Full text of "The Nautilus"

See other formats

LIBRARY 1

THE

AUTILUS

THE PILSBRY QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. 81
JULY, 1967 to APRIL, 1968

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HORACE BURRINGTON BAKER
Professor Emeritus of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania

CHARLES B. WURTZ
La Salle College, Philadelphia, Pa. 19141

R. TUCKER ABBOTT
H. A. Pilsbry Chair of Malacology, Academy of Natural Sciences

MRS. HORACE B. BAKER

Havertown, Pennsylvania 19083

PONY PRINTING, UPPER DARBY, PA.

THE NAUTILUS

Vol. 81 July, 1967 No. 1

TWO NEW SONORELLA FROM SONORA, MEXICO, AND

NOTES ON SOUTHERN LIMIT OF GENUS

By ^VALTER B. MILLER
Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson

The southern limit of distribution of Sonorella has never been
established, even vaguely. In the state of Chihuahua, Mexico, Pils-
bry found Sonorella mormonum Pils. at Lat. 30° 19' N, and
S. pennelli Pils. slightly farther south at Lat. 30° 09' N. In Sonora,
S, magdalenensis (Stearns) was found ca. Lat. 30° 39' N, near
Magdalena. I have found S. nixoni W.B. Miller as far south as
Nacozari, ca. Lat. 30° 22' N.

Investigating ever farther south, I have found populations of
Sonorella in the region of Moctezuma and Huasabas, Sonora. A
population east of Huasabas, ca. Lat. 29° 56' N, is a new subspecies
of mormonum, while a population east of Moctezuma, ca. Lat.
29° 53' N, is a new species, related to 7normonum. Both are de-
scribed below.

Still farther southwest, on the road from Moctezuma to Hermo-
sillo, I have found a population of S. sitiens montezuma P.ScF.
(the subspecific name refers to Montezuma canyon in Arizona) just
west of Moctezuma, ca. Lat. 29° 45' N; and a population of S. mag-
dalenensis, ca. Lat. 29° 25' N, some 24 road miles east of Ures.
To the best of my knowledge, the latter is the most southerly
known locality for Sonorella to date.

Collecting still farther to the south, in the vicinity of El Novillo,
on the banks of the Rio Yaqui, ca. Lat. 28° 54' N, and Sahuaripa,
ca. Lat. 29° 03' N, I failed to find any Sonorella at all. Instead,
several undescribed species of Holospira, Bulimulus, and Euglan-
dina characterize the area, thereby indicating a different faunal
province. Also, the vegetation is primarily tropical thorn scrub,
rather unlike the preferred oak-woodland and Lower Sonoran
habitats of Sonorella. Admittedly, magdalensis, in the vicinity of
Ures, seems to have adapted to some rock-slides in tropical thorn
scrub, but these are drier and sparser than the usual thorn scrub
farther south. Accordingly, based on present, incomplete evidence,

2 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (1)

the probability of finding Sonorella south oi a line drawn easterly
from Hcrmosillo through Sahuaripa, ca. Lat. 29° N. would be
small. Dr. Stillman Berry expressed a similar opinion to me, several
years ago. before I had begun any explorations in the area.

Sonorella mormonum huasabasensis new subspecies. Plate 1,

figs. A-C.

Description: Shell moderately depressed-globose, heliciform,
thin, glossy, light brown, with chestnut-brown spiral band on the
well-rounded shoulder; narrowly umbilicate, the umbilicus con-
tained 10 times in the diameter. Embryonic shell of about 1 and
14 whorls; its apex, the first 14 of the embryonic shell, is finely,
radially wrinkled; over the second y^, the uTinkles break up into
papillae and the radial pattern begins to descend spirally toward
the suture; over the second 14, the spiral papillae have united to
form fine threads; those above the shoulder ascend toward the
upper suture, while those below the shoulder descend toward the
lower suture, forming the usual hachitaiia pattern of ascending and
descending spiral threads; the space between threads is finely,
radially wrinkled; over the last i/4 of the embryonic shell, the spiral
striae have diverged far apart and some begin to break up into
long hyphen-like papillae; they end abruptly at the end of the
embryonic shell. Remainder of shell, at first, finely, radially
wTinkled, with small papillae and scars of deciduous, periostracal,
hairlike processes; later, over the the body whorl, the scars are
absent, the radial wrinkles are smooth, and the periostracum has
a silky luster. The last whorl descends moderately in front. The
aperture is roimded, the peristome narrowly expanded in the outer
and basal margins; parietal callus thin.

Holotype measurements: Height 9.4 mm.; max. diam. 14.9 mm.;
umbilicus 1.5 mm.; whorls 414.

Measurements of

genitalia, in mm.

Penis

Verge

Penial sheath

Epiphallus

Epiphallic caecum

Vagina

Free oviduct

Genitalia of holotype (Page 4, figs A, B): The moderately long

Holotype

Paratype B

Paratype

7.0

7.5

7.0

3.5

3.0

4.5

3.0

4.0

8.0

8.5

1.0

7.0

5.5

7.0

3.0

3.5

July, 1967 NAUTILUS 3

penis contains a slender, cylindric verge of about 1/9 the length of
the penis, blunt at the end. The seminal duct opens at the tip of
the verge in a shallow depression. Penial sheath slightly longer
than 1/2 the length of the penis. There is a well-developed, detached
epiphallic caecum. The vagina is about as long as the penis.

Type locality: Sonora, Mexico, in NW facing rockslides about
5 miles east of Huasabas along the road from Huasabas to Bavispe;
elev. ca. 3600 ft. (W. N. Miller and W. B. Miller, 1 Sept. 1965) .
Holotype ANSP. (312763). Paratypes in collections of ANSP.
(312764), Dept. of Zoology, University of Arizona (2819), and
the author (4821) .

This subspecies closely resembles nominate S. mormonum Pils-
bry, in the shape and sculpture of the shell, as well as in the
morphology of the genitalia. It differs from mormonum by the
presence of a well-developed, detached epiphallic caecum, and by
the larger diameter of the shell. The epiphallic caecum was ob-
served in all 6 dissected specimens of hiiasahasensis; whereas it was
vestigial in all 6 dissected topotypes of mormonum (Page 4, fig.
C) . The larger diameter of the shell of hiiasahnsensis was deter-
mined to be significantly different from that of mormonum by sta-
tistical analysis. A sample of 24 adult specimens from the topotype
population of mormonum was compared with a sample of 52 adult
specimens of huasabasensis. Contrary to the usual high variance in
shell diameter of most species of Sonorella, mormonum and m.
huasabasensis show a high degree of homogeneity. The mean
diameter of mormonum was 14.2 mm., with a minimum of 13.3,
a maximum of 15.1 and a standard deviation of .433; the mean
diameter of huasabasensis was 15.4 mm., with a minimum of
14.5, a maximum of 16.8 and a standard deviation of .567. Stu-
dent's t was calculated to be 10.1, thereby indicating a significant
difference in shell diameter in the two populations at a confidence
level greater than 99.9%.

S.m. huasabasensis lives in large rock-slides on the western slope
and near the top of the nameless mountain range just east of the
Rio de Bavispe near Huasabas. This locality is about 65 airline
miles southwest of the type locality of mormonum. The vegetation
around the slide is lower Sonoran, consisting mainly of Condalia,
Lycium, sotol, coral bean, and occasional Qiiercus chihuahuana.

NAUTILUS

Vol. 81 (1)

0mm

Lower genitalia. A. Sonorella mormonum huasabasensis W.B. Miller, holo-
type; penis cut open to show verge. B. S.m. huasabasensis, paratype 4821 -E.
C. S. mormonujn Pilsbry, topotype 4901-B. D. S. perhirsuta W.B. Miller, holo-
type; penis cut open to show verge. E. S. perhirsuta, paratype 4824-B. F. Verge
of huasabasensis 482 1-E. G. Verge of mormonum 4901-B. H. Verge of perhir-
suta 4824-B. ec, epiphallic caecum; ep. epiphallus; fo, free oviduct; pe, penis;
drawings to scale indicated, from stained whole mounts.

pr, penial retractor; ps, penial sheath; sd, seminal duct; sdo, seminal duct
orifice; sp, spermathecal duct; va, vagina; vd, vas deferens; ve, verge. All

Sonorella perhirsuta new species. Plate 1, figs. D-F.

Description: Shell moderately depressed-globose, heliciform, thin,
hirsute, light brown, with chestnut-brown spiral band on the well-
rounded shoulder; narrowly umbilicate, the umbilicus contained

July, 1967 NAUTILUS 5

9 to 10 times in the diameter. Embryonic shell of about 1 and y^
whorls; its apex smooth, followed by rough radial wrinkles over
the first 14 whorl; next I/3 whorl with well-developed, widely
spaced, descending spiral threads, between which fine wrinkles lie
perpendicular to the spiral threads; remainder of embryonic shell
with raised papillae superimposed on fine radial wrinkles. Later
whorls, including body whorl, with raised growth striae, fine radial
wrinkles, and papillae from which project short, periostracal hair-
like processes. The periostracal processes are worn off in places,
but are mostly persistent all the way to the peristome and into the
umbilicus. The last whorl descends moderately in fiont. The
aperture is rounded, the peristome narrowly expanded; parietal
callus thin.

Holotype measurements: Height 9.0 mm.; max. diam. 15.1 mm.;
umbilicus 1.6 mm.; whorls 414.

Genitalia of holotype (Page 4, figs. D, E) : The moderately long
jienis contains a slender, cylindric verge of about i/o the length
of the penis, blunt at the end. The seminal duct opens at the side
of the verge, at about 2/^ to 3^ the length of the verge, Penial sheath
about 14 the length of the penis. Epiphallus about I1/9 times the
length of the penis. There is a well-developed, detached, epiphalHc
caecum. The vagina is about as long as the penis.

Measurements of

genitalia, in mm. Holotype

Penis 6.5

Verge 3.5

Penial sheadi 3.0

Epiphallus 10.0

Epiphallic caecum 0.7

Vagina 7.0

Free oviduct 3.0

Type locality: Sonora, Mexico, in mountains between Mocte-
zuma and Huasabas, about 2 miles north of the Moctezuma-
Huasabas road at a point 16.8 road miles east of Moctezuma, in
granite rock piles in ravine on the north-east face of the high peak;
elev. ca. 4650 ft. (W. N. Miller and W. B. Miller, 2 Sept. 1965).
Holotype ANSP. (312765). Para types in collection of Dept. of
Zoology, University of Arizona (2820) , and the author (4824) .

S. perhirsuta is closely related to S. mormonum, Pils. and S.m.
huasabasensis, W. B. Miller. It differs from them by the anatomy

aratype

Para type D

6.5

7.0

3.0

3.5

3.0

3.5

9.5

11.5

0.7

1.0

5.5

5.0

2.5

6 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (1)

of the verge, in that the seminal duct orifice is not terminal, and
by the long epiphallus. It has a well-developed epiphallic caecum,
as in huasabasensis. In shell characteristics, it differs by the lack
of ascending spiral threads on its embryonic shell and by the per-
sistent periostracal processes on adult shells; such hirsute appear-
ance on adult Sonorella shells has been reported only from S. apache
P.8cF. and S. greggi W. B. Miller.

S. perhirsuta is known only from the holotype and seven para-
types. The smallest adult paratype measures 13.4 mm. in diameter
and the largest 16.1 mm. It lives in the Upper Sonoran life zone
among small, granite rock-piles in ravines. Vegetation was mainly
Quercus oblongifolia, Q. chihuahiiana, sotol, yucca, coral bean, and
a profusion of wild zinnias in bloom. Heavy humus contributed to
the early decomposition of dead shells.

A NEW HAWAIIAN CYPRAEA
By C. M. burgess, M.D., Honolulu. Hawaii

It has become apparent through study of recently collected beach
and living shells from the Hawaiian Islands that a distinct cowrie
has been heretofore overlooked. This cowrie is superficially similar
to Cypraea globulus Linn. 1758, and Cypraea bistrinotata Sch.-Sch.
1937; but it also resembles Cypraea cicercula Linn. 1758.
Cypraea mauiensis Burgess, new species. Plate 2.

The holotype is inflated and globular; the dorsum is humped
posteriorly, colored tan to pale lemon-pulp yellow, and there is no
dorsal sulcus. The dorsum is adorned with tiny discrete elevations,
some of which are pigmented, and which are larger, darker and
more prominent near the lateral margins and extremities of the
shell. There are 3 paired brown dorsal blotches, one pair just
above the spire, the second on the mid-dorsum, and the third
above the anterior process, and 4 faint brown terminal spots. On
the base, at the marginal extremities near the anterior and posterior
canals, are 4 faint brown blotches. The extremities are blunt and
only moderately produced. The aperture is narrow, slightly curved
to the left posteriorly, and does not flare anteriorly. There is a
large flat callus above the posterior canal and above this is a shal-
low depression. The spire is slightly elevated, even in calloused
shells, but there is no blotch. The protoconch, when not covered by
callus, is transparent. The teeth are fine, and in the mid-columella

July, 1967 NAUTILUS 7

are obsolete or absent. There is a distinct labial marginal callus.
The anterior extremity is attenuate and pointed; tilting sharply
upward but following the contour of the base.

A representative series of living specimens was collected in Sep-
tember, 1963, on a shallow reef at Olowalu, Island of Maui, State
of Hawaii. The cowries were found deep in crevices on the under
surfaces of living coral heads {Pontes lobata Vaughn) growing on
and firmly adherent to a porous reef in 14 to II/2 meters of clear
active water.

The mantle is thick, lemon-pulp yellow, and obscures the dorsal
pattern of the shell. It is covered with circular gray dots except
around the bases of chalk-white 0.5 to 0.75 mm. long fleshy, ta-
pered, beaded papillae which number about 30 to the side. The
mantle is also studded with minute circular lemon-yellow spots,
which bear flat wart-like papillae; these papillae occupy the spaces
between the gray dots and the longer white papillae, giving the
tissue a cobblestone appearance.

The tentacles are long (fully 30-35 percent, of the length of the
shell) , tapered, slender, bright orange-yellow, this color becoming
deeper at the tips, and longitudinally striped with gray. The tenta-
cles are placed relatively far posterior on the animal and were
never presented at the anterior canal in 9 animals observed for 6-8
hours. When the animal changed direction both tentacles would
often be on the same side of the shell.

Th eyes are jet black and set almost directly beneath the bases
of the tentacles.

The ventral surface of the foot is white; the sides covered with
gray spots similar to those found on the mantle but of a lighter
shade.

The siphon is bell shaped, fringed completely with 16-18 elon-
gate, tapered, blunt processes which are exactly the same shape
(if reversed) as the spaces between them. The siphon extends
nearly 2 mm. beyond the anterior canal. The cowrie is active and
moves fast for one so small.

I named this cowrie Cypraea mauiensis for the Island of Maui,
State of Hawaii, where in August, 1963, Mr. Joe Kern of Kahului,
collected the first living specimen. The holotype, from Olowalu,
Maui (Latitude 20° 48.5' North, Longitude 156° 37.3' West) has
been deposited in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu,

8 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (1)

Hawaii, and bears the number B.M. 8916.

Paratypes have been deposited in the Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia; the United States National Museum, Wash-
ington, D. C; the American Museum of Natural History, New
York; the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard; the National
Museum, Manila; the Cambridge Museum of Zoology; the British
Museum (Natural History); the Rijksmuseum van Geologie en
Minerologie. Leiden; the Institut Oceanographique, Monaco; the
Universitets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen; the Indian Mu-
seum, Calcutta; the Western Australian Museum, Perth; the Aus-
tralian Museum, Sydney; the National Museum of Victoria, Mel-
bourne; the Auckland Institute and Museum; and the Bishop
Museum, Honolulu. Additional paratypes have been given to
several individuals seriously interested in the Cypraea.

Cypraea maiiiensis has been previously illustrated by C. S.
Weaver in "Hawaiian marine mollusks" 1964, Vol. 2, No. 25,
Plate 24, Top Center. It also will appear in "The living cowries,"
Burgess, Plate 30, Fig. F. Cypraea mauiensis so far has been re-
ported only from the Hawaiian Islands. It is found as beach worn
specimens in older Hawaiian collections in the Bernice P. Bishop
Museum.

The type area is the reef at Olowalu, Maui.

Four species of cowries are now known which are in general
globular, with beaked extremities, and light fawn in color. The key
below is adequate for separation of these 4 species, but certain
other significant differences are usually present.

Key to species

1. Shell macroscopically smooth and glossy without dorsal line
or sulcus — 2. Shell obviously pustulate — 3.

2. Sides and extremities of dorsum with elevated and or pig-
mented pustules visible with low power (2-3x) magnification —
Cypraea mauiensis. Entire surface microscopically smooth —
Cypraea globulus.

3. With spire blotch, dorsal sulcus, but without basilar spotting
or 3 paired dorsal blotches — Cypraea cicercula.

Without spire blotch but with basilar spotting, paired dorsal
blotches, and dorsal sulcus or line — Cypraea bistrinotata.
In general C. mauiensis is smaller, has a consistent pale lemon-
yellow color, the extremities are less produced, the anterior proces-

July, 1967
NAUTILUS 81 (1)

NAUTILUS

PLATE 1

Trmr

mrn

Holotypes. A-C. Sotiorella niormoninn }\uasaly(iscnsis \\. B. Miller. D-F
.S\ perhirsiita W. B. Miller. HI. S. bequaerti [to be described fully in Oct. no.]

NAUTILUS 81 (1)

NAUTILUS

Vol. 81 (1)
PLATE 2

Plate 2. Cypraea niauiensis Burgess. Enlarged photograph showing the bise.
dorsum, right, and left lateral views of lh2 holotype. Actual dimensions in
mm.: Length 1.8.7, width 8.7, height 7.7. Photograph by Gilbert Halpe.n,
Honolulu.

July, 1967 NAUTILUS 11

ses more attenuate, the labial marginal callus more prominent and
the dorsum more humped posteriorly than in any other of the
group. In the specimens measured, the dimensions were found to
average in mm.; length 12.38, width 7.94, height 6.87. The largest
measured 14.7 x 9.3 x 8.3 mm., and the smallest adult 9.9 x
6.7 x 5.9 mm.

Cypraea cicercula is easily differentiated because of its spire
blotch.

Cypraea bistrimontata and Cypraea mauiensis are, in certain
melanotic specimens of the latter similar on superficial examina-
tion. Both may have elevated lateral spotting, 3 paired dorsal
blotches, 4 basal spots and attenuate columellar teeth. However
C. mausiensis is smaller, is lemon-pulp yellow in color (C. bistrino-
tata is golden-brown) and has markedly less produced extremities.
The basilar spotting on C. mausiensis is present only in about 4
percent, of specimens, and the dorsal blotching in about 75 percent.
The basilar spotting on C. mauiensis is also placed nearer the edges
and extremities of the shell. It can be separated from smooth or
beach-worn specimens of C. bistrinotata by the character or the
dorsal callus which in C. mauiensis is wide and flat, the top of
which is concentric with the curve of the posterior canal. The callus
of C. bistrinotata is highly arched or even pointed. The mid-
columellar teeth of C. mauiensis are attenuate or absent. The teeth
of C. bistrinotata are nearly always prominent across the entire
base.

Cypraea globulus may be easily separated, in adult specimens,
from C. mauiensis by its entirely smooth shell. The dorsal spotting
may be similar, and C. globulus may also have the 4 basilar spots
and a semblance of the dorsal blotches.

EROTOLOGY OF THREE SPECIES OF PRATICOLELLA,
AND OF POLYGYRA PUSTULA

By GLENN R. WEBB

Kutztown State College, Kutztown, Pa.

[Continued from April issue]

The availability of developing young snails of both species per-
mitted a survey of the patterns of genital development in the two
species. The sequence of progressive maturation of genitalia in
P. berlandieriana is shown in figs. 12-17, 7, 9 and 10. In gjiseola

12 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (1)

(figs. 1-6, 8 and 11) the series is weak in lacking stages comparable
to figs. 13 and 14. The essential differences in the genital develop-
ment of the two taxons are in the retractor-retentor muscle system;
the proportion of accessory gland to rest of penis; and the sym-
metrical development of paired penis-retentor-muscles which strad-
dle the epiphallus-vas deferens and insert on each side of the basal
penis. At the stage shown in fig. 7 of berlandieriana, 3. transient
recapitulation of the onset to this condition is shown, but the
musculature does not develop trifurcately but retrogresses (com-
pare figs. 7, 9, and 10) . Instead in berlandieriana the accessory
gland becomes excessively engrossed and elongated so that ulti-
mately it is larger than the penis-tip beyond the basal disk; in
griseola the accessory gland develops moderately and the penis-tip
area is hypertrophied. At one stage in the development (fig. 7)
both species appear more nearly identical than either before or
after. Thus anyone attempting to determine the validity of these
two species by random anatomical sampling could be led to con-
clude that the genitalia overlap in characteristics. My study con-
trasts the development as seen in the Harlingen strain of griseola
and the New Braunfels strain of berlandieriana. Possibly, of course
intermediate populations may exist. Because the mode of semen
transfer seems enough different in my samples of the two taxons
as to possibly prohibit intermating, the mode of functioning of
the sex organs of any supposed intermediate populations should
be evaluated lest unknown allied species be confused unnecessarily
with either berlandieriansi or griseola. Obviously the strains I have
studied also are not topotypic of the two species to which I have
referred them, so that anatomical characterization of topotypes of
both griseola and berlandieriana are unavoidable prerequisites of
accurately delineating the relationships of these two taxons.

Praticolella mobiliana floridana: On June 15, 1964, I collected
about 36 adult and juvenile specimens amid swampy vegetation
adjacent to a cool, swift stream on U. S. route 90, west of Swanee
River State Park, and 4.1 miles east of Greenville, Madison Co.,
Florida, The initial shells were taken adjacent to the concrete
bridge. Living specimens were then found on wet soggy soil amid
moss, grass, and sedge debris, often quite close to the stream. Where
the vegetation was ranker away from the stream-edge fewer speci-
mens were found. Two nests of eggs of this Praticolella were found.

July, 1967 NAUTILUS 13

One contained 4 eggs, the other 7 eggs. Both clutches of eggs were
just below the decaying layer of brown vegetation. No other land
snail was found except a succineid. June 28, 1964, encaged the
specimens; and July 24, 1964, while cleaning the cage, found eggs,
hatching, and hatched young. No trace of hair papillae was evident
on the hatchlings.

Courtship: Aug. 5, 1954, a pair was observed courting about
9:40 P.M. The head-on pair clung to the underside of the cage
cover-glass, and had the fore third of the body detached from the
glass, and projecting downward and fore^vard obliquely archwise.
The snails were seen to be inaking mouthing motions with the
radula moving against the exserted jaw plate as in courting
Ashmunella rhyssa edentata (Webb 1954). Each snail has been
seen to bite the other in the head-arching exchange of blows. The
snails remained at one spot and produced successive, slow, hammer-
like blows of the detached forebody toward the other snail, some-
times contacting, sometimes not. If bitten, a snail withdrew its head
momentarily and usually resumed its own attack. At 9:47 P.M. the
pair momentarily rested head-on about 4 mm. apart and with the
superior tentacles extended into close proximity distally. A minute
later they resumed head-arching and one bit the other. Often they
were biting at the space from which the head of the other had been
uplifted. At 9:56 one pivoted counterclockwise as viewed through
the cage cover-glass, rejoining head-on at 9:57. At 9:58 it pivoted
clockwise. The pair were head-on again at 10:02. Only one of the
two snails were seen to pivot. This snail crawled off at 10:09 P.M.
and courtship ceased without having culminated in a mating.

Another partial courtship was noted on Dec. 1, 1964, when a pair
of head-on snails were noted clinging to the cage cover-glass. The
foreparts of the two snails were detached from the glass in an arc.
Soon they began biting at each other with hammer-like strokes
which seldom made contact. At such time as much as half the
pedal disk was detached from the glass. A bitten snail was seen to
cringe momentarily and withdraw the foreparts. After about 3
minutes of such pugnacious actions, the pair rested head-on with
about 14 inch between them. A short time later they extended
their anterior ends by creeping forward on the glass until they
barely were in contact; no biting attempt was made; instead the
part of the snail's body before the shell but behind the tentacles

14 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (1)

oi the lighter colored animal became swollen, and the atrial pore
dilated and strongly evident.

Mating: On Sept. 23, 1964, two pairs were seen in courtship.
Minutes later one of the pairs was seen with engaged penes and
killed for mating anatomies in boiling water. The other pair sep-
arated and did not resume courtship. The killed snails did not
remain imited by the sex organs. My instantaneous view of the
process was inadequate to observe if the organs everted into contact
or were entwisted. My impression tends to favor the former.

Matin g-anatomy data: Two anatomies have been available. In
each the penis bore a mass of jelly-like material as well as unex-
changed semen. The total bulk of such matter was as great as that
of the penis. Probably the jelly came from the gland area of the
penis and may function to cement the acquired semen to the organ
for engulfment.

The form of the everted penis is shown in figs. 26 and 27. The
anatomy of fig. 26 seems normal, but that of fig. 27 had the proxi-
mal 2^ sucked into the aperture of the shell so that the penis
became distorted during fixation of the tissues. To avoid this hap-
pening when securing mating anatomies, one can crush the shell
of at least one of the snails before plunging them into boiling
water. If one does not have to hold the cage cover-glass with one
hand, the shells of both mating snails possibly can be crushed
before plunging them into boiling water. Additional techniques
have been discussed in an earlier paper (Webb, 1947) .

In the mating-anatomy of fig. 26 (shell crushed) , the slight pouch
just above the semen mass and to the left of the gland, had the tip
of the other snail's semen mass projecting into its shallow cavity.
Blunt ridges near the pouch indicate that it may be a true structure
rather than a chance indentation due to the pressure of the semen
mass. In Polygyra septemvolva (Webb, 1950) and P. cereolus
(Webb, 1 965) a pouch is present on the basal penis as an intrinsic
structure and not as an adventitious indenture. The structural
reality of the pouch in P. ?nobiliana fioridana needs to be confirmed
by more data and specimens.

As seen in fig, 26, the orifice of the vagina is present on the
everted penis just below the atrium, but no everted female organ
is involved. One side of the everted penis bears the elongate
gland which in this species, appears as a ridge and lacks a lumen.

July, 1967

NAUTILUS

Figs. 18, 20, 24, 25, 31-32. Praticolella griseola (Pfr.) . 18, 20, 24, 25,
maturation of genitalia; 31, 32, mating anatomies. Figs. 19, 21, 22, 23, 30.
P. herlandieriana (Moricand) . 19, 21, mature genitalia. 22, 23, 30 mating-
anatomies. Figs. 26, 27. P. (Farragutia) mobiliana floridana Vanatta, near
Greenville, Madison Co., Florida. Mating anatomies; in fig. 26, site of ejacula-
tory pore is hidden from view by semen; in fig. 27, note semen in vas deferens.
Figs. 28, 29. Polygyra (Lobosculum) pustula (Ferussac) , near Panama City,
Bay Co., Fla. Mating anatomies; possibly not yet at full eversion.

16 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (1)

I interpret this structure to be a specialization of part of the clasp-
ing disk of the more primitive polygyrids. In the proceeding two
species of Praticolella, this has evolved into a tubular gland; but
in the present species the gland retains a more primitive non-
tubular structure. An alternative view, that the non-tubular ac-
cessory gland of P. (Farragutia) mobiliana has attained its form by
degeneration, is totally without confirmatory data.

The bilaterally lobed expansion of the penis tip in P. mobiliana
floridana seems to represent a more highly evolved condition than
that of berlandieriana or griseola, and to represent a different mode
of functioning. A somewhat similar bilobed condition is found in
some species of Mesodon and of Polygyra.

The site of the ejaculatory pore can be made out by special
illumination of the inverted slide to be nearly central and sub-
terminal on the bilobed penis-tip. The orifice of the ejacvdatory
pore in fig. 26 is concealed behind the ejected semen.

An incomplete series of development slides revealed the imma-
ture penis never to exhibit a trace of a lateral projection of a tran-
sient stage of the development of a tubular gland so that the form
of the developing penis appears as in immature Mesodon.

Polygyra pustula: The specimens were collected Sept. 3, 1941,
under bricks and boards on a vacant lot near Cuba-Cabins Tourist
Camp, about 3-5 miles east of Panama City, Bay County, Florida.
I am indebted to the late James T. Close for transportation and
companionship on the field trip.

Courtship and mating: Oct. 8, 1941: The mating behavior is
quite like Euchemotrema (Webb, 1947, 1948) . First the specimens
approach each other head-on; the superior and inferior pair of
tentacles appose those of the mate, and the region between the
inferior tentacles is projected, lip-like, forward and seems to touch
that of the mate. The snail is very timid and the slightest vibration
causes it to retract partially into the shell. After the pair rest head-
on as described, the sex organs suddenly evert into contact. The
appearance of the contiguous organs is distinctive. As the cage
cover-glass was inverted, preparatory to securing mating anatomies
if possible, the animals separated their sex organs. During the head-
on stance of the snails, the extreme foreparts were detached from
the cover-glass. The individuals observed had been previously kept
in species solitary confinement before being placed together for

July, 1967 NAUTILUS 17

possible mating.

On Oct. 28, 1941, another courtship and mating was noted. The
specimens converged head-on. The tentacles were held in apposi-
tion to those of the other, and the head was slightly detached from
the cover-glass in an arc. One of them made half of a pivot counter-
clockwise, then shifted direction clockwise to rejoin the other
head-on. The sex organs suddenly emerged, did not entwine, and
appeared somewhat as the engaging organs of Stenotrema fratermim
(Say) , Webb 1948. This pair were killed by pouring boiling water
on them as soon as the sex organs appeared.

On November 5, 1941, again a pair of specimens were placed
together after species solitary confinement. They began courting.
When I returned to observe after starting water to boiling, they
were seen to be with engaged sex-organs. The cover-glass with
specimens on it was plunged into the boiling water. Courtship so
far as noted was like those described above.

Mating anatomy data: Four specimens have been available for
study; two are shown (figs. 28, 29) . Two of the specimens show
the everted penis incompletely distended, the other two are proba-
bly at near maximum eversion with the probable exception of the
distal penis which is not everted but which from general structure
would seem homologous to that in Praticolella griseola and could
be expected to be everted somewhat as in that taxa. All the anat-
omies had the organs partly sucked into the aperture of the shell,
so the basal part of the penis is probably abnormally narrowed and
elongate. The main body of the penis is strongly sphaeroidal, and
has the accessory gland opening by a pore at the tip.

In view of the anatomical (Pilsbry, 1906) and functional close
similarity of Polygyra pustula to the Praticolella species, the ques-
tion which needs to be explored is why this species should not be
regarded as a diminutive member of the genus Praticolella} The
organs do not function as in Polygyra septemvolva. Except for teeth
on the outer lip of the shell, I see no feature precluding consider-
ing this species to be a true species of Praticolella. However, before
I would make a formal decision, I would like to examine the penial
retractor system of resting specimens to see if any trace of penial
retentors is present. I would expect to find delicate duplicate
strands to be present which straddle the epiphallus-vas deferens
complex. Pilsbry (1906) did not find such but unless one were

18 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (1)

expressly conscious of their possibly being present, they may be so
small as to be almost certainly overlooked even by a careful ob-
server. Anyone situated to check on this feature should do so.

Pilsbry in 1906 expressed the above viewpoint and seemed to
view the species as a true Praticolella, in which he regarded a dis-
tinct subgenus under the name Lobosculum. In 1940, Pilsbry did
not reiterate this view but treated the species as being a Polygyra
^vhich developed a penis gland (convergently to Praticolella pre-
sumably).

The shells of all material studied agree with Pilsbry's (1940)
figures. Each scale equals 2 mm.

Bibliography
Hubricht, Leslie 1961. Eight new species of land snails from the

southern United States. Naut. 75; 1:26-33, figs.
Pilsbry, Henry A. 1930. Anatomy and relationships of some Ameri-
can Helicidae and Polygyidae. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 82: 303-327,
figs.

1940. Land IMollusca of North America (North of Mexico) .

Acad, of Nat. Sci. Phila. Monograph #3: Vol. 1:2: see pp. 607-
610.

Webb, Glenn R. 1947 The mating-anatomy teclmique as applied
to polygyrid landsnails. Amer. Nat. 81: 134-147.

1947. Studies of the sex-organs of mating polygyrid land-
snails. 111. Acad. Sci. Trans. 40: 218-227, figs. '

1948. The mating of Stenotrerna fratermirn (Say) . Naut.

62: 1:8-12, figs.

— 1950. The sexology of Polygyra septemvolva Say, life-history
notes, possible utility, and data on Stenotrerna (Gastropoda,
Pulmonata, Polygyridae) . Amer. Micro. Soc. 69: 4:387-393, figs.
1954. The life-history and sexual anatomy data on Ash-

munello with a revision of the Triodopsin snails. Gastropodia
1: 2:11-18, figs.

— 1965. Matings between Polygyra cereolus carpenterianus and
P. septemvolva. Naut. 79: 1:34-35.

RADIODISCUS, NEW TO MOLLUSCAN FAUNA

OF MONTANA

By royal BRUCE BRUNSON and RICHARD H. RUSSELL

University of Montana, Missoula, Montana

The genus Radiodiscus was described by Pilsbry and Ferriss in
1906. H. B. Baker originated the sub-generic name Radiodomus
in 1930. At the same time Dr. Baker described the species R. able-

July, 1967 NAUTILUS 19

turn, from the type locality in Adams County, Idaho.

Pilsbry (1948) reports R. ahietum as occuring in Oregon and
Idaho. He does not show this snail to occur in Montana, although
he gives records from Bonner, Kootenai, Clearwater, Nez Perce,
Idaho, and Adams Counties of Idaho. All these counties, with the
exception of Kootenai, Nez Perce, and Adams, border Montana.
No records are given for Boundary or Shoshone Counties, both of
which border western Montana.

The authors have found Radiodiscus in 10 localities in western
Montana These localities occur in 6 counties and 5 mountain
ranges (see map) .

In the list of localities that follows, the number of specimens is
in parentheses after the catalogue number. Elevations are approxi-
mated from U.S. Geological Survey topographical maps and a
pocket altimeter.

Lincoln County: Cabinet Mountains, between Leigh Lake trail
and Leigh Creek, 150 yards from start of trail. T28N, R31W,
Sec. 6. Elevation 3900 feet. T. E. Lee, July 27, 1960. RBB, 1560 (3).

Sanders County: North end of Bitterroot Range, 4 miles west
of Noxon. T26N, R33W, sec. 17. Elevation 3000 feet. R.. H. Rus-
sell, May 2, 1965. RHR. 775 (1) . West side of Cabinet Mountains
at Government Creek, Noxon. T26N, R32W, sec. 20. Elevation
2700 feet. R. B. Brunson, June 20, 1956. RBB. 11356 (2).

Lake County: South Crow Cirque, Mission Mountains, west end
of Schwartz Lake. T20N, R19W, sec. 10. Elevation 3500 feet.
R. H. Russell, July 7, 1960. CNHM. 105841 (1). McDonald
Cirque, above McDonald Lake, Mission Mountains, T19N, R19W,
sec. 2. Elevation 3500 feet. R. B. Brunson, June 17, 1960. RBB.
360 (8).

Mineral County: Crystal Lake trail in Cour d'Alene Mountains,
DeBorgia, under fallen logs in cedar forest. Elevation 2800 feet.
R. H. Russell, October 17, 1965. One specimen in collection of
Glenn R. Webb.

Missoula County: Deep Creek in Bitterroot Mountains, 10 miles
west of Missoula. T13N, R21W, sec. 20. Elevation 4000 feet.
R. A. Taylor, May 11, 1957. RBB. 12357 (1).

Ravalli County: North fork Lost Horse Creek in Bitterroot
Mountains, T5N, R22W, sec. 35. Elevation 5600 feet. Gary Rum-
ley, May, 1960. RBB. 2760 (1). Lost Horse Creek, T4N, R22W,

20 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (1)

sec. 6. Elevation 5000 feet. Gary Rumley, June 5, 1960. RBB.4960
(1) . Sleeping Child Creek, below Sleeping Child Hot Springs,
near Sula in southern end of Sapphire Range. 4N, R19W, sec. 7.
Elevation 4550 feet. R. H. Russell, December 31, 1965. RHR.
1124 (1).

From two of the above localities, we have collected specimens
which are larger than any previously recorded shells. Sizes of some
representative specimens from 7 areas are given below. The meas-
urements of H. B. Baker's type and largest paratype are included
for purposes of comparison.

ter diameter

Height

No. of whorls

mm.

7.0

4.0

6.0

McDonald

7.0

3.7

5.8

McDonald

6.8

3.2

5.7

Lost Horse

6,7
6.6

3.2
3.5

5.75
5.7

Paratype
McDonald

6.0

3.4

5.4

McDonald

6.0

3.2

5.5

McDonald

5.7
5.5

3.0
2.9

5.5
5.3

Deep Creek
Noxon

4.89
4.8

2.61
2.5

5.0
5.1

Type
Government C

4.2

2.4

4.6

Leigh Creek

4.2
4.0

2.2
2.1

4.5
4.2

Sleeping Child
McDonald

3.8

2.0

4.1

McDonald

3.1
2.5

1.8
1.4

4.2
3.5

Leigh Creek
McDonald

Creek

Ecologically, the distribution of Radiodiscus in Montana is
limited primarily by moisture. Furthermore, quite apparently
from the collection sites, this moisture is necessarily present during
most of the year. Radiodiscus is consistently found in a shaded
seepage area in McDonald Cirque. Other collection sites have
been near streams and in thick forests. Unlike Baker's experience,
we have found R. abietum in stands of the white cedar, Thuja
plicata, which represent, in Montana, a remnant of the coastal
forest.

Part of the funds for this work have been supplied by the re-
search council of the University of Montana.

July, 1967

NAUTILUS

C A N A 0

Map of western Montana showing the distribution of Radiodiscus abietum.

References
Baker, H. B. 1930. New and problematic west American land snails.

Mautilus, "^3(4): 121-128.
Pilsbry, H. A. 1948. Land Mollusca of North America (north of

22 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (1)

Mexico) . Vol. 27, pt. 2: 654-660. Acad Nat. Sci. Phila., Mon. 3.
Pilsbry, H. A. and J. H. Ferriss. 1906. Mollusca of the southwestern
states, II. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5(?: 123-175.

NEW HELICID SNAIL FROM ZACATECAS, MEXICO^

By FRED G. THOMPSON

Florida State Museum, University of Florida

This is the second species of Humholdtiana to be described from
the state of Zacatecas The other species known from the state is
H. chrysogona Pilsbry, which is common in the mountains above
Concepcion del Oro. The new species is unusual within the genus
because it lives in a dry, sparsely vegetated desert. In allusion to
its habitat it is named:

HuMBOLDTiANA TEscoLA new spccies. Page 27, figs. 1-4.

Diagnosis. A member of the texana group in which the ground
color of the shell is dark tan with numerous close white streaks.
Bands are absent or weakly developed. Shape conico- globose. Shell
thin. Suture deeply impressed. Embryonic whorls large, protruding.
Periostracum absent. Sculpture consisting of strong incremental
striations and wrinkles. Granulation sparse and rudimentary, con-
fined to upper surface of first two neanic whorls. Diagnostic
features of the anatomy are listed below.

H. tescola differs from all other species of the texana group by
its predominately white-streaked color pattern that lacks distinct
dark spiral bands.

Description. Shell (page 27, figs. 1-4) conico-globose, 0.83-0.97
times as high as wide. Thin. Obliquely umbilicate. 4.0-4.5 whorls.
Suture deeply impressed. Whorls regularly increasing in size; last
quarter whorl descending deeply to aperture. 1.2-1.4 protruding
embryonic whorls. First whorl smooth, 2.4-2.8 mm. in diameter
perpendicular to initial suture; following 0.2-0.4 embryonic whorls
with fine radial striations. Neanic whorls with strong incremental
striations and wrinkles. First two neanic whorls with sparse low
granules that are usually located within axial striations and between
wrinkles. Granules confined to upper surface of early whorls and
absent or very sparse on body whorl. Periostracum absent. Aperture

^ Field work in Mexico during 1966 was supported by the National Institutes
of Health Research Grant GM. 12300-2.

July, 1967 NAUTILUS 23

oblique in lateral profile, lying at about 45-52° to axis of shell,
0.94-1.19 times as high as wide. Peristome sharp, simple. Interior
of aperture frequently with a low callus behind peristome. Col-
umella oblique, partially reflected over umbilicus. Parietal callus
thin, transparent, slightly advanced.

Ground color dark tan marked with numerous white streaks
that dominate color pattern. Bands generally absent. Two bands
may be vaguely evident in some specimens, one just above and
the other just below the periphery. Embryonic whorls grayish-tan.
Interior of aperture rusty-tan. Columella grayish-white.

Measurements of type: height, 30.8 mm.; major diameter, 34.2
mm.; oblique aperture height, 24.0 mm.; aperture width, 21.5 mm.;
4.2 whorls.

Measurements of paratypes: height, 28.2-33.1 mm.; major dia-
meter, 32.0-38.3 mm.; aperture height, 21.1-25.0 mm.; aperture
width, 20.4-25.6 mm.

Anatomy. Most aspects of the anatomy are typical for the genus
as described by Pilsbry (1939: 395-396) and Burch and Thompson
(1957) . The reproductive system is illustrated in page 24, figs.
A,B. Measurements of various reproductive structures for 3 speci-
mens are:

flaffellum 79 mm. 68 mm. 60 mm.

cpiphallus

penis

verge

vas deferens

penial retractor muscle

spermatheca and duct

above diverticulum
duct below diverticulum
diverticulum

(Comparable measinements for other species in which the ana-
tomy is known are given in Burch and Thompson, 1957) .

Diagnostic features of the anatomy are: Mucous glands on
vagina separated from dart sacs (as in H. texana Pilsbry) . Verge
with a vestigial chamber at base of epiphallus. Vagina with 4
equally developed and functional dart sacs. Spermatheca with 4-6
small globular pouches on surface. Diverticulum considerably long-
er than distal segment of spermathecal duct, and about as long as

—

2.9

2.0

2.4

—

NAUTILUS

albumin gland-

Vol. 81 (1)

diverticulum

verge— .£*izAii_

t sacs

Figs. A, B. Humboldtiana tescola Thompson. A. Reproductive system.
B. Interior of penis.

lower segment. Flagellum long, 3.5-5.6 times length of penis and
epiphallus. Epiphallus short, 1.0-1.2 times length of penis. Nape
and snout very darkly pigmented, almost black. Sides of body dark
gray. Lower sides of foot and tail light giay.

Type locality. Zacatecas, 15.7 miles southwest of San Tiburcio,
7600 feet alt. Type: University of Florida Collections (UF.) 19752;
collected August 6, 1966 by Fred G. Thompson. Paratypes: UF.
19753 (20) , Museo Nacional de Mexico (3); same data as the type.

The type locality lies along the highway from Zacatecas City to
Saltillo, and is in a low, dry range of limestone hills that rise about
400-600 feet above the surrounding desert. Specimens were collect-

July, 1967 NAUTILUS 25

ed in limestone crevices and under dead Joshua tree trunks {Yucca
sp.) along the southeast side of the range on a dry rocky hillside.
The vegetation in the area consisted of sparse, low desert scrubs
and Cholla cactus {Opuntia, s. g. Cylindropuntia sp.) , and oc-
casional scattered Joshua trees on the hill tops.

Relationships. This species belongs to the texana group (Burch
and Thompson, 1957: 2) because of the separation of the mucous
glands from the dart sacs on the vagina. H. tescola is distinguished
from other species in which the anatomy is known by the diagnostic
features outlined above. It is unique anatomically because of the
length of the diverticulum on the spermathecal duct, and by the
presence of small globular pouches on the spermatheca. It is also
unusual in that it has a proportionally long flagellum, and a
relatively short epiphallus. It resembles H. fortis Pilsbry in these
latter two characters, but that species belongs in another group
because of the close association of the mucous glands and dart
sacs on the vagina, and in having only two well developed, func-
tional dart sacs.

In shell features, H. tescola is similar to H. hogeana (Martens)
in the weak development of its gianular sculpture. It differs from
that species by its coarser axial striations and wrinkles, its bandless
color pattern, its deeper suture, and its more protruding embryonic
whorls. It is also similar to H. fortis in its color pattern, but that
species completely lacks granular sculpture, is more globose, and
is thicker shelled.

References

Burch, John B. and Fred G. Thompson. 1957 Three new Mexican
land snails of the genus Humboldtiana. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
Univ. Mich., (590) : 1-11; pis. 1-5.

Pilsbry, Henry A. 1939. Land Mollusca of North America (North
of Mexico) Monogr. 3, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1 (1) : 395-410.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF PACHYCHILUS
FROM NORTHEASTERN MEXICO^

By FRED G. THOMPSON
Florida State Museum, University of Florida

Two new species of Pachychilus collected during recent years
are remarkable for their restricted distributions. One is confined

^ Field work in Mexico during 1965 was supported by the National Institutes
of Health Research Grant GM. 12300-1.

26 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (1)

to a small area along a spring run, and the other is restricted to a
very narrow zone in a river where it emerges from a cave. These
species are interesting additions to the elaborate fauna that was
described earlier from northeastern Mexico by Pilsbry and Hinkley
(1909) and Pilsbry (1956).

Pachychilus apheles new species. Page 28, upper figs. 1-5.

Diagnosis. A species of the subgenus Oxymelania characterized
by its small size, its slender spire, its reduced number of whorls
due to erosion, its smooth shell with very fine incremental striations,
and its laterally situated aperture in which the upper-outer corner
is receded. It resembles some forms of P. pleurostriatum (Say) in
shape and color, but it differs from that species by its small size,
more slender shape, smooth sculpture and decollate shell.

Description. The shell is small and black or reddish-black in
color. The shape is conico-turrite with the apex eroded away
leaving 2.0-3.5 whorls in adult shells. The remaining spire is longer
than the height of the aperture. The sculpture of adult shells con-
sists primarily of fine incremental striations. 4-5 low spiral chords
are present on the early whorls of juvenile shells, and some chords
may persist below the suture to the penultimate whorl of the adult
shell. The suture is moderately impressed, and is located below the
periphery of the preceding whorl. The whorls are only slightly
arched between the upper suture and the periphery. The aperture
is ovate, and is laterally extended due to the projection of the
outer peristome. The parietal callus is moderately thick. The upper
corner of the peristome is thickened and weakly receded. The
interior of the aperture is bluish-black with a white tinge along
the columellar margin. The operculum is paleomelanian in
structure.

Measurements in mm. of 5 representative specimens are:

Length Width Aperture Height Whorls

(TYPE)

Type locality. A spring run 14 miles west-southwest of Ciudad
Valles, on the road to Rio Verde, San Luis Potosi. Type: UF.

14.2

9.0

7.0

2.0

16.2

10.0

8.0

2.5

19.4

10.3

8.2

3.5

20.2

11.9

8.9

3.0

20.5

10.1

8.5

3.3

July, 19(i7

NAUTILUS

19756; collected April 11, 1965 by Fred G. Thompson. Paratypes:
UF. 19757 (35), Museo Nacional de Mexico (6) ; same data as
the type.

Hiiinboldl :(ni(i tescoht Thoiiipson. Upper figures, type. Lower figures,
])ar;it\pc.

Remarks. The spring at the type locality issues irom the ground
about 200 meters above the highway, and forms a large deep run
where it is crossed by the road. Near the highway the clay sides
and bottom ot the rini are nearly barren of vegetation. P. aplieles
and P. pleurostriatiis ssp. were sparsely distributed on the sides and
bottom of the run.

P. apheles resembles in shape the more slender forms of P. pleu-
rostriatiis (Say). It differs from P. pleurostriatiis by its smaller size,
the absence of spiral chords on the lower whorls, its flatter whorls,
and its eroded spire. The lateral extension of the aperture is not
unique to P. apheles, but it is more apparent than in other forms
because of the absence of strong sculpture on the preceding whorls.

NAUTILUS

Vol. 81 (1)

and because ol the narrow spire. P. pleurostriatus is medium sized
for the genus, has strong spiral chords through the length ot the
shell, has moderately arched whorls, and retains the early whorls
of the shell, even in habitats w^here other species become badly
eroded.

Upper figs. 1-5 (1. type; 2-5, paratypes) : Pachyclulus aplieles Thompson.
Lower figs. 1-5 (1, type; 2-5, paratypes): P. corjyulentus Thompson. Lower
figs. 6-10: P. uiouncJms Pilsbry & Hinklev.

Pachychilus corpulentus new species. Page 28, lower figs. 1-5.
Diagnosis. A species of the subgenus Ox)'m^/flnm characterized
by its obese shape, short eroded spire, deep suture, rounded whorls
which are not shouldered below the suture, weak sculpture con-
sisting of spiral and incremental striations, and its large, weakly
notched aperture. This species is most closely related to P. mona-
chiis Pilsbry and Hinkley, because of similarities in the shape of
the aperture and the shape and texture of the preceding whorls. It
differs from P. monaclnis by having moderately arched w^horls that

July, 1967 NAUTILUS 29

are not shouldered, by having a shorter spire, by its obese shape,
and by lacking strong spiral threads below the suture.

Description. The shell is moderately large, ovate-conical in shape
and reddish-black in color. The upper whorls are badly eroded
due to symbiotic algae, leaving about 3.2-4.5 whorls in adult shells
so that the snail has an obese appearance. Erosion of the shell may
be so extensive that only small patches ot the periostracum persist
in some specimens and the shell may be roughly pitted. The re-
maining spire is about as long as, or is shorter than the height of
the aperture. The suture is deeply impressed and the whorls are
moderately arched between the sutures but are not shoiddered.
The sculpture consists of numerous close, fine incremental stria-
tions, and less distinct, more widely spaced spiral striations. In
occasional specimens nearly obsolete spiral threads may also be
present below the suture, but are so ^veak and infrequent as to be
non-characteristic of the species. The aperture is irregular in shape,
but is generally ovate or broadly elliptical. The interior of the
aperture is bluish-black with a white tinge along the parietal callus
and the columella. The parietal callus is very thick and extends
laterally beyond the preceding whorls so that the upper corner of
the aperture is off-set and thickened. The corner is retracted so
that a shallo^v' notch is formed in the peristome. The operculum
is paleomelanian in structure.

Measurements in mm. of 5 representative specimens are:
Length Width Aperture Height Whorls

(TYPE)

Type locality. Nacimiento de Rio Mante, about 5 miles west of
Ciudad Mante, Tamaulipas. Type UF. 19754; collected January 26,
1964 by Fred G. Thompson. Paratypes: UF. 19755 (253), Museo
Nacional de Mexico (30) ; same data as the type.

Remarks. The Rio Mante issues from a cave at the base of a
limestone cliff. Large blocks of limestone occur in the river near
the base of the cliff, but elsewhere the river bed is covered with sand
and silt. P. corpulentus was found on limestone boulders immedi-

19.8

19.7

14.0

3.3

24.6

18.1

12.2

3.5

27.2

17.8

12.9

4.0

30.1

19.5

15.8

4.5

31.7

18.7

14.2

4.1

30 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (1)

ately at the mouth of the cave, but did not occur even ten yards
downstream on similar limestone blocks.

P. corpulentus is most similiar to P. monachus Pilsbry and Hink-
ley which it resembles in characteristics of the aperture, and the
color, texture, and appearance of the lower whorls. P. monachus
differs from P. corpulentus by having nearly flat-sided whorls that
are strongly shouldered below the suture, by having a more slender
shell with a longer spire, and by having distinct spiral threads or
chords below the suture through the length of the shell. Topotypic
specimens of P. monachus are illustrated for comparative purposes
(page 28, figs. 6-10).

The notched aperture is not unique to P. corpulentus, but occurs
independently in other species of the genus. This character tends
to occur in some specimens of P. monachus, and to much more
elaborate extremes in P. pleurotoma Pilsbry and Hinkley, and
P. dalli Pilsbry (1896: 269-270). These species do not have rela-
tionships in common, but are more closely related to other un-
notched species of the genus. P. pleurotoma is similar in all other
features of the shell to P. suturalis Pilsbry and Hinkley, with which
it may be subspecifically related (Pilsbry, 1956: 37) . P. dalli is
similar in other shell features to large species of the P. laevissimus
complex of southern Mexico and Central America.

Morrison (1952: 7) proposed the subgenus Pilsbrychilus for P.
dalli because of its notched peristome. By definition this subgenus
would also include P. pleurotoma, P. corpulentus, and possibly P.
monachus, or would justify the recognition of another subgenus to
include these species. Since the character occurs among unrelated
species within the genus, and is of dubious specific value in at
least one instance (P. pleurotoma), its use as a subgeneric criterion
is unacceptable. Pilsbrychilus Morrison, 1952, cannot be considered
distinct from Pachychilus Lea, 1851, s.s.

References

Morrison, J. P. E. World relationships of the melanians (an Ab-
stract). Amer. Malac. Union New Bull. Ann. Rept., 1951: 6-9.
1952.

Pilsbry, H. A, A remarkable central American melanian. Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 269-270. 1896.

Pilsbry, H. A. Inland Mollusca of northern Mexico. III. Polygy-

July, 1967 NAUTILUS 51

ridae and Potodominae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 108\ 19-40.
1956.
Pilsbry, H. A. and A. A. Hinkley Melaniidae of the Panuco River
system, Mexico. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 519-531 1909.

HENRY G. FRAMPTON

1902-1966

Henry G. Frampton was born in Sharon, Pennsylvania on Feb-
ruary 4, 1902. He attended grade schools in Sharon and in St.
Petersburg, Florida, and later Culver Academy, Culver, Indiana,
and the University of the South at Sewanee, Tennessee. He started
his career as a newspaper man in Knoxville, Tennessee, and later
became managing editor of the Clearwater, Florida Sun. In 1926
he moved to Miami and joined the staff of the Miami Daily News,
first as a reporter and later as News Editor.

Ahvays a naturalist at heart, his interest in mollusks, particularly
the genus Liguus, became established about this time, largely
through his association with Charles Torrey Simpson, one-time
staff member of the Division of Mollusks in the United States
National Museum. A little later he became acquainted with
Richard Deckert, a nature artist, and Joseph Farnum, a local
Miami naturalist. Both of these men were ardent students and
collectors of Lig-uns.

In 1936 Mr, Frampton was named "Outstanding Newspaperman
of the Year" in Florida and the quality of his work was instru-
mental in the awarding of the Pulitzer Prize in Journalism to the
Miami Daily News in 1938. Shortly after this time he gave up
newspaper work in order to establish his own business, the Tropical
Biological Supply Co. in Miami.

In 1952 he became interested in Doberman Pinschers and in a
very short time became an outstanding exhibitor. It was while
showing a prize dog at a show in Greenville, South Carolina, on
July 29, 1966, that he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage which caused
his death.

Henry Frampton is survived by his wife, Theodosia Howie
Frampton of Miami and one son. Major Henry G. Frampton II of
Colorado Springs, Colorado.

Mrs. Frampton very kindly presented his very large collection of

32 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (1)

Liguus to the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Univer-
sity and we are indebted to her as well for much of the data given
above.

The collection of Liguus approximates 16,000 specimens which
were collected mainly in 4 areas, namely Pinecrest, Central Ever-
glades; Long Pine Key, south central Everglades; the coastal ridge
from Fort Lauderdale to Homestead and the lower Florida Keys.
Most of the specimens were collected between 1930 and 1935.

During March and April of 1931, William Schevill and I were
camping on Paradise Key, less than 1/2 mile east of Long Pine Key.
At that time we were making daily trips to Long Pine Key for
Liguus. H. A. Pilsbry had joined us here for a short period of
time, staying at the old lodge at night but having his meals with
us. One week-end, Henry Frampton and Richard Deckert put up
at the lodge and we all planned a long trip north of Long Pine
Key into territory which had never been explored for Liguus.
With two cars we drove to the north edge of the Key, then a tramp
of about two miles brought us to a hammock which we called
Powell Hammock after A. W. B. Powell of the Auckland Institute
and Museum of New Zealand. A beautiful yellow Liguus (L. loss-
manicus Pilsbry) was the only color form present on this hammock
and they were exceedingly numerous. In order to cover more
ground, we decided to split the party, Henry and I to explore the
country to the north and east, the others to cover several ham-
mocks near by. At that time Dr. Pilsbry was 70 years old and
Deckert not much younger and a very long trip on foot for them
was hardly advisable. It was still early in the morning, about
7 o'clock, when we left the others and Henry and I didn't get
back to the car until about 10 P.M. This ended what was to be
the longest walk either of us ever made; we estimated it to be
about 30 miles! Most of the hammocks we explored were small
and but few of these possessed Liguus. The walk back to the car
gave us ample opportunity to discuss the numerous problems con-
cerned with the distribution of Liguus. A warm friendship devel-
oped from this day in the 'glades which has lasted through the
years. — W. J. Clench

NOTES AND NEWS
Dates of the Nautilus. — Vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 1-36, iii, was

July, 1967 NAUTILUS 33

mailed July 6, 1966. No. 2, pp. 37-72, iii, pis. 1-4, Oct. 11, 1966.
No, 3, pp. 73-108, iii, including pi. 5, Jan. 24, 1967. No. 4, pp.
109-144, iii, iv, including pis. 6-9, April 24, 1967. — H. B. B.

Correction for April no. — On plate 9, p. 124, change
"Miller" to Russell, after subspecies name. Apologies are presented
for this error. — H. B. B.

AcROLoxus coloradensis from Montana. — Acroloxus lacustris
(Linne) is a common fresh water limpet in central and western
European lakes. Ancylus hendersoni was described by Bryant
Walker in 1925 from Eldora Lake near Boulder, Colorado. It was
renamed Ancylus coloradensis by Junius Henderson in 1930. This
species is the only known representative of the genus Acroloxus in
North America. In addition to the type locality, it has been
reported by Mozley from Jasper Park, Alberta, Canada, and by
Taylor as a fossil from the Pleistocene (Dixon Local Fauna) of
south-central Kansas. The authors have collected A. coloradensis
in Lost Lake, Glacier National Park, Montana. Lost Lake is a
small lake of approximately two acres and is located at an eleva-
tion of about 4700 feet. The lake drains into St. Mary's Lake, a
part of the Hudsonian Drainage. Acroloxus coloradensis has been
found on the imdersides of rocks in shallow water near shore.
There was sparse vegetation in the lake, and the only other
mollusks which have been collected are Physa gyrina (Say) and
Pisidium casertanum (Poli) . The sponge, Spongilla lacustris
(Linne), was also abundant in the lake.

We should like to thank Dr. Bengt Hubendick, director of the
Museum of Natural History in Goteborg, Sweden, for the identi-
fication of Acroloxus. — Richard H. Russell and Royal Bruce
Brunson, Department of Zoology, University of Montana,
Missoula.

References
Henderson, J. 1930. Ancylus coloradensis, new name for A. hender-
soni Walker, 1925, not 1908. Nautilus, 44:Sl.
Mozley, A. 1926, Preliminary list of the Mollusca of Jasper Park,

Alberta. Nautilus, -Z^: 53-56.
Taylor, D.W. 1959. Late Cenozoic molluscan faunas from the

High Plains, U.S. Geol. Surv. Professional paper 337.
Walker, B. 1925. New species of North American Ancylidae and
Lancidae. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich. No. 165.

34 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (1)

Ecology of Bulimulus dealbatus at Everman, Texas — The
following notes deal with the feeding habits and parts of the life-
cycle of this snail in Tarrant County, Texas. Living specimens
were found aestivating on leaves of Johnson grass (Sorghastrum)
in June, 1958. On May 8, 1959 many speciments were noted, and
two pairs were seen mating conjoined by the sex-organs. A sperm-
atophore was removed artificially from one pair. The spermato-
phore is much as in Helix aspersa, being composed of a long,
thread behind a slightly stouter semen-filled opaque portion, which
in turn is preceded by a short, stout, transparent end of about the
same length as the opaque part. The semen mass is only about
1/10 to 1/12 the total length of the spermatophore. July 2, 1959,
rain and large numbers of specimens noted climbing vegetation,
mostly low grass and forbs. Collected 52 living dealbatus of various
sizes. Each was marked by India ink on the aperture and numbered
on the outer whorl (ultimate) above the aperture, and the dry
ink protected by a layer of clear lacquer. Twenty shells were full-
sized adults, 10 smaller but seemingly reproductively mature, and
12 were half grown juveniles. The specimens were released July
14, by a wooden stake driven into a stand of prairie vegetation,
mostly unmowed grass, where the species had been previously
found. July 18, prolonged rain in the afternoon. A marked snail,
number now illegible, noted 13 feet 3 inches from stake; 13 spec-
imens were 7-19 feet from stake, averaging a foot apart. One
marked snail was adjacent to the stake. The most far-moved
snail was found alive 62 feet SSW of the release stake. The dis-
persal pattern was somewhat concentric. Most were moving west
in slightly shorter grass. Specimen 20 was seen feeding on a dead-
brown herb fragment. Observations were continued in a separate,
more distant area, very gentle rain was yet falling. Two crawling
not feeding; two on wilted, brown, wild-lettuce (Lactuca) stem
and chewing dead-brown leaves. One feeding on sepals of dead
composite; two fed on dead-brown forb; one chewing on dead-
brown end of a grass blade; Very small specimen noted crawling,
just slightly larger than newly hatched young as seen in the
laboratory. Adults (2) were eating dead-green ragweed (Am-
brosia) leaf, and stem. One was feeding on dried red-flowered
composite. July 19, one was noted feeding on cut dead-brown
stem of a coneflower. One was feeding on dead-brown stem of

July, 1967 NAUTILUS 35

Lactuca; One on dead-brown cut-leaf of small ragweed; one was
on the bark of a dead-brown coneflower stem. In making the
feeding observations, gieat care had to be used in approaching
the snails as sound or foot-fall (vibration) caused them to with-
draw or cease feeding, for unless the mouthing actions could be
observed the snail could not be recorded as feeding. The mowing
of the edges of the field by the gravel roadside seemed to cause a
concentration of specimens here with a lesser population density
in more central area of the fields. A slight embankment present
by the roadside may also have in some way had an effect to con-
centrate population. July 20, an adult was noted with its head,
neck, and forebody thrust into the ground. Removal of the spec-
imen revealed a short tube to penetrate the ground. A mass of
whitish, collapsible eggs cohered in a loose cluster in the earth at
the end of the tube. These eggs hatched about Aug. 4, and 23
young were noted aestivating on the sides of the jar-cage. On July
20, about a dozen dealbatus also were noted feeding on dead-brown
herbs (mostly forbs)) but not one was seen eating living vegeta-
tion. If this species' habits are as noted here, it should be considered
economically beneficial since it eats non-living vegetation of weeds
rather than grasses. — Glenn R. Webb.

Unitas Malacologica Europaea. — The third European Mala-
cological Congress will be held September 3 to 6, 1968, in Vienna,
Austria. It will be preceded by a symposium on "Mollusks as
parasites and their transmitters" (Sept. 1-3) . Applications for
additional infomiation and notices of attendance should reach
me before Aug. 31, 1967. — Dr. Oliver E. Pagot, President,
Museum of Natural History, Burgring 7, A-1014, Vienna, Austria.

Mudalia. — Haldeman, 1840, Monogr., suppl. to no. 1: pp.
I & 2, originally included 2 species, which he termed Anculosa
(Mudalia) turgida and Paludina (Mudalia) dissimilis Say [Cf.
Tryon, 1873: xxxiv.]. The first selection of its type seems to be
that of Hannibal, 1912, Proc. Malac. Soc. London 10: 168, who
chose Paludina dissimilis Say = Bulinius carinatus Brug. [Cf.,
Morrison, 1954: 361], below his statement that "types have been
cited for all the group names ..." Apparently available synonyms
are: Nitocris Adams, 1854. Spirodon Tryon, 1873. Alleghenya
Clench & Boss, 1967. — H. Burrington Baker.

36 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (1)

JuGA AND Melasma. — When, 196:^, Naiu. 11 : "^b, a subsequent
selection ol type was made for Melanin (Melasma) H. & A. Adams,
1854, The genera ot recent Mollusca /: .H02, and another for
Vibex (Jiiga), op. cit.: 304, I overlooked earlier citations of "types"
by Hannibal, 1912: 174. However, his choice of Buccinum virgin-
icum Gmelin for Juga is incorrect; actually Adams, 1854, included
"Virginica, Gmelin" in the genus Ceriphasia (p. 297) but listed
"Virginea, Say" |Cf. Tryon, 1873: xv] under Juga. Thus my
selection of Adams's "siliada, Gould" appears to be the first valid
subsequent designation.

On the other hand, Hannibal's citation of "Melania blanda,
Lea" for Melasma seems an acceptable designation of type, but
the result is about the same, since M. blanda Lea, 1841 [not 1871]
is a subjective synonym of Adams's "laqueata, Say," which was
my later selection. — H.B.B.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

Clench, Wm. J. 1966. Notes and descriptions of new Urocoptidae
from Cuba and Hispaniola (Mollusca: Pulmonata) . Breviora
no. 245: 11 pp. including 2 pis. N. spp. of Archegocoptis, Uro-
coptis R: Bracfiypodella.

Feng, S. Y. 1965. Heart rate and leucocyte circulation in Crassostrea
viginica (Gmelin) . Biol. Bull. 128: 198-210, figs. 1-5, tables 1-4.

Frick, Wolfgang. 1964. Der Kalziumstoffwechsel bei Helix pomatia
unter dem Einfluss wechselnder Kohlensaureatmospharen [Influ-
ence of COo on calc changes.] Mitt. Zoo. Mus. Berlin 41: 95-120,
figs. 1-4, tables 1-7, and pis. 1-7.

Frontz, Harold O. 1966. New Solenocliilus species from the Cone-
maugh series of eastern Ohio. Ohio. J. Sci. 66: 433-436, 3 figs.

Frings, Hubert & Carl. 1965. Chemosensory bases of food-finding
and feeding in Aplysia Juliana (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) .
Biol. Bull. 12S: 211-217, figs. 1-3.

Ghose, Krishna Chandra. 1962. The nervous system of Achatina
fulica Bowdich. Ann. Zoo. [Agra] 4: 25-38, including fig. 1
and pi. 1.

1963. Morphogenesis of the pericardium and heart, kidney

and ureter, and gonad and gonoduct in the giant land snail,
Achatina fulica Bowdich. Proc. Zoo. Soc. 16: 201-214, figs. 1-21.

July, 1967 NAUTILUS iii
1963. The pedal gland of Achatina fulica. J. Animal Moiph.

and Physiol. 10: 80-82, including pi. 1.

— 1963. The early stages of development in Achatina fulica
Bowdich (Mollusca: Gastropoda) . J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc .
^^.-228-232, pis. 1-3.

— 1964. The kidneys of two land-snails [Mollusca: Pulmonata].

Proc. Zoo. Soc. Calcutta 17: 159-167, including 2 figs, and 1 pi.
— 1964. The structures of the heart of Achatina fulica and

Macrochlamys indica and pace-maker mechanism and refilling
of the auricle in A. fulica, with a discussion of the same in gast-
ropods. Philippine J. Sci. 93: 219-229, including fig. 1 and pi. 1.

WILLIAM H. WEEKS SHELL COLLECTION: New price lists
of this famous collection, with full scientific data, are in prepa-
ration. Many new additions of fine and rare species are also
included. To obtain free copies write:

George E. Jacobs, 853 Riverside Drive, New York 32, N. Y.

Vol. 81 OCTOBER, 1967 No. 2

THE

NAUTILUS

THE PILSBRY QUARTERLY
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

Horace Burrington Baker, 11 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pa.
(Emeritus Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania)

Charles B. Wurtz, Biology Department
La Salle College, Philadelphia, Pa. 19141

R. Tucker Abbott, Henry A. Pilsbr)^ Chair of Malacology
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103

CONTENTS

Malacohdella grossa in Pilar morrhuana and Mercenaria

campechiensis. By John \V. Ropes and Arthur S. Merrill 37

Pleistocene mollusks from New Providence, Bahamas. By
Edgar B. Hebard 41

How to distinguish between Limopsis and Glycymeris. By

David Nicol 45

Cassis madagascariensis and C. m. spinella offshore at

Beaufort, North Carolina. By Douglas A. Wolfe 47

Radulae of two species of Pleuroploca (Fasciolariidae)

from the Indo-Pacific. By Virginia Orr Maes 48

Two new Sonorella from Rincon Mountains of Arizona.

By Walter B. Miller 54

Mollusks of the Outer Banks, N. C. By Dorothy E. Beetle 61

Some land snail records from Oklahoma and Arkansas. By
Leslie Hubricht 65

Notes and news 67 Publications n

Wa^llie Biotogxaliaboratoi

' LIBRARY

.25 per year ($4.75 to Foreign Countries) $1.25 a copy.

OCT 2 5 1967

Mrs. Horace B. Baker, Business Manager
11 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pennsylvania 19O83;0DS HOLE, MASS.

Second-Class Postage paid at Spring House, Pa.

NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and published
by Horace B. Baker, Charles B. Wurtz and R. Tucker Abbott.

Matter for publication should be sent to the senior editor. Manuscripts
should be typewritten and DOUBLE SPACED throughout, including titles,
footnotes and bibliographies. Galley proof (without manuscript) will be
submitted to authors only if requested, on or attached to first page of MS.

Authors are charged for engraving blocks of plates and/or figures at cost.
Minimum charge for each block is $3.00.

Reprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be wrhten on or
attached to first page of manuscript, purchase ORDERS, when re-
quired, and shipping instructions, MUST accompany original order. Extra
clerical or bookkeeping work because of delayed receipt of purchase orders
will be charged for accordingly:

2 pp.

100 copies 3.25

Additional 100s 1.30

Plates: Add $1.25 per plate.

[Postage Extra]

Reprints are shipped, with invoices, by Pony Printing, 4 Cloverdale Avenue,
Upper Darby, Pennsylvania 19082.

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.
Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.
Margaret C. Teskey, Secretary, Route 2, Box 318, Marinette, Wisconsin 54143.

4 pp.

8 pp.

6.00

9.50

2.00

3.00

Back Issues: Vols, 3-70, if available, can be obtained from Kraus Periodicals,
Inc., 16 East 46th Street, New York, N. Y. 10017. Vols. 71 to date are
available from the Nautilus, 11 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pennsylvania
19083, and vary in price.

In satisfaction of postal regulation 132-622.

Owners (but non-profit) : Dr. & Mrs. Horace B. Baker, Dr. Charles B.
Wurtz, Dr. R. Tucker Abbott. Paid subscriptions: 560, shipped by mail.

THE NAUTILUS

Vol. 81 October, 1967 No. 2

MALACOBDELLA GROSSA IN PITAR
MORRHUANA AND MERCENARIA CAMPECHIENSIS

By JOHN W. ROPES and ARTHUR S. MERRILL
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Oxford, Md.

Specimens of the morrhua venus, Pitar morrhuana \ (Linsley) ,
containing the commensal nemertean, Malacohdella grossa (O. F.
Miiller) , were collected during a May-June 1966 cruise of the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries research vessel "Delaware." Pitar
morrhuana has been recently discovered as a fifth host for the
nemertean along the western North Atlantic coast by Ropes

(1966) . The present account adds to the records of the initial dis-
covery and includes observations of the nemertean in the southern
quahog, Mercenaria campechiensis (Gmelin) . More extensive dis-
tributional records of the quahog offshore of the middle Atlantic
coast were reported by Merrill and Ropes (1967) .

A hydraulic surf clam dredge caught 73 P. morrhuana at 10 of
447 locations from Montauk Point, N. Y., to Ocracoke Inlet, N. C.

(Fig. 1) . A total of 61 P. morrhuana came from three locations;
22 contained the nemertean, an incidence of 36%. None of the re-
maining 12 clams, from seven other locations, contained the nemer-
tean. The shell length measurements of the clams ranged from 18
to 50 mm. and averaged 35.9 mm.; M. grossa occurred in specimens
27 to 47 mm. long. No multiple occurrences of the nemertean
were observed.

The nemertean was found in 91 of 104 M. campechiensis from
13 locations (Fig. 1), an incidence of 87.57o- Porter (1962) found
the nemertean nearly as often (83.3%) in southern quahogs taken
off North Carolina. We found multiple occurrences in two clams;
one contained 4 worms, the other 2. The quahogs were larger

(length range, 80 to 127 mm.; average, 104.5 mm.) than P. mor-
rhuana — providing more space for multiple occurrances of the
nemertean. Generally, only one nemertean inhabits each host.

Martin L. H. Thomas, Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Biological Substation, Ellerslie, P. E. I., found M. grossa in P.
morrhuana from the Gulf of St. Lawrence north to Goose Harbor,

NAUTILUS

Vol. 81 (2)

Pitor morfhuono *

Sompl* locations

Depth in

Nutnbar

of P. morrliuana

Lot. N.

Long W

Meteri

Eiomined

•rith M. grottj

39 02

74 29

38 59

74 29

38 40

74 47

1 1

37 42

75 13

37 41

75 15

37 42

75 05

36 29

75 23

36 23

75 33

36 IS

75 31

36 09

75 31

IMtrcenariQ camp*

ch.ensis •

Somple locations

D«pth in
Meters

Number

Enomined

of M. compechient

Lot. N.

Long. W

witl> M grosto

38 52

74 47

1 1

38 40

74 52

38 09

74 49

37 48

74 52

37 48

75 07

37 42

75 18

37 38

75 34

37 28

75 34

37 26

75 28

1 1

37 25

75 22

37 20

75 38

1 1

37 12

75 43

1 1

37 04

75 48

1 1

1 7

-1 —

74°

Figure 1. Sample locations for Pilar morrhuana and Mercenaria campechi-
ensis and numbers containing Malacobdella grossa, middle Atlantic coast.

P. E. I., and Grand Etang, Nova Scotia (personal communica-
tion). Of 15 F. morrhuana collected from Malpeque Bay on 25
August 1966, 12 (35 to 50 mm. long) contained the nemertean.
Coe (1954) reported that M. grossa is widely distributed along
the Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia to Texas. Ropes (1966) found
the association of the commensal and P. morrhuana in offshore
New Jersey waters. The above records extend the geographical

October, 1967 nautilus 39

Table 1. A list of known mollusk hosts for the "enus Malacobdella

Atlantic coast pelecypod hosts
for Malacobdella jrrossa

Reference

Mercenaria mercenaria
Mercenaria campechiensis
Crassostrea virginica
Mya arenaria
Pitar morrhuana

European coast pelec\'pod hosts
for Malacobdella grossa

Coe, 1943
Porter, 1962
Coe, 1943
Coe, 1943
Ropes, 1966;
M.L KThomas, 196'

y€bmmu n i c a t i o n )

(Personal

Mya arenaria
Mya truncata
Cardium aculeatuni
Isocardia cor
Venus mercenaria
Pholas crispata~
Ar c t ic a islandic a
Mactra stultorum

Coe, 1*^43

Pacific coast pelecypod hosts
for Malacobdella grossa

Siliqua patula
Macoma secta

Guberlet, 1925
Coe^ 1943

Pacific coast pelecypod hosts
for Malacobdella minuta

Yoldia cooperi

Japanese coast pelecypod hosts
for Malacobdella japonica

Mactra sachalinensis

South American gastropod hosts
for Malacobdella auriculae

Coe, 1945

Takakura, 1897

Chilina dombeiana

Guberlet, 1925

range of this association north to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and
south to below Chesapeake Bay, The nemertean association with
M. campechiensis described above extends the records of this re-
lationship north to Cape May, N. J. Porter (1962) originally
found the nemertean in southern quahogs off Cape Lookout and
Beaufort, N. C. Since M. campechiensis occurs southward into the

40 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (2)

Gull of Mexico (Abbott, 1954) , possibly the nemertean is present
in these clams too.

Seventeen molluscan species serve as hosts for the genus Mala-
cobdella (Table 1) ; and 14 of these are listed for M. grossa. Two
species of the genus Mactra, taxonomically close relatives of surf
clams, Spisula soUdissima (Dillwyn) , are hosts for the nemer-
tean— one on the European coast and one on the Japanese coast.
Although the relationship between M. grossa and the two species
of Mactra suggests that the nemertean might occur in surf clams,
none of several thousand clams opened in our studies has con-
tained it. Numerous ocean quahogs, Arctica islandica (Linnaeus) ,
a host for the commensal in Europe (Brunberg, 1964) , have also
been examined with negative results. Both S. soUdissima and A.
islandica are more abundant and widely distributed than P.
morrhuana and M. campechiensis along the middle Atlantic coast.
Nevertheless, apparently the nemertean is unable to associate
with either of the species.

Literature cited
Abbott, R. T. 1954. American Seashells. D. Van Nostrand Co.,

Inc., New Jersey, 541 p.
Brunberg, L. 1964. On the nemertean fauna of Danish waters.

Ophelia 1: 77-111.
Coe, W. R. 1943. Biology of the nemerteans of the Atlantic

coast of North America. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts Sci.

55: 129-328.
Coe, W. R. 1945. Malacobdella miniita, a new commensal nemer-
tean. J. Washington Acad. Sci. 35: 65-67.
Coe, W. R. 1954. The nemertean fauna of the Gulf of Mexico.

In Galtsoff, Paul S. (ed.) Gulf of Mexico — its origins, waters,

and marine life. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish. Bull. 55:

303-309.
Guberlet, J. E. 1925. Malacobdella grossa from the Pacific coast

of North America. Publ. Puget Sound Biol. Station, 5:1-13.
Merrill, A. S. and J. W. Ropes. 1967. Distribution of southern

quahogs off the middle Atlantic coast, U. S. Fish and Wildlife

Service, Comm. Fish. Rev. 29: 62-64.

Porter, H. J. 1962. Incidence of Malacobdella in Mercenaria

campechiensis off Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina. Proc. Natl.

Shellfish. Assoc. 55: 133-145.
Ropes, J. W. 1966. Pitar morrhuana, new host for Malacobdella

grossa. Nautilus 79:129-131.
Takakura, U. 1897. On a new species of Malacobdella (M.

japonica) . Annot. Zool. Japan 1: 105-112.

October, 1967 nautilus 41

PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSKS FROM
NEW PROVIDENCE ISLAND, BAHAMAS

By EDGAR B. HEBARD

Department of Geology, New York University

In the course of geological research on the island of New
Providence in the Bahamas, the following marine fauna was
collected from coastal outcrops, quarries, and excavations (Table 1).
Gastropoda

Fissurella angusta (Gmelin, 1791)

Astraea phoehia (Roding, 1798)

Livona pica (Linne, 1758)

Petaloconchus sp.

Batillaria minima (Gmelin, 1791)

Cerithium floridamim (Morch)

C. algicola (C. B. Adams, 1845)

Epitonium novangliae (Couthouy, 1888)

Strombus gigas (Linne, 1758)

Trivia pediciilus (Linne, 1758)

Polinices lacteus (Guilding, 1834)

Natica canrena (Linne, 1758)

N. cayennensis (Recluz, 1 850)

Tonna galea (Linne, 1758)

Fasciola tulipa (Linne, 1758)

Oliva reticularis (Lamarck, 1811)

Olivella sp.

Conus verrucosus (Hwass, 1792)

Terebra cinerea (Born, 1778)

Bulla striata (Bruguiere, 1792)

Pelecypoda

Area zebra (Swainson, 1833)
A. imbricata (Bruguiere, 1789)
Barbatia cancellaria (Lamarck, 1819)
Anadara notabilis (Roding, 1798)
Glycymeris decussata (Linne, 1758)
G. undata (Linne, 1758)
Brachiodontes exiistus (Linne, 1758)
Plicatula gibbosa (Lamarck, 1801)
Aequipecten gibbus (Linne, 1758)
Spondylus ictericus (Reeve)
Ostrea frons (Linne, 1758)
Lucina pensylvanica (Linne, 1758)
Anodontia alba (Link, 1807)
Codakia orbicularis (Linne, 1758)
Divaricella quadrisulcata (Obrigny, 1842)

42 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (2)

Chmna macerophylla (Gmelin, 1791)

C. congregata (Conrad, 1833)

C. fiorida (Lamarck, 1819)

Pseudochama radians (Lamarck, 1819)

Echinochama cornuta (Conrad)

Americardia media (Linne, 1758)

Laevicardium laevigatum (Linne, 1758)

Chione cancellata (Linne, 1767)

Tellina radiata (Linne, 1758)

T. listen (Roding, 1798)

T. alternata (Say, 1822)

Arcopagia fausta (Pulteney, 1799)

Macoma orientalis hendersoni (Rehder, 1939)

Bankia sp.

The mollusk fauna found in the lithified marine strata of New
Providence Island consists of 49 species dominated by Lucina
pensylvanica. Possibly other fossils would appear to be subdom-
inant with more extensive collecting. Species diversity, with a
small number of individuals per species, is characteristic of tropical
faunas. The collected New Providence Pleistocene fauna is not as
diverse as the Florida Pleistocene fauna of 222 mollusks collected
by Richards (1938) . Only 16 New Providence Pleistocene mollusks
are identical to Richards' fauna.

The Pleistocene fauna from New Providence occurs at present
throughout the tropical and subtropical west Atlantic, and most
species range from North Carolina to the West Indies. No endemic
Bahamian species have been found in the New Pleistocene fauna.
Recent species of mollusks in the limestone cays of the Bimini area
(Newell and Imbrie, 1955) , and the east and west coasts of Florida
(Richards, 1938) , are also well represented in the Pleistocene record
of Bimini and Florida.

The following non-marine fauna was collected from the New

Providence Pleistocene dunes at excavations, quarries, and roadcuts

(Table 1).

Cepolis varians (Menke)

C. sp.

Cerion rhyssum (Dall)

C. agassizii (Dall) ^

C. glans (Kwester)

C. spp.

The non-marine fauna is dominated by Cerion which is endemic

to the West Indies and Florida. The adidt forms are abundant in

October, 1967

NAUTILUS

TABLE 1

NEW PROVIDENCE ISLAND LOCALITIES

Collection Elevations
Above Sea Level
Locality* (in feet)

Geographic

Locations

On SW peninsula

Coord

24°29'N.

inates
,77°28

Marine :

Coral Harbor (E)

1-3

'W,

W. Marine Pit (E)

4-8

S. of Lyford Cay
Dune

25''01'N.

,77''31

Ross Pit (E)

4-8

1 Mile S. of
Harold Pond

25°01'N.

,77°23

E. Marine Pit (E)

4-8

Near E. end of
Blue Hill

25°03'N.

,77°20

•w,

Clifton Pier (E)

10-16

On W. end of
island

25°00'N.

,77'=33

'W.

Claridge (Q)

10-16

1 Mile E. of
Blue Hill

25"'02'N.

,77=19

■w.

E. Coral Reef (CO)

2-5

On E. end of
island

25°03'N.

,77''16

'\^.

Non-Marine :

Lyford Cay Dune (RC)

20-50

On W. end of
island

25'01'N.

,77°32

'W,

Nassau Dune:
Nassau St. (Q)

40-60

On NE part of
island

25°04 'N.

,77°20'

'W.

Queen's Stair (E)

50-100

On NE part of
island

25''04'N.

,77°20'

'W.

Collin's Ave. (RC)

60-90

On NE part of
island

25°04'N.

,77°20'

'W.

* (E) = Excavation, (Q) = Quarry, (CO) = Coastal Outcrop, (RC) = Roadcut

the dune bioturbite^ layers, which consist of uncemented sands.
Some juveniles were noted which may indicate premature death or
leaking of recent fauna. Several deformed specimens of Cerion
were also found. During growth there may have been damage due
to abrasion. Regrowth of the calcareous shell resulted in deformity
of these specimens.

Limestone outcrops show the most abundant and varied snail
faunas. Snails prefer this limey type of habitat which offers shelter,
adequate moisture, abundant food supply, and an available source
of lime (presumably for secreting of the shell) (Burch, 1962) .

^ Extinct Ball, (1905, p. 40) .

^ Bioturbite is used by Purdy and Imbrie (1964, p. 49) to describe the layers
in the New Providence Island dunes containing the fossil land snail, Cerion.

44 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (2)

Another ecological factor besides habitat which is important for
the diverse speciation of Cerion is dispersion or transportation
from one island to another by the sea. Hurricanes may have swept
the land snails to sea where they would be carried by marine
currents to another island. Bartsch (1946) found that species of
Cerion can stand complete submergence for 4i/2 days in salt water
and survive. Also young shells attached to dead leaves may like-
wise have been picked up by the hurricane's powerful winds and
carried to another island.

Marine fossils although rare were found with the nonmarine
fauna in the New Providence Dunes. These mollusks may have
been carried to the higher dunes from lower levels by wind, waves,
birds or even crabs. The following is a list of the marine fauna
found in the dune bioturbite layers.

Livona pica

Cerithium sp.

Natica canrena

Olivella sp.

Area zebra

Spondylus ictericus

Ostrea sp.

References Cited
Bartsch, P. 1946. The operculate land mollusks of the family

Annulariidae of the island of Hispaniola and the Bahamian

Archipelago: in Bull. 192 of the Smithsonian Institution,

Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 263 pp.
Burch, T. B. 1962. How to know the eastern land snails, Dubuque,

Iowa, W.L. Brown Co., 214 pp.
Dall, W.H. 1905. Fossils of the Bahama Islands: In Shattuck, G.B.,

The Bahama Islands: New York, pp. 23-47.
Newell, N.P., and Imbrie, J. 1955. Biological reconnaissance in

the Bimini area: Great Bahama Bank, New York Acad. Sci.

Trans. (2) , 18: (1) : 3-14.
Purdy, E.G., and Imbrie, J.I. 1964. Carbonate sediments. Great

Bahama Bank; Field trip guidebook for field trip No. 2: Geol.

Soc. America, pp. 1-58.
Richards, H.G. 1938. Marine Pleistocene of Florida, Bull. G.S.A.

49: 1267-1296.

October, 1967 nautilus 45

HOW TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN
LIMOPSIS AND GLYCYMERIS

By DAVID NICOL
University of Florida, Department of Geology, Gainesville

The misidentification of Limopsis for Glycymeris, or consider-
ably less so the other way around, is much too common Deeper
dredging, because of better equipment, means that more specimens
of Limopsis are being collected, and this is compounding the
problem.

Part of the difficulty stems from the fact that in our eagerness
to classify species, we pay too much attention to the variable
morphologic characters that may define the species but too little
attention to the much more constant or consistent morphologic
characters that define the pelecypod family or genus. Obviously
one must first have his specimens allocated to the correct pelecypod
family and genus before he can identify the species. The remainder
of this note, then, is a discussion of the consistent morphologic
characters that distinguish the difference between Limopsis and
Glycymeris.

Glycymeris has a much greater size range than does Limopsis.
An exceedingly large limopsid will attain a height or length of at
least 70 mm., but this is indeed exceptional, and most limopsid
species do not attain half this size. On the other hand, several
species of Glycymeris attain a height or length of more than
100 mm., and many species reach the maximum size of any
Limopsis. Any large robust shell is almost certainly a glycymeridid,
and so our difficulty occurs with those specimens commonly less
than 40 mm. in height or length.

Do your specimens have a solid reddish-brown color or splotches
or zig-zag patterns of reddish brown? If so, they are certainly
Glycymeris. A purple color occurs uncommonly amongst the
glycymeridids and some species are devoid of color. On the other
hand, Limopsis never has a color pattern; almost all species are
colorless, but an occasional species will have a purplish, lavender,
or pinkish tint on the inside margins of the valves. The lack of
color amongst most of the limopsids may be linked with the
geographic distribution of the family, which is best represented
in cold or deep water, whereas the colorful glycymeridids are most

46 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (2)

common in Avarm shallow waters and are never found in the polar
regions or in the abyssal zone. Thus, only the drab or colorless
shells should cause much difficulty in their proper allocation.

The morphologic character most consistently pointed out in
differentiating Limopsis from Glycymeris is the presence of a tri-
angular ligamental pit under the beak in the former genus and
its absence in the latter genus. This is the most reliable single
criterion for separating the two genera. However, a very few large
limopsids have this pit so poorly developed that it is barely
apparent. Another aid in identification is that the ligament of
Glycy7neris is arranged in chevron-shaped grooves, but this is not
true for all of them. Limopsis never has the ligament lodged in
chevron-shaped grooves.

All living glycymeridid species and almost all fossil species have
well developed denticulations on the interior margins of the
valves. Most limopsids have smooth interior margins and when
denticulations are present they are small and commonly found on
only a limited part of the interior margins of the shell. However,
there are a few exceptional limopsids that do have moderately well
developed denticulations along the inner margins of the shell.

Nearly all glycymeridids have some form of radial ornamenta-
tion as either well developed ribs or striations or both. Relatively
few limopsids have radial ribs or riblets. If your specimens have
no trace of radial sculpture, you almost certainly have a species of
limopsid.

Let us now summarize these observations so that one can identify
his specimens quickly.

1. Shell is more than 60 mm. in height or length: Almost cer-
tainly Glycymeris. 2. Splotches of color or color pattern: Glycymeris.
3. Triangular ligamental pit under the beaks: Limopsis. 4. Liga-
ment arranged in chevron-shaped grooves: Glycymeris. 5. Denti-
culations well developed along anterior, ventral, and posterior
margins of the inside of the valves: Almost certainly Glycymeris.
6. No indication of any radial ornamentation on the outside of the
valves: almost certainly Limopsis.

October, 1967 nautilus 47

CASSIS MADAGASCARIENSIS AND C. M. SPINELLA
OFFSHORE AT BEAUFORT, NORTH CAROLINA

By DOUGLAS A. WOLFE

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Radiobiological Laboratory,^
Beaufort, North Carolina 28516

According to Abbott (1954. "American Seashells", pp. 193-194) ,
the Caribbean species Cassis madagascariensis Lamarck 1822 is
replaced in the Florida Keys by the form spinella Clench 1944,
which is reported to occur also "off Beaufort, North Carolina
(fossil?) ." Although the helmet shell, previously called Cassis
cameo Stimpson, has long been known in the state (see for example
Dall, 1889. Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum, No. 37, p. 134) ,
Porter (1965. Nautilus 78 (3) : 106) only recently confirmed an
extant population of C. m. spinella off the coast of North Carolina.
On September 27, 1966, I collected two live helmet shells from the
deck of a trawler loaded with calico scallops, which had been
caught some 25 to 30 miles south of Beaufort Inlet in about 90
feet of water. The two helmet shells, catalogued in my personal
collection as numbers 1070 and 1071, corresponded clearly to
Abbott's descriptions of C. m. spinella Clench and C. madagascar-
iensis Lamarck, respectively. The two forms, which are represented
in my collection also by specimens obtained from the beaches near
Cape Lookout, N. C, are readily distinguished. Both have 3 rows
of tubercles on the body whorl, but in C. madagascariensis
Lamarck, the spines are larger and fewer in number, and the size of
the topmost spine in the first row of tubercles is exaggerated. In C.
madagascariensis, the white teeth on the outer lip extend from
one-third to one-half the width of the lip and the spaces between
the teeth are colored deep brown, whereas in spinella Clench the
teeth are more restricted to the inner edge of the outer lip and are
usually only tinged with brown. The species proper has a generally
more massive shell than does spinella Clench. Data for the two
specimens reported above are shown in the following table:

^ The Radiobiological Laboratory is supported through a cooperative agree-
ment between the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U. S. Atomic
Energy Commission.

NAUTILUS

Vol. 81 (2)

#1070

#1071

C» ra

. spine

11a

Co madagascariensis

Lengthy mm.

187

137

Widths mm.

141

106

Number of whorls

Number of spines in

first tubercular row

of body whorl

Number of teeth on

outer lip

Operculum lengthy mm.

Operculum width^ mm.

6»4

6.7

The presence of C. m. spiiiella Clench off the North Carolina
coast is hereby substantiated, and the previously reported range
for C. madagascariensis Lamarck must be extended northward to
include a probable population living offshore near Cape Lookout,
N.C. These records, coupled with the report of Warmke and
Abbott (1961. "Caribbean Seashells", p. 99) that C. m. spinella
is found off Puerto Rico, suggest that the two forms of helmet
shell occur together over a broad range, extending from North
Carolina into the West Indies, as proposed earlier for the species
by DalL—

RADULAE OF TWO SPECIES OF PLEUROPLOCA

(FASCIOLARIIDAE) FROM THE INDO-PACIFICi

By VIRGINIA ORR MAES
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

Two Species of the genus Pleuroploca Fischer, 1884, common to
many Indo-Pacific reefs are P. trapezium (Linne, 1758) and P.
filamentosa (Roding, 1 798) . Pleuroploca trapezium, type of the
genus (by monotypy) , is found from East Africa through the
Indian and Pacific Oceans to Japan, the Philippines, New Guinea,

^ This study is based on material collected at Mahe, Seychelle Islands, by
Mrs. R. E. M. Ostheimer and Dr. M. S. Buerk. Comparative material came
from East Africa, Madagascar, and New Caledonia. It is in the collection of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

October, 1967

NAUTILUS

Radulae of Pleuroploca filamentosa and P. trapezium: all to scale except
fig. 5.

NAUTILUS

Vol. 81 (2)

1601-

140

120

^100-

• •

o
o

• s Pleuroploci f ilamen tosa
O- Pleu roploca t r apezi urn

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

lateral teeth width in mm.

Scatter diagram of the ratio of the length of the shell to the width of the
lateral radular teeth of Pleuroploca filamentosa and P. trapezium.

October, 1967 nautilus 51

and the Solomon Islands. Pleuroploca filamentosa has a slightly
wider range throughout the Indian Ocean and east through the
Pacific to Samoa.

Widely sympatric, the two species are not usually found to-
gether. The larger angular — whorled Pleuroploca trapezium, often
over 200 mm. in length, prefers a mud, sand, and weed micro-
habitat such as a Thalassia flat, while the smaller, round — whorled
P. filamentosa, seldom over 170 mm., is found more frequently on
a substrate of clean sand and coral blocks of the more open reefs.
However, in New Caledonia, where Pleuroploca trapezium, does
not occur, P. filamentosa is found frequently on Thalassia flats as
well as open reefs (personal observation) . This suggests the habitat
differences are caused by competition, not preference.

Little is known of the feeding habits of the two species. We
have no feeding records of P. trapezium but P. filamentosa has fed
on Miirex and Calliostoma (in New Caledonia, Risbec, 1932, p.
375) , and on Drupa (in Ceylon; Robertson, personal communica-
tion) . However, both probably are similar to the Western Atlantic
Fasciolariidae. The latter prey primarily on fairly large gastropods
but also devour worms, some clams and even carrion (Paine,
1963, p. 67) . As is interesting to note, the larger western Atlantic
Fasciolaria tulipa frequently feeds on its slightly smaller relative
F. hunteria. Even if the larger of the Indo-Pacific species does not
feed on the smaller, they probably compete for food. The present
study shows that the larger, Pleuroploca trapezium has a propor-
tionately wider radula which should favor it even when competing
with P. filamentosa of equal size.

Pleuroploca species overpower their prey with their foot,
wrenching or rasping aside opercula or wedging pelecypod valves
open with their shell edge. They are incapable of boring hard
shell and use their radulae only to tear or rasp relatively soft
tissue which is scraped loose and transported into the mouth with
an upward stroke of the ribbon (Gunter, 1936, p. 363, observing
P. gigantea) .

If the action of this radula is compared to that of a garden
rake, the advantage of increasing the number of cusps as the teeth
widen becomes obvious. Neither the width of the tines nor the
spaces between them may be increased without impairing the
rake's efficiency, but a wide rake with many tines loosens and

NAUTILUS

Vol. 81 (2)

transports more material than a narrow one. Paine (1963 b, p. 403)
calculated that the closely related Western Atlantic Fasciolaria
consumes 3% of its own volume per day. It must, therefore,
procure more food in the same amount of time as the size of the
animal increases. In the fresh-water snail, Lymnaea stagnalis,
Hubendick (1957, p. 521) found the larger individuals fed with
fewer radula strokes per minute. If this applies to the Indo-Pacific
Pleuroploca, an increase in size of the radula is imperative to offset
the greater demand for food and slower rate of feeding as the
snails grow.

shell width of number

length lateral of cusps examples

f ilaraentosa

21 - 40

0.09

- 0.13

- 9

0.22

- 0.23

61 - 80

0.29

-0.32

- 14

-z^

81 - 100

0.35

-0.46

- 17

106

0.42

- 0.43

150

0.64

-0.68

trapezium

61 - 80

0.30

- 0.45

- 22

81- 100

0.44

-0.65

- 25

101 - 120

0.54

-0.67

- 25

121 - 140

0.45

- 0.88

- 30

■

141- 144

0.81

-0.84

- 28

Table 1. Comparison of shell length, size, and numbers of radula teeth in
two species of Pleuroploca. All measurements are in mm. Radulae are
measured near the posterior, formative end of the ribbon.

The radulae of Pleuroploca filamentosa and P. trapezium are
rather similar, consisting of over 200 rows of narrow, peg-cusped
median teeth flanked by wide, strongly-cusped laterals (Page 49) .
Commonly there are 3 cusps on the central teeth of both species
but variants have up to 5. Pleuroploca filamentosa has a slightly
wider and more heavily-cusped central tooth than P. trapezium.
The number of cusps on the lateral teeth varies with the size of
the individual. This is summarized in the table below. Although
P. filamentosa has a larger median, the broad lateral teeth of P.
trapezium give that species a much wider radula in proportion to

October, 1967 nautilus 53

its size. This is illustrated by figs. 3 and 4, which shows part of the
ribbon of each species from shells of approximately the same
size and also by the scattered diagram (page 50) .

Variation in the numbers of cusps on lateral teeth of the same
width is also noted. This is due in part to the age of the animal.
For example, a young male Pleuroploca trapezium with an undeve-
loped penis and a clean, thin-lipped, rapidly growing shell 85 mm.
in length had lateral teeth 0.44 mm. wide with 19 cusps. Two
smaller but older males with fully-developed penes and corroded,
solid-lipped shells 80 and 75 mm. long had lateral teeth 0.42 and
0.45 mm. wide, respectively. Both of the latter, mature animals,
have 21 cusps throughout much of the ribbon (Figs. 6 & 7) .

Usually there are one or two more cusps on the laterals of the
formative, posterior port of a radula than on the older, anterior
portion, although new cusps may become "lost" for several rows
while becoming established. Cusps are added singly to the outer
edge of each lateral in intervals of from 2 to over 100 transverse
rows and may or may not be added simultaneously to both laterals
of a single row (Fig. 5) . Some asymetric radulae have 2 or 3 more
cusps throughout one side of a ribbon (Fig. 3) .

The production of additional cusps poses a physiological ques-
tion. If the same odontoblasts produce the lateral teeth through-
out the life of the animal, as stated by Runham (1963, p. 271)
what induces them to increase the number of cusps?

Unlike their Western Atlantic relative, Pleuroploca gigantea,
whose central tooth tends to become monocuspid with age (HoUis-
ter, 1954, p. 46) there seems to be no variation in cusping of the
central tooth with either age or size of the Indo-Pacific species.
Nor are there any signs of sexual dimorphism, found in some
muricid genera, such as the adding of extra lateral cusps or the
thickening of the bases of the teeth (Arakawa, 1958, p. 212 and
Maes, 1966, p. 73) . Although we found the shells of females of
both species are larger than the males (mean lengths 124, 102 and
119, 88 mm. for Pleuroploca trapezium and P. filamentosa respec-
tively) the apparently broader female radula is correlated with
size not sex. The dimorphism disappeared when a ratio of shell
length to tooth width was made.

It is, therefore, probably that a necessary increase in feeding
capacity has been the cause of the increase in breadth and cusping

54 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (2)

of the radula with shell size. But the mechanics of the production

of the additional cusps remains an intriguing puzzle.

Literature cited

Arakawa, Kohman Y., 1958. On the remarkable sexual dimor-
phism of the radula of Dmpella. Venus 19 {S A) : 206-216, pL 6.

Gunter, G., 1936. Radular movement in Gastropods. Jour. Wash.
Acad. Sci. 26(9) : 361-365.

Hollister, S C, 1954. Some notes on the radula. Nautilus 68 (2) :
44-46.

Hubendick, B., 1957. The eating function in Lymnaea stagnalis
(L.) . Arkiv Zool. ser. 2, 10 (15) : 511-521.

Maes, V. O., 1966. Sexual dimorphism in the radula of the muricid
genus Nassa. Nautilus 79 (3) : 73.

Paine, R. T., 1963. Trophic relationships of 8 sympatric predatory
gastropods. Ecology 44: 63-73.

Paine, R. T., 1963b. Feeding rate of a predaceous gastropod,
Pleuroploca gigantea. Ecology 44: 402-403.

Risbec, J., 1932. Note sur les moeurs de Ricinula chaidea Duel, et
de Fasciolaria filamentosa. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 57: 374-375.

Runham, N. W., 1963. A study of the replacement mechanism of
the pulmonate radula. Quart. Jour. Micro. Sci. 104 (2) : 271-277.
Explanation of radular figures 1 to 7. 1) Pleuroploca fila-
mentosa, female, from shell 91.5 mm., lateral tooth .36 mm., 14
cusps. 2) P. filamentosa, young, from shell 21.4 mm., lateral
tooth .09 mm., 8 cusps. 3) P. filamentosa, male, from shell 94.0
mm., assymetric teeth both .37 mm., 14 and 16 cusps.

4) P. trapezium, male, from shell 93.5 mm., lateral tooth
.52 mm., 24 cusps. 5) Same radula as above enlarged showing
addition of cusp. 6) P. trapezium, juvenile male, from shell 84.9
mm., lateral tooth .44 mm., 19 cusps. 7) P. trapezium, adult
male, from shell 80.0 mm., lateral tooth. .42 mm., 20 cusps.

TWO NEW SONORELLA FROM RINCON MOUNTAINS

OF ARIZONA

By WALTER B. MILLER
Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson

In an attempt to obtain topotypes of Sonorella rinconensis
Pilsbry and Ferriss, whose type locality is "Rincon Peak, above
7500 ft.", I undertook a three-day back-pack trip to Rincon Peak
during the Easter holidays, April 16-18, 1965, accompanied by my
son, W. Nixon Miller, and his friend, Marshall Bulle. The region
above 7500 ft. is relatively small in area, narrowing down to the
cone-shaped peak, whose granite summit is at 8482 ft. Snails were

October, 1967 nautilus 55

found only in a gigantic rockslide on the northeast side of the
peak-rock, in the fir zone; they were an odorata-\ikG species, which
turned out to be an interesting new species, described below. Still
looking for rinconensis, we then investigated a promising, large
canyon, about one mile north-northwest of the peak at an eleva-
tion of about 6000 ft. There, we collected several fine specimens
of large shells which certainly looked like rinconensis. On dissec-
tion, however, they revealed an anatomy related to sabinoensis,
with genitalia of different proportions; they belong to a new
species described below. No rinconensis were collected on that trip;
I have collected it, at other times, in Posta Quemada Canyon, on
the southwest flank of Rincon Peak/Wrong Mt., at a much lower
elevation of about 3700 ft.

SoNORELLA BAGNARAi new species. Page 59, figs. A-E.

Description: Shell depressed, heliciform, thin, glossy, light
greenish-tan, with chestnut-brown spiral band on the well-rounded
shoulder; umbilicate, the umbilicus contained about 8 times in
the diameter. Embryonic shell of about I1/2 -whorls; the first 14
whorl, including apex, with radial striae only; over the second
1/4 whorl, the radial striae break up into raised, hyphen-like
papillae; over the remainder of the embryonic shell, the raised
papillae anastomose into a reticulate, granular pattern on the
upper portion, and into fine, nearly parallel, ascending and
descending, spiral threads on the portion near the lower suture.
Subsequent whorls are radially striate and microscopically
wrinkle-granulose, up to the body whorl. Body whorl has growth
striae only, covered by silky-lustrous periostracum ; suture descend-
ing moderately to the slightly expanded peristome. Aperture
oblique, oval, wider than high; parietal callus thin.

Holotype measurements: Height 11.0 mm.; max. diam. 20.8 mm.;
umbilicus 2.6 mm.; whorls 4 y^.

Genitalia of holotype (Page 60, figs. A, C) : The short, muscular
penis contains a very short, cylindrical verge of about i/4 the
length of the penis; the penial sheath encloses the entire penis
and overlaps part of the proximal epiphallus. Epiphallus nearly
twice as long as the penis, thin; epiphallic caecum vestigial, not
detached from epiphallus; vas deferens thicker than epiphallus.
The vagina is about 1 1/9 times as long as the penis; free oviduct

56 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (2)

about as long as vagina. Base of penis and vagina unusually wide
and muscular.

Measurement of

genitalia, in mm. Holotype Paratype A

Penis 3.0 2.5

Verge 1.5 1.5

Penial sheath 4.0 3.5

Epiphallus 5.0 6.0

Vagina 4.5 4.5

Free oviduct 5.0 4.0

Type locality: Rincon Peak, Rincon Mts., Pima Co., Arizona,
in large, granite rockslide on NE side and immediately below
summit of the peak at 8000 to 8200 ft. elevation. (W.N. Miller,
Marshall Bulle, and W.B. Miller, 17 April 1965) . Holotype ANSP.
(312760). Paratypes in collection of ANSP. (312761), Dept. of
Biological Sciences, University of Arizona (2821) , and the author
(4768) .

The shells are remarkably uniform in size, shape, and color, the
smallest paratype measuring 19.5 mm. and the largest 21.1 mm.
in diameter. Some paratypes show a few spiral grooves on the
body whorl next to the suture. By shell characteristics, S. hagnarai
appears to belong to the group of S. clappi P. & F., being most
closely related to S. odorata P. Sc F. Its ecology is similar to that of
odorata in that it lives at high elevation, in the Canadian Life
Zone, among rocks heavily strewn with humus and fallen logs of
Douglas fir. It can be separated from odorata in that the body
whorl has no granulose sculpture, the spiral grooves, if present at
all, are very few, and the aperture is more elongate-oval. It is
in the anatomy of the animal, however, that bagnarai is most
unique. The mantle is strongly pigmented with large spots of
dark-grey to black pigment (Page 59, figs. D, E) ; this character-
istic has been observed in only one other Sonorella, S. greggi
W.B. Miller, which lives in Sonora. The mucus on the mantle
collar and along the sole is orange. The genitalia are most closely
similar to those of S. fragilis Pils., which was placed by Pilsbry
in a special subgenus, Myotophallus, characterized by a short,
muscular, verge-less penis. S. bagnarai, however, does possess a
distinct, thick, albeit very short, verge. Page 60, figs. A, B, C, and
D are comparative drawings of the lower genitalia of S. bagnarai
and S. odorata.

October, 1967 nautilus 57

Ferriss collected a form of S. odorata from Spud Rock on Mica
Mt. and from the "Northern slopes of the Rincons," which Pilsbry
described as the form populna. Pilsbry indicates that the genitalia
dimensions and proportions are much as in odorata s.s. and
differentiates populna by the thinner shell, color differences, and
wider body whorl. Mica Mt. and Rincon Peak are separated by
a long, low saddle, Happy Valley Saddle, which is barely high
enough to enter the lower levels of the Transition Zone. The
presence of odorata in the Rincon Mts., along with the similarity
of its shell characters with bagnarai, strongly suggest that hagnarai
originated as an isolated population of odorata which became
separated from the larger odorata gene pool on Mica Mt. when
Happy Valley Saddle became drier, some time after the last Ice
Age, and conditions changed there from Canadian to Transition.
The population probably underwent rapid differentiation by
genetic drift brought about by its relatively small size. In cases
where a population is already kept small by the confines of the
habitat, any occasional natural catastrophe, such as prolonged
drought, might bring the level of the population to near extinc-
tion. This, in turn, would favor genetic homozygosity which prob-
ably would further reinforce the process of genetic drift. Conver-
gence in the genitalia toward the morphology of Myotophallus is
considered to be only a phenotypic expression of the segregated
genes which were probably present, but masked, in the ancestral
Sonorella. Gene expression for a thickened penis base also occurs,
somewhat less extremely, in 5. walkeri P.&F., 5. huachucana Pils.
and its subspecies, S. sahinoensis dispar Pils., and 5. sabinoensis
tucsonica P.&F.

This species is named after Dr. J. T. Bagnara, eminent zoologist
at the University of Arizona, who has given me considerable assist-
ance and encouragement, and with whom I have enjoyed num-
erous collecting trips.
Sonorella bequaerti new species. Page 9, figs. G-1.

Description: Shell depressed-globose, heliciform, thin, glossy,
light brown, with chestnut-brown spiral band on the well-rounded
shoulder; umbilicate, the umbilicus contained about 9 to 10 times
in the diameter, partially covered by the reflected columellar lip.
Embryonic shell of about 1 I/2 whorls; its apex silky -wrinkled,
followed by radial striae only, for the first half- whorl; remainder

58 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (2)

of embryonic shell with hyphen-like papillae which anastomose
into a reticulate pattern over the upper part of the whorl and into
the hachitana pattern of nearly parallel, descending and ascending,
spiral striae on the region near the lower suture. Post-embryonic
whorls with raised papillae superimposed over growth striae, the
papillae numerous at first, sparse later, and absent on body whorl.
Body whorl has growth striae and fine, spiral, incised lines along
entire whorl, most prominent along the suture; suture descends
sharply to the well-expanded peristome; periostracum with silky
luster. Aperture large, oblique, rounded, about as wide as high;
parietal callus thin.

Holotype measurements: Height 15.3 mm.; max. diam. 26.2 mm.;
umbilicus 2.8 mm.; whorls 5.

Genitalia of holotype (Page 60, figs. E, F) : The short, narrow
penis contains a thin, slightly annulated verge, measuring about
2/^ the length of the penis, and tapering gradually to a thin point;
seminal duct opens subterminally; penial sheath short, about i/g
the length of the penis. Epiphallus about as long as the penis;
epiphallic caecum small. Vas deferens thicker than epiphallus.
The vagina is twice as long as the penis; free oviduct about y^ the
length of the vagina.

Measurements of

genitalia, in mm.
Penis

Holotype
6.0

Paratype B
6.5

Chimenea Can.
6.0

Verge
Penial sheath

4.5
2.5

3.5

2.5

Epiphallus 6.0
Epiphallic caecum 0.7
Vagina 13.0

6.0

0.5

11.5

6.0

0.5

12.0

Free oviduct

4.5

3.5

Type locality: Rincon Peak, Rincon Mts., Pima Co., Arizona,
in granite rocks along cliffs in canyon which runs NW. from
Rincon Peak and just W of the Rincon Peak, Happy Valley Saddle
trail, at elev., ca. 6000 to 6100 ft. (W.N. Miller, Marshall Bulle,
and W.B. Miller, 18 April 1965). Holotype ANSP. (312762).
Paratypes in the collections of the Dept of Biological Sciences,
University of Arizona (2818) , and the author (4769) .

Other localities: Chimenea Canyon, Tanque Verde Mts., Pima
Co., Arizona, about 1/2 mi. above Madrona Ranger Station; elev.
ca. 4000 ft. (M.L. Walton and J.C. Bequaert, 3 April 1965) .

October, 19()7

NAl TILLS

t i M I I II I lOmm

Holotypc. Soiiorella bagimrai W'.li. Miller. A-C, shell; I)-E, animal, showing
])igincnt spots on mantle.

The type lot consists of 8 adult shells, of which 4 were alive
and dissected. The largest shells are the holotype and 2 others,
with a maximum diameter of 26.2 mm.; the smallest paratype
measures 22.6 mm. The single live adult Irom Chimenea Canyon
measures 23.6 mm. By shell characteristics, S. bcquaerti is not
distinguishable from .S. sabnioensis P.&F., .S'. inarmorarius P.&F.,
or .S'. rinconcnsis P.&F. The large variability, in shell size and
shape, of the sabinoensis complex easily encompasses the variations
marniorarius, rinconeusis, and bequaerti. The apical sculpture is

NAUTILUS

Vol. 81 (2)

Lower genitalia. A. S. bagJiarai W.B. Miller, holotype. B. Verge of 5. odorata
P.&F. C. Verge of S. bagnarai. D. S. odorata. E. S. bequaerti W.B. Miller,
holotype. F. Verge of S. bequaerti, holotype. G. Verge of S. sabinoensis P.&F.,
topotype 4847. H. S. sabinoensis. topotype 4847. Legend as after figs, on
page 4. (Correction: 3rd line from bottom should be last.)

similar for all, being of the hachitana type. It is in the morpho-
logy of the genitalia that bequaerti can easily be distinguished. Its
penis is much shorter and thinner than that of sabinoensis and jnar-
morarius; in typical sabinoensis and marmorarius the penis meas-

October, 1967 nautilus 61

ures from 10.0 mm. to 15.0 mm. whereas in bequaerti the penis
varies from 6.0 mm. to 7.5 mm. Also, in bequaerti, the vagina is
twice as long as the penis, whereas in sabinoensis and marmorarius,
it is as long or shorter than the penis.

S. bequaerti inhabits the middle and lower slopes of the south-
east side of the Tanque Verde Mts. and the west side of the
Rincon Mts.; the other slopes of these mountains have not been
explored for bequaerti. It is apparently sympatric with S. rincon-
ensis P.8cF., whose enormously large genitalia easily separate it
from bequaerti, but the two have not been found in the same
rockslides. It is not sympatric with S. bagnarai W.B. Miller, which
inhabits the highest Douglas fir forest on Rincon Peak.

In phylogeny, it is probable that bequaerti evolved from a
common ancestor with sabinoensis, marmorarius, galiurensis, and
tortillita, all of them in close geographical proximity. It evolved
in the direction of a small, thin penis and verge, while all other
species of this group maintained or developed a relatively long
penis and verge, being longest in tortillita.

This species is named after Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert, life-long
malacologist and entomologist, who has provided inspiration and
encouragement in the search for Sonorella, and with whom I have
enjoyed numerous collecting trips.

MOLLUSKS OF THE OUTER BANKS, N. C.

By DOROTHY E. BEETLE
Peninsula Junior Nature Museum & Planetarium, Newport News, Va.

The Outer Banks of North Carolina are a chain of lenticular
sand bars and islands which protect the coast and stretch seaward
in a great V as far as 30 miles off shore. An idealized profile of
the islands from the Atlantic Ocean to the Sound shows beach,
the first barrier dune, an interval and the secondary dune. Interior
sand flats, some with small fresh water ponds and creeks, a wooded
dune facing the Sound and marsh land reaching beyond it to the
water complete the profile. High sand dunes add some elevation
to the islands, which are otherwise but a few feet above sea level.
Jockey Hill on Nag's Head is the highest dune and has an eleva-
tion of 138 feet.

Three major habitats are found throughout the area: the dunes,
the sand flats and the marshes. Live dunes, still moving with the

62 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (2)

wind, have plant communities pioneered by sparse stands of salt-
meadow cordgrass and sandbur. More stable dunes are noted for
their covering of sea oats, a distinctive and handsome grass, as
well as other grasses and herbs.

The wooded dunes occupy the only high land on the islands.
Common trees in this maritime forest are live oak, red cedar, wax
myrtle, yaupon, American holly, red bay, lollolly pine, water and
willow oaks. Palmetto reaches its northernmost distribution on
Baldhead Island. Wooded areas are not extensive in any locality.
Of interest around Nag's Head are some trees characteristic of
upland forests much farther inland.

Between the barrier and secondary dunes the sand is nearly
devoid of plants. The sand flats have a mixed shrub, grass and
herb association. Yaupon, wax myrtle, saltmeadow cordgrass,
sedges, rushes, composities and cactus are to be found here.

Salt marshes are of two kinds. The regularly flooded or low
salt marsh is distributed mainly along the Outer Banks north to
Oregon Inlet and along the coast from the South Carolina line
to Beaufort. Smooth cordgrass is the dominant plant, occuning in
vast pure stands. Differences in the height of the plant seem to be
related to internal drainage and salinity rather than to genetic
differences. A rise in elevation of a foot or more permits black
needlerush, glasswort and sea lavender to enter the association.

The irregularly flooded salt marsh, reached by the spring and
storm tides, is the most extensive coastal type. Saltmeadow cord-
grass, salt grass and sea oxeye are typical of the area. Large stands
occur on Roanoke Island, the sound side of the Outer Banks and
on the mainland shore of Pamlico Sound. The water which floods
them is usually of lower salinity than that of the regularly flooded
marshes.

Small fresh-water marshes and ponds are scattered along the
Outer Banks. Surprisingly fresh water wells up from the sands
on tiny islands in the ocean, because extensive sand beds under-
lying the Sound carry fresh water. These beds were laid down, in
the area now called the Atlantic Coastal Plain, during Cretaceous
and Cenozoic time. The sand beds are flat, dipping gently sea-
ward, and are probably thickest offshore. A well drilled at Cape
Hatteras in 1946 went through 3,000 feet of Cenozoic and 6,800
feet of Cretaceous sands and clays.

October, 1967 nautilus 63

Mollusks were found in fresh-watei" ponds near the Bodie Island
and Cape Hatteras Lighthouses, Nag's Head and Ocracoke. They
also occurred in the short creeks that rise just behind the barrier
dunes and flow into the Sound.

In contrast to the varied and abundant fresh-water moUuscan
assemblage living on the coastal plain only one clam, Sphaeriiim
partumeium, and two gastropods, Lymnaea Jnimilis and Gyraiiliis
parvus, appear to be present on the Outer Banks. Slightly brackish
ponds have Hydrobia miniita and Melampus bidentatiis present.

The large fresh-water pond at Bodie Island Lighthouse dries
partially each summer, but is kept in existence by a dam. It is
being filled by plant invasion and sand. The considerable amount
of organic debris has resulted in a soft mucky bottom, a rarity
on the Banks. A similar pond exists on Pawley's Island, S.C. and
in the latter was found a population of Helisoma diiryi eudiscus
as well as Melampus and Hydrobia. Euglandina rosea, the carni-
vorous land snail of subtropical regions, has established itself on
sand dunes in the vicinity of this pond.

Examination of the decaying vegetation lining the margins of
fresh-water channels and ponds on the Outer Banks showed Poly-
gyra postelliana espiloca, Deroceras laeve, Succinea ovalis, and
Vertigo ovata occupying this habitat.

In the leaf litter under the shrubs and trees of the wooded
dunes at Nag's Head, Buxton Woods at Cape Hatteras and areas
on Ocracoke and Baldhead Island, the following snails were
found: Mesodon thyroides, Triodopsis albolabris, T. fallax, T.
hopetonensis, Retinella cf. indentata, Ventridens cerinoideus,
Anguispira alternata fergusoni, Philomycus carol iniensis, Succinea
campestris, S. ovalis, S. wilsoni, Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacea
and Pupoides albilabris. Three species which are able to maintain
themselves on the sand dunes in spite of the limited plant cover
are Triodopsis hopetonensis, Succinea campestris and Catinella
pugilator. Of interest is the establishment of the introduced species,
Helicella variabilis, in lawns on Roanoke Island and around More-
head City.

A total of 17 land mollusks and 3 fresh-water mollusks was
found on the Outer Banks. By comparison 39 land snails and 73
fresh-water species of snails and clams have been collected on the
North Carolina Coastal Plain. Very probably the molluscan fauna

64 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (2)

now living on the Banks, like the fauna and flora present, is a
remnant of the previous total. This remnant represents a past
distributional pattern as well as a survival ability to withstand
the severe conditions of salt spray, drought, wind and sand.

During Miocene time the Atlantic Coastal Plain was submerged
and the North Carolina coast ended at what is now called the
Piedmont where the land rises several hundred feet in elevation.
A gradual withdrawal of the sea and exposure of the coast occurred
as the great ice sheets of the Pleistocene tied up water and lowered
the sea level. Mollusks, in addition to other forms of life, advanced
into the exposed land at this time. Later the range became dis-
continuous with the melting of the ice and subsequent rise in sea
level.

The Outer Banks are unstable. At the present time their form
is changing gradually as the result of longshore currents moving
great quantities of sand from farther north and waves pounding
on what were formerly shoals to the east. Currently the Banks are
being moved closer to the coastline. Observation of the sand dunes
shows that they invade and cover living forest in some places, while
uncovering long buried trees, ancient forest graveyards, in others.
This movement of the sand dunes and the changing land areas on
the islands have had a limiting effect on their occupation by animal
and plant species.

An examinaion of the ranges of mollusks found on the islands
shows that two of the fresh-water species, Sphaerium partumeium
and Gyraulus parvus are widely spread over the North American
continent, as are 4 of the land gastropods, Deroceras laeve, Succinea
ovalis, Pupoides albilahris and Vertigo ovata. The introduced
species, Helicella variabilis, and the Retinella species, which was
not positively identified, are not included in this total.

Mesodon thyroides, Triodopsis albolabris and T. fallax are
widely found east of the Rocky Mountains. Lymnaea humilis
appears to be confined to the southeastern United States east of
the Appalachians.

Species restricted to the coastal plain are: Polygyra postelliana
espiloca, Triodopsis hopetonensis, Ventridens cerinoideus, Anguis-
pira alternata jergusoni, Philomycus caroliniensis, Succinea camp-
estris, S. wilsoni, Catinella pugilator and Gastrocopta pellucida
hordeacea.

October, 1967 nautilus 65

Of the land and fresh-water species of the Outer Banks, 31.5%

are widely spread over North America, 21% occur only east of the

Rocky Mountains and 47.3% are restricted to the Atlantic Coastal

Plain. None are endemic to the islands. Territorial limits of the

35 land species of the entire North Carolina coastal region are

divided into almost identical percentages. Three species have been

found, however, only on the coast of North Carolina.

Literature cited
Brown, C. A. 1959. Vegetation of the Outer Banks of North

Carolina La. State University Press. Baton Rouge, pp. 179.
Dawley, C. W. 1965. Checklist of fresh- water mollusks of North

Carolina. Sterkiana 19: 35-39.
Dunbar, C. O. 1964. Historical geology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

7th printing, pp. 319, 326 - 327, 353.
Hubricht, L. 1961. Eight new species of land snails from the

southern United States. Nautilus 75 (2) : 60-64.
Pilsbry, H. A. 1939 - 1948. Land Mollusca of North America
(north of Mexico) . Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. Monographs

No. 3.
Rehder, H. A. 1949. Some land and freshwater mollusks from the

coastal region of Virginia and North and South Carolina.

Nautilus 62 (4) : 121-126.

SOME LAND SNAIL RECORDS FROM OKLAHOMA
AND ARKANSAS

By LESLIE HUBRICHT

During the spring of 1966 the author spent two weeks collecting
land snails in eastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas. Some of
the more important new records are listed here.
Stenotrema Inhrosum (Bland) .

Stenotremn ahaddona Branson, 1964, Nautilus 77: 103-104, fig.
la-c.

Stenotrema ahaddona is based on slightly immature specimens of
Stenotrema labrosum, in which the lip is formed but the shell is
thin and the umbilicus is covered but not filled in.
Triodopsis lioderma (Pilsbry) .

Polygyra indianorum lioderma Pilsbry, 1902, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia p. 511.

Mesodon. It is most closely related to Triodopsis divesta (Gould) .
Philadelphia, Monographs 3, vol. 1, p. 741.

Specimens of this species collected on the Arkansas River bluff,

66 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (2)

opposite Sand Springs, Tulsa Co., Oklahoma were dissected; and
it was found to belong in the genus Triodopsis rather than in
Mesodon. It is most closely related to Triodopsis divesta (Gould) .
Back in 1935 I collected this species on the bluffs along the
Verdigris River, between Verdigris and Catoosa, Rogers Co.,
Oklahoma. I was not able to find it there on my recent trip.
Haplotrema concavum (Say) .

Oklahoma: Mayes Co.: bluff below dam, Langley.
Glyphyalinia wheatleyi (Bland) .

Retinella zikmundi Branson, 1964, Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 44:
27-29, PI. 1, fig. 1-3.

Oklahoma: Cherokee County. Arkansas: Benton, Carroll, and
Washington Counties.
Glyphyalinia solida (H.B.Baker) .

Arkansas: Logan and Montgomery Counties.
Paravitrea multidentata (Binney) .

Arkansas: Benton Co.: Sugar Creek bluff, 1 mile north of Avoca.
Paravitrea petrophila (Bland) .

Oklahoma: Le Flore Co.: Rich Mtn., near base, 1.7 miles south-
east of Page.
Ventridens ligerus (Say) .

Oklahoma: Le Flore Co.: base of Short Mtn., below Kerr Dam.
Helicodiscus notius notius Hubricht.

Oklahoma: Creek, Delaware, Payne, and Tulsa Counties. Ar-
kansas: Franklin County.
Helicodiscus jacksoni Hubricht.

Oklahoma: Le Flore and Tulsa Counties.
Succinea indiana Pilsbry.

Oklahoma: Muskogee and Sequoyah Counties.
Succinea witteri Shimek.

Oklahoma: Craig, Ottawa, Sequoyah, and Wagoner Counties.
Arkansas: Franklin, Sebastian, and Yell Counties.
Catinella vermeta (Say) .

Oklahoma: Cherokee, Delaware, Le Flore, Muskogee, Ottawa,
Sequoyah, and Wagoner Counties. Arkansas: Franklin, Madison,
Washington, and Yell Counties.

In many of the specimens dissected the penial appendix was
greatly reduced, and in some cases, completely wanting. Such speci-
mens were found to contain numerous small nematode worms.

October, 1967 nautilus 67

Catinella wandae Webb.

Arkansas: Polk Co.: Rich Mtn., Rich Mtn. Station.
Strobilops aenea Pilsbry.

Arkansas: Franklin, Madison, Washington, and Yell Counties.
Carychiiim exile H. C. Lea.

Oklahoma: Adair, Cherokee, Delaware, Le Flore, Mayes, and
Sequoyah Counties. Arkansas: Benton, Conway, Polk, and Sharp
Counties.

NOTES AND NEWS

Unionid fauna of Cannadaigua Lake outlet. New York. —

While collecting mollusks in the Oswego River drainage system
in central New York State, I discovered an area comparatively
rich in fresh-water mussels (Unionidae) in the Canandaigua Lake
outlet at Alloway, in Wayne County.

Unfortunately the waters of the stream are becoming increas-
ingly polluted, and I would like to report the species found there
before they become eradicated.

The species are listed in order of their abundance, from the
commonest to the rarest, for the three major habitats encountered
in the stream. Ligumia recta (Lamarck) and Lasmigona compressa
(Lea) are represented by dead valves only.

I. On cobble and gravel bars in a current of 20-30 cm./sec:
Elliptio complanata (Solander) , Lasmigona costata (Rafinesque) ,
Alasmidonta marginata (Say) , Villosa iris (Lea) , Strophitus un-
dulatus (Say) , Lampsilis radiata siliqiioidea (Barnes) , L. radiata
radiata (Gmelin) , Fusconaia fiava (Rafinesque) .

IL Along banks on silty bottom in a current of 0-20 cm./sec:
Lampsilis ovata ventricosa (Barnes) , Fusconaia fiava > (Rafin-
esque) , Elliptio complanata (Solander) , Anodonta grandis (Say) ,
Lampsilis radiata siliquoidea (Barnes) , L. radiata radiata (Gme-
lin) , Strophitus undulatus (Say) .

in. In quiet pools: Anodonta grandis (Say) , Elliptio compla-
nata (Solander) , Lasmigona costata (Rafinesque) , Strophitus un-
dulatus (Say) , — WiLLARD N. Harman, Cornell University, Dept.
Entomology and Limnology, Ithaca, New York.

References
Clarke, Arthur H., and Clifford O. Berg. 1959. The freshwater

mussels of central New York with an illustrated key to the

68 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (2)

species of northeastern North America. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp.
Sta. Memoir 367:1-79
Robertson, Imogene C. S., and Clifford L. Blakeslee. 1948. The
Molliisca of the Niagara frontier region. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat.
Sci. 7P (3): 1-191.

Heilprin, Angelo, Explorations on the west Coast of Florida
and in the Okeechobee wilderness. 1887, Wagner Free Institute
of Science, Philadelphia, pp.7- 134, plates 2-21. Through a curi-
ous error, 75 species of mollusks described in 1887 were listed as
new in the Zoological Record 101: pt. 9, Mollusca, pp. 1-187 for
1964 (1966).

In 1964 the Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, New
York, republished this rare volume of Heilprin in their Palaeonto-
graphica Americana ^.-365-506, plates 54-74. The compiler for the
Zoological Record simply overlooked this fact though it is clearly
indicated on the title page of the republication as "Reprint" and
by the date of "1887". The next page is the reprinted title page
of Heilprin and the following page, a "Preface" by Katherine
V.W. Palmer, Director of the Paleontological Research Institute,
in which she gives thanks to the authorities of the Wagner Free
Institute of Science for allowing the republication of this rare and
important paper on the late Tertiary molluscan fauna of the
Florida peninsula. — W. J. Clench.

Range of the Asiatic clam in Florida. — The Asiatic clam,
Corbicula fiuminea (Miiller) , was first observed in the United
States in 1938. The rapid spread of this mollusk from the Colum-
bia River in Washington, southeasterly across the United States,
to the Gulf Coast streams of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama
is well documented (Dundee and Dundee, 1958; Sinclair and In-
gram, 1961; Dundee and Harman, 1963; Hubricht, 1963, 1964).
Records from the Florida State Board of Health biological sur-
veys indicate the initial entrance and dispersal of Corbicula fiumi-
nea in Florida.

In 1960 the Florida State Board of Health conducted a bio-
logical survey of the Escambia River. Among the organisms re-
ported was the Asiatic clam (Schneider, 1964) . Specimens ranged
from 2-4 mm. long (anterior-posterior length) . Based on size-class

October, 1967 nautilus 69

distribution as discussed by Keup, Horning and Ingram (1963)
apparently the clam invaded this area about 1959. This appears
to be the first record for Florida.

The following year an extensive water quality survey of the
Apalachicola River was conducted (Schneider, 1961) . Corbiciila
fiuminea was collected from two areas of the river, near Blounts-
town, Florida and near Apalachicola, Florida. The specimens were
approximately the same size as those found a year earlier in the
Escambia River, indicating a recent invasion into the Apalachicola
watershed.

In 1963 an abundance of Corbicula fiuminea was reported from
the Apalachicola River near Chattahoochee, Florida (Heard) .
There is good evidence that the clam entered this portion of
the river from do^vnstream. Heard states, "Corbicula flu7ninea
was found to be absent above the (Jim Woodruff) dam, but
present below it at both stations". Perhaps it was transported by
waterfowl as suggested by Dr. William J. Clench, Curator of
Mollusks, Harvard University. Dredging operations, barge traffic,
or fishermen also could have been responsible for its upstream
transportation.

The range of Corbicula fiuminea in Florida is presently from
the Escambia River near Century, Hwy. 4, Escambia County
(Schneider, 1964) to the Withlacoochee River at the south edge
of Inglis, U. S. Hwy. 19 and 98, Levy County (Heard, 1964) . The
eventual extent of its range in Florida is unknown. — Robert F.
ScHNEmER, Biologist, Bureau of Sanitary Engineering, Fla. State
Board of Health, Pensacola, Fla.

Literature Cited

Dundee, D. S. and H. A. Dundee. 1958. Extentions of known

ranges of four mollusks. Naut. 72 (2) : 51-54.
Dundee, D. S. and W. J. Harman. 1963. Corbicula fiuminea

(MuUer) in Louisiana. Naut. 77 (1) : 30.
Heard, William H. 1964. Corbicula fiuminea in Florida. Naut. 77

(3) : 105-107.
Hubricht, Leslie. 1963. Corbicula fiuminea in the Mobile River.

Naut. 77 (1) : 31.
. 1964. Corbicula fiuminea at Vicksburg, Mississippi. Naut.

77 (4) :143.
Keup, L., W. B. Horning and W. M. Ingram. 1963. Extension

of range of Asiatic clam to Cincinnati reach of the Ohio River.

Naut. 77 (1): 16-18.

70 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (2)

vSchneider, Robert F. 1961. A biological report of the Apalachicola

River. Florida State Board of Health, pp. 1-32.
. 1964. An ecological survey of the Escambia River, Florida.

Unpub. thesis Illinois State University, pp. 1-229.
Sinclair, R. M. and W. M. Ingram. 1961. A new record for the

Asiatic clam in the United States, the Tennessee River. Naut. 74

(3) : 114-118.

The American Malacological Union held a most successful
annual meeting, the thirty-third, July 31st to August 6th at Ottawa,
Canada. As guests of the National Museum of Canada and Carle-
ton University over 160 A.M.U. members, their families and
friends enjoyed the hospitality of our neighbor to the north.
Housing, meals and meeting rooms were provided by the Uni-
versity while the Museum not only arranged that one day's session
be held at the Museum itself but provided the annual dinner
at Ottawa's finest restaurant. On the final day two chartered buses
transported delegates to Montreal for a brief visit to Expo 67.

A.M.U. President Leo G. Hertlein presided over a record num-
ber of papers of which abstracts will be printed in the 1967 Annual
Report Bulletin:

Growth and longevity of naiads from Fishery Bay in Western
Lake Erie, David H. Stansbery. Small beginnings, Adlai B. Wheel.
The mollusks of Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Arthur H. Clarke, Jr.
Hosts, spermatophores, and the systematics of some eastern Odos-
tomia (Pyramidellidae) , Robert Robertson. Notes on captive Leu-
cozonia nassa, Chaetopleura apiculata and Ischnochiton floridanus,
Dorothy Raeihle. Mexican pearly freshwater mussels, Joseph P. E.
Morrison. Bivalve larval development types, Paul Chanley. Sea-
sonal reproduction in the Lampsilinae (Pelecypoda: Unionidae) ,
William H. Heard. Notes on the evolution of Spengleria (Gas-
trochaenidae: Bivalvia) , Kenneth J. Boss. Distribution and growth
rates of the edible mussel, Mytilus edulis in the Canadian Arctic,
Irene Lubinsky. A Correlation of Postglacial molluscan succession
and radiocarbon-dated pollen sequence from Atkins Lake, On-
tario, Marcel Ouellet. Distribution of Arctic marine gastropods,
Mrs. A. H. Macpherson. Zoogeographic and evolutionary patterns
in northern Lymnaeidae and Planorbidae, Arthur H. Clarke, Jr.
Notes on the taxonomy and zoogeography of the Columbellidae,
George E. Radwin. Notes on the molluscan fauna off the coast of

October, 1967 nautilus 71

North Carolina, Hugh J. Porter and Charles E. Jenner. The San
Juan Expedition to the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Donald R. Shasky.
Architeuthis, the giant squid, Fredrick A. Aldrich. Dissociation
and reorganization of molluscan tissues, Vera King Farris. The
freshwater Mollusca of Taiwan (Formosa) , Henry van der Schalie
and Gary L. Pace. On the evolution of torsion in the Limidae
(Mollusca: Bivalvia) , Thomas }. Gilmour. A proposal to register
with the A.M.U. all antiquarian shell books, Mart Hulswit. Mala-
cologia — Five years of publication, John B. Burch. Studies on suc-
ceinidae, C. M. Patterson. The habits and distribution of Carinifex
and Parapholyx, Gary L. Pace. Endodontid land snails of Rapa
Island, pattern and problems in speciation, Alan Solem. Polyem-
bryony in buline snails, Chin-Tsong Lo (read by Gary Pace) . A
taxonomic study of some species of the freshwater snail genus
Semisulcospira in Japan, John B. Burch and George M, Davis.
Ecology and distribution of the marine Mollusca of Barbados, Vin-
cent Conde. Electrophoretic analysis of esterases in BiiUnns, John
B. Burch and G. K. Lindsay. Commensal bivalves from the North
Carolina coast, Charles E. Jenner and Anne E. McCrary. Distribu-
tion of the posterior pallial nerves in Latnpsilis ventricosa , Louise
R. Kraemer. Postglacial dispersal patterns of littoral marine mol-
lusks and crustaceans in eastern Canada, E. L. Bousfield. A Plea
to list rare molluscan species endangered by pollution or othei
causes, Herbert D. Athearn. Locomotion in Aporrhais and Haliotis,
Alan Solem. Radular studies of Tai^van muricid gastropods, Shi-
Kuei Wu. Systematics of Xylophaga versus the teredinids, a study
in contrasts, Ruth D. Turner. Tree snails of Cuba, Hispanola and
Florida, William J. Clench. Western Atlantic Hastula, Joseph P. E.
Morrison.

Officers elected for 1967-68 arc: President, Arthur H. Clarke, Jr.
Vice-president, Joseph Rosewater. 2nd Vice-president, Fay Wolf-
son. Secretary', Margaret C. Teskey. Treasurer, Mrs. Horace B.
Baker. Publications Editor, M. Karl Jacobson. Councillors-at-large,
Mrs. Dorothy Beetle, Harold D. Murray, David H. Stansbury, Dan
Steger. The 1968 annual meeting will be held in July at Corpus
Christi, Texas; 7 Texas shell clubs ^vill co-host the event. — Mar-
garet C. Teskey, Secretary, American Malacological Union.

72 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (2)

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

Habe, Tadashige. 1964. Freshwater molluscan fauna of Thailand.
Nature and Life in Southeast Asia 3: 45-66, & pis. 1, 2. N. spp.
of Sinotaia (Filopaludina n. subg.) k Unio.

1964. Notes on the strange ark shell Trisides Roding. Bull.

Nat. Sci. Museum 7: 255-257, &: pi. 1.

1964. Notes on the genus Cucullaea Lamarck (Mollusca)

Bull, cit.: 259-261, figs. 1 &: 2.

1965. The arcid subfamily Anadarinae in Japan and its ad-

jacent areas. Bull. cit. 8: 71-85, & pis. 1-3.

1965. Notes on the ivory shell genus Babylonia Schliiter (Mol-

lusca). Bull, cit.: 115-124, k pL 1
Heard, William H. 1962. The Sphaeriidae (Mollusca: Pelecypoda)
of the North American Great Lakes. Amer. Midland Nat. 67 :
194-198.

Survey of the Sphaeriidae (Mollusca; Pelecypoda) of the

southeastern United States. Proc. La. Acad. Sci. 26: 102-120, 6
figs.

The biology of Pisidium (Neopisidiiim) conventus Clessin

(Pelecypoda; Sphaeriidae) . Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts & Letters
48: ll-%6, 2 figs., 2 tables.

1966. Recent Eupera (Pelecypoda; Sphaeriidae) in the

United States. Amer. Midland Nat. 74: 309-317, 3 figs. Euperinae
new. E. cubensis -\- E. singleyi.

k J. B. Burch. 1966. Key to the genera of freshwater pele-

cypods (mussels and clams) of Michigan Mus. Zoo. Univ. Mich.,

circular no. 4: 48 pp., 48 figs.
Horiuchi, Shiro & Charles E. Lane. 1965. Digestive enzymes of

the crystalline style of Strombus gigas Linne. 1, Cellulase and

some other carbohydrases, Biol. Bull. 129: 273-281, 6 figs. & 4

tables.
Humes, Ralph H. 1965. A short history of Liguus collecting.

J. Hist. Assoc. S. Fla. no. 25: 67-82.
Jaeckel, S. H. 1963. Landmollusken der Insel Djerba (Tunesien) .

Abhandl. Sc Ber. Staatl. Mus. Tierk. Dresden: 26: 257-261.
& H. P. Plate. 1964. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Mollusken-

fauna der Insel Mallorca. Malak. Abhandl. ditto. 1: 53-87.
8c Plate. 1965. Nachtrag [to preceding] Abhandl. cit. 2: 159-

164, 1 map, 6 figs.

October, 1967 nautilus iii

Langlois, Thomas H. 1965. The conjugal behavior of the intro-
duced European giant garden slug, Limax maximus L., as
observed on South Bass Island, Lake Erie. Ohio J. Sci. 65: 298-
304, 17 figs.

Loosanoff, Victor L. 1965. Gonad development and discharge of
spawn in oysters of Long Island Sound. Biol. Bull. 129: 546-561,
6 figs.

1966. Time and intensity of setting of the oyster Crassostrea

virginica in Long Island Sound. Biol. Bull. 130: 211-227, 7 figs.,
4 tables.

Loosjes, F. E. ^ A.C.W. Loosjes-van Bemmel. 1966. Some anatom-
ical, systematical and geographical data on Neniinae (Gastro-
poda, Clausiliidae) . Zoo. Verhandel. [Leiden] no. 77: 59 pp.
-(- 1 pi. & 1 table. Genitalia and radulae.

Lopes, Hugo de Souza, Arnaldo C. Dos Santos Coelho 8c Paulo de
Sa Cardoso. 1966. Contribuicoes de conhecimento dos gastro-
podes marinjos do Brasil. 1, Familia Rissoidae. Bol. Mus. Nac.
Rio de Janeiro, Zoologia. no. 254: 11 pp. -(- 3 pis.

1965. Uma nova especie brasileira do genero "Mitrella"

Risso, 1826 (Gastropoda, Columbellidae) . Rev. Brasil. Biol.
25: 21-24, 2 figs.

Magalhaes, Luiz A. 1964. Moluscos planorbideos do Estado da

Guanabara. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 24: 277-288, 1 table.
1965. Afalia em "Drepanotrema anatimum" (Orbigny, 1835)

(Pulmonata, Planorbidae) . Rev. cit. 25: 93-96, figs. 1, 2.
Medcof, J. C., Arthur H. Clarke, Jr. & John S. Erskine. 1965.

Ancient Canadian east-coast oyster and quahaug shells. J. Fish.

Res. Board Canada 22: 631-634.
Paraense, W. Lobato, Pierre Fauran %z Edouardo Cormes. 1964.

Observations sur la morphologie, la taxonomie, la repartition

geographique et les gites d' Australorbis schrammi. Bull. Soc.

Pathologie exotique 57: 1236-1254, figs. 1-17, & pis. 6, 7.
Paraense & Nicanor Ibanez H. 1964. "Australorbis helophilus"
(Pulmonata, Planorbidae) . Rev. Brasil. Biol. 24: 249-258,

figs. 1-38.
Paraense. 1965. The Brazilian species of "Drepanotrema," VIII:

"D. heloicum" (Orbigny, 1835). Rev. cit. 25: 25-34, figs. 1-13.
Parodiz, Juan J. & Lise Hennings. 1965. The Neocorbicula (Mol-

lusca, Pelecypoda) of the Parana-Uruguay basin, South America.

iv NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (2)

Ann. Carnegie Museum 38: 69-96, figs. 1-9.
Plasar, Ivo. 1964. Malakofauna brehynskeho a Novozomeckeho

rybnika na Ceskolipsku. Sbornik Narodniho Muzea v Praze

20: 257-287, figs. 1-16.
Reigle, Norman J., Jr. 1964. The distribution of the genus

Ventridens (Mollusca, Gastropoda) in Michigan. Amer. Mid-
land Nat. 72: 507-508.
Ropes, John W. 8c Alden P. Stickney. 1965. Reproductive cycle of

My a arenaria in New England. Biol. Bull. 128: 315-327, figs. 1-14.
Sastry, A. N. 1966. Temperature effects in reproduction of the bay

scallop, Aeqiiipecten irradians Lamarck. Biol. Bull. 130: 118-134,

4 figs., 7 tables.
Saurin, E. 1958. Pyramidellidae de Pho-Hai (Sud Viet-Nam) .

Inst. Oceanogr. Nhatrang, contribution no. 35: 63-86, &: pis. 1-4.

N. spp. in Cossmannia, Odostomia, PyrguUna, Chrysallida,

Egilina, Babella, Miralda, Tiirbonilla, Pyrgiscus, Careliopsis

& Cincrulina.
Schalie, Henry van der. 1965. Observations on the sex of Camp-

eloma (Gastropoda: Viviparidae) . occ. Papers Mus. Zoo. Univ.

Mich. no. 641: 1-15, including 1 fig. k pis. 1-5.
Scheltema, Rudolf S. 1965. The relationship of salinity to larval

survival and development in A^assarius obsoletus (Gastropoda) .

Biol Bull. 129: 340-354, 5 figs. 4 tables.
Tebble, Norman. 1966. British bivalve seashells. Handbook,

British Museum (Natural History), 212 pp., 110 text figs., 12

pis. (8 in color) . An excellent, accurate, well-illustrated, useful

guide to all the known British bivalves. $4.00, bound, wTite:

Sales Section, British Information Service, 845 Third Avenue,

New York, N. Y. 10022.

George E. Jacobs, 853 Riverside Drive, New York 32, N. Y.

Vol. 81 JANUARY, 1968 No. 3

THE

NAUTILUS

THE PILSBRY QUARTERLY
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

Horace Burrington Baker, 11 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pa.

(Emeritus Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania) n^ "-'i'Oi^ Cci! Lc

Charles B. Wurtz, Biology Department I L 1 B R A R

La Salle College, Philadelphia, Pa. 19141 1 ! \ M 9 "^ 1Q

R. Tucker Abbott, Henry A. Pilsbry Chair of Malacology

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 WOODS HOLE, M

CONTENTS

Partulidae: Preview of anatomical revision. By Yoshio
Kondo 73

Replacement of pleurocerids by Bithynia in polluted

waters of central New York. By Willard N. Harman 77

A note on Catinella oklahomarum. By F. Wayne Grimm 84

Portuguese marine MoUusca in Bermuda. By R. Tucker

Abbott and Russell H. Jensen 86

A new Meiocardia (Pelecypoda, Glossidae) from the

Eocene of Florida. By David Nicol 89

Zoogeography of thecosomatous pteropods in the west

Atlantic Ocean. By Chin Chen 94

Notes and news 101 Publications received 108

.25 per year ($4.75 to Foreign Countries) $1.25 a copy.

Mrs. Horace B. Baker, Business Manager
11 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pennsylvania 19083

Second-Class Postage paid at Spring House, Pa.

NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and published
by Horace B. Baker, Charles B. Wurtz and R. Tucker Abbott.

Authors are charged for engraving blocks of plates and/or figures at cost.
Minimum charge for each block is $3.00.

Reprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be WRnTEN on or
ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT. PURCHASE ORDERS, when re-
quired, and shipping instructions, MUST accompany original order. Extra
clerical or bookkeeping work because of delayed receipt of purchase orders
will be charged for accordingly:

TEXT PAPER 2 pp. 4 pp. 8 pp. 12 pp. 16 pp.

First 100 copies 3.40 6.35 13.25 18.70 23.95

Additional 100 65 1.40 4.30 5.50 6.70

PLATE PAPER

First 100 copies 3.70 6.90 14.45 20.45 26.25

Additional 100 90 1.95 5.45 7.25 9.00

No extra charge for plates. Prices subject to change without notice. Post-
age extra.

Reprints are shipped, with invoices, by Pony Printing, 4 Cloverdale Avenue,
Upper Darby, Pennsylvania 19082.

Back Issues: Vols. 3-70, if available, can be obtained from Kraus Periodicals,
Inc., 16 East 46th Street, New York, N. Y. 10O17. Vols. 71 to date are
available from the Nautilus, 11 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pennsylvania
19083, and vary in price.

THE NAUTILUS

Vol. 81 January, 1968 No. 3

PARTULIDAE: PREVIEW OF ANATOMICAL REVISION

By YOSHIO KONDO

Dissections of the genitalia of 109 forms of Partulidae (Orthure-
thra) from a total of about 126 within the family leads to the
following summarization:

Genus Eua, 4 species; Samoana, 22 species; Partula: about 100
species plus subspecies.

Hypothesis of partulid evolution: Genus Eua is the most primi-
tive; Samoana evolved from Eua; Partula evolved from Samoana.
Eua evolved from its ancestral stock in the Samoa-Tonga region.
Samoana evolved from Eua in Samoa-Tonga. Co-existence of Eua
and Samoana in Tonga-Samoa to the exclusion of Partula supports
this hypothesis. Place of origin of Partula from Samoana cannot
be hypothesized now.

Distribution of the 126 kinds of Partulidae is given in Table I.
The table, and the list to follow, includes all the forms dissected;
those not dissected, due to lack of animals; and species whose
existence is doubtful.

Range: Partulidae range from Palau to Marquesas, a distance
of 5,300 nautical miles. Samoana is distributed for 4,700 miles,
from Guam to Marquesas. Partula is also distributed for 4,700
miles, from Palau to the Society Islands. Eua has only a 480-mile
range, from Tonga to Samoa.

Within its expectable range, Partulidae is absent on Yap, Truk,
Mangareva, and Pitcairn.

High specific number of Partula in the Society Islands provides
evidence that the genus may be experiencing a rejuvenation there.
A curious instance of a species having 3 distinct forms of genitalia
occurs in Tahiti. Five of the 8 varieties (or subspecies) of P.
otaheitana dissected show that two of them vary in anatomy ac-
cording to valleys.

Samoana of Marquesas also shows evidence of rejuvenation. To
the 6 known species can be added 7 new undescribed forms.

In recent times the Melanesian partulid species have been
reduced from 39 names to about 19. Further reduction is antici-

NAUTILUS

Vol. 81 (3)

pated in the Solomon Islands after material collected in 1966
through National Science Foundation assistance (GB-3974) is
studied. One or two new species or subspecies may be added from
Santa Cruz.

Table I

DISTRIBUTION OF PARTULIDAE

(Updated to 1959)

Res^ion

Eua

Samoana

Partula

Talaud

1 ? *♦

Micronesia

Palau

Mariana

«#•»

Ponape

Kusaie

Melanesia

Bismarck, Admiralty

N.Guinea, satellites*

Solomon

N.Hebrides

Santa Cruz

Polynesia

Hoorn

Rotuma

Fiji

Tonga

Samoa

Cook

(l)»*««

Society

(i;

Austral

(1)

Rapa

Marquesas

Totals

IOC

♦ Loulsiade, D'Entrecasteaux, Trobriand, VToodlark.

«« Existence doubtful,

*»♦ One new species,

♦**♦ Partula hyalina (l), common to all these islands.

January, 1968

NAUTILUS

In the ensuing list of genera and species, undissected species
are preceded by an X, doubtful species are preceded by a ? mark.

Partulidae

Genus Eua

Tonga

globosa Pilsbry and Cooke
Samoa

expansa (Pease)

montana (Cooke and Crampton)
zebrina (Gould)

Genus Samoana
Tonga

Eua

Savaii, Upolu

Upolu

Tutuila

cramptoni Pilsbry and Cooke

Samoa

stevensoniana (Pilsbry)

canalis (Mousson)

conica (Gould)

abbreviata (Mousson)

thurstoni (Cooke and Crampton)

Fiji

alabastrina (Pfeiffer)

Austral

dryas (Crampton and Cooke)

hamadryas (Crampton and Cooke)

oreas (Crampton and Cooke)

margaritae (Crampton and Cooke)

Society

attenuata (Pease)

annectens (Pease)

diaphana (Crampton and Cooke)

X solitaria (Crampton)

Marquesas

strigata (Pease)

bellula (Hartman)

ganymedes (Pfeiffer)

inflata (Reeve)

decussatula (Pfeiffer)

magdalinae (Hartman)

Mariana

fragilis (Ferussac)

Eua

Savaii, Upolu
Savaii, Upolu
Upolu, Tutuila
Tutuila
Ofu

Moala

Raivavae
Raivavae
Raivavae
Rapa

Tahiti, Raiatea,
Tahaa, Borabora
Huahine
Moorea
Moorea

Nukuhiva, Uahuka

Uapou

Hivaoa

Hivaoa, Tahuata

Fatuhiva

Guam

Society: Borabora

lutea Lesson

Tahaa

faba subangulata Pease

planilabrum Pease

Genus Partula

bilineata Pease

sagitta Crampton and Cooke

umbilicata Pease

eremita Crampton and Cooke

Raiatea

NAUTILUS

Vol. 81 (3)

faba (Gmelin)

fusca Pease

navigatoria (Pfeiffer)

vittata Pease

radiata Garrett

citrina Pease

imperforata Garrett

formosa Garrett

Candida Crampton

dentifera Pfeiffer

X callifera Pfeiffer

X cedista Crampton

auriculata Broderip

robusta Pease

X dolichostoma Crampton

X protracta Crampton

leptochila Crampton

labrusca Crampton and Cooke

dolorosa Crampton and Cooke

lugubris Pease

ovalis Pease

levilineata Crampton

turgida (Pease)

remota Crampton

atilis Crampton

tristis Crampton and Cooke

thalia Garrett

garretti Pease

rustica Pease

X levistriata Crampton

X cuneata Crampton

crassilabris Pease

hebe (Pfeiffer)

Huahine

rosea Broderip

varia Broderip

arguta (Pease)

Moorea

exigua Crampton

tohiveana Crampton

olympia Crampton

dendroica Crampton

aurantia Crampton

mirabilis Crampton

mooreana Hartman

suturalis vexillum Pease

suturalis strigosa Pfeiffer

taeniata elongata Pease

Tahiti

otaheitana otaheitana (Bruguiere)

o. amabilis (Pfeiffer)

o. sinistrorsa Garrett

o. rubescens Reeve

o. affinis Pease

cytherea Cooke and Crampton

producta Pease

nodosa Pfeiffer

filosa Pfeiffer

clara Pease

hyalina Broderip

Austral

hyalina Broderip

Cook

hyalina Broderip

assimilis Pease

Fiji

lirata Mousson

lanceolata Cooke and Crampton

Rotuma

leefei E.A. Smith

Hoorn

subgonochila Mousson

New Guinea, satellites

similaris Hartman

? occidentalis Hedley

? grisea Lesson

? bulimoides Lesson

Admiralty, Bismarck

carteriensis (Quoy et Gaimard)

dorseyi (Dall)

Solomon

micans Pfeiffer

coxi Hartman

regularis Hartman

X incurva Hartman

X flexuosa Hartman

X pellucida Pease

X hastula Hartman

cramptoni Clench

Santa Cruz

vanicorensis (Quoy et Gaimard)

New Hebrides

turneri Pfeiffer

pyramis Hartman

January, 1968 nautilus 77

X auraniana Hartman radiolata Pfeiffer

X minor Hartman new species

X milleri Solem Ponape

Palau guamensis (Pfeiffer)

calypso Semper emersoni Pilsbry

thetis Semper Kusaie

leucothoe Semper martensiana Pilsbry

Mariana Talaud

gibba Ferussac ? newcombiana Hartman

salifana Crampton

Selected references
Clench, W.J. 1941. Land mollusca from the Solomon Islands. Am.

Mus. Novitates 1129.
Cooke, Jr., CM. and H.E. Crampton. 1930. New species of Partula.

Bishop Mus. Occasional Papers IX (11) ; 3-9.
Crampton, H.E. 1916. Studies on the variation, distribution, and

evolution of the genus Partula. The species inhabiting Tahiti.

Carnegie Institution of Washington Pub. No. 228.
, 1925. Studies, etc. Guam and Saipan. Ibid. Pub. No.

228A.

, 1932. Studies, etc. Moorea. Ibid. Pub. No. 410.

-, 1956. New species of land snails of the genus Partula from

Raiatea. Am. Mus. Novitates No. 1761.
Pilsbry, H.A. 1900. On the zoological position of Partula and

Achatinella. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia: 561-567.

, 1900. The genesis of Mid-Pacific faunas. Ibid. 568-581.

, 1909. Partulidae. Manual of Conchology 20: 155-336.

, 1916. Mid-Pacific land snail faunas. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.

2: 429-433.
Pilsbry, H. A. and C. M. Cooke, Jr., 1934. Partulidae of Tonga

and related forms. Bishop Mus. O. P. i^ (14) : 3-21.
Rensch, I. 1937. Untersuchungen iiber die Landschneckenfauna

des Bismarck- Archipels II. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, N. F.
^(4): 526-644.
Solem, A. 1959. Systematics and zoogeography of the land and

fresh water Mollusca of the New Hebrides. Fieldiana: Zoology

^^ (1) •

REPLACEMENT OF PLEUROCERIDS BY BITHYNIA IN

POLLUTED WATERS OF CENTRAL NEW YORK

By WILLARD N. HARM AN

In the Oswego River drainage basin members of pleurocerids
are able to withstand moderately polluted conditions, but in these
environments they are unable to compete successfully with a
recently introduced species from Europe,

NAUTILUS

Vol. 81 (3)

Figure 1. Distribution of Pleurocera acuta in 1966 in the Oswego water-
shed. ^ Living population. 0. Dead specimens only. 1. Oswego River. 2. On-
eida River. 3. Onondaga River. 4. Seneca River. 5. Oneida Lake. 6. Onon-
daga Lake. 7. Otisco Lake. 8. Skaneateles Lake. 9. Owasco Lake. 10. Cayuga
Lake. 11. Seneca Lake. 12. Keuka Lake. 13. Canandaisjua Lake.

After the ice sheet retreated, pleurocerid fauna invaded the St.
Lawrence watershed {Goodrich., \9?>9) . Goniobasisvirginica (Gme-
lin), and Goniohasis livescens (Menke) , were found alive in the
Oswego River watershed before the turn of the century (DeKay,
1843; Beauchamp, 1888). Apparently they entered from Lake
Ontario via the Oswego River and its tributaries, the Seneca, One-
ida, and Onondaga Rivers, and eventually reached Oneida Lake
and the larger Finger Lakes. In 1825 the Erie Canal was opened
from Buffalo to Albany creating a route for immigrating aquatic
fauna from the west (Clarke and Berg, 1959) . Pleurocera acuta
Rafinesque may have entered the drainage basin through this canal
(Dazo, 1965) . F. C. Baker's classic studies on Oneida Lake (1916)

January, 1968 nautilus 79

showed that G. livescens was present at 15 stations, and he consid-
ered the species to be ". . . very common in New York State."

During the summer of 1966 I collected aquatic gastropods at
more than 200 localities in the Oswego River basin. Pleurocera
acuta was found living at only one place (Fig. 1) . Goniobasis vir-
ginica was not found alive (Fig. 2) . Goniobasis livescens was found
living at 13 localities, all isolated from the major rivers (Fig. 3) .
As can be seen in Figures 1, 2, and 3, dead specimens of the above
species were found in the larger rivers. The empty shells were
greatly eroded and the snails apparently had been dead for some
time. In Oneida Lake, where Baker had found G. livescens so com-
monly, not a single shell of that species was seen. From the distribu-
tion maps, it appears that P. acuta and G. virginica never entered
the smaller streams in the watershed. Goniobasis livescens^ how-
ever, invaded these areas. It also found refuge in 4 of the Finger
Lakes, Fayetteville Green Lake south of Oneida Lake, and De-
Ruyter Reservoir still farther to the south.

The pleurocerids are well known to be clean water organisms
(Dazo, 1965). Unfortunately, in most areas, central New York's
major rivers are polluted. However, other prosobranch gastropods
are still living in them. They are:

Valvata tricarinata (Say)
Campeloma decisum (Say)
Viviparus georgianus (Lea)
Amnicola integra (Say)
Amnicola limosa (Say)
Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry
Bithynia tentaculata (Linnaeus)

The last species listed, B. tentaculata, is abundant. In areas of
rock bottom practically every stone supports a large colony, and in
sandy areas much of the vegetation is covered with them. This spe-
cies is in fact dominating many habitats in the drainage system
(Fig. 4) . Blank areas appearing on the map along the rivers are
environments with soft, shifting bottoms and are so turbid as to
prevent the growth of rooted aquatic plants. Only pulmonate
snails were found in these situations.

Bithynia tentaculata is an introduced species (Berry, 1943). It
was first recorded in Lake Michigan in 1871 (Robertson and Blake-
slee, 1948) , probably being introduced from Europe into the St.

NAUTILUS

Vol. 81 (3)

Figure 2. Distribution of Goniobasis virginica in 1966 in the Oswego
watershed. ^ Living population. 0. Dead specimens only.

Lawrence watershed via ballast in ships (Bryant Walker in Baker,
1916) . William Beauchamp discovered the species at the mouth of
the Oswego River in 1876 (Baker, 1916) . In 1888 he reported it
in the Erie Canal in Syracuse and at West Troy. He felt that it
had ". . . become the most abundant shell in the canal . . ." and
thought that it had been responsible for the eradication of G. vir-
ginica and G. livescens, of which he found only dead specimens.
In 1943 Berry stated that B. tentaculata was one of the most abun-
dant mollusks in the Great Lakes.

It appears that B. tentaculata cannot traverse streams with areas
of turbulent water. In central New York, it has reached only
Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca Lakes. These are the only
bodies of water in the Oswego watershed that are joined to Lake
Ontario by deep, slow rivers (Fig. 4) . Bithynia tentaculata has not

January, 1968

NAUTILUS

Figure 3. Distribution of Goniobasis livescens in 1966 in the Oswego
watershed. ^ Living populations. 0. Dead specimens only.

reached Canandaigua, Keuka, Owasco, Skaneateles. or Otisco
Lakes, which are all separted from the major rivers by shallow
rapids.

The richly eutrophic and somewhat polluted Oneida Lake sup-
ports a high population of B. tentaculata. Seneca and Cayuga
Lakes, on the contrary, support relatively low populations. They
are considerably more oligotiophic than Oneida Lake and the
major rivers of the drainage basin. Apparently stable populations
of B. tentaculata and G. livescens occur together in Seneca and
Cayuga Lakes, showing that G. livescens can successfully compete
with B. tentaculata in clean water. In Oneida Lake the pleurocerid
fauna has been exterminated

It may appear that pollution per se eliminates the pleurocerids,
but one can infer otherwise from obervations at Chittenango Creek.
This stream empties into Oneida Lake on its south shore. There

NAUTILUS

Vol. 81 (3)

Figure 4. Distribution of Bithynia tentaculata in 1966 in the Oswego
watershed. ^ Living populations. 0. Dead specimens only.

are rapids between this collection area and Oneida Lake, and B.
tentaculata is not present. If my contention that B. tentaculata
will not traverse white water is true, then that is sufficient reason
for its absence. During 1956 and 1957, Clarke and Berg (1959)
collected several species of unionids living there. When I sampled
the stream during the summer of 1966, it appeared polluted and
no living mussels were found. However, P. acuta was abundant and
associated with Amnicola limosa and two pulmonates. Goniohasis
virginica is found in the polluted rivers of the Susquehanna water-
shed in southern New York (collected by the author in 1966) .
Bithynia tentaculata is not present there either. This shows that
without added stress of competition from B. tentaculata, P. acuta
and G. virginica are able to exist in moderately polluted environ-
ments.

January, 1968 nautilus 83

I think that the ehmination of pleurocerids from the major
rivers and Oneida Lake is due directly to competition with B. ten-
taculata. Competition has been defined as the interaction between
organisms that are both utilizing an essential resource which is in
short supply. If competition were envolved in the elimination of
pleurocerids, species competing with them would benefit from their
extinction in direct proportion to the intensity of their competition.
The populations of B. tentaculata have increased markedly com-
pared to those of the other associated gastropods. Seemingly, there-
fore the members of pleurocerids and B. tentaculata are severe
competitors, and the pleurocerids have been eliminated because
of their inability to compete vigorously in polluted situations.

This appears to be another case where an introduced species,
this time with the help of man's enrichment of the waters, has
invaded and dominated an environment at the expense of the
native fauna. But if pollution becomes more intense, B. tentacu-
lata will be eliminated also. In Onondaga Lake, a veritable open
cesspool for the city of Syracuse, only empty shells of B. tentaculata
are found, along with those of 9 other species of aquatic gastropods.

References

Baker, Frank Collins, 1916. The relation of mollusks to fish in
Oneida Lake, New York. N. Y. State Coll. Forestry Tech. Pub.
4:1-366.

Beauchamp, William M., 1888. Notes on American shells. Conch.
Exchange. 2:114-115.

Berry, Elmer C, 1943. The Amnicolidae of Michigan: Distribu-
tion, ecology, and taxonomy. Misc. Pub. Mus. Zool., Univ.
Michigan. 57:1-68.

Clarke, Arthur H., and Clifford O. Berg. 1959. The freshwater
mussels of central New York with an illustrated key to the
species of northeastern North America. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp.
Sta. Memoir. 367:1-79.

Dazo, Bonifacio Capili. 1965. The morphology and natural his-
tory of Pleurocera acuta and Goniobasis livescens (Gastropoda:
Cerithiacea: Pleuroceridae) . Malacologia. 2(1): 1-80.

DeKay, James E. 1843. Zoology of New York. Part 5. Mollusca.
Albany. 271 p. PI. 1-40.

Goodrich, Calvin. 1939. Pleuroceridae of the St. Lawrence River
basin. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan. 404:1-4.

Robertson, Imogene C. S., and Clifford L. Blakeslee. 1948. The
Mollusca of the Niagara frontier region. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat.
Sci. i9(3) : 1-191.

84 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (3)

A NOTE ON CATINELLA OKLAHOMARUM
By F. WAYNE GRIMM

Since the publication of their descriptions, several scattered
records have been reported for Catinella oklahomarum (Webb,
1953a) and C, pinicola Grimm, 1960 (see references) . Examina-
tion of specimens from many localities, including type material,
has revealed that the two are conspecific, and C. pinicola becomes
a synonym of C. oklahomarum. To date, no specimens have been
seen which connect C. oklahomarum loculosa (Webb, 1954) with
typical oklahomarum, and loculosa may be a good species.

Catinella oklahomarum ranges over most of the unglaciated
land in the eastern and south-central United States, and has been
collected in most of the physiographic provinces within this
large area. Although widely distributed, it is infrequently found
and usually occurs in small numbers. It prefers shady upland
habitats, although it is found occasionally in culverts, on waste-
ground, and near the margins of bodies of fresh water. I have
found it most often in cutover woods in hilly country and in the
coastal pinewoods. Becoming sexually mature in late autumn, it
increases in size until late Spring or early Summer of the follow-
ing year.

The genitalia of this species are quite variable, for the penis
ranges in shape from that described and illustrated by Webb
(1953a, 1954) for C. oklahomarum to that of C. pinicola Grimm
(1960). This variation is neither geographic nor seasonal, for it
appears in most samples in which several specimens are examined.
Some of this variation may be due to the position of the penis
during preservation. Often, the appendix is bent or shoved into
the penis when the binding tissues contract in alcohol. After the
penis matures, the female organs increase and the hermaphrodite
duct decreases in size.

I am indebted to Glenn R. Webb for the loan of specimens
and slides from his collection, and to Leslie Hubricht for per-
mission to use locality records from his collection.

References
Grimm, F, Wayne 1960. Two new succineids from Maryland,

with notes on Catinella vermeta. Nautilus 74 (1) :9-15.
, 1961. Landsnails from the upper Patuxent estuary margin

(Maryland). Nautilus 7^ (3) : 106-109.

January, 1968

NAUTILUS

The distribution of Catinella oklahomarum as
represented in the collections of Leslie Hubricht,
Glenn R, Webb, c;nd the author.

Hubricht, Leslie 1963. Some landsnail records from Louisiana.

Sterkiana 10: 1-3.

, 1964. The landsnails of Georgia. Sterkiana 16: 5-9.

, 1965. The landsnails of Alabama. Sterkiana 17 : 1-4.

. 1966. Some landsnail records from Arkansas and Oklahoma.

Nautilus 7P(4): 117-118.
Webb, Glenn R. 1953a. Anatomical studies on some midwestern

Succineidae and two new species. Jour. Tenn. Acad. Sci.

2(9(3): 213-220.
, 1953b. Additions to the pulmonate landsnails of Oklahoma

(with notes on anatomical techniques) . Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci.

34: 81-84.
-, 1954. Quickella (Mediappendix) oklahomarum loculosa n.

subsp. Gastropodia 1 (2) : 20.

86 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (3)

PORTUGUESE MARINE MOLLUSKS IN BERMUDA
By R. tucker ABBOTT and RUSSELL H. JENSEN

Foreign marine mollusks occasionally appear in Bermuda
waters, but rarely survive. Most of these, like Mytilus edulis Linn^
and Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) , arrive on the bottoms of
small, wooden sailing vessels. Verrill (1902) records a 1901 un-
successful attempt to introduce the herbivorous trochid, Cittarium
pica (Linne) , from the Bahamas to Hamilton Harbour, Bermuda.

Recently, several species of edible European marine mollusks
have been found living in Harrington Sound. Attempts to in-
troduce foreign species can sometimes lead to disruptive effects
to the local fauna. Sometimes, undesirable invertebrates are acci-
dentally introduced with edible oysters. Additionally, shells new
to a fauna can lead to the description of unnecessary new taxa.

Evidently, the introductions have been going on since 1965,
when a commercial airline pilot living at Shelly Bay began bring-
ing in pailsful of live mollusks packed in ice, from Lisbon, Por-
tugal. Live specimens have been dumped, from time to time,
into the western end of Harrington Sound. Living specimens
were collected from June to August, 1967, by Mrs. Gwyn Outer-
bridge, Mrs. Jane Adriance, Mr. Arthur Guest, and the junior
author. The presence of small specimens of Venus striatula da
Costa suggests that at least one species has produced a new gen-
eration in Bermuda.

Two American cold-water bivalves have been taken alive or in
freshly dead condition — My a arenaria Linne and Mercenaria mer-
cenaria (Linne) — but their establishment as permanent residents
has not been demonstrated. The following species have been
brought in from Portugal:

Cerastoderma edule (Linne) . Numerous live and dead speci-
mens taken in Harrington Sound. Specimens ranged in length
from 26 to 43.5 mm. The obese shell is equivalve, beaks slightly
in front of the midline, and with 24 to 29 radiating, weakly
scaled ribs. Color yellowish white, some specimens stained with
light rusty-brown. This species has a normal distribution from
the Barents Sea and the Baltic to the Black and Caspian Seas,
and south to Senegal, West Africa.

Venerupis decussata (Linne) . Numerous live and dead speci-

January, 1968

NAUTILUS

Portuguese mollusks in Bermuda. Fig. 1, Cerastoderma edule (Linn.) .
Fig. 2, Veyius (Chamelea) striatula (da Costa). Fig. 3, Venerupis decussatn
(Linn.) . Fig. 4, Murex brandaris Linn. Fig. 5, Donax variegatus (Gmelin).
All about natural size

88 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (3)

mens taken in Harrington Sound. Specimens ranged in length
from 31 to 36 mm. The strong but light-weight shell is equivalve,
beaks at the anterior third, and the outer surface is finely decus-
sated by numerous fine radial and concentric threads. Color
cream to tan with sparse mottlings and broken, narrow radial
rays of bluish purple. The pallial sinus is deep and U-shaped.
The interior, posterior hinge plate is stained dark-purple. Its
normal distribution is from southern England and France into
the Mediterranean and south to Senegal, West Africa.

Venus (Chamelea) striatula (da Costa) . A few live and freshly
dead specimens taken in Harrington Sound. Specimens ranged in
length from 19 to 30 mm. The thick, flattish, equivalve shell has
numerous small, raised concentric ridges which are sometimes
intertwined. Lunule short, heart-shaped. Escutcheon long, zebra-
striped and with microscopic radial lines. Pallial sinus small, V-
shaped. Exterior tan to cream with 2 or 3 narrow rays of mauve-
brown. Its normal distribution is from Scandinavia to the Black
Sea and to Morocco and the Canary Islands.

Donax variegatiis (Gmelin) . Only dead, matched valves found.
Probably does not survive long. Specimens ranged in length from
22 to 38 mm. Shell solid, brittle, wedge-shaped, equivalve, and
covered with a greenish tan, glossy periostraciun. Interior whitish
with blue or brownish yellow staining. Pallial sinus very large
and rounded. Its normal distribution is from the English Channel
to the western shores of the Mediterranean.

Murex brandaris Linne. Occasional live specimens taken, but
no eggs or young have been found as yet. Adults from 55 to 61 mm.
in length. If established, this Mediterranean (and Portugal to
Senegal) carnivorous species could become a nuisance to bathers
because of its spiny shells. It could also affect the bivalve popula-
tions of Bermuda.

Since our report on the sudden appearance of Macrocallista
maculata (Linne) (Abbott and Jensen, 1967) , that species has
now spread from Harrington Sound to the mouth of Flatts Inlet,
Shelly Bay, Bailey's Bay, Spanish Point, and Castle Harbour
Sound, as of the summer of 1967.

References
Abbott, R. T. and R. Jensen. 1967. Molluscan faunal changes

around Bermuda. Science 755; 3763: 687-688.
Nobra, Augusto. 1932. Moluscos marinhos de Portugal. Inst. Zool.

January, 1968 nautilus 89

Univ. Porto. 466 pp., 80 pis.
Tebble, Norman. 1967. British bivalve seashells. Handbook, Brit.

Mus. (Nat. Hist.). 212 pp., illus.
Verrill, A.H. Zoology Bermuda Islands. Trans. Connecticut Acad.,

vol. 11, p. 708.

A NEW MEIOCARDIA (PELECYPODA, GLOSSIDAE)
FROM THE EOCENE OF FLORIDA

By DAVID NICOL Department of Geology, University of Florida

The Crystal River Formation (Ocala Group) of Late Eocene
age is well exposed in limestone quarries to the northwest, west,
south, and southeast of Gainesville, Florida. Although most of
the mollusks are represented by poorly preserved casts and molds,
the fauna is exceedingly diverse. Besides the many different kinds
of marine mollusks, there is also a great diversity of Foraminifera,
Bryozoa, Crustacea, and Echinoidea. However, both colonial and
solitary corals are rare and represented by few species. Probably
because of the relatively poor preservation of most of the mollusks,
this part of the invertebrate fauna is still largely undescribed.
However, Dr. Katherine V. W. Palmer of the Paleontological
Research Institution has nearly completed a monograph of the
entire molluscan fauna of the Ocala Group.

The Crystal River Formation is a pure limestone that consists
of nearly 100 per cent, calcium carbonate, and in most places
more than 50 per cent of the rock is composed of the calcareous
shells or skeletons of marine invertebrates. In some places the
limestone has been replaced by chert, and at a few localities some
of the fossils have been silicified.

An undescribed species of Meiocardia is an uncommon fossil in
the Lepidocyclina-Pseudophragmina faunizone (Puri, 1957, p. 48)
of the Crystal River Formation. Some other associated invertebrates
in this faunizone are Crassatella sp., Glycymeris sp., Cardium sp.,
Plicatula sp., Tapes sp., Clavagella (Clavagella) sp., Clavagella
(Stirpiilina) sp., several species of gastropods, many miliolids and
other Foraminifera, small echinoids,' and fragments of bryozoans
and crustaceans. As far as I am aware, this is the first report of
clavagellids occurring in Cenozoic strata in the western hemis-
phere, and both Clavagella (Clavagella) sp. and Clavagella (Stir-
pulina) sp. are much like species described from the Paris Basin

90 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (3)

Eocene. When the mollusks are better known, some o£ them can
be used as zone fossils, and they have the added advantage of
being identified by the stratigrapher and field geologist with
greater ease than the bryozoans, Foraminifera, and ostracods.

This species of Meiocardia is only the second reported from
Eocene strata along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts (Palmer and
Brann, 1965, p. 192) . Meiocardia carolinae Harris, 1919, (Harris
is Van Winkle and Harris) has been found in Middle and Upper
Eocene strata in North and South Carolina.

The present distribution of Meiocardia is interesting because
it is disjunct, a rare phenomenon amongst pelecypod genera and
families. There is one species, Meiocardia agassizi Dall, living in
a small area in the southeastern Caribbean Sea — Trinidad, Bar-
bados, and off the north coast of Venezuela. This region has not
been thoroughly collected in the deeper waters, and so the exact
geographic range of this species is not known, but it appears to
be uncommon and confined to this restricted area. The remaining
living representatives of the genus are found in Hawaii westward
to southern Japan, the Philippines, the East Indies, Queensland,
and westward at least as far as the Persian Gulf. Although
Meiocardia is not confined to the Indo-Pacific today, its main
development is in this region. Several other genera of mollusks
found in Ocala strata are now either confined to the Indo-Pacific
region or nearly so. One of the puzzling questions is why so many
of these present-day Indo-Pacific genera disappeared from the
Atlantic and Gulf Coastal regions during Middle and Late
Eocene times.

Family Glossidae
Meiocardia H. and A. Adams, 1857

Type species: subsequent designation, von Martens, 1870, Chama
moltkiana Spengler, 1783.
Meiocardia palmerae Nicol, new species. Figs. 1-5.

Description: Shell small; holotype 12.1 mm. high, 11.8 mm.
long; largest specimen 25.7 mm. high, 26.8 mm. long; smallest
specimen 11.8 mm. high, 10.2 mm. long; average for 10 specimens
is 15.2 mm. high, 14.2 mm. long; ratio of length to height for
the 10 specimens 0.93; most specimens are higher than long but
two are longer than high; valve outline subtrapezoidal, anterior
side arcuate, ventral margin gently rounded and sloping post-

January, 1968 nautilus 91

eriorly, posterior side subtruncate, dorsal margin posterior to the
beaks gently rounded, dorsal margin anterior to the beaks rounded;
anterior adductor muscle scar large and nearly round, located at
the antero-dorsal margin; pallial line not visible; poserior ad-
ductor muscle scar larger than anterior, indistinct, located midway
on the posterior border of the valve; 7 of the casts smooth or
nearly so; 3 casts have concentric rounded ribs well marked, as
many as 7 concentric ribs easily seen, ribs not seen on anterior
margin nor posterior to a prominent keel which runs from the
posterior side of the beak to the postero-ventral margin in a
broad arc; a second and shorter keel seen in a few specimens
which runs from under the beak along the posterior part of the
dorsal margin; interior margins of the valves apparently smooth;
beaks high, well enrolled, strongly prosogyiate, located at the
anterior y^ of the dorsal margin; only portions of the hinge teeth
seen on some of the specimens; they appear to be typical for the
genus Meiocardia.

Comparison: Meiocardia palmer ae is clearly distinct from M.
carolinae Harris, 1919, by being proportionately higher, by having
higher beaks, by having a larger posterior keel or ridge, and by
being smaller than M. carolinae.

Meiocardia palmerae is named in honor of Dr. Katherine V. W.
Palmer, Director of the Paleontological Research Institution at
Ithaca, New York. Dr. Palmer is particularly noted for her re-
search on Eocene mollusks of the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts.

Localities: Locality #1. The type locality for Meiocardia palm-
erae is just east of old U. S. Highway 441 at Zuber, Marion County,
Florida. This is Puri's (1957, p. 70) PM-2, and in the same pub-
lication Puri designated this place as the cotype locality for the
Ocala Group. This is also Puri and Vernon's (1964, p. 81) Stop
11; SE14 SWi/4 Sec. 11, T. 14 S., R. 21 E. Besides the holotype,
4 of the paratypes were collected at this locality.

Locality #2. One paratype was collected by G. H. Espenshade
of the U. S. Geological Survey in 1955 at U. S. G. S. locality
#20154 (106) . This is an abandoned phosphate mine with solution-
pitted limestone well exposed; 'Trench Phosphate Mines," I1/2
miles northeast of Anthony, Marion County, Florida; Sec. 3, T.
14 S., R. 22 E.

Locality #3. One paratype was collected at an abandoned lime-

92 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (3)

stone quarry one mile west of Interstate 75 and two miles south
of State Highway 26, Alachua County, Florida; SEi/4 Sec 9, T.
10 S., R. 18 E.

Locality #4. Two paratypes were collected at the Haile Quarries,
Newberry Corporation pits, five miles northeast of Newberry, Ala-
chua County, Florida on State Highway 235; SW14 SEi/4 Sec. 13,
T. 9 S., R. 17 E. This is Puri and Vernon's (1964, p. 82) Stop 12.

Locality #5 The largest specimen is a paratype collected approxi-
mately two miles northeast of High Springs, Alachua County,
Florida; N1/2 Sec 30, T. 7 S., R. 18 E.

Type specimens and repositories: The holotype and 4 paratypes
are deposited in the collection at the Paleontological Research
Institution — P.R.I.

Holotype P.R.I. 27543, right valve, figured, locality #1.
Paratype P.R.I. 27544, right valve, figured, locality #1.
Paratype P.R.I. 27545, left valve, locality #1.
Paratype P.R.I. 27546, left valve, locality #4.
Paratype P.R.I. 27547, right valve, locality #3.

Five of the paratypes are deposited in the collection at the U. S.
National Museum — U.S.N. M.

Paratype U.S.N. M. 645660, right valve, figured, locality #5.
Paratype U.S.N.M. 645656, left valve, locality #1.
Paratype U.S.N.M. 645657, right valve, locality #1.
Paratype U.S.N.M. 645658, left valve, locality #2.
Paratype U.S.N.M. 645659, right valve, locality #4.

I am greatly indebted to Dr. David W. Ehrenfeld and Dr.
Frank G. Nordlie of the Zoology Department at the University of
Florida for taking and developing the photographs of Meiocardia
palmerae.

Literature cited

Adams, H., and A. Adams, 1854-1858, The genera of recent

Mollusca, London, vol. 2, 661 pp.
Palmer, Katherine V. W., and D. C. Brann, 1965, Catalogue of

the Paleocene and Eocene Mollusca of the southern and eastern

United States. Part I. Pelecypoda, Amphineura, Pteropoda,

Scaphopoda, and Cephalopoda: Bull. Am. Paleo. 48 (2\S) :

466 pp.
Puri, H. S., 1957, Stratigiaphy and zonation of the Ocala Group:

Fla. Geol. Survey, Geol. Bull. 38, 248 pp.
Puri, H. S., and R. O. Vernon, 1964, Summary of the geology of

Florida and a guidebook to the classic exposures: Fla. Geol.

January, 1968

NAUTILUS

Figs. 1, 2. Holotype P.R.I. 27543. Right V'alve, exterior; 1. showing beak,
2. showing posterior keel. Specimen 12.1 mm. high. Figs. 3,4. Paratype
U.S.N.M. 645660. Right valve; 3. posterior dorsal view showing both keels,
4. exterior. Specimen 25.7 mm. high. Fig. 5. Paratype P.R.I. 27544. Right
valve, exterior showing concentric ribs. Specimen 17.0 mm. high.

Survey, Special Pub. 5 (Revised), 312 pp.
Van Winkle, Katherine E. H., and G. D. Harris, 1919, New or
otherwise interesting molluscan species from the east coast of
America: Bull. Am. Paleo. (9(33) : 5-32.

94 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (3)

ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF THECOSOMATOUS PTEROPODS
IN THE WEST ANTARCTIC OCEAN*

Bv CHIN CHEN

Lamont Geological Observatory of Columbia University Palisades, New York

Thecosomatous pteropods are the major group of holoplank-
tonic gastropods in the Antarctic Ocean. They have a world-wide
distribution in the open ocean, mainly inhabiting the upper 500
meters, but a few species live in deeper water. About 50 species
of thecosomatous pteropods have been described. Less than one-
tenth of these have their main distribution in the polar and sub-
polar regions.

The shells of thecosomatous pteropods are usually composed of
aragonite, but a few are cartilaginous. Pteropod shells in the
modern pelagic sediments are usually encountered at depths from
200 m. to 4000 m. They are rare in the shallow-water deposits of
less than 200 m. Pteropod shells constitute a major portion of
calcareous pelagic sediments at a depth of about 2200 m. in the
subtropical and tropical areas. They diminish gradually to 4000 m.
as the solution rate of CaCOg increases with depth. Pteropod ooze
was defined by Murray and Renard (1891) as deep-sea sediment
in which a very large part of the calcareous organisms consists of
shells of pteropods and other pelagic gastropods.

Two hundred eighty-one plankton samples from 189 Eltanin
stations in the Scotia Sea, Weddell Sea, Drake Passage, and the
Pacific sector of the Antarctic Ocean were available for this
study. Usually the entire sample was studied. If there were more
than 500 pteropods in a sample, a half or one-eighth aliquot was
examined. The abundance of each species (specimens per 1000 m^
water) in the upper 300 m. is shown on the distribution maps.
The taxonomy of thecosomatous pteropods used here follows
Tesch (1946, 1948).

The distribution of pteropods has been reported from several
expeditions in the West Antarctic Ocean: Terra Nova Expedition
(Massy, 1920), National Antarctic Expedition (Eliot, 1907), and
Discovery Expedition (Massy, 1932; Hardy and Gunther, 1935;
and Mackintosh, 1934) . However, very little quantitative data
are available.

* Contribution from Lamont Geological Observatory. No. 1134.

January, 1968

NAUTILUS

MAP

LimacinQ helicina

The mean position of the
Antarctic Convergence is
after Mackintosh (1946).

The legends in maps
2-4 refer to the
Jegend in this map.

iq:

SpecimenyioOO m' water
1-99

100-999
1000-9999

J.Q.'

I >I0000

Map 1. Zoogeography of Limacina helicina in the upper 300 meters.

Eight species are found in the region mapped and four of these
are frequently encountered. These 4 major species can be grouped
into two faunal categories on the basis of their maximum con-
centration in relation to the Antarctic Convergence. Category 1,
those mainly found south of the Convergence, consists of Limacina
helicina (Phipps) and Clio sulcata (Pfeffer) . Category 2, those
mainly found north of the Convergence, is composed of Limacina

NAUTILUS

Vol. 81 (3)

MAP 2

C!k? sulcata

Map 2. Zoogeography of Clio sulcata in the upper 300 meters.

retroversa (Fleming) and Clio antarctica Dall. Four other species,
Clio polita Pelseneer, Clio chaptali (Souleyet) , Limacina helicoides
Jeffreys, and Peraclis reticulata (d'Orbigny) , are very infrequently
recorded in this study. The former 3 rare species have so far been
found in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, and the latter
species is found in the South Atlantic and west Drake Passage.
Comparison of the distribution of thecosomatous pteropod

January, 1968

NAUTILUS

MAP 3

■imacinQ retroverso

West 90*

Map 3. Zoogeography of Limacina retroversa in the upper 300 meters.

species in the two polar regions shows different pattern. The 4
common species, Limacina helicina, L. retroversa, Clio sulcata, and
C. antarctica are circumpolar in the Southern Ocean. There is a
notable difference in the northern polar region because of the
absence of Clio sulcata and C. antarctica. Limacina helicina is
present in the Pacific- and Atlantic-Arctic regions, while L. retro-

98 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (3)

versa is limited to the North Atlantic. Limacina retroversa has
been reported (Chen and Be, 1964) to be a dominant species in
the Labrador Sea, yet it is notably absent in the North Pacific
(McGowan, 1960).

Limacina helicina is more abundant and is larger in size south

of the Antarctic Convergence. Its maximum concentration

(> 10,000 specimens per 1000 m^ water) is found approximately

5 degrees south of the mean position of the Antarctic Convergence.

The largest specimens are about 8 mm. in width.

Limacina helicina has been reported in the Southern Ocean by
Meisenheimer (1905, 1906), Massy (1920, 1932), Mackintnosh
(1934) , and Hardy and Gunther (1935) . The most northern
record of this species in the Southern Ocean is at 31 °S, 8°E
where 8 specimens were found by the Valdivia Expedition (Meis-
enheimer, 1905) .

Clio sulcata is characteristic of the Antarctic water. A dense
patchy distribution (> 10,000 specimens per 1000 m^ water) was
observed in the upper 300 m. in the South Sandwich Trench
south of the Convergence in May of 1963. A narrow patchy area
extends in a north-south direction, parallel to the direction of
the trench,

Clio sulcata was first described by Pfeffer (1879) from two
stations, 50°34'S, 83°44'W and 45°35'S, 122°1'W. The latter is
so far the most northern record. This species has been reported
in the Antarctic by Pelseneer (1888, 1903), Meisenheimer (1905,
1906), Eliot (1907), Massy (1920, 1932), Mackintosh (1934),
Hardy and Gunther (1935), Spoel (1962), and Taki Okutani
(1963) . Massy (1932) stated that over 2000 specimens were caught
in hauls made at 34 stations at the South Sandwich Islands at
soundings of 0-250 m.

Limacina retroversa is more abundant in the Subantarctic than
in the Antarctic waters. It is found throughout a region extend-
ing for at least three to ten degrees of latitude south from the
mean position of the Antarctic Convergence. Limacina retroversa
is absent or very rare in the Weddell Sea whose waters are a
mixture of a major portion of Antarctic continental shelf water
and a minor portion of warmer water. According to Mackintosh
(1934) , this species shows patchy distribution and has a tendency
to form shoals.

January, 1968

NAUTILUS

MAP 4

Clio gntarctica

Map 4. Zoogeography of Clio antarctica in the upper 300 meters.

Clio antarctica is widely distributed throughout the Subantarctic
waters, but is not abundant (<100 specimens per 1000 m^ water).
It occurred in fairly large numbers (about 200 specimens per 1000
m3 water) from a station at 55°S, 89°49'W. This species is very
rare or absent in the surface waters of the region mapped.

Clio antarctica was observed in the southern regions of the

100 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (3)

three great oceans around the South Pole (Pelseneer, 1888) and
in an intermediate belt of temperate waters (Tesch, 1948) . Ac-
cording to the distribution maps of Meisenheimer (1905) and
Tesch (1948) the majority of this species occurred in the area
between 40° and 60° S latitudes, but it was recorded from a
station as far north as 20° S latitude (Meisenheimer, 1905, map

4).

Acknoxuledgements. I am deeply grateful to Drs. A. Crary and

G. Llano of National Science Foundation under whose auspices

the biological program on Eltanin has been carried out and to

Dr. A.W.H. Be who was in charge of Lamont's Antarctic plankton

sampling program. I thank J. Hays, A Mclntyre, T Ericson and

N Hillman for constructive criticism. Gratitude is expressed to

the Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center for sorted pteropod

specimens. This research was supported by the U. S. Antarctic

Research Programs of the National Science Foundation (Grants

GA-276 and GA-766) .

References

Chen, C, and Be, A.W.H. 1964. Seasonal distribution of euthe-
cosomatous pteropods in the surface waters of five stations in
the western North Atlantic, Bull, of Marine Science of the
Gulf and Caribbean, 14: 185-220, 12 text-figures, 5 tables.

Eliot, C. 1907. Mollusca, VI. Pteropoda, Nat. Antarctic Exped.
Nat. Hist., 3: 1-15, 2 plates.

Hardy, A.C., and Gunther, E.R. 1935. The plankton of the South
Georgia whaling grounds and adjacent waters 1926-27, Dis-
covery Repts., 11: 1-456, 193 text-figures, 77 tables and 5 ap-
pendix tables.

Mackintosh, N.A. 1934. Distribution of the macroplankton in the
Atlantic sector of the Antarctic, Discovery Repts., 9: 65-160, 48
text-figures, 18 tables.

, 1946. The Antarctic Convergence and the distribution of

surface temperatures in the Antarctic waters, Discovery Repts.,
23: 117-212, 11 text-figures, 14 plates, 9 tables.

Massy, A.L. 1920. Mollusca, part III. - Eupteropoda (Pteropoda
Thecosomata) and Pterota (Pteropoda Gymnosomata) , British
Antarctic ("Terra Nova") Exped., Zoology 2: 203-231, 9 text-
figures.

, 1932. Mollusca: Gastropoda Thecosomata and Gymnoso-
mata, Discovery Repts., 3: 267-296, 1 text-figure, 1 plate.

McGowan, J. 1960. The systematics, distribution and abundance
of Euthecosomata of the North Pacific, Ph.D. dissertation of
University of California at San Diego, 1-212, 54 figures, 18 tables.

Meisenheimer, J. 1905. Pteropoda, Wiss. Ergebn. 'Valdivia', 9:

January, 1968 nautilus 101

1-314, 35 text- figures, 9 maps, 27 plates.
-, 1906. Die Pteropoden der Deutschen Siidpolar-Exped.,

Dtsch. Siidpolar-Exped., 9: 96-153, 10 text-figures, 1 map, 2

plates.
Murray, J. and Renard, A. 1891. Reports on the deep-sea deposits,

Rept. Sci. Res. Challenger 1872-1876. 1-525, 29 plates, 43 charts,

22 diagrams.
Pelseneer, P. 1888. Report on Pteropoda collected by H.M.S.

Challenger during the year 1873-76, II. Thecosomata, Rept.

Voy. 'Challenger'. Zool, 23: 1-132, 3 text-figures, 2 plates.
, 1903. Mollusques (Amphineures, gastropodes et lamelli-

branches) , resultats du voyage du S.Y. Belgica en 1897-1899,

27-83, 2 plates.
Pfeffer, G. 1879. Uebersicht der wahrend der Reise um die Erde

in den Jahren 1874-1876 auf S.M.S. Gazelle und von Herrn Dr.

Jagor auf seiner Reise nach den Philippinen in den Jahren

1857-1861 gesammelten Pteropoden, Monastber. Kgl Preuss.

Akad. Wissensch., 230-247, 1 plate.
Spoel, S.V.D. 1962. Aberrent forms of the genus Clio Linnaeus,

1767, with a review of the genus Proclio Hubendick, 1951,

(Gastropoda, Pteropoda), Beaufortia P; 173-200, 10 text-figures,

2 diagrams.
Taki, I. and Okutani, T. 1963. Reports on the biology of the

"Umitaka-Maru" Expedition, Part 3. Journal of the Faculty of

Fisheries and Animal Husbandry, Hiroshima University 5:

95-102, 1 text-figure, 2 tables, 1 plate.
Tesch, J.J. 1946. The thecosomatons pteropods I. the Atlantic.

Dana Report., 28: 1-82, 34 text-figures, 8 plates.
, 1948. The thecosomatons pteropods, II. The Indo-Pacific,

Dana Rept., 30: 1-44, 34 text-figures, 3 plates.

NOTES AND NEWS

Margaret M. Teare. — Mrs. Teare, who was a member of the
American Malacological Union for over 20 years, and who at-
tended many of its meetings, passed away after a brief illness, in
Buffalo, New York, on June 13, 1967. She will be missed by her
many friends.

Correction. — Change 81 (2) : 65, third line from bottom, to:
Mesodon indianorum lioderma (Pilsbry) , 1940, Acad. Nat. Sci.
My apologies to author. — h. b. b.

102 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (3)

Field method for following locomotory activities of
SAND-BURROWING GASTROPODS. — Many spccics of sand-dwelling mar-
ine gastropods crawl about over the sand surface at night, and
remain buried in the sand during the day. In conjunction with
studies on the ecology of terebrid species from Eniwetok Atoll,
several unsuccessful attempts to follow the locomotory patterns
of animals in the field were made, utilizing skin-diving techniques
in water from three to seven meters deep. The large Indo-Pacific
species of Terebra (crenulata, guttata;, maculata, and subulata)
lie buried with the apex of the shell just below the sand surface,
and actively crawl over the sand with the apex dragging on the
surface, thus producing a distinctive trail in the substratum.
Under optimal field conditions, locomotory activities of the ani-
mals could be followed from day to day, but any disturbance
of the sand obliterated the trails, thus limiting extended studies
on individual specimens.

To solve this problem the animals were tagged by using two
methods, both of which proved to be effective. For small specimens,
a ten-centimeter length of thin nylon thread was securely tied
between the first and second whorls, with the knot and free end
directed dorsally. In large specimens a small hole (one millimeter
diameter) was drilled through the solid apex of the shell, and
the ten centimeter length of nylon was tied through this opening.
In both cases a thin section of cork was firmly attached to the
free end of the thread. Each cork section was painted fluorescent
orange for easy location under water and was numbered with
India ink. The animals were then easily located by the floating
tag, whether they were aawling or buried. The tag had no ap-
parent hindering effect on locomotion, and recovery of tagged
animals in the field was highly successful.

Daily patterns of locomotion over a two-month period were
followed by placing a plastic rod upright in the sand behind the
apex of each buried animal. A numbered metal tag was attached
to the rod to correspond with the numbered cork attached to the
animal. Following each locomotory period the trail could be
followed from the metal tag to the cork marking the location of
the animal.

This tagging method should be applicable to field studies on
other species of sand-dwelling gastropods, particularly when

January, 1968 nautilus 103

studies on migratory activity require extended periods of daily
observation.

Research at the Eniwetok Marine Biological Laboratory was
sponsored by U.S. Atomic Energy Commission funds alloted
to the Univei'sity of Hawaii, and was carried out in partial fulfill-
ment of the requirements of the M.S. degree at the University
of Hawaii. — Bruce A. Miller (NDEA. Fellow) , Department of
Zoology, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824.

Fresh-water mollusks eaten by trout and other fish. —
Several years ago, I received the stomach contents of 3 medium
sized trout taken in a small lake in Snohomish County, Wash-
ington, on May, 1935. This small collection proves that fresh-
water mollusks form an important diet for trout. In 1904-1910
I often caught yellow perch in Lake Union that had their bellies
crammed with Pisidium casertanum or abditum. Pisidia are
doubtless the most important food item for some bottom fish,
especially in winter. Pisidia are usually the only mollusks in high
mountain lakes and some species have a high northern and An-
tarctic distribution. I have often found them in abundance in
lakes of N.E. Siberia, Kamchatka, Aleutian Is., Alaska and in
the lakes of Antarctic S. Chile and Patagonia, as well as on Mt.
Rainier and mountain lakes in the Cascades.

I have a series of most of the North American species of
Pisidium and they are especially abundant in the Canadian lakes
up to and beyond the Arctic Circle. Some specialists have spent
nearly a life time in collecting and studying these tiny fresh-water
clams. Dr. Sterki collected and described over 100 "new species"
of Pisidium from slight shell variations. With more careful and
conservative study, Rev. Herrington has reduced a large percentage
of these to synonymy.

Gyraulus, Physa, Lymnaea and Ferrissia are also important
molluscan food for shallow water fishes especially in small lakes,
where there is an abundance of muddy water plants.

The most abundant shells in the stomachs of these fish were
Gyraulus, Menetus, Valvata and Ferrissia fragilis which are mostly
in shallow muddy water.

The following species of shells were taken from the stomach
contents of the 3 trout. This list constitutes a census of most of

104 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (3)

the species of fresh-water shells found in the small lakes of western
Washington.

Gyraulus vermicularis (Gould) .
Menetus cooperi F. C. Baker
Helisoma anceps (Menke) .
Physa gabbi Try on.
Valvata virens Try on.
Ferrissia fragilis (Tryon) .
Pisidium randolphii Roper,
Pisidium casertanum (Poli) .
Pisidium compressum Prime.

Identifications were verified by Dr. Henry Pilsbry of Philadel-
phia Academy of Sciences. — Walter J. Eyerdam.

N. S. F. Grants^ Fiscal '66. — In keeping with the recent tabu-
lation (Boss. 1967. Nautilus, 80: 141-2) . I have again complied a
list of those scientists working in the various aspects of malacology
who were awarded stipends from the National Science Founda-
tion. These data were taken from the section on Biological and
Medical Sciences Research Projects of NSF.'s grants and awards
for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1966, available for one dollar
from the U. S. Gov't Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402.

Bitterman, M. E. Learning in ''Octopus" (GB4501) ; 24 months;
113,100. Bryn Mawr College, Pennsylvania (Psychobiology) .

Franzen, Dorothea S. Recent Succineidae of central North
America (GB2715-Amdt. Nos. 1 and 2) ; $6,900. Ilhnois Wesleyan
University (Systematic biology) .

Heard, William H. The Sphaeriidae of North America (GB-
4626); 24 months; $18,400. Florida State University (Systematic
biology) .

Kay, E. Alison. Littoral marine Gastropoda of the Hawaiian
Islands (GB1346-Amdt. No. 1); 12 months; $1,800. University
of Hawaii (Systematic biology) .

Kondo, Yoshio Archaic land snail families, Achatinellidae,
Partulidae, and Amastridae (GB3974) ; 24 months; $53,400.
Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii (Systematic
biology) .

Little, Colin. Ionic regulation in "Strombus gigas" Linnaeus
(GB4160); 24 months; $10,300. University of Miami, Florida
(Regulatory biology) .

Loosanoff, Victor L. Development and spawning of different
physiological races of "Crassostrea virginica" (Gmelin) (GB5250) ;
24 months; $11,300. University of the Pacific, Dillon Beach,
California (Environmental biology) .

January, 1968 nautilus 105

Margolin, Abraham S. Predator-prey relationships between
echinoderms and molluscs (GB5157) ; 24 months; $9,700. Phoenix
College, Arizona (Psychobiology) .

Menzel, R. W. Cytotaxonomy of species of related pelecypod
mollusks (GB5034) ; 24 months; $33,300. Florida State University,
(Systematic biology) .

Moore, Donald R. Systematics and zoogeography of western
Atlantic Caecidae (GB5055) ; 24 months; |20,000. University of
Miami, Florida (Systematic biology) .

Morrill, John B. Development of fresh water pulmonate moll-
uscs (GB4393) ; 8 months; $7,700. College of William and Mary,
Virginia (Developmental biology) .

Murray, J. James, Jr. Population genetics of the genus "Partula"
(Gastropoda) (GB4188) ; 36 months; $26,700. University of
Virginia (Genetic biology) .

Newell, Norman D. Late Permian mass extinctions of pelecy-
pods in Japan (GB4003) ; 12 months; $1,400. American Museum
of Natural History, New York (Systematic biology) . — K. J. Boss.

Two NOTEWORTHY ACHATINIDS FROM PANAMA During a rCCCUt

short trip to southeastern Panama (Jan., 1967) the author
collected two species of achatinid snails that previously had not
been known from specific localities, Opeas adamsi Pilsbry and
Neosubulina (Ischnocion) triptyx (Pilsbry) . O. adamsi was des-
cribed from "Panama" and N. triptyx was described from "Col-
ombia" (1906, Man Conch., 11, Vol. 18: 216, 354). Neither
species has been reported in the literature since its original des-
cription. I collected both species in a rain forest 2.5 mi. SW El
Real, Tarien Prov., Panama, where they were found in small
numbers among debris and leaf mulch. — Fred G. Thompson.

New LOCALITY for Limax marginatus — Three specimens of
L. marginatus Miiller were collected at 526 East Huisache Street.
San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas on May 29, 1967 by Sally
Wiley. The specimens were found in early evening under wet
leaves beneath a Pomegranate (Puncia) bush after a rain. Addi-
tional specimen of L. marginatus have since been obtained from
this locality. Although the maximum length of the largest speci-
men (approximately 40 mm.) is less than the length cited by Pils-
bry (1948, Land Mollusca of North America, II (2) :530) , all
specimens conform to the description of the species. L. marginatus
is introduced to the United States from Europe and is herein

106 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (3)

reported as the first record for Texas. We wish to thank Dr. Dee
Dundee for verification of the specimens. — Harold T. Murray
and Sally Wiley^ Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas.

Permanent whole-mounts of snail genitalia^. — Differences
in the genitalia serve as major criteria for delimiting gastropod
species, particularly in the Pulmonata. The potential value of a
method of preserving dissected genitalia, in a near-natural state,
is obvious. Although several techniques have been described for
the preparation of whole mounts (Gregg, Ann. Rept. Amer. Malac.
Union, p. 39, 1958; Michelson, Nautilus, 7^:32-33, 1960), they
have been found either to be time consuming, to require a high
degree of technical skill, or to be inadequate for the large, bulky
genitalia of many species A technique has now been devised which
is simple, rapid, inexpensive, and adequate for specimens of any
size. Distortion is minimal and preparations retain their natural
color. The technique combines methods proposed by Fan (Tur-
tox News, ^2:54-57, 1964) for mounting stages of helminth life-
histories, and that of Waller and Eschmeyer (Bioscience, i5: 361,
1965) for preserving color in biological specimens.

Mounts of genitalia are prepared in the following manner. The
snail is removed from its shell and the genitalia are dissected in
50% alcohol. The genitalia are oriented in a drop of alcohol on
a microscope slide, excess alcohol is removed, and the specimen
is attached to the slide by adding a gelatin solution. (This solu-
tion is prepared by adding 4 gm of purified gelatin to 24 ml. of
distilled water and boiling the mixture until the gelatin has com-
pletely dissolved; the solution is cooled to 45°C before use) . Best
results are obtained when a few drops of gelatin are allowed to
flow over the entire specimen as a thin film. This film is permitted
to solidify for 1-2 minutes, and then the preparation is carefully
immersed in 10% formalin containing lonol CP-40® (Shell
Chemical Co.) at a concentration of 1:500. lonol CP-40, a 40%
emulsion of butylated hydroxytoluene, is an antioxidant that has
been found effective in conserving the color of biological specimens.

Slide preparations may be stored indefinitely in Coplin jars

^The investigation was supported in part by Grants AI-00513 and 5TI A-I 46
from the U.S. Public Health Service, Bethesda, Maryland.

January, 1968 nautilus 107

containing the formalin-antioxidant mixture. When it is desired
to examine the preparation the slide is rinsed for 30 seconds in
running tap-water and then placed in a Mcjunkin dish or other
suitable container and covered with 1% formalin. Slides may be
returned to the formalin-antioxidant mixture for future storage.
In our experience, specimens remain free of distortion and
retain their natural color for periods in excess of 8 months. The
preparations are excellent for microscopic examination, camera
lucida drawings, and photography. — E. H. Michelson^ Dept.
Tropical Public Health, Harvard School Public Health, Boston.

Laevapex fragilis on the Outer Banks of North Carolina.
— The widely distributed fresh water limpet, Laevapex fragilis
(Tryon) , was found on Ocracoke Island during a brief visit July
4, 1967. It occurred at the head of a fresh water creek near the
Ocracoke campground. The animals were fairly numerous on
the submerged stem portions of Typha and Junciis. The water
was clear and cool, the bottom sandy with very little decaying
vegetation. Of 40 shells examined, one was septate. — Dorothy E.
Beetle, Peninsula Nature Museum, Newport News, Va.

Ficus CAROLAE AND F. FLORiDENSis. — A rcceut Sending, by Mrs.
Leon E. Chambers, of fossil shells from the Caloosahatchee Pliocene
at LaBelle, Florida, included a specimen of Ficus which was
recently described as Ficus floridensis Olsson and Harbison. A
comparison with the Recent species, F., carolae Clench, indicates
that both names apply to the same species.
Ficus carolae Clench.

Ficus carolae Clench, 1945, Johnsonia 1: no. 18, p. 3, pi. 2, fig.
1-3 (5-1/2 miles SE. of the Elbow, Key Largo, Florida, in 92-100
fathoms). Hototype, MCZ. 157501.

Ficus floridensis Olsson and Harbison, 1953, Acad, of Nat. Sci.,
Philadelphia, Monographs no. 8, p. 258, pi. 41, fig. 3-3a (Pliocene,
Willcox Collection, Caloosahatchee River, Florida.) Holotype,
ANSB. 572.

In addition to the type locality, I have specimens of Ficus carolae
from 5 miles E. of Carysfort Light, Florida (fragment) and from
the Campeche Banks, Mexico. — William J. Clench.

108 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (3)

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

Maes, Virginia Orr. 1967. The littoral marine mollusks of Cocos-
Keeling Islands (Indian Ocean) . Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Phila-
delphia 119: 93-217, 4 text figs & 26 pis.

Roper, C. F. E. and R. E. Young. 1967, A review of the Valby-
teuthidae and an evaluation of its relationship with the Chiro-
teuthidae (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) . Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
123, no. 3612: 1-9, map & 4 pis.

Powell, A. W. B. 1967. Mollusca of the Kermadec Islands. Pt.
2. Rec. Auck. Inst. Mus. 6: 3: 197-199, 1 pi. New spp. of
Fusiniis, Baryspira and Lutraria.

. 1967. New Zealand molluscan systematics with descriptions

of new species; part 6. Ibid., 6: 3: 185-196, 2 pis. New spp. of
Proxicharonia, Morula and Semele.

Fleming, C. A. 1966. Marwick's illustrations of New Zealand
shells, with a checklist of New Zealand Cenozoic Mollusca.
Bull. 173, Dept. Sci. Industrial Research, 456 pp., 145 pis.

Wagner, R. J. L. and R. T. Abbott (editors) . 1967, Van Nos-
trand's Standard Catalog of Shells. Princeton, N. J. Second
edition, 303 pp., illus.

Solem, Alan. 1964. New records of New Caledonian nonmarine
mollusks and an analysis of the introduced mollusks. Pacific
Sci. 18: 130-136.

, 1965. Land snails of the genus Amphidromus from Thai-
land (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Camaenidae) . Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 117 (3519) : 615-628, & 2 pis.

Turner, Ruth T. 1962. James H. Orton. His contributions to the
field of fossil and recent mollusks. Rev. Argention Cienc. Nat.
8: 89-99, portrait.

, 1965. Mussel. Encycl. Brit.: 2 pp., 2 figs.

Tuthill, S. J., Wilson M. Laird & Ronald J. Kresl. 1964. Fossili-
ferous marl beneath Lower Campbell (Glacial Lake Agassiz)
beach sediments. Proc. N. D. Acad. Sci. 18: 135-140, figs. 1-3,
table 1.

Tuthill, Laird & C. I. Frye. 1964. Fossil molluscan fauna from
the upper terrace of the Cannonball River, Grant County,
North Dakota. Proc. cit.: 140-156, 5 figs., 4 tables.

Wear, Robert G. 1966. Physiological and ecological studies on
the bivalve mollusk Arthritica bifurca (Webster, 1908) living
commensally with the tubicolous polychaete Pectinaria australis
Ehlers, 1905. 1966. Biol. Bull. 130: 141-149, 7 figs., 1 table.

Weber, William A. 1965. Theodore Dm Alison Cockerell, 1866-
1948. Univ. Colo. Studies Bibliography no. 1: 124 pp., portrait.

January, 1968 nautilus iii

WORLD WIDE SPECIMEN SHELLS

Bought — Sold — Traded. New 1968 sale catalogue available.
Write for free copy. Over 500 species listed. Many species
pictured, including: Conus, Cypraea, MargineUa, Mitra, Murex,
Oliva, Terehra, Voluta and land shells.

Mr. & Mrs. P. W. Clover, P. O. Box 3246, Chula Vista, California,
U. S. A. 92011

PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE: Johnsonia. Complete to date
(not bound) . Vols. 1-4, numbers 1 thru 45. Manuel de Con-
CHYLiOLOGiE ET DE Paleontologie Conchyliologique. Paul Fis-
cher. 1887, Paris. [In French; 1369 pages and 23 plates of 600
figures.] First Book of Zoology. E. S. Morse. 1875. D. Appleton
Sc Co., New York. A monograph of the Molluscan Fauna of
the Orthaulax Pugnax Zone of the Oligocene of Tampa, Florida.
Bulletin 90, U. S. National Museum. William Healey Dall.
1915. Notes on the Unionidae of Florida and the Southeastern
States. Charles T. Simpson. 1892. (No. 911). Synopsis of the
Naiades, or Pearly Fresh Water Mussels. Charles Torrey Simp-
son. 1900. (No. 1205) . The Classification and Geographical
Distribution of the Pearly Fresh-Water Mussels. Charles T.
Simpson. 1896. (No. 1068). Some American Conchologists.
William H. Dall. 1888. Anyone interested in the above, write:

Raymond E. Miskelly^ 30 Holmes Terrace,
Plymouth, Massachusetts 02360.

George E. Jacobs, 853 Riverside Drive, New York 32, N. Y.

Vol. 81 APRIL, 1968 No. 4

THE

NAUTILUS

THE PILSBRY QUARTERLY
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

Horace Burrington Baker, 11 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pa.
(Emeritus Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania)

Charles B. Wurtz, Biology Department
La Salle College, Philadelphia, Pa. 19141

R. Tucker Abbott, Henry A. Pilsbry Chair of Malacology
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Pa. 19103

CONTENTS

Death from dessication in the mud-snail Nassarius
ohsoletus: Effect of temperature. By Carl W. Schaefer,
Peter Milch, and Norman L. Levin 109

On a collection of terrestrial Mollusca from Nicaragua.

By Morris K. Jacobson 114

Anomalous siphons in two species of bivalve mollusks.
By Haskell S. Tuhiash, Carl N. Shnster, Jr. and John
A. Couch 123

Azumamorula, new name for Morulina Dall, 1923, not

Boerner, 1906. By William K. Emerson 125

Two new slugs (Pulmonata: Philomycidae: Philomycus)

from Kentucky and Virginia. By Branley A. Branson 127

Goniobasis semicarinata and G. indianensis in Blue

River, Indiana. By David Bickel 133

Resistance of fresh-water operculate snails to dessication.

By Marc J. Imlay 138

Notes and news 140 Publications received iii

.25 per year ($4.75 to Foreign Countries) $1.25 a copy.

Mrs. Horace B. Baker, Business Manager
11 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pennsylvania 19083 ____,

Second-Class Postage paid at Spring House, Pa.ivl \ HG t 1 0^ Cji Laui

LIBRARY

! APR 2 9 196

WOODS HOLE, MA!

NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and published
by Horace B. Baker, Charles B. Wurtz and R. Tucker Abbott.

AUTHORS PLEASE NOTE:

Authors are charged for engraving blocks of plates and/or figures at cost.
Minimum charge for each block is $3.00.

Reprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be WRrrTEN on or
ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT. REPRINTS are shipped, with iuvoiccs,
by PONY PRINTING, 4 Cloverdale Avenue, Upj>er Darby, Pennsylvania
19082. PURCHASE ORDERS, when required, and shipping instructions,
MUST accompany original order. Extra clerical or bookkeeping work because
of delayed receipt of purchase orders will be charged for accordingly:

TEXT PAPER 2 pp. 4 pp. 8 pp. 12 pp. 16 pp.

First 100 copies 3.40 6.35 13.25 18.70 23.95

Additional 100 65 1.40 4.30 5.50 6.70

PLATE PAPER

First 100 copies 3.70 6.90 14.45 20.45 26.25

Additional 100 90 1.95 5.45 7.25 9.00

Prices subject to change without notice. Postage extra.

Back Issues: Vols. 3-70, if available, can be obtained from Kraus Periodicals,
Inc., 16 East 46th Street, New York, N. Y. 10017. Vols. 71 to date are
available from the Nautilus, 11 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pennsylvania
19083, and vary in price.

THE NAUTILUS

Vol. 81 April, 1968 No. 4

DEATH FROM DESICCATION IN THE MUD-SNAIL,
NASSARIUS OBSOLETUS: EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE

By carl W. SCHAEFER, PETER MILCH, and NORMAN L. LEVIN

Section of Systematic and Environmental Biology, Biological Sciences Group,

University of Connecticut, Storrs; Department of Biology, Brooklyn College,

Brooklyn, New York; and Haskins Laboratories, Inc., New York City.

Introduction. The mud-flat snail, Nassarius ohsoletus (Say) ^,
may be exposed to a wide range of temperatures over both the
daily and the yearly cycles. The extremes of temperature are
considerably lessened by the snails' habit of burrowing into wet
mud, or retreating into the littoral zone. Nevertheless, the snails
at Jamaica Bay, New York, may experience a yearly range of
1-31 °C (water-temperatures. Levin and Fennel, unpubl.) ; the
tissue temperature of the snails probably does not vary more
than a few degrees from that of the water (data of Lewis, 1963) .
Even on hot days Nassarius may be found exposed on the mud,
which suggests a considerable ability to withstand heat.

Several observations have been published on the abilities of
various snail species to withstand exposure to high temperatures
and/or desiccation (e.g., Cawston, 1929; Fischer, 1939; Evans,
1948; Mattox, 1949; Fraenkel, 1961; Segal and Dehnel, 1962;
and Hunter and Meadows, 1965) . Few of these have described
experiments which controlled temperatures; however (Brown's
papers (1960, 1961) are an exception), and there is very little
work of this kind on Nassarius.

As a preliminary and as a stimulus to more work on Nassarius,
we present here some data on the mortalities of Nassarius desic-
cated at two temperatures (11° and 25 °C) commonly experienced
by the snails. A companion paper (Schaefer, Milch, and Levin,
in press (abstract, 1967)) considers the effect of trematode para-
sitism on desiccatory water-loss in Nassarius. Much more work is
needed on the interrelated effects on Nassarius of temperature,
desiccation, salinity, and trematode parasitism.

Methods and materials. Snails were collected weekly from the
mud-flats at Jamaica Bay, New York. They were kept in fresh

^ Placed in the genus Ilyanassa by some workers.

109

110 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (4)

TABLE 1
Mortality and Weight-loss of Nassarius Desiccated at 11°C

Hours of No. No. (%) Average

desiccation snails dead weight-loss (%)

0.6-0.9g

96 2U 7 (29%) 18.6%

120 24 18 (75%) 21.4%

1^^^H 24 22 (92%) 20.7%

168 24 24 (100%) 23.0%

192 20 20 (100%) 24.4%

(29%)

(75%)

(92%)

(100%)

20
1.0-1.39g

(100%)

(25%)

(75%)

(58%)

(97%)

(100%)

96 28 7 (25%) 19.3%

120 36 27 (75%) 21.7%

144 36 21 (58%) 20.1%

168 36 35 (97%) 21.9%

192 40 40 (100%) 23.9%

>1.4g

96 7 1 (14%) 18.5%

120 7 5 (72%) 20.2%

144 7 6 (86.6%) 19.8%

168 -77 (100%) 19.0%

192 7 7 (100%) 22.8%

(14%)

(72%)

(86.6%)

(100%)

combined

(all snails)

(25%)

(75%)

(73%)

(98.5%)

(100%)

96 64 16 (25%) 18.8%

120 67 50 (75%) 21.1%

144 67 49 (73%) 20.2%

168 67 65 (98.5%) 21.3%

192 67 67 (100%) 23.7*

sea-water at 11°C and used within 24 hours after collection.
Four arbitrary weight-classes were set up (less than 0.6g., 0.6-0.9g.,
1.0-1.39g., greater than 1.4g.) to make the data easier to interpret.
Desiccation was over anhydrous CaS04, changed or dried after
each experiment. One to 10 snails were put in small porcelain

April, 1968 nautilus 111

TABLE 2
Mortality and Weight-loss of Nassarius Desiccated at 25°C

Hours of No. No. (%) Average

desiccation snails dead weight-loss (%)

<0.6g

39 5 1 (20%) 16.6%

H5 H *4 (100%) 27.6%

0.5-0.9g

U8 20 9 (U5%) 17.3%

60 24 1»+ (58.5%) 17.4%

72 2«+ 20 (83.5%) 20.4%

8H 24 23 (96%) 20.7%

96 24 24 (100%) 23.2%

(45%)

(58.5%)

(83.5%)

(96%)

24
1.0-1.39g

(100%)

(7.5%)

(12.5%)

(37.5%)

(62.5%)

(95%)

U8 40 3 (7.5%) 13.7%

60 40 5 (12.5%) 15.1%

72 40 15 (37.5%) 17.2%

84 40 25 (62.5%) 18.5%

96 40 38 (95%) 21.0%

>l.'+g

48 11 0 (0%) 12.1%

60 11 2 (18%) 12.8%

72 11 6 (54.5%) 17.2%

8«* 11 10 (91%) 17.0%

96 12 12 (100%) 18.3%

(0%)

(18%)

(54.5%)

(91%)

(100%)

combined (snails >

0.6g)

(17%)

(28%)

(55%)

(77.5%)

(97.5%)

48 71 12 (17%) 14.3%

60 75 21 (28%) 15.1%

72 75 41 (55%) 18.2%

84 75 58 (77.5%) 18.7%

96 76 74 (97.5%) 20.8%

crucibles; our data showed that up to 10 snails per crucible
could be studied at once without influencing mortality or
weight-loss.

Viability w^as tested by removing snails from the desiccators at
stated times and putting them individually in vials of fresh sea-
water. Snails were considered dead if they did not respond to
touch after 12 hours in sea-water. In earlier experiments (not

112 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (4)

reported here) , snails were tested for only 2 hours. This indicated
an apparent rate of mortality that subsequent experiments showed
to be too high. The 12-hour test gave the most reproducible
results.

Weight-loss was calculated (initial minus final weights) and is
given in the Tables as the percentage lost from the initial weight.
It is assumed that all weight decrease represents the loss of water.

Results and discussion

The results are presented in Tables 1 and 2. As one would
expect, the higher the temperature, the sooner death occurs from
desiccation: after 96 hours, the death-rate was 25% at 11°C, and
97.5% at 25°C. Other (unpublished) data indicate that, at 37°C,
all snails die after 30-34 hours.

There is some suggestion in these figures that death is caused
not only by the amount of water lost but also by the length of
time over which it is lost. Thus at 25°C, nearly 100% mortality
occurred when 20.8% weight had been lost (96 hours) . At 11°C,
all snails were dead with the greater average loss of 23.7% (172
hours). Conversely, when 25°C snails had lost 18.7% water (84
hours), 77.5% were dead; of 11°C snails that had lost that much
(at 96 hours) , only 25% were dead. Apparently then, if water
is lost slowly (at low temperatures), more of it can be lost before
death results. Since desiccation is slow^er at lower temperatures,
snails at 11°C can withstand it better than those at 25°C (25°C
is of course a temperature to which snails are commonly exposed) .

Smaller snails are in general more susceptible than intermediate
ones, as is the case in the moisture-needing aquatic snails. On-
comelania nosophora (Robson) (Komiya and Hashimoto, 1958)
and Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis (Lea) (van der Schalie and Getz,
1961) . Smaller specimens of the marine snail, Thais fioridana,
also are the first to succumb to osmotic shock (Schechter, 1943) .
In all these cases this increased susceptibility of the young is
probably due to the increased surface relative to volume. This
suggests that some water may be lost from the surface through
the shell (which is thinner in smaller snails) , as well as through
the opercular opening. Our results for intermediate snails (1.0-
1.39 grams) at 144 hours at 11°C appear anomalous.

This inverse relation of size to mortality holds only for snails
of the same species. Smaller species may be more resistant than

April, 1968 nautilus 113

larger related ones. Data recalculated from Brown (1961) show
that all Bullia digitalis Meuschen [now Bullia achatina Lamarck],
desiccated at 19°C, die when they have lost 21.1% of their total
body weight. The much larger B. laevissima (Gmelin) shows 100%
mortality after a loss of only 5.5%. Moreover, the shell of the
more resistant but smaller B. digitalis is a much lower percent-
age of the total weight, and therefore thinner than that of B.
laevissima.

Larger Nassarius (greater than 1.4g.) have a greater mortality
than intermediate ones, at 25 °C. The larger snails are old (prob-
ably more than 2 years) and perhaps somewhat weakened by age.
This would render them more susceptible to the effects of the
rapid water-loss at 25°C, and mortality in this size-class is higher
than in the intermediate class. At 11°C water is lost more slowly,
and the relatively less surface area of larger snails is sufficient to
compensate for the weakness of age. Thus at this temperature
large and intermediate snails have nearly the same mortalities.

Nassarius in sea-water die quickly at high temperatures. Orr
(1955) found death occurring in less than an hour at 42-46°C.
Vernberg and Vernberg (1963) found that these snails had a
high mortality at 37 °C in 9 hours; complete mortality at 39°C
in 5 hours, and at 41 °C in 2 hours. Since our unpublished data
suggest that snails live for 30-34 hours when desiccated at 37 °C,
it may be that desiccation in some way ameliorates the lethal
effect of high temperatures.

In conclusion these preliminary results indicate that mortality
from desiccation is a function of size, age, and temperature (as
influencing rate of water-loss and, perhaps, other phenomena) .
Further study is needed to confirm these suggestions, to examine
more closely their interrelationships, and to consider just how
the loss of water kills.

Acknowledgements. We are grateful to the Graduate Division
of the City University of New York, which supported part of
this work.

References cited

Brown, A. C. 1960. Desiccation as a factor influencing the vertical
distribution of some South African Gastropoda from intertidal
rocky shores. Portug. Acta Biol. (B) 7; 11-23.

. 1961. Physiological-ecological studies on two sandy-beach

Gastropoda from South Africa: Bullia digitalis Meuschen and

114 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (4)

Bullia laevissima (Gmelin) . Z. Morph. Oekol. Tiere 49: 629-657.

Cawston, F. G. 1929. The resistance of Limnaeidae to desiccation.
Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 22: 335-338.

Evans, R. G. 1948. The lethal temperatures of some common
British littoral molluscs. J. Anim. Ecol. 17: 165-173.

Fischer, P. H. 1939. Resistance a I'exondation chez quelques
mollusques marins. J. Conchyliologie 83: 35-38.

Fraenkel, G. 1961. Resistance to high temperatures in a Mediter-
ranean snail. Littorina neritoides. Ecology 42: 604-606.

Hunter, R. W. and R. T. Meadows. 1965. Aspects of water physi-
ology in the salt-marsh pulmonate snail, Melanpus hidentatus.
Biol. Bull. 129: 409.

Komiya, Y. and I. Hashimoto. 1958. The survey of Oncomelania
nosophora, the vector snail of Schistosoma japonicum under the
dried condition and their water loss. Jap. J. Med. Sci. & Biol.
11: 339-346.

Lewis, J. B. 1963. Environmental and tissue temperatures of some
tropical intertidal marine animals. Biol. Bull. 124: 277-284.

Mattox, N. T. 1949. Effects of di7ing on certain marine snails
from Puerto Rico. Ecology 30: 242-244.

Orr, P. R. 1955. Heat death I. Time-temperature relationships
in marine animals. Physiol. Zool. 28: 290-294.

Schaefer, G. W., P. Milch, and N. L. Levin, (in press) . Effects of
trematode infection on resistance to desiccation in the mud
snail Nassarius obsoletus (Say). Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, Symp.
Series 3. (abstract, 1967, Adv. Abstr. Contrib. Fish. Aquat.
Sci. India 1: 66-67.)

Schalie, H., van der, and L. L. Getz. 1961. Comparisons of adult
and young Pomatiopsis Cincinnati ensis (Lea) in respect to mois-
ture requirements. Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc. 80: 211-220.

Schechter, V. 1943. Tolerance of the snail Thais floridana to waters
of low salinity and the effect of size. Ecology 24: 493-502.

Segal, E. and P. A. Dehnel. 1962. Osmotic behavior in an inter-
tidal limpet, Acmaea limatula. Biol. Bull. 122: 417-430.

Vernberg, Winona and F. J. Vernberg. 1963. Influence of para-
sitism on thermal resistance of the mud-flat snail, Nassarius
obsoleta Say. Exptl. Parasitol. 14: 330-332.

ON A COLLECTION OF
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSKS FROM NICARAGUA

By morris K. JACOBSON, associate
American Museum of Natural History, New York

Approximately 70 species and subspecies of land mollusks are
known to occur in Nicaragua, many parts of which have yet to
be intensively collected (Jacobson, 1965) . To this apparently

April, 1968 nautilus 115

impoverished fauna, an additional 4 species may be added as a
result of the present study.

This paper records the mollusks obtained on a brief collecting
trip made by the author in the company of Mr. Walter Smit to
the district of Bonanza, a mining town in the north central part
of the country in the Department of Zelaya (approximately
14° 2' N, 84° 55' W) , in February - March, 1965. Collections
were also made at Managua, Federal District. Added to this
account are notes on specimens collected by Mr. Vance Greene
while in Asang, 7 miles west of San Carlos, on the Cocos River,
and in Quemiguas, Cerro del Tigre Negro, Department of Zelaya.

The country at Bonanza is hilly, with a well-forested cover,
which locally has the appearance of a rain forest. At the time of
our visit, rainfall was sufficient to keep the ground cover of the
forest moist. However, the soil is not calcareous, and land shells
were not easily found. At Asang, a heavily wooded region, live
specimens were found under leaf mold and among rocks or
boulders. The collecting area at Quemiguas was described pre-
viously (Jacobson, 1966: 102) . At Managua, the capital city, all
species were taken dead, since this was the dry season for this area.

Most of the specimens recorded here were deposited in the
American Museum of Natural History; duplicates were contri-
buted to the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, and the
U. S. National Museum. A series of the cyclophorids were
presented to the Field Museum of Natural History.

This account includes also the description of a new species of
Nicaraguan Streptostyla which was first cited as a nude name by
Fluck (1906: 4).

The writer wishes to express his thanks for the hospitality
extended to him by Messrs. James R. Stringham, Walter Smit
and others of the local management of the Neptune Mining
Company during his stay at Bonanza. Dr. Wiliam K. Emerson
kindly read the manuscript.

Abbreviations used for institutions:
AMNH. — American Museum of Natural History
ANSP. — Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
USNM. — U. S. National Museum

Helicina (Oxyrhombus) amoena Pfeiffer 1849. Constancia Mine,
Bonanza: several dead specimans, one live on leaves of a low bush.

116 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (4)

Helicina (Tristramia) rostrata Morelet 1851. Quemiguas, Cerro
del Tigre Negro: 4 dead specimens, one live. The specimens vary
in diameter from 13.2 to 10.1 mm. It is possible that the extremes
of differences in size represent sexual dimorphism.

Helicina (Oligyra) oweniana Pfeiffer 1849. Quemiguas, Cerro
del Tigre Negro: 2 specimens. This is the first record of this species
from Nicaragua. One of the specimens has the orange peristome
of H. coccinostoma Morelet (1849), a synonym; in the other the
peristome is white.

Neocyclotus dysoni dysoni (Pfeiffer) 1851. Constancia Mine,
Bonanza: 2 live specimens; Bonanza: 1 dead. These almost geron-
tic specimens have the basal notch on the outer lip which is
characteristic of Cyclotiis bisinuatus von Martens 1864. However,
it seems advisable to follow Solem (1956, p. 54) and personal
communication (September 7, 1965) in considering this a syn-
onym. Solem feels that the "development of a basal notch appears
to be a gerontic character of no value in separating races."
(1956) The fact that the taxon of von Martens has two apparent
notches is also of little importance, for, as von Martens himself
writes (1890, p. 3) "The margin of the aperture can be injured,
probably by the animal grazing ... to satisfy a demand for lime."
Von Martens thought N. bisinuatus might be synonymous with
irregularis Pfeiffer from Costa Rica.

Mexcyclotus chrysacme (Bartsch 8c Morrison) 1942. Asang,
Cocos River: 11 dead, 13 live specimens. This species was origin-
ally described from Wani as Aperostoma (Neocyclotus) chrysacme.
The present lot was forwarded to Solem who stated in litteris,
"After seeing your shells, I think chrysacme is a valid species,
but in Mexcyclotus, not in Neocyclotus. Previously the operculum
was unknown." The type lots of chrysacme (2 specimens each in
USNM, ANSP) are dead, whitened shells, with the first 1.5
whorls straw colored or pinkish. In the series taken at Asang the
earlier whorls of young shells are shining and brownish in color
which becomes straw shade as the shell matures. Moreover, the
protoconch is not entirely smooth, but especially in young shells
it is very thickly and finely covered with minute granulations
that tend to disappear as the shell reaches maturity. The freshly
taken shell has a uniformly light brown periostracum which is
lost when the shell is dead, giving place to the "golden" color

April, 1968 nautilus 117

and "hydrophanous zones" referred to in the original description.
Chondropoma callipeplum Solem 1961. Asang; Rio Cocos:
numerous specimens. This species was originally described from
near Wani, in north central Nicaragua. The large lot taken at
Asang, almost 120 km north of Wani and on the Honduran
border, connects the present species, the only one of its genus in
Nicaragua, witli its congeners in the richer chondropomid fauna
to the north. Its presence in Nicaragua contradicts Tate's views on
this fauna (1870, p. 162) and extends the West Indian influence
on the Central American shell fauna more to the south.

Vaginiilus (Latipes) occidentalis (Guilding) 1825. Constancia
Mine, Bonanza: 2 live specimens. H. B. Baker (1926, p. 29)
believes occidentalis to be the predominant species of Latipes and
writes, ". . . (it) has invaded most cultivated areas around the
Caribbean." It will probably be found to be widely spread in
Nicaragua and elsewhere in Central America.

Succinea recisa Morelet 1851. Parque de los Piedrecitas, Mana-
gua: several dead specimens near flower beds. As far as could be
learned, this species is known from the shell only. Anatomical
investigation will be needed to establish its true taxonomic posi-
tion. There is some confusion regarding the shell differences
between this species and S. giiatemalensis Morelet 1849. According
to figures in Fischer & Crosse (1878, pi. 26, fig. 13, 13a), recisa
has a higher spire than guatemalensis, yet these authors write of
it (p. 655) , "This species (i.e. recisa) is remarkable because of
the extreme brevity of the spire compared to the last whorl, which
forms by itself almost the entire shell." (Translated)

Deroceras laeve (Mueller) 1774. Along road to Concha Urrutia,
Bonanza, under wet leaves: 6 specimens. This widely spread
immigrant from Europe has appeared under many synonyms in
America (see Pilsbry 1948, 546 ff.)

Suhulina octona (Bruguiere) 1792. Along road to Concha
Urrutia, Bonanza: numerous live and dead specimens.

Lamellaxis (Atlopeas) gracilis (Hutton) 1834. Mercedes Airport,
Managua; Parque de las Piedrecitas, Managua; cemetery at
Tindiri, Masaya: numerous dead specimens.

Lamellaxis (Allopeas) micriis (d'Orbigny) 1835. Parque de las
Piedrecitas, Managua: several dead specimens.

Euglandina cumingi (Beck) 1837. In banana plantation and

118 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (4)

on grounds of Moravian Mission, Bonanza: 5 live specimens.

Salasiella pulchella (Pfeiffer) 1857. Asang, Cocos River: 9
specimens. This is the first record of this species in Nicaragua.
It has been reported from Chiapas, Mexico, and Costa Rica.

Lacteoluna selenina (Gould) 1848. Parque de las Piedras,
Managua: 1 specimen. The dead and worn specimen is provision-
ally determined. This species has not been reported previously
from Nicaragua.

Streptostyla (Chersomitra) wani new species.

Page 120, upper 2 figs.

Streptostyla flucki Bartsch, Fluck, 1906, p. 4 (nude name) .

Shell thin, elongate-ovate, almost turrited, glossy, sculptured
only by fine, uneven growth lines. Whorls 8, weakly rounded,
gradually descending. Protoconch glassy, faintly punctate, sharply
elevated over the first post-nuclear whorl. Body whorl large, about
twice the height of the spire, hardly inflated, peristome scarcely
convex. Base evenly rounded. Suture shallow, simple, with a
narrow secondary line on the last 3 whorls, widest at the body
whorl near the aperture. Aperture narrow, about one-half the
length of the shell, columella slightly twisted, edged with a rather
strong callus cord.

Length 32 mm.. Diameter 13 mm., Length of aperture 17 mm.

Length 21.5 mm.. Diameter 9 mm.. Length of aperture 14 mm.
(juvenile)

Type locality: near Wani (Huani) , Nicaragua, Rev. W. H.
Fluck leg.

The new species resembles S. vancegreenei Jacobson 1966 in
the nature of the columellar cord and especially in the elevated
protoconch. It differs chiefly in having a decidedly more slender
shell. The holotype is a dead shell divested of periostracum ex-
cept for tiny fragments. The paratype is an immature shell,
freshly taken, which shows a glossy, light orange-yellow peri-
ostracum.

Type depository: USNM. No. 426028, Holotype. ANSP. No.
97592, Paratype.

I wish to express my gratitude to Drs. Joseph Rosewater and
J.P.E. Morrison of the USNM. and to Dr. R. Tucker Abbott of
the ANSP. for the loan of the specimens involved. Photographs
courtesy of AMNH.

April, 1968 nautilus 119

Streptostyla (Chersomitra) vancegreenei Jacobson 1966. See
Nautilus, 79: 101-103, fig. 1.

Biilimidus (Bidimidus) corneus Sowerby 1833. Along the sides
of Rosita Road under wet leaves, Constancia Mine, Bonanza; in
banana plantation, Bonanza; Parque de las Piedrecitas, Managua,
along the edge of flower beds: many dead and live specimens.
This proved to be one of the commonest larger species in the
limestone free area of Bonanza.

Orthalicus princeps (Broderip) 1833. Constancia Mine, Bon-
anza on road to Rositas: 4 dead specimens; Ouemiguas, Cerro
del Tigre Negro: 3 dead specimens.

Praticolella griseola (Pfeiffer) 1841. Cemetery at Tindiri,
Masaya; Parque de las Piedrecitas, Managua: numerous dead
specimens.

Averellia (Trichodiscina) coactiliata (Ferussac) 1838. Bonanza:
1 dead specimen.

Literature cited

Baker, H. Burrington, 1925, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
77: 157-184.

1926, ibid. 78: 29-34, pi. 4.

Fischer, P. & H. Crosse, 1878, Mission Scientifique au Mexique
et dans I'Amerique Centrale, Paris, Succineidae, pp. 643-671,
pis. 26, 27.

Fluck, W. H., 1906, Naut., 20: 1-4.

Jacobson, Morris K., 1965, Annual Reports, American Malaco-
logical Union, p. 3.

1966, Naut., 79: 101-103, fig. 1.

Martens, Eduard von, 1890, Biologia Centrali-Americana, London,

Cyclophoridae, p. 1-11, pi. 1.
Pilsbry, Henry A., 1948, Land Mollusca of North America, Lim-

acidae, 2: 521-565, fig. 282-301.
Solem, Alan, 1956, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 108: 41-59,

pi. 5, 6.
Tate, Ralph, 1870, American Jour. Conchology, 5: part 3, 151-162,

pi. 16, fig. 2-5.

NAUTILUS

Vol. 81 (4)

Streptostyla iL'ani Jacobson. About 1.6 x.

Figure 1. Soft-shell clam with a nonfunctional supernumerary appendage
on the incurrent siphon: a) siphons retracted, normal clam above and clam
with anomalous siphonal condition below; b) same specimens, showing
semi-extended siphons and the lack of tentacles on the distal end of the
appendage.

April, 1968

NAUTILUS

121

Figure 2. Soft-shell clam with a bifurcated incurrent siphon: a) the
shucked, preserved specimen; b) view of the distal portions of the siphons;
and c) a freehand sagittal section showing the pigmentation and the con-
tinuity of the siphonal lumina. The three illustrations are oriented in
relation to each other; the scale is in millimeters.

122

NAUTILUS

Vol. 81 (4)

mi<"'-f ■ 'f

Figure 3. Northern quahaug with a nonfunctional supernumerary ap-
pendage (arrow) on the incurrent siphon; tentacles are apparent on the
appendage.

April, 1968 nautilus 123

ANOMALOUS SIPHONS IN
TWO SPECIES OF BIVALVE MOLLUSKS

By HASKELL S. TUBIASH\ CARL N. SHUSTER, JR.-
AND JOHN A. COUCff

This report concerns anomalous siphonal structures of the
soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria, and the northern quahaug, Mercen-
aria mercenaria. Unusual shell configurations of these two species
have been reported (Morse, 1928; Blake, 1929; Fisher, 1932;
Parker, 1932; Clench, 1948; and Shuster, 1966) . None of these shell
malformations appear to be related to the siphonal aberrations con-
sidered here and to our knowledge these anomalies have not been
described previously. Three specimens formed the basis for this
report; specimens 1 and 2 were soft-shell clams and specimen 3
was a quahaug.

Specimen 1 (Page 120, fig. 1) was discovered among a group
of clams collected in Chesapeake Bay and maintained at the Ox-
ford Biological Laboratory for experimental use. Except for the
supernumerary portion of the incurrent siphon, specimen 1 ap-
peared normal in all respects. The tip of the supernumerary
process was clearly apparent, even when the siphons were fully
retracted (fig. la) . When the siphons were extended, this process
projected about midway along the ventral aspect. In the living,
relaxed animal, the anomalous process was about 12 mm. long
and had proximal and distal diameters of approximately 7 and
5 mm., respectively (fig. lb) . This supernumerary process could
contract and expand, but not as much as the primary siphons.
Terminal tentacles similar to those surrounding the lumina of
normal siphons were absent.

The accessory siphon was dissected along its longitudinal axis
and across the axis of the normal siphons. The interior of the
accessory process was a short blind sac anastomosed to the ad-
jacent incurrent siphon, but the lumen did not extend to the
distal end. Histological examination revealed a predominance of
longitudinal muscle fibers at the proximal end of the process,
and a mixture of circular and longitudinal fibers at the distal

^ Biological Laboratory, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Oxford,

Maryland 21654.
- Northeast Marine Health Sciences Laboratory, USDHEW, PHS, Narragan-

sett, Rhode Island 02882. Contribution no. 27.

124 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (4)

end. There was no evidence of previous injury, of active cellular
proliferation, or of neoplastic activity to account for the anomaly.
Specimen 2 (fig. 2a) was collected in New Hampshire and
donated to the Northeast Marine Health Sciences Laboratory. It
was received shucked and preserved in rubbing alcohol. This
specimen had 3 normal-appearing siphonal orifices with surround-
ing tentacles (fig. 2b) . A freehand sagittal section of the siphons
showed that the incurrent siphon was bifurcate with connecting
lumina and normal pigmentation (fig. 2c) .

Specimen 3 was discovered among locally harvested quahaugs
at the Northeast Marine Health Sciences Laboratory, where staff
members observed its siphonal activity. The incurrent siphon
(fig. 3) had a supernumerary structure on the ventral wall. This
anemone-like projection terminated in a distal whorl of tentacles,
not unlike normal siphons, but a functional opening seemed to
be lacking. Several observations, with and without the use of
dyes, failed to demonstrate passage of water into or out of the
projection, whereas the normal portion of the siphons showed
the usual water circulation. Pigmentation of the projection was
continuous with that of the incurrent siphon. Activity of the
siphons, particularly during extension and retraction, indicated
that the musculature of the accessory projection was closely asso-
ciated with that of the siphon proper. The specimen died and
decomposed before additional information could be obtained.

These three examples show that similar siphonal anomalies
may occur among two nonrelated species of bivalve mollusks.
The causes of the anomalies are unknown to us, but they may be
the result of genetic or developmental aberrations or predator
injury. Crabs and fish are known to prey on siphon ends of clams
(Morse, 1919; Turner, Ayers and Wheeler, 1948; Medcof and
MacPhail, 1952), but Mya can survive siphonal injury and often
regenerates normal tentacles (Belding, 1930; Medcof and Mac-
Phail, 1952) . Whether an incision or the loss of a small portion
of siphonal tissue could lead to the formation of a supernumerary
siphon or accessory process is a matter of speculation.

Acknowledgements. We thank Judith Young, Dover, New
Hampshire, for donating Specimen 2. Paul W. Heffernan dis-
covered Specimen 3 and Frances C. Garb assisted in observations
of its siphonal activity.

April, 1968 nautilus 125

Literature cited

Belding, D. L. 1930. The soft-shelled clam fishery of Massachusetts.

Mass. Marine Fisheries Ser., No. 1: 1-65.
Blake, J. H. 1929. An abnormal clam. Nautilus, 38 (S) : 89-90.
Clench, W. J. 1948. A remarkable malformed specimen of Venus

compechiensis Gmelin. Revista Soc. Malacol., 6 {\) : 10.
Fisher, N. 1932. Malformation in Mya arenaria L. J. Conchol.,

7^(8): 270.
Medcof, J. C. and J. S. MacPhail. 1952. The winter flounder — a

clam enemy. In: Fish. Res. Bd. of Can., Prog. Rept. No. 52: 3-8.
Morse, E. S. 1919. Observations on living lamellibranchs of New

England. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 35 (5) : 139-196.
Morse, E. S. 1923. An abnormal shell of Mya arenaria. Nautilus,

36{\): 28-30.
Parker, G. H. 1932. An unusual living inclusion in the shell of

a clam. Ecology, 8 {\) \ 102-103.
Shuster, C. N., Jr. 1966. A uniquely shaped quahog. Maritimes,

10: 14.
Turner, H. J., Jr., J. C. Ayres, and C. L. Wheeler. 1948. Further

observations on predators of the soft-shell clam. In: Report on

Investigations of the Propagation of the Soft-Shell Clam, Mya

arenaria. Mass. Dept. Conservation, Div. Marine Fisheries.

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Contribution No. 462:

47-49.

AZUMAMORULA, NEW NAME FOR MORULINA DALL,
1923, NOT BOERNER, 1906. (GASTROPODA: MURICACEA)

By WILUAM K. EMERSON
American Museum of Natural History

Dall (1923, p. 303) proposed the generic name Moriilina for
small, Monila-like shells lacking a columellar plait, and he de-
signated Ricinula mutica Lamarck (1816, pi. 395, figs. 2a, 2b;
Liste p. 1) the type species. Thiele (1931, p. 294) and Wenz
(1941, p. 1112) subsequently placed Morulina in the genus Drupa
(sensu lato) Roding, 1798, near the "subgenus" Cronia H. and
A. Adams, 1853. Largely on the basis of Cooke's (1919, p. 106)
brief description of the radular characters of "Morula mutica,
Lam[arck]" from Umkomaas, South Africa, Arakawa (1965, pp.
121-123) assigned several Morula-\ike species from Japanese waters
to Ball's Morulina. Arakawa concluded that the rachidian teeth
of these species: anaxares Kiener, cavernosa Reeve, fusca Kuster,
musiva Kiener, and paucimaculata Sowerby, are similar to those

126 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (4)

possessed by the genus Cronia H. and A. Adams (1853, p. 128),
with Purpura amygdala Kiener (1836, p. 39) the type species by
monotypy. But unlike the rachidian teeth of Cronia, Arakawa
found in these species, ". . . the inner denticle tends to locate ad-
hering more closely to the lateral cusps than to the central, and
the base is rather narrow." In the genus Morula Schumacher
(1817, p. 227), type species by monotypy: Morula papulosa
Schumacher, 1817 [=Drupa uva Roding, 1798], the margins of
the rachidian teeth possess denticle-like wrinkles which indent
the surface and may terminate marginally as small serrations.

Rachidian tooth and lateral teeth of Ricinula mutica Lamarck, the type
species of Azumarnorula Emerson; anterior views, x 300. (Drawing courtesy
of M, Azuma and A. D'Attilio).

At my request, Mr. Masao Azuma of Nishinomiya, Japan
recently extracted the radulae from specimens of Ricinula mutica
Lamarck that were collected near Black River Bay, Mauritius by
Ruth Ostheimer and Virginia Orr Maes, in 1960 (AMNH.
108374). An illustration of the rachidian and lateral teeth of this
taxon presented herein (text figure 1) was prepared by Mr.
Anthony D'Attilio from a drawing kindly provided me by Mr.
Azuma. The rachidian teeth of Lamarck's taxon, the type species
of Morulina Dall, possess characteristics intermediate between
typical muricid and thaisid radulae, and it seemingly represents
a valid generic group, which, largely on conchological characters,
I tentatively place near the genus Morula.

Ball's Morulina, however, is not an available name, because it
is a junior homonym of the insect Morulina Borner (1906). A
new name, Azumamorula, is proposed here to replace Morulina
Dall, 1923, not Morulina Borner, 1906. It is my pleasure to re-
name this taxon in honor of Mr. Masao Azuma, who is a keen
student of mollusks.

The group of Morw /fl-like shells that were previously referred
to Morulina by Arakawa (1965, p. 121-123) and Wu (1965, p. 97)

April, 1968 nautilus 127

would appear to be without a subgeneric name. I hesitate, how-
ever, to propose a new name for this gioup until the radular
characters of Purpura muricina Blainville (1832, p. 218) are
known, as this is the type species of Semiricinula von Martens
(1903, p. 95), by monotypy.

Literature cited

Adams, H. and A. 1853-[1854]. The genera of recent Mollusca.

London 1: 1-484.
Arakawa, K. Y. 1965. Venus 24: 113-126, pis. 13, 14.
Blainville, H. M. D. de. 1832. Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist., Paris

1: 189-263.
Borner,C. 1906. Mitt, naturh. Mus. Hamburg, 23: 147-186.
Cooke, A. H. 1919. Proc. Malac. Soc. London 13: 91-110, 37 figs.
Ball, W. A. 1923. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 75: 303-306.
Kiener, L. C. 1836. Species general et iconographie des coquilles

vivantes. Genre Pourpre. Paris 8: 1-151, pis. 1-46.
Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de. 1816. Tableau encyclopedique et metho-

dique des trois regnes de la nature. Paris 3: 1-6, pis. 391-488.
Martens, E. von. 1903. Wiss. Ergeb. Deutschen Tief-See Exped.

Systematisch-geographischer 7 (I-V) : 1-146, pis. 1-5.
Roding, P. F. 1798. Museum Boltenianum, pars secunda continens

conchylia. Hamburg.
Schumacher, C. F. 1817. Essai d'une noveau systeme des habita-
tions des vers testaces. Copenhagen.
Thiele, J. 1931. Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde,

Jena, vol. 1, 778 pp., 783 figs.
Wenz, W., in O. H. Schindewolf. 1941. Handbuch der Palaozoo-

logie. Berlin, 6(1). Gastropoda, pt. 5, pp. 961-1200, figs. 2788-

3416.
Wu, Shi-Kuei. 1965. Bull. Inst. Acad. Sinica 4: 95-106, 29 figs.

TWO NEW SLUGS (PULMONATA : PHILOMYCIDAE :
PHILOMYCUS) FROM KENTUCKY AND VIRGINIA

By BRANLEY A. BRANSON,
Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky 40475

Philomycus bisdosus new species. Pages 132, 131.

Description of holotype (University of Michigan, UMMZ.
23065): foot nearly smooth, white except for a very short black
area at extreme posterior end; head white, except blue-black
tentacles; ground color of mantle (Fig. 1) pale tan marked mid-
dorsally by a pair of closely approximated, longitudinal, brown
wavy bands, and on each side (about I/2 way up from ventral

128 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (4)

edge of mantle) by a thinner, wavy band of the same color. Post-
eriorly, the dorsal bands fuse into a single one; anteriorly all
4 bands break-up into small, brown spots; the lower sides of the
anterior three-fourths of the mantle is without spots. The lower
bands are connected across the mantle at the posterior end, where
the body is somewhat depressed. No cheverons or crossbars. Edge
of foot pale gray. Pneumatopore slit-like, connected with margin
of mantle by a strongly diagonal slit; genital opening on side of
head a short distance above level of pneumatopore. Total length
contracted 35.5 mm., crawling (Fig. 1) 85.5 mm.; width 8.5 mm;
width of sole 7.0 mm.

Corroborative Description: The genitalia (Page 131, Fig. 2a)
and jaw (Fig. 2b) were dissected from a paratype (UMMZ.
230636) 47.3 mm. in contracted length, secured from the Ken-
tucky locality listed below. The jaw, though relatively strongly
arched, has practically no anterior projection, and it is only
faintly striate. The vagina is quite short and not much inflated.
The duct of the seminal receptacle is enlarged and swollen. The
dart sac is small, whereas the vas deferens is long, robust. The
elongated penis is moderately slender, its retractor muscle also
being slender.

Some representative measurements (all in mm.) taken from a
series of 6 paratypes (BAB 9511) taken at the Kentucky site are:

tal contracted

Length

Width

Width of Sole

15.8

6.0

4.5

23.7

6.5

5.0

35.3

9.0

7.0

35.0

9.5

8.0

The young, somewhat similar to Philomycus virginicus Hub-
richt, are darker brown and more spotted than mature specimens.
In all specimens, the pneumatopore slit is set at a definite angle.
In the 23.7 mm. specimen, the dorsal bands are very obscure,
and in the 35.3 mm. and 35.0 mm. specimens, the flattened tail
beneath the mantle is very black. In the largest paratype listed
above, there are two very obscure, brownish, diagonal streaks at
the anterior end of the mantle. The slime is white, tenaceous.

The name is from French: bis, brown: dos, back.

Type Locality: the Breaks Interstate Park, Buchanan County,
Virginia. The holotype was secured from beneath a moist, de-

April, 1968

NAUTILUS

129

m m

2mm

Fig. 4, Paratype of Philomycus batchi. A, jaw; B, anterior genitalia; DS,
dart sac; HD, hermaphroditic duct; P, penis; PS, penis retractor muscle;
SR, seminal receptacle; VD, vas deferens.

caying log on July 23, 1967.

The paratypes discussed above were secured from similar
habitats on a hillside overlooking the Russel Branch of the Big
Sandy River, just off Highway 80, Pike County, Kentucky on
July 23, 1967.

Philomycus hisdosus seems to be most nearly related to P. vir-
ginicus, which is much darker and in which the color pattern
attains the edge of the mantle ventrally. In P. virginicus, the slit
of the pneumatopore is nearly in line with the opening. The
genitalia of the two species also differ.
Philomycus batchi new species. Pages 132, 129

Description of holotype (Field Museum of Natural History,

130 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (4)

FMNH. 155478): mantle glistening black with numerous indistinct
black punctae above; black grading to sooty gray mottled with
small white blotches laterally, and the lower edges are white an-
teriorly; sides of foot and sole dead-white; pneumatopore sur-
rounded by a white, irregular halo with a faint streak of gray
below it; tail below mantle yellowish, marked on either side by
3 rows of black dashes (not visible in Fig. 3) ; contracted length
33.2 mm. (Fig. 3), extended length 50.3 mm.; greatest width
extended 8.0 mm.

Corroborative Description: The anterior genitalia (Page 129,
Fig. 4B) and jaw (Fig. 4A) were dissected from a para type (BAB
9505) 32.2 mm. in contracted length, collected near Honey Bee,
McCreary County, Kentucky. The dart sac is large, triangular,
and the penis, which is rather conspicuously inflated near the
point of attachment of the vas deferens. Following this, the penis
narrows, only to enlarge before contacting the vaginal area. The
jaw is weakly ribbed, more strongly medially, and is weakly
notched at either corner and bears a very slight anterior projec-
tion. In radula, the central denticle is unicuspid and a little
broader than those on either side. The 8th lateral develops a
small second cusp; the second cusp becomes progressively larger
outwardly to about denticle number 30, after which it decreases
in size as the main cusp elongates.

Additional para types (BAB. 9513) secured Avith the paratypes
of P. bisdosus at the Pike County locality. In two of these speci-
mens there is a barely discernible thin, black longitudinal line
about one-third the way up from the ventral edge of the mantle.
Anteriorly, the mantle is rather profusely spotted with minute
black punctae. In one of them, the posterior edges of the foot is
tinged with light gray. The contracted measurements of these
specimens are:

.ength

Width

Width of Sole

29.3

4.3

3.5

28.6

8.7

5.5

40.5

7.5

5.0

40.8

8.0

6.3

Two paratypes (BAB. 9507) taken with 9505 resemble the
holotype closely, but mid-dorsally the mantle is dark gray rather
than black, and the scattered black spots are slightly larger. These

April, 1968 nautilus 131

H D

f mm

2 mm

Fig. 2. Pavatypc of Pliiloiiixciis hi.sdosus. A. anterior genitalia; B, jaw; DS,
dart sac; HD, hermaphroditic duct.

specimens measure (contracted) 33.0 and 40.5 mm. in length,
and 8.2 and 10.5 mm. in width, respectively.

Two additional paratypes (BAB. 9627) were collected on May
7, 1967 from the lower slopes of Black Mountain, Fugate Creek
("Slope Hollow") , near Louellan, Harlan County, Kentucky.
They are mostly similar to the holotype, differing only in possess-
ing a series of very small, intensely black streaks and punctae

132

NAUTILUS

Vol. 81 (4)

4niin

7mm

Figs. 1 , 5. Holotypes. Upper fig. Philomycus bisdosus Branson. Lower fig.
P. batclii Branson.

along the sides of the mantle. They measure (contracted) 33.0
and 37.5 mm. in length, 7.0 and 6.6 mm. in sole width, respec-
tively.

The species is named for my good friend and collector of the
holotype, Dr. Donald Batch.

Type locality: east flood plain of the Kentucky River, opposite
Boonesborough State Park, Madison-Clark County line, Kentucky.
Foiuid beneath a decaying log with one specimen of Pallifera
ragsdalei Webb, June 16, 1967.

Philomycus batchi appears to be most closely related to P. flexuo-
laris Rafinesque, which it resembles slightly in color pattern,
differing in being nearly solid black rather than brown and in
lacking longitudinal stripes. It also differs from P. carolinianus
(Bosc) in lacking a double row of large, black spots. Internally,
the jaw differs slightly from these two species in being very weakly

April, 1968 nautilus 133

striate, and in possessing only a very slight anterior projection. In
the genitalia, the possession of an apically inflated penis and
diff^erent arrangement in position of the penis retractor muscle
account for additional diff^erences.

Fig. 2. Typical G. semicarinata from Harrison Spring. Fig. 3. Heavily
sculptured shell from Harrison Spring. Fig. 4. A topotype of G. hidianensis.
All 2x-

GONIOBASIS SEMICARINATA AND G. INDIANENSIS
IN BLUE RIVER, INDIANA

Bv 1)A\'1D BICREL

Geology Department, Ohio State University and The Ohio State
Museum, Columbus.

Goniobasis seiiucayiuata (Say) inhabits streams of the Ohio
River system in the area from Scioto River, Ohio, southwest to
Salt River, Kentucky. It is the only species of Goniobasis in this
area except for possible outlying populations of G. livescens

(Menke) in southern Ohio. However, Goniobasis indianensis, a
shell quite similar to G. semicarinata was described by Pilsbry

(1903) from Blue River at Wyandotte, Indiana. Goniobasis in-
dianensis was discussed by Goodrich (1935) and Goodrich and
van der Schalie (1944) but these observations indicate some
uncertainty about the taxonomic status of the form. Goodrich

(1940) failed to include it either as a distinct species or as a
synonym for G. semicarinata in a revisionary checklist of pleu-

134 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (4)

rocerids of the Ohio River system. The present study was under-
tarken to review the distribution of G. ijidianensis and to clarify
its status.

There are no large northern tributary streams emptying into
the Ohio River west of the Miami River, Ohio and east of the
Wabash River in Indiana. Most drainage from areas immediately
north of the Ohio River is carried westward across Indiana by
the Wabash Rivei' system. A low divide separates this drainage
from the smaller streams that flow directly southward to the
Ohio River. These Ohio River tributaries are generally less than
30 mi. long. Blue River and Laughery Creek in Indiana are two
exceptions that have lengths of over 50 mi. Blue River is located
in southern Indiana between Louisville, Kentucky and Evansville,
Indiana. The region east of Anderson River including the drain-
age basin of Blue River (Fig. 1) contains two prominent physio-
graphic features. A broad plain with numerous sinkholes, Mitchell
Plain, occupies the eastern part of this area and is bordered on
the west by the Crawford Upland. The Crawford Upland, known
locally as the Knobs, includes the lower reaches of Blue River
and is characterized by high rolling limestone plains and uplands.
Here most streams have high gradients and flow year around,
although karst or sinkhole valleys with intermittent streams are
common on its eastern edge.

Results: Populations of Goniobasis semicarinata (Say) occur
in Little Indian Creek, Big Indian Creek, Little Blue River, and
Buck Creek all in the vicinity of Blue River. They are similar
to other popidations of this species found in soiuhern Indiana
and Ohio. Specimens have spires that are 1.5 to 2 times aperture
height, with slightly convex whorls. Apertures are elliptical to
subrhomboidal shaped. The first 4 whorls of most specimens have
a carina on the lower third of the whorl surface. The first two
whorls are usually eroded away. The periostracum is light olive-
green to dark buff colored, with a wide brown spiral band cover-
ing much of the center of whorl surfaces. The lighter color shows
clearly only on the upper fourth of the whorl surface immediately
below the suture, producing a bicolored effect. Unhanded speci-
mens are common. Goniobasis semicarinata was not abundant
at the Buck Creek localities and where it did occur, its spire
height and banding pattern was variable.

April, 1968

NAUTILUS

135

MILES

Fig. 1. Localities of G. semicarinata in the Blue River region, Indiana.
Buck Creek: (1) 5 mi. W. of Elisabeth, (2) 1.2 mi. SE. of Middletown, (3)
1 mi. N. of Dogwood, (4) 2.3 mi. SW. of Dogwood, Little Indian Creek:
(5) 1.5 mi. SW. of Lanesville. Big Indian Creek: (6) 4.2 mi. SW. of Corydon,
(7) 3.8 NE. of New Amsterdam, (8) 1 mi. SW. of Sta. 7. Blue River: (9) E.
of Fredericksburg, (10) 4.3 mi. E. of Hancock Chapel, (11) Marengo Creek,
(12) 0.7 mi. S. of Milltown, (13) 1.6 mi. S. of Milltown, (14) 4 mi. NW. of
White Cloud, (15) 2.2 mi. NW. of White Cloud, (16) and (17) Harrison
Spring 1 mi. N. of White Cloud, (18) 1 mi. E. of Wyandotte, (19) at
Wyandotte, (20) 2 mi. SW. of Wyandotte. Little Blue River: (21) 0.6 mi.
S. of Grantsburg.

The species occurs in Blue River from the southern part of
Washington County to the river mouth. Goniohasis semicarinata
usually ranges farthest upstream of any pleurocerid in the region,
but the headwaters of Blue River and Little Blue River are with-
out pleurocerid populations, since much of the drainage in this
area is subterranean and even the larger headwater streams are
dry in summer.

At upstream stations (9, 10, and 11) and the tributary, Marengo

136 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (4)

Creek, shell morphology and color pattern is similar to that of
G. semicarinata populations in the neighboring streams. However,
a stria is present on the upper part of juvenile whorl surfaces
(Page 133, fig. 2c) and adult whorls are often crossed by irregular
raised lines that give the shells a wrinkled appearance. Apices
tend to be darker than succeeding whorls, which are light green
to light brown colored. A wide color band occurs on 39 percent
of the specimens, and is slightly wider than the bands on speci-
mens of G. semicarinata from nearby streams. Between Milltown
and White Cloud (Stations 12 to 15) specimens are much the
same as those upstream, but only 18 to 20 percent are banded.
These downstream bands are lighter and tend to merge with the
surrounding light color.

Harrison Spring (Stations 16 and 17), a tributary of Blue
River, is the farthest upstream station inhabited by the heavily
sculptured G. indianensis form. The spring has a pool about
12 m. in diameter and the spring stream is about 9 m. wide at
its mouth. The discharge once provided power for both a sawmill
and a gristmill (Leverett, 1897) . Here Goniohasis semicarinata
has slightly convexed, dark adult whorls. All specimens have a
wide brown band with light olive-green color showing through
above it. Apertures are rounded below with slightly projected
bases. There is a complete gradation of ornamentation, from that
of typical G. semicarinata (Page 133, fig. 2) which has one or
two carinae confined to juvenile whorls, to specimens with two
carinae or numerous striae on adult and body whorls (Fig. 3).
The multistriate shells often have up to 12 additional spiral lines.

Individuals of the G. indianensis form at the lower Blue River
localities are smaller and have short spires that are about 1.5
times aperture height (Fig. 4) . Most downstream shells have
heavily eroded apices, so any meaningful information on the
relative abundance of typical G. semicarinata, and the ornamented
shells below Harrison Spring was obscured in my collections. Some
distinction could be made between the two since individuals with
sculptured adult and body whorls have sharp carinae that produce
V-shaped suture grooves and flat whorl surfaces, while typical
specimens have plain, convex whorls.

Usually, shells of Goniohasis semicarinata either lack ornamenta-
tion or have a carina on the lower third of juvenile whorl sur-

April, 1968 nautilus 137

A B C p £

Fig. 5. Diagrammatic views of shell sculpture on Goniobasis semicarinata.
A-C. typical G. semicarinata, D-E. the G. indianensis pattern.

faces (Fig. 2, a-b). Occasionally the upper third of the juvenile
whorl is crossed by a stria and infrequently by a sharp shoulder
or second carina (Fig. 2, b-d) . About 80 percent of the Blue River
specimens have this double carinae pattern on their juvenile
whorls (12 lots ranged from 64 to 97 percent.) as do 91 percent,
of the Little Indian Creek specimens, while in Big Indian Creek
and Buck Creek only 11 and 19 percent, are so ornamented.
This pattern when present in other G. semicarinata populations
in Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio usually occurs on less than 30
percent, of the specimens. The sculpture extends onto adult
whorls only in Blue River populations.

Conclusion

As Goodrich and van der Schalie (1944) suspected, Goniobasis
indianensis Pilsbry is a synonym for Goniobasis semicarinata (Say)
that was based on an extreme form of shell sculpture. Apparently
it occurs only on the populations of that species in Blue River,
Indiana. The indianensis ornamentation pattern is the same basic
pattern common to G. semicarinata populations elsewhere and
differs from them only by extending onto adult whorls. The
relationship between G. semicarinata and G. indianensis in Blue
River is one of variation within a population rather than geo-
graphical variation, even in the sense of a headwaters to down-
stream sequence. Heavily ornamented individuals are common
only in the populations of Harrison Spring and in Blue River
proper downstream from this tributary.

Acknowledgements: Dr. David H. Stansbery generously provided
facilities in the Natural History Department of the Ohio State
Museum. Recognition is due Mr. Edwin H. Bickel, my father,
who skillfully and enthusiastically collected much of the material.

138 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (4)

Literature cited

Goodrich, C. 1935. Studies of the gastropod family Pleuroceridae —
V. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 318: 1-12.

Goodrich, C. 1940. The Pleuroceridae of the Ohio River drain-
age system. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 417: 1-21.

Goodrich, C. and H. van der Schalie. 1944. A revision of the
Mollusca of Indiana. Am. Midi. Nat. 32 (2) : 257-326.

Leverett, F. 1897. The water resources of Indiana and Ohio. Ann.
Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. 18, Part IV — hydrography, p. 419-559.

Pilsbry, H. A. 1903. [Goniohasis indianensis Pilsbry, MS.] p. 606-
607. In. Blatchley, W. S. and L. E. Daniels. On some Mollusca
known to occur in Indiana. Ann. Rept. Indiana Dept. Geol.
Nat. Resources 26: 577-680.

RESISTANCE OF FRESH-WATER OPERCULATE
SNAILS TO DESICCATION

By marc J. IMLAY^
Department of Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.

Abstract. The fresh-water operculate snail, Viviparus malleatus,
survived three months of starvation followed by three months of
desiccation. The survival rate was as high as that reported for
typical pulmonate species. Thus, uricotelic metabolism need not
indicate ten^estrial ancestry.

A specimen of Viviparus malleatus (Reeve) was inadvertently
left in a dry finger bowl over the summer of 1965. Within hours
after it was replaced in water it was moving about actively.
This discovery was interesting because the prosobranchs, which
include the live bearing Viviparidae, evidently evolved into fresh-
water species directly from marine ancestry unlike the other
North American subclass of fresh-water snails, the Pulmonata,
which arose from air-dwelling progenitors.

However, Needham (1935) found that the fresh-water proso-
branchs, Viviparus fasciatus and Bithynia tentaculata, "contained
amounts of uric acid corresponding to the fresh-water pulmonates."
Since at that time Needham noted "the evidence regarding the
capabilities of modern fresh-water operculate gastropods is that
they possess very poor powers of withstanding periods of complete
dryness," he was forced to consider the possibility "that the fresh-

^ This report is included in a dissertation submitted to Northwestern Uni-
versity in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor
of Philosophy. The study was performed while the author was a Public
Health Service predoctoral fellow.

April, 1968 the nautilus 139

water operculates originated not from the sea direct but by way
of a period of terrestrial or semi-terrestrial life." This belief
would be supported by the fact that Viviparidae are not found
in brackish water (Prashad, 1926) .

Thus, it clearly appeared important to examine more carefully
the resistance of Viviparus to prolonged desiccation. I am grateful
to Dr. Frank A. Brown, Jr., Northwestern University, for his
suggestions and reading of the manuscript.

Materials and methods. At the end of the summer of 1966, 51
specimens of Viviparus malleatus were available from previous
studies. On October 16 these were left in individual dry finger
bowls in the laboratory at Evanston, Illinois. On January 16, 1967,
water was added to all the finger bowls and the number of snails
surviving this 3-month period of desiccation was determined. It
is significant to note that, in addition, the snails had been im-
mersed in tap water (20°C) without food from July 13 to October
16 in the studies preceding the desiccation.

Results. On the morning following the addition of water on
January 16, 17 snails were moving about. A few days later 3
more snails were also active and several of the 20 survivors had
given birth to active young. At this time a wet — and dry-bulb
hygrometer was used for an indication of the severity of desiccation
the specimens had been subjected to. The relative humidity was
only 55% in the experimental room while the outdoor relative
humidity was 90% and the outdoor temperature was 53°F.

Discussion. An important seasonal phenomenon in some geo-
graphic areas would be desiccation. Christy (1881) exposed a
specimen of Viviparus viviparus for more than 3 weeks on dry
ground. The snail appeared unharmed. In the present work, of
the 51 specimens of Viviparus malleatus that were starved for 3
months followed directly by 3 months of desiccation, twenty re-
covered. Although only 39% of the snails survived it must be
realized that not all the snails need to survive to carry the species
through such an ordeal. In fact, with the 9 pulmonate species
obtained from a lake and marsh, Cheatum (1934) found that
only about 25% of the specimens of each species survived 62 days
of desiccation, except for Lymnaea palustris of which half sur-
vived. This last species is ordinarily subjected to desiccation in
nature.

140 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (4)

This ability of Viviparus to survive desiccation as well as do the
pulmonates is noteworthy since respiration is entirely aquatic in
Viviparidae (Prashad, 1926) . Thus, uricotelic metabolism in
fresh-water operculates need not indicate terrestrial ancestry since
it could be valuable during periods of drought.

The ability to retain water in the shell would be useful during
desiccation. Although Annandale and Sewell (1921) found that
Viviparus hengalensis moves to the surface of foul water and ex-
poses the branchial chamber to the air, Viviparus dissimilis was
found to close its operculum tightly and sink to the bottom.

Literature cited

Annandale, N., and R. B. Seymour Sewell, 1921. The banded
pond snail of India {Viviparus hengalensis) . Records of the
Indian Museum 22: 215-295.

Cheatum, E. P., 1934. Limnological investigations of respiration,
annual migiatory cycle, and other related phenomena in fresh-
water pulmonate snails Transactions of the American Micro-
scopical Society 55: 348-407.

Christy, R. M., 1881. The land and fresh-water shells of the
neighbourhood of York. The Zoologist third series 5; 175-185.

Needham, Joseph, 1935. Problems of nitrogen catabolism in in-
vertebrates II, Correlation between uricotelic metabolism and
habitat in the phylum Mollusca. Biochemical Journal 29: 238-
251.

Prashad, B., 1926. Recent and fossil Viviparidae. A study in dis-
tribution, evolution, and palaeogeography. Memoirs of the
Indian Museum 8: 153-252.

NOTES AND NEWS

Chromodoris californiensis and C. calensis — In Journ. Mus.
Godeffroy 5 (14) : 3, 1879, Bergh mentions Chromodoris calensis
Bergh n. sp. Oc. Pacific and in an accompanying footnote states
that this last species will be published in my "Nudibranchiate
Gastropoda of the North Pacific" which appears in one of the
next following parts of the scientific results of the exploration of
Alaska of W. H. Ball.

Chromodoris californiensis Bergh n. sp. PI. XII, figs. 5-15 Oc.
Pacific septemtr. (Coast of California, Santa Barbara Islands) ap-
pears on p. 168 of Bergh's article 1879 (b) . The caption to Plate
XII, figs. 5-15 which were published in 1880 is Acanthodoris pilosa
(M.) var. not Chromodoris californiensis.

April, 1968 nautilus 141

The second part of Bergh's article 1880 (a) in the same pub-
lication appeared in Jan. 1880 as Article 6. The name Chromodoris
calif orniensis, Bergh appears on p. 272 as a caption to plate 14,
figs. 5-15. These figures on the plate itself, however, are labelled as
"Chr. calensis B." These are either hinder part of the body, upper
median part of the true mouth or radular teeth and are un-
recognizable as concerns specific determination.

Duplicate articles by title and author were published in the
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
for 1879 and 1880 with the same confusion in names, text and
plate references. The pagination in the two sets of articles is dif-
ferent, but their content and the plates' numbers and their cap-
tions are the same.

Because of the above mixed and unrecognizable text names,
plates and captions, the following conclusions are to be reached.

1. Chromodoris calensis Bergh. Journ. Mus. Godeffroy 5 (14) :
3, 1879 is a nude name.

2. Chromodoris calensis Bergh in part 2 of his articles, 1880
(a) and 1880 (b) are unrecognizable for species determination.

The name Chr. calensis Bergh therefore becomes a nomen dubium.

3. The name Chromodoris californiensis Bergh, while the plate
designations are in error is valid, because of a recognizable text
description. — Henry D. Russell.

References
Bergh, R. 1879 (a). Neue Nacktschnecken der Siidsee. Journ.
Mus. Godeffroy 5 (14) : 1-50, pis. 1-5.

. 1879 (b). On the Nudibranchiate Gastropod Mollusca of

the North Pacific Ocean, with special references to those of
Alaska. Sci. Results Explor. Alaska 1 (1) : 127-188, pis. 1-8.
1879 (c) (same title) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia

31: 71-132, pis. 1-8.
— . 1880 (a) (same title pt. 2) Sci. Results Explor. Alaska 1:
189-276, pis. 9-16.
-. 1880 (b) (same title pt. 2) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-

delphia 32: 40-127, pis. 9-16.

Otala lactea in San Antonio, Texas — Strecker (1935,
Trans. Texas Acad. Sci., 17: 6) reported the occurrence of Otala
lactea (Muller) in Waco, McLennan County, Texas. More re-
cently, Grimm (1964, Nautilus 77 (3) : 108) reported O. lactea
in Port Arthur, Jefferson County, Texas, and Pratt (1964, Nauti-

142 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (4)

lus 78 (\) : 32) reported O. lactea from the following Texas
counties: Galveston, Brazos, and Tarrant. This is the first record
of O. lactea in San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas.

I have traced the origin of one of three populations known to
occur in San Antonio. In July, 1964, I was called to observe
some large snails (O. lactea) in a yard at 235 Hoover Street. A
larger population of several hundred snails was discovered to the
north and immediately behind the Hoover Street residence. This
second home, 1134 West Winnipeg Street, was occupied by the
Galanos family who had moved to the United States from Greece
in the early 1900's. Because of the occurrence of a similar snail
in Greece and to remind her parents of their homeland, a daughter
brought a few live specimens of O. lactea with her when she re-
turned from the Mediterranean area after World War II (1946) .
The family kept the snails in a container in the house for several
years and would, on occasion, eat some. A few years later (date
unknown) , the family moved the snails to the back yard and
housed the snails in a large, wire basket approximately three
feet high and two feet in diameter. In addition to the cage being
ineffective in retaining the snails, the family put some of the
snails in their garden area which by July, 1964, had numerous
O. lactea on the ground, in the soil, on the trees, and on fence
posts. I could observe no significant damage caused by the snails;
however, the Galanos family placed lettuce and other greens in
the garden for the snails.

The yards of the residences in the immediate area were
examined for O. lactea; however, the population centered in the
Galanos yard. A few specimens were found in the yard immedi-
ately to the east of the Galanos property plus the snails mentioned
at the Hoover Street residence. The Galanos property was on the
corner and areas across the streets to the north and west yielded
no specimens.

A second population of O. lactea was observed in August, 1964,
at 202 West Petaluma Street which is approximately 3.5 miles
south of the Galanos property. The origin of the second popula-
tion is unknown. One of several specimens observed at this loca-
tion was adhering to a Mesquite (Prosopis) tree. This specimen
had a hole in the shell, 15 mm. from the aperture, on the last
whorl. The hole was about 10 mm. in diameter with a small arm

April, 1968 nautilus 143

(4 mm. in width and 10 mm. in length) extending across the
body whorls near the apex of the shell. The animal was fresh
but parts of the mantle, foot, and anterior end had been removed.
The damage may have been the result of a bird; however, no
other specimens in San Antonio showed similar damage. A third
population occurs at 110 Calumet Street which is at least 6 miles
north from the preceding populations.

I wish to thank Dr. Dee Dundee for identification of the speci-
mens and to thank Mrs. Myra Taylor and Mrs. Bessie Goethel
for the Petaluma and Calumet locality records. — Harold D.
Murray^ Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas.

Marine technology society. — Dr. James H. Wakelin, Presi-
dent of the Marine Technology Society, announced today that the
1968 Annual Conference and Exhibit will be held at the Sheraton
Park Hotel, Washington, D. C. on July 8, 9 and 10, 1968. He
went on to say that the 1968 Conference and Exhibit would be
cast around the theme: "A critical look at marine technology —
1968," with invited speakers following the theme closely within
the guidelines set up by the Program Chairman, Willard Bascom,
President of Ocean Science and Engineering.

One of the highlights of the Conference will be the educational
and technical exhibits, the world's largest display of oceanographic
equipment! Those interested in exhibiting contact Frank Masters,
Trade Associates, 5151 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20016 (202-362-2794).

Valvata piscinalis in Cayuga Lake, N. Y. — In the summer

of 1967 the writer collected 2 living specimens of V. piscinalis

(Miiller) while diving in the south end of Cayuga Lake at Ithaca,

N. Y. They were taken from a silty bottom with a household

sieve in 20 ft. of water.

This gastropod, a Eurasian species, was first discovered in the
Great Lakes by F. C. Baker (recorded as V. ohtusa in Trans.
Acad. Sci., St. Louis, <^; 94. 1898) . Oughton summarized the
known range of the species in North America in 1938 [Nautilus
52, (l):30-32; (2):60-62]. Apparently V. piscinalis had spread
throughout Lake Ontario and was invading Lake Erie via the
Welland Canal at that time.

144 NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (4)

It is likely that V. piscinalis arrived in Cayuga Lake by way of
the Oswego and Seneca Rivers from Lake Ontario. Therefore it
probably is present throughout the entire Finger Lakes Drainage
Basin. That means that in the last 30 years V. piscinalis has in-
creased its range over 1800 sq. mi. (land and water area) in
central New York alone. The synecological actions and reactions
will be interesting to observe as this invading species enters into
competition with our local V. lewisi, V. sincera, and the various
morphs of V. tricarinata. — Willard N. Harman^ Dept. of En-
tomology and Limnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Additional Pacific coast Malacobdella grossa. — To the
recent review of mollusks known to serve as hosts for the com-
mensal nemertean Malacobdella (Ropes and Merrill, 1967) should
be added the shallow water northeastern Pacific Ocean pelecypod
Macoma nasuta (Conrad) . Investigation of the infestation of
species of Macoma by this nemertean and a pinnotherid crab was
made by the writer a number of years ago (Addicott, 1952) on
material collected from the intertidal zone at Elkhorn Slough,
Monterey County, California (lat. 36.8° N). Malacobdella grossa
(Miiller) was found in 3 of 50 specimens of Macoma nasuta
(Conrad) , an incidence of 6 percent. A much larger percentage
of specimens of M. secta, 12 out of 78 specimens examined,
were infested with this nemertean. None of 25 specimens of a
third species, M. inquinata (Deshayes) , contained M. grossa,
Although most of the specimens of M. grossa were relatively
small and of a whitish color, a few large, orange colored speci-
mens reaching as much as 10-12 mm in length were found in
the mantle cavity of M. secta. Male specimens of a small pin-
notherid crab identified as Pinnotheres sp. were detected in all
three species of Macoma. — W. O. Addicott, U. S. Geological
Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025.

References

Addicott, W. O., 1952, Ecological and natural history studies of
the pelecypod genus Macoma in Elkhorn Slough, California:
Stanford Calif., Stanford Univ. M.A. thesis, 89 pp.

Ropes, J. W., and Merrill, A. S., 1967, Malacobdella grossa in
Pilar 7norrhuana and Mercenaria campechiensis: Nautilus 81:
37-40.

April, 1968 nautilus iii

Odostomia dianthophila (Gastropoda, Pyramidellidae) from
Buzzard's Bay, Mass., a Northern Range Extension. — Odostomia
dianthophila Wells Sc Wells was described in 1961 (Nautilus, 74:
149-157) as parasitic on the serpulid polychaete worm, Eupomatus
(=Hydroides) dianthus Verrill in the Beaufort, North Carolina,
region. This minute snail has been found subsequently by myself
and other investigators on subtidal rocks on the eastern shore
of Buzzard's Bay, similarly in close association with Hydroides
dianthus. Close examination in the laboratory shows that O.
dianthophila definitely feeds on the serpulid in much the same
manner as assumed by the authors, chiefly on the extended ten-
tacular crown of the worm. Further work is currently being done
to determine the specificity and manner of host selection.

I wish to thank Dr. R. Robertson, of the Philadelphia Academy
of Natural Sciences for his confirmation of the identity and habits
of this snail.

This study was aided by Contract No. 3070 (03) between the
Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy, and the Systematics-
Ecology Program, Marine Biological Laboratory. Systematics-
Ecology Program Contribution No. 147. — Armand G. Roberge_,
Systematics-Ecology Program, Marine Biological Laboratory,
Woods Hole, Mass.

The American Malacological Union will hold its 34th Annual
Meeting at Corpus Christi, Texas, July 15-19. Driscoll Hotel is
meeting headquarters, and six shell clubs of Texas will play host
for the occasion. For further information, contact Anne B. Speers,
Box 71, Conroe, Texas 77301.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

Bayer, Frederick M. and Harding B. Owre. May 1, 1967. The
free-living lower invertebrates. [Sponges, coelenterates, cteno-
phores, flat-worms and nemerteans.] 229 + viii pp., 271 text-
figures. $11.95. The Macmillan Co., 866 Third Avenue, New
York 10022.

William Svvainson's

EXOTIC CONCHOLOGY

All three issues of this classic work are faithfully reproduced,
using eleven different printing inks to duplicate the 48 hand-
colored plates executed by Swainson from 1821 to 1835. Hanley's
1841 edition is also reproduced on durable "antiqued" paper. A
biography of Swainson by Nora McMillan of Liverpool, England,
and a modern taxonomic analysis by Dr. R. Tucker Abbott are
included in this gilt-edged, handsomely bound volume. A guar-
anteed limited edition destined to be an art treasure, a worthwhile
investment and valuable research tool $30.00.

Van Nostrand's Standard Catalog of Shells by R. J. L.
Wagner and R. T. Abbott. The greatly enlarged Second Edition
with revisions of values has been receiving complimentary reviews
from faithful users. 303 pp., 4 color plates, $65,000 worth of shells
listed; complete Marginellidae and Tonnidae catalogs added. $5.95.

Order from your shell dealer, bookstore or

D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., Princeton, N. J. 08540
and 46 Victoria St., London, S. W. 1, England,

George E. Jacobs, 853 Riverside Drive, New York 32, N. Y.

WORLD WIDE SPECIMEN SHELLS

Bought — Sold — Traded. New 1968 sale catalogue available.
Write for free copy. Over 500 species listed. Many species
pictured, including: Conus, Cypraea, Marginella, Mitra, Murex,
Oliva, Terehra, Voluta and land shells.

Mr. 8c Mrs. P. W. Clover, P. O. Box 3246, Chula Vista, California,
U. S. A. 92011

April, 1968 nautilus (Index) iii

CONTENTS

Names of new genera, species, etc. in italics

Achatinids in Panama 105

Acroloxus 33

Alleghenya - Mudalia 35

American Malacological Union 70

Anarctic Ocean 94

Arizona 54

Arkansas 65

Atlantic Ocean, eastern 86, 125

western 37, 41, 47, 86, 89, 94

107, 109, 123, 142, 144

Azumamorula Emerson, for Morulina Dall 125

Bahamas 41

Bermuda, introduced marines 86

Bithynia tentaculata 77

Bulimulus dealbatus 34

Canada, meeting A.M.U 70

Cassis madagascariensis 47

Catinella oklahomarum 84

Chromodoris 140

commensals 37, 143

copulation 11

Corbicula fluminea 68

corrections 33, 68, 101

Cypraea mauiensis Burgess 6

dates of Nautilus 32

dessication 109, 137

Eocene of Florida 89

Eua 73

Ficus 107

field method for sand-burrowing snails 101

Florida 11, 68

Frampton, Henry G., obituary 31

fresh water mollusks eaten by fish 103

genitalia 1, H, 22, 54, 106, 127

Glycymeris 45

Goniobasis semicarinata, G. indianensis 133

iv NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (Index)

grants, N. S. F 104

Heilprin, error in Zoological Record 68

Humholdtiana tescola Thompson 22

Illinois 137

Indiana 133

Indo-Pacific 6, 48, 125

Juga, type species 36

Kentucky 127

Laevapex fragilis 107

Limax marginatus 105

Limopsis 45

Macoma commensals 143

Malacobdella grossa, commensal nemertean 37, 143

Marine Technology Society 142

mating 11

Meiocardia palmerae Nicol 89

Melasma, type species 36

Mercenaria campechiensis, commensal with 37

Mexico 1, 22, 25

Montana 18, 33

mounts of genitalia 106

Mudalia, type species 35

Nassarius obsoletus 109

National Science Foundation, grants 104

New York 67, 77, 142, 144

Nicaragua 115

Nitocris - Mudalia 35

North Carolina 61, 107

Notes and news 32, 67, 101, 139

Odostomia dianthophila 144

Oklahoma 65

Otala lactea 141

oviposition on snail shells 144

Pachychilus apheles Thompson 26

Pachychilus corpulentus Thompson 28

Pacific Ocean, eastern 6, 139, 143

western 48, 125

Pacific Islands 73

Panama 105

April, 1968 nautilus (Index) v

Partulidae, anatomical review 73

Philomycus bisdosus Branson 127

Philomycus batchi Branson 130

Pitar morrhuana, commensal with 37

Pleistocene of Bahamas 41

pleurocerids, replacement by Bithynia 77

Pleuroploca, radula 48

Pliocene of Florida 107

polluted waters 77

Polygyra pustula, genitalia and mating 11

Praticolella, genitalia and mating 11

pteropods, zoogeography 94

Publications received 36, 72, 108, (4) : iii

Radiodiscus abietum 18

Radula of Pleuroploca 48

Samoana 73

shells, oviposition on 144

siphons of bivalves 1 23

Sonorella bagnarai Miller 55

Sonorella bequaerti Miller 57

S. bequaerti (anonymous) 9

Sonorella mormonum huasabasensis Miller 2

Sonorella perhirsuta Miller 4

Spirodon - Mudalia 35

Streptostyla wani Jacobson 118

Teare, Margaret, death notice 101

Texas 34, 105, 141

thecosomatous pteropods, zoogeography 94

unionids 67

Unitas Malacologica Europaea 35

Valvata piscinalis 143

Virginia 127

Viviparus 138

Washington 103

Zoological Record, error 68

vi NAUTILUS Vol. 81 (Index)

INDEX TO AUTHORS

Abbott, R. Tucker & Russell H. Jensen 86

Addicott, W. 0 144

Baker, H. Burrington 33, 35, 36

Beetle, Dorothy E 61, 107

Bickel, David 133

Boss, E. J 105

Branson, Branley A 127

Brunson, Royal Bruce Sc Richard H. Russell 18

(Russell Sc) 33

Burgess, C. M 6

Chen, Chin 94

Clench, William J 32, 68, 107

Couch, John A. (Tubiash, Shuster &) 123

Emerson, William K. 1 25

Eyerdam, Walter J 104

Grimm, F. Wayne 84

Harman, Willard N 67, 77, 143

Hebard, Edgar B 41

Hubricht, Leslie 65, [Cf.lOl]

Imlay, Marc J 138

Jacobson, Morris K 1 14

Jensen, Russell H. (Abbott Sc) 86

Kondo, Yoshio 73

Levin, Norman L, (Schaefer, Milch &:) 109

Maes, Virginia Orr 48

Merrill, Arthur S. (Ropes &) 37

Michelson, E. H 107

Milch, Peter (Schaefer, Levin Sc) 109

Miller, Bruce A 101

Miller, Walter B 1, 54

Murray, Harold D. 141

^ Sally Wiley 106

Nicol, David 45, 89

Pagot, Oliver E 35

Roberge, Armande G 144

Ropes, John W. Sc Arthur S. Merrill 37

Russell Henry D 140

April, 1968 nautilus (Index) vii

Russell, Richard H. & Royal Bruce Brunson 33

(Brunson &) 18

Schaefer, Carl W., Peter Milch Sc Norman L. Levin 109

Shuster, Carl N., Jr. (Tubiash, Couch Sc) 123

Schneider, Robert F 69

Teskey, Margaret C 71

Thompson, Fred G 22, 25, 105

Tubiash, Haskell S., Carl N. Shuster, Jr. & John A. Couch 123

Webb, Glenn R 11, 35

Wiley, Sally (Murray &) 106

Wolfe, Douglas A 47

Vol. 81 JULY, 1967 No. 1

THE

NAUTILUS

THE PILSBRY QUARTERLY
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

Horace Burrington Baker, 11 Chelten Road. Havertown, Pa.
(Emeritus Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania)

Charles B. Wurtz, Biology Department
La Salle College, Philadelphia, Pa. 19141

R. Tucker Abbott, Henry A. Pilsbry Chair of Malacology
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103

CONTENTS

Two new Sonorella from Sonora, Mexico, and notes on

southern limit of genus. By Walter B. Miller 1

A new Hawaiian Cypraea. By C. M. Burgess 6

Erotology of three species of Praticolella, and of
Polygyra pustula. By Glenn R. Webb (Continued
from April no.) 1 1

Radiodiscus, new to molluscan fauna of Montana. By

Royal Bruce Brunson and Richard H. Russell 18

New helicid snail from Zacatecas, Mexico. By Fred G.
Thompson 22

Two new species of Pachychilus from northeastern

Mexico. By Fred G. Thompson 25

Henry G. Frampton, 1902-1966. By Wm. J. Clench 31

Notes and news 32 Publications received 36

$4.25 per year ($4.75 to Foreign Countries) $1.25 a copy.

Mrs. Horace B. Baker, Business Manager
11 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pennsylvania 19083

Second-Class Postage paid at Spring House, Pa.

iviaiine Biological Laboratory

LIBRARY

JULl 71957

WOODS HOLE, MASS.

NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Moliusks, edited and published
by Horace B. Baker, Charles B. Wirtz and R. Tucker Abbott.

Authors are charged for engraving blocks of plates and/or figures at cost.
Minimum charge for each block is $3.00.

Reprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be wrhten on or
ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT. PURCHASE ORDERS, whcu re-
quired, and shipping instructions, MUST accompany oiiginal order. Extra
clerical or bookkeeping work because of delayed receipt of purchase orders
will be charged for accordingly:

2 pp.

100 copies 3.25

Additional 100s 1.30

Plates: Add .1?1.25 per plate.

[Postage Extra]

Reprints are shipped, with invoices, by Pony Printing, 4 Cloverdale Avenue,
Upper Darby, Pennsylvania 19082.

^pp.

8pp

6.00

9.50

2.00

3.00

Back Issues: Vols. 3-70, if available, can be obtained from Kraus Periodicals,
Inc., 16 East 46th Street, New York 17, N. Y. 10017 Vols. 71 to date are
available from the Nautilus, 11 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pennsylvania,
19083 and vary in price.

Internet Archive Audio

Featured

Top

Images

Featured

Top

Software

Featured

Top

Books

Featured

Top

Video

Featured

Top

Mobile Apps

Browser Extensions

Archive-It Subscription

Save Page Now

Full text of "The Nautilus"

See other formats