterior
series of spines is often present in the quite distinct but
related species Melongena melongena (L.), and therefore it
may be assumed that this character was present in the
ancestral stock of M. corona. In subcoronata and its de-
rivative perspinosa these spines are strong and constantly
developed, but in the typical corona, a more evolved stock,
they are a decadent structure, being as often absent as
present.
Fusus bicolor Say (Journ. A. N. S. Phila., vol. 5, p. 215,
1826) is a very young corona 12 mm. long, according to the
type. No. 34276 A.N.S.P. At this stage no spines are de-
veloped. The ordinary length of M. corona is 75 to 125 mm.
(3 to 5 inches), but we have seen it up to 190 mm. It is
very abundant on the west coast of Florida.
Several varieties which at present we regard as ecologic
forms and not true races have been described, as follows:
M. corona form inspinata Richards, pi. 6, fig. 1
(Nautilus, Oct., 1933, p. 57), differs by being thinner
with the shoulder narrowly rounded, without spines; the
basal series of spines developed on the last half turn; size
as in corona. We have seen two specimens, the type and a
paratype which we owe to Mr. T. Van Hyning. Though
two localities, ''near Sarasota" and "Palma Sola," were
given, there is every reason to believe that they are out of
the same lot. Both were procured from Mr. J. H. Holmes,
and were collected by the late Mr. Chas. B. Lungren of
Ozona, Fla., who wrote as follows: "I collected the spine-
less Melongena corona some years ago for Mr. Holmes. I was
at Bishop's Harbor on the south side of Tampa Bay, near
the Manatee County line. There are some small sloughs at
THE NAUTILUS 119
the head of the harbor draining small ponds which are salt
water in dry weather but very dirty reddish brackish water
in the rainy season. I collected the Melongena in what I
consider the freshest water they could live in, but the shells
were of large size and fine color, very thin and without
spines. The locality is near Terra Ceia."
M, corona form minor (Sowerby), pi. 12, fig. 6 (Hemi-
fusus corona var. minor Sowb., Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1878, p. 798, pi. 48, fig. 13, Key West) is the dwarf form, 50
mm. long, more or less, which inhabits protected mud flats,
often in great profusion. It has otherwise exactly the struc-
ture of typical corona, and like that, may have a few spines
in a basal circle, or spines at the shoulder only. It is appar-
ently an ecoiogic form, often found constant in the small
size, but in other places running up to the size of small
corona proper. It occurs on the west coast at least as far
up as typical corona, on the keys, and up the east coast,
more or less typically developed, to Indian River, where it
sometimes shows a tendency to be longer, approaching the
following form.
M. corona form altispira, n. f., pi. 12, fig. 5. An extreme-
ly long, narrow form from Oceanus, Brevard Co., near the
northern limit of the species on the east coast. The diam-
eter is about half the length or less. The spines are as in
corona, erect or suberect at shoulder, few or wanting in the
basal series. Two measure: length 71 mm., diam. 31 mm.,
aperture 42 mm., and 60 x 29 mm.
Melongena corona subcoronata (Heilprin). PI. 12, fig. 2.
Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., vol. 1, p. 70, pi. 1, fig. 3,
1887.
The shell is wider and shorter than M. corona, with
strong shoulder-spines projecting at right angles and al-
ways strong spines in a basal series. This is the form of
the Caloosahatchie Pliocene, but we have typical specimens
marked "Post-pliocene, Little Sarasota Bay" collected by
Jos. Willcox, one of which is figured. The assigned age
should be checked up if the deposit worked by Willcox can
be found. Heilprin and Dall considered subcoronata specific-
120 THE NAUTILUS
ally distinct from corona, and perhaps it is; but for the
present we leave it in this connection.
A strongly marked form from the Caloosahatchie Plio-
cene has been named var. aspinosa Dall. It usually has
much stronger axial sculpture than Ball's figure shows.
Melongena corona perspinosa, n. subsp. PI. 12, fig. 1.
Large, heavy, wider than corona, with a wider aperture,
and with shoulder spines standing out at right angles and
doubled or tripled by accessory spines below the regular
series; basal series of spines always well developed. The
figured type measures, length 109 mm., diam 80 m^m. ; it is
often larger, but does not reach so large a size as some M.
corona. The localities known to us are all on the west coast
from Tampa Bay south to Marco Pass and Lossman's key.
This is evidently the direct descendant of the Pliocene
subcoronata, and if that is considered a distinct species, this
living race will be called M. subcoronata perspinosa. It
differs from the fossil form only by the multiplication of
spines.
Melongena corona bispinosa (Philippi). PI. 12, fig. 8.
The siphonal fasciole bears a series of elevated scales.
The shoulder has moderately developed spines, typically
with a second series below them. The basal series of spines
is developed but rather small.
This race has been described and figured by Philippi,
1844, Abbild, u. Beschreib. neuer Conch., vol. 1, p. 94,
Pyrula pi. 1, figs. 7, 8; Petit, 1852, Journ. de Conch., vol. 3,
p. 157, pi. 8 fig. 3 ; Reeve, 1847, Conch. Icon., vol. 4, Pyrula
pi. 6, figs. 19 a, b. None of these authors knew the locality,
and the typical specimens in our collection are not localized,
but as a very closely related variety occurs in Yucatan, we
believe that typical bispinosa will be found on the Mexican
coast also. The form seems to have been neglected by
American conchologists, though its essential character,
"prope canalem serie squamularum instructo," was formu-
lated nearly a century ago. In all the Florida series of
corona forms, the prominent siphonal fasciole, while often
THE NAUTILUS XLVII
PLATE 12
I, Melongefia coiona perspinosa, Lossman's Key. 2, M. c. suhcoronata, North
Creek, Little Sarasota Bay. 3, M. corona, Little Sarasota Bay.
4, M. corona, Marco. 5, M. c. form altispira, Oceanus. 6, M. c. form minor,
Clearwater Harbor. 7, 31. c. bispinosa form martiriiana, Silam.
8, M. c. bispinosa. Yucatan. All three-fourths natural size.
THE NAUTILUS 121
roughened, does not have the strong, regular scales of
bispinosa. It does not attain the size of M. corona.
A form of bispinosa occurring at Silam and Progreso,
Yucatan, has thei siphonal fasciole similarly scaled, but the
shoulder spines are reduced to small tubercles, the basal
spines are small or sometimes wanting. Specimens seen
are small, length up to 52 mm., but they may not be adult
(pi. 12, fig. 7). This form has been named PyrvM mar-
tmiana Pfr., by Philippi, 1844 (Abbildungen, etc., vol. 1,
p. 94, pi. 1, fig. 9). Further series are needed to shov;^ just
what relation this form has to typical bispinosa, and
whether it is separable. For the present we include it in
bispinosa as a synonym.
A NEW VARIETY OF LIGUUS
BY AL. PFLUEGER
LiGUUS SOLIDUS DOHERTYI, subsp. nOV. PL 13, figS. 2, 3.
Structure: The shell is thin, highly polished; whorls
moderately convex, 71/2 in number; columella thin, straight
and slanting. Texture of very fine growth-lines. Color:
Pale straw yellow with faint smoky lavender streaks on
the spire. A dark purplish-brown line 1 mm. wide on the
periphery, this line becoming a suprasutural line ascending
the spire. There is a sutural line of the same color, half a
mm. wide. A series of equidistant brown axial streaks,
beginning on the second whorl, becoming squarish spots as
they descend the spire and gradually enlarging until on the
sixth whorl they become mere blurs, these latter ascending
the spire and fading out on the fourth whorl. Apex pink,
columella white. Length 54.7 mm., width 28.3 mm.; aper-
ture 24 X 14 mm.
Lower Matecumbe Key, Florida, Al. Pflueger leg., Sept.,
1933. Holotype in coll. Al. Pflueger, paratypes in collec-
tions of Pflueger and R. F. Deckert.
122 THE NAUTILUS
This form looks like L. s. pseudopictus with a pink apex.
Some specimens show a few distinct bluish axial streaks on
the spire. Many have a much larger number of green lines
than the holotype. This shell occurs in a pure colony, none
of the other Matecumbe Ligui being found with it. Named
in honor of Col. Henry L. Doherty.
NOTES ON WESTERN LYMNAEIDAE
BY JUNIUS HENDERSON
Lymnaea (Stagnicola) palustris nuttalliana Lea.
PI. 14, fig. 6. This form was described from ''Oregon."
Baker made it a synonym of palustris in 1911, but in 1928
made it a subspecies. It is the most widely and generally
distributed form of palustris in the western states, occur-
ring from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Coast, south
into California. In 1932, with Professor Hugo G. Rodeck,
the new curator of the University of Colorado Museum, I
traversed Montana from east to west and from south to
north, crossing the state in both directions along two widely
separated lines, and found it at all favorable localities ex-
amined, obtaining actual collections at 62 localities. It is
the only Lymnaea of the palustris group we found, except
at one or two localities, which yielded Wyoming ensis. The
material obtained confirms my suspicion that this and
haydeni Lea, described later from the Yellowstone and Big
Sioux Rivers, are synonymous, a conclusion affirmed by Mr.
F. C. Baker, in correspondence. The material hitherto re-
ported as haydeni, from Idaho, should be referred to
binneyi.
Lymnaea (Stagnicola) binneyi Tryon. This species
was described from "Hell Gate River, Oregon," in 1865.
Baker, in his Monograph, interpreted that to mean Hell
Gate River, Montana, as others have done, and as I sup-
posed to be correct, but I am now in doubt about it. Two
THE NAUTILUS
PL^TE 13
8 9
1, Drymaeus pilsbrj-i Zetek, (p. 93). 2, 3, Liguus solidus dohertyi
Pflueger. 4, Psammodulus mexicauus Collins, x 11.
5-8. EUiptio n. sp., B. Hart Wright. 9, Lyogyrus vanhyningi
Vanatta x 13.3.
THE NAUTILUS 123
collecting trips in the Hell Gate drainage in Montana failed
to reveal it, and it is not in any other collections I have ex-
amined from any Montana locality, unless a few we ob-
tained in Yellowstone River a few miles south of Living-
stone are correctly so identified. There is another possibil-
ity. Mr. W. J. Eyerdam wrote me last June that Hell Gate
is a name used in the early days for Rogue River, in south-
western Oregon, and that there is on that river, below
Agness, a place still called Hell Gate. The portion of Mon-
tana including Hell Gate River had been separated from
Oregon long before Tryon's publication, first having been
placed in Washington, then in Idaho, and Montana Terri-
tory with its present boundaries was organized in 1864.
Tryon may have meant just what he said when he wrote
''Hell Gate River, Oregon," and in another paper in the
same volume he placed Hell Gate River of the present state
of Montana in eastern Washington. Did he really know
two Hell Gate Rivers or was he just careless or ignorant of
the geography and history of the West?
In this connection some records of Goniobasis may be
significant. Bland, using Cooper's notes, in 1861, reported
Goniobasis from Hell Gate River, apparently, irom the con-
text, meaning the one in Montana. Tryon, 1865, repeated
the record, citing Cooper, and definitely saying "Hell Gate
River, Washington Terr., a branch of Clark's Fork of the
Columbia River, near the eastern boundary of the Terri-
tory." Though not in Washington Territory as at that
time bounded, there is no possible doubt that the Montana
stream was intended. Ingersoll, 1874, again reported
Goniobasis from Hell Gate River, Montana, and Missouri
River below the Falls, citing Cooper. I have diligently
searched both streams without finding any, and so far as I
have learned no one else has found any Goniobasis in either
Montana or Idaho, and it has been reported at no locality
east of Walla Walla and Yakima in Washington. As Gonio-
basis does occur in southwestern Oregon, one may well
wonder whether the Oregon stream may not be the one for
this record also. All of this applies as well to Physa malle-
124 THE NAUTILUS
ata Tryon, described from Hell Gate River, Oregon, also in
the 1865 paper. Collectors and authors were even more
careless about localities in the early days than some of them
are nov^.
Lymnaea (Stagnicola) palustris wyomingensis
Baker. PI. 14, fig. 2. This subspecies was described with-
out figure from western Wyoming and eastern Idaho. It
has been found also at various localities in Colorado, Utah
and southwestern Montana.
To complete descriptions and for purposes of comparison
I am figuring also holotypes, paratypes or topotypes of the
following recently described species of Lymnaeidae: Stag-
nicola magister Baker, S. hnpedita Baker, S. proxima but-
toni Baker, S. hemphilli Baker, and S, elrodi Baker and
Henderson.
Plate 14
Fig. 1. Stagnicola magister. Holotype, left; paratype,
right. Stanford University collection. Rhett
(Tule) Lake, California.
Fig. 2. Stagnicola palustris wyomingensis Baker. Topo-
types. Ten miles south of Lander, Wyoming. Uni-
versity of Colorado Museum.
Fig. 3. Stagnicola i7np edit a Baker. Holotype, left; others
are paratypes. Stanford University collection.
Utah, near Logan.
Fig. 4. Stagnicola proxima buttoni Baker. Holotype,
middle; others are paratypes. Utah, Salt Lake
City. Stanford University collection.
Fig. 5. Stagnicola elrodi Baker and Henderson. Topo-
types. Flathead Lake, Montana. University of
Colorado Museum.
Fig. 6. Stagnicola palustris nuttalliana Lea. One mile
east of Harlowton, Montana. University of
Colorado Museum.
Fig. 7. Stagnicola hemphilli Baker. Holotype, right;
paratypes, left. Salt Lake City, Utah. Stanford
University collection.
THE NAUTILUS
PLATE 14
i i i
J
i
* i 4
<9
^
^
/^
4
i-
Junius Henderson— Western Lymnaeidae.
THE NAUTILUS 125
LAMPSILIS JONESI, A NEW NAIAD FROM
SOUTHEASTERN ALABAMA
BY HENRY VANDER SCHALIE
In April of 1932 a large series of naiades was sent for
identification to the Museum of Zoology of the University of
Michigan by the Alabama Museum of Natural History. In
this material there was a fine series of specimens collected
in 1915 from the Pea River in southeastern Alabama by Mr.
Joe A. Burke. Thirty-two specimens taken from ten sta-
tions proved to be a new species. All of them came from
the Pea River in Dale and Barbour Counties.
Since the discovery of this new species I have been trying
to obtain living material so as to include here a comparative
study of the soft parts. A collector at Elamville (Barbour
County) has made several attempts to get living speci-
mens, but has not succeeded. On a joint expedition of the
Museum of Zoology and the Museum of Comparative Zool-
ogy, Mr. William J. Clench and I visited the Pea River,
near Elamville, last summer. We found the river abnormal-
ly high, making conditions decidedly unfavorable for col-
lecting. We learned from the local collector, Mr. N. K.
Byrd, that in recent years the Pea River has remained in
flood condition.
L. jonesi is found not only in the Pea River but also in
the Choctawhatchee River. Mr. Clench and I collected it
from the West Fork of that River, about seven miles east
of Ozark, Dale County; and also from the East Fork of this
same river, about eight miles west of Abbeville, Henry
County, Alabama.
LAMPSILIS JONESI. PI. 15.
Shell: Subovate or elliptical, moderately elongate; an-
terior end rounded; the lower and upper margins evenly
rounded, nearly parallel; the posterior end definitely bi-
angulate, with a well developed posterior ridge. Sexual
differences are present ; the female usually has a slight con-
striction on the lower margin of the shell, just anterior to
the marsupial swelling ; the male has a more evenly rounded
ventral margin. Beaks full, but not high; their sculpture
126
THE NAUTILUS
not seen. Epidermis smooth, shining, olivaceous green or
olivaceous yellow, usually marked with irregularly dis-
tributed green rays, which are often not very pronounced.
Left valve with two solid, compressed, jagged pseudo-
cardinals and two remote, thin, slightly curved, granular
laterals; right valve with two pseudocardinals, the upper
rudimentary, the lower usually well developed, stumpy, and
jagged, and one thin, granular, slightly curved lateral.
Muscle scars: Anterior adductors distinct and well im-
pressed; the posterior only slightly impressed. Nacre
bluish-white, thickened anteriorly, thinner, and slightly
iridescent posteriorly.
Length Diameter Height Obesity
Male 46.0 mm. 16.0 mm. 22.5 mm. 34.78%
Type, Figs. 1 a, 6.
Female 48.5 mm. 18.0 mm. 23.0 mm. 37.11%
Type, Figs. 3 a, b.
Young Female 34.5 mm. 10.5 mm. 16.0 mm. 30.43%
Type, Fig. 2.
Measurements of
the thirty-two
specimens give
the following
averages 47.5 mm. 16.5 mm. 23.0 mm. 35.00%?
Type locality: Pea River, at Priston's Mill, Dale County,
Alabama. J. A. Burke, collector, November, 1915. Types
in Alabama Museum of Natural History ; paratypes in Ala-
bama Museum of Natural History, Museum of Zoology of
the University of Michigan, and the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology. Forty-three specimens, representing twelve
localities, were examined.
This species has been named after Dr. Walter Jones,
Alabama State Geologist and Director of the Alabama
Museum of Natural History, who has kindly permitted me
to study the naiades in the collection of the Museum, and
who has been helpful in every other way.
Mr. William B. Marshall has kindly compared the types
of this species with related species in the National Museum.
In a letter regarding the shells, he v^ites : "The only species
that approaches them is Lampsilis villosa B. H. Wright.
This species is figured in the Proceedings of the Academy
TNE NAUTILUS
PLATE 15
la
3a
Lamsilis jonesi H. Vander Schalie
THE NAUTILUS 127
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1900, page 77, plate 1,
figure 1. Your smaller specimen is a male; the larger one
probably is a female. Your specimens differ from villosa
in several particulars: yours is proportionally longer, and
has the posterior ridge subangulate. A prominent differ-
ence is the character of the posterior margin. In villosa it
is almost uniformly rounded, but in your species it is dis-
tinctly three-angled on the posterior margin. Two of the
angles are due to well-marked riblets on the posterior area,
and the third angle is at the terminus of the posterior ridge.
The angles are more easily seen in an anterior view. Your
shells certainly are subspecifically and probably specifically
distinct from L. villosa. I have seen no specimens of
Lampsilis wrightiana Frierson, a species of this same gen-
eral group, but from the description, it seems to be differ-
ent from your shell." If Mr. Marshall had seen the young
of jonesi {fig. 2), he would have noted that the species is
closely related to Lampsilis suhangidata (Lea), a species
occurring with jonesi in the Pea River and Choctawhatchee
River drainages. L. jonesi differs distinctly from suh-
angulata in that it has a prominent posterior biangulation
and posterior ridge ; it is not nearly so brightly rayed ; the
lower margin is not so distinctly rounded; and the teeth
are more stumpy and jagged.
PSAMMODULUS, A NEW MIDDLE MIOCENE MODULID FROM
THE ISTHMUS OF TEHUANTEPEC, MEXICO
BY R. LEE COLLINS
Department of Geology, Johns Hopkins University
Abstract. — This paper describes and figures Psammodu-
lus mexicanus,. a new genus and species of gastropod from
the middle Miocene marine beds of Santa Rosa, Vera Cruz,
Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico. The outstanding char-
acteristic of this curious mollusk, is the habit of cementing
foreign particles to the surface of the spire like the well
128 THE NAUTILUS
known genus Xenophora. The aperture and ornamentation
on the base of the shell suggest that Psammodulus is prob-
ably a near relative of Modulics.
The middle Miocene marine fauna from Santa Rosa, Vera
Cruz, on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico, contains a
small shell that is quite distinct from any fossil or Recent
gastropod genus with which I am acquainted. The aperture
and sculpture on the base of the shell simulate the genus
Modulus of Gray, but the spire is covered by agglutinated
sand grains which suggests relationship with Xenophora of
Fischer de Waldheim. Similarity to the latter group how-
ever, is limited entirely to the habit of attaching foreign
bodies to the spire of the shell. In all other features the
Mexican specimens appear to be closely related to Modulus.
From the habit of attaching sand grains to the shell surface
this new gastropod is designated Psammodulus.
Psammodulus mexicanus, new genus and species. PL 13,
fig. 4.
Shell small, relatively heavy, turbinate. Nucleus slender
consisting of about two smooth whorls, below which the
spire is covered by agglutinated sand grains or by pits in
the shell surface from which the grains have been lost.
Grains more or less oriented in oblique rows that are rough-
ly parallel to the outer margin of the aperture. Suture dis-
tinct. Aperture subcircular, oblique to axis of the shell.
Columella bearing a well defined basal, horizontal tooth be-
low which lies an excavated area. Margin of inner lip
slightly reflected. Parietal callus relatively heavy. Interior
of outer lip bearing about ten fine lirations. Sculpture of
base consisting of about eight strong spiral cords with fine
spiral^ threads on the interspaces. Spiral sculpture crossed
by faint, unevenly developed axial threads.
Figured type: Length 3.4 mm., diameter 2.5 mm.
The apical whorls are not all preserved on the type speci-
men, therefore the apex appears rather blunt in the figure.
Some specimens have a well defined, but narrow umbilicus,
others have the umbilical opening very nearly obscured by
the margin of the inner lip and there are also slight varia-
tions in the taper of the spire and the strength of the
columellar tooth.
THE NAUTILUS 129
At first glance this shell appears to be a young Modulus
somewhat similar to Modulus modulus basileus (Guppy)
described and figured by Woodring^ from the Bowden beds,
middle Miocene of Jamaica, that through some freak of
fossilization has had sand grains cemented to the spire sur-
face, but not on the base of the shell. However, the follow-
ing evidence is deemed sufficient to prove that the Mexican
shell is a new and distinct form. There are seventy speci-
mens in the collection and all of them show the same general
characters. The Santa Rosa sediment consists of soft fri-
able sand with minor amounts of shell and other organic
fragments and the grains range in size from fine silt to
coarse grit. From this variety of material the creature
appears to have selected and used on the surface of the
shell, at any particular place, grains that are roughly of the
same general size. The foreign material is composed en-
tirely of mineral matter, not a single shell or other organic
fragment was noted on any one of the lot of specimens.
Many of the grains are clear quartz and the particles on
the earlier, smaller whorls are quite definitely smaller than
those on the later whorls. The grains are oriented more or
less in rows parallel with the shell aperture. The body
whorl is rounded and the spiral sculpture of the base begins
at a point well below the periphery of the shell. The sand
grains are present on the body whorl from the suture to the
upper spiral cord of the base and in only a very few speci-
mens is there so much as a single grain below the first
spiral. As a final bit of evidence, there are two small shells
in the Santa Rosa collections, of a typical Modulus, which
appears to be the same species as that described by Wood-
ring from Bowden. These specimens resemble most closely
the specimen pictured on plate 26, figures 1 and 2, of Wood-
ring's work. They are about 3 mm. in diameter, or in
other words, of comparable size to the shells of Psam-
modulus.
1 Woodring, W. P. Miocene Mollusks from Bowden, Jamaica. Part
2, Gastropods, Carnegie Inst. Washington, Pub. 385, pp. 343-344, pi.
25, fig. 17, pi. 26, figs. 1-4, 1928.
130 THE NAUTILUS
There seems to have been in this new gastropod, a curious
specialization of that part of the mantle lying below the
suture of the shell and above the first spiral on the base.
That part of the mantle not only deposited shell material,
but also apparently had a peculiar affinity for mineral
grains which were picked up, held in position and cemented
firmly in the matrix during periods of shell enlargement.
NEW CUBAN LAND SHELLS FROM ORIENTE AND
CAMAGUEY PROVINCES
BY D'ALTE ALDRIDGE WELCH
(Concluded from page 108)
OPISTHOSIPHON (OPISTHOSIPHON) ANDREWS! Welch. PI.
11, fig. 5.
The shell is thin, oblong conic, the suture well impressed,
umbilicate, truncate, leaving 31/2 convex whorls, nonsolute.
The color is cinnamon-buff, but in the paratypes is light
pinkish cinnamon, cinnamon or snuff brown. The sculpture
consists of hollow axial ribs quite widely spaced, the early
whorls being more closely ornamented than the later.
Parallel to these ribs are a few thin threads, and in line
with these are low crinkly strae, seen only under the micro-
scope, covering the ground. The spiral sculpture is made
up of faint regularly set thickenings of the ground appear-
ing strongest on the last whorl; also the bulbular projec-
tions at the summit of the ribs on their touching the suture,
giving the later a crenulated appearance. About the um-
bilicus there are three rows of tubercles similar to those
about the suture, the outer row is larger than the inner
ones. The aperture is oval, the peristome double, the inner
portion projects slightly, is narrow and a little indented at
the posterior angle; the outer broadly expanded, fluted,
coarsely sculptured with radiating ribs. Near the umbilicus
it is adnate to the whorl above, at the posterior angle the
peristome is deflected backwards on touching the penult-
imate whorl and ends in a siphon which bends downwards
into the suture just back of the aperture. The internal
connection of the siphon is just inside the aperture at the
posterior margin. The operculum is typical of the genus.
THE NAUTILUS 131
Length 11.8 mm., gr. diam. 8.0 mm., less. diam. 5.4 mm.,
19 major ribs. Type.
Length 11.7 mm., gr. diam. 7.8 mm., less. diam. 5.3 mm.,
14 major ribs.
Length 11.7 mm., gr. diam. 7.3 mm., less. diam. 5.0 mm.,
15 major ribs.
Length 11.5 mm., gr. diam. 7.0 mm., less. diam. 5.3 mm.,
19 major ribs.
Length 10.6 mm., gr. diam. 7.2 mm., less. diam. 5.0 mm.,
14 major ribs.
Length 10.4 mm., gr. diam. 6.3 mm., less. diam. 4.6 mm.,
12 major ribs.
The shell is related to 0. lamellicostatum Torre and
Henderson, but the umbilicus is not closed and it has fewer
major ribs. Found on rocks, limestone cliffs and trees by
Pilsbry and Welch on the south slope of the Loma de
Florencia, Florencia, Cameguey (a part of the Sierra de
Jatibonico) . The creature was not plentiful, not more than
16 specimens being found on the entire hill. The shell was
named after Professor E. A. Andrews of the Johns Hopkins
University to whom I owe most of my biological training.
Type 148847 A.N.S.P.
Opisthosiphon (Opisthosiphon) torrei Welch, pi. 11,
fig. 6.
The shell is thin, umbilicate, truncate, elongate-conic
having 3-4 convex whorls, the last not solute, the suture
well impressed. The color is deep brownish drab; in some
specimens pale ochraceous buff, pinkish buff, or light pink-
ish cinnamon, deepening towards the last whorl into wood
brown. The sculpture is made up of white, narrow, hollow
axial ribs placed at irregular intervals, being closer on the
first whorls and more separated towards the aperture. Each
rib is enlarged at the summit into a rounded blade-shaped
tubercle slightly concave at the left; between some of the
ribs and parallel to them appear thin threads; the ground
is further cut by crinkly striations parallel to the threads
and visible through a microscope. The ground is also
roughened by thickenings fairly evenly spaced and arranged
so as to spirally sculpture the shell. Along the outer margin
of the umbilicus two rows of small blade-like protuberances
similar to those about the suture appear on the ribs, these
projections grow slightly longer and thicker the farther
they go into the umbilicus, the outer row is larger than the
132 THE NAUTILUS
inner. The aperture is ovate, obtusely angled above, the
peristome double, an inner peritreme narrow, smooth,
slightly projecting, and an outer peritreme broadly ex-
panded, sculptured with fluted concentric laminae. Near
the umbilicus there are two grooves or nicks in the lip. The
first is anterior and smaller than the second which is direct-
ly above the umbilicus ; from the last groove the outer peri-
treme slopes forward to the penultimate whorl to which it
is adnate. Over the aperture it. forms a delta-shaped pro-
jection which is deflected backwards ending in a siphon.
The entrance to the siphon from the interior of the shell is
just inside the aperture at its posterior angle. The
operculum is typical of the genus.
Length 11.4 mm., gr. diam. 7.0 mm., less. diam. 5.1 mm.,
30 major ribs. Type 148848.
Length 12.3 mm., gr. diam. 8.9 mm., less. diam. 5.5 mm.,
29 major ribs.
Length 11.8 mm., gr. diam. 7.2 mm., less. diam. 5.3 mm.,
28 major ribs.
Length 11.4 mm., gr. diam. 7.3 mm., less. diam. 5.5 mm.,
32 major ribs.
Length 10.0 mm., gr. diam. 6.0 mm., less. diam. 5.0 mm.,
33 major ribs.
Length 9.7 mm., gr. diam. 5.8 mm., less. diam. 4.7 mm.,
30 major ribs.
This operculate is intermediate between 0. andrewsi and
O. lamellicostatum T. & H. Collected by Pilsbry and Welch,
July 11, 1928, on the first hill east of the Chambas River,
the western ridge of the Sierra de Cacarratas about one
mile from the town of Florencia, Camaguey. The shell was
also found on the rocks and trees of the Loma Palma on the
opposite side of the river, which is part of the eastern ridge
of the Sierra de Jatibonico. Specimens from the type
locality although rare, not more than 15 specimens being
found, were more numerous than at the Loma Palma,
visited by Welch in September, 1929.
Opisthosiphon (Opisthosiphon) cunaguae Welch. PI.
11, fig. 7.
The shell is ovate conic, truncate consisting of 3y2-4
convex whorls, the sutures are well impressed, the umbilicus
is open, the last whorl non-solute. The color is black, but
may be brownish drab, pinkish cinnamon, or warm buff.
The axial sculpture is made up of fine threads close to-
THE NAUTILUS 133
gether, between and parallel to which the ground is covered
with striae seen only with a microscope. There is no spiral
sculpture except for the row of hollow tubercles formed by
the expansion of certain threads on touching the suture.
Within the umbilicus 6-8 pronounced spiral rows of small
hollow tubercles similar to those about the suture appear in
the form of thickenings of the threads. The shell is
further ornamented by bands of dark purple or black dots
which are so arranged that they run axially and spirally.
The aperture is ovate, obtusely angled above, the peristome
is double consisting of a smooth, thin slightly projecting
inner peritreme, and an outer one broadly expanded, coarse-
ly sculptured with fluted concentric laminae. Near the um-
bilicus it is deflected backwards hiding the umbilicus from
view, but not sealing it, the outer peritreme then slopes
gently to the whorl above to which it is adnate. Above the
posterior angle of the aperture the lip expands into a
V-shaped depression, deflects backwards into a siphon
which projects downwards into the suture behind the
aperture. The interior connection of the siphon is found
just inside the posterior angle of the aperture. The
operculum is typically parachondroid.
The type, 148844 A.N.S.P., a female, measures: Length
12.7 mm., gr. diam. 7.8 mm., less. diam. 6.0 mm.
Females Males
Length Diameter Length Diameter
11.0 mm. 7.5 mm.
11.4 mm. 7.7 mm.
11.7 mm. 7.6 mm.
12.2 mm. 7.9 mm.
12.6 mm. 8.4 mm.
Collected by Pilsbry and Welch, July 17, 1928, at Cunagua
hill, approached from Colonia Galan, Cunagua, Cameguey
province, Cuba. They were found in abundance on rocks
and trees, approximately a half a dozen to the square meter.
The black forms were by far the most numerous, making up
about 95% of the entire number collected.
Choanopoma (Annularodes) uncinatum indivisum
Welch. PI. 11, fig. 8.
The shell is oblong conic, truncate leaving 4-41/^ convex
whorls, umbilicate, non-solute. The color is ivory yellow,
shading to chamois on the upper whorl, but may be wood
9.0 mm.
6.8 mm,
9.4 mm.
6.7 mm,
9.8 mm.
6.9 mm.
10.2 mm.
7.2 mm.
10.7 mm.
7.1 mm.
134 THE NAUTILUS
brown, light buff, or dark vinaceous drab; it is moreover
decorated by bands of purplish dots which run axially and
yet are so placed that they are also in spiral rows. The
axial sculpture is made up of closely set threads. The spiral
sculpture is lacking except for the row of hollow tubercles
which surrounds the suture at the summit of some of the
threads. About the umbilical wall there are 12 rows of
small projections similar to those about the suture. The
number of rows varies on different specimens from 10-14
rows. The aperture is oval, the peristome double. The
inner peritreme is smooth, slightly projecting, thin; the
outer is narrowly expanded along the outer margin, increas-
ing in width on nearing the umbilicus where it slopes gently
backwards partly covering the umbilicus from view but
leaving it wide open. Above the aperture it is adnate to the
penultimate whorl, near the posterior angle it is deflected
back into a siphon which curves downwards into the suture
just behind the aperture. The interior opening of the
siphon is just inside the aperture at its posterior margin.
The operculum is typical of the genus.
Type, 147880 A.N.S.P., measures: Length 15.3 mm., gr.
diam. 8.6 mm., less. diam. 7.0 mm. Paratypes measure,
males 11.9 x 7.5 mm., to 13.9 x 8.3 mm.; females from
14.6 X 8.1 mm., to 17.5 x 8.9 mm.
C. uncinatum indivisum differs from its nearest relative
C. uncinatum Arango in that the last whorl does not become
as free from the penultimate whorl, the form is slightly
more conic, the siphon is more knob shaped, and less long
when measured in a line along the suture. I am indebted to
Dr. Paul Bartsch for giving me specimens of Arango's
species, which were collected by John B. Henderson. They
were from the Loma de Ternero, Santa Clara Province.
Habitat: The south slope of the Loma de Florencia, the
hill north of the tovm of Florencia, Camaguey. Collected
by Pilsbry and Welch July 11, 1928, the animals were found
in abundance, approximately a dozen to the square meter.
Also collected by Welch at the Loma Merino, the Loma
Mabua, the Loma Palma, and by the guide David Comp-
agoni at the Loma Aguacate and the Loma Marroqui, Sep-
tember, 1929.
THE NAUTILUS 135
Choanopoma (Annularodes) pilsbryi Welch. PI. 11,
fig. 9.
The shell is ovate conic, truncate, having 4i/^-5 convex
whorls the last is non-solute, the umbilicus is closed. The
color of the type is cream-buff, varying in tint, but para-
types are greyish brown, cinnamon buff and dark vinaceous
drab. The shells are further colored by army-brown spots
ranged spirally or axially; in some specimens the spots
appear to be part of axial bands, in others they fade out
almost completely leaving an apparently unicolored shell,
but on observation under the microscope the spots can be
noted. The spiral sculpture is lacking excepting the five
spiral cords about the closed umbilicus. The axial sculp-
ture consists of closely spaced threads thickened at the
suture into lanceolate tubercles. The aperture is oval, the
peristome double. The inner peritreme is smooth, thin,
slightly projecting; the outer peritreme coarsely sculptured
by irregular crinkly layers, thinly expanded along the outer
margin of the lip, but nearing the umbilicus it becomes more
expanded and is deflected backwards completely sealing the
umbilicus ; it is adnate to the penultimate whorl. Above the
aperture the lip is bent forward forming a delta-shaped
depression, then backwards ending in a curved siphon, dis-
appearing along the suture. The siphon connects with the
interior of the shell by a pore found inside the aperture at
its posterior margin. Related to A. uncinatum Arango but
is much larger and has the umbilicus closed.
Type 148846 A.N.S.P., a female, measures : Length 14.5
mm., gr. diam. 9.5 mm., less. diam. 4.6 mm. Paratypes
measure, males from 13.6 x 8.2 mm. to 15.2 x 9.0 mm.;
females from 15.8 x 9.0 mm. to 18.4 x 9.4 mm.
Habitat: Collected by Pilsbry and Welch on the hill east
of the Chambas River, the end of the western ridge of the
Sierra de Cacarratas about 1 mile east of Florencia,
Camaguey, July 11, 1928. Living on limestone cliffs in
fairly large colonies, so that about a half a dozen were
found to the square meter.
136 THE NAUTILUS
ABNORMAL LORICATES: THE EARLIEST AMERICAN RECORD
BY TOM IREDALE
Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia
When the immortal volume on these mollusks was pre-
pared by Pilsbry there was little on record regarding ab-
normalities in the group. Such have been commonly found
in Australian and Neozelanic waters through the continu-
ous research and the plenitude of the mollusks.
Referring to the Journal of the Royal Geographical
Society of London, Vol. IV, published in 1834, I was inter-
ested to read the following extract from a paper entitled
''Account of the Island and Province of Chiloe. Extracts
from the Remark Book kept on board H. M. S. Pylades, by
Captain Blanckley, R.N. MS. 1834," p. 356. "Although
the coasts of Chiloe abound in shellfish, I could not procure
any shelly of value, except a few beautiful chitons, as they
have here been found. I made anxious search, in the hope
of finding one with nine scales or divisions, but I did not
succeed, although I employed several natives in the search,
and offered a reward of twenty dollars to whoever would
bring me one. I however got one of seven divisions, which
is also rare. When the Beagle was here, an officer on board
procured one of nine. Eight is the most common number."
Hull and I in our ''Monograph of Australian Loricates"
gave a long account (pp. 135-138) of the number of ab-
normal specimens secured in Australia, and therein was
included the record of three specimens having nine valves,
which we regarded as the only record, but the present
instance takes us back nearly one hundred years. It is of
special interest to us as we concluded that such abnormal-
ities would be found on the west coast of South America,
where, apparently, Loricates are as abundant as in
Australian waters.
THE NAUTILUS 137
A NEW CALIFORNIAN PSEUDOCHAMA
BY A. M. STRONG
PSEUDOCHAMA GRANTI, new species. PI. 8, figs. 6, 7.
Upper valve nearly circular, flattened, the umbone
spiraling counter clock-wise ; sculptured with quite regular,
low, concentric laminae, the spacing between which is
about 0.5 mm. at the umbone, gradually increasing to
about 1 mm. at the margin ; the edges of the laminae very
finely pleated, the plaits rising here and there to short
spines, usually more numerous toward the margin and left
side of the shell; under valve cup-shaped, the attachment
being from a narrow area to half the area of the valve,
sculptured with concentric laminae bearing grooved or
folded spines which are much more prominent than those
on the upper valve and spaced from 2 to 5 mm. apart in
each direction, except near the umbo where they are smaller
and more crowded; left side of the shell and spines pure
white, right side tinted with rose, both inside and out;
margin of valves smooth ; hinge plate narrow, the edges of
the processes finely serrated ; muscle scars elongated. The
diameter of the type is 20 mm.
Holotype: No. 5808; paratype No. 5808a, Mus. Calif.
Acad. Sci., dredged in 20 fms. off the south side of Catalina
Island, California. This species is quite common at Cata-
lina Island, in from 15 to 30 fms. attached to living and
dead shells, pebbles and other objects brought up by the
dredge. Due to its sinistral growth it has been called a deep
water variety of the shore form, Pseudochama exogyra
Conrad, but it differs from that species in the well developed
spines of the cup-shaped under valve, smaller size, and dis-
tinct color pattern. The species is named in honor of Dr.
U. S. Grant of the faculty of the Geological Department of
the University of California at Los Angeles, where addi-
tional paratypes have been deposited. Topotypes are in the
Lowe collection and in that of the Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
No. 162131.
138 THE NAUTILUS
THE LAND MOLLUSKS OF MACKINAC ISLAND, MICHIGAN
BY A. F. ARCHER
Mackinac Island is a small island about three miles long
and two miles wide located in Mackinac Straits. The south-
ern half is hilly, and on the southeastern corner the hills
form steep bluffs above a narrow shore line. The pre-
dominating surface rock consists of a pale blue limestone.
On the whole the geological conditions are very favorable
for mollusks. The southern half of the island is fairly well
wooded. The woods are now protected, having been made
into a state park. The dominant forest tree is the arbor-
vitae {Thuja occidentalis) . In a few spots hardwoods,
especially oaks, form a distinct association. In the latter
areas certain mollusks are common, while in coniferous
tracts they are scare. Many species are common on open
grassy slopes where there is no forest cover. These open
areas have been created since human occupation served to
remove the arborvitae forest that once covered them.
Apparently the removal of the conifers has been favorable
to the increased abundance of some species. It is well
known that snails do not thrive in North American conifer-
ous forests.
The following list is based mainly on a collection made by
myself on July 30, 1933. I am indebted to Mr. Calvin Good-
rich for supplementing my results with additional informa-
tion from a former collecting trip which he took to the same
locality. The molluscan fauna of this area is mainly boreal,
but there are southern species invading the region, al-
though such elements are not yet numerous.
Euconulus chersinus polygyratus (Pilsbry). Rather com-
mon in hardwood tracts in the interior of the island.
Retinella electrina (Gould).
Retinella indentata (Say).
Paravitrea multidentata (Binney). Found by Goodrich
on the guard rails of steps descending from the bluff at Arch
Rock on the east side of the island.
THE NAUTILUS 139
Zonitoides arbor eus (Say). Common in the limestone
talus near Fort Mackinac.
Agriolimax campestris (Say). Under logs and leaves in
the hardwoods.
Limax maximus L. Under oak leaves in the cemetery.
Helicodiscus parallelus (Say).- This species occurs both
in the hardwoods under leaves and in the limestone talus
near the fort.
Columella edentida (Draparnaud). In limestone talus.
Gonyodiscus cronkhitei catskillensis (Pilsbry). In lime-
stone talus and in the hardwoods.
Anguispira alternata (Say). This species occurs in all
habitats, but is especially common in open fields around
burdocks, or at the bases of bluffs where there is little for-
est cover. However, it is one of the few species noticeable
in the arborvitae. Near the fort it was found in a nastur-
tium garden. It is very variable in color. A surprisingly
large number of pure albinoes are found in this colony.
Many pale reddish and very many rufous ones occur. The
typically brown colored ones made up only about a third of
the total collection. Several rather high spired individuals
were also found.
Polygyra albolabris (Say). Rather common in the hard-
woods judging from the number of dead ones lying around
which had been gnawed by rodents. The local race is very
large.
Polygyra fraterna (Say). A few were found at the base
of the bluffs among herbs. They were all unusually large.
Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller) . Very abundant in the lime-
stone talus.
Strobilops lahyrinthica virgo (Pilsbry). Common both
in the limestone talus and in the hardwoods under leaves.
Vertigo ventricosa (Morse). Common in the limestone
talus.
Pupilla muscorum (Linnaeus). A few in the limestone
talus. Goodrich found it abundant on the sides of a well.
Vallonia costata (Miiller). Common in the limestone
talus.
140 THE NAUTILUS
Philomycus caroliniarms (Bosc). Under leaves and logs
in the hardwoods. Only immature specimens were found.
Succinea ovalis Say. Found below the bluffs near the
East End Cottages. They were large, elongated, and of a
pinkish hue.
TWO NEW RACES AND A NEW SPECIES OF HELISOMA
FROM CALIFORNIA
BY FRANK C. BAKER
Helisoma occidentale depressum, var. nov.
Shell differing from typical occidentale in being of less
axial height, the whorls more tightly coiled, three turns
visible on the umbilical side, which is less deeply excavated,
the body whorl less voluminous. Color greenish horn.
Whorls 41/2.
Height 9.0 mm., diam, 20.0 mm. ; aperture height 8.5
mm., diam. 6.7 mm. Holotype 3239.
Height 10.0 mm., diam. 19.5 mm. ; aperture height 9.0
mm., diam. 6.6 mm. Paratype 3240.
Height 9.9 mm., diam. 18.5 mm. ; aperture height 9.0
mm., diam. 6.0 mm. Paratype 3240.
Height 12.0 mm., diam. 25.0 mm.; aperture height 11.5
mm., diam. 7.9 mm. Occidentale,
Type locality: Lower Klamath Lake, Oregon and Cal-
ifornia. Collected by Junius Henderson. Types: Baker
Coll. : Nos. 3239, 3240.
This race is apparently distributed in Oregon and north-
ern California and has been identified as occidentalism
amrnon, and hinneyi, from all of which it is quite distinct.
PlELisoMA tenue californiense, var. nov.
Shell differing from typical tenue in its larger size, wider
whorls, more depressed and flatter spire whorls, umbilical
whorls coiled in same plane, sculpture coarse, the space be-
tween the riblets several times the width of the riblets;
color usually greenish horn.
Height 10.0 mm., gr. diam. 21.5 mm., less. diam. 17.4
mm. ; aperture height 9.0 mm., diam. 6.9 mm. Holotype.
Height 9.6 mm., gr. diam. 18.6 mm., less. diam. 15.3
mm. ; aperture height 9.0 mm., diam. 5.4 mm. Paratype.
THE NAUTILUS 141
Height 9.0 mm., gr. diam. 17.6 mm., less. diam. 14.0
mm. ; aperture height 8.0 mm., diam. 5.3 mm. Paratype.
Tyjoe locality: Ponds in bed of Guadalupe Creek, San
Jose, Santa Clara Co., California. Collected by Mr. Clark
Hubbs. Holotype: Leland Stanford University, No. 5853.
Paratypes: Collection F. C. Baker, No. 3262.
This large Helisoma has been identified as occidentalis,
tenuis and trivolvis. It somewhat resembles H. o. de-
pressum, differing in its less deeply excavated umbilical
region, more rapidly enlarging body whorl and decidedly
ear-shaped aperture, that of depressum being rounded or
moon-shaped. This race is widely distributed in California
from Santa Clara County southward. Helisoma tenue is
widely distributed in California and does not differ mate-
rially from the species as found in Mexico and Arizona.
Helisoma hemphilli F. C. Baker and J. Henderson.
Shell with four rapidly enlarging whorls, the body whorl
disproportionately enlarged near the aperture ; spire whorls
flat the body whorl slightly raised above the general level
and with a sharp, somewhat pinched carina extending to
the aperture; base showing a trifle more than two full
whorls, the umbilicus narrow and deep, the last whorl with
a distinct carina ; sculpture coarse, the riblets cord-like and
widely spaced; aperture distinctly auriform, much nar-
rowed and V-shaped above, wide and but slightly concave
below; there is a slight callus on the parietal wall; color
yellowish to dark horn, often shining or polished.
Height 9.5 mm., diam. 16.5 mm.; aperture height 9.0
mm., diam. 6.2 mm. Holotype.
Height 8.3 mm., diam. 14.0 mm.; aperture height 8.0
mm., diam. 5.0 mm. Paratype.
Height 7.6 mm., diam. 6.8 mm. ; aperture height 6.8
mm., diam. 5.6 mm. Paratype.
Type locality: Mountain Lake, San Francisco, Calif.
Collected by H. Hemphill. Types and paratypes: Leland
Stanford University. Paratypes: Coll. F. C. Baker, No.
3288.
This Helisoma is distinguished by its strongly carinated
body whorl, strong rib-costate sculpture and distinctly
auriform aperture. Its greater axial height, strong carinae
on body whorl, marked sculpture, and form of aperture dis-
142 THE NAUTILUS
tinguish it from any form of tenue. Binneyi is larger with
much heavier sculpture, ammon is also larger with com-
paratively finer sculpture, more whorls, and deeper and
wider umbilical region. The new species has been seen only
from Mountain Lake where it appears to have been
abundant.
A NEW SUBSPECIES OF OLIVA RETICULARIS FROM
SOUTHERN FLORIDA
BY WILLIAM J. CLENCH
OLIVA RETICULARIS BOLLINGI, Subsp. nOV. PI. 7, figS. 3, 4.
Description: Shell solid, heavy, polished, and widest at a
little above the mid-region. Ground color white to pale
ivory, covered with innumerable tent-like, reddish-brown
checks, their apices directed both away and towards the
aperture in the conventional apertural view. These checks
are more or less organized in an axial arrangement. This sec-
ondary reddish-brown coloration is not alw^ays finely drawn
on the checks themselves, but dispersed sufficiently between
the checks to render a slight reddish-brown cast to the
shells. The single paratype has the mid-region of the body
whorl somewhat cleared of these checks, forming a band.
Along and below the suture the pattern changes to small
blocks of thread-like lines arranged axially. These are to
be noted on all but the nuclear whorls. Whorls seven, com-
pact, and broadly convex. Spire somewhat produced and
conic. Palatal lip rather thick. Parietal walls calloused
and supporting a series of small plications throughout its
length. Aperture long and narrow. Sculpture of smooth
growth ridges, visible only in high-lighted areas. Suture
slightly indented. Holotype, length 61.5 mm., width 28
mm.; paratype, length 56.2 mm., width 24.1 mm.
Holotype: M. C. Z. 76656, found in crab-traps off Miami,
Florida, in about 200 feet of water. Paratype, M. C. Z.
76657, same data.
Remarks: This new subspecies differs quite noticeably
from the typical form. It is a much larger and proportion-
ately heavier shell, the color markings are stronger, and the
ground color is not as white or creamy. It is named for Mr.
THE NAUTILUS 143
R. C. Boiling, one of my two companions on a recent Florida
expedition.
This new variety superficially resembles 0. nivosa Marrat
(in Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyiiorum, 4, Oliva, p. 22, pi.
17, fig. 276) but differs from that species in having a much
wider aperture at the base, not possessing a tubercle on the
upper parietal area of the aperture and having a more conic
spire.
WILLIAM ELLIOTT BURNETT, 1872-1933
BY STANLEY T. BROOKS
William Eliott Burnett, a collector of note and an ardent
student of conchoiogy for more than thirty years, died at
his home in Bradford, Pennsylvania, on August 20, 1933.
Mr. Burnett was born at Garland, a small town in Warren
County, on May 22, 1872. He had inherited a deep love of
natural history from his father, David Alexander Burnett,
a collector ; and his whole life, during his leisure hours, was
dedicated to the building up of large series of natural
objects.
In 1896, he married Miss Mamie Belle Arrowsmith, who
became his devoted companion until her death thirteen
years later. His wife's death and the complete loss of his
hearing when he was forty, caused him to devote himself
more and more to the study of mollusks. He spent several
winters at Beaufort, North Carolina, making friends among
the fishermen and augmenting his collection from the shells
hauled in with their nets.
Early in 1933 his eye-sight began to fail and this loss,
along with his deafness, tended to make him lose interest
and hastened his end. Death resulted very suddenly from
post-operative shock following a serious leg injury.
The large collection of nearly five thousand sets of land,
freshwater, and marine shells, which formed his life contri-
bution to science, resides in the Laboratory of Recent
144 THE NAUTILUS
Invertebrates at the Carnegie Museum. The Museum was
also enriched by his large collection of Amerind artifacts
and minerals. The American Malacological Union has lost
an apt and careful student by his passing.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED
A Study of Polygyra inflecta (Say). By Allan F.
Archer. (Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. No. 276, 1933.)
The characters, variation, distribution, systematic position
and habits of this snail are considered, and a key to related
Triodopses is given. It is found especially in open oak
woods. P, approximans Clapp and P. edentata Samps, are
ranked as varieties, but the author does not state that he
has seen intergrading specimens, connecting them with P.
inflecta, — H. A. P.
An Index to the International Rules of Zoological
Nomenclature. By Harley J. Van Cleave. (Trans. Amer.
Microscop. Soc, vol. 52, pp. 322-5.) A time-saving guide to
the provisions of the Code. In lots of 5 or more they may be
obtained for $0.06 per copy.
A Check List of Nearctic Zonitidae. By H. Burring-
ton Baker. (Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. No. 269.)
A revision of the classification of our Zonitidae has been
urgently needed for a long time. Some years ago Dr.
Baker undertook the task of collecting and dissecting them,
and in several papers the anatomy of most of the small and
ambiguous forms was figured and their relationships and
nomenclature discussed with admirable clarity and com-
pleteness. In the present paper his taxonomic results are
expressed in the brief form of a list of the species known
from America north of Mexico. Fifteen genera, 101 species
and 35 subspecies are recognized. The synonyms and in
most cases the type localities are given. The new name
Mesomphix perlaevis vulgatus is proposed for M. laevigatus
(Helix laevigata Fer., not of Linnaeus). — H. A. P.
THE NAUTILUS 145
Marine Mollusca from Acapulco, Mexico, with notes
on other species. By A. M. Strong, G. D. Hanna and L. G.
Hertlein. (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Voh 21, 1933, pp. 117-130.)
Over 100 species dredged by the Templeton Crocker Expedi-
tion of 1932 are enumerated, with descriptions of Mitra
zaca, Calliostoma bonita and C. rema, new species. The
Mitra is 130 mm. long, probably the largest west coast
species. It is one of the black miters, section Atrimitra.
Notes are given on a number of little-known and interest-
ing forms of Cancellaria, Metula, Turritella and Xeno-
phora ; the last, X. robusta Verrill, is a fine species not be-
fore figured.— H. A. P.
Terminology of Types. By Donald Leslie Frizzell.
(American Midland Naturalist, vol. 14, pp. 637-668, 1933.)
The formidable body of terminology which has grown up
for the designation of type-specimens and types of genera
is reviewed, and the terms which have been proposed, some
233, are defined. The list contains many synonymous and
homonymous terms used by different authors, or with dif-
ferent shades of meaning. Out of the lot Dr. Frizzell
recommends that general use be restricted to the following
10 terms.
Genotype. The single species upon which a genus is
based.
Syntype. Ai^y specimen of an author's original material
when no holotype was designated. A cotype.
Holotype. A single specimen (or fragment) upon which
a species is based.
Paratype. A specimen other than the holotype upon
which an original specific description is based.
Lectotype. A syntype chosen subsequently to the original
description to take the place which in other cases a holotype
occupies.
Neotype. A later selected type of a species, necessitated
by loss of the original type material; must come from the
original locality.
Hypotype. A described or figured specimen used in pub-
lication in extending or correcting the knowledge of a
previously defined species.
Topotype. A specimen from the original locality from
which a species was described.
146 THE NAUTILUS
Homoeotype. Specimen compared by a competent ob-
server with the holotype, lectotype or other primary type
of a species.
Plastotype. Any artificial specimen moulded directly
from a type.
This is a timely essay, for the terminology of "types" has
reached fantastic proportions. — H. A. P.
NOTES AND NEWS
The "Mangareva Expedition" has been organized by
the B. P. Bishop Museum for conducting studies of ethnol-
ogy and natural history in the little-known parts of south-
eastern Polynesia, chiefly at Mangareva, Oeno, Pitcairn,
Rapa, Tubuai, Rurutu, Raivavae and Rimitara islands. The
chief purpose of the expedition is to record data regarding
native races, flora and land fauna, which are disappearing
at a rapid rate. The scientific staff includes ethnologists,
botanists, Dr. C. Montague Cooke, Jr. and Donald Ander-
son, malacologists. Dr. C. Montague Cooke, Jr., has been
appointed leader of the expedition, which is to sail about
April first.
Mangelia albivestis, new name for Mangilia pura Pils.,
Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1904, p. 9, not Mangelia pura Gould,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vol. 7, p. 339, 1860. Mr. E. R. Sykes
has kindly called my attention to this duplication of names.
— H. A. PiLSBRY.
The subgenus Eudentalium. — Messrs. Cotton and God-
frey have proposed this group (The South Australian
Naturalist, vol. 14, p. 140, 1933) for the Australian species
Dentalium quadricostatum Brazier. This species has not
been clearly described and so far as I know has not been
figured. The above authors repeat the original account, and
apparently had not seen the shell. It does not seem helpful
to establish new groups on such imperfectly known forms.
It seems to differ from subg. Tesseracme Pils., 1898, by
having the four primary ribs serrate. — Pilsbry.
THE NAUTILUS 147
Chersina Beck, 1837 (Index Moll., p. 74) may take the
type C. virginea (L.), and is thus an exact synonym of
Liguus Montf. Oxystromhus Moerch, 1865 (Jour, de
Conchyl., p. 170) of which the monotype is 0. fasciatus
(Miiller), is exactly equivalent to Orthalicinus Fischer and
Crosse, 1875. — Pilsbry.
MOLLUSKS FROM CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE. — While ac-
companying Professor E. T. Wherry, of the University of
Pennsylvania, on a botanical trip through Tennessee in
June, 1933, I collected mollusks at a number of localities,
the most interesting being a limestone outcrop at a ''Dis-
appearing Falls" about five hundred yards from the left
bank of the Tennessee River, about ten miles west of Chat-
tanooga, Tennessee. The following were found: Polygyra
spinosa (Lea), P. alholahris (Say), P. zaleta (Binney), P.
appressa perigrapta Pils., P. tridentata (Say), P. steno-
trema (Fer.), Zonitoides arbor eus (Say), Ventridens
gularis Say, Mesomphix perlaevis vidgatus H. B. Baker,
Discus patula (Desh.) , Anguispira altei^nata crassa "Clapp"
Walker, Hawaiia minuscula (Binney), Helicina orbiculata
(Say), Campeloma subsolidum (Anth.), Anodonta imbecilis
Say, Lampsilis parva (Barnes), Proptera alata (Say). —
Horace G. Richards, Princeton University.
Arboreal Behavior of Helicina orbicidata tropica "Jan"
Pfr. — H. 0. tropica is one of the most abundant species of
terrestrial gastropods occurring in Dallas County, Texas.
After a light shower one can collect hundreds of individuals
that are creeping over weeds and grasses in many pasture
lands. Since it is a snail that is especially hardy and has a
great resistance to drouth, individuals appear to be as
abundant in exposed areas as in protected woodland regions.
The writer has frequently observed a tendency of this
species to ascend trees. Ordinarily the animal does not get
more than five or six feet above the ground. However, a
recent field trip to a sparsely wooded region six miles south-
west of Dallas, revealed a ''tree-climbing" colony of H.
orbiculata. Hundreds of snails were found attached to the
bark of hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) and cedar elm
148 THE NAUTILUS
(Ulmus crassifolia) trees. Some had only begun their
ascent of the trees, whereas others had attained a height of
approximately 12 to 14 feet above the ground. On one
medium sized cedar elm on which the snails were especially
abundant a census was made of the population. Thirty-
eight snails were counted and the animals were rather even-
ly distributed from the base of the trunk to a distance of
approximately fourteen feet above the ground. Most of the
snails were found on the northern exposure of the trunk.
Their occurrence on that particular side of the tree cannot
be accounted for unless they were there for protection or
for food in the form of Pleurococcus which was plentiful on
this particular tree. However, the food and protection
factors hardy seem tenable in accounting for their posi-
tion, since, on several other trees in the same vicinity, snails
were observed to be scattered at random all around the
trunk, regardless of direction of exposure and food. Most
of the snails were inactive and had their opercula drawn
approximately 2 mm. within the aperture openings. A
shower of rain would undoubtedly result in the activity of
these snails, judging from the behavior of the same species
on the ground. Mr. John Litsey of Dallas informed the
writer that he had seen this species in trees twenty feet
above the ground. — Elmer P. Cheatum, Dallas, Texas.
Sinistral Land Snails from Ann Arbor, Michigan. —
Since February, 1932, I have found four reversed specimens
of normally dextral species of terrestrial mollusks in the
township in which Ann Arbor is located. They are: Pohj-
gyra monodon (Rack.). The shell was found on a small
island in the Huron River near Argo Dam, Ann Arbor. So
far as I can learn, this the first record of a sinistral speci-
men of this species. Polygyra thyroidus (Say). One
medium-sized sinistral individual found April 29, 1933,
during a collecting trip to a small valley one mile west of
Geddes. The shell was lying on a pile of dead grass. Like
many examples of P. thyroidus of this region, it has only
the faintest trace of a parietal tooth. About a month later
a second sinistral specimen of this species was found on a
THE NAUTILUS 149
hilltop at Glen Ridge near Cascade Glen, west of Ann
Arbor. Anguispira alternata (Say). Taken near the top
of a high hillside occupied by a colony of alternata, amid
some cultivated shrubs. The locality is Cedar Bend Park
(known also as Island Park) . The Museum of Zoology of
the University of Michigan has a reversed specimen of
Ventridens demissus (Say) which was taken by Mr. Henry
Vander Schalie near Duncanville, Tuscaloosa Co., Alabama,
in the summer of 1932. — Allan F. Archer.
Lyogyrus vanhyningi, new species, pi. 13, fig. 9. — The
shell is small, almost imperforate, ovate-conic, smooth ex-
cept for microscopic lines of gro^\i:h; greenish-gray when
the ferrous coating has been removed. Apex obtuse ; spire
conic; suture impressed; whorls 4, slowly increasing, con-
vex, the body-whorl large, periphery evenly convex. Aper-
ture large, oval, broad below; lip thin, evenly curved, the
adnate parietal callus rather thick. Operculum multispiral
with central nucleus. Height 2.4 mm., diam. 1.8 mm. ; aper-
ture 1.5 X 1.1 mm. Seminole Springs, 15 miles east of
Eustis, Lake Co., Florida. Type and paratypes 162084
A.N.S.P., collected by 0. C. Van Hyning, received from T.
Van Hyning. This shell differs from L. dalli P. & B. by
being narrower and almost imperforate. It is more broadly
conic than L. granum (Say) and L. pupoides (Gld.). —
E. G. Vanatta.
Professor Junius Henderson lectured on 'The Esthetic
and Economic Relations of Mollusks" at the California
Academy of Sciences, Jan. 3rd.
Mr. Charles A. Blake has been made Associate
Curator of Mollusks at the Boston Society of Natural His-
tory.— Museum News.
Dermestid Beetles a Nuisance to Conchologic Col-
lections.— Much has been said about the dermestid beetle
Anthrenus museorum as a destructive insect in museums,
especially of damage done to skins and insect collections.
Practically nothing has been mentioned concerning this in-
sect as constituting a nuisance, and perhaps a menace, to
conchological collections.
150 THE NAUTILUS
In preparing univalve shells for preservation, some of the
soft parts may remain in the shell, particularly in the first
one or two whorls. It is this part of the animal that soon
dries up and becomes food for the larva of this beetle.
Much of the food of these larvae is not taken into the di-
gestive system but falls from the mouth in very minute
particles. These, plus the excreta, accumulate in the shell,
and finally collect at the bottom of the tray, covering the
labels and other specimens with a layer of ''dermestid dust."
The moulted larval skins are strewn around in small
clusters. But this only constitutes a minor problem to the
conchologist.
It has been a common practice of some conchologists to
place minute shells in gelatine capsules. The dermestid
larvae gnaw their way through and into them. From the
holes m.any of the shells fall into the trays, and if more than
one species is present, the disturbed shells m_ay be of little
scientific value. This has been especially true in older col-
lections w^here capsules were freely used. To overcome this
danger the gelatine capsules must be replaced by glass vials.
If the larvae should work their way through the cotton or
cork stoppers, there is no danger of the shells falling out of
the vials.
In order to avoid such happenings it is best to control this
insect by some means. The W. J. Clench method is to drop
the live snails into a 2% aqueous solution of corrosive sub-
limate. The soft parts of the snail, upon drying, are im-
pregnated with a small amount which protects against the
dermestes. The smaller shells are allowed from 12-24 hours
in the preserving fluid, and the larger ones from 36-48
hours.
If the collection has already become heavily infested, it
may be controlled by fumigating with hydrocyanic acid gas
or with carbon bisulfide. The trays containing the shells
and dermestids can be placed in an air-tight container into
which calcium cyanide is sprinkled on the bottom of the
container at the rate of % of a pound per 1,000 cubic feet.
If carbon bisulfide is used it should be poured into a con-
THE NAUTILUS 151
tainer of some sort, which is fastened at the top of the
fumigating box. This fumigant is used at the rate of 1
pound per 100 cubic fet. Paradichlorobenzene, although
rather expensive, is recommended at the rate of 1 pound
to each 10 cubic feet. Naphthalene, used at the same rate,
is also effective in killing these beetles.^ — Gordon Mac-
MlLLAN KuTCHKA, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.
The Animal of Proserpina.— When fully expanded,
the mantle flaps in the Jamaican species completely cover
the shell ; the right one extends over the apex and almost
down to the periphery while the left one extends over the
umbilicus to meet the other. In P. nitida Swby., P. lingui-
fera Pfr. and P. hidentata C. B. A. they are yellowish green
with black maculations, but in P. pisum C. B. A. are bright
green. The foot, which is similarly colored, is very long,
slender and carinate; progression is relatively rapid and is
mainly accomplished by lateral, snake-like undulations, al-
though some vague movement appears to take place in the
very narrow middle zone of the sole. The animals are very
active; when disturbed, they quickly draw in the mantle-
flaps and lash their tails back and forth with remarkable
strength for small snails.-— H. BuRRiNGTON Baker.
Paludina humerosa Anthony.— The single type speci-
men of this species (M. C. Z. 72332) shows it to be a nearly
smooth form of Lithasia verrucosa Raf. It was placed in
Leptoxis [Anculosa] by Binney (Smithsonian Misc. Colin.,
No. 144, pt. 3, p. 64, 1865). In many large series of L. ver-
rucosa, especially from localities along the Tennessee River,
smooth forms will be found associated with the more abun-
dant papillose specimens.— W. J. Clench.
1 Metcalf, C. L., and Flint, W. P. Destructive and Useful Insects,
1928, pp. 746-48. Whitmarsh, R. D. Ohio Agricultural Experiment
Station, Bulletin, No. 253, 1912, pp. 118-19. Clench, W. J. The
Nautilus, Vol. 43, pp. 33-34.
152 THE NAUTILUS
THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION
The Fourth Annual Meeting will be held at Stanford
University, California, Monday to Thursday, inclusive, June
25 to 28, 1934.
Registration Monday, 8 to 10 a. m.. Room 341, Geology
Bldg., southwest corner of the Quadrangle.
Public invited. All persons interested in mollusks eligible
to membership. Annual dues $1.00. Persons wishing to
present papers please send titles to one of the officers whose
names appear below, stating time required and whether
lantern, blackboard or other special facilities are desired.
Stanford Campus adjoins the City of Palo Alto, with bus
connections. Meals may be obtained at Stanford Union, on
the campus, or in Palo Alto. The meeting will immediately
follow the summer session of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science at Berkeley, so that both may
be attended on the same trip.
Hotels in Palo Alto, and convention rates: Cardinal
Hotel, single room with bath, $2.00, without bath, $1.50;
double room with bath, $3.00 (twin beds $3.50 to $4.50),
without bath, $2.00. President Hotel (all with bath),
single, $2.00, double, $3.00, twin beds, $3.50. Several auto
camps near the Campus.
Address communications or inquiries to Junius Hender-
son, President, Apt. 4, 530 Webster St., Palo Alto, Calif.;
Mrs. Ida S. Oldroyd, Vice-President, Box 1198, Stanford
University, Calif. ; or Mrs. Imogene C. Robertson, Financial
Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science, Humboldt Park,
Buffalo, N. Y. Other officers are: Norman W. Lermond,
Corresponding Secretary, Thomaston, Maine; members of
Council, in addition to officers above named, William J.
Clench, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, Cam-
bridge, Mass. ; Henry A. Pilsbry, Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. ; Calvin Goodrich, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., and Paul Bartsch, U. S.
National Museum, Washington, D. C.
$2.00 per Year ($2.15 to Foreign Gountries.) 50 cts. a copy
THE
NAUTILUS ^'
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OF CONCHOLOGISTS
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS :
Hknry a. Pilsbry, Curator of the Department of MoUusca,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
H. Bdrrington Baker, Associate Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania.
Vol. XLVII. JULY, 1933 No. 1
CONTENTS
Mollusca of the Yellowstone Park, Teton Park and Jackson Hole
Region By Junius Henderson 1
Polygyra Dorfeuilliana and Bulimulus Dealbatus in Illinois
By Frank C. Baker 4
Mollusks of Moose Factory By Calvin Goodrich . . . : 7
Amnicolidae from Wyoming and Oregon By Henry A. Pilsbry 9
Three New Polygyrid Snails from California By S. Stilbnan Berry 12
Texas Shells By E. G. Vanetta 16
A New Species of Florida Unio By Berlin Hart Wright 17
A New Variety of Viviparus Contectoides (W. G. Binn) from Jack-
son Co., Florida By Allan F. Archer 18
A New Succinea from Florida By Harald A. Rehder ... 20
A New Fossil, Cepolis from Cuba: West Indian MoUusks No, 6
By W. J. Clench and C. G. Aguayo 21
Two New Land Snails from the Bismarck Archipelago
By William J. Clench 23
Mollusks of the Pliocene Deposits at Collinston, Utah
By Ralph V. Chamberlain and Ehner Berry 25
Ages and Shell Measuremente of Two Large Specimens of Mega-
lonaias Gigantea (Barnes) By Thomas K. Chamberlain . . 29
A New Stagnicola from Montana.
By Frank C. Baker and Junius Henderson 30
A New Species of Lymnaea from Oregon
Bv Joshua L. Baily, Jr. , and Ruth Ingersoll Baily 33
Notes . . ": 84
The Third Annual Meeting of the American Malacological Union '67
HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager,
Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania,
38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.
Entered as Second-Class matter October 29, 1932
at the Post-OfRce at Philadelphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.
THE NAUTILUS
Wanted to Purchiase
Private Collections of Recent Mollusca, that are of a scientific nature,
with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of
duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of
value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand
species, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world.
IVALTCR F. WEBB,
202 ^Westminster Road, ROCIiJ&STE^R, N. Y.
A General Index to The Nautilus
This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by
Wm. H. Dall. Its publication has been made possible through Drs.
Bryant Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains
over 400 pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to
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HORACE B. BAKER, Zool. Lab., University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa.
EXCHANGE NOTICES
For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) in-
cluding three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphi-
dromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placo-
stylus. Send your list to
Paul P. McGinty, 9010 Dexter Bl'd, Detroit, Mich.
Wanted: Planorbis of the Helisoma group from California, Oregon,
and Washington, particularly with the animal. Exchanges offered in
material from Arizona, Mexico, and South America. F. C. Baker,
Natural History Museum, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.
Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Espe-
cially Vols. 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address
Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Pennsylvania.
For Exchange: European and Foreign Shells (recent and tertiary)
for species new to me. Please send full list of duplicates when writing.
J. D. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France.
For Exchange: Shells of the Pacific Coast of the United States and
others, for Shells not in my collection. SEND LISTS.
Morris E. Caruthers, 120 East Chestnut Street,
Glendale, California.
Wanted: Publications on Tertiary shells by Conrad, Gabb, Aldrich,
Dall, etc. Also Tertiary or Recent shells in exchange for Tertiary fossils
of Texas. H. B. Sthnzel, P. 0. Box 151, College Station, Texas.
THE NAUTILUS iii
Illtistrated Catalogue of SHells
In our fire of last year most of the copies of our 117 page
illustrated catalogue of shells were destroyed. We have a
few left, and while they last we will be glad to send one free
of charge to any one purchasing $5.00 worth of shells.
Write now before it is too late.
WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc.
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The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science
of the University of Rochester.
AN ANNOUNCEMENT!
The Index to The Nautilus — Part II
A continuation of the Index to The Nautilus, with an additional
Geographically arranged subject index, is nearing completion. Part II
covers the issues from 1921 to 1931 (volumes 35 to 44 inclusive). It is
planned to issue this index every ten years.
The forthcoming index will be printed on a good grade of Book paper
and unless otherwise requested (with additional charge) will be bound
with paper backs. The size will be the same as the Index published by
George H. Clapp and Bryant Walker in 1927, and will consist of well over
100 pages with nearly 15,000 entries.
Due to the great amount of labor and the expense of publishing, it
will be necessary to sell this issue of the index by subscription. The
number printed will depend on the number of subscribers of The
Nautilus that order their copies within the next month or two. Please
send orders promptly to STANLEY T. BROOKS, Curator of the Lab-
oratory of Recent Invertebrates of the Carnegie Museum, PITTS-
BURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, U. S. A.
In order to facilitate the publication of the continuation of the Index
to The Nautilus please sign the following order:—
I hereby promise to pay upon receipt of the published work, by check or
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Index will not be printed and no responsibility will remain between the
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Signed,
.^ THE NAUTILUS
THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY
The volume now in progress completes the monograph
of the Pupillidae.
Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.
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CONCHOLOGY or descriptions of the shells of the
Atlantic Coast of the United States from Maine to
Florida FINE EDITION with 44 colored plates
which are duplicated in India Tint. 8 vo PhUadd-
phia, 1873. Half Morocco (slightly worn). $50. OU.
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EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS I
Hknry a. Pilsbrv, Curator of the Department of Mollusca,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
H. BuBRiNGTON Bakbb, Assoclate Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania.
Vol. XLVII. OCTOBER, 1933 No. 2
CONTENTS
At the Head of the Gulf of California By Herbert N. Lowe . . 45
Studies on Snails of the Genus Pleurocera II. The Young of P.
Acuta By Harley J. Van Cleave 48
Neritina Virginea in Town Creek at Montego Bay, Jamaica, B. W. I.
By E. A. Andrews 40
Refort on a Colony of Haminoea at Ballast Point, San Diego, Cali-
fornia. By V. D. P. Spicer
Pteropoda from Louisiana By Martin D. Burkenroad ... 54
New Varieties of Melongena and Gyrineum By Horace G. Richards 57
A New Endodonta from the Hawaiian Islands
By T. D. A. Cocker ell 58
A New Form of Polygyra Tridentata from Illinois
By Frank C. Baker 58
Notes on the Land Snail Family Tornatellinidae
By Henry A. Pilsbry and C. Montague Cooke, Jr. 59
Three Preoccupied Names in Pectinidae By Leo George Hertlein 62
On the Synonymy and Distribution of Planorbis Anatinus Orbigny
By Carlos Guillermo Aguayo 65
A New Color Form of Liguus from a New Area of the Florida
Everglades By Mizpah Otto De Boe 68
Mesomphix (Micromphix) Subplanus Planus By Gilbert S. Banks 70
Surinamia, A New Ampullariid from Dutch Guiana
By William J. Clench 61
The Pedal Protractor Musole Scar in Shells of Naiades
By William B. Marshall 72
Notes .... 76
HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager,
Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania,
38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.
EJntered as Second-Class matter October 29, 1932
at the Post-Office at Philadelphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.
ii THE NAUTILUS
Wanted to PurcKase
Private Collections of Recent Mollusca, that are of a scientific nature,
with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of
duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of
value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand
species, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world.
IVALTER F. W^EBB.
202 IVestxninster Road, R0CH£:ST£:R, N. Y.
A General Index to The Nautilus
This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by
Wm. H. Dall. Its publication has been made possible through Drs.
Bryant Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains
over 400 pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to
THE NAUTILUS
HORACE B. BAKER, Zool. Lab., University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa.
EXCHANGE NOTICES
For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) in-
cluding three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphi-
dromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placo-
stylus. Send your, list to
Paul P. McGinty, 9010 Dexter Bl'd, Detroit, Mich.
Wanted: Planorbis of the Helisoma group from California, Oregon,
and Washington, particularly with the animal. Exchanges offered in
material from Arizona, Mexico, and South America. F. C. Baker,
Natural History Museum, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.
Wanted : Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Espe-
cially Vols. 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address
Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Pennsylvania.
For Exchange : European and Foreign Shells (recent and tertiary)
for species new to me. Please send full list of duplicates when writing.
J. D. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France.
For Exchange: Shells of the Pacific Coast of the United States and
others, for Shells not in my collection. SEND LISTS.
Morris E. Caruthers, 120 East Chestnut Street,
Glendale, California.
Wanted: Publications on Tertiary shells by Conrad, Gabb, Aldrich,
Dall, etc. Also Tertiary or Recent shells in exchange for Tertiary fossils
of Texas. H. B, Stbnzel, P. O. Box 151, College Station, Texas.
THE NAUTILUS iii
IllAistrated Catalogue of SKells
In our fire of last year most of the copies of our 117 page
illustrated catalogue of shells were destroyed. We have a
few left, and while they last we will be glad to send one free
of charge to any one purchasing $5.00 worth of shells.
Write now before it is too late.
WARD*S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc.
p. O. Box 24, BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y.
The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science
of the University of Rochester.
AN ANNOUNCEMENT!
The Index to The Nautilus— Part II
A continuation of the Index to The Nautilus, with an additional
Geographically arranged subject index, is nearing completion. Part II
covers the issues from 1921 to 1931 (volumes 35 to 44 inclusive). It is
planned to issue this index every ten years.
The forthcoming index will be printed on a good grade of Book paper
and unless otherwise requested (with additional charge) will be bound
with paper backs. The size will be the same as the Index published by
George H. Clapp and Bryant Walker in 1927, and will consist of well over
100 pages with nearly 15,000 entries.
Due to the great amount of labor and the expense of publishing, it
will be necessary to sell this issue of the index by subscription. The
number printed will depend on the number of subscribers of The
Nautilus that order thei^ copies within the next month or two. Please
send orders promptly to STANLEY T. BROOKS, Curator of the Lab-
oratory of Recent Inve* tebrates of the Carnegie Museum, PITTS-
BURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, U. S. A.
In order to facilitate tne publication of the continuation of the Index
to The Nautilus please sign the following order: —
/ hereby promise to pay upon receipt of the published work, by check or
money order, a sum not to exceed three ($3.00) dollars. Special binding not
included.
I also understand that if there is an insufficient demand and support
by the Malacologists and other interested individuals and institutions this
Index will not be printed and no responsibility will remain between the
contracting parties.
Signed,
iv THE NAUTILUS
THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY
The volume now in progress completes the monograph
of the Pupillidae.
Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.
Plain Edition, per vol., $15.00. Colored Edition, $20.00.
DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA,
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in Existence
Business established by Sowerby in 1861
SALE PURCHASE EXCHANGE
Good Adult-Specimens Correctly Labelled at Moderate Prices
Our Catalogues are used by Museums and Amateurs for
Reference and as Check-Lists.
HUGH C. FULTON
(Late SOWERBY 85 FULTON)
27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England
For Sale
TRYON, George W. AMERICAN MARINE
CONCHOLOGY or descriptions of the shells of the
Atlantic Coast of the United States from Maine to
Florida. FINE EDITION with 44 colored plates
which are duplicated in India Tint. 8 vo. Philadel-
phia, 1873. Half Morocco (slightly worn). $50.00.
This is one of the rarest American publications on
natural history ; but 25 copies of this edition were
published. Address: H. BORGEN, 425 So. Car-
lisle St., Philadelphia, Pa.
$2.00 per Year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries.) 50 cts. a copy
TTHE
NAUTILUS
A QUARTERLY
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS
OF CONCHOLOGISTS
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS I
Hknry a. Pilsbry, Curator of the Department of Mollusca,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
H. Bdrbington Baker, Associate Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylyania.
Vol. XLVII. JANUARY, 1934 No. 3
CONTENTS
West American Chamidae, Periploma and Glycymeris
By Henry A. Pilsbry and Herbert N. Lowe 81
Some Western Fresh Water Mollusks By Junius Henderson . 86
A New Middle Miocene Neptunea from California
By U. S. Grant and E. H. Quayle 91
A New Drymaeus from Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone
By James Zetek 93
New Florida Pearly Mussels By Berlin Hart Wright ... 95
A New Colony of Helix Nemoralis, with Some Observations on
Their Color
By Stanley T. Brooks, Ph. D., and Betty Watts Brooks, M. A. 96
Invertebrate Remains Dug from Kitchen Middens of an Aleut Stone
Age Village near Dutch Harbor, Alaska By Walter J. Eyerdam 100
Two New Cingulas from Alaska By G. Willett . . . .103
New Cuban Land Shells from Oriente and Camaguey Provinces
By D'Alte Aldridge Welch 104
Boston Malacological Club 108
Robert Haines Tremper 110
Notes Ill
Publications Received . . . 112
HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager,
Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania,
38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.
Entered as Second-Class matter October 29, 1932
at the Post-Office at Philadelphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.
ii THE NAUTILUS
anted to Ptsrcliase
Private Collections of Recent Mollusca, that are of a scientific nature,
with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of
duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of
value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand
species, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world.
202 'Westminster Road, ROCfiS:STS:R, H. Y.
EXCHANGE NOTICES
For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) in-
cluding three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphi-
dromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placo-
stylus. Send your list to
Paul P. McGinty, 9010 Dexter Bl'd, Detroit, Mich.
Wanted: Planorbis of the Helisoma group from California, Oregon,
and Washington, particularly with the animal. Exchanges ofi'ered in
material from Arizona, Mexico, and South America. F. C. Baker,
Natural History Museum, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.
Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Espe-
cially Vols. 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address
Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Pennsylvania.
For Exchange: European and Foreign Shells (recent and tertiary)
for species new to me. Please send full list of duplicates when writing.
J. D. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France.
For Exchange: Shells of the Pacific Coast of the United States and
others, for Shells not in my collection. SEND LISTS.
Morris E. Caruthers, 120 East Chestnut Street,
Glendale, California.
Wanted: Publications on Tertiary shells by Conrad, Gabb, Aldrich,
Dall, etc. Also Tertiary or Recent shells in exchange for Tertiary fossils
of Texas. H. B. Stbnzel, P. 0. Box 151, College Station, Texas.
Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection. — Prof. C.
M. Steenberg, University of Copenhagen, Norregade 10, Denmark.
THE NAUTILUS iii
Ilitistrated Catalogue of Sliells
In our fire of last year most of the copies of our 117 page
illustrated catalogue of shells were destroyed. We have a
few left, and while they last we will be glad to send one free
of charge to any one purchasing $5.00 worth of shells.
Write now before it is too late.
WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc.
P. O. Box 24, BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y.
The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science
of the University of Rochester.
AN AlNr^OUr^^CEIVlENT!
The Index to The Nautilus— Part II
A continuation of the Index to The Nautilus, with an additional
Geographically arranged subject index, is nearing completion. Part II
covers the issues from 1921 to 1931 (volumes 35 to 44 inclusive). It is
planned to issue this index every ten years.
The forthcoming index will be printed on a good grade of Book paper
and unless otherwise requested (with additional charge) will be bound
with paper backs. The size will be the same as the Index published by
George H. Clapp and Bryant Walker in 1927, and will consist of well over
100 pages with nearly 15,000 entries.
Due to the great amount of labor and the expense of publishing, it
will be necessary to sell this issue of the index by subscription. The
number printed will depend on the number of subscribers of The
Nautilus that order their copies within the next month or two. Please
send orders promptly to STANLEY T. BROOKS, Curator of the Lab-
oratory of Recent Invertebrates of the Carnegie Museum, PITTS-
BURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, U. S. A.
In order to facilitate the publication of the continuation of the Index
to The Nautilus please sign the following order: —
I hereby promise to pay upon receipt of the published work, by check or
money order, a sum not to exceed three {$3.00) dollars. Special binding not
included.
I also understand that if there is an insufficient demand and support
by the Malacologists and other interested individuals and institutions this
Index will not be printed and no responsibility will remain between the
contracting parties.
Signed,
iV THE NAUTILUS
THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY
The volume now in progress completes the monograph
of the Pupillidae.
Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.
Plain Edition, per vol., $15.00. Colored Edition, $20.00.
DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA,
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in Existence
Business established by Sowerby in 1861
SALE PURCHASE EXCHANGE
Good Adult-Specimens Correctly Labelled at Moderate Prices
Our Catalogues are used by Museums and Amateurs for
Reference and as Check-Lists.
HUGH C. FULTON
(Late SOWERBY & FULTON)
27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England
A General Index to The Nautilus
This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by
Wm. H. Dall. Its publication has been made possible through Drs.
Bryant Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains
over 400 pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to
THE NAUTILUS
HORACE B. BAKER, Zool. Lab., University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa.
$2.00 per Year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries.) 50 cts. a copy
THE
NAUTILUS
A QUARTERLY
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS
OF CONCHOLOGISTS
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS :
Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Jl
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
H. Bdbrington Baker, Associate Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania.
-■7)1^
Vol. XLVII.
APRIL, 1934
No. 4
CONTENTS
Melongena Corona and Its Races
By H. A. Pilsbry and E. G. Vanatta 117
A New Variety of Liguus By Al. Pflueger 121
Notes on Western Lymnaeidae By Junius Henderson . . . 122
Lampsilis Jonesi, a New Naiad from Southeastern Alabama
By Henry Vander Schalie 125
Psammodulus, a New Middle Miocene Modulid from the Isthmus of
Tehauntepec, Mexico By R. Lee Collins 127
New Cuban Land Shells fromOriente and Camaguey Provinces
By D'Alte Aldridge Welch 130
Abnormal Loricates : The Earliest American Record
By Tom Iredale 136
A New Californian Pseudochama By A. M. Strong . . . 137
The Land Mollusks of Mackinac Island, Michigan By A F. Archer 138
Two New Races and a New Species of Helisoma From California
By Frank C. Baker 140
A New Subspecies of Oliva Reticularis from Southern Florida
By William J. Clench 142
William Elliot Burnett, 1872-1933 By Stanley T. Brooks . . 143
Publications Received 144
Notes and News 146
The American Malacological Union . , 151
HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager,
Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania,
38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.
Entered as Second-Class matter October 29, 1932
at the Po3t-Office at Philadelphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.
ii THE NAUTILUS
Wanted to PurcKase
Private Collections of Recent Mollusca, that are of a scientific nature,
with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of
duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of
value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand
species, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world.
IVALTER F. WEBB,
202 ^Westminster Road, ROCHBSTBR, N. Y.
EXCHANGE NOTICES
For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) in-
cluding three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphi-
dromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placo-
stylus. Send your list to
Paul P. McGinty, 9010 Dexter Bl'd, Detroit, Mich.
Wanted: Planorbis of the Helisoma group from California, Oregon,
and Washington, particularly with the animal. Exchanges offered in
material from Arizona, Mexico, and South America. F. C. Baker,
Natural History Museum, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.
Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Espe-
cially Vols. 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address
Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Pennsylvania.
For Exchange : European and Foreign Shells (recent and tertiary)
for species new to me. Please send full list of duplicates when writing.
J. D. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France.
For Exchange: Shells of the Pacific Coast of the United States and
others, for Shells not in my collection. SEND LISTS.
Morris E. Caruthers, 120 East Chestnut Street,
Glendale, California.
Wanted: Publications on Tertiary shells by Conrad, Gabb, Aldrich,
Dall, etc. Also Tertiary or Recent shells in exchange for Tertiary fossils
of Texas. H. B. Stbnzel, P. O. Box 151, College Station, Texas.
Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection. — Prof. C.
M. Steenberg, University of Copenhagen, Norregade 10, Denmark.
THE NAUTILUS iii
Illtistrated Catalogue of SKells
In our fire of last year most of the copies of our 117 page
illustrated catalogue of shells were destroyed. We have a
few left, and while they last we will be glad to send one free
of charge to any one purchasing $5.00 worth of shells.
Write now before it is too late.
WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc.
P. O. Box 24, BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y.
The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science
of the University of Rochester.
AN ANNOUNCEMENT!
The Index to The Nautilus— Part II
A continuation of the Index to The Nautilus, with an additional
Geographically arranged subject index, is nearing completion. Part II
covers the issues from 1921 to 1931 (volumes 35 to 44 inclusive). It is
planned to issue this index every ten years.
The forthcoming index will be printed on a good grade of Book paper
and unless otherwise requested (with additional charge) will be bound
with paper backs. The size will be the same as the Index published by
George H. Clapp and Bryant Walker in 1927, and will consist of well over
100 pages with nearly 15,000 entries.
Due to the great amount of labor and the expense of publishing, it
will be necessary to sell this issue of the index by subscription. The
number printed will depend on the number of subscribers of The
Nautilus that order their copies within the next month or two. Please
send orders promptly to STANLEY T. BROOKS, Curator of the Lab-
oratory of Recent Invertebrates of the Carnegie Museum, PITTS-
BURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, U. S. A.
In order to facilitate the publication of the continuation of the Index
to The Nautilus please sign the following order: —
I hereby promise to pay upon receipt of the published work, by check or
money order, a sum not to exceed three {$3.00) dollars. Special binding not
included.
I also understand that if there is an insufficient demand and support
by the Malacologists and other interested individuals and institutions this
Index "Vfill not be printed and no responsibility will remain between the
contracting parties.
Signed,
THE NAUTILUS
iv
THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY
The volume now in progress completes the monograph
of the Pupillidae.
Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume^
Plain Edition, per vol.. $15.00. Colored Edition, $20.00.
DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA,
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in Existence
Business established by Sowerby in 1861
SALE PURCHASE EXCHANGE
Good Adult-Specimens Correctly Labelled at Moderate Prices
Our Catalogues are used by M-eums and Amateurs for
Reference and as Check-Liists.
HUGH C. FULTON
(Late SOWERBY & FULTON)
27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England
A General Index to The Nautilus
HORACE B. BAKER, Zool. Lab., University of Pennsylvama,
Philadelphia, Pa.
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